~\ LIBRARY OF CONGRESS DOQQEl^bHm qass_LL.1135 Book . l- 5 38 £?< ESENXALZ OV FONETICS £ £ A a 9 e Q o UJ iu U u *i eel tflms all ope ooze full ^s Printed bj A.. J. Elis, B. A., Fonetic Prmtiy Ofisez, Eat. BY TBAN SFE ^ JUN 13 '^OB P8EFES 3e Alfabet ov N&tyr woz orijinali publift in de Fonotipic Jurnal, from Jun 1844 tm Jiin 1845, and a seperet edifun woz ifmd at its complejun in 1845. cLis wurc woz ritm nnder rqder pecuJier domestic sercumstansez, preclmdirj de etur from pair) ddt atenfun tin it hwic, de complicated natur ov de snbject ren- derd neseseri. tie Jets had tm be ritm from munt tm munt, and wer wid grat dificnlti prepard -for de pres in tjm for de mnntli pubiicajun ov ds Fonotipic Jurnal. Az a neseseri rezult ov dis unhdpi mod ov rjtirj, a wurc woz prodrjst hwig contand meni discrepansiz and imperfecfunz, and bor ol de metres ov hast. Sue, az it wqz^h?rever, it met wid muc, mor aprmval dan de ©tnr had ventiird tm hop ; bnt on an aplicajun beii) mad tm him tm reprint de lqst Jet, in order tm complet sum adifunal copiz bj menz ov bac numberz ov de Fonotipic Jurnal , he fend it neseseri tin recqst de entjr wurc; and havirj sufifent tjm befor him, he bestod grat atenfun upon de aranj- ment, hwic, he hops wil render hiz prezent tretis at wuns cler and consjs. 3e diferens betwen de Esenfalz ov Fonetics and de Alfabet cv Ncttyr, haz dus becum so grat, dat it wud be incorect tm col de former a nq edifun ov de later : it iz a no, wurc, bot in form and mater. cLe secund, or practical pqrt, woz sujested bj a pasej in &z y Edinburo Revi'i, hwiq aperz on de tjt'l paj. It iz hopt dat de Etnical Alfabet njr propozd, and cc5piusli ilustratecl, ma prmv ov servis tm traveler z, mifuneriz, and etnolojists, hm hav so loij ecsperienst de wont ov sum sue, practical universal alfabet. 01do cdis trstis on Fonetics must bs rsgqrded az At actual rtzult ov ds eturz on obzervajunz and ecsperiments, and eldo lis liaz never tacm eni uder r|terz opinyun wid^t sdtisfjirj him- self, bj obzervajun and ecsperiment, dat it woz corect, it iz not tui bs supozd dat el ds opinyunz bs advansez qr orijinal, er dat biz discuveriz bav not ben, in meni instansez, prsviusli or indspendentli mad bj uderz. lzac Pitman ferst prop^nded de jdea, hwic, haz ben carid st bj him and de etur conjontli, ov fonetisjzii) de Iijglif laijgw r ej; but Mr. Hit, (de fqder ov de post oris reformer) ferst publicli advocated sue, a ganj in de printed aperans ov 3T larjgwej, in a spec, deliverd at a fonetic metig at Bermirjam, on 18 Jiilj, 1843, hwen he pro- pozd and comenst a subscripjun wid hwic, de matrisez ov tre roman fonts ov tjp wer purqest. cLe eturz pqrt haz ben tui wurc yt Mr. Pitmanz jdea, elaborat and ecstend de jeneral teori, and cari it yt on a lqrj seal bj menz ov de printii) pres. Comiinicajunz on de subject ov dis tretis qr respectfiali solisited, adrest tm de etur, at (4, Lansdown Crescent, Bath). A. J. E. 4, Lanzdwi C 'resent, Bqf, 1 September, 1S48. CONTENTS. PART I.-ICORI, Seejun. Befinifan ov is Sjens ov Fonetics 3s Qrganz and Ssndz ov Sj>sg 1. cEe vocal ergaiiz ..... 2. Ve's and hwisper .... 3. Modifjirj configurajun .... Clasificafun ov is Configyrafunz . 1. Namz ov de confignrajunal clqsez 2. v Ilustrativ ecsperiments 3s for clqsez ov Ficst and K Osihturi Config%rafunz Transifun from Vsel tm Fuel Transifun from Continent tm Fuel 1. Hwisperd continuants 2. Spoc'n continuants 3. Murmurd continuants 4. Micst continuants . Transifun from Licwid tm Fuel 1. Hwisperd licwidz . 2. Spoc'n licwidz . 3. Vocal licwidz 4. Micst licwidz Transifun from Ecsplodent tm Fsel 9. 10. 1. Mut ecsplodents 2. Spoc'n ecsplodents 3. Murmurd ecsplodents . Micst ecsplodents . Post-hwisperd ecsplodents 4. 5. Fselz .... Loy Oral Fselz . 1. 3s orijinal reel, and de tre distinct: mid'l, and loer seriez ov v^elz 2. . 58, ra/. 1, /. § from botam,for \- i- red i- i-. j). 59, col. 1, I. 1, insert uia. 79. 60, cc/. 1, at ie end ov Iptz 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 respectivli, insert 13, if, if.13, j 3- t J> '- t .3 ; ^s amifun ov isz fiv elements ocajunz an eritr trmU is calcqhj'unz ov nr. 2, on Us pay ; hens, in linz 8, 7, 6 from, ie botum, respectivli, for 2, 12, 60, red 3, 13, 65 ; and inpaj 61, Iptz 2, S,fer 60, 185, 313, red 65, 190, 318. p. 62, /. 20, for No ecsplodent mi? No milt ecsplodent, p. 97, I. 2,/w35 ror/ 36. y;. 105, col. l,for ai, au red di, du tnuvtj col. 1, /. 7,./0v uva- r^r/ uve-. p. 108, /. 22, for re po r^ re-po. ^>. 109, £. 10 from botum, for i, e, a, u m/ i, a, n. /;. 112, »* isfrazez 13, 22, om7 h. /;. 118, /. 28, red (o} = l) hwen Ion, 0; ets. /;. 123, /. 25, 26, ecspunj, tin plas it on wun sjd, dus d\ er, az %sles. In He not, far nr. 23, ra£ nr. 21 ; and for i 1 ?r constitqtirj spoc n ssndz ; and lerd — Kz Modifpn Configqrajunz ov de uper cavitiz, hwig giv tra spoc'n ssndz de caracteristic ov significant speg. CLASIFICilZUN OV 38 CONFIGURHEUNZ. 1. Namz ov $e Confignrafimdl Clqsez. Kb vaqeti and number ov de posib'l configqrajunz ov de uper cavitiz qr unlimited. It wil be de object ov dis tretis tra consider sum ov de most conspicuous ov dez configqrajunz in detal, and tra supl| dem wid namz and sjnz. But, befor prosedin tra pqrticqlerz, it wil be convenient tra aranj de individual configqrajunz in tra grat clqses, ficst and miuvab'l, de later ov hwiq ma be agen subdivided ; but tra averd subdivijun, we 4 ' Ilustrativ JEcsperiments. § 3, nr. 1. recognjz ds siibclcisez az independent gruipz, and hav dus fro configura- Juncd clqses ; fer ds modifiin configurajunz ov ds uper cavitiz ma bs — 1) 'Absolutli/c^, az ds welz ov a rijid tub, durirj ds hoi tjm dat ds hwisper or vers iz pqsin trui dem ; er 2) 'Osilaturi, dat iz, da ma, truist ds hoi er a porjun ov dar ecstent, vari dar Japs sljtli, and bs continuali pctsirj from wun Jap tui amider, and bae agen, durin ds hoi tjm dat ds hwisper er vers iz pqsirj ; dis osilajun bsirj jenerali efeeted h\ ds vjbrajun ov sum veri flecsib'l porjun ov 6lz sjdz ov ds cavitiz, az ds tun, nazal membrenz, vslum pendulum, lips, ets. ; and 3) Transifunal, dat iz, hwjl ds hwisper er bret iz pqsirj trui ds uper cavitiz, ds configurajunz ma qanj from wun ficst pozijun tui aniider, widst rscuverirj dar orijinal Jap. 2. 'Ilustrativ Ecsperiments. Ws ma ilustrat ds efects ov dsz trs varjetiz ov configurajun, h\ a referens tin ds v^brajun ov a vplin-strin : 1) Pres ds finger fermli dsn upon ds strirj, and dre ds bo ; a continuus unelterin ssnd wil bs herd, hwiq iz du tin ds lent ov ds strin dus cut of; and ds invariabiliti ov dis lent corespdndz tui da ficsiti ov ds mddifiin configurajun ov ds uper cavitiz, in spsq. 2) Hw^l ds for-finger iz cept dsn on ds strirj, and ds bo iz dren so dat ds ssnd ma never bs interrupted, brin ds secund finger Jqrpli dsn upon ds strin ; dar wil bs a suden cjanj from wun not tui aniider hjer up in ds seal, widst eni intermsdyet ssnd, corespdndin tm a suden qanj from wun modif^n configurajun tui aniider, on ds supozijun dat no bret iz smited durin ds qanj. 3) Cspirj &e ferst finger ficst, az bsfor, brirj dsn ds secund finger az in ds lust ecsperiment, but rsmuiv it instantli, and restor it agen wid a rapid vjbraturi mojun; ds efect iz a Jac, and iz du tm an osilaturi configura- jun; it duz not, hsever, prss^sli corespond tm ds efect ov an osilaturi configurajun ov ds uper cavitiz, az wil prezentli apsr. 4) Pres ds ferst finger tjtli dsn on ds strin, az bsfor, but insted ov brirjirj ds secund finger dsn bssjd it, sljd ds ferst finger dsn ds strin, tm ds spot hwar ds secund finger woz plast in ds secund and terd ecsperiments, ds bo bsirj dren el ds tjm, so dat dar Jal bs no sesajun ov ssnd. 3s efects ws hsr, qr trs ; ferst, &z ssnd du tm ds ferst lent ov ds strirj ; terdli, ds ssnd du tm ds secund ficst lent ov ds strirj ; and, secundli, bstwsn dsz, ds efect non az a Glid, hwiq consists ov a sucsejun ov syndz, el ljirj bstwsn ds ferst and last, clsz ssndz qr infinit in number, eq ov dem bsirj rnfinitli lit'l diferent from dat hwiq imsdyetli prssedz er foloz it ; and da ur du tiu § 4. Vvelz, Continuants, Licwidz, and Ecsplodents. 5 de infinit number ov infinitli lit'l diferirj lents ov strirj cut of h\ de fiijger, on its continuous pasej from de ferst tin de lqst pozijun. 3is efect cores- pdndz prss^sli tui de transijunal configurajunz ov de uper cavitiz, in spec;. 5) If we cu.d mac a veri rapid sucsejun ov gl^dz bacwerdz and ferwerdz, so dat de finger wiad be Jifted from wun pozijun tra aniider, and bac agen, and so on, wid" an ecstremli rapid v^brajun, (de distans betwen de tui pozijunz beii) mug les dan in ds last ecsperiment,) we Jiad hav a continual rriterafun ov veri Jert gljdz ; and de efect wiad den prss^sli corespdnd tui dz dsilaturi configurajunz ov dz uper cavitiz, in speq. Fer ds purpusez ov de prezent tretis, we ma tret de dsilaturi and ficst configurajunz under wun lied, az ds limits ov dz osilajun qr so smei dat dz configurajunz ma be prdcticali considerd az ficst. But sins dz transijunal configurajunz qr defend and limited bj dar ecstrem ficst configurajunz, it iz neseseri dat dz ficst configurajunz Jud be egzdmind befor dz transijunal configurajunz can be tac'n intra considerajun. § 4. 36 FOR CLASEZ OV FICST AND OSILRTURI CONFIGURHEUNZ. We ma div|d de ficst and dsilaturi configurajunz intra for clctsez, distiijgwijt bj de diferent degrez ov denies wid hwic; da als de hwisper er vers tra pqs trra dem : 1) 3.z Vsel das ; favurab'l tra de discriminajun ov vers, rqder dan dat ov hwisper : 2) 3e Contin%ant clqs ; favurab'l tra de discriminajun ov hwisper, rqder dan dat ov vers : 3) cle Licwid clqs ; ecwali favurab'l tra de discriminajun ov hwisper and ov vers : 4) cEe Ecsplodent clqs ; totali opozd tra de pasej ov eder hwisper er vers. It wiad be n# de natural order ov tretirj m* subject, tra egzdmin de efects ov eg ov dez ficst configurajunz in turn, and havin dun so, tra prosed tra de transijunal configurajunz ; but az we Jiad, in dis cas, fynd it neseseri tra return tra de ficst configurajunz, after de investigajun ov de transijunal efects, it ma be most condusiv tra clernes ov ai'anjment, if we supoz de reder tra be acwanted wid sum ov de most obvius and simplest reziilts ov dez ficst configurajunz, and den prosed tra investigat de efect ov transijunal configurajunz, befor enterirj intra furder detalz. We asum, den, dat de reder iz acwanted wid de ficst configurajunz recw^rd fer de vselz q, s, fer de continuant 5, fer de WelJ licwid hi (11), and fer de ecsplod- ent t. 3.ZZ leterz qr pqrticqleiii descr|bd in §§ 10, 16, 17, and 19. Transifun from Vxel tm Vvel. § 5. § 5- TRANSIEUN FROM V#EL TUJ VSEL. We wil ferst investigat de efect ov a transijunal configurajun, de limits ov hwicj qr de non ficst configurajunz corespdndirj tm q and e. In de abuv diagram, de Ljnz 8 R, 1 0, qr supozd tra be respectivli proporjuncd tui de diirajun ov de vselz #, £, az uterd on eni ocagun, and de ljn R 5 tui be proporjunal tm de tjm consiimd in pcisiij from de configurajun q tm de configurajun £,• menirj b^ de fraz " de configurajun q" sue, a con- figurajun ov de uper cavitiz az iz neseseri for de producfun ov de vsel #. cle ljnz 8 R, H I, I 6, ma be darfor consevd tui reprezent dez durajunz. Az dar relativ proporjun iz not ov muc; consecwens, we hav not atemted tm mac de diagram aprocsimat wid eni degre ov dciiresi tm de real pro- porjunz ; it iz sufijent for sr purpus, dat de tjm R & Jud not be dbsolutli evanesent, az compard wid de uder tm. Prezumin, den, dat de configu- rajun q haz ben asumd, and de vos " set on." and dat de emifun ov vers iz continued durirj de hoi tjm 8 9, we jal her de fdloirj efects. 1) cle vsel q, durirj de tjm 8 R. 2) R seriez ov vocal ssndz, lctstiij durirj de t^m R A, and du tm de infinit number ov configiirajunz, ec, infinitli lit'l diferent from ddt hwic] imedyetM presedz er foloz it, and el l^irj betwen de limitirj configurajunz q, e. •3) cle vsel e durirj de tjm 5. 9. cle seriez ov ssndz (2) iz du tm de canj ov configurajun, from dat ov q tm dat ov e ; in uder wurdz, tm de sucsejun ov e tm q. It ma be termd de inifal efect ov q on e, er de final efect ov e on #. If we reverst de erder ov configurajunz, and comenshj wid ddt ov e, proseded tm dat ov q, we Jiid hav de sam seriez ov s^ndz az befor, but in de contreri erder ; dat iz, we Jiad ns hav de vsel e, de inifal efect ov e upon q, er f jnal efect ov q on e, and de vsel q. 3is diferens ov erder pro- dusez a mqrct diferens upon de er, analogus tm de diferens betwen asendirj and desendirj a muzical seal, and it recwjrz a veri diferent egzerfun ov de mus'lz, so muc; so dat q . . . . e ndturali felz intra de diftorj at er at (§ 13), and s .... q frecwentli dejenerats intra de silaVl yq, hwen de durajunz ov de vsel-ssndz qr mug diminijt. § 6, nr. 1. Htvisjjerd Continuants. 7 If, widst dropirj dz vers, we proseded from q tm e and dens tin q agen,. ws Jud hav tin transifunal efects, az £• haz product a fjnal efect on de prssedii) #, and an inijal efect on dz sucsEclirj q ; dis dub'l efect ov an intermedyet vsel ma b£ celd its medial efect. h e. TRANSIETJN FROM CONTINUANT TUJ VZTEL. 8 a ? a e *... ~'~ .j.. .....v* .... hwisper J cos In d£ abiiv diagram, let dz l^nz 8 R, I 0, repixzent d£ durajunz ov de configiirajunz * and £ respectivli, and R I be ^ tjm consqmd in. pqsiij from d£ configurajun 5 tui d£ configurajim e. <±£ ssnd ov dz continuant s iz entjrli du tm hwisper, and ds ssnd ov dz vsel e iz entjrli da. tm vos. 3ar must darfor b£ a pent ov tjm (neglectin dz durajun ov d£ mid'1-ssnd descrjbd in § 2, nr. 2) hwen dz hwisper s£sez and d£ yes comensez. Let d£ hwisper continu diiriij de tjm 8 P, and d£ vers durin d£ t^m P 9. In d£ diagram, P haz ben plast betwen R and R, but it ma evidentli ocur at eni pout betwm 8 and 0, hwjl d£ efect on d£ £r wil b£ diferent acerdiij tm d£ pozijun ov P. We prosed tm discus dez diferent efects. 1. Htcisperd Continuants. Ferst, let de pent P lj az in dz diagram, b£tw£n R and A. Sen de efects on de £r w r il b£, ferst, a hwisper herd trui d£ configurajun 5, durirj d£ t^m 8 R, dat iz, d£ continuant 5 ; secundli, a hwisper herd darin de tjni R P, trui a seriez ov configurajimz, ov hwiq de limits qr — d£ configurajun s and sum unnon configurajun ljirj betwen ddt ov s and ddt ov e, and de- pendiij on d£ actual leijt ov dz t^m R P ; terdli, dz vos durii) dz t|m P A, herd trm a sehez ov configurajunz ov hwiq dz ferst limit iz dz lust limit ov dz presedin ssriez, and dz last limit iz de configurajun e ; fortli, dz vsel e. 3.z secund and terd seriez ov ssndz, (beirj pqitli hwisper and purtli vos,) hwiq ar(z from dz sucsejun ov s tm e, and dz cjanj ov dz hwisper ov s tm d£ vos ov s, ma be celd dz inijal efect ov s on z, er dz final efect ov e on s. For dz sac ov simplisiti, hsever, we Jal, hwen posib'l, elwaz tec ov de efect ov dz non-vuel upon ds vsel element, and dus sa, dat dz secund and terd ssndz qr du tm, er constitut, dz inijal efect ov s on s. In de cas ov § 5, in hwiq bot elements wer v^elz, er in a cas hwiq we 8 Hwisperd Continuants. § 6, m\ 1. mjt ezili consev, liwar bot elements qr hwisperz, (az in de sucsejun ov t tui s in de wurd sicst ,) dar iz no rez'n hwj we Jud tec ov de inijal efect ov de ferst element on de secund, rqder dan ov de final efect ov de secund element on de ferst. 3is inijal efect wil, ov cars, be diferent for eg diferent vsel and for eg diferent continuant, becez de limits ov d£ transijunal con- figurajunz wil be diferent in eg cas. Tt wiad be elso, strictli specirj, diferent acerdin tui de proporjun hwig R P barz tui P X ; and if P fel on £L, ds secund efect wiad vanif ; similerli, if P fel on X, de terd efect wiad vanij" ; stil, az de diferensez du tui de diferent proporjunz ov R P tui P X, qr onli acsidental, and dui not afect de teori, we ma disregard dem, and clqs el casez in hwig de pont P duz not fel beyond de ponts £L K, under wun hed. Obzervirj, dat in el sue, casez de hwisper iz herd durirj de hoi durajun ov de continuant configurajun, we ma spec ov dem jenerali, az ov de inifal efect ov a hwisperd continent upon a subsecwent vxel. If we revers de erder ov de operajunz just descr|bd, and, beginiij wid de vsel e, pq,s tui de continuant s, asiimin P not tui li beyond X R, we Jal hav de foloin efects ; ferst, de v^el s ; secundli, de transijunal vocal efect ; terdli, de transijunal hwisperd efect ; and fortli, de hwisperd continuant s. tie secund and terd ov dez wil be cts -final efect ov cte hwisperd continuant on tie presediy vsel. If, agen, we pqs from de vsel tui de continuant, and den from de con- tinuant tui de vsel, widst dwelin longer on de continuant dan we Jud dui if it wer simpli final er inijal, we Jal hav dez efects : — -ferst, de vsel; secundli, de transijunal vocal efect ; terdli, de transijunal hwispered efect ; fortli, de hwisperd continuant ; fiftli, de transijunal hwisperd efect ; sicstli, de transijunal vocal efect ; sevntli, de vsel. In dis cas, de secund and terd efects constitut de final efect ov de hwisperd continuant on de presedin vsel, and de fift and sicst its inijal efect on de subsecwent vsel ; de tui tuigeder constitutin de medial efect ov tie hwisperd continent. But if, in de lqst cas, de ssnd ov de continuant iz sustand fer mug logger dan U3Ual, sa fer tw^s az Ion az usual, er if dar iz a relacsajun ov efurt in ecspelin de brefc, similer tui dat at de end ov a wurd, and a renual ov efurt, similer tru dat at de beginiij ov a wurd, de continuant iz sed tui be dub'ld, its final and inijal efects bein clerli seperated. If de reder wil compar de wurdz hisiy, misiy, dreser, wid a his-smd, mis-sent, %r dres ser, he wil redili cag de diferens her insisted on. Real dub'ld continuants, ets., or rar in IijgliJ, Freng, and Jerman, but not unfrecwent in Italyan and 'Arabic. We reprezent de inijal, final, and medial efects, h\ simp'l jucsta-pozijun ov de leterz, dus, se, ss, ssej and de dub'l efect, bi dublin de medial leter, § 6, nr. 2. Spoc'n Continuants. 9 dus, esse. Az a jeueral mil, it must be asiimd, dat hwen leterz qr dus rit'n in jucsta-pozijun, it iz elwaz fer de purpus ov indicatin dat d£ fonetic elements da reprezent, hav fjnal and inijal efects upon doz reprezented bj de pressdirj and sucsedin leterz. cEe inserfun ov a h/fen wil denot de absens ov dez efects ; dus, in e-se de Qnal efect ov s on de presedirj £, and in es-e de inijal efect ov 5 on de sucsedin £, iz tui be omited. cEe tre edib'l efects represented bj ese, e-se, es-e, or darfor esenfali diferent. 2. Spoc'n Continuants. Necst, let de pernt P coinsjd wid S. In dis cas dar wil be no hwisper hwotever, but de vers wil be herd durin de hoi tjm from 8 tm 0. cle sucsejun ov efects qr darfor similer tm doz in § 5, namli, ferst, a vocal ssnd herd trm a ficst configurajun, sj secundli, a vocal ssnd herd tnu a transijtmal configurajun, ov hwic; de limits qr de configurajunz 5 and e; terdli, de vsel 5. But dar iz dis diferens : de configurajun s, (hwic; iz diferent from de continuant or hwisper s, beirj merli ds Jap ov de uper cavitiz, independentli ov eni bret pqsirj trui dem,) iz not wun wel adapted tui de discriminajun ov vers (§ 4), and consecwentli de v&s herd in pqshj, bein ruf, unplezant, and dificult tra sustan, iz retand for de Jortest posib'l tjm, insted ov bein dwelt upon wid ple3ur, l^c a vsel. It iz, in fact, rqder a murmur dan a cler vocal ssnd. In dis cas, darfor, we hav a continuant configurajun, and an indistinct murmur herd trui it ; but dis murmur iz du entjrli tui an atemt at prommsirj de fdlohj vsel erlier dan in de lqst cas, de configurajun itself bein ent^ili sclent. Tui sirnboljz de continuant configurajun s, tuigeder wid a direcfun fer comensin de vocal ssnd ov de subsecwent vsel, hwjl dis configurajun iz stil retand, we cjuiz a nu simbul, z, hwic, haz, darfor, no menin miles a v^el foloz, but, hwen a v^el duz folo, Joz dat its vocal efect iz tm be begun befor de configurajun 5 iz ganjd, and dat it iz not tui be preseded b^ eni s-his. cle efect simboljzd h\ rjtirj z befor e, iz termd de inifal efect ov ie spoon continent z upon $e met e. cle menin ov ze iz darfor cler. If we revers de order ov operajunz, and begin wid de vsel, we Jal hav de vsel e; de transijunal vocal ssnd ; and de murmur herd trui de con- figurajun s, hwiq we ma consider az du tm an atemt at sustaniij de v^el ssnd az Ion az de configurajun s yl retand. If, darfor, we uz z qfter a vsel tm ecspres dis fact, de efect simbol^zd h[ rjtirj z after e, iz termd de filial efect ov ie spoc'n continuant z upon te vael e. cle menii) ov ez wil darfor elso be cler. In presjsli de sam wa az befor, we ma ns prosed tm ecsplan de menin ov de medial efect ov de spoc'n continents upon presedin and sucsediy 10 Murmurd and Micst Continuants. § G, nr. 2. melz, and dus atdq a lUEnin tui szs; and if we prolog d£ ^-murmur in szs, er mac an efurt tui finij and tui begin it agen, we Jal hav &t dub'l spoc'n continuant, az in szzs, d£ efect ov hwic, ma be distiijgwijt from d£ former bj comparirj liwiziy, in hwic, z iz msdial, wid Hz zel, in hwicj it iz dub'l. 3. Murmurd Contimiants. In de lq,st cas we considerd ds murmur az entjrli du tui dE pi'Esedin er sucsEdin vsel, and ds leter z woz considerd tui hav no menirj indEpendentli ov sue; vselz. 3e ssnd herd qfter d£ configurajun * haz b£n asiimd, and d£ vocal bret forst trui it, iz cvqt seperab'l from ds vsel ssnd itself hwic, imsdyetli prsssdz or foloz, and iz, in fact, so fqr independent ov ds v^el, dat it wil be ds sam hwotever ds vsel iz hwicj prssedz er foloz, bscez it dspendz entjrli upon ds configurajun s. Sis, ssnd iz cwjt diferent from ds inijal er fjnal efect ov d£ spoc'n continuant, fer d£z efects qr onli herd durin a transijunal configurajun, hwards d£ murmur dat we qr specin ov, iz herd trui a ficst configurajun, namli, dat fer s. We ma darfor produs d£ sam murmur b| asumiij d£ configurajun s, and pqsin vocal bret, insted ov bEginin er endin wid a vsel. 2e rEziilt ma b£ ecsprest b^ 'z, ds mqrc (') beirj termd ds murmur. Sue; fermz az \ qr celd murmurd continents. clar efect iz veri disagrEab'l, bscez continuant configurajunz qr not adapted tin d£ discriminajun ov vocal bret. 3a wil b£ darfor averded bj earful spEcerz, hm wil abstan from sain buzz, "zzani, dat iz, from jeneratin mur- murd continuants b\ unduli proldijin d£ efect ov spoc'n continuants. 4. Micst Contimiants. We ma ns supoz dat d£ pernt P (se diagram on p. 7) felz bstwen 8 and R. cIe dub'l efects wil den bs : — -ferst, d£ hwisper s ; secundli, ds murmur y z'; terdli, d£ inijal efect ov z upon s ; fortli, ds v^el e. But bot ds hwisper s and d£ murmur 'z, wil bs muc; Jerter dan ds hwisper * woz, in nr. 1, er dE murmur ov d£ spoc'n continuant, in nr. 2. cCe entjr efect iz darfor tantaimrat tui ds preficjun ov a hwisperd tui a spoc'n continuant, wid d£ understdndirj dat bot hwisper and murmur qr tm be Jert'nd. We ma simbol^z dis efect h\ simpli r^tirj szs, wid^t eni direcjun fer Jertniij ; az prolorjgajun wiad bs unu3ual, and mjt darfor b£ indicated b| ss'zzs, sszs, s'zze, acerdirj az bot his and murmur, onli d£ his, er onli d£ murmur, wer proldnd. 3is mod ov comensiij a wurd, ma aper stranj tm IijgliJ Ei'z, but it iz d£ onli mod prevalent in Jermani, fer suq wurdz az comens wid (s) fdlod bj a vsel ; dus, (siek, sake, sah, so,) qr pronsnst szs, szde, szq, szo, an efect hwicj ma b£ herd veri distirjctli in sirjirj ; eldo, if it did not egzist, it iz an efect hwiq a siner wud tac grat panz tui avckl, § 7, nr. 1. Micst Continuants — Hwisperd Licicidz. 11 az el hwisperz qr unvocal, and darfor, onli impar dz efect ov muzic ; witnes dz esez ov qariti-scuil sqni-sigerz ! Keversii) ds erder, we ma evidentli aqv at a rsziilt hwic; ma be simboljzd bj ezs ; dat iz, after ds murmur du tui ds spoc'n continuant haz ssst, ds unvocal bret ma bs ecspeld trui ds configurajun s. Nar, eldo it haz not ben notist bj, IngliJ erfcoepists, dis iz, in fact, dz mod in hwiq we promms el m- fjnal spoc'n continuants, and it ma bs pqrticulerli obzervd in solem ddiveri, az in dz rsdin ov a clerjiman. Insted ov hiz, liav, bred, we sa hizs, havf, brett ; but we qi* az uncdnjus ov so durirj, az ds Jermanz qr ov sain szo, a wurd hwiq iz scarsli ever st ov dar nisdz. It iz curius tui mqrc lis dificult it iz fer an Irjglijman, in consecwens ov dis custum, tui sez d£ pronunsiajun ov d fjnal in SpaniJ, in sue, wurdz az tydqct, Madrid, (ciudad, Madrid) ; bscez ds Spanj^erdz never als ds £-his tui folo, and, consecwentli, ds efect, az a Spanyerd ecsprest it tui dz qter, iz " rctder felt h\ dz spscer dan herd bj ds lisner." We nrjt prosed tm ds msdial and dub'l efects ov dsz continuants, hwiq, az dar efects or compsnded ov ds efects ov d£ hwisperd and spoc'n con- tinuants, ma bs celd micst continuants ; but it wiad bs dificult tui Jo dat da qr ever rEcdi uzd. 3e msdial efect wiad bs reprezented b^ ezsze; but insted ov dis, it iz most probab'l dat dz spscer wild prefer szse, ssze, er eze. 3e trui dub'l efect wild bs ezssze. § 7. TRANSIIUN FROM LICWID TIF VSEL, If we asqm d£ configurajun proper tui sr I, and hwisper, insted ov murmuriij, we Jal produs an efect non az de WelJ (11), hwic; iz veri dis- tinct from its ugual TijgliJ corupjun, fl, and iz properli ecsprest b| hi, (§ 17, nr. 2.) We Jal tac dis ssnd, az ds sziest and best non, fer llus- tratin dz transijim from a licwid tiu a vsel configurajun. "Uziij ds sam djagram az in § 6, p. 7, but consEvirj ds hwisper tui bs hi, insted ov s, we ma, bj a proses ov rezniij so prss^sli analogus tui dat in § 6, az not tui nsd pqrticulerjzirj, aqv at ds foloin rezults. 1. Hwisperd Licwidz. In dsz, hwisper iz cept up, az hi ; dz inijal efect iz herd in hie, final efect in ehl, dz msdial efect in efrle, dz dub'l efect in ehthle. Most ov dez efects ociir in WelJ. 12 Spoon, Vocal, and Micst Lictoidz. § 7, nr. 2. 2. Spocn Licwidz. Bj dropirj de hwisper herd in de lqst cas, and continuin de vers trui de licwid pozijun, we aqv at efects hwig we indicat bj a nu simbul, I ; (on de notajunz s z, hi I, se § 27) ; de inijal efect iz herd in Is, de ferial in el, de medial in sis, and de dub'l in slls : actual instansez ov de tui later casez qr oferd h\ de wurdz soles, solles=. (solace, soulless), hwig qr az diferent in ssnd az menin. 3. Vocal Licwidz. cEe distig ctiv diferens bet wen a licwid and a continuant, woz stated, in § 4, tui be, dat hwjl continuants wer onli favurab'l tui de discriminajun ov hwisper, licwidz wer ecwali favurab'l tui de discriminajun ov hwisper and vers. HAven, darfor, de vocal bret iz ssnded trui a licwid configurajun, it duz not produs an unplezant murmur, (§ 6, nr. 3), but a plezant, continuab'l, vocal ssnd. Hens, eldo we spoc ov murmurd continuants, we ma justli eel de corespondir) licwidz, vocal. It iz neder uncomun ner unplezant tui her 'Us fer Is, and sVl fer el, uzirj de sam stjl ov notajun fer de vocal licwid, az fer de murmurd continuant, becez it aqzez in de sam maner, eldo de efect iz diferent. But de ssnd 7 ociirz veri frecwentli in IngliJ az an independent ssnd, not jenerated from de spoc'n continuant licwid ; dat iz, not jenerated h\ de acfun ov a presedin er sucsedir vsel ; az, in apl, baVl, tafl, pad'l, cacl, gig'l, stifl, bus'l, puz'l, ets., de ssnd iz hjli vocal, and oferz no dificulti tui de shjer. 4. Micst Licwidz. Gldo dez ctr perfectli consevab'l, az in fills, slM, yet da probabli never ociir ; becez, az dar iz no dificulti in continuiij de ssnd ov 7, sVl iz mor ezi ov uterans dan sThl ; hwards, szs iz mug mor ezi dan szz, er ez wid de murmur sustand trurst de configurajun s. § 8. TRANSIZUN FROM ECSPLQDENT TUJ VtfEL. In de presedig casez, we had tui del wid absolut ssndz ; but sue; a leter az t, onli denots a configurajun, and a direcjun dat de foloirj vsel Jiad be comenst imedyetli on de qanj ov dat configurajun. 3e diagram in § 6, must darfor be elterd, h\ de entjr omijun ov de part 8 £L, dus : — p' a p a § 3, nr. 1. Mi est Ecsplodents. 1 '■'> 1. Myjt Ecsplodents. 3z configurajun t haz, ov cors, no ssnd ; hens, sue; a leter iz celd a myt ecsplodent. But it haz a veri distinct, edib'l elect, becez it determinz de ferst limit ov de transijunal configurajunz, ov hwiq de ucter limit (in de abiiv diagram) iz de configurajun e. For mut ecsplodents, de pemt P must be supozd tm coins|d wid H, and de edib'l efects qr, ferst, de vers herd trui a transijunal configurajun, hraz limits qr de configurajunz t and s ; and secund, de vsel £. clez efects qr darfor de simplest we hav yet had ; but da qr, just for dat rez'n, de most dificult tm sez, az de hoi efect ov de leter t consists in its inijal efect upon £, reprezented in de combinajun ts. 2s f^nal efect herd in st, de medial efect in ets, and de dub'l efect in ette, wil be redili understud. 3e tm later casez ma be ilustrated h\ de wurdz butter, bmttrs (butter, boottree). 2. Spoc'n Ecsplodents. An ecsplodent haz a configurajun hwiq uterli ferbidz de pasej ov eder vocal er unvocal bret ; but if de cjec be sl^tli reldcst, so dat vocal bret can pqs tm sum trjflirj ecstent, enuf tm produs an indistinct murmur ov a veri bref durajun, we ma hav an efect for hwic; de oral configurajun iz so nerli de sam az fer de mut ecsplodent, dat we ma be aMd tm spec ov it az a spocn ecsplodent ; eldo we must oTs dat sr spoc'n ecsplodents qr onli veri imperfect spoc'n continuants. Let d reprezent de configurajun t, wid de diferens abuv descr£bd, and wid a direcfun dat de vocal bret belonin tm de presedin er foloii) vsel, iz tm pqs trm dis modifjd config- urajun. Eni wun hm pron3nsez sue; a wurd az tidi, wil persev de tremur in hiz trot ocagund bj, de pasej ov vocal bret in d, and its absens in t. cTe pent P wil darfor 1[ tm de left ov £L agen, az at P' ; but de t^m P' R wil be veri smel inded. Az befor, we hav de inijal efect in de, f^nal efect in ed, medial efect in ede, and dub'l efect in edde ; compar ftedi wid heddres= (heady, headdress). 3. Murmurd Ecsplodents. We hav dus arjVd at de jdea ov a murmurd ecsplodent, de ecsplodent configurajun bein modifjd in a maner elredi pouted st. Suq murmurz hav, hsever, onli a teoretical egzistens. 91 do da ma be produst, da dm not ferm a pqrt ov eni spoc'n langwej, so fqr az we qr awar. 3e mur- mur ov d wil be reprezented bj 'd, and so on. 4. Micst Ecsplodents. cTe conf igui'ajun d iz a relacsajun ov de configurajun t ; if we darfor ciK' a lit "1 hwisper tm pqs befor de vocal bret, we mjt hav a micst ecs- 14 Post-Hwlsperd Ecsplodents. § 8, nr. 4. plodent, hwig we mjt simbol^z dus, &&Z5 M reprszentin ds hwisperd pqrt. Hweder dis iz ds trm ac^nt ov an efect ws hav frecwentli obzervd, it Aviad be dificult tin sa, but it iz sertenli trui dat ds grater part ov mid'l and sudern Jermanz, and espejali de Sacsunz, uter ssndz insted ov sv pe, be, te, or de, hwiq ar ov so micst a natur, dat it iz elmost imposib'l for ev'n ds practist Er ov an Iijglijman tui sa hweder ds ssnd herd at eni t|m aprocsimats mor clash tra ds inifcd efect ov a spoc'n er ov a mut ecsplodent. 3is miest efect, darfor, hwotever it be, we Jol eel a micst ecsplodent, and reprezent h\ ids, edt. 5. Post- Hwisperd Ecsplodents. cLe dificulti hwig ds Jermanz fsl in distirjgwijirj t from d, p from b, ets., haz giv'n y\z tar an ecspsdient hwic, ma be celd post-liwisperiy . els pernt ov tjm P ns Ljz bstwrn £L caid A, so dat d£ ssnd ferst herd iz no logger d£ vas trm a transijunal configurajun, but a hwisper trm a cjanjiij configurajun, &e limits ov hwiq qr ds configurajun t and sum unnoii con- figurajun ljin bstwen dat ov t and dat ov s, and dis iz folod b\ d£ vers and ds vsel, az in ds cas ov d£ comun hwisperd continuants. 2s comensment ov d£ hwisper iz jenerali mad mor important bj its beirj Ejaculated wid a burst. We ma reprszent dis efect h\ subjernirj d£ leter ti er lift, dus, the er tithe az distinct from ts. Hwen ds consonant iz fjnal, it iz of'n post- hwisperd, ev 'n in IngliJ, provided no vsel foloz. It iz dificult tui sa et, widst l'Eldcsin d£ stif pozijun intm hwic, d£ parts ov dE mst, ets., hav ben bret in erder tui rEzist ds pasej ov eni ssnd ; and az ds parts ov dt mst seperat, a sljt post-hicisper iz herd, so dat we sa eth, rqder dan et. In dsz casez, de limits ov d£ transijunal configurajun trm hwic, d£ post- hwisper iz herd, ar not ds configurajunz ov t and ov a giv'n vsel, but d£ configurajun t, and eni pozijun hwic, iz szi fer d£ vocal erganz. cfis post-hwisper iz ev 'n herd hwen a spoc'n ecsplodent endz a wurd ; dus, edth, hwic, iz egzdctli comparab'l tm ds efect szs, menjund abiiv (§ 6, ni*. 4, tordz d£ end). Sum spEcerz, ancfus tui averd dis efect, hwic, da consider eronius, giv a post-murmur insted ov a post-hwisper, dus ed\ Havirj dus dren atenfun tm ds jeneral clqsez ov modif^d ssndz rEZultirj from ds efects ov pqsiij from wun configurajun tm anuder, we Jal pro- ssd tm d£ dstalz ov ds for clcises ov ficst configurajunz descrjbd in § 4, and consider eg, efect under ds several clqsez ov modifjd ssndz elredi panted st. § 9. Vaelz. 15 § 9 VSELZ. 'udz a a, q a, in dis natural erder. 20 Loer and Mid'l Seriez ov Vaelz. § 10, nr. 3. cle distiijctiv vsel ov dis seriez, iz m, herd in (two, who, do, tool ; fr. oil, CYoute; ger. An, schkg, stefe; it. swbito, sut^ra}=M, km, dm, tml ; ui, crmt ; dm, fluty, ftiafe ; sinbe-to-, sm-tmrq-. Tin produs de ssnd m, de rnst iz veri sljtli op'nd, de lips qr jenerali so nerli clozd, az onli tui kv a smel eliptical apertur, (but de lips qr not psted, ner iz de apertur so smel az for ii,) de tiuj iz deprest tin de utmost, and iz elmost concav tin de palet, so dat de bret iz directed tordz de lips. Betwen m and o, ljz de wel non vsel o, az in (owe, boast, post, hope ; /r. pole, repos, sawce ; ^«\ bo/men, iloh, boot)=o, host, post, hop; pol, repo, sos; bonen,fio, hot. It iz dstM hweder de pur szmd ov dis vsel iz fond in Italyan, de (o) in dat larjgwej behj eder o or 6. We had ocagun tui remqrc, for a, dat Iijglijrnen veri frecwentli, and unwitirjli, subjera its distirjctiv vsel s; it fiad be ©lso obzervd, dat de distirjctiv vsel m yl, in de sam maner, of'n subjond tui de vsel o ; but de ssnd tui hwiq we refer at prezent, iz de pur o, wid^t eni qfter-ssnd ov m. Bet wen o and m, ljz a veri pecutier ssnd, hwiq Iuglijmen fjnd veri dificult tui distirjgwif from m, on de wun hand, and o, on de uder. It iz de Italyan (o chiuso), or Jut o ; and it iz olso herd in DaniJ. We reprezent it b^ o. Betwen o and e, dar iz olso a pecuher s^nd, hwig Iijglijmen fjnd dificult tui distingwij from o ; we reprezent it h\ 6. It iz de Italyan (o aperto), or op'n o ; and iz aserted, h\ sum fonetifanz, tui be de sam az de Danif aa, and Swedif a. cle loer ssriez ov vselz, prosediij from de most treb'l tm de basest, iz, darfor, a o, 6 o, g tu ; ov hwiq a e ma be cold gutural, 6 o, post-labial, and o m, labial. 4. Se Mid'l Seriez ov Vvelz. cfrs veri remqrcab'l set ov sVndz, hwiq iz so fuli develupt in de uder Jermanic kajgwejez, iz, wid de sirjg'l ecsepjun ov de stopt ssnd ov e, el- tuigeder wontirj in IugliJ. cEez vselz sem tui hav ariz'n from an atemt tui pronsns wun ov de uper and wun ov de loer seriez ov vselz simultaniusli ; ■ dis atemt iz most clerli egzibited in de s?md ov de distiijctiv v^el ii. 3e ssnd ii iz herd in (fr. yd, iv^e, Yeius ; ger. «bel, gewilhl, sii$s)=vii rii, re-fit ; iiVl, ge-viil, ziis (sziis). It iz olso de Dug (tm) and Scoq (ui) cle bac part ov de tui) beiij razd, az for s, hwjl de tip, after beirj bent d$n, iz bent up agen, so az tm ofer a concav surfes tm de palet, and de lips beiij put intm de pozijun for m, an atemt iz mad tm ssnd e and tu at de sam instant ; in consecwens ov dis atemt, de tmj wil dssend a lit'l from de palet, and de lips bs mor p^ted dan for vi. 3e rezrilt ov dis atemt, § 10, nr. 4. Mid'l Serisz oc V^elz. 2 1 wil be ii, er veri nerli so. 3e Freng sein tui pron-yns dis ssnd wid de gratest puriti. 3ar or tre mistacs hwig ma be mad : de ferst iz, tui pro- n^ns de vselz sucsesivli, insted ov sinmltaniusli ; dis iz an Igglif mistac, and proditsez de diftoij i[, in hi ov de simp'l vsel ii. 3Ce secund mistac iz, tui giv nndii prominens tin de //* s'el jenerali runz trui el its fazez ov km, bref, and stopt, in SpaniJ and Italy an, it woz not Ljcli dat rjterz in doz larj- gwejez Jud tine it neseseri tin mac eni distirjejun betwen de bref and stopt vselz. Tui reprezent de stopt vselz, we Jal emplo- a seiiez ov nu spz. Tui reprezent de bref vselz, we Jal subjem a hjfen tin eder a lorj er a stopt v^el sjn, hwiqever we tirjc most ljcli, at eni moment, tui conva de rjt ssnd tui de IijgiiJ reder ; at de end ov a wind, de stopt vsel sjri wil elwaz signify a bref vsel. Az de hjfen iz elso uzd tin seperat silab'lz, and qi'ter §11. Bref Oral Vvelz. 25 consonants, it must be understiad tiu hav bot propertiz, ov seperatin silcib'lz, and renderin &z prEssdiij vselz bref ; a longer daj (— ) wil be uzd liwen dz prcsedin vsel iz Ion. 3e rez'n ov dis notajun for dz brEf vselz, iz dz important fact, dat dz fdloiij consonant never produsez a fjnal efect upon dem ; tiu mac dis fjnal efect edib'l, ds vsel must bs eder lent 'nd or stopt. 3e tui fdloiij ljnz egzibit dz rtlajun ov ds stopt tui de loij vsel s^nz. Lot) vselz : e £, a a ; a q, — a e ; do ; p w ; — ii u, 6 g ; e Stopt vselz : i i, e e ; a a, — a o ; o o ; o u ; — it u, do; u cTe bref vselz fond in IijgliJ, Qi* az foloz. r-, or i-, in {revenge, trochee, ]vibi\£e)=zre~venj, tract:-, jubite-. cLis v»el must bs carfuli distingwift from i-, herd in (pity, shabby, fishi/)=jpiti,fabi,Jifi. If an IngliJ'man wil onli lis'n tui a Frenchman sain (Jlni)-==fmi } and tiu himself sain. (jiuiiy)=. fid, h£ wil at wuns aprsjiat dz grat distincfun bet wen i- and i-. Scoqmen or olso apt tm sa i- for i-. It iz obzervab'l, dat elmost ol IijgliJ" ortoepists, az Wecer, Smqrt, and TViaster, confond e- and i-. r- iz herd in (Sunday, forte, Israel) = Sunch-, ferta-, 'Izra-el; but it iz veri unfrgcwent, and, ecsept befor a vsel, olmost ©lwaz dejenerats intiu «-, dz favurit Inglij" bref vsel, az in (idea, China, amount, along) =idea-, &ina-, a-mmt, a-loy. Meni Inglij sp£cerz mac no distiijcfim hwotever, betwen a- and e-; and, az dsz specerz olso jenerali sine er, nr, (=\u, \cr,) intiu e, it iz of'n sed, dat dz Lunduner pronsnsez idea- az ideer ; but dis iz not strictli trm ; h£ pronsnsez bot idea- and ideer ljc idee-, and darfor, ljc wun aniider ; but dar iz sertenli a diferens, (in proses and in d£ fslirj ov dz sp£cer, if not in rszult,) betwsn asimilatiij wun ssnd tm aniider, and zq ov tm ssndz tui a terd. q- iz, perhaps, not fond in eni trm IijghJ wurd, bsixj elwaz rsplast bj a-. In conjuncfun wid dz leter r, hsever, it ma b£ sed tm oeilr in (partake) =pqrt£c, and suq wurdz ; but dis we tirjc a mistac ; d£ silab'l pqr iz sertenli pronsnst veri brcfli in dis wurd, but it duz not lmz its caracter if proloijd; hwards, if ds a- in a-msut wer leijt'nd intui a, dz hoi caracter ov d£ synd wiad bs destred. e- iz sed tm b£ herd in (august, aif$te?e)=e-yust, ester ; but we rqder tirjc dat d£ trm pronunsiafun iz e-yiist, ester ; dat iz, dat c!e ferst vsel iz Ion (er indefmit), but unacsented. o- iz not uncomun, az in (morrow, sorrow, fallow, opine, om\t)=-nwro-, soro-,falo-, o-pin, o-mit. w- iz rar, az in (r/^besccnt, mfluence)=rui-besent, inflw-ens. 26 Stopt Oral Vxelz. § 11. It wil be pemvd, in dis list, dat dar qr tuci hxzi vselz, i-, a-, liwic; hav no corespdndirj lor) vsel in IrjgiiJ. clar qr, elso, tui stopt vselz, e, u, hwiq hav no corespdndirj brsf vsel. 3e msnirj ov cts bref vsel simbulz in uder larjgwejez, ma be colected from dez egzqmp'lz. 3s stopt vsel s^nz recwjr egzemplificajun. i (stopt s) duz not ocur in IrjgiiJ ; we bdEV dat it iz fsnd in Erenc;, az in de ferst silab'l ov (flni)=fim-, eldo d£ Erenq eel bot vselz fort, widst distirjefun ov clqs. 3s sam ssnd iz sertenli herd in Italy an (fisso, dicci)=fissg, ditgi, and not fiso, dsgl, az Irjglifmen jenerali sa. i (stopt €) iz ds comun IrjgiiJ ssnd herd in (pm, pit, iit)=pin, pit, jit. We belsv dat dis iz d£ sam ssnd az iz herd in Jermani, Holand, and Denmqrc ; and it SEmz tui bs d£ sam az ds stopt Polif y, and Rufan bi. e (stopt a) iz ds Freuq e, if it ocurz stopt; az (etroit, depense}=^/^^, depoiis. Az a brsf vsel, e- iz sed, bj Jerman r^terz, tui bs d£ fjnal Jerman e ; tm si srz, ds Jerman fjnal e iz jenerali pronsnst Ijc e-, but we u^uali reprszent it h\ e, for e- er d-, bslEvirj it tm bs, at eni rat, dsper dan a,-. In BolrEuria, we lrav herd a-, er e-, prommst purli in Jerman wurdz, and veri disagrEab'l it woz. a (stopt a) iz ds comun IrjgiiJ a, in (fat, man)=fat, man. No tras ov dis s?jnd iz herd in eni foren larjgwej but Frencj, hwar it ap&z under a nazal ferm (an). Jermanz confuz a wid e, lrwen spscirj Inglif. In de nert ov Irjgland, in Scotland, and on ds continent, dis veri pEcqlier vsel iz rsplast h\ a (stopt q), az in (fr. patte ; ger. m«nn) =/?«£, man, cwjt distinct from, and mug breder, dan sr pat, man. cloz IngliJ ertoepists hra admit dat a iz not ds proper vsel in d£ wurdz {task, laugh, grant,) and uderz ov dis clqs, eldo da cons&y it rorj tm qz ds vsel q, (az we lrav dun truret sr fonetic wurcs,) jenerali asum dat ds v^el iz bztwm a and q, er iz, in fact, a; and wiad darfor print tasc, laf, grant, clis iz d£ cors pursqd bj Mr. Wraster ; Smqrt and Wecer lrav tasc, laf, grant ; and ds majoriti ov sudern Irjglijmen sa tqsc, Iqf, grqnt. a (stopt a.) clis iz a tEoretical vsel, ljirj bstwm a and o. We qr not awar dat it iz acndlejd in eni larjgwej. o (stopt e) iz d£ comun vsel herd in (on, not, ton)=on, not, top. We qr dstful hweder it ocurz in Frenq, er hweder it iz not, on el ocagunz, rEplast h\ o. Bot o and © qr herd, at tjmz, in Jermani, az d£ stopt vsel qnserirj tm stopt o ; o in d£ nert, and o in d£ sst ov Jermani. cfe Danif aa iz pronsnst az o, in clozd silab'lz. Grat drficulti in aprsjiatin o, cuqzez from ds sercumstans, dat bot o and o qr seldum fsnd in &z sam larjgwej. § 12. Stopt Oral Vxelz— Nazal Vxelz. 27 o (stopt 6) iz de Italyan (o aperto), in clozd silab'lz ; it ma be dstful hweder it can be cept cler from o. o (stopt o) duz not ocilr in IngliJ, eldo it iz stil prezervd (we qr infermd) in America, hwar (stone, whole) qr pronsnst ston, hoi. 3.z ssnd iz sertenli herd in Frencj (sonne, donne)=son, don, and iz probabli herd mug mar ecstensivli. It replasez o in meni pqrts ov Jermani. B| prommsiij de wurdz bon, bun, bon, ds conecjun ov de ssnd ov o wict bot o and u, wil be persevd; an Iijgiijman seldmn disthjgwifez it from o, on d"e wun hand, or u, on de uder. o (stopt o) iz ds Italyan (o chiuso), in clozd silab'lz. It iz dificult tui cep it cler from o, on wun s^d, and u, on de uder. u (stopt w) iz herd in (book, foot, jwfc, bull, would, stood)=buc, fut, put, but, wud, stud. It iz elso comun in el liropean langwejez, ecsept Swedif, hwar it iz replast b^ u. u (stopt ii) iz herd in {ger. hwtte, lwcke, kzmste; fr. hutte, stdfit)=hide, luce, ciinste ; hut, sufi. it (stopt u) iz de SwediJ (u). d (stopt 6) iz herd in {ger. bocke, stocke, nolle; fr. ]etme)=bdce, ftoce, hole; j6n. o (stopt o) iz a teoreticol sp for stopt Damf (e), if it be reali diferent from o. n (stopt e), a veri comun Inglif and Dug vuel, herd in («p, cut, vub, lull ; dut. d«n, zoster, vwllen, nut)=up, cut, rub, ltd ; dun, zuster, vulen, nut. R tras ov dis ssnd, under a nazorjzd form, iz fund in de Frencj {tin, 'ducu?i)=tni, o-cuii. ISTo uder Uropean larjgwej, we beleV, pozesez it ; but it iz comun in Rfa. § 12- NilZAL Y^ELZ. 3e configurajimz ov de uper cavitiz, in de cas ov de tre sets ov vselz hidertui descr£bd, hav ben sucj az not tui admit ov eni vjbrajun ov ds nazcd caviti, so dat da qr cwjt fre from hwot iz termd nazal twaij. In de cas ov de vocal nazcd licwidz, 'in, 'n, 'y, dar iz a distinct vjbra/un ov ds nazal caviti, hwiq ma be felt bj eni wun hui pronunsez dez sundz emfdticali. clis iz a vjbrajun ov de nazal caviti alon ; for de efect ov de sund reinanz unolterd, if de hand be plast bsfor de mut, eldo it iz instantli eject h\ clozhj de nostrilz. But dar iz a mod ov forsirj de bret trui de mst and noz simultaniusli, az, for egzqrnp'l, in de Irene; {an}=o?i. If de reder wil pronuns dis sund, and contimi it for a secund or tui, (hwicj iz cwjt posib'],) and diirin hiz atemt tui pronuns it, stop de oral and 28 Nazal Vaelz. §12. nazal aperturz alternetli, li£ wil fjnd dat lie duz not cjec ds ssnd in sder cas, but elterz its camcter in bat casez. 3is ssnd iz, darfor, trrali an ori-nazal roel ; but az dar ctr no purli nazal vselz — d£ vocal licwidz beii) distirjgwift from v^elz, in m' clasificajun — we Jal, in compljans wid comun custum, designat ds ori-nazal bj, ds simpler term ov nazal vaelz. Ke ssnd ov oil iz a simp'l, pur vsel ssud, hwiq ma be continiid indefinitli, wid^t elterajun. It iz, darfor, perfectli distinct from ds silab'lz on er og, hwiq contan a stopt oral v^el, and qr consecwentli ov ecssdiijli brsf durajun, but hwen prolond, fel intra, ds vocal licwidz, 'n, 'y. ctsz perfect silab'lz, on, oij, (§ 23, nr. 1,) consist ov trs parts — a vsel, a vocal s^nd herd duriij a transifunal configurajun, and a licwid. 3e imperfect silab'l on, (§ 23, nr. 3,) consists ov wun part onli — a simp'l, continues, unqanjd vsel ssnd, herd trra an dbsolutli ficst configurajun. But dis configurajun ma bs considerd az compsnd, hwen compard wid d£ configurajunz ov &z oral vselz, bscez ds later onli permit ds vocal bret tin pas trui d£ mst, but ds former permit it tra pq,s trm bot mst and noz. Morover, it iz fond, dat d£ efect ov nazaliti ma bs produst upon zq ov ds oral vselz elredi discust, b\ variiij ds configurajun in suq a maner az tra als ov ds nazal caviti concurin wid ds oral, in mddifjii) ds vocal bret. It iz for dis rsz'n, dat we reprszent d£ efect ov a nazal vsel, b^ subjoniij d£ sjn n tui d£ oral vsel; d£ compsnd spi on, must bs considerd az simp'l az o itself; for n haz no valu hwotever hwen stem din alon ; it onli bEcumz significant hwen it foloz a vsel sp, and its significans iz den confjnd tm qanjiij ds m.£uin ov dat vsel sjn, in a dsterminet, invariab'l maner. 3e nazal vselz ma bs loij or br£f, and ma bs olso sudenli eject or stopt bj, an hiatus, but we hav not sucssded in stopiij dem bj d£ suden asumjun ov a nil configurajun. Hweder dis arjzez from ds natur ov &z vselz, er from d£ fact ov dar bsirj stranj and foren tui sr Iijglij erganz ov spsq, it wiad not b£ £zi tra sa ; and az Frenqmen demselvz hav d£ gratest dificulti in seperatiij d£ stopt from d£ br£f vselz, it wiad b£ elmost imposib'l tra dsqv asistans from dem, on dis pout We Jal darfor asum, dat dar qr no stopt nazal v^elz. But if we compar d£ Portugsz wid d£ Frenq nazalz, we Jal b£ led tra a clasificajun ov nazal vselz hwiq barz a strjciij analoji tra dat ov Ion and stopt amiiij oral vselz ; inazmucj az d£ efect on ds sr, eldo dat ov a per- fectli continuus s^nd in bot casez, ssmz tra pont tra a log oral vyel in wun cas, and a stopt oral vsel in ds uder. We tine dis diferens ma bs atributed tra d£ relativ proporjun in hwiq ds oral and nazal cavitiz combjn, in ds producjun ov dE nazal v^elz ; consEvin, dat in doz casez hwar ds Ion oral vsel iz aparentli ds substratum ov ds nazal vsel, ds oral § 12. Anuswqra. 29 euviti liaz tte most efect ; and dat, in de uder casez, hwar we or aparentli rsferd tui &i stopt oral vsel, etc nazal caviti plaz dz gratest part, and dus, az it wer, stops d£ oral vse\. But hwotever ma bs &z ecsplanajun ov d£ diferens, it iz veri mojet ; and, az it barz suq an evident rdajun tui &z Ion and stopt vselz, we Jal mac us ov dis sercumstans, tui denot wun bj, a Ion oral vsel sjn, prsficst tui ds sjn ov nazaliti, az en, celiij it, fer distincfun, dz bred nazal vsel ; and dz uder, bj, a stopt oral vyel s£n, preficst tin dz sjn ov nazaliti, az on, celiij it a slender nazal vsel. It ssmz dat in Indian langwejez, bot clqsez ov reelz ab^nd. els sjn non az ani.mcqra, (meniij qfter-stmd, from anu, after, and sicqra, s^nd,) in de Sanscrit cdfabet, s£mz tui liav had prssjsli d£ sam significajun az we hav atribiited tui sy n. ( 7 ) cIe sjn n ma b£ cold dz spi ov nazaliti, or, on ac^nt ov its frscwent ocurens in d£ transcripjun ov Frenc; wurdz, d£ Freng en. 7. Bop {Sanscrit Gramer, 2nd Jerman ed., p. 11) sez, dat de anuswqra iz "reali an obsciir nazal qfter-s^nd, probabli siiniler tui ds obsciir Freng n at de end ov a silab'l;" but in sr opinyun, dis Freng n (wc n) iz not an ajfter-s^nd at el, but merli reprezents a nazal rnodificajun ov de s^nd ov de presedirj reel. It iz not, b^ever, at el improbab'l dat de Sanscrit gramarianz ma bav agred wid Bop, in consevirj it tui be an after-s^nd. It iz remqrcab'l, tui, dat neder anusioqra (n) ner wisarga (n) q,r treted az leterz, but az egzilyeri sjnz, er substit^ts fer leterz; dus, anusioqra iz reprezented bj plasirj a dot over de reel (er vocal jzd consonant), and wisarga bj subjernin a sjn l|c a colun. £L secund ferm (a dot over a cresent, elso plast over de reel er voccdjzd consonant) fer anuswqra, iz celd anunqsica (from nqsicq, noz), and dis nam, in conjuncjun wid de ferrner, semz tui pe-nt st its menin veri satisfdcturili. 3e abiiv vii ov de subject iz con- fermd bj de opinyunz ov IrjgliJ rjterz on dis cwestyun, tac'n in conecfun wid de non dificultiz hwig Irjglifmen fel, in aprejiatirj de efect n, and de veri inefijent acint hwig da giv ov it. bwen tecirj ov de Freng langwej, fer bwig dar obzervafunz can be ezili corected bj persunal ecsperiens. Colbrac sez it iz sanded ljc n, and colz it " an abreviajun ov de nazal consonant at de end ov a silab'l." Ferster sez it iz pronsnst az n in <£plmth) ; Cari and Yats transcrjb it bj {ng), a not unusual, but veri felti maner ov reprezentin de efect ov de Freng n, in Irjglif wurcs, a turoli Inglif mispronunsiajun. He efect n iz " dif erentli reprezented in (liferent langwejez. In PoliJ', a semiserc'l iz dren under a leter, az {z,\) = an, on ; in Portugez, a mqrc celd a tilda iz dren over de leter, oz (fy = qn; in Freng, de simp'l leter {n} iz uzd, de efe'ct ov de licwid n bein repre- zented bj {nn, ne, nne), az (^innocent, cabane, etrenne) = znoson, caban, etren. cEe notajun n iz ddt adopted bj Bop, in biz Comparativ Gramer, fer de Sanscrit anuswqra ; probabli tui indicat dat de s^rnd baz sum conecjun wid n, and iz reprezented bj a superpozd dot in de Sanscrit alfabet. 3e grat conveniens ov dis simboljzajun recomendz it fer jeneral adopjirn. B. similer ecspedient iz adopted in rjtin Hinduistane wid de 'Arabic er Neske caracter ; de sjn fer de comun n in dis stjl ov ritin bein elredi surm^nted wi& wun dot, a secund dot iz aded, tui indicat de efe'ct ov anuswqra. 30 Frenq Nazal Vselz. §12. cle Freng nazctlz qr best non ; da qr el slender, and ma be reprezented az foloz : — ah, az herd in (/aim, vain, Rheims, sein, impot, index, appendice, Men, vient)=fah, van, Rahz, sail, ahpo, ahdecs, apahdts, Man, man. In dis nazal vsel, ociirz de onli tras ov de Inglif oral a we hav ben ab'l tui disciiver in foren laijgwejez. Az de Jermanz jenerali confqz sv a wid e, (prommsin % had a, hat on mi hed, az if it wer rit'n, ai het a het on mat het f) so da confqz an wid en ; hens, in el Jerman wurcs, dis nazal vsel iz referd tui de oral e insted ov a; and ev'n de aciit Rap haz fel'n intui dis erar, eldo he recognjzd de Inglif a az a pecqlier ssnd. Az we her Ljglijinen perpetrat sue, monstrositiz ov Frenq pronunsiajun az sip* lur femdy dur Say Kermdy, la, magazay dur vay fay soy soy fay, (sur le chemin de Saint Germain, les magazins de vin fin sont sans fin), insted ov sail) sur le fern an de San Karmah, la magazah de van fan son son fan ; so de Jermanz tec ov boy vey, oy cm de mey, fer boh van, nil cm de mail, er uh cm d'man. Bot dez pronunsiajunz qr veri bad raistaes. Xeder an ner ay qr tolerab'l tui a Frenq er, do an ma be les disagreab'l dan ay. oh iz herd in (amble, angle, empan, enfant, vend, vent, en, an)=ohble, ohgle, (ohbfil, ohgfil, conversafunali,) ohpoh, ohfoh, von, voh, oh, oh. cEis iz de most comun vsel, perhaps, in de Frenq laijgwej, and givz de caracter tui its ton. It iz de most desjded recognifun ov de oral o, az distinct from o, dat iz tui be fsnd in Irene, ; fer in elmost el uder casez hwar o iz prommst, o iz elso herd at tjmz. cTe Frenq demselvz refer dis ssnd tm a, and so dui de Jermanz. We belev dat dis haz ariz'n from an anzjeti tui seperat de ssnd from o. In de heteric (er unfonetic) alfabet, dar woz no menz ov duiii) dis; and az a iz not veri fqr of o, it woz de safest substitqt. Jermanz qz ay fer oh ; Irjglijmen sa oy. oh iz herd in (ombre, affront, saison, aplomb)=ohbre (ohbhr conversafunali), afroh, sdzoh, aploh. Iuglifmen jenerali mac de veri bad mistac ov confiizin oh wid oh, and nz oy er on fer bot : dis arjzez from de absens ov de vsel o in IijgliJ. Jermanz hui eel oh, ay, jenerali eel oh, oy er oy, acerdin az de stopt v?rel o, er o, iz de comun wun in dar pqrt ov Jermani. uh iz herd in (parfmn, chacun, a jeun)=pq?fuh {parfuh, and of'n pq.cqf/ih,)facuh, a 31111. It iz de onli distinct recognifun ov de Inglif stopt vsel u, in Frenq. It iz siijgqler dat de Frenq laijgwej das recogn^zez tui veri pecqlier Inglif vselz, a, u, (ov hwiq de fermer iz § 13,nr.l. Freng Nazal Faeh—Diftogz and Triftoyz. 31 not fsnd in eni uder Uropean laijgwej, and de later onli in de Dug,) under a nazal ferm. cle IiJgliJ uz ny for wn ; de Jermanz, not bavin u, sa o#. Ov de bred nazal vselz we qr imab'l tm furnij a veri clsr ocsnt, az we hav had but veri lit'l opurtuniti ov herin dem, and den onli from de mst ov a Spanyerd. It semz tui us dat de Portugez (ao) iz jenercdi promsnst en ; hwjl {in, im)=en, (aa)=qn, (o)=o)i, and perhaps {um)=.eh. 5is iz a subject recwjrin furder investigajun. § 13. DIFIOTJZ AND TRIFIOWZ. 1. Clasijicafun. mhn, wax, too, tcoo,}=to€, tea,, cioqm, wer, wo, icvi. cEis spoc'n continuant, w, iz, az far az we no, strictli pECulier tui d£ IngiiJ, amui) Uropsan laijgwejez, (oldo fond in 'Arabic :) in Irene; and Italyan, it iz replast h\ d£ brsf u, hwiq fermz a proper er irn-proper diftoij wid ds foloin vsel. Sum rjterz on fonetics, espejali doz hiu qr not Irjglif, hav imdjind, dat Ev'n in dE IrjgliJ langwej, dar iz no proper continuant w, but dat hwot iz jenerali so considerd bj IngiiJ ertoepists, iz, in fact, onli d£ brsf u-, az in uder langwejez. cLe siijg'l wurdz, tcui, wud (=tvoo, wood) nijt hav servd tui upset dis aserjun. cTar iz a modif jin inijal efect ov w on m and u, in dEz wurdz, hwiq cud not bs prodiist if bref u- wer substituted fer to. IndEd, urn, uud wiacl bE indistingwijabi from m, wd, on ds won hand, or u-tcc, u-ud, on i\z uder; and u-m, u-ud qr wurdz ov tui silabiz, 44 Labial Coutiniiants . § 16, nr. 1. and darfor perfectli distinct from de monosilabic fermz, wui, wud. But uder considerajunz wil elso Jo de trra continuant natur ov w. In de ferst plas, it ma be hwisperd, de rezult bein reprezented h\ hw, a ssnd veri comun in IngliJ, az in (wheel, whale, zvhieh, when)=htDsl, hwal, hwig, hwen, (in hwiq wurdz it iz de custum, in practical f emetic speliij, tiu nz hw for hw, becez h iz on el ocagunz practicali replast h\ h, in r:jtirj ;) and dis ssnd, hw, iz cw^t distil) ct from hu, hu, or hhu, az ma be aprejiated b^ doz lira qr ab'l tra pron^ns hwi, hui, hui, hhui. Agen, w ma be murmnrd ; and de s^nd \o, dat iz, de vocal bret uterd trra de configirrajun w, iz a totali distinct ssnd from, m, hwards, if dar wer eni trrat in ds supozijun dat w woz onli bref u-, de ssnd et tra bs de sam. 3e reder wil persev dat de tun liaz tra be loerd and retracted, in pqsin from 'w tra m. 3e ssnd 'w iz, hsever, dificult tra prodqs ; and eni wun hui macs de trjal must be wel acustumd tra fonetic ecsperiments, er he wil most probabli fal. In de terd plas, de leter w ma dbsolutli stop a vsel, widst diftonj^zin wid it, hwiq cud not be de cas if w wer a vsel ; de ssndz aw, iw, ow, qr perfectli prommsab'l wid a distinct stopt v^el : and de rjter haz had amp'l opur- tuniti ov heriij de wurd vewq (for veri) constantli pron^nst, wid a trra stopt e befor a trra IrjgliJ w. 'V. If de lips be bret intra de pozijun fer w, and de contact at de ej be slac'nd, hwjl de iner surfesez qr bret closer trageder and flat'nd, de efect on de foloin vsel wil be considerabli modify!, and wil aproq dat ov b er v so nerli, dat it wil be at tjmz indistingwifab'l from wun ov dez leterz, tra an unaciistumcl er. \ oi, hwen spoc'n, and hoi, hwen hwisperd. It iz a ssnd of 'n uterd b\ Iijglifmen, in prommsin Freng, az oul fer ml (huile), fer hwig hiiil ma be oca3unali herd, ev'n in Erqns. cEis IngliJ erur iz presjsli similer tra de us ov we fer de Freng us (oui). cTe tre leterz, w, v, oi or related, az bein contacts ov de ster ejez, mid'l, and iner ejez ov de lips, nzin dez ecsprejunz wid a lit'l latitud. But in el ov dez tre leterz, de smel apertur fer de bret tra cum trra, iz fermd b£ de lips onli, widtft de ad ov de tet. § 16, nr. 2. Dental Continuants. 45 F, V. If de under lip be bret agenst de uper ro ov tet, it wil not ferm a complst cjec tui ds bret, az dis wil bs ab'l tun escap bstwen ds lip and de tet ; but in duihj so, it iz neseserili forst up agenst de uper lip. Hwen ds bret iz unvocal, ds efect iz ds wel non hwisperd Iijglif / in {/eel, veef)=fel, ref; and hwen ds bret iz vocal, dz efect iz ds spoc'n Inglif v, in {#eal, leave)=vel, lev. In ds Jerman langwej, / iz veri comun, but v iz unnon, bein replast bj v. We belev dat el tie fermz, f, v, v, qr fond in Dug, ds Inglif treo bein /, v, w. cEoz hui qr "under-hun," er huiz under-jez project, and qr dus capab'l ov apljii) ds uper lip tui de under ro ov tet, in a similer maner tui dat in hwig de under lip iz bret agenst ds uper tet, fer de comun /, wil be ab'l toi prodqs anuder /, de efect ov hwiq mjt be veri diferent, but it wnd be dificult fer uderz tui imitat. F, V qr not properli labial continuants, az da ferm ds transifun tui ds necst serisz, and qr, in fact, on ds bsnderi ljn bstwen ds labial and dental, er betwen ds pur labial and ds lingwal continuants. 2. Dental Continuants . 1, 5. R ssrisz ov hisez ma bs fermd bj inserthj ds tuij bstwen ds tst, er plasin it agenst ds bac ov ds frunt ro ov tst, at diferent hjts, er wid ds uper er under sj,d ov ds tun agenst ds tst. Nun ov dsz hisez wil difer veri considerabli from ds rest. cLus, do Dr. Rap considerz ds Spanif z tui bs fermd b\ plasin ds tun bstwsn ds tst, and ds Inglif t bj plasin ds tun agenst ds tst, ws qr ab'l tui perssv so lit'l diferens- bstwen dsz tui hisez, dat ws hav fond it ds best ruil fer instructin a Jerman in ds pro- nunsiajun ov ds Inglif tin, tui sa, "Plas ur tun bstwsn qr tst, and tq tui sa sin." In Inglif, it iz fsnd most convenient tui plas ds pont ov ds tun agenst ds bac ov ds uper ro ov tst, bstwsn ds gumz and ds pernt ov ds tst, hw^l a pqrt ov ds under surfes ov ds tun rests on ds bac ov ds loer ro ov tst, and ds lips qr sljtli op'nd. If ds bret be unvocal, ds reziilt iz de hwisperd continuant t ; if vocal, it iz de spoc'n continuant $. clez ssndz qr frecwentli supozd tui be pecqlierli Inglif, but da qr* fqr from bein so. 3e leter f, az herd in Irjglif {^in, do^, At/iens)=tin, dut, Atenz, iz ds Spanif z t and de SpaniJ c befor (e, i) ; it iz de modern Grec teta, and de felandic tern. 3e leter iz elso fsnd in de Semitic alfabets, bot Hebrm and 'Arabic ; but ds Perfanz and Turcs, and meni Arabz, can not pro- nsns it. 3s leter ssmz tui hav egzisted in Gotic, do el uder Jerman dialects but ds Inglif, hav lost it. In Anglo-Sacsun, ds fermz p fer t, and $ fer d, egzisted. In Wel J, t iz ecsprest b\ (th), and £ \>\ (dd). 3e leter tf, in de IijgliJ (then, brea^e, breaking) =cten, breM, brediy, iz not elwaz pronrast pqrli. It iz elwaz micst hwen fyicd, $t bein substituted fer $. 46 Palatal, Post Palatal, and Fariygal Continuants. § 16, nr. 2. From dis sercumstans, perhaps, its egzistens in Spanif iz not so jenerali recognjzd, for ds Spanyerdz never mics dar f jnal $, but pron^ns it pur ; and hens, we q,r sumtjmz told dat ds ijnal SpaniJ (d) iz not pron^nst at ©1. (Ss § 6, nr. 4, p. 11.) In Danif, ds filial and medial {d) iz jenerali promrast az $; ds corespondirj leter S egzists in felandic, az wel az in Anglo-Sacsun. (Is modern Grscs pronsns dar fort leter, hwic; we eel delta, and da eel cke'ltq-, in dis maner. Distinct fermz fer ot or fsnd in ds Hsbrra and 'Arabic alf abets. Yet meni Arabz sa z fer ck, and el Peijanz and Turcs comit dis mistac ; ner iz sder t er & fond in ds Indian dialects. 3. Palatal Conlimiants. In ds last grrap, ds tip ov ds tun woz ficst, but in el ds foloirj it wil be frB. S, Z. Let ds tur) be rsnded, ds tip bret nsr ds tst, ds top ov ds arc, ov ds tun. bsirj veri nsr ds mid'l ov ds palet, and its s^dz prest fermli agenst ds s:jdz ov ds uper ro ov tst. On uterirj un vocal bret trra dis configurajun, ws obtan ds hwisperd s, and wid vocal bret, ds spoc'n z. 3is iz wun ov ds most fi'scwent hisez ; yet ds spoc'n z iz seldum cept pur, ecsept hwen msdial. In Jermani, ds inifal micst leter sz, az in szs, szo {sieh, so}, and in Irj gland, &e f jnal micst leter zs, in liizs, bszs, buzs {Ms, bees, buzz), iz mor comun, eldo ws prdcticali r^t z in bot casez. S], Zj. Plas ds tur) in ds s-pozijun, and den raz ds bac part tordz ds pozijun fer y er s. 3s rszult wil bs, dat dar iz a fslirj ov sum ssnd aprocnj tin a hwisperd tiy herd at ds sam tyn az s, and ov a vsel z- herd wid z ; but dis rszult wud bs veri inddecwetli reprszented bj r^tin shy er zi, hwiq ecspres sucsejun, and not simultansiti ov uterans. Az ds rslajun ov dis ssnd tui s iz veri intelijib'l, and az it corespondz tra a number ov similer rslajunz, ws giv it ds nam ov wsc'nd s, and reprezent it h\ s folod h\ j, hwic, ws eel ds sjn ov wscniy. ; J Colon), mohtanjctr, respectivli. It iz not unfrecwent tui her Bulotuij, but earful spscerz prefer Bulonf. R nojun prsvalz amiiij sum Freng spscerz dat dis nj iz d£ sam az sr #, hwen modif jd b£ a subsecwent palatal vsel; dus, we hav bsn told h\ a Irene; ladi, dat (singing) iz pronynst sinjiy, insted ov siyiy. It iz sertenli trui dat d£ acjun ov &z i on de # tendz tui giv ds 2? sumtirj ov dis efect, nj ; and if i bs uzd insted ov i (and a Frenq persun ndturali and involunterili sez 1 for i) siyiy wil be fsnd tui aprocsimat stil mor nsrli tui stnjiy. Stil, de tiu simbulz «; and y reprs- zent esenjali (liferent pozifunz ov ds vocal erganz, h^ever muq da ma be influienst h\ ds acjun of subsecwent vselz. N. It wud sem dat dar Jud be a post-palatal n corespondhj tui de post-pcdatal /. Acerdiij tiu Sanscrit loz ov ufoni, dis, and not sr n, Jud be ds proper fenn ov dar serebral n, becez de prezens ov/ cozez de palatal n tui siijc intui ds serebral n. We darfor admit it az a tsoretical leter, eldo we or ^rselvz incapab'l ov distirjgwijirj it from n. Jfi. S.E farirjgal y yl related tui c in ds sam wa az n yl tui d. It iz comun az a f^nal and mEdial leter in Ixj glij", az in (sing, singer, sung, song, sung}=siy, siyer, say, soy, sup, but iz onli uzd after de stopt v^elz i, a, o, u, in sr larjgwej. It iz elso fsnd qfter e and u in Jerman, but never q,fter a lorj vsel in sder larjgwej. It iz sed tin be inijal in ds laijgwej ov Nu Zeland, and uderz ov dat clqs ; but it is dificult tui asertan dis, az most rjterz consider inifal gn tui bs ds sam az inifed y. We hav herd y uzd inijal in Jermani, in ds comun Gstrian wui'd (gnaden), hwiq ds pezantri disfigur intui ydd'n er yon. It iz inifal in WelJ. We hav never herd d£ hwisperd fly, or de vocal 'y, eldo bot oj £zib consEvab'l. J6}. It wud ssm dat dar Jud b£ a wsc'nd variajun ov y, corespondii) tui cj, and we darfor admit it fEoreticali, and consEV dat siyiy, hwen pron^nst wid ds Frenq vsel siyiy, ma aprocsimat veri n£iii tui siypy, and dus stqc a Frenqmanz ei* az sinjiy. In a sistematic aranjment ov simbulz, yj wil cum bfifor y. §19. ECSPLODENTS. If eni confignrajun ov ds oral or nazal cavitiz b£ asumd ov suq a cpd az entjrh" tui qec d£ pasej ov vocal er un-vocal bret, and we prspar tiu uter sum hwisper er un-vocal s^md duriu d£ tjm dat dis pozijun iz held, ds s^iid wil ijra, az sum az d£ pozijun iz rsldcst, wid a dsgrs ov ecsplo3un ; for dis rEz'n, suq configurajunz hav bsn celd Ecsplodents. ~s).( 10 ) Ov dez wurdz, de Grecs (acerdiu tui de IijgliJ pronunsiajun ov de old Grec leterz) mad olfa beta, from hwiq woz der|vd isv wui'd alfabet, for de nam 10. cle namz ov el de Fsnijiaii leterz, and dar rnenirjz, ma be sen in de Vis for Fanietie Speliy, paj 13. Se Fonetic Alfabet Conse'c?{tivli § 21, nr. 1, ov cte ssriez ov leterz wid hwiq d£ larjgwej woz rit'n. Az dis wurd alfabet, unl|c d'd tjt'l a-bs-se, hwiq iz elso in us fer d£ old Roman alfabet, naz S£st tui hav eni evident conecfun wid ds namz ov de simbulz demselvz, it haz bsn apljd tui eni colecjun ov simbnlz hwarwit tui rjt a langwej. We Jal darfor col a sistematic aranjment ov ds simbulz propozd in de pr£S£dirj secfunz, d£ Fonetic Alfabet, dplicab'l, az fqj az it goz, tin d£ qtirj ov ol kajgwejez, and rscwirii), most probabli, but veri fu adijunz tui mac it dplicab'l tui eni laijgwej hwotever. cCe sistematic aranjment ov d£ alfabet ma b£ ov tui qndz, consecvtw and tab%ler. 3e consecutiv aranjment iz neseseri fer referens ; d£ tdbiiler displaz d£ inter-rslajunz ov d£ several elements in d£ clsrest maner. We prosed tm giv bot ai'anjments, and we aval orselvz ov d£ conseciitiv form tra furnij referensez tm d£ ecsplanajunz giv'n ov &z pserz ov d£ simbulz in d£ pr£Scdirj secjunz. Several fermz ov hwisperd, micst, and murmurd consonants, ho~ever, wil b£ fond, hwic, hav not bsn pqrticulerli ecspland, d£ jeneral ecsplanajun in § § 6 — 8 t>£irj considerd sufijent, az meni, er ind£d most, ov d£z fermz, qr purli teoretical. 1. 3e Fonetic Alfabet conse'cyl ivli ar&njd. I. V~$ELZ. § 9, p. 15. 1. LOW OEAL VJTELZ. § 10, p. 16. Loer Seriez. Uper Seriez. § 40, nr. 1, p. 17. Gutural 1) brsf, a- e- er a- o- Palatal e i § 10, nr. 2, p. 17. 2) stopt, a o Post-palatal a a § 10, nr. 2, p. 18. Post-labial 1) brsf, o- q- er o- o- Gutural a q § 10, nr. 2, p. 18. 2) stopt, 6 o Loer Seriez. § 10, nr. 1, p. 17. Gutural a e § 10, nr. 3, p. 19. Labial 1) brsf o. vol- er p- u- 2) stopt, o u Post-hbial offl § 10, nr. 3, p. 20. Mid'l Seriez. Labial 9 m § 10, nr. 3, p. 20. Labi-palatal 1) brsf, ii- u- er ii- n- Midi Seriez. § 10, nr. 1, p. 17. Labi-palatal ii u § 10, nr. 4, p. 20. 2) stopt, u n Post UU-palatal 1) brsf, 6- o- er 6- p- Post UU-palatal op § 10, nr. 4, p. 21. Gutural 8f orijinal e § 10, nrr. 1 and 4. 2. Z0ET OEAL V3"ELZ. § 11, p. 24. Gutural xj sta/jr, o p 1) brsf, e- er u- 2) slept, u Uper Seriez. 3. NHZAL V3E1LZ. § 12, p. 27. Palatal 1) brsf, e- i- er i- i- 2) stopt, l i Post-palatal 1) brsf, a- a- er e- e- 2) stopt, e e Eni mm ov tte lorj er stopt oral vselz folod b j Az sjn n, iz tizd tui reprezent a nazal Tsel, dte for comunest fermz beirj cte Frene, Nazal Vselz, p. 30. Gutural 1) brsf a- q- er a- a- Loy an on on un 2) stopt, a a Brsf an on on un § 21, nr. 1. Se Fonetic Alfabet Conseciitivli Arknjd. 59 4. DIF10TJZ. §13, p. 31. Proper. § 13, nr. 2. p. 32. JJper ; homojsnius ai cli, ai qi, ae, cli ai, ei ei, ai ai . . heterojsnius 1) oi oi ei, oi oi, ui uu 2) ui ui, oi, ui, ui Loer ; homojsnius ou, on ou . . heterojsnius au ou, ao, au, eu au, iu ill 811 Mid' I; heterojsnius au Improper Diftorjz. § 13, nr. 3, p. 35. Eni eombinajun ov tui vselz in hwic, Se ferst element iz eSer i er u, href and unacsented. Cwari Diftonz. § 13, nr. 4, p. 36. Eni eombinajun ov hwic, Se secund element iz a murmurd continuant er vocal licwid, er Se orijinal unacsented murmur. 6. TEIFIOWZ. § 13, nr. 5, p. 37. Trui. — Combinajunz ov tre vyelz, in hwie, Se secund vs el fermz an improper dif tog wiS Se ferst, and a proper diftog wiS Se terd. Fels. — Combinajunz ov tre vselz, in hwic, Se secund vsel fermz a proper diftog wiS Se ferst, and an im-proper diftog wiS Se terd; Se rezultbeig tui silab'lz. 6. HWISPERD VTELZ. § 14, p. 37. Eer Sez no pqrtieuler cufabetical sjn iz em- plod, beyond Se jeueral statment Sat Se hoi wurd iz tui be hwisperd. In eni pqrtieuler cas we ma uz f> preficst tui Se vsel sjn. II. BRSSITfZ. § 15, p. 38. Soft BrsSin Aspiret Ruf Breiin Si Puhnonic Brsiii X h h hh h § 15, nr. 1, p. 38. § 15, nr. 2, p. 39. § 15, nr. 3, p. 39. § 15, nr. 4, p. 40. § 15, nr. 5, p. 40. Pulmonic si Brae Hiatus Comprefun hh § 15, nr. 6, p. 40. (:) § 15, nr. 7, p. 41. (-) § 15, nr. 8, p. 41. o § 15, nr. 9, p. 41. III. CONSONANTS. § 20, p. 57. 1. CONTINUANTS. § 16, p. 43. Post-Palatal. § 16, nr. 4, p. 46. Labial. § 16, nr. 1, p. 43. Spoc'n 3 Spoc'n w V AY V Hwisperd J Hwisperd ftw hv hw f Micst; inifal h Micst ; inifal nww nvv Ilmay fv . . final 3l . . final wnw vnv ayIlay vf Murmurd '3 Murmurd 'w 'v 'ay 'v Faringal. § 16, nr. 5, p 47. Dental. § 16, nr. 2, p. 45. Spoc'n y q q Spoc'n Hwisperd Micst; inifal . . final d t td dfc Hwisperd Micst; inifal . . final Murmurd ny k k nyy kq kq yny qk qk 'y 'q 'q Murmurd 'd 2. (DEAL LICWIDZ. § 17, p. 48. Palatal. § 16, nr. 3, p. 46. Labial. § 17, nr. 1, p. 48. Spoc'n Z Z] Spoc'n JW J.V JAY JV Hwisperd S S) Hwisperd .lliW JUV JUAY .If Micst; inifal SZ S]ZJ Micst; inifal JnWJW Jhv.TV .inAY.TAY af.iv . . final ZS Z]SJ . . final Jwinw ivJnv .iauu.yy •IV.lf Murmurd 'z 'z] Murmurd '.l\V '.IV '.LYY 'xv 60 cLe Fonetic Alfabet Comeciitivli Aranjd. §2],nr. 1. Lateri-liijgwal er Sjd-turjd. Vocal; loy, hqrd ".iq "jq § 17, m\ 2, p. 48. . . so/2 "ii "ir Spoc'n 1 1] . . ye»rif, hqrd '.iq 'Jq Hwisperd hi hi] . . so/£ \u \ir Micst ; mi/#/ hll hljlj . . j?*«J lhl hhlj 3. NilZAL LICWIDZ. § 18, p. 52. Foea? '1 'lj Purjcti-lirjgwal er Tip-turjd. Spoc'n m ; n, n nj, n ; § 17, nr. 3, p. 49. Spoc'n r rj Hwisperd hr hrj Micst; inifal hrr hrjrj . . final rhr rjhrj Vocal 'r 'rj 9J 5 Hwisperd hm ; hn, hn hirj, hn ; hij] hg Micst; inifal hmm; him, hnn hninj, him; Mm *W . . final mhm; nhn, nhn njhnj, nhn; Radjsi-lirjgwcd er Rtat-tmjd. Foea:/ m; 'n, 'n 'nj, 'n; '»1 '*) § 17, nr. 4, p. 50. Spoc'n; hard Jq .iq . . soft .x.x Jr Hwisperd; hard .ik .ik 4. ECSPLODENTS. § 19, p. 53. . . soft h.u hJr Spoc'n b ; d, d d], d ; gj g g Micst; inifal, hqrd .ik.tq xk.iq Hwisperd p; t, t t], t; cj c c . . soft h.uxi hir.xr Micst; inifal pb; td, td t]dj, td; c]g] eg eg . . final, hqrd .xq.tk Jqik . . final bp; dt, dt djtj, dj; gjcj gc gc . . soft xih.ii JrhJr Murmurd 'b ; 'd, 'd 'di, 'd; 'gj 5 g '§ 2. Ecstent ov is Fonetic Alfabet. clar qr darfor 17 vselz, ec, ov hwiq ma bs lor), brsf, er stopt, and eq lorj and stopt vsel ma giv rjz tin a lorj and brsf nazal ; so dat eg v^el ma aper under 7 fermz, dus, o, e-, o, en, en, on, on, givirj az a total, 119 vselz kwicj q,r tEoreticali admisib'l, and it iz probab'l dat meni mor egzist. clar qr 9 brEdirjz. clar ar 4 labial, 1 dental, 2 palatal, 1 post-palatal, and 3 farirjgal, — total, 1 1 continuants, ec, ov hwiq ma apsr in 5 fermz, dus, z, s, sz, zs, 'z, giviij 55 distil) gwifab'l continuants. clar qr 4 labial, 2 lateri-liijgwal er s|d-turjd, 2 purjcti-lirjgwal er tip- turjd, 4 radisi-lhjgwal er rmt-tuijd, — total, 1 2 oral licwidz, eg, ov liwic; ma elso apsr under 5 fermz, dus, I, til, Ml, l%l, 7, givirj 60 oral licwidz. clar q,r 6 nazal licwidz, sq ov liwiq apErirj under 5 fermz, we hav 30 nazal licwidz. clar qr 8 ecsplodents, givirj 40 diferent fermz. If, darfor, we rec'n up el ds fermz hwig we liav considerd in ds con- stracfun ov dis alfabet, we hav d£ foloirj rEziilt : § 22, Tabiiler Fcmetic Alfahet. 61 Yselz, 119; bredhjz, 9; consonants, [continucaits, 55; oral licwidz, 60; nazal licwidz, 30; ecsplodents, 40; total,] 185; givirj a total ov 313 elements. In aranjii) dis mcis tdbulerli, in order tin Jo de inter-rdajun ov de elements, it wil be best tui giv but wun form for eg vsel and consonant, levin de uder sics v#el and for consonant formz tin de memori, or tui be supl^d b\ de consecutivli aranjd alfabet just detald. cle sirjg'l form we jal select iz de toy vael and de spoon consonant. 3. Tabyler Fonetic I. WELZ. Uper Ssriez. Mid'l Serisz. Leer Serisz. Lor) . . Palatal, e i a a Gut a q ural. a e Labial. 6 o o m Labi-Palatal, ii u op Gutural. e II. BE83ITJZ. Soft, Hwisper, Aspiret, Sj, Pulmonic, Pulmonic Sj, x n h Ml \ \\ III. CONSONANTS. Brae, Hjatus, Comprejun. (0 (••) o 1. Continuants 2. Oral Licwidz : Labial Lateri-lirjgwal er Sjd-turjd Purjcti-lirjgwal er Tip-tnrjd Radjsi-lirjgwal er *^ hqrd . Ruvt-tnrjd . ) soft . 3. Nazal Licwidz .... 4. Ecsplodents Labial. W V Ai Dental. 4 Palatal. Post Palatal. Fariggal. Z Z) 3 y q q 1 1] • ■ r rj • T 3 ■Tq Jq .u xr ri nj d dj gj g g § 22- TRANSIT UN FROM WUN CONSONANT POZIEUN TUJ ANU3ER. Hwen wun ov de consonants liaz a smid ov its on, hweder hwisperd er nmrmurd, it iz treted presjsli L;c a vtfel, and ol de casez ov § § 6 — 8 apl£. cle cas, hsever, iz interestin, in hwic; cte secund consonant iz a hwisperd continuant, and de ferst a mat ecsplodent, az in pf, ps, pf, ts } tf, cs, cf. R spefiez ov consonantal difton iz den fermd b\ so clos a uniun, dat in meni langwejez it iz considerd advjzab'l tm reprszent de 62 Transifun from Consonant ha Consonant. §22 rezult bj a sing'l sjii, Sis ma ociir alon er wid a vsel fdloin. We find pf veri frecwentli in modern EL| Jerman, hwar it replasez de Lo Jerman and Inglif inifal p, az pfund, pfefer= Inglif pmd, peper. In Grec, ps woz ■ ecsprest h\ de shjg'l leter ps%. Pf iz f snd in de IngliJ ecsclamajun ^/a, eldo sum fjnd de jt? tui dificult tui pron^ns. 2\ 1, sub-acsented b\ \, secund sub-acsented V\ i, and so on, dimimfiij wun-hqf £q tyn. cEus de acsented sistemz ov ds trs egzem- plificativ wurdz just giv'n, qr 0|-010, ^0^010, 00. Az in dez egzqmp'lz, ws Jal jenerali f jnd dat ds sub-acsented silab'lz qr seperated from sc uder and d£ acsented silab'lz b\ wun un-acsented silab'l. 3is iz not elwaz d£ cas, dus, ue's-es-er-i=l000 ; ^-lo-j)ro-je?i-i-tiv-nes=^001000 • dis-in-ter- est-ed-nes— 100000. . * 3. Emfasis. In £q set ov wurdz, az in sq set ov silab'lz, dar iz wun prsdominant. clis iz sed tui hav ds emfasis, and dar qr jenerali meni sub-emfatic er hjp-emfatic wurdz, ov hwiq ds gradajunz ma bs mqret in figqrz, but not wid eni deqresi. 3e u^ual mod ov mqrciij an emfatic wurd, iz tui print it in a diferent tjp 3 er, in rjthj, tui underscor it ; d£ dsgrEz ov emfasis ma bs printed dus: "qrt, qrt, Art, Art, art, qrt, Art, Art, art, zrt, Art, Art, ART, ART, ART, ART. Ear iz a serten set ov wurdz hwiq in erdineri rjtin rssev a capital leter h\ pi'EseripJun, eldo d£ custum diferz in diferent knjgwejez ; but if d£ capital leter b£ apljd tui a wurd hwiq duz not U3iiali rsssv it, ds elect on ds rsder iz dat ov a mqrc ov emfasis. Italics qr ds most comim mqrc. In ds cas ov monosilab'lz, it iz veri convEiiient tin plas an aesent mqrc over ds vsel, bj wa ov emfasis. els 72 Emfasis — Cwontiti ov Vxdz. \ 24, nr. 23. divi3imz ov wurdz qr in sum respects qrbitreri ; da qr sertenli cwjt un- fonetic, for a hoi sentens rojt be printed of, widst eni divigun ov wurdz, and yet be cwjt intelijib'l, ev'n do de convenfunz ov de practical fonetic IrjgliJ alfabet be folod, insted ov niqrcirj everi Jad ov ssnd acerdiij tm sr complet alfabet ov § 21 ; dus : CumJddergudnaburSecol. GodliatbUstuwit- agudnkm : tmbeawelfkvurdmdniziegtftovfertiin ; buttmredandritcumzbinktiir. Wei, fenirfdvurse?*, hwi, gfvGodtdgcs, andmkcnobostovit ; andferiirredhjand- r(tiy, letddtajperJiweniariznonedovsugvdnitiz. Meni ov sr monosilabic wurdz ma be considerd in spec; az pqrts ov uder wurdz, dus, desun ovdemdn onli form tm oral wurdz in IrjgliJ, az {films hominis) dm in Latin, or {Mandens Son) in Dam'J, eldo da qr acsidentali rit'n in fjv Avurdz in IngliJ, — de sun ov is man. If we folo de ciistumeri divi3un ov wurdz in IngliJ, we ma, darfor, at eni tyn acsent a monosilabic wurd, tm Jo dat it iz an independent wurd, and not wun ov doz hwic; cud be jond tm uderz ; dus, in iamtmgo tiuhim andtuuitm, de natural divi3unz qr az her mad, and de acsent on tih hwen printed seperetli, — dus, i am tm go tm him and tm n tiu, — Joz dat de lqst tik iz a diferent pqrt ov spec; from de uder wurdz, dat it iz not a pqrt ov anuder wurd, but an independent wurd itself. 3is mod ov directin ds reder tm pronsns a wurd mor em- fdticcdi dan he mjt uderwjz hav ben incl|nd, and dus tm ad him in de imedyet colecfim ov de sens ov a pasej, iz az convenient az it iz foneticali corect. § 25. CWONTITI. 1 . Cwontiti ov Vxelz. It woz Jon in § 9, dat vselz and silab'lz qr in el casez ov veri bref dqrajun, lqstin at most for a smel fracjun ov a secund ov tjm. Stil, we wer ab'l tm discriminat tre aprejiabii diferent spejiez ov vselz, hwic; we cold loy, bref, and stopt, eldo it iz not posib'l tm asjn a strict rajio betwen de lents ov dez vselz. Az compard tm de Ion vsel, de bref and stopt vselz qr elwaz/e^; dat iz, in de sam wurd de Ion vsel wil be elwaz ov muq longer dqrajun dan de bref or stopt vselz. It iz neseseri tm obzerv de condijunz, " in de sam wurd" becez diferent wurdz qr proirsnst wid veri diferent degrez ov rapiditi, and de sam vsel hwiq iz Ion in wun wurd wud be bref in anuder, eldo it had de sam absolqt dqrajun. 91 con- siderajunz ov de lent ov vselz Jud darfor be confjnd tm a sing'l wurd, az uterd on a sing'l oca3im ; fer in de sam wurd, az uterd on diferent oca3imz, de gratest var^eti ov relativ proporjunz betwen de lents ov its vselz, ma be obzervd. 3e lent ov a vsel iz celd its cwontiti. § 25, nr. 2. Cwontiti ov Silab'lz. 73 2. Cwontiti ov Silab'lz. cle cwontiti ov a vsel must be veri carfuli distiijgwijt from dat ov de silab'l contaniij it. 3e Latin and Grec lez ov versificajun qr fsnded upon dp, relativ lents ov silab'lz in diferent wurdz, hwiq iz frecwentli diferent from dat ov de vselz da contan. It iz dificult, if not imposib'l, fer us, in IijgliJ, tiu form an ]dea ov de mod in hwiq wurdz cud hav ben pronsnst, so dat de proporjunz ov de lents ov silab'lz in diferent wurdz Jud hav ben a gjd tm dar ritmical combinajun, becez we en* entjrli gjded b\ de pozij'un ov de acsent in sr aprsjia/un ov rit'm, and qr so qst tiu coni- binajunz ov consonants hwic; a Latin er Grec wud liav fond dificult tui uter, az not tin hav it in sr pser tui asp a proper valq tui de lentniij propertiz ov consonants. We wil egzdmin a fq casez ov de sercumstansez hwic; determind de lent ov a silab'l tui a Latin er. Ferst, if a silab'l terminated wid a vsel or a siijg'l consonant, de silab'l woz considerd Ion or fort, acerdin az de v^el it contand woz Ion er Jert. Nzr, dar iz an absolqt diferens in de lent ov silab'lz, uder tinz behj de sam, acordiij tiu de consonant wid hwiq da com ens, but dis woz not tac'n intui de ac^nt. clus, de Latin silab'lz (tot, sat} wer bot considerd Jert, eldo de t|m recwizit fer ecsecqtiij de hwisper ov s macs it neseseri dat de absolqt dqrajun ov sat Jud be grater dan dat ov tot. But de Latin {flat) iz elso Jert, eldo dis silab'l must be longer in absolqt dqrajun dan sat, provided onli de his ov/be contfnqd fer de sam tjni az de his ov s; fer it must ecssd it bj de hoi tpn neseseri tm prodqs de efect ov de murmur ov I, and de inijal efect ov / on I. It iz, ov cors, posib'l tm pronsns flat in a Jerter spas ov tjm dan sat, becez de his ov / ma be muq hurid over, and dat ov s muq proldnd. It iz wun ov sr dificultiz in aprsjiatiij Latin cwontiti, tm no hs de Eomanz wer contented tm neglect de inijal con- sonant, in dar evalqajun ov de lent ov a silab'l. Secundli, hwen a vsel woz folod b^ tui consonants at de end ov a word, de silab'l contaniij it woz rec'nd Ion, hweder de vsel it contand wer loij er Jert. clus, (sex)=secs woz Ion. Terdli, de sam held gud in de mid'l ov a wurd, ecsept hwen tm con- sonants cam betwen tm vselz, and de secund consonant woz a licwid, az I, r ; in dis cas, if de vsel presediij de tui consonants wer Ion, de silab'l contaniij it woz loij, but if de vsel wer Jert, de silab'l contaniij it mjt be rec'nd Ion or Jert, at ple3iir. clus, we no dat de ferst silab'l ov (dtro) iz Ion, becez de ferst silab'l ov (titer), from hwic; it iz da-Jvd, woz loij ; but az de ferst silab'l ov (uiger) iz Jert, de ferst silab'l ov (nigro) mjt be E&er Ion er Jert, probabli becoz de specer mjt divjd (ui-gro) er {nig-ro) ; fer 74 Cwontiti ov Silab'lz — Resent and Cwontiti. § 25, nr. 2. hwen wun silab'l ended wid a consonant, and de necst began wid wun, ev'n if ddt necst silab'l wer in aniider wurd, ds ferst silab'l woz log, hwotever wer de lent ov de vsel ; and de sam woz &e cas if wnn wurd ended wid a Jert vsel, and de necst wurd began wid tui consonants ov hwiq de secund woz not a licwid ; dus, de lqst silab'lz ov (facilis, forte), in (facilis descensus, forte scutum), wer rec'nd tui be lorj ; eldo if (facilis) bad ben Mod bj a vsel, and (forte) bj a sirjg'l consonant, er ttii con- sonants ov hwicj de secund woz I or r, de last silab'lz ov dez tui wurdz wiad Lav ben aexnted Jert. It iz curius tui obzerv de grat efect atribqted tui consonants foloin a vsel, in dez casez, and de lit'l vain atributed tui de inijal consonants; and yet it iz imposib'l, for egzqmp'l, tui supoz dat de ferst silab'l ov scdfi-netsci (=8krzynecki), cud be pronsnst in de sam lent ov tjm az i bj itself. It must be rememberd, lrdever, dat de Romanz had no consepjun ov de posibiliti ov hepin up so meni consonants befor a vsel, at de beginirj ov a silab'l. 3. Rehfan ov Acsent and Cwontiti. cle pozijun ov de acsent, on a Grec er Latin wurd, woz elwaz mor er les determind h[ de cwontiti ov its final silab'lz. cle jeneral mil in Grec (from hwicj, hsever, dar wer so meni ecsepjunz, dat de later Grec gramarianz nu, no remedi but tui marc de pozijun ov de acsent on everi wurd) iz, dat hwen bot de last silab'lz qr Jert, de acsent ljz on de lqst but tui, and hwen de lq,st silab'l, er de lqst silab'l but wun, iz Ion, de acsent iz on de last but wun. cle Latin ruil, from hwic; we or told dar woz no ecsepjun, woz, dat hwen de last silab'l but wun woz Ion, de acsent la upon it, and hwen de lqst silab'l but wun woz Jert, de acsent la on de lqst but tui, disilab'lz bein in el casez acsented on de ferst. cle Latin rralz qr ov impertans tui Inglijmen, becez da determin de pozijun ov de IngliJ acsent upon a vaqeti ov wurdz hwic; qr der|vd directli from de Latin, and becez in el wurdz hwicj we hav tac'n from de Grec, we folo de Latin and not de Grec sistem ov acsentqajun. clez ruilz frecwentli claj : fer egzqmp'l, de foloin namz ov plasez in Itali, Sisili, and Gres, retan de Grec pozijun ov de acsent, in Italy an, — Q'tranto-, Trqpq-ns-, Po-sslippo-, La' panto-, (Otranto, Trapani, Posilippo, Lepanto,) tre ov hwicj an Inglijman, adoptin de Latin acsent, wild ndtqrali eel Q-trdnto-, Posi-lip-o-, Lepanto-. In IngliJ dar iz no perseptib'l relajun betwen acsent and cwontiti, fur- der dan dis, — a silab'l contanin a bref vsel iz never acsented, but a silab'l contanin a Ion vsel haz jenerali an acsent er sub-desent. cTar qr, hsever, so meni silab'lz contanin stopt vselz hwicj resev de acsent, dat de abiiv relajunz qr ov lit'l practical valq in determinin de pozijun ov de acsent. §25, nr. -1. Rlfm and Cwontiti. 7 5 4. Rehfun ov Ritfm tw Acsent and Cwontiti. Eni sentens iz ritmical hwig consists ov pqrts barirj a determinet relajun tui wun anuder. Sentensez consistin ov de sain number ov wurdz, in hwic; de sam parts ov spec; ocupj de sam plasez in everi l|n er clez, qr ritmical. Pdraleliz'm ov jdeaz produsez a spejiez ov rit'm, az in de poetri ov de Hebruiz. But de most comun mod ov produsin a ritmiccd efect, iz bj menz ov cwontiti er acsent. We wil ilustrat dis bj de Latin hecsameter and de IijgliJ heroic megur. We hav elredi ficst upon a notajun for acsented silab'lz, independentli ov dar ssndz ; let us adopt a similer wun for de cwontiti ov silab'lz, and let " 2 " reprezent a log, and " 1 " a Jert silab'l. clez numberz ar qoz'n becez, in Latin and Grec versificajun, it iz asiimd dat wun loij silab'l iz ecwal in lent tin tin Jert silab'lz. H. Jert silab'l darfor beciimz de unit ov cwontiti, and ma be celd dizfert; and de Ion silab'l ma den be celd de loij. A Latin hecsameter consisted ov twenti-for Jerts, distributed intui gruips ov for Jerts in eg, but consistin ov tre silab'lz at most, and ov de ferm 211 er 22. Az a jenercd rail, de tui lq,st gruips must be subdivided dus, 211,22, eldo casez ocur in hwic; de ljn endz wid 211,22,22 ; so dat de teoretical hecsameter woz ( 211,211,211,211, | 911 „a C 211,211,811,") 911 09 og {or 22, 22, 22, 22, f* 11 ^ 6r l &r 22, 22, 22, }*^* A >**\ hwar eni ov de uper ma be combpd wid eni ov de loer gruips. Muq ov de rit'm semz tui hav depended upon de maner in hwicj de gruips 211,22 wer varid in erder, and distributed cumin diferent wurdz. cLus, it woz indispensib'l dat de terd er de fort gruip in a vers Jmd be div|ded cumin tui wurdz. If we uz a coma tui seperat gruips, and a Iqfen tui seperat wurdz, de acsent mqrc penitin st de pozifun ov de acsent, de ferst sev'n l|nz ov Yerjilz Sniid wil run dus : 4*Arma vimmque cano, Trojse qui primus ab oris 2 / l-1.2 / l -l / ,2-2 / ,2-2-,2 / l-l-,2'2 A Italiam fato profugus, Lavinia venit 211,2- 2',2- 11,2 - 2,211 -,2'2 Litora ; niultum ille et terris jactatus et alto 211 -,2'( 12 ) - 2'-, 2 - 2',2 - 2,21 - 1 - ,2'2 Vi snperiim, ssevse memorem Junonis ob iram; 2-11,2-2 / ,2-H,2-2,21-l-,2 / 2 Multa quoque et bello passus, dum conderet urban, 21 - l'-,2 - 2', 2 - 2', 2 - 2 - ,211 -,2'2 Inferretque Deos Latio; genus unde Latinum 22,21-1 , ,2-11,2-11-,21-1,2 , 2 Albanique patres, atque altse moenia Roma?.) 22,2l-l / ,2-2 / -,2 / 2-,2ll-,2 / 2 12. Silab'lz endir) in m, er in a vsel bwcn ocurirj at de end ov a wurd, and presedirj a wind beginirj wid a v^el, in de sam vers, or not rec'nd anrurj de silab'lz ov a ljn ; da or, h^ever, elwaz pronsnst in Ingland, and ma bav ben pronsnst in Rom, if we ma juj bj de modern Italyan and SpaniJ poetri, in hwic de sam rral boldz gud for vselz, eldo not for in. In stil older Latin, de fjnal s woz disregarded. 76 Bifm and Cwontiti. § 25, nr. 4. We hav mqrct d£ acsent anmn d£ numberz, bscez we hav red a veri in- jsnius atemt tin pruiv dat de Latin hecsameter woz regulated h\ acsent az wel az cwontiti, (Edinb. Revij, vol. 6, pp. 362 — 377,) eldo no recerd ov suq a fact haz cum dsn tui us. Az we Irjglij* rsd d£z \{x\ z, we entjrli neglect ds cwontiti, ecsept in so fqr az it dsterminz cIe plas ov de acsent ; and yet dar iz sumtin in ds swig ov ds vers, az red at scuil, hwig iz ritmical, eldo ds pres|s natm* ov ds rit'm ma he dificult tm pernt si. We egzibit d£ Etonian and a conjectural restorajun ov de old Latin pronun- siajun ov d£Z ljnz. Etonian Pronunsiafun. ( 13 ) 'j&rma vjrumcwe cano, Troje cwj prjmus ab oris Ttdliam fato profugus, Lavinia venit Litora; multum lie et tens jactatus et dlto Vj siiperum, seve rnemorem Junonis ob jrom; Multa cwocwe et belo pdsus, dam conderet tirbem, Inferetcwe Deos Lafio ; jenus linde Latjnum Albanjcwe patrez, dtcwe dlte menia Rome. Conjecti{ral Prommsiafim. armq,- vi-runcve- ( H ) cano, Troyq,i eve prsmus ab ores l-tcdi-an fqto prdfugus, LcL-vemq- vanit leto-rq- ; midltun llle- et terres yactqtus et alto ve siape-run, sqivaji rnemo-reh. Yumonis ob eraii; midltq- cvocve- et bello passus, dun conderet lorben, inferretcve-, Da-os Lasio; yenus xande- Lq-tenun albqnecve-, patras, atcve- altqt momi-q- Romqi. cTe Inglif liEroic vers iz U3uali stated tui consist ov ten silab'lz ; it iz beter divided intui f^v groups, sq ov hwig tsoreticali consists ov tin silab'lz, ov hwiq d£ secund onli iz acsented. 3e tEoretical IngliJ vers iz darfor 01,01,01,01,01 ; but dis normal form iz veri seldum fond. Prdcticali, meni ov d£ gruips qr cdtfd tm consist ov tre silab'lz, tm ov dem bdn un- acsented ; but in dsz casez d£ sikib'l imsdyetli prEssdiij iz u^ucili veri stroijli acsented. 3e number ov silab'lz ma darfor bE grater dan ten, hw^l ds acsents ma b£, and most jenerali qr, les dan fjv. It iz neseseri for an Iijglif vers ov dis descripjun, dat dar Jiad b£ an acsent, — at ds end ov d£ terd and fift grmp ; — or at d£ end ov ds secund and fort ; — and if £der ov d£Z recwizits qr compl^d wid, uder acsents ma b£ distributed elmost at 13. We hav adopted de practical Irjglif fonetic alfabet, in egzibitirj de Ctonian pro- nunsiajun, and dus rjt urbent for "jrbem, ets.; but we uz de complet fonetic form, wictst eni convenjunz, in asjnirj de conjectural pronunsiajun, tui prevent eni mistacs or ambigqiti. 14. clat de final m ov de Latinz woz onli tantamsnt tm a nazaljzirj ov de presedirj vsel, iz belevd bj meni rjterz, and semz born 3t bj de Freng and Portqgez langwejez. It iz onli bj dis vocaliti ov de f jnal silab'lz endirj in m, dat we can ac^nt for dar bein eljded in efect, befor previus vselz, hwen de meter recwjrd it. § 25, nr. 4. Rifm and Accent. 77 ple3iu\ 3.Z lqst grmp ma elso hav wun er tm unacsented silab'lz qfter its lqst acsent. Muq ov d£ buti ov a vers arjzez from ds proper dis- tribqjun ov dz natiircd grrapiij ov wurdz and dz pezez bstwm dem, and elso dz distribiijun ov ds grmps ov acsents amiuj dz grmps ov wurdz. cuts de secund er terd grmp must be divided in elmost even cas, er dz efect on de er wil not bs hqrmonius. We wil ilustrat dez remqrcs bj a fu ljnz from dz bsgiuiij ov Miltun, not distirjgwijnj sub-acsented silab'lz az suq, but recniij dem amurj ds acsented silab'lz, in erder tui simplify sr analisis, az fqr az dz rit'm iz consernd. 3z grmpiij ov ds wurdz iz Jon bj hjfenz. Ov mdnz ferst disobediens, and de fruit 0-1-, 1-0,01,00-0-, 0-1- (1) Ov ddt ferbid'n tore, biuz mortal tast 0-i-,01,0-|-,0-l,0-l - (2) Bret det intra de wurld, and el sv wo f - 1 - ,00 - ,0 - 1 - ,0 - § - ,0 - 1 - (3) Wid Ids ov '8d"*n, til wun grater man 0-|-,0-l,0-0-,0-l,0-l- (4) Restor us, and regan de blisful set, 01 - ,0 - - ,01 - ,0 - 1,0 - 1 - (5) Sin, heVnli Muz, ddt, on de secret top 1-1,00-1-, |-0-,0-l,0-i- (6) Ov 'Qreb, er ov Sjnaj, didst rnspjr - 1,0 - - ,0 - 1,00 - | - ,01 - (7) Sat Jeperd, bra ferst tet de coz'n sed | - 1,0 - - ,1 - 1 - ,0 - 1,0 - 1 - (8) In de beginin, hx de hev'nz and ert 0-0- ,01,0-0 -,0-1,0 -0-1- (9) RozstovCaos. 'Or, if Zjun bil l-0-,0-l,0-£-,0-l,0-l- (10) Delft de, mor ; and Spoaz bruc dat floz 01 -,0 - 1 -,0 - 1,00 - 1 -,0 - 1 - (11) Fast bj de orac'lz ov God, j dens l-0-,0-l,00-,0-l,-|-l- (12) Invoc dj ad tui mj adventorus son; 01 -,0-1 -,0-0 -,01,00-1- (13) 3at wid no mid'l £# inte'ndz tui sor 0-0-, 1-1,0-1-, 01 -,0-1- (14) Abuv de Roman nrsnt, hwg it pursiiz 0i-,0-01,00-l,-^-0-,01 - (15) lirjz unatemted yet, in proz er rjm. 1-0,01, 0-|-,0-l-, 0-1- (10) In d£z sicstm ljnz dar iz not wun wid a superfluous silab'l at ds end ov de ]jn, but ljnz 1, 6, 7, 9, 11, and 13, liav elev'n silab'lz, and ljn 15 liaz az meni az twelv silab'lz. cEar qr several grmps, darfor, ov mor dan tm silab'lz ; sum grmps ov tui, and wun (in de ferst ljn) ov trs, unacsented silab'lz. Sumtjmz a grmp liaz tin acsents, az in ljnz 6, S, 14. Ljnz 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 10, 15, 6 dar rit'm tm acsents at &z end ov ds terd and fift grmps; ljnz 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 13, 16, tm acsents at d£ end ov d£ secund and fort grmps ; and bot caracteristics qr qnjted in ljnz 11, 14. Kz mod in hwiq dsz neseseri condijunz qr diversif jd, bj d£ introducfun ov uder and unecs- pected acsents, er bj ds omijun ov acsents, iz veri r£mqrcab'l, and Joz d£ qrt and ritmical felirj ov dz poet. So fqr from dz tsoretical standerd, 01,01,01,01,01, bsiij ov constant rscurens, w£ onli fjnd wun ljn (d£ secund) in hwiq it iz strictli obzervd ; and £v'n den w£ hav tm asitm dat sub-acsents hav ds sam efect on ds sr az primeri acsents, hwiq iz fqr from bsin d£ cas. Ljn 11, in spjt ov d£ trs silab'lz in dz fort grmp, aproqez dz tEoretical standerd nerer dan eni uder vers. 78 Pig — Cwoliti ov Ton. § 26, m\ 1. §26. uaER modz ov spee. l. Pig. Spoc'n ssndz ma bs uterd in elmost everi varjeti ov ds muziccd seal hwiq eni giv'n vers iz capab'l ov ecsecqtirj, eldo it iz seldum posib'l tin sustan a vsel ssnd wid perfect pqriti for a veri loij psriud ; and ds vselz o, m can not bs pronsnst on ds tv^er nots ov ds fsmal vers. In pronsnsirj de vsel seal s, a, q, e, o, w, it wil bs fsnd dat we involunterili mac e ds most treb'l and tu ds basest not. Mor egzdctli spschj, an elterafun in pig wil olwaz oca3un an elterajun in ds varel ssnd, becez it nssesitats elterafunz in ds apertqr ov ds msfc and in ds pozijun ov ds lariucs. But, az it wiad bs imposib'l tui discriminat dsz diferensez alfabeticali, we ma asqm dat ds vsel ssnd iz indspendent ov piq, and dat ds pig can onli bs mqret bj_ s^nz ljc muzical nots, or luisli ecsprest h\ suq frazez az " in a hi cs, wid a Jril vers, acqtli, psrsirjli," ets. 2. Cwoliti ov Ton. Ws can jenerali distirjgwif liwot miizical instrument iz bsii) plad, az sum az ws lisr its ssnd, oil) tui ds diferent efects hwiq diferent instrui- ments prodqs on ds sr, sv'n hwen plan) nots ov prssjsli ds sam piq. cKs diferens ov efect iz sed tui bs dq tui ds cwoliti ov ton, in ds sam wa az ds versez ov diferent psp'l hav esenfali diferent caracterz ov ton, so dat ws jenerali no isv frendz bj ds ton ov dar versez, eldo ds wurdz hwiq da liter bs ds sam.( 15 ) 3a vsel ssndz qr darfor indspendent, or veri nsrli so, ov ds cwoliti ov ton ; da qr onli in so fqr conected wid it, dat bot ma dspend upon ds Jap ov ds internal cavitiz ov ds mst and noz. Ws hav no msn az yet ov egzdctli megurirj or indicatirj cwoliti ov ton sv'n in mqzical instrmments, and ws must darfor bs content wid vag analojiz and sirniliz in indicatirj ds ton in hwiq eni sentens iz spoc'n, az "in a fluiti vers, wid a clsr bel-ljc ton, wid a wjri ssnd, scrapi, hqrf, gratnj, smuid, rsnd, tic, tin, husci, gutural, nazal, twarji, monotonus, hevi, variab'l, ljvli," and so on. 15. " Lorenzo. 3at iz de vers, 0r j am mug dessvd, ov Perjia. " Perjia. He noz me, az ds bljnd man noz de ciacui, Bj ds bad vecs." Mergant ov Venis, act 5, sen 1. § 26, nr. 4. Individual, Provinfal and Nafunal Acsent. 79 3. Individual Acsent. Bssjdz &z habitual diferensez in piq and cwoliti ov ton obzervab'l in diferent individualz, ds sercumstans dat dar vocal erganz qr sumhwot diferent in sjz, Jap, and perhaps in cwoliti ov fiber, nssesitats sljt difer- ensez in de ssndz da liter. It iz hided probab'l, dat no tm individualz promms prEs^sli ds sam set ov vsel ssndz in prss^sli ds sam maner. Sue, vaqetiz ur veri perplecsirj tin de fonetijan hui wi/ez tui aprsfiat minitt Jadz ov ssnd. els most, den, dat he can dm iz, tm simboljz hiz on sen- sajunz. Leterz can at best onli indicat, and never turoli reprszent ; onli giv a hint ov ds trra ssnd, not a tmo nolej ov it. "If we endevur tm grqsp de hoi subject, and discriminat ds most delicet distiijcfnnz bj ficst simbnlz, we Jed overlod de alfabet, and prodits a ssrisz ov s^nz hwiq necter rsder ner rjter can emplo- widst ds gratest dificulti."( 16 ) 01do not atemtirj tm indicat everi Jad ov ssnd, we qr yet enabld tm arjv at a rsziilt sufijentli perfect for veri delicet fonetic investigajnnz (§ 21) ; sy aperatus iz fqr tm delicet, hsever, for comun Ijf ; and hens aqzez d£ nesesiti for doz practical considerajimz hwiq ur giv'n in ds secund part ov ctis esa. Indi- vidual acsent iz a tin w r E can never hop tm simboljz ; we can at most sa, uterd in Mr. So-and-Soz maner, ets. 4. Provinfal and Nafunal Acsent. Indspendentli ov ds individual acsent, we fjnd dat hwen a number ov persunz liv in constant mutual intercors, da imperseptibli imitat wun an- uderz tonz and maner ov uterans, so dat dar st|l ov spscirj acwjrz a serten local culurin, (if we ma uz ds ecsprejun,) bj hwiq it iz distiijgwijt from dat ov a similer but seperet comuniti. Hens aqz local and provinjal pronunsiajunz, and, on a lqrj seal, nafunal acsent. cCoz hm hav had an opurtuniti ov bECumin acwanted wid ds st^l ov spEcin uzd in several comunitiz, and hav a cwic sr for diferensez ov pronunsiajun, can jenerali tel, after hsrin a fu wurdz, tm hwot comuniti d£ spscer bslonz, and designat hiz pronunsiajun az ds Irif, WelJ, Scoq, Yercjer, Cumberland, Lancajer," Hamjer, Sumersetjer, Cocni, American, ets., pronunsiajun ov Inglif. Hwen ds laijgwejez uzd bj diferent comunitiz qr in demselvz diferent, dis distincfun bscumz mor aparent ; for az it veri selduin hap'nz dat eni tm laijgwejez pozes prssjsli ds sam set ov fonetic elements, ds forener iz ugiicdi detected at wuns bj hiz inefectual atemts at pronsnsirj 16. fW. Grimm; Deutsche Runen) = '\ . Grim; Doitfe Rw?ien, p. 20. 80 Nafuml Acsent— Alfabetic Nokfwi. § 26, m\ 4. etc mi ssndz. cLez var|etiz ov provinfal and nafunal acsent, liwen da anient tra ds substitujun ov wun recognjzd element in d£ fonetic alfabet ov § 21, fer aniider, ma be veri szili simboljzd ; dus, we can redili distin- gwij &e forenerz dreld "yds sdr" from ds Lundun waterz rapid "yesM" er yeser. But in ds grat majoriti ov easez de diferens iz tui ijn fer sim- boljzajun, and must be left tui a Iras descripjun er a msr indicajun, az, " wid an foij brog, Scoq drel er rjzhj inflecfun, wid an American nazal twan,( 17 ) wid a Frenq acsent, wid a bred Jerman pronunsiajun ov ds vselz," and so on. cEoz lira hav studid a livirj foren langwej, must hav felt d8 dificulti ov acwirir) a corect acsent, and ov not bsirj detected at wuns az Inglijmen from dar pronunsiajun, independentli ov dar mistacs in gramer. 3e acsent duz not rj msrli in d£ pronunsiajun ov individual wurdz, but in ds pscurier mod ov intonatin hoi sentensez. R Frenqman, a Jerman, an Italy an, an Inglijman, wud red a sentens liavin pres^sli d£ sam msniij, in a totali diferent sucsejun ov tonz, setiij it, so tra spec, tra a diferent ar. clar iz hqrdli eni pqrt ov a foren langwej hwiq iz so dificult tra acwjr, and yet hqrdli eni part in hwiq falur iz mor l|cli tra ecsjt ridicul. Inglij- men demselvz or most unmersifial on dar on cuntrimen fer pecadiloz in spEcin wid a fels najunal acsent. § 27. PRINSIP'LZ OV ALFABETIC NOTHZUN. 1. Sjnz fer Simp' I Elements. 3e vu hwiq we hav tac'n ov de elements ov spoc'n ssndz, servz tra Jo, dat if Ave itzoIv tra reprezent £q simp'l element bj a siijg'l s^n, we Jiad onli r£cw|r d£ fdloiij : Ferst ; wun fer sq configurajun ov d£ uper cavitiz : Secund ; wun tra indicat hwisper : lerd ; wun tra indicat vcs : Fort ; wun tra indicat dat d£ hwisper er vers iz tra b£ cept up az Ion az a giv'n configurajun iz rstand : Fift, Sicst, and Sev'nt ; tre tra Jo hweder de vers iz tra bs. loi), br£f, er stopt : 17. £L corespondent in cte Ayglo-Sacsun American fonetic niizpaper fer 4 Mqrc,, 1848, sez : " Aly ms tui incwjr ov n er ur rederz, hweder dar iz, az j belev, an entjr seriez ov nazal vselz in Iyglif, ocurirj betwsn nazal consonants, az in {mean, mingle, mane, men, man, moan, among, moon." We can hardli consev ds cwestyun beirj put bj eni IrjgliJraan. 5 :>"(. dt. :2. ' Sjnz for Simjfl, or for Comjplecs Elements. SI fltt ; wuu tm Jo d£ efect ov transijun jenerali : Njnt; wuu tin Jo d£ pscitfier efect ov transijun produsiij spoc'n consonants : Tent ; a simbul for £tj cjnd ov brectiij. 3us, wan simbal fer £q configurajun ov &"£ nper cavitiz, and a number ov egzilieri simbnlz, wud be cwjt sufifent. But dis sconomi ov sjnz wud bs a grat wast ov labur in rjtirj and spas in printin, and wud ocagun grat and unneseseri dificulti tm cts rsder. Supoz fer egzqmp'l, we had tm reprszent d£ vsel s, we Jiad rscwjr wun s|n fer its configurajun, anuder fer etc vers, and a terd fer its dqrajun. Agen, supoz avs had tm reprszent ds efect hwiq we ny rjt in tre leterz sav, we Jud rajwjr no ]es dan njn simbnlz : — 1) configurajun fer s ; 2) hwisper fer 5 ; 3) transijun tm a ; 4) configurajun fer a; 5) vers fer a, ; 6) loij valu fer a ; 7) tran- sijun tm v ; S) configurajun fer v ; 9) spoc'n valu fer v. Sim a prosediij wuid b£ so insuportab'l, dat w£ can imdjin no najun "filozofic" emif tm adopt it. 2. Sinzfer Complecs Elements. 3.1 grat est breviti, and at d£ sam tjm intelijibiliti, iz atanab'l b\ an opozit cors ; namli, bj uzhj a shjg'l sjn tm ecspres severed combjnd elements, eldo d£ number ov diferent sjnz ns - rscwjrd wud b£ veri muq incr£st. cTe fdloin qr d£ clqsez ov sjnz hwiq we contemplat : — Ferst ; sjnz ecspresin simp'l configurajun z, az doz fer mut ecsplo- dents : Secund ; sjnz ecspresin a configurajun Avid a direcfun tm let dE vers b£ herd trui it, fer murmurd continuants, murmurd ecsplodents, vocal licwidz, and vselz Ion, brsf, and stopt : Tlerd; sjnz fer ecspresin a configurajun wid a hwisper herd trui it, fer hwisperd continuants and hwisperd licwidz : Fort; sjnz fer ecspresin spoc'n ecsplodents, spoc'n licwidz, and spoc'n continuants : Fift; a mqrc tm Jo hwen transijunal elects qr not tm tac plas, kvin d£ efects demselvz tm b£ indicated bj jucsta-pozijun. ConvEiiiens ma sumtjinz sujest, in pqrticqler practical casez, d£ ad- vqntej ov ecstendin dsz clqsez Avun step furder ; and adinitiij Sicsfc; simp'l sjnz tin repixzent combinajunz ov tm er mor ov de sjnz contand in d£ abuv clqsez ; az fer instans, fer ds diftorjz ai, oi, au, iu ; tf } (1$, ets. ; a mod ov prosEdin hwiq ave hav considerd qsful tm dis ecstent in fermin d£ practical IngliJ fonetic alfabet. Meni mor ov ds sam cjnd qr emplod in fonografic Jert hand. 82 Spizfer Complecs Elements. § 27, nr. 2. cEe ferst fjv clcisez ov sjnz liav bsn emple-d in de construcjun ov sv fonetic alfabet, in § 21 ; eldo we hav ben obl|jd tin adopt de prinsip'l ov reprezentin simp'l elements in ineni ov de rarer casez, for de purpus ov economiziij sjnz. clus, de sp s belonz tui de secund clq,s, for it reprezents de configurajun trageder wid de vers herd trui it az a Ion v^el ; and i iz anuder sjn ov ds sam clq,s, reprezentii) a configurajun wid de vers herd trui it az a stopt vsel ; hwjl bref vselz rscwjr de egzilieri sp ov breviti, az in nr. 1, clqs 6, dus s- or i-, becez we had not sufifent tjps at comqnd. Similerli, s belonz tui ds terd clas, az it reprszents a continuant configurajun wid its hwisper herd trui it ; hw^l z iz ov de fort clq,s, az it reprezents a continuant configurajun hwiq iz tui be spoc'n; *z iz a murmurd continuant, and darfor Jwd hav ben ecsprest h\ a sing'l s^n be- loijiij tui clus 2, but fer wont ov seperet tjps it iz parfali reprezented bj, an egzilieri s^n ('). In sum casez we hav ben compeld tui reprezent a hwis- perd consonant h\ an egzilieri sjn, az hi ; and we hav elso uzd de sam sp fer de trui aspiret befcSr vselz, az he, and fer de post-hwisper after ecsplodents, az ph, becez nun ov dez usez can led tui confu3im : and we hav dus introdust de element ov pozijun az a purt ov a syi, so dat de sam sp iz mad tui reprezent diferent tirjz under diferent sercumstansez. But az dis efect ov pozijun in modif^hj de valu ov a simbul iz not elwaz veri clerli understiM, it ma be wurt hwjl tui ad a fu ilustrajunz. Nutin can be mor definit er ficst dan de menii) ov de 'Arabic nmneralz 1, 2, 3, ets., yet de menin ov 2 iz diferent in 32, 23, 3 2 , 2 //3, f ; and dis menii) iz du tui pozijun ent^rli in de trs ferst instansez, and qefli in de tui lust. In de sam wa we ni^t determin dat li Jud hav a definit menin, namli, ddt ov an aspiret, ecsept hwen imedyetli foloin t, p, s, and dat den it Jud den hav anuder menin, namli, it Jiad pemt st dat t iz ns tui men t, p iz ns tui men/, and s iz ns tui men/, clis wiad be no objecjun tui eni alfabet, (tui de old ertografi, fer egzump'l,) provided dat dis qanj ov menirj wer invariab'l and absolut, in de sam wa dat 2, in 32, menz tui units, and in 23, tui tenz ; in 3 2 , tui involujunz ; in 2 a/3, tui evolujuns ; in f , a divi3un bj tui units, cle objecjun tui de djgrafs (th, ph, sh) iz, dat da qj not invariabli uzd az abuv ; dus, in (pothouse, haphazard, mishap) de t, p, s hav dar U3Ual pzrerz, and h iz an aspiret ; and in (then, nephew, dishonour) de combinajunz (th, ph, sh) reprezent &, v, z, insted ov £,/,/, az h\ convenjun. cEar iz no fonetic objecjun tui a qanj in a valu ov a sim- bul, corespondin tui a qanj ov pozijun, provided de qanj be non and invariab'l, eldo dar ma be a practical objecjun ar|zin from de dificulti ov recolectirj de le ov qanj. We hav, darfor, a perfect rjt tui emplef dis prinsip'l hwen convenient. § 27, nr. 3. Forms ov tie Spiz— Fonetic 2ert Hand. 33 3. Forms ov tie Spiz. cIez qr fcsoreticali niaterz ov perfect indiferens, provided onli dat eta qr sufijentli disthjet in dar strjn tin be imsdyetli recognjzd h[ de \, and con- secwentli de gratest diversiti prsvalz in diferent alfabets.' Fonetic consider- ajunz led us tui no lez fer ds rit'n reprszentativz ov ssndz, ecsept, perhaps, tin de priti but rqder fansiful jd£a,( 18 ) dat leterz lrwig ecspres ssndz haviij a serten relajun tui wun anuder, Jiad deniselvz be analogus. SQs jdea liaz bsn carid st tui de gratest posib'l ecstent in fonetic fort hand. cEus, labialz slop from left tui rjt, az \ p, \^ f, palatalz qr upr^t, az [ t, ( t. ) s, post-palatalz slop from rjt tiu left, az / tf, _J f, guturalz \\ flat, az c, -5- k. ( 19 ) Muts and hwisperd leterz qr reprezented h\ \\t strocs, az doz jusc s^ted. Spoc'n leterz hav a hevi stroc, az \ b, \_ v, \ d, ( ti, ) z, / d$, J 3. In ds licwidz dsz analojiz had tui be neglected, 18. We eel dis jdea "fansiful," becez nun but an imdjineri relajun egzists betwen de efect ov a s^nd on ds er and ddt ov a rit'n simbul on de \. We ma, inded, rezolv dat a giv'n relajun betwen s^ndz Jal bs ecsprest bj anuder giv'n relajun betwen simbulz, but de later relajun can bav nun but a " fansiful " rezemblans tui de former. It iz, hsever, a grat asistans tui de reder, hwen a relajun betwen tui clcisez ov sjnz corespondz tui de relajun betwen tui clqses ov fonetic elements, az dat betwen de hwisperd and spoc'n consonants pemted ^t in de tecst. 19. H rez'n ma ev'n be fend fer de direcjunz ber giv'n tui de slops reprezentirj de varius clqsez ov consonants. — Dre a profel wid de noz tiu de left, az in de anecst djagram, bwar de Jaded part metres de bolo ov de mst, and Joz de tug, palet, and entrans tui de tro1 , ets. Irui de per nt hwar de lips met, dre a ljn at an ang'l ov 45° wid de borjzun, and prodits it tui cut de loer part ov de oral caviti ; it wil fel just under de tun. Inn de pent bwar it mets de botum ov dis caviti, dre tre uder ljnz, wun vertical, aniider at 45° degrez slopirj tui de rjt, and a terd horizontal. cEe for strocs dus dren wil reprezent p, t, g, c, and, respective, pas trm de lips fer de labial p, de palet fer de palatal t, de post -palet fer de post-palatal g = tf, and de entrans tui de trot, er farincs, fer de faringal c, az Jon in de djagram. We bav dediist dis strjeirj analoji from a dreirj in a lit'l wurc celd Se Tsger, devoted tui de best mod ov tegirj fonografic Jert hand, and it iz bjli servisab'l az a tecnical memori; but it woz not intended in de construcjun ov de fonetic Jert band sistem. cEe onli analoji hwig Mr. JEzac Pitman (de inventer ov fonetic Jert band) wijt tm secitr, woz, dat de for strocs fer de leterz p, t, g, c, Jiad be strat ljnz foloin eg uder in pozijun, az dar sets ov qrticulajun folo eg uder in de mst, from de stermost erganz (de lips), tui de inermost (de trot) . Practical con- siderajunz, relatirj entjrh uu de fasihti ov rjtin, and grsnded upon de recurens ov s^idz in de IrjgliJ langwej, alon determind de erder abuv descrjbd, namli \ p, \t, / g, c, in preferens tui p,\ t, I g, / c, er / p, ! t,\ g, c. 84 Fermz ov is Sinz. § 27, nr. 3. in erder tui proved sjnz eiuif. Eert vselz qr reprezented b^ l^t dots and strocs, and Ion vselz bj hevi dots and strocs ; dots reprezentii) de vselz ov de uper seriez, and Jert strocs at rjt ang'lz tui de consonants reprezentii) de vselz ov de loer seriez; dus, | et, '\ at, \, to,, J it, •] et, J at, I et, "| o£, L tui, and so on.( 20 ) Bnt elrlo dez relajunz qr dus carid st tm an ecstent hwiq must comqnd sr admirajun ov de injenuiti displad bj de inventer ov fonografi, de real basis ov de formz woz de considerajun dat everi element Jiad be reprezented bj a simp'l j geometrical IJn, az fonografi woz esenjcdi invented fer de con- veniens ov de rjter. Uder alfabets qr invented tui sut uder purpusez. cte 'Arabic fermz, il adapted fer sy penz, sut de oriental redz ddmirabli. cle Roman and Grec capitalz wer intended fer cuthj on ston, er scracjiij wid a Jqrp instrmment. We hav ben gjded, in de sslecfun ov de simbulz fer 31' fonetic alfabet, bj de sercumstans dat de roman and italic leterz ov de old alfabet wer cept in stoc at el tjp-fonderz, so dat twenti-sics fermz wer redi mad fer sr us. 3e nu leterz we introdust, darfor, wer mad tui acerd wid dez. (§ 29, nr. 13 ) 20. clis n,s ov tm clq,sez ov fermz for de tm seriez ov vselz, woz elso acsidental, dat iz, it woz dictated bj conveniens alon, rezultii) from de mug grater frecwensi wid: hwig de uper seriez ov v^elz ocur in Irjgnj, and not bj a wij tm prezerv fonetic analojiz. 3e analoji, b^ever, iz so strorj dat it iz wurt menjunin. It wil be obzervd dat de tre treb'l vselz, s, a, q, bav ljter simbulz dan de tre bas v^elz, e, o, m ; and elso, dat in eg set ov tre vselz, dat bwig iz most treb'l, er //jest, in de nruzical seal, haz de hiest pozijun ov its clas, in rjtin. Per a complet ecsplanajun ov dis butifiol sistem ov fonetic fert hand, de reder iz referd tm Mr. Szac Pitmanz Manyal ov Fonografi, 8t edijun ; Lundun, F. Pitman. PAKT II. — PKACT1S. § 28. ae DIFERENS BSTWSN 1CQRETICAL AND PRACTICAL FONETICS. In de presedirj pajez we hav eudevurd tui anaiiz human speq, az einpltfd in ferinin de significant ssndz ov langwej, wifkst eni secunderi considerajun, suq az de practicabiliti er advjzabiliti ov constructiij an cdfabet fer ecs- presiij dez ssndz, simp'l eniif tui admit ov behj szili uzd bj everi wun hoi can spec and g|d a pen. But az significant ssndz qi de rediest mod we pozes fer interqanjii) jdeaz, it wil mdnifestli b£ ov d£ gratest impertans tui invent a menz ov receliij doz ssndz, hwiq Jal b£ £zi bot tui d£ framer and d£ inspecter ov d£ simbulz emplod. We prosed darfor tui an egzam- inajun ov dis most important but dificult subject, d£ iavenfuu ov a, prac- tical alfabet, dat iz, an alfabet hwiq can b£ uzd bj £v'n d£ dulest intelect, fer nun Jud b£ debqrd from enjoin d£ blesiijz ov redin and qthj. Eni wun hui haz pad atenjun tiu de ssndz ov speq, wil liav obzervd, dat dar iz grat dificulti in deterininin d£ cwolitiz ov d£ vsel ssndz ; dat, in fact, d£ vsel seal, insted ov consistirj ov a number ov isolated and wel defend ssndz, sue; az doz hwiq ws hav disciist in § § 10 — 12, must b£ prdc- ticali considerd az consistirj ov an infinit number ov ssndz, eq infinitli lit'l diferent from doz hwiq imedyetli presed and folo it. It wild bs, ov cars, imposib'l tiu simboljz everi wun ov d£ rezultirj infinit number ov vselz ; and el we- can hop tiu dm practical!, iz tin estdblij" serten gnups ov ssndz prodiisiij ab?t de sam efect upon d£ er, and eel eq grmp a sing'l vyel. 8vY± in dis cas, de gratest diversiti iz ijcli tin ociir in asjnii) de number ov gnups, er de individual memberz ov eq gnup. Az it iz probab'l dat no tiu specerz uz presjsli d£ sam vyel seriez (§26, nr. 3), it iz veri imljcli dat eni tui rjterz Jud prssjsli agre az tin de gnups dat fad be mad, er de simbulz dat Jmd be einpltfd. Besjdz dis inconvsniens, it wil b£ fond in practis, dat diferent lisnerz pozes veri diferent pserz ov aprejiatiij dffer- ensez ov ssnd, and dat in herin unusual syudz da hav grat dificulti in discriminatin betwen dem, confuzin vyelz hwiq tiu an educated er qr wjdli diferent. efts iz pqrticiilerli reinqrcab'l in c1e vsel scalz ov diferent laij- gwejez ; dus, d£ Iijglifman fjndz it veri dificult tiu aprejiat de ssnd ov a, 86 Theoretical and Practical Fondles, §28. hwiq lis elmost invariabli pronzmsez a, hwjl a Jerman can not distirjgwif a from e, eldo he never confuzez it wid «. clez qr not ca3ual er trdnsituri dificultiz ; da lqst for yerz, and after repeted trjalz and obzervajimz. Sv'n de most earful obzerverz ov vsel ssndz wil f^nd dar nolej mug impruivd bj constant atenfun, h\ herirj de sam ssnd over and over agen, and, in a stil grater degre, perhaps, hi tiyciy ov it qfterwerdz. We spec from ecs- periens, on machj disenveriz az tui de s^ndz ov Jerman vselz, ajter haviij spoc 'n Jerman for yerz, and herirj Jerman constantli spoc'n on ©1 sjdz. \ e, a, q, o, o, w, in unacsented silab'lz. Fer doz bixf vselz hwicj hav no corespondiij loij vsel in Iijglif, we qz d£ corespondin stopt vsel sjn; dus, i-, a-, e- qr reprszented bj i, a, u. 3e v^el u iz, hsever, seldum er never emplod az a bixf vsel, fer e- iz not a recognjzd element ov earful IngliJ pronunsiajun, its plas bmj elmost invariabli supl|d h\ a. It iz onli bsfor r dat e, u cu* emplod, az in evert, onurab'l, fer s?mdz hwic, scarsli, if at el, difer from e-. 3is us ov e, u b£for r, iz ecspland belo (nr. 9). Amider r£z'n for sr us ov ds lorj vsel sjnz fer ds Jert vselz iz dis : d£ stopt vselz onli egzdcth qnser tra ds brsf vselz in d£ instansez i, a, o, u, u ; brsf e-, a-, q-, o-, not havin eni corespondin stopt vsel. Fer dsz brsf v^elz dar- for it iz neseseri £der dat nq sjnz Jud b£ introdqst intra, ds alfabet, er dat d£ Ion vsel spz Jiid b£ qzd fer d£ br£f vselz. We hav cjoz'n Ae later alternetiv. In d£ sam wa d£ brsf vselz i-, a-, u- cud onli bs reprszented h\ dar stopt vsel s^nz. Wid r£gq,rd tra d£ v^elz o-, u-, it iz perfectli indiferent hweder we reprszent dem h\ o, u er e, w; but az da or ov rar ocurens, we prsferd asimilatin dem tra cIe s-, a-, q-, o-, and dus macin eni wnn ov ds Ion v^el sjnz ds simbul ov a bixf vsel in unacsented silab'lz, and onli iizin d£ stopt v^el sjn hwar dar woz no Ion vsel sjii dat ciad b£ apljd. Hwen, den, i, a, u qr not bsvA bEior a consonant, in IijgiiJ, we ma b£ elwaz Joir dat da reprszent bref vselz ; hwen da dui ocra bsfor a consonant § 29, nr. 9. Iyglif Brectiyz, Contin%anU and Licimdz. 93 it iz dstfial, az de consonant ma stop dem. In sue; casez it ma be prdc- ticctli considerd indiferent hwig pronunsiajun da rsseV. A lor) vsel s\n, den, duz not neseserili reprszent a Ion vsel ; but it elmost invariabli diiz so, if a consonant folo it in de sarn silab'l ; it iz onli hwar it endz a silab'l dat it can be fort. In revolv, reiki : , de e yl bref, in reper it iz Ion, and in serin ds ferst e iz bref and ds secund iz lor). In bot dez wurdz lorj e haz elso de acsent, but in Grqsmer ds £ iz log and yet un- acsented. cfez diferensez wil not be fsnd tm oca3un eni practical incon- veniens, de pozijun ov ds acsent, hwiq iz elwaz determind b\ ds spelirj, beirj sufijent tm des|d hwen it iz Ion and kwen it iz Jert. 7. Breiiyz. It iz not neseseri tm mqrc de soft bredirj, x, wid hwic; even silab'l not comensin wid a consonant or bredin, ma be supozd tm comens. clar iz elso no ned ov distingwi/irj %, h, hti, el ov hwic; ma be reprezented b{ h cdon. 3.E brae and hiatus ma bs left tm ds sirjg'l spr ov interrupjun, hwic; iz U3uali (....) or ( — ). We dus rgdiis ds alfabeticcd ecsprejun ov ds bredirjz tm wun, namli h. 8. Continuants. We can onli redus dsz h\ uzin h for #, az in ds bredin, and dus qtiij hie, liy, fer hw, %y. 3is iz onli an aparent, not a real, diminujun. cle combinajun Ino yl ov constant ociirens, az in hwen, hear, Jiwig, liwot ; but in el ov dez it iz imdjind dat h reprezents de trui ruf bredin, and we qr darfor justif^d in tacirj advqntej ov dis jeneral :jdea, in a practical cdfabet, eldo it ma not be pres^sli corect. 3e combinajun hy iz disgjzd in IijgliJ, az it onli oeurz in sue; wurdz az hyimman, in hwic, ?/ iz rit'n fer ymi, so dat d£ rezult apsrz az human. cle aparent continuants, darfor, qi w,fv, t ft, s z,f j, y. 9. Licwidz. clar iz no dificulti rEgqrdiij /, ///, n, ij, and 7, ' m, '// ; de ssndz qr wel non and acndlejd. But dar iz grat dificulti respectirj r, dd, dr. It iz not jenerali non dat de ieter r haz fjv distiijct usez in IrjgliJ, az in {rare, pore, Mary, boring, earn, urn, grocer, honoiir)=raj.t, po.fr, Mddd-ri, bodr-riy, v jdn, ' 'dm, gros 'dd, on dr ; in hwic, wurdz r iz uzd fer r, dd, dr, dd-r, ./r-r. clez diferensez reali egzist, but da qr dificult tm sez, espejali ds diferens betwen dd and dr. 3e most dat psp'l jenerali aM, iz dat dar iz a trild and an un-trild r in IrjgliJ. Supoz, den, we simboljz wun ov dem b\ r, and ds uder b\ d. We m|t den rjt veri prdcticali rsu (uzirj a fer a befor ./), 94 Iyglif Licwidz—B. § 29, nr. 9. pod, Madri (for d iz ns a leter and not an egzilieri sjn, az in ds simbulz dd, dr, elredi einplod), bodriy, "dn, " 'dn, gros' 'd, on'd. But hsr we qr met wid several dificultiz. Ferstli, pep'l qr not acustumd in rjtin tm distingwif tui ssndz, r, d; and secundli, in Mr. Pitmanz Jort hand, hwicj must bz mad cts basis ov sr practical fonetic seem, becez ov its eminentli practical caracter, no provigun haz ben mad, er cud be introdqst, for de tui leterz r, d ; terdli, de efect ov dr in suq wurdz az Madri, bodriy, iz not jenerali nan or felt, eldo it iz veri real, and ds omijun ov d iz instantli felt ; fortli, eldo dar semz no oca3im for distingwifin "d from \i, (becoz dis ban merli a diferens ov lent, hwiq de set ov ds acsent sufijentli ponts st, az in ds cas ov ds brsf vzrelz,) yet a diferens iz recognjzd b\ meni spscerz, bstwsn (earn, urn), hwiq distincfun wiad ns be lost. Under dsz sercumstansez it bscumz neseseri tui rszert tui ds prinsip'l ov pozijun, tui distingwif ds several ssndz hsr indicated ; and it so liap'nz dat ds fonetic ruilz for ds lis ov r, dd, dr, dd-r, dr-r, bold, widst ecsepjun. 3a qr az foloz : r iz onli fond inijal, or medial after stopt vselz. dd iz onli fond fjnal and qfter palatal vselz. dr iz onli fond f jnal and after non-palatal vselz. dd-r iz onli fond medial after palatal Ion vselz or diftoijz. dr-r iz onli fond medial qfter gutural loij vselz er diftonz. We qr dus ab'l tui mac wun simbul, r, serv ©1 dsz fjv purpusez, b\ dsclarii) dat : 1) r reprszents trild r, bvven prsssdin a vsel and not prsssded bj, eni but a stopt vsel, az in ra, veri. 2) r reprszents palatal dd, bwen prsssded b\ a palatal v^el, and not folod h\ eni vsel; dus, er, ir=edd, %dd. 3) r reprszents gutural dr, bwen prsssded b\ a non-palatal vsel, and not folod bj eni vsel; dus, or, xr=GJ,r, xdr. 4) r reprszents dd-r, bwen prsssded b\ an acsented non-palatal vsel, and folod b\ a v?el; dus, Marl, veriy=Madd-ri, vedd-riy. 5) r reprszents dr-r, liwen prsssded b{ an acsented non-palatal vsel, and folod b\ a vsel; dus, boriy=bodr-riy. And in order tui reprszent ds vocalz 'dd, \ir, ws dstermin dat : 6) er reprszents 'dd, hwen not folod b\ a vsel. 7) ur reprszents 'dr, hwen not folod b\ a vsel. Hwen, hsever, er, ur qr folod b^ vselz, da reprszent de trui fonetical er, ur hwen acsented, and sumtin aproqin tui er hwen unacsented; § 29, nr. 10. I, jylif Licwidz and Ecsplodents. 95 heng de diferens betwen er in aver, veri, and ur in oczi, on de felti fermajun prinsip'l. Necst, 8 reprezents au ; hwjl ■u iz uzd fer w^, iu, eu, and y?^, yw-, and perhaps yu and yw^, becez it iz rar tui f[nd IijgliJ pep'l hm distirjgwif dez ssndz. (§ 13, nr. 3, p. 36.) We tine dat iu iz de dulest ov dez, herd after s, az siu=(sue); iu iz de brjt comun ssnd, az in viu (=view); eu iz aforst, unplezant ssnd, sed tra be herd in America, and sertenli herd in provinjal IngliJ. Insted ov prommsirj fat inijali, Inglijmen eder c;anj ds i intra y, and sa ym=(yov), er prefics y tui »u er iw, az yzw er yim=(yew) ; but da dui not pronsns dus consistentli, ner qr da elvvaz awar hwiq wa da dra pron^ns. Prdc- ticali, darfor, we hav fond it neseseri, in IrjgliJ, tra embras el dez Jadz ov ds em s^nd under wun sp, %. In America da hav tet uderw^z ; and we S8, in de American fonetic publicajunz, simbulz anserin tra %, yu, ym, eldo % iz supozd tra be sumhwot diferent from iw, ds prss|s s^nd not beiij ckrli disciiverab'l. S.E difton qi, hwiq iz ov rar ociirens in IngliJ, bein onli fond in de sirjg'l wurd qi (aye), msnin ye5, iz reprezented b| de con- juncfun ov its tra components. It iz sed dat dar qr tui ssndz ov de z'-difton, in Scotland ; wun corespondin tra sv ai, and de uder ndroer. §29, nr. 12. Iyglif Diftoyz— Practical Alf abet 9 7 Tin dis subject we Jal refer at leijt in sr notis ov de Loland Scoq dialect, amiirj de egzqmp'lz in § 35. Az dar qr consonantal diftoijz (§ 22, p. 61,) hwic; qr reprezented b\ sing'l sjnz in meni alfabets, we hav elso fond it prdcticali convenient tin abrij tul ov dem, in IngliJ, intui simp'l s^nz ; dez ctr tf=g, and <%==/. But az tf, dj can never diftdnjjz unles t, d prodqs an inijal efect upon de foloir) /, 3, de leterz g, j can not be uzd for dem hwen dis condijun iz not satisf^d. chis, we ma r^t gec=tfec, and eg=.etf, eldo t iz onli inijal in de ferst wurd, hwjl it iz medial in de secund, so dat de efect ov tf yl rcider diferent in ec; ; but we must rjt abutfip and not abugip, becez £ iz onli fjnal, and produsez no inijal efect hwotever on /. Practical Fonetic Alfabet or &e Iyglif Laygwej. Lor/ vselz 8 a q e o ra Stopt vsels i e a o u u Diftoyz \ & 5 11 ( 'oalesents X w BreMy h Ecsplodents P b, t d, q j, c g Continuants f v, t A, s z, J 3 IAcwidz, oral r 1 . . nazal m n i) Murmur (' ) fermiij de Vocalz, '1 'm cle Ion vselz qr aranjd in de old order. In de stopt vselz, de gntural w bsir> de onli vsel ov de mid'l seriez, iz plast imedyetli after de uder tui gutural vselz, a, o ; de tre triu diftorjz, i, v, a, folo, and den de leter q, hwiq iz siuntjmz a trm diftoij and sumtjmz not : doz diftoijz hwiq ter- minat in i, presed doz hwiq terminat in m. cle tui leterz, y, w, eldo strictli continuants, qr plast h\ demselvz, and cold coalesents, on acsnt ov dar evident jenerajun from a rapid pronunsiajun ov i, u befor a fdloirj vsel, so dat da ma be prdcticali considerd az de fermz under hwiq i, u coales wid de foloiij vsel. Az de sjnz hw, Jiy dm not egzist az independent leterz, in de practical alfabet, dar woz amider rez 'n fer not clqsirj y, w wid de uder continuants, el ov hwiq ociir in bot hwisperd and spoc'n fermz. cle bredirj h ma be in de sam maner consevd tin arjz from de vsel q liwen hwisperd, so dat y, w, h hav sum sort ov conecfun hwiq wud apareiitli justify dar beirj aranjd az y, h, w, corespdndiij tm e, q, m. Az, hsever, dis iz not strictli trm, h yl plast h\ itself, but necst tm de fermer ; and dez tre leterz serv tui marc de transijun from vselz tui consonants. Necst folo de ecsplodents, aranjd az U3Ual, eg mut beirj Mod bj its corespdndiij spoc'n ferm. cle compsndz g, j, qr inserted her, becez dar ferst elements, t, d, qr ecsplodents, and becez it woz convenient, in Jert hand, tui repre- zent dem b^ a simbid hwiq woz related tm doz uzd fer ecsplodents. els continuants qr aranjd az in de complet alfabet. Az regqrdz de oral licwidz, it wil be sen, on referens tm de Tabiiler Alfabet, § 21, p. 6], dat § 29, m\ 13. Fermz ov $e Ljylif Tonetic Leterz. 99 I and r qr prssjsli on a par, onli I woz put ferst, bscez dar iz an I pra- nsnst wid ds tip ov ds tun nsrer ds tst dan ds coiniin £ ; but dis I iz not an IggliJ ssnd, and hens it bscam indiferent in IngliJ, hweder r er I Jud prss£d. Az (Is PoliJ leter duz not aper in els IijgliJ alfabet, aniider rez'n woz alsd tui prsval ; ds trild r beiij perfermd wid ds tip ov ds tuij, ma be considerd az mor ecstemal dan d£ /, in hwiq d£ sjdz ov d£ tun qr vibrated, and d£ order ov sv consonant simbulz iz elwaz from d£ tsfc tordz d£ trot. In d£ ferst aranjment ov ds Jert band alfabet, Z woz mad tui presed r; but qfter d£ abiiv rsz'n for plashj r bsfor Z woz pemted st tin Mr. Pitman, in adijun tui d£ fact dat in d£ Jert band caracter d£ pozijun ov d£ sjn for r coresponded tui ddt for jo, and d£ pozijun ov d£ sjn for I tui ddt for 9, ds prezent order woz adopted. els nazal licwidz qr in ds natural order. 13. 3e Fermz ov is Leterz. Az a mod ov printiij elredi egzists, and az considerab'l properti iz elredi involvd in tjps and punqez, or matrisez for tjps, it woz a neseseri pqrt ov eni practical sc£m for printiij IijgliJ, tui oca3im az lit'l wast in dis properti az posib'l. Hens, si ov d£ twenti-sics leterz hwiq form ds qzqal roman alfabet, twenti-trs wer qoz'n, ds uder trs (k, q, w) bsin asjnd tui foren ssndz, tui ov hwiq (k, q) rscwir tui b£ veri frscwentli simbol^zd in ds Jerman laijgwej, and wun (k) in ds Scoq dialect and proper namz. It waz darfor neseseri tui introdqs sev'ntsn nq fermz, and dsz wer qoz'n so az tui harmonjz az mug az posib'l wid ds twenti-trs old fermz. ( 22 ) 2s valqz asind tui ds fermz in bot casez wer suq az wud most redili ocur tui doz acustumd tiu rsd IijgliJ in ds historical ortografi, in erder dat da in^t hav ds lsst posib'l dificulti in lerniij ds nq sistem. Hens, no rsgqrd woz pad tm ds ssndz asjnd tui ds roman leterz in ds Jerman, SwsdiJ, DaniJ, TVelf, Italian, Frenq, SpaniJ, Portqgsz, er uder laijgwejez qzhj ds roman alfabet, el ov hwiq qz meni ov ds leterz in veri (liferent sensez, ds leterz "p, b, t, d, s, r, 1, m, n," onli, bshj emplod wid tdlerab'l qnifermiti in el ov dem, and dsz qr qzd in ds sam significajun in ds fonetic alfabet. 3s IngliJ prinsip'l dssjded elso on d£ qs ov d£ "y, w, c, g, v, z," and elso ov ds v^elz, " i, e, a, a, 0, u." 3ar qr tui leterz " a, a," wun ov hwiq woz qzd in ds italic, and ds uder in ds roman stjl ov printiij ; ds fermer, az ds simplest, woz rstand fer d£ stopt vsel, d£ later, az d£ most com- 22. 5e remander ov dis number iz tac'n from de Fonetic Jurnal fer Jdmieri, 1848, pp. 29, 30. 100 Fermz ov ctt Iyglif Fonetic Leterz. § 29, nr. 1 3 plecs, woz giv'ntui ds lorj vsel. If, den, we dm not rec'n "a" az a nil roman leter, dar wer onli sicstsn nq fermz tui be provided. 3e smel leterz qr, " s," a variajun ov " e," er ov d£ Grsc "epsjlon," or ov tm ov d£ leterz " e," wnn plast over ds uder, sins " ee " iz de most serten reprszentativ ov dis ssnd in ds ugual ertografi ; " q," a variajun ov "a," consrstin in lerjtnin a porfun ov it, az ds ssnd "ci" iz ds (practical) pro- lorjgajun ov ds s^nd " a " in Inglif ; " e " iz " o " wid ds Ion marc " 6 " runin trm, insted ov over it, az it iz d£ prolongajun ov " o ; " " o " iz a variajun ov ds Grsc "omega, 15 mad tm hqrmonjz wid ds roman alfabet; " m, m " qr variajunz ov " u," h{ hwig ds later ssnd iz jenerali, and ds former of n, ecsprest, espejali qfter " r," in dr. historical spelirj ; " la," az bsin les complst dan " m," iz qzd for ds stopt vsel. Amurj ds diftorjz, " \ " iz a variajun ov " i," h{ liwiq dis s^nd iz most ugnoli ecsprest in ds curent spelir) ; its randed tal hints at ds leter " a," hwic, fermz dE uder pqrt ov c1e diftorj ; " er " iz a variajun ov " oi," onli ds dot ov ds " i " bsin rstand and fqs 'nd tm ds " o " wid a lit'l flurij ; " s " iz a variajun ov ds comun Grsc contracjun fer ds dijtoij " omicron, upsjlon," hwicj we IngliJ jenerali so promms in rsdiij Grsc, eldo ds modern Grscs eel it "ui;" it iz elso intended tm remind ds rsder ov d£ djgraf " ou," bj hwic; dis diffcon iz of 'n ecsprest in ds ngqal spelin ; "u" iz a variajun ov ds U3ual "u," and ds tal ma bs considerd az hintirj at ds tm misirj strocs recwjrd tm mac up "ira." Ov d£ consonants, "c" iz a variajun ov "cj," er " ci," from hwic; ds ssnd etimolojicali aroz, and it iz elso intended tm rscel ds djgraf (ch) ; " t " iz a form ov ds Grsc " t£ta," but turnd tm d£ rjt insted ov ds left, tm mac it hqrmoniz beter wid d£ uder Roman leterz, and bs mor diferent from "t;" "d" iz a variajun ov ds Anglo-Sacsun leter hwicj ecsprest dis ssnd, and ma darfor bs considerd az a restorajun ov ds anjent ertografi. cTs leterz "J, 3," qr ds sam variajunz ov " s, z," az "c" iz ov "c," and fer similer rsz'nz, bot ssndz bsin jenerated from " s], zj," er "si, zi," hwar ds "i " fermz an improper diftorj wid a fdloiij vsel; " ij " iz a variajun ov " ng," its fermer reprEzentativ. Amur) d£ capital leterz, 8, O, CT, 3 qr d£ sam az £, o, er, s, mad lqrj ; R iz a rinded ferm ov A, tm giv it mor impertans, and dus corr- espond tm d£ ecstra curv over ds top ov d£ "a," hwic, distingwifez it from "a;" d£ cros at d£ top ov A iz ment tm corespond tm ds lerjt'nd tal ov "q;" III, U qr ds sam variajunz ov " in, ia," dat U iz ov "u;" ds cros in i iz elso an indicajun ov ds tal ov " j," and U ma bs considerd tm bar d£ sam rslajun tm " q," dat Q duz tm " q." © barz ds sam rslajun tm C, dat flj duz tm I. 1, 3. wer cpz 'n on acsnt ov ds lorj hand rit'n fermz, hwic, aprocsimat veri nsrli tm doz we wer led tm quiz fer § 30, nr. 1. Practical Rudz for Ljylif Fonetic Speliy. 101 "t, d," becez de later fermz wer elredi in us bj Iijglif rjterz az secunderi fermz fer " t " and " d." It iz a mer acsident dat 1, cl qr respectivli de fermz ov de capitalz ov de fort and secund leterz in de Rufan alfabet, mad tui fas in de opozit direcjun ; de valuz ov de Rufan leterz or " q, b," res- pectivli; de rezemblans ov ferm woz not remqrct til Ion after de fermz wer cjoz'n. X iz de Grec capital " sigma," but romanjzd ; and X barz abst de sam relajun tui Z, az X duz tui S. LJ iz a manifest variajun ov N, corespondhj tui de variajun " n " ov " n." § 30. MOD OV HZIIJ 38 ITJGLIZ FONETIC ALFABET. 1. Practical Rudz folod in Ljglif Fonetic Speliy. Hwjl de ssndz herd qr cler and distinct, no dificultiz in speliij can aqz, ecsept from felti er variab'l pronunsiajun. clus, it iz perfectli ezi tui rjt mfyr, nagi>r, er nagur, hwen dez ssndz qr herd, but it iz dificult tui des£d hwig ov de fennz iz best adapted fer jeneral us, er Jud be adopted in printed wurcs. Her de s^ndz qr definit, but de uzej variab'l. On de uder hand, it iz dificult tui sa hweder we Jud print memuri, memori, er memori, becez de secund silab'l iz pronvnst so indistirjctli dat we ma perswad ^rselvz dat it contanz eni wun ov de tre vselz, u, o, o. Her, darfor, qr tui dificultiz ov a perfectli (liferent qnd, but eg veri perplecsin, — not tui de individual rjter, hui, in hiz on manuscripts er leterz tui hiz frendz, ma emplo eni wun ov de fermz ov eder wurd, but tui de printer, hui puts ferwerd wun pqxticuler ferm az in hiz opinyun most entjt'ld tui jeneral apruival. It wil most probabli recwjr a Ion periud tui eldps befor a fonetic ertografi can becum wel set'ld; but az eg qanj ov speliij wil involv a qanj ov pronunsiajun, hwjl eni atemts at canj wil oca3un mug atenfun tui be pad tui pronunsiajun, we ma hop tui aqv at a satisfacturi rezult in de end. Fer srselvz individuali, we hav onli endevurd tui select doz fermz we tet, qfter du trjal, most ljcli tui plez de grater number ov tetfiol rederz. Tui atan dis we hav lad dsn de foloin rudz : /. Tm reprezent a deliberet, emfatic liter ans ov eg tvurd, az it wud be pronmst independentli ov ol utter icurdz. II. In casez ov dat, espefali in de cas ov unacsented silab'lz, tui egzibit dat pronunsiajun hwig de leterz empUd in de old speliy mil be supozd tm indicate er de etimoloji ov de lourd wud aper tm jmnl at az dat intended b% de specer. 102 Disputed Pmts in IyglifFonetic Sjieluj. § 30, nr. 2. 2. Consider afun ov sum Dstfid er Bispilted Fonts in Iyglif Fouetic Speliy. clez rmlz hav tin b£ apljd wid grat cejun, but neder ov dem Jiad be pujt tra an ecstrem, becez de onli real fsndajim fer a stif pronunsiajun iz de Jer cwicsand ov a leles, confuzd, and most inconsistent ertografi. We prosed tui indicat a fu casez in hwicj we liav apl|d dez rmlz, az corected b\ sy on obzervajun, tui sum disputed pernts. 1. "el e in de old speliij jenerali beciimz bref s befor de acsent, and stopt e after it, az seciceut, sscwenfal, consecivent, conssewenfal. clis uzej iz at t^mz corected bj a nolej ov de etimoloji ; dus, epis'l, benevolent, rqder dan epis'l, benevolent. c[e us ov de e iz veri constant in de lqst sil- ab'l but wun, hvven de acsent folz on de lqst silab'l but tui. 01 vselz qr pronsnst most indistirjctli in dis pozifun. 4. cEe bref e never siijcs intra i, ecsept imedyetli befor a vsel, dus, Heretical ; but it veri frecwentli felz intra y h\ preferens, az rityus, Crisiyan. 5. cTe bref a never felz intra e, but eder remanz a er felz intra a. 6. Bref q iz ov rar ociirens ; it iz elmost invariabli replast b^ bref a. 7. Bref o iz rqder a Ion unacsented o, az in ogiist. Se 8. 8. Bref o, in de lqst silab'l but wun, imedyetli foloirj de acsent, jenerali siijcs intra bref er stopt o, and it ma be replast bj o in meni uder casez, de relajun betwen o and o beiij ab^t de sam az ddt betwen e and e. 9. cle leter n felz intra m qfter r, ecsept hwen r iz imedyetli preseded bj, an acsented er sub-acsented vsel, az er%dit, erifiesent, hwards rmbesent wild be de ii^ucd ferm. 3e leter % elso beciimz m qfter I preseded bj, aniider consonant in de sam silab'l, az conclmd. Her uzej variz ; sum sa conchjd, nil, but dar iz a grat wat ov opinyun on de uder s|d. 10. cle leterz t, d reman befor % ev'n hwen de acsent presedz, and dra not sine intra g, j. Custum alsz dem tra sine intra g, j in comun con- versajun in a veri grat number ov casez ; but de uzej iz so variab'l, and de ljn ov demqreajun betwen de wurdz in hwic; g, j mjt be qzd and doz in liwicj g, j wiad not be tolerated, iz so dificult tra di*e, dat it woz considerd best tra cep tra de old t, d in el casez. cTe old (tion) iz printed fun, ecsept an s presedz, and den it beciimz tyun ; dus, mofun, cicestytm= (motion, (.[\\estion). § 30, in - . 2. Disputed PmU in Iyglif Fcmetic Speliy. 103 11. In final silab'lz hwig hav r, I, m, n after de lqst vsel, de comun conversajunal ssndz qr V, 7, '«z, 'w ; az com'rs, br%d?l {bridal,} depend " ul. We hav tet it best, wid regqrd tui I, m, n, tra. retail de vsel hwiq iz aparentli indicated bj, de old spelin, dus, bridal, dependent; eldo in de cas ov de terminajun «Z, de old speliij orijinali indicated #/, and not at. cle terminajun cw^ iz, hsever, onli prezervd hwar recw|rd b\ de Latin etimoloji, but iz qanjd intui ent hwar de Latin points st dat ent woz de orijinal, eldo de ward ma hav ben tac'n imedyetli from de lYenq, in hwiq laijgwej de terminajun ant woz uzd for bot de Latin ans and ens. 3is us ov (a«£) for de Frenq terminajun ov de pqitisip'l, seinz onli tm hav obtaud becez (ent) woz jenerali de sjn ov de terd persun plmral in dat laijgwej, and woz den mut, so dat (attendeut) mjt hav ben atoiid az de prezent tens, or atokdoh az de pqrtisip'l; tui avod hwiq ambiguiti (atten- dant) woz uzd in de later cas, and tac'n intiu IijgliJ widst dii considera- Jun, eldo de Inglif pronunsiajun avoz, probabli, elwaz atendent : similerli in uder casez. 12. > a a { mede or) e {cevd He use } u e {yen feutxt } b d { repos apo tre } o o {cou contre § ii 111 {hut b?'re } u ii Nazal { -pain jteintre } en en { chant ehantre } an an { hen bo>?dc } on on { emprunt emprunte } mi liii 108 Teoretical Freng Fonetic Alfabet. § 32, nr. 1. We tine dat Mosyo D.-B. haz ben misled bj ds old spelhj, and bj ds opinyunz ov gramarianz, in constnictig dis vsel seem. We dst hweder in (Me) Ion a, az distinct from cte brEf e in (ete), can bs recognjzd. In (acte) we tine we Iiei* stopt a, but in (pas) we dui not hsr brsf a, az dis- tinct from bref a. cIe pronunsiajun ov (mode) iz sertenli not ds sam az sy Inglif mod wud bs ; it iz mar ljc mod, but ma, bs pronsnst mod h\ sum Frenqmen. iVcerdin tui Tcirver, (in biz Edijun ov Tqrdiz Ecspldnaturi Prommsty Freng Dicfimeri, hwar ds most carfuil mqrein ov Frenq pronun- siajan wid hwiq we qr acwanted, iz tai bs fsnd,) ds (o) in (mode) iz onli Jert o, dat iz, stopt o. cCe wnrd (oeitf) iz sertenli not pronsnst az d£ In- gliJ vf; Tcirver mqres of, hwiq we tine corect. Az a mater ov pronunsia- Jun, we canot sez eni distincjun bstwsn ds vselz in (mid, Weus€) and in {yen, fetftre) ; we bslEv dem tui bs 6, 6, in bob casez, and wud darfor rjt of, fiov ; pd,fotr. It iz siijguler dat Mosyo D.-B. considerz ds mut £ tui bs &z sam az ds vsel in (ileuve), (dat iz, az sy 6 we bslsv,) eldo hs distingwijez it from (ieiltre), hwiq, if eni tin, must bs a dsper ssnd. cEis arjzez from ds pronunsiajun elredi abided tui (p. 16). cIe vsel in (repos) iz pqrtic- ulerli mqret az a loy vsel in Tcirver. , sdliteri Jert vsel ov d£ Frenq, on d£ uder hand, iz spoc 'n wid a p£culier crispnes ov uterans, hwiq dis- tirjgwijez it satisfdcturili from its lor) ssnd ; but dis crispnes iz so turoli Frenq, dat an Ingli/nian duz mnq if h£ onli satisfy himself ov its egzistens. 3ar qr sum casez, hsever, in hwiq we tirjc dz vselz qr elwaz stopt, namli, hwen a consonant foloz a fort visel in d£ sam silab'l ; at eni rat, w£ hav fald tm caq eni distirjcjun bEtwsn a stopt and bixf vsel in {fat, jeune) hwiq s£in tin b£ pronsnst wid d£ stopt vselz a, 6, dus, fat, ^bn. <3x Frenq Ion vselz contan el d£ IrjgliJ (ecsept a, perhaps) and several mor. 3£ ssnd a can b£ lernt from &z Irjglif mar=md.u, but d, 6, u must b£ lernt seperetli. clar valqz qr descrjbd in § 10, pp. 17. 20. 21 ; but we must wern Irjglijmen from felirj intui d£ ddu^un dat da can acwjr d£Z, er eni uder nu vsel ssndz, from descripjun onli ; d£ r£al us ov sr descripjun iz, tm furnij d£ reder wid a mmz ov mor redili aprefiatiij d£ ssndz hwen herd, but da can not b£ turoli understiad til herd, and herd frecwentli ; ner wil da ever b£ pronsnst wid perfect corectnes til da qr az familyer az nativ ssndz. cIe IrjgliJ stopt vselz i, e, a, u qr not fsnd in Frenq ; e ocurz tolerabli of 'n, u iz rar, and o iz dstfml ; we dm not fd Jmr hweder in suq wurdz az (grotte) dz trui ssnd iz grot er grot. On d£ uder hand, d£ stopt vselz i, e, a, o, 6, u, el ov hwiq qr stranj and veri dificult tm sr erganz, qr ov constant ocurens. 3s vsel e onli ocurz az a br£f vsel, and iz most fr£cwentli omited in conversajun. Hwen acsented, it iz of 'n pronsnst wid an aprocsimajun tm 6. cIe nazal vselz qr el turoli Frenq, and can onli b£ properli lernt b\ lorj practis. We hav distirjgwijt dz log sustand nazal bj an acsent mqrc, bscez in Frenq dz acsent mqrc can hav no uder vain. 110 Fonetic PeciiUaritiz ov Freng. § 32, nr. 2. No recogujzd acsented silab'l egzists, and hwen a stres iz lad on wun silab'l rqder dan de uderz, de silab'lz hwiq hav not ds stres qr not huridli er indistinctli pron^nst, az in Inglif. els diferens bstwsn ds silab'l wid ds stres and a silab'l widst it, iz not mor dan ddt bstwsn ds several sil- ab'lz ov de IngiiJ wurdz turnpic, otmsl, hiwa-rat. (§ 24, nr. 2, p. 71.) \ a loij \se\ sjn ; and, liwen dbsolutli neseseri, uz an acsent tra mq,rc ds grater stres er lent ov vsel, and de stopt vsel s:jn tra Jo psculier Jertnes. 3s Ion vselz must reman az da or ; but amiirj de Jert v^elz, i, e, a ma bs substituted fer ?, e, a, and dus e, e confuzd. Perhaps o had best bs rstand. 3s leter e beirj elwaz proirsnst veri brefli, wil be jenerali rsplast bj a sjn ov murmur. No distil) cfun nsd be mad betwsn de Ion and Jert nazalz. 3e bredirj wil bs omited. 3e hwisperd M, Til), fir, Tim, ftn) wil not be recogn^zd, but de teoretical V , If, ets., uzd in dar sted. 3e gutural jtq wil not be recognjzd, ner de coriipt illy. 3s leterz I], nj wil bs uzd consistentli fer de Freng (11 mouille) and (pi), az in fslf, rtinf er fslj, rein] fer (fille, regne). 3s wsc cj, gj wil be discarded ; it iz eniif tra sa dat c, g qr elwaz wee befor palatal vselz. 3s improper diftorjz wil bs reprezented bj prs- ficsin i, id, it; de us ov e, m, it Join dat no diftoij iz fermd, az joed, haong, riiel=-(pieux, louange, ruelle). B£ dez considerajunz we qr ab'l tra rsdus de practical alfabet tra ds fdloiij, in hwiq we adopt ds erder ov ds practical IngliJ alfabet az fqr az posib'l. Lot) Vxelz e, a, a, q, a, e, o, hi, 6> ii Eert Vselz i, e, — a, — o, 0, u, o, ii, (') Nazal Vselz ail, oil, oil, un Ecsplodents p b, t d, c g Continuants f v, s z, J 3 Licwidz r, 1 1], m, n nj herd {email} pronsnst emqiq, (wid de dep q, twig iz agenst de jenius ov de Jerman larjgwej itself,) insted ov email). We rnenfun dis az a sirjguler fonetical fenomenuii, hwig tendz pqrtli tra ecsplan de substitujun ov de gutural in Spanif, fer de Latin li, az eJco, er eho, fer de Latin {films) =felms. It sertenli onli pqrtli ecsplanz dis, fer de licwid I), in el its prrriti, iz ov constant ocureus in Spanif. 112 Practical Freng Alf abet for lyglifmen. §32, nr. 3. cloz hui qr unab'l tin cag de egzdct ssndz ov ds Frenc, leterz hwiq dm not ociir in Inglif, ma be told fer ds prezent tm mac no distil) cfun bstwsn a and d, er bstwsn q and dj tm pron^ns o ljc «/•, (widst triliij ds r er letin eni perseptib'l vjbrajun ov ds tun bs herd, sv'n hwen a vsel foloz,) and u ljc ^; d, u ma sine intm u, i; o ma be pronsnst l^c u; ds ( ' ) iz ds fantest posib'l after s^nd ov ds natural vsel ; ait, on, on, un had beter bs pronsnst an, on, on, un dan ay, on, oy, uy, az sv cuntrimen qr so fond ov uterin dem. nd ov £ after it. Nun ov dsz pronunsiajunz qr cored, er nerli so ; but da wiad probabli bs el intelijibl tm a Frenqman, and ddt iz ds man pernt tui bs gand. R Frenqman wil understand hwot u msn, if u sa : — " Lq conststyseon onylaz a la malyur don V mond," eldo it wud synd veri cwsr tm hiz srz and fslhjz ; but hs wiad bs cwjt piat st at: — " Lq const Uy fun oyylaz a lq mulyiur doy lur mond ;" (?*) hwjl ds ertografi : — "La constitution onylaz a la melljor don V mond'''' wud lsd eni persun hm nil dz trui Frenq ssndz, and woz awar ov sr convenjunz stated at ds bsginhj ov dis number, tm ds corect pronunsiajun ov ds pasej. 3is den iz ds plan on hwiq ws wiad rjt el Frenc; namz ov persunz and plasez and el Frenq frazez hwiq ociir amun Inglif wurdz, not az sjtajunz, but az ecsprejunz wid hwiq ds rsder er lisner iz supozd tm bs familyer ; az, 1. com e fo ; 2. cm d' man; 3. cm d'oilj ; 4. fa d'dvr ; 5. coh$a d'eler ; 6. cqrtblonf; 7. on mas ; 8. danmmoii ; 9. on pason ; 10. fo pq ; 11. 5' n' sa cuq ; 12. $o d'espre; 13. movdz lioht ; 14. apropo ; 15. non d' gar ; 16. void d' fonbr' ; 17. vev V ruq ; 18. vev I'onp'ror ; 19. vev lq repiiblsc ; 20. pardii; 21 . suq dezoii ; 22 . hone suq cs mal s pons ; 23.non- falons ; 24. bon mo; and so on; =(1. comme il faut ; 2. coup de main; 3. coup d'ceil; 4. chef d'eeuvre ; 5. conge d'elire ; 6. carte blanche; 7. en masse; 8. denoument; 9. en passant; 10. faux pas; 11. je ne sais quoi; 12. jeu d'esprit ; 13. mauvaise honte; 14. a-propos ; 15. nom de guerre; 16. valet de chambre ; 17. vive le roi; 18. vive l'empereur; 19. vive la republique; 20. perdu; 21. soi disant; 22. honi soit qui mal ypense; 23. nonchalance; 24. bon mot). ( 25 ). 24. We hav selected dis sentens, and dis pronunsiajun, becez it woz sjted tui us, sum yerz ago, bj a Pol, az a spesimen ov Irjglif pronunsiajun ov Irene, and Iuglif political sentiment. 25. 1. Az it et tiu be, corect, faj unab'l; 2. a stroc ov de hand, a suden and sue- § 33, nr. J. Teoretical Jerman Alfabet. 113 Ecstracts from Frenc; eturz must be rit'n in ds ertografi adopted b[ de Frenc; psp'l, (az in paj 110, not 23,) hwic; de reder must be supozd tui understand. Stil, perhaps, sr practical alfabet mjt be fsnd qsfiil in gjdii) Irjglifinen tiu de acwizi/un ov de Frencj laijgwej, er in mqrciij de prominsiajun in Frenq dicfnneriz. 3is we must elso lev tm Frencjmen. § 33. lOXETIC REPR8ZENTHEUN OV 38 JERMAN LATJGYVEJ. 1. 3t- Tto ret ical Alfabet. cEar or tut Jerman laijgwejez, de Hj Jerman, and de Lo Jerman. 3e Hj Jerman iz de langwej ov literatiir, jenerali non az Jerman ; it fermz ds jeneral langwej ov de educated clqsez truiist Jermani Proper, eldo in ecj divijun ov Jermani, diferent dialects preval, tm sue; an ecstent, dat it iz of'n mentand, rqder poradocsicali, dat de Hj Jerman iz an un-spoc'n laijgwej. 3s Lo Jerman iz de laijgwej ov de pep'l in de nerdern pqrts ov Jermani, ab^t Hanover, Hamburg, and el de nert-western cost. 3.E cuntri pep'l dm not understand Hj Jerman in dez pqrts, and consider it an ofens tm be adrest in dat langwej. Lo Jerman haz meni dialects ; but de onli tm modern fermz under hwicj it haz acwjrd eni litereri sesful efurt ; 3. a stroc ov de j, a shjg'l glqns, an ecstensiv rt\ hwi(j can bs sen from wun spot ; 4. c,ef ov de wurc, a master-pes, de spesimen ov wurc sent in h\ an cirtifiser tm de gild ov craftsmen tm bwig be belorjz, tm obtan biz degre az master wurcnian ; hens, enitin pqrticulerli wel er carfuli ecsecu.ted; 5. b^ ov elec/un, lev tm elect, de mandet sent bj de sovren tm de den and qapter ov a djoses, tm elect a bijup; 6. bwjt paper, an unlimited order, ful pyerz ; de jdea beirj, dat a person s|nz hiz nam at de end ov a pes ov paper, bwiq be givz tm amider tm fil up az he plezez, de rjter ov de signatur htin responsib'l for de contents ov de paper; 7- in a mas, in a bodi, colectivli, az distirjgwijt from individu.ali ; 8. out jig ; de plot ov a stori bein cold its no {noeud}, er nut, de de- velopment iz termd de unndtirj, catastrofe iz onli ozd in de sain sens bwen de develup- ment iz unfertimet ; 9. in pqsirj, bj de wa; 10. fels step, prinsipoli uzd fer a ladiz deviajon from verto; 11. \ dont no bwot, " a somtirj er uder;" 12. pla ov wit, witi rernqrc dreirj er rjtirj ; somtin witi, az distingwijt from sumtin serios; 13. fels Jam; 14. tm de porpos ; jenerali uzd wid ov in Inglif, az apropo ov hv;ot y wer saiy, uzd tm introdos a remqrc sujested bj, er in som wa conected wid, but not veri evidentli arjzin from de subject -mater ov conversajun ; tjmli ; mal-apropo, untjnili, st ov sez'n ; 15. nam ov wer, fand nam, iizd fer de purpus ov conselment er inconyito ; 16. man-sen" ant uzd in de bed-qamber tm asist in dresirj hiz master ; 17. Ion liv de cirj ; 18. lorj liv de emperur; 19. Ion liv de republic ; 20. lost; bid'n, conseld; 21. self-stjld: 22. made svl atdg tm de ev'l tincer ; 23. indiferens ; 24. a gud wurd, a witi sain ; a ban mo iz jenerali jerter dan a 30 d'espre; it iz elso jenerali spoc'n, hwjl de uder iz rifn. 9 Ill TsoreUcal Jerman Alfabet. § 33, m\ 1. reputajun, or Flemif and Duq, ov liwig de later iz, h\ far, de most cultivated. Az, hsever, Flernif and Dug qr denativ laijgwejez ov Beljinm andHolancl, we ma lev dem st ov considerajun hwen tretirj ov Jerman ; and, in de prezent secfun it iz onli neseseri tui consider de diferent manerz in hwic, de Hj Jerman ov literatur iz red b| de pep'l, preqt in de pulpit, er spoc'n on de staj. cle IrjgliJ and Erenq larjgwejez hav a cjnd ov standerd ov pronunsiajun, eldcS a vag wun, in de nzejez ov dar metrdpolisez ; but Jermani haz no metropolis, and de H.j German comunli spoc'n in its gratest sitiz, Berlin and Viena, iz notcSriusli bad. Trai, in Berlin sum ov de best pronunsiajunz ma be herd, but de comun pronunsiajun ov de vulger, and ev'n ov ds mid'l classes, az wel-educated Jop-ceperz and tradsmen, iz veri disagreab'l. Colectirj sr reminisensez ov de pronunsiajunz liwig we hav herd amiin de mid'l and educated clqsez in diferent parts ov Jermani, az asisted and corected h\ de obzervajunz in de fort vohini ov Dr. Haps Fizioloji ov Sjjsg (Physiologie der Sprache), we Jud sa dat de complet fonetic alfabet ov de Jerman laijgwej compr|zez at lest el de foloin elements : — Log Vselz e — a ii ft a — o m ii 6 Bref Vveh l- — e- e- a- a- vol- ii- z Coalesents y (♦) Breothj li Ecsplodents P b t d c g Conti?ii{auts f V s z J k (k) q Licwidz r 1 in n 3 Hx leterz enclozd in parentessz (b, k) qr onli tui b£ uzd hwen pqrticqler dcuresi iz i*£cw|rd, az v, Jc ma b£ jenerali uzd in dar plas. 4. Us ov dis Alfabet. cl£ comun Jerman alfabet iz not so jenerali understiad in Iijgland az ds Frenq, and grat varjetiz ov opinyun prsval az tm d£ mEiiiij ov d£ several leterz ; we tine, darfor, dat d£ us ov d£ abiiv fonetic alfabet ma bs best Jon h\ gohj trui d£ most comun literal combinajunz in d£ U3U0J. Jerman spelhj, and ecsplanhj dar ssndz. Jeneral rml, tm hwiq, lrsever, dar qr meni ecsepjunz : — Hwen a Jerman vsel sjn iz folod bj a consonant in d£ sam silab'l, it iz stopt ; uderwjz it iz Ion ; hwenever a vsel s^n iz folod b{ a dub'ld consonant, it repre- zents a stopt vsei ; and jenerali hwen tui consonants (not b£in an ecs- plodent and an oral licwid) folo a v#el s:jn in d£ micl'l ov a wurd, c1e vsel iz stopt. § 33, nr. 4. Us ov <$e Practical Jcr ma a Alfabet. 117 {a) hwen stopt, iz a, hwen loij iz r/, hwen bref, q-. 3us, {hand, barf, vater)=katid, bqrt,fqter. Fer hwiq we practicali rjt, &a?M?, bqrt,fqter, not distingwijin « from a. {««) iz elwaz — r/, dus, (aal)=ql. {ah) iz elwaz=#, dus, {ah>ien) — qne». Se (A). {au)=au, for hwiq etc IngliJ" y ma be uzd. (a) hwen stopt = e, hwen Ion = d; das, {hdndel, sprdche) = ke/tdel, fprake. {b)=b ; in cte hoi ov syfc Jermani, grat dificulti iz felt in distingwifiij f^nal b from p ; in fact, b f jnal iz elmost elwaz pronsnst p ; medial b remanz b, er iz cornpted intui v. (c) bsfor (a, e, i, ei, ea)==fs, uderwjz = c. (ck) qfter pedated vsel ssndz er licwidz = /', ucterwjz==A; dus (i W w 7T w way BRsaraz. H h H h Aay heu • • o -9 o{ 11 ) • 1. It iz clstful hweder ds Frenc ever pronsns a lor). 2. 2e distirjcfun bstwsn IrjgliJ a, d haz tru bs obzervd in etuical rjtirj, eldo it iz neglected in practical Irjglif rjtin. 3. 3s Italy an e apdrto iz rsali fjner dan ds Irjglif e ; dis iz darfor wun ov dfi pecnts in hwiq ds practical efenical alfabet diferz from ds conrplst fonetical reprszentajun. 4. 2s Irjglif % iz duler dan ds i in el uder larjgwejez, ecsept ds Slavonic. 5. 3s tui fort ssndz, e, e, qx not discrirninated in de etnical alfabet, but e ma bs elwaz suplid from ds complst alfabet. 6. 3s Irjglif a iz mug fjner dan eni foren a. 35, ■I. Vsel:, Diftoyz, Coalesents, and Brediy: 127 huiij wurdz cir etnicali reprezented Li Iyglif. Jermau. Italyan. Frcin;. Inglif printerz namz for de Ehiical Leterz. Ferm. Nam. LOW VTELZ. El £11 E YE £ £ al ae a * na C 1 ) a a ar (2) dar cjiido fa a Ii or tm-dot a qmz dct ct pci d dale du dio don (& q 6* <;)( 12 ) chest &e\xtsch cima (J j / y) ( 12 ) /est ^iglio C c C c cane /ftlme come comme G g G £ #ain ga\\\\e ^ara yomme CONTINUANTS. F f P /' /eel vie\ /ogiio few V v ^ t? t?eel will floglio #eut It T f tf/igh , , 3d S $ % . , S S £ 5 seal dies seno sceau Z Z Z £ zeal diese esito <\es eaux S J £ f vicious sc/i on scena c//amp X 3 ^5 vision /ambe K k X k ich ( 13 ) Q q Q ? koniy LICWIDZ. E r P r rare ( u ) rohr raro rare LI LI Zu# lalle Zuna lune M m J/ m mura miwtie ma mais N n iV » »u# nun no non U n *T p sing sing' sta^ca GGZILIEKI SI NZ. Eomun and Italic niaciij hwiq hav &e valu ov &e itali 3 leterz in fc * . . . ■ r hi %l Hall (Welsh) hi* £r rAag i ' an an sem (French) n n . . . - ) on ow ^ on oh ^ un ««£ sang ,, son „ un „ 1 ' lj I] iille ,, iiglio (Ital.) , ZZano (Sp.) ];...< . nj w) legne ,, sogno „ pewa „ ( ' '1 7 littfe (') (') • • 'm 'm rhythm i ^ 'n 'm opn 1 on nazal onor on 1111 ,, \ un rc^a/ un fslj ,, Mjio (Ital.), ljqno (Sp.) j WEcner C lj icec el ranj ,, senjo „ panja ,, or cut ja | nj ?/;#? en lit'l ( '1 vocaZ el rit'm (') murmur < 'm wdc«£ am op'n (_ 'n vocal en p.T 3 ez (PoliJ) 1 tril .13 tfnTrf 3a 13. clar iz a stronger ssnd ov dis leter in qJc er #k, de qanj ov s<5nd bein ecsprest bj under-dotin, er bj qanjirj de tjp from roman tra italic, and conversli. Similerli fer q. 14. 3.s seennd r in dis wurd iz reali pronynst diferent from de^ferst. 10 130 Order ov is Etnical Leterz. §- 3!>, nr. 3. 3. Order and Nstmz ov is Etnical Leterz. It wil be sen h[ de presedirj tab'l, dat we liav endevurd tai aranj de leterz in de etnical alfabet, az nerli az posib'l in de nan erder ov de IngliJ" fonetic alfabet, introdusirj de adifunal simbulz in dar proper plasez. Amun de vselz, we hav ben obljjd tra remuiv u, and substitut o in its plas, introdusin de nder adifunal vselz after de Ii)gliJ set, but pmtiij u de last ov el de vselz, az in sv complet alfabet. In de consonants, de onli adifunz hav ben k, q, at de end ov de continuants. In alfabetical aranjments ov wurdz, de leterz compynded wid egzilieri sjnz cp most convenientli introdust on de foloiij prinsip'lz. Consider %, n, j, ecwivalent tui 7i, n, r, so dat M, %r, ait, on, on, un, .13 wnd ocupi de sam pozijun az if da bad ben rit'n Id, hr, an, on, on, un, ?*j respectivli. cle sjnz ;,('), ma be entjrli disregarded, so dat /;, w), 7, 'm, 'n wil ocupi prssjsli de sam pozijunz az I, n, I, m, n respectivli. In casez ov egzdct ecwivalens in el uder leterz ov a wurd, de trm alfabetical caracter wil hav de presedens ov de egzilieri s\n, dus, son wil presed son. Tui giv an :jdea ov de alfabetical aranjment ov wurdz spelt etnicali, we subjon an alfabetical aranjment ov el de egzemplificativ wurdz in de presedirj tab'l, aranjd in de maner propozd. We aval srselvz ov dis opurtuniti tiu giv de menin ov de foren wurdz introdust az egzqmp'lz. [cle meniijz cp* plast in italics, folod bj j. fer Jerman, i. fer Italyan, and/", fer Frenc, ; hwen no meniij iz aded, de wnrd iz IngliJ.] 8 ie, i. ; el ; en him, j. : B. and, i. ; ae marij, j. ; al ; "'Hzito event, i. ; ar : A. tm, i. ; Imz : 01 : O water, f. ; op ; op'n ; one wiist, j. ; onda a wav, i. : UJ hwar, f. Ik i (pronsn), j. ; iniqe, inwerd,j. : Everi : Am : Oto (Mo, j. ; oliv ; om man, / : 'Vt hut, /. : Up ; un a, wun, /. SI ; jle has'n, j. ; 01 ; erle si, j. : HI ; n/1. Ya ; yq, yes, j. : Wa ; wind©. Ha; h.&ha,j.; hrag fl-om, Welf ; nlanl, denier, Welf. Pa ; pan] a roc, Spanif; pq, step, not,f. ; pqpajfy<£nyw0,y. Rar ; ran] cindum, /. ; rqr ra>, y. ; rqro rar, i. ; ror a ;•£ ezili, h weder or not he can nter de ssnd it reprezents. Hwen de leter iz a fort vsel or a consonant, it iz convenient tui giv it a complst si]abic nam, variiij de vyelz or consonants wid hwicj it iz conjomd, in order dat de namz for de several sinz ma be perfectli distnjct. In de tab'lz ov de etnieal alfabet, pp. 127, 129, we hav darfor giv'n doz namz bj hwiq ds tips ar non in de Bq,t fonetic printin ofisez, and b\ hwiq it wil be most convenient tai spec ov dem on el oca3unz. Snm ov dez namz difer from doz U3uali giv'n in Ingland tin de leterz ov de roman alfabet ; dus, i, e, a, 0, u, hav namz giv'n dem hwiq ecsplan dar pser, ds leter t bsiij aded tui fasilitat dar pronunsiajun ; c iz cold ca, bscez ss haz no coneefnn wid ds pser ov de leter ; z iz cold za, bscez de d in zed iz superflums az a mq,rc ov distiijcjun ; k, q cud not be cold ca, 0%, becez de nam ca woz apropriated tm c, and c% iz not collected wid de pser ov q ; doz hui can not proiicms ik, qq, ma darfor eel dem ic, gi[. We cjoz dr fer r, in preferens tui celii) it qr, becez meni Inglijmen, bein unab'l tui pron^ns r, qr apt tm mac no distincfun in spec; bstwsn q and qr, and dis wud hav cezd a confu3un bstwsn q and r, had ds nam qr bsn rstand fer r ; no con- fil3un can aqz bstwsn a and dr, bscez ov ds diferens in ds vyel cwoliti. 3e nam ov m haz bsn ganjd from em tm am, bscez ds gratest trub'l haz hidertm bsn felt in printii) ofisez in distingwifin bstwsn de em, en namz ov de leterz m, n, (namz hwicj, fer tecnical rez'nz, hav tm be veri frecwentli rspeted b\ compoziturz,) insomuc dat ds most ludicrus distincfunz qr mad in meni ofisez, m bsiij celd " Moli em," and n " Nansi en ;" hwards am, en can never bs confuzd. R secunderi nam in italics ma of'n be frmd in ds lqst columz ov pp. 127, 129 ; dis secunderi nam iz espejali fer IrjgliJ printirj ofisez. We can not jenerali ecspect an IrjgliJ compozitnr tiu 132 Mod ov Printiy tie Egzqmp'lz. § 35, m\ 3. proirens it, 6, it, 6, and Iie wud probabli confuz e wid ur ; but &z namz tra-dot ut, tra-dot ot, wun-dot ut, wun-dot ot, tra-dot et, Jo him d£ rsla- Jun hwig ds /em^ ii, 6, ii, 6, e, bar tin &£ /©mz ov u, o, e, wid liwig lis iz elredi familyer. Similer namz ma bs giv'n tin doz leterz ov ds complst alfabet hwic, dm not ocur hsr. clus, e ma bs bqrd at, % sercumflecst it, i Jert it, " a " log " a," d lor) a£, o turnd sercumflecst ot, and so on. § 36. EGZiMP'LZ OV E1NICAL SPELIW. We prosed tm giv numerus egzqmp'lz ov ds pser furnift us h\ &z prs- sEdirj alfabet tm egzibit ds pronunsiajun ov laijgwejez spoc'n h\ meni najunz, dus vindicatir) its rjt tm d£ apelajun "etnical." In printirj dsz egzqmp'lz, we Jal, in everi cas hw'ar practical)'!, giv d£ orijinal spelirj fer laijgwejez hwic; uz d£ roman alfabet, and a simbolical tran- scripjun ov ds orijinal spelirj in uder casez. clis orijinal, er transcribd speliij, wil olwaz bs printed in italics, and ds pronunsiajun ov ec, wurd, acerdin tm ds etnical alfabet, wil bs plast imsdyetli undernst it. In a fut-not wil b£ furnijt a verbal translajun, in d£ order ov ds orijinal. Tm fasilitat referens from d£ verbal translajun tui ds orijinal, ds ljnz ov d£ orijinal wil b£ numberd, and corespondirj numberz inserted in ds translajun ; hwen several IrjgliJ wurdz ar rscwjrd tm translat wun ov d£ foren larjgwej, ds IrjgliJ wurdz wil b£ mrjted bj hjfenz ; hwen d£ verbal order in d£ foren larjgwej iz diferent from dz IrjgliJ, dE IrjgliJ order wil b£ indicated bj smel figurz plast at d£ bsginin ov ecj wurd er grrap ov wurdz; doz wurdz hwic,, eldo contand in ds orijinal, qr not recwjrd in ds IrjgliJ translajun, qr inclozd in parentessz ( ) ; doz wurdz hwicj ar aded in d£ IijgliJ, tra complet ds IrjgliJ sens, qr inclozd in brac- ets [ ] ; and hwen ds verbal translajun iz so turoli un-lrjglij az tm recwjr an ecsplanajun, d£ wurdz tm b£ ecspland qr printed in italics, and d£ ecsplanajun iz subjerad in a porentesis. Bj d£z m£nz, it iz prEzumd dat d£ msr IrjgliJ rsder ma acwjr sum nojun ov d£ gramatical msnirj ov everi foren wurd dat ocurz. R fr£ translajun, hwicj iz apended hwen neseseri, wil serv tm enl|t'n him az tm d£ jeneral sens ov ds pasej. Properli spEcirj, we et not tra hav furnijt eni egzqmp'lz ov ded larj- gwejez, but ds Sanscrit, Gr£c, Latin, Gotic, and Arjglo-Sacsun qr ov sue; etimolojical impertans tra d£ IrjgliJ larjgwej, dat we tet it m:jt bs qsfial tra giv sum ov d£ conjecturz dat hav bsn stqrted consernirj d£ mod in hwicj da war prousnst. 3x interest atdcjt tra ds HEbrra larjgwej, az ds orijinal larjgwej ov ds Old Testament, haz wad wid us in admitiij it amiirj d£ § 3G, nr. 1. EgzqmjpHz — Sanscrit. 133 rest. Hwen, hsever, it iz recolected dat we hav ds gratest dificulti in aqvirj at an ^dsa ov ds pronunsiajun ov Wiclif, ©eser, Xacsper, — na, hwen we ev'n no dat ds pronunsiajun ov Pop and Adisun iz not properli understud at &z prezent da, it iz evident dat dsz conjecturz must bs veri unserten, and da must, darfor, not bs tac'n fer mor dan da qr wurt. els Jert notis pixficst tui zq egzqmp'l wil ecsplan de parti cujerz fer ec; individual larjgwej. 3.z sorsez from hwi(j ds pronunsiajun ov eni laijgwej haz bsn dsrjvd, qr elwaz carfuli stated. 1. Sanscrit. 5.z veuerab'l laijgwej ov India, &z eldest sister ov ddt numerus farnili, ds Sanscrit, Zend, Grsc, Latin, Slavonic, Gotic, from hwic; sprin most ov dg prezent laijgwejez ov Rfia and ov "Urup, haz Ion ben a ded laijgwej, onli studid \>l &z Brqminz, az ds rspdsituri ov el dar sacred lez, and in dsz later tjmz b| UropEan filolojists, az ds cs tui ds etimoloji ov ds Indo-Jermanic laijgwejez. It iz, ov cars, tui bs supozd dat ds pronunsiajun liwiq ds Brqminz giv it, iz not prss^sli ds sam az ddt hwic; it rsssvd from doz hui spoc it az dar muder tun. We tiijc, hsever, dat d£ fonetic construe Jun ov ds alfabet, and its rsrnqrcab'l lez ov ufoni, als us tm aqv wid grat ser- tenti at ds orijinal ssnd ov everi simbul in ds alfabet. In paj 56, not 9, ws gav ds Sanscrit alfabet in ds simbulz ov sr complst alfabet ; ws n$ prszent it az ws wud transcr|b it intm sr etnical simbulz, a transcripjun liwiq wud bs at wuns simbolical and fonetic ; and in an ajemin colum we plas ds valqz comunli as£nd at ds prezent da tui ds Sanscrit leterz, so fqr az ws hav bsn ab'l tui dsdqs dem from biacs. Modem Pronuiisia fun . Conjectural Restorafun. a q, i e, u za ; V 'V, 7 "I; ai qi, au qu ; ii ft ; c ch, g gh, y; c j qK 91 9) h > »;; t th, d d/i, n ; t ih, d dh, n; p p/t, b bh, m ; y r I w; k f s h. 3e leter % iz probabli not \vs pronsnst hwen fjnal. We hav uzd a roman "t, d, n," amun italic, and an italic " t, d, n" amurj roman leterz, tui indicat &z serebralz (§ 18, p. 53, § 19, nr. 4, p. 55), az bsin szier tui d£ printer dan under-doted tjps. It wiad bs a grat gan tm etimoloji, u q,, 1 8, U TH; ri re, lri Ire ; a J, Q 7J ; m ('1 c ch, g gh, lj; S gh, j jh, uj; t t\\, d dh, 71 ; t U), (1 (111, 11; P ph, b bli, m ; y r 1 V ;■ / ! s h. !34 Egzqmplz— Sanscrit. § 36, nr. 1. if Bops Sanscrit Gramer and Gloseri, and wun er tm ov hiz sdifunz ov Sanscrit poemz, wer transcqbd intra ds fonetic simbulz we liav propozd. Meni persunz wiad wilirjli lern sum Sanscrit, fer ds sac ov its etimolojical conecfun wid ds Uropsan kojgwejez, hra qr scard and cept bac h\ ds real dificultiz ov ds Sanscrit caracterz, hwiq qr not onli ov trub'lsum fermajun fer sr penz, but qr elso so variab'l in dar Jap under diferent sercum- stansez, az tm render laborius hwot must be uderw^z an ezi tqsc, — lernin tm red in acerdans wid a strictli fonetic alfabet. els pozijun ov de acsent duz not ssm tm bs dstermind h\ ds Sanscrit notajun; at eni rat ds us ov ds Sanscrit mqrc ov acsent haz not bm tiiroli investigated, and it iz comunli omited in printed bucs ; we hav darfor not ben ab'l tm supl| it in ds foloin egzqmp'l, hwic; contanz ten ljnz from an episod in ddt jjgantic epic, Mahq-bhqrata. We hav egzibited de tecst acerdin tm Bop, and hav translated ds verbal translajun from ds verbal Latin translajun hwic, lis haz furnijt. 3s italic ljn givz ds tecst az ws wij tm ss it printed and pronsnst fer ds purpusez ov etimoloji ; ds roman \[\s. egzibits hwot ws bslsv tm bs ds curent Indian pronunsiajun. 3s wurdz qr not seperated in Sanscrit, but ws adopt Bops seperajun, fer ds fasilitajun ov etimoloji ; hwen a wurd endz wid y and ds necst wurd bsginz wid a vsel, ds y iz red az pqrt ov ds necst wurd. Tm avod con- fil3im in ds ecsprejun ov ds nazal v^elz, a iz restord in ds combinafun an, hwiq rqder aprocjez ds etnical on dan ds etnical an. 3is distiucfun wiad ov cors bs unneseseri in Sanscrit wurcs simbolicali transcribd, az it mjt bs ecspland, wuns fer el, dat an iz rit'n fer an. From Nalus. Bwc 9, Sloca 25—29, Bops edifun.O (1) tatah sq wqfpacalayq icqcjq duflchaina carfitq tutu sq vqjpuculuyq vqqq dmchanu cuijitq (2) uwqcja damayante tan nqifadhay caruna?i wacjah uvqCjU dumuyunts tun njjudhurj cura^um vucu (3) udwaipatai mai, Jirdayan ssdanty aygqni sarwakah ladvaputa ma hriduyum ssdunty uijgqni survuju 1. Verbal Translaftm, (qfter Bops verbal Latin.) — (1) clen Je, wid-a-ter-oprest vers, 2 bj-gref Hed, (2) sed, Damaydnte, tra-him, Ncdjadbus, a-ldmentab'l specj ; (3) 3 Tremb'lz 2 ov-me 1 d:e-hqrt, 2 wider-awa ^dej-limz el-tuigeder, §36, nr. 1. Egzqmjj'lz — Sanscrit. 135 (4) taioa(~) pqrthhca saycalpanj cjintayantyqfi punati tuvu pqrthivu suijculpunj cjmtuyimtyq puuu pumu (5) tirtarqgjyaii lirtadrawyeul wiwastray cfutt'rfeinwiteun hriturqjyum hritudruvyum vivustruij cfiattrijqnvitum (6) catham uts'rgjya geicjcjJiaiyam ahan twqn nirgjanai waned cuthuin latsrijyu gucjcjkayurn uhun tvqn nirjuna vuma (7) krqpdasya tai cfud/icp'tasya cfintayqnasya tat sucham Jrqutusyu ta cfiadhqrtusyu qiiituyqnusyu tut siaclium (8) wanai ghaurai mahqrqgja nqkayifyqmy ahay clamant vima ghora mukqrqju nqjuyijyqmy uhui) ckimum (9) nacja b/icp'yqsamag cinjejid zoidyatai bhijagjqm matam nucju bhqryqsumui) cinjgid vidyuta bhifajqm mutum (10) qufadhan sarivaduhcJiaifu satyam aitad brawemi tai. sjudhum survuduichaju sutyum atud bruvsmi ta. Fre Tramhfun. r 2 a-cav hvs-se ner [de]-se (3) Lofti 2 [wid]-lorelz ^uverd- over : hwar agen nieni (4) Floes, 2 jep ] bot and gats, pqst-de-njt ; 2 el-rand a agen 2 pen (5) x [A]-lofti woz band (woz bilt) 2 let-intai-ds-gr^nd Hvid-stonz (6) 2 [wid]-tel 'and j^n- ixtz, and 2 ocs 1 [wid] -lofti-levd (7) 3av agen 'man ^ojrz ' [a]-monstrus, hm inded olso ^locs 138 Mgzqmflz—Bnfent Grec. § 36, nr. (8) oios(*) poimainescen apoproten : onde met' dllous (8) oos perniqjnescen apoproten : sde met alss (E) dios poiniainescen apropoten : made met almas (M) cos pemenescen apoproten : mete met alms (9) poleit, all' apdneuten eon atemistia eide. (S) poljt, al apanrtten eon atemistia ede (R) poljt, al apaneiaten eon atemistia aida (M) pokt, al apaneften eon atemistia eds (10) cai gar taum' etetucto pelorion : oude eoicei (S) ccti gar tern etetucto pelorion : tfdi eoc^ (R) cai qar taiam etetiacto pelorion : made eoicni (M) ca qqr tavm-eteticto pelorion : aide eoci (11) andri ye sitofdgoi, alia lirioi hideenti (S) andri-gi sjtofago, dlci-rio hiilienti (R) andri-ge setofagoyaldrhrioyuikenti (M) andri-ye sitofaqo, alcx reo elienti (12) hupselon or eon, Ii6,te fainetai own ap' dllon. (8) hupselon orion, hote fainetai eron ap alon. (R) hiapsalon oreon, ote fainetai oion ap alon. (M) ipselon oreon ote fanete eon ap alon. Sitiebiz {Sotheby's) Fre Translafuu. Sum de ner for we rect, dar fond a cav Clos on de mqrjin ov de biloi wav, Or buiz bj rraf de lorelz street dar /ad, Hwjl jep and gots dar floct in slumber lad — Bilt ov bun stonz a cort enclozd it rend, Wid loftiest pjnz and ocs jjgantic crsnd. 3ar dwelt a monstrus form, hui lonli fed Hiz floes hwar fqr remot de pqstqrz spred. He jeend not uderz, but from el apart Held coimrn wid biz on inhuman hqrt ; Not man biz form, but ljc a wud-gert crest Ov sum huj roc dat tserz abuv de rest, Lon in its vqstnes. 5. Verbal Translafun, contin%d. — (8) 3 S6literi Hendz [and]-apqrt, neder 2 wid 3 uderz (9) ^az-intercors, but 2 afqr-of T beirj 4 unlefial-tinz *ny, (meditated) (10) Ya fer Vunder 1 [be] -woz-created 2 [a] -monstrus, neder woz- [be] -ljc (11) 2 Man 3 at-lest Hui- [a] -bwet-etin, but 2 sumit Hui-[a]-wudi (12) Ov-lofti myntenz, hwic, aperz alon [and awa]-from uderz. 36, nr. 3. Egzq.ni/lz — Modem Qrec. 139 3. Modem Grec. We studid de proiiunsiajun ov modern Grec, in Koni, from Patros Matrdngos, den (1840,) vis-rectur ov de Grec Colej, (sins suprest,) from liuim we had a seriez ov lesunz in proiiunsiajun onli. Az de rrnlz ov modern Grec pronunsiajun or veri strict, so dat de ssndz can be dediist imedyetli from de rit'n form, we belev dat de fdloii) spesimen ma be tdlerabli wel depended upon. cEe dificulti ov modern Grec ertografi aqzez from de grat varjeti ov modz hwic, egzist for ecspresin de sam s^nd ; dis, lrsever, iz a dificulti tiu de rjter onli, for, (az in de Irene] larjgwej,) de sam combinajun ov simbulz jenerali reprezents de sam ssnd, under de sam ser- cumstansez. cEe pasej sjted iz a defens ov de modern Grec pronunsiajun, h\ wun ov de most elocwent ov modern Grec rjterz, de venerab'l Corae. It iz tui be obzervd dat we nz q insted ov >tr, for de modern Grec soft trild and gutural pronunsiajun ov de terd leter in de alfabet. Az de modern Grecs uz de anfent Grec alfabet, de simbolical transcripjun wil be de sam az in de last egzqmp'l. cLe foloir) rudz wil enab'l de reder tin determin de pronunsiajun ov eni modern Grec wurd from its simbolical ertografi : (a, e, i, o, u,) hwen loi), =#, a, s, o, s ; liwen Jort, = a, e, i, o, i. (ai, si, oi, s, o)=q, s, o, s, o, on el ocagunz. (ei, oi, ui)=s on el oca3imz. (ai)=d. (ou)=2it. (au, eu, su)=qf, ef, sf, befor mut and hwisperd consonants, but uderw^z = av, ev, eii. cle leterz (if, if) qr uzd insted ov (i, u), tui Jo dat da dm not ferm combina- Junz wid de presedhj vselz ; so dat (ai, au) qr tui be pronsnst ai, ai, insted ov a, av, az (ai, au) wiad be pron^nst. (z, t, I, m, cs, r, s,f, k, pi) hav elwaz dar etnical valuz. In sum parts ov Gres, Wever, (c) iz pronsnst cj, er ev'n g befor palatal vselz. (b)—v, (d)=c£. (g)=q, jq, er rq,der dr, befor non-palatal vselz, and =.y befor palatal v?relz. But de combinajunz (gg, gc, gcs)=yg, yg, yes, and (gk)=yk. (c)=c in jeneral ; but =g qfter (n) er (g), de presedirj (n) er (g) beirj den pronsnst y. In Gresizin foren wurdz, (gc) iz uzd inifali fer de ssnd g. (n)=.n, jenerali; but befor de ssndz c, g, h, q, it iz pronsnst y. It iz ciistumeri in rjtiij tui qanj (n) intui (g) on sue, oca3iinz, ecsept hwen it 140 Ugzqmp'lz— Modem Grec. . §36, nr. 3. endz a wurd; dus, (ton caldn)=ton galdn. Befor an inifal (p) in cte foloin wurd, (n)=m, d£ (p) beii) den pronsnst b. (p)= p, jenerali; but it iz pron^nst b qfter ra, er after a fjnal »; dus, (ton polemon)=tom bolemon. cLz combinajun (mp) iz uzd fer ds ssnd b in Grssjzii) foren wurdz; dus, (Mpauardzoi, J3itmpreddios)= Bqvarqzi, Vitbreqdios, m£nin Bavarianz, Hwitbred. (hr) iz pron^nst az r ; d£ (h) iz never pronsnst on eni ocagun, eldo elwaz rit'n. (t)=t, jenerali. Hvven prcseded h\ (n)=d, dus, (to6nti) = todndi ; (nt) iz uzd inifali fer ds ssnd ov d in Gr£sizirj foren wurdz. cIe combinajunz (ts, tz)=g. It iz evident from dis acsnt, dat de Grec langwej iz fctr from bsir) spelt foneticali ; and, in consecwens, grsvus erurz ov spelin ma be ecspected on ds pqrt ov de ignorant, (5) Quem(} ) plds -ilia ocnlis sins amdbat. (8) Cwem plus ila ocuiis suis amabat. (E) Cvan pluus il* ocuks sues cimqbat. (E) Cuen pirns ilia ocuks su-£s ainqbat. (I) Cuem pluus ilia ocuks sui£s amqbat. (6) Nam mellitus erat, suamque norat (8) Nam meatus Erat, sndmcwi norat (E) Non mektus erat, sudncve norat (E) Non melktus erat, su-dncue norat (I) Nam melktus erat, su-dmcue norat (7) Ipsam tarn bene quam puella mdtrern^ (8) Ipsam tarn bsni cwam puela matrem, (E) Ipson ton bene cvoii puela mqtran, (E) Ipson ton bene cuoii pu-ella mqtren, (I) Ipsam tarn bane cuam pu-ella mq,trem, (8) Nee sese a gremio illius movebat, (8) Nee ses£ a gremio ilius movebat, (E) Nee sas* a gremr ilius movabat, (E) Nee sase ci gremio illius movabat, (I) Nee sase q gramio illius movabat, (9) Sed circmnsiliens modo hue, modo Hide, (8) Sed sercumsilienz modo hue, modo iluc, (E) Sed circunsiliens mod 1 uc, mod* iluc, (E) Sed cjircunsiliens modo me, modo illmc, (I) Sed g£rcums£liens medo me, medo iliuic, (10) Ad solam dominam usque pipildbat, (8) Ad solam dominam uscwi pipilabat, (E) Ad salon domnr uscve pgpilqbat. (E) Ad solon dominon uscue pepilqbat, (I) Ad solam dominam uscue pEpilqbat, (11) Qui nunc it per iter tenebricosum, (8) Cwj mnjc it per iter tenebricosmn, (E) Cv£ nurjc it per iter tenebricosun, (E) Cue nuijc it per iter teneb-ricosun, (I) Cu£ nunc it par £ter tenabricozum, 10. Verbal TransUJun, continy,d. — (5) ^uim ^lor 2 je 5 [dan] 7 jz 6 her ^st-tra-luv. (6) Fer hunid woz-[he], and-hiz n% (7) Herself (and mi hiz mistres) az wel az [de]- gerl [her]-muder, (8) Ner %imself ^om 4 [de]-lap 5 ov-her ^st-flisj-tm-miuv, (9) But hopirj-arind, ves hider, ny dider, (10) Tw 2 alon J [hiz] -mistres ehvaz pjpt. (11) Hux irs goz triu 2 wa 1 [de]-dqvcsum, 11 146 Egzqmp'lz — Latin. § 36, nr. 4. (12) IlMc,(} 1 ) unde negant redire quenquam. (8) Hue, imdi negant rid^ri cweijcwam. (E) Iliac, unde negant redere everjevon (E) Illuic, unde negant redere cuerjeuon (I) Illrac, unde nagant redsre cueijcuam. (13) At vobis male sit, mala tenebrce (8) At vobis mali sit, mali tenebrs (E) At vobis male sit, malai tenebrai (E) At vobes male sit, malai teneb-rai (I) At vobes mqle sit, mqla tenabra (14) Orci, qua omnia bella devordtis, (8) OrsJ, cwe omnia bela devoratis, (E) Ores, cv omnia bela davorq,tis, (E) Orcjs, cms omnia bella davorqtis, (I) Orqi, cue omnia bella davorqtis, (15) Tarn helium mihi passerem abstulistis ! (8) Tarn belum mjj paserem abstulistis ! (E) Ton belun mihi paser abstulsstis ! (E) Ton bellun mii passeren abstulsstis I (I) Tarn belham mei passerem abstulestis ! (16) " factum male ! 6 miselle passer ! (8) O factum mali ! o miseli paser ! (E) O factun male ! o misele paser ! (E) O factun male ! o miselle passer ! (I) O factum mq,le ! o miselle passer ! (1 7) Tud nunc opera mece puellce (8) Tua nmjc opera mss puek (E) Tmq nunc operq medi puelai (E) Tuq nunc operq medi pu-ellai (I) Tuia nunc opera maa pu-ella (18) Flendo turgiduli rubent ocelli. (8) Elendo turjidqlj ruibent oselj. (E) Hendo turgiduls rubant ocele. (E) Flando tiargji dials rubant ocjells. (I) Elendo turjsduli rrabent oqelli. 11. Verbal Translafun, contin%d. — (12) clider, hwens [da]-den| tm return eni wun (dat eni-wun retumz). (13) But tra-n il be- [it], il /adz (14) Ov-hel, dat 2 el 3far- [tiijz] ^evxr, (15) x So 2 far 5 from-m8 3 [a]-spctro 4 hav-[y8]-snagt. (16) O dun il! o mizerab'l-lit'l sparo! (17) Fer-dj 2 ny ^ac mj gerlz (18) 3 Bj-wepig 2 rcider-swol'u § 36, nrr. 4, 5. Egzqinp'lz — Latin, Italy an. 147 Fre Translafun. Wep j o ys Venusez and Luvz ! 01 beinz ov a grasful mold ! 3s sparo ov mj lav iz ded j M| lavz del|t, her favrit berd, Hram Je luvd derer dan her |z : Fer swst he woz, and nil hiz dam Az wel az Je her muder nu. ; He never wonderd from her lap ; But hopirj rand, ns her, n^ dar, Tra her and her olon he pjpt. And its he goz ddt dqrcsum wa, Hwens nun return tui ljt agen. Aciirst be ye ! ye cursed Jadz Ov 0rcus ! bau ov el dat"s far ! So swet a sparo hav ye ravi/t. O ded ov wo ; Unhdpi berd j For dj der sac mj luvz brjt jz Swel up and red'n wid her terz. 5. Italy an. We Jal her uz ds sani syi fer d£ bref and stopt vselz strictli, becez tte pozijun ov consonants ckrli pemts st hwen a vsel iz brsf and hwen it iz stopt. cEus, i vvil reprezent d£ bixf and de stopt i ov ds complet alfabet ; a wil be de brsf and stopt a ov de complet alfabet ; and so on. We Jal uz g, o fer d£ Ion Italyan (o ajperto, o chiusd), and o, o fer ds brsf and stopt ssndz ov ds sam vselz. If we wer mErli introdusiij a fu Italyan wurdz amun sum fonetic Inglif, we Jud not adopt dis mod ov reprszentin bot d£ bi'Ef and stopt vselz h\ ds sam caracter, az it mjt led tui meni grsvus mispronunsiajunz ; dus, posssbile mjt b£ pronynst az if rit'n posebile in ds complEt alfabet ; d£ notajun possebela wild bs a beter gjd tui msr IngliJ rsderz. 5e etnical alfabet snpozez a lit'l mor nolej. We hav not distiijgwijt d£ href ssnd ov a from ddt ov d, simpli bEcez w£ hav not ben ab'l tui obzerv d£ diferens in spoc'n Italyan. If it r£ali egzists, den d£ leter e must b£ introdiist tm mqrc d£ br£f and stopt ssnd ov a. It iz serten dat ds dicjuneriz diii distingwif d£z tui stopt odji, and not uggezo, ojji, ner ucgezo, ogji. Similerli (zz)=tts er . 3e Uropean alfabet apljd tm HJiatic langwejez. It iz cler dat dis diversiti [ov HJiatic alfabets] iz a material obstac'l tui de inter- comirnicajunz ov mjnd, and consecwentli tm de difu^un ov nolej, tra de progres ov sivib;- zajun ; and it egzists, tiii, widst eni reznab'l motiv ; for if, az iz de fact, de mecaniz'm ov spec, iz de sam for el dez najunz, ? hwot u,s er rez'n iz dar in reprezentirj it bj sue, diferent sistemz. If de mod'l iz wun, 1 hwj Jud not its copiz prezent de sam imiti-; and hwot an imens advqntej it wud be fer de banian ras, if el de individuate ov diferent najunz wer ab'l tra bold convers wid wun amider bj menz ov de sam laggwej ! Ns de ferst step tordz dis egzelted end iz, tin bav wun sing'l universal alfabet. 9. Gotic. Sis iz etc oldest laggwej ov cts Jerman stem hwiq haz cum dsn tui us. It ssmz tin bsldrj tra cts Hj Jerman sistem ov langwejez, eldo it iz not de direct parent ov ds old H£ Jerman langwej. 3e qsf Gotic wurc hwiq haz reqt sr t|m iz a translajun ov porfunz ov cts B.jb'l, mad h\ Bijup Ulfilas tordz cte mid'l er end ov de fort senturi after Ci-jst; Llfilas iz elso jenerali supozd tra hav invented de cdfabet in hwiq it iz rit'n. Most if not el ov etc Gotic leterz qr tac 'n from cts Latin and Grec alfabets az tra ferm, eldo dar significajun iz ocagunali qanjd. It iz supozd dat at lest wun leter iz Eranic. cEe alfabet consists ov twenti-fjv leterz, hwiq, acerdiij tra de 19. Verbal Transhfun, continqd. — (7) sistemz so diferent. If de model iz wun, ffer- hwot (hwj) its copiz (8) not Jud-hav-da a-step (at-el) de sam ujriti ; and hwot [an] imens advqntej fer (9) de 2 ras ^urnon if ov (from) pep'l tm pep'l, el de individuals cud (10) (demselvz) comimicat bj-menz-ov a (de) sam larjgwcj ! N^r, de ferst step tordz dis (11) 2 am 1 lofti, iz vmn sol and sam (wun and de sam) alfabet. 158 Egzqmplz— Gotic. § 36, nr. 9. transcripjun uzd bj Gqbelents and Lobe, in dar sdijuii ov de Gotic Testament, (uzin sr t fer dar J>, az a mor convenient tjp,) op az foloz, ds subjond leterz givin ds pronunsiajun : (a, b, g, d, e, q, z, h, t, i i, k, I, m, n, j, u, p, r, s, t, v, f, x, to, o ;) a, b, g, d, a, cw, z, k, t, i, c, 1, m, n, y, wxvl, p, r, s, t, v, f, k, hw, o. It iz neseseri tui consider sum ov dsz leterz in dstal. (a) iz elwaz iizd for ds Jert a in Gotic ; it iz jenerali brsf 5 but iz capab'l ov bsiij stopt h\ (s, z, h)=s, z, k ; (o)=q iz uzd az ds Ion \sel ov (a), (i) er (t) iz olso jenerali Jert i, and (ei) iz uzd az its Ion vsel. 3s form («) woz uzd at ds bsginii) ov wurdz onli. (u) iz uzd sder Ion or fort for m er u. (e) iz elwaz Ion and =&. (o) iz elwaz Ion and =o. (y) hwiq duz not ocur in ds alfabet, iz uzd in sum Grsc wurdz in ds Grsc iipsilon, and ma liav bsn pronsnst e er it. (ai) iz a djgraf ; it indicats a vsel ov de s clcis, but nsrer tui a dan a iz ; it must darfor be a, e. It iz uzd fer ds Grsc epsilon. (au) iz elso a djgraf, and dsnots a vsel ov ds w clas liwic, iz nsrer tui a dan o iz ; it iz darfor o, o. (ei) If we aplj ds sam prinsip'l tui d£ evolujun ov dis s^nd az we uzd fer ds prsssdin djgrafs, den it iz clsr dat it Jud reprszent a vsel ov ds a caracter, but nsrer e dan a, and dis ciad bs nun uder dan ds PoliJ i. els Gotic den had no loij pur e, but substituted i fer it. {ifi) On ds sam prinsip'l az bsfor, dis Jiad reprszent a vsel ov ds s clcis aprdcsimated tui w, er ov ds iu clcis aprdcsimated tui f ; it must darfor hav bsn ii, and ds us ov (y) in Grsc wurdz ma hav bsn from sum eti- molojical fslin, er bscez in Ulfilasez tjm ds modern Grsc pronunsiajun s prsvald. R diftoijgal pronunsiajun suq az i, ?/, fer (ei, iu) iz clsrli inadmisib'l. (g) bsfor a guturul consonant woz pronsnst az y, dus gg=y er yg. (h) clar qr sum dsts az tui ds pronunsiajun ov dis leter ; hwen fjnal it ssmz tui hav bsn k, but ds d#t iz hweder it woz elwaz so hwen inijal. In ds not unfrscwent combinajunz (M, hr, lim, hn) it ma hav bsn ds sam az sr %, and hav indicated ds hwisperin ov dsz licwidz. It iz, hsever, safest tui asum dat it woz k, sv'n in dsz casez, az an espejal sjn. apsrz tui hav bsn invented fer %w. (x) onli ocurz in ds wurdz (xristus, pasxa, zaxarias, axaja,) ets., cinseriij tui ds Grsc (hristos, pasha, Zalmrias, Akaia,) and woz darfor probabli pron^nst az k. § 36, nr. 9. Egzqmtflz — Gotic. 159 (v) woz probabli &e Jerman c, rq,der dun sr v, bccez ds Latiuz semd unab'l tiu ecspres it bj #, and bscez ds Latin b bscam v in Gotic. We tirjc ctat it must hav bsn nnit at t^mz ; fer egzqmp'l, in {siggvs)=s'ujs (?). (q) woz Ecter c, in disthjcfun tm cj, (clz ds Latin (\ no menz imposib'l tra sa tolstan, wretan. cle leterz (]> <5) wer pronsnst f ti. Mug confi^mi iz fsnd in dar us h\ diferent rjterz, and it iz dificult tra asert pozitivli hwic, woz hwiq. Stil, we belev dat de ferst woz t and de secund ck ; becez de secund s^n iz evidentli derjvd from d, and de ferm ov de ferst s|n iz de sam az dat ws uzd in felandic, hwar it iz elwaz proirsnst t. Az a spesimen, we furni/ hwot iz supozd tra be de jenuj.ii old Sacsun ov Caclmon, in tui fermz, az giv'n on paj xxii ov Mr. r Ierps (Thorpe's) earful edijun ov Cadmonz metrical parafraz ov de Old Testament. 3ar iz a grat diferens ov speliij, but we dst hweder dar woz muq real diferens ov pronunsiajim, az wil be sen bj comparin de pronunsiajun hwic; we hav asjnd tui eq yer/un. § 36, nr. 11. Egzqmplz — Ayglo-Sacsun. 165 Tui prevent misconsep/un, we must agen stat, ctat ctis prouuiisiajuii iz onli giv'n az conjectural, and iz racier practical clan strictli fonetic. We hav not yet cte menz ov restoriij cte Aijglo-Sacsun prouunsiajun in fill, but we qr ab'l tui restor it sufifentli for cte purpusez ov etiinoloji, hwiq iz rqcter consernd wict grmps ov vselz and consonants ctan wict minut modificajunz and Jadz ov ssnd. From (Cadmon.) p*) Badqz er Bedz Echziastical Histori. F (Cadmon.) ( 2t ) rom a manuscript at £lj. (1) nu we sceolan lierian. niu wa scja'lan harian (1) mi scylun hergan. nm sciilian hargjaii (2) heofon-rices weard. ha'von-reees wa'rd (2) he/an ricaes nard. havan recas wqrd (3) metodes milite. mat odes mikte (3) metudaes maecti. matiadas makti (4) and his mod-get one. and his mod-getoijc W end his mbd-gidanc. end his mod-giddnc (5) wera wuldor-fceder. warn wialdor-fader (5) uerc-uuldnr fadur. werc-wuldiar fqdur (6) sica he wundra gehwees. swq, ha wundra gehwds (6) sue lie wundra gihuaes. swa ha wundra gihwds (7) ece dry Men. ace driikten (?) eci dryctin. aci driiktin (8) oord onstealde. ord onsta'lde. (8) or astelidce. or astalida. (9) (10) he arest gesceojj. ha arest gescja'p eordan beamum. a'rdon ba'rniam (9) (10) he aerist scop. ha arest scjop aelda bar num. alda bqraiam (11) heofon to lirqfe. ha'von to brave (11) heben til hrofe. haven til hrovc 24. Verbal TransUfun. — (1) Ns we ar-b*nd-tui praz, (2) hev'nz-cindumz roerd (gctrdian) (3) (de)-createrz mjt, (4) and hiz mmd-tet (providens), (5) menz glori-fader, [acerdit) tui is Eli verfv.n, warc-glori fqd-er] (6) az (hs) he ov-wunderz ec, (7) eternal lord, (8) beginin instituted. (9) He ferst created (10) 2 erts ] fer- 3 gildi-en [acerdig tut is Sli re,-f», r-ov-ott 'for-^ildrcnl (11) hev'nz for [a]-rmi, (12) holi creater ! 166 Egzqmp'lz — drjglo-Sacsun, Bug. § 36, nrr. 11, 12. (12) halig scyppend.( 25 ) hqliq scj upend (12) halig scepenS^) hqliq scjapen (13) ta middangeard. tq midan-gja'rd (13) ta middungeard. tq midun-gja'rd (14) money nnes weard. mon-ciines wa'rd (14) mon-cynnces uard. mon-cunas wqrd (15) ece dryhten. ace driikten (15) eci dryctin. aci driiktin (16) after teode. after ta'de (16) cefter tiadce. after te'da (17) firimi foldau. feram foldan (17) fwiim fold. feram fold (18) frea celmihtig. fraq, almiktiq (18) frea allmectlg. fraq almektiq Frs Tra Ns qx we bimd tiu praz 3.E ceper ov hev'nz cirjdum, 3e grat createrz mjt, And el hiz providens. Hs he, manz glorius fader, Ov everi wundrus tirj (He iz de Lerd eternal !) Did de beginirj ferm. And ferstli den he frarnd, nshfun. Fer us de sunz ov ert, ) elwaz reprezents de heir Jest gutural k, and (sck)=sk. 3e leter (g) iz elwaz de hen-Jest gutural 'q. cTe leter (j)=g, but in de combinajun (ij) hwic, iz ns uzd hwar (y) woz fermerli rit'n, it iz onli an egzilieri sjn, fer (ij) iz indistnjgwijab'l from de IijgliJ difton %. cIe leter (k) elwaz = c, (qu)=cv, (w)=v, (x)=cs, (y) hwen uzd ==|. 168 Egzqmplz—Dug. § 36, nr. 12. 3e prezens ov v in adijun tra v in dis langwej obljjez us tra. uz de proper sp fer v, and not tra confuiz it wid v. cTe fdloirj pasej from Bilderdjc iz cwoted from ds prefes tui Bozwurts Arjglo-Sacsun Dicjuneri, p. cix. We hav elterd (in meedeelt) in ds terd ljn intra (mededeelt), in deferens tra de translajun hwiq he givz ; dar semd tra bs a misprint. Bllderdijk. De dieren. ( 26 ) Bilderdjc. De dsren. (1) vloeibaar IrfaiiJcen, waar, met d' adem uitgegoten O vliaibq,r claijcen, vqr met d' q,dem oit-qeqoten (2) De ziel (cds Godlijk Held, in stralen afgesclwten,) De zel (als Godljc likt, in stralen af-geskoten,) (3) Zicli-zelve mededeelt! Meer dan Held of melodij ; Zik-zelve made-dalt ! Mar dan likt of malodj ; (4) Maar schepsel van H gevoel, in de engste harmonij Mqr skepsel van *t gevral, in d" erjste harmonj (5) Die H stqfloos met liet stof vereenigt en vermengelt ! Ds *t stoflos met het stof veraniqt en vermeijelt ! (6) Door wie zicli H hart ontlast, verademt, en verengelt ! Dor V8 zik *t hqrt ontldst, verademt, en vereijelt ! (7) Gij, band der wezens ; en geen ijdel kimstgetvrocht, Q£, band der vazens ; en qan Jdel cianst-gevrokt, (8) Door arbeidzaam verstand met moeite en vlijt gezocld, Dor drbjdzqjn verstand met muit en vljt gezdkt, (9) Maar goddelijke gift, met d' ademtocht van H leven Mar qode-ljce qift, met d* ddemtokt van *t laven (10) Aan 't schepsel ingestort, zoo verr' er geesten zioeven. Sn 't skepsel in-gestort, zo ver er qasten zvaven. 26. Verbal Translajim. — Bilderdjc. 3.e Bests. (1) O licwid syndz, hwar (in hwic), 2 wid 3 de 4 bret ^ord-^t, (2) cEe sol, (az god-lje l^ct, in bemz fot-of (emanated) ), (3) Itself impqrts ! Mar dan ljt er melodi ; (4) Mer cretijr ov (de) felir), in de closest hqrmoni (5) Hiu de im-material wid (de) mater unjts and confsndz ! (6) Txui hram 'itself *de 2 hqrt 3 unburd'nz, 4 spiritn,aljzez, 5 and 6 anjelisjzez ! (7) Ye, bond ov-(de) beirjz ; and no id'l wurc-ov-qrt, (8) Bj industrius intelijens wid labur and panz set--5t, (9) But godlje gift, wid de bret-drqft ov (de) l]f (10) upon de cretur pord, so far [az] dar Spirits ^uver. § 36, hit. 1:2, 13. tyzqmp'lz—Dug, Banif. L69 Frt- Translafun. O licwid ssndz, hwarih, az hcv'nli lit Zed of in bemz, ds sol, pord st in bret, Imports itself ! Mor dan mer ljt or mtizic, Cretiyz ov feliij, dat in strict acerd tie imaterial wid mater blend ! 'lnu huim de unbiird'nd hajt brcdz aujel-ljc Ye bond ov mertcilz ! not an jd'l to* Wid panful indnstri and ajt completed, But divjn gift, pord wid de brefc ov ljf On el creajun hwar a sol egzists. 13. Danif. It iz elmost usles atemtiij tui indicat de pronunsiajun ov a kqjgwej hwicj, elcto not tiu de sam ecstent az de Irjglif, iz so unfoneticali reprs- zented, az de DaniJ iz b\ its prezent speliij. 3r on ecsperiens ov DaniJ h conf(nd tui heriij 6te pronunsiajun ov a sirjg'l Dan ; and we Jud M no confidens in prezentirj eni spesimen ov DaniJ pronunsiajun on sr on etoriti. It iz darfor wid ple3ur dat we tac an opurtimiti ov transcribirj a pasej from de simbulz emplod bj Doctur Rap, (fflz. ov Sp., vol. 3, p. 256,) hui had de giad fertun tui rezjd for sum tjm in Denmqrc, and tui be a pupil ov de selebrated etimolojist Base. It wil be sufijent tui obzerv in dis plas, dat {a, e, i, u, y,) qr=#, a, e, w, u, hwen lorn and a, e, i, u, it hwen stopt ; but dat a iz veri frecwentli uzd for q, espejali in Cop'nhag'n, (er Cjovnhm, az de inhabitants eel it.) cle leter (o) iz sed tiu hav for ssnclz, o, o ; p, g. We hav frecwentli fond it veri dificult tui distingwij de g ssnd from m, in rediij. cle vsel {<%) iz aparentli mor palatal dan (e), and ma =k, e. cle vsel (e), for hwic,, in DaniJ qtiij, de cros bar projects on bot s^dz ds leter, iz sed elso tui hav for ssndz, o, b ; g, g ; but Rap, in hiz egzamp'lz, onli uzez tui, 6, 6. Tui sr erz, de pronunsiajun ov (ee), for egzcmrp'l, woz diferent from and deper dan 6. cle combinajun (aa) reprezents de simp'l \se\ e hwen loij, and o hwen stopt. It must elso he remqret, dat (ae, av, ee, oe, oe, eg, ov, uu, eg) qi' jenerali prommst q (or a), au, a, o, g, id, cm, tu, v. tie comun wm'dz, (de, mig, dig, sig, jeg) qr pronsnst de, mui, did, sui, yui, hwar ui=i veri nail. Amur) ds consonants it iz onli neseseri tui remqrc, dat (b) iz jenerali surje intui v betwen tui vselz, dat (c) beciimz 6' befor palatal v^elz, dat (d) iz frECwentli mqt, espejali after liewidz, and iz =d hwen fjnal, er betwrn vz>elz, but uderw^z =d. 3s leter g, az elredi Jon, of'n asists in Id 170 Egzqmp'lz—Danif. § 36, nr. 13. fermin diftoijz, and hwen fjnal, iz pronsnst veri softli, ( q . az q or u.) and bat de leterz (A, g) qr wec'nd, dat iz 3 bscum cj, gj bsfor palatalz. Sfc combinajun (<$/) iz suintjmz pronsnst/, a s#nd hwig uderwjz duz not ociir in ds langwej, and iz not notist bj teoretical ortoepists. 3e leter h iz not proivsnst bsfor (v) or {/). ifyw* Alddin. ( 27 ) (1) ^W /^«^ ^er sheer i verden mart for minder, Alt vqd dar scjar i varen snqrt forsvinur, (2) D£w storste Handling varer Jcun et Blmid ; Dan storste hanlin varur cian et bhm ; (3) / gamle Rimer som i gamle Minder, I gamle rumur som i gamle minnr, (4) Ben fromme Saga soger Redning kun ; Dan frome sqga sogur radnin cian ; (5) At Glemsels-Taagen ei den overvinder At glemselz-tegen ui dan ovurvinur ((*)) Maa Sagnet vtekkes, tolkes mangen Stund, Me saianut vecus, tolcus manen stian, (7) Og for nu svunde Liv tidt atforynge, Oia for nm sviane lev tit at forur/e, (8) Gud skabte Sangeren, og lod ham synge. Gmd scqbte sanuren, oia lod ham siine, Fre Translafun. Hwotar haz hap'nd, sum must pas awa ! cle gratest acjunz vanif ljc a slep ! In anient rumz, er in memorial linz, , e, i, o, it) wer q, a, a, s, o, m, hwen log, and a, a, e, i, o, v, hwen stopt. But Mr. "Iorp, from hmz wurc we ecstract ds pasej ov de Ormulmm cwoted belo, ssrnz tm ht ov a diferent opinyun. OrmEn, sez Iie, " qts (min) wid a siijg'l n, b£cez ds (i) iz Ion or dif- tdijgal, az in sv {mine)=mi?i. So elso in {kinde), pron^nst az sr {kind) • =cpid, (dom, hoc, had, lif) pronsnst az tjt (life)=lif. On d£ uder hand, hwarever d£ consonant iz dub'ld, ds vsel prEsedin iz Jert and Jqrp, az in (qett), pronsnst az sr yet, not yd, az if it iver rit'n wid a sing'l t; (Godd) pronsnst God, not God, ets. 3us, (kus) iz tm bs pronsnst Mas, hwards {tuss), wid a dub'l s, iz w ins." cEez rsmqrcs serv tm Jo dat Mr. "Ierp consider? ds vselz (a, e, i, o, u) tm hav bm a,, e, i, o, m, hwen Ion, and a, e, i, o, u, hwen Jert. Ormm u_zez tm leterz not ns emplexl in d£ Inglij alfabet ; dsz we Jal transeqb b^ (f, q.) 3e s?md ov (t) ma hav b£n sumtimz t and sumtjmz d, and in ds fdloin ecstract we Jal consider its ssnd tm b£ d£ sam az in d£ corespdndiij wurdz ov modern Inglij. In ds tecst ov "Ierp, hwiq iz stated tm b£ an acuret transcript ov d£ manuscript, (t) apgrz in meni casez tm Lav ben feltili rit'n fer {£} ; we hav den restord ds t er i in d£ fonetic transcript. Sumtimz a dub'l leter ssrnz elso tm hav bsn omited, but we hav rEtand dz stopt v^el in ds fonetic verjun. cTe leter (q) veri jenerali § 36, nr. 15. Egzamtflz—Qld Ipglif. 1 79 sines intui cts. modem y ; it ma darfor hciv ben pronsnst az de veri Latest Jernian ^, hwiq, az wel az de ljt &, of'n felz intui tiy ev'n in Jennani ; dus, (berhge, cirtiye) for for^, cirke=(berge, kirche.) cEe fjnal (e) woz ov cars jenerali pronsnst, but it semz, ljc d£ modern Frenq { e slqvq, vo viaci. Amen]. 17. Slavonian ov tie Provins ov Slavonia. We giv dis on de sol otoriti ov Mqtuijec. (1 ) Qtgja nqf ciy yase nq nabjase ! (2) Svjate sja emja tvoya : (3) prede crqljastvo tvoya (4) bmde voljq tvoyq cqco nq nabjm,. e nq zjamle. (5) Crmlia nafjagq ffjqcdqnniagq dqy nqm gq dqnqsj : (6) e odpmfgjqy nqm dmqa nqfja, cqco e mi odpwfgjqmo dw^necpm nqfem : (7) e napaljqy nqf v'nqpqst : (8) dq ezbqve nqs od napriqzne. Aman. 18. Croafian. cLis we elso giv on de sol etoriti ov Mqtuujec. (1) Otatsj nqf coy se nq nabjasjak ! (2) Svjate sja emja tvoya: (3) doyde crqljastvo tvoya: (4) bmde voljq tvoyq, cqc nq nabjm, e nq zjamle (5) Crmhq nqfjagq fsjqcdqfnjagq dqy nqm danasj : (6) e odpmste nqm dmqa nqfja, cqc e mi odpmfgjqmo dm^necpm nqfjam : (7) e navpaljqy nqs vm scmfjqvqnja .• (8) nago oslobode nqs od 3jlq. Aman. 43. Verbal Transhfun. — (1) 2 Fader Hr, hui art in hev'n ! (2) *Ma 5 halod 4 be 3 nam 2 dj ; (3) 2 Ma 4 cum 3 cindum 2 dj ; (4) a Ma 4 be 3 wil 2 dj, az in hev'n, and (so) in ert. (5) 6 Bred %r 5 dali *giv 2 us stui-da ; (6) and fergiv ns 2 dets %r, az elso we fergiv 2 deterz 1 sv. (7) And Snot^led 2 us intra, temtajun : (8) but deliver us from ev'l ; (9) az (fer) din iz cindum, and pser, and glori, in eterniti. Amen. 44. Mqtuijec haz mqrct de s^nd'hwic, we hav transcrjbd p, az if it wer a difton uo. We belev dat it iz a leter sumtjmz pronsnst o, and sumtjmz m, er dat it iz de {6 } ov de. Polz, and {u°} ov de Bohemiauz, etimolojicali o, but foneticali ta. 45. We hav tac'n de liberti tra substitut q fer Mq,tux|ecs g truist de Slavonic egzqmp'lz, becez de synd g duz not ocur in eni ov dem. § 36, nr. 19. Egzqmp'lz — Servian. I s '- 1 19. Servian. Acerdiij tui Dr. Yiuc Stefanovic;,( 46 ) de Servian laijgwcj iz rit'n wid Sirilic leterz, and sum modificajunz ov dem ; but onli a porfun ov de old fermz qr retand, az de alfabet consists ov no mor dan twenti-at leterz and wun egzilieri sjn. cle simbolical transcripjun ov dis alfabet iz elso fonetic az far az it goz, but ec; vsel must be understiM az capab'l ov aperirj in el tre fermz ov lorj, bref, and stopt. Numberiij de leterz, de alfabet wil be az foloz : 1 q, 2 b s 3 i>, 4 #, 5 d, 6 f/y, 7 a, S j, 9 0, 10 e, 11 ,y, 12 c, 13 Z, 14 /;, 1,5 m, 16 0, 17 nj, 18 0, 19 7?, 20 r, 21 s, 22 /, 23 ^ 24 w, 25 (c)=ts, 26?, 27;, 28/. ., in. [Mcrtrnjcc omits de tf.] in//, so. Itte, her. Fdldun-if on erf. i-W, de sam az de IrjgliJ feld, ert ; fold-on, on ert, wid de post-pozijun ner iz it at el palatal, and it iz dus distiijgwijt from s : it iz strictli a mid'l vsel, "but it duz not apsr tui ]\ betwin tui uper and loer vselz. Ke descripjun ov dis ssnd on paj 22, az dat ov d£ Wei J (y), iz incorect ; w£ hav had an opurtuniti ov carMi studiin it sins dat pasej woz printed. It iz d£ vsel (y) hwic; fermz d£ cj£f unfonetic element ov d£ Welf langwej. Hwen Ion, it iz jenerali =i; but hwen stopt er br£f in f^nal silab'lz ov wurdz ov mor dan wun silab'l, it iz jenerali i. Uderwjz d£ vsel (y) iz pronsnst u in stopt silab'lz, and wid a stil d£per ssnd dan dat hwic; w£ hav ascr|bd tui e (and hwicj ma darfor b£ designated h\ d) in op'n silab'lz. Tui Jo d£ aparent inconsistensi wid hwic, dis leter iz pron^nst, ws giv d£ prezent tens ov d£ verb i am ; it iz (wyv, wyt, yw ; ym, ych, ynt,} prommst uw, wit, uuj im, uk, int. Ke Welf profes tui distingwij d£ Ion from d£ Jert v^elz bj a sercum- flecs; but dis iz seldum dun ecsept hwen d£ diferens in de lent ov d£ v^el cezez a diferens in d£ ni£nin ov &s wiud ; dus, (mor, mor}=mor, me?; nunin ha, tie se, respectivli. 3r instrucjun in WelJ pronunsiajun woz r£S£vd from a nativ ov Cqr- nqrvon (Caeryiiarfon)= Caemqrvon, in Nert Walz, hwar d£ pronunsiajun 54. In p. 123, n. 20, ws propozd &e fermz >', i fer dez leterz; we hav (janjd dem tiu I, i fer de sac ov lejibiiiti. § 36, m\ 24. Egzqmplz—Wtif. 197 sljtli diferz from ddt ugiicd in Ssfc Walz ; Iie considerd it purer, 1)ecoz in Sst Walz de inhabitants hav cum mor in contact wid de IijgliJ. Sr instructer elwaz uzd. e, o for de WelJ (o), hweder Ion, stopt, or bref; and £v'n in sp£cin IngliJ he continuali substituted dez s^ndz for o, az notis for »o£i«, ets. It wild darfor aper dat d£ WelJ laijgwej had not cte ssnd ov o. 3e leter (w) iz olmost olwaz a vsel in WelJ. At de bEginir) ov a silab'l it iz elwaz («), and formz an improper diftor) wid de foloiij vsel. We ssm, ho'ever, sumtjmz tui recognjz d£ consonant w hwen d£ leter (w) iz fond bstwm tui vselz : and d£ consonant caracter ov d£ leter, under sue; sercumstanses, woz so strorjli mq,rct in m* instructerz pronunsiajun, dat it of'n stopt &z prssEdin v^el insted ov diftonjjzin wid it. cOs ma, hsever, hav bsn a psculiariti ov d£ sp£cer. Ke diftonz in WelJ or ecssdinli perplecsin tui an Inglijman, on acsnt ov d£ proper diftonz terminathj in e and ? az wel az i. In d£ foloin list w£ giv d£ fonetic repi'EzentaJunz az wel az we end colect dem from d£ mst ov sr instructer ; and az li£ understiad de prinsip'lz ov fonetic r^tin, w£ pr£zum dat yr acvnt iz tolerabli corect. Az it iz of'n ov advantej tui an Tuglijmau tui no hwot IngliJ ssndz li£ ma substitut for foren wunz widst bEcumhj unintelijib'l tui nativz, we hav anecst IngliJ substituts tui d£ diftoijz, in bracets. For hi, hr an IijgliJman had beter uz I, r dan tl, tr. WelJ diftogz. I*)gli.f substitute. (ae)=ae or qe ; dus, (daeth)=daet, cum j (ai)=ai or qi ; dus, {clai)=clai 3 erfe \ {au)=ai or qi ; dus, {aur)=ap\ gold \ (aw)=au or qu; dus, {llaw)=ftlau, hand s (ei)=ui; dus, (eir)z=uir, win { (eu)=m ; dus, (lleitad)=Mm-ad, mum j (etv)=.eu or au; dus, {glew)=glau, curajus an {ey)=ui; we dm not tine dat dar iz eni but an ortografi- cal diferens bstwtn dis diftoij and (eu); dus, {feyru}— tuirn, cin, tyrant . j (ia)=w, iq; dus, (iad)=iad, frost ya (ie)=ie, in; dus, {iecJiyd)=xekid, helt ye (io)=w, w ; dus, (gweithio)=pMiitio, wurc yo, yo (iii)z=u, n • dus, {Iuddew)=tfckeu y Ju y (iio)=?m, m, eu ; dus, (briw)=breu, sor U (iy)=h, m ; dus, (lyrc/iad) = idrkod, got yu {pe)=oe, ee ; {troed)=t?'oed, fiat o- IS 198 Egzqmplz—Welf. § 36, m\ 2 A. WelJ diftoijz. I\) glij substitnts. (oi)=oi, ei; dus, (ffoi)=fei, escap . er (oto)=ou; dus, (trowch)=trouk, turn tt (uw)=mi, m, m ; dus, (Duw)=Dm, God il (tva)=uq, ua ; dus, {gwartJi)=guq / rt, Jam wq, wa (we)=ide, ua ; dus, (gwerth)=guert, vain we, wa (tvi)=ue, ui ; dus, (gwi?')=guer, truit we, wi (wu}=m, ui ; dus, (gwull)=guiTil, twjljt we, wi (ioy)=m } tin ; dus, (dwyn)=dum, tm bor wi (yw)=uu in cts wurd (yw), iz ; but uderwjz jenerali =m, «?^, az {#yft") = bm, tm liv q, It ctus apsrz ctat ctar cir no les dan sics varjetiz ov sr difton $, mm w 7«0Z£ qr jprssisli de sam az ds Iyglif dtftoy . 3r v apsrz tm hav 2 fermz; ^r # haz elso 2 fermz ; and % haz 3 fermz ; eu, el so ociirz ; and sr silab'lz ye, ice, ets. qr converted intm improper diftoijz. On aesnt ov ds vaqeti ov vselz hwicj ma bsgin er end WelJ diftoijz and triftoijz, it iz frEcwentli neseseri in fonetic spelirj tm grmp cts silab'lz h[ m£nz ov a h|fen er coma ; ctus, cte wurdz (Llyicelyn, gwaew, gwaewawr, lleuad) qr best rit'n film-elm, guae-u, guae-uaur, hlni-ad, h\ liwicj msnz el ambigqiti iz prsvented. 5e WelJ til, fir qr ljcli tm cez grat dificulti tm an Iijgiijman, bscez ctar must not bs ds sljtest spoc'n cwoliti giv 'n tm I, r ; dat iz, no mur- mur hwotever, but a pqr hwisper must bs herd triu ds configqrajunz corespondin tm I, r. clis iz most dificult fer us tm uter hwen (11) stops a vsel, az in (llall)=filaftl. cEs WelJ clqs dis ssnd az a guturalf W r un grat pscqliariti ov ds WelJ laijgwej iz ds fonetic cjanj ov ds inijal consonant bv a wurd, oin tm d£ meniy (not ds fonetic valq ov ds ter- minajun) ov d£ prEssdii) wurd. clis iz az if wz wer tm sa, a cot, di got, mi 'phot, her hot, fer a cot, d% cot, mi cot, her cot, in IijgliJ. cTe lez hwiq regqlat d£ (janjez qr veri complecs, but d£ qanjez demselvz qr veri simp'l; dus, 123 inijal c bEcumz g; 'ph; k . , J9 . . b ; 'tnk ; f . . t .. d; 'nhj) t b . . V .; M ; — d . . d ; n; — • • 9 •• Wry; — . , U .. 1; — ; — m . . V j — ; fir . . r • — ,• — § 36, nr. 24. Eyzitm.plz— //>//'. 199 cle ferst ov dez qanjez iz celd Z#, de secund aspiret, and de terd 50/'/, bj Welf gramarianz. cle mivt ecsplodents als ov el tre ganjez ; de spoc'n ecsplodents onli ov de tui ferst ; and ci£ licwidz ov de ferst alon. In de spoc'n ecsplodents de cjanj ov g tui ^ liaz gon st ; no leter fer q ociirz in de modern Welf alfabet, do it aperz in de anjent caracterz. Yfe Pr«?r. ( 55 ) (1) j&m Tqd, yr liwn wyt yn y nefoedd ; (2) sancteiddier dy enw ; uin tqd, or luan xait un nevoed ; sanctiiidier do enui ; (3) deued \deled~] dy deyrnas ; (4) gwneler \bydded~\ dy ewyllys ar y dui-ed [deled] da diiirnas ; gianeler [buded] do e-uohlis or 55. Verbal Transhfun. — (1) 75x fq,der, is iis (hui) qrt in de hcv'uz; (2) saijctifjd-be dj nam ; (3) enm [cum, is msniy iz is sam, io is verfnn iz diferent] dj cindum ; (4) be-dun [be-dun] dj wi] on de 200 Egzqmp'lz—Welf, "Arabic. § 36, nrr. 24, 25. ddaeari*®) megis y mae yn y nefoedd; (5) dyro i ni heddyw ein bara dae-ar megis 9. mae un 9 nevoed ; duro s ne hedna uin bara beimyddiol ; (6) « maddeu i ni ein dyledion, fel y maddeuvm ninnau i'n bumudiol; q madui £ ns uin chledion, vel 9 niadiiT-ian ninai m (7) ac nac arwain ni i brofedigaeth ; (8) eiiJir gwared ni ctalediiir; ac nac draain ne £ brovedigaet ; uit'r giadred n£ rlmg drwg ; (9) cant/8 eiddot ti yw y deurnas, y nerth, ar gogoniant, .yn lirag druig ; cams uidot te uia 9 duirnas, 9 nert, qr gogoniant, un oes-oesoedd. Amen. oes-desoed. qmen. 25. "Arabic. 3.E caracterz hwiq qr ms uzd in qtiij 'Arabic, and hwic, hav bm adopted b\ d£ Turcs, Perfanz, and Hinduiz, qr comunli cold nesks ; da or rit'n from rjt tm left, so dat ds ferst paj ov an 'Arabic biac iz hwar we XJropeanz plas de lqst. 01do de alfabet consists ov twenti-at leterz, it haz rmiqrcabli fq diferent formz; a number ov dots plast abuv or belo d£ leterz, and cold diacritical pmits, servirj tm cjanj de menirj atdqt tm eni wun form. cle mmirjz dus ecsprest h\ related formz bar no fonetic rdajun liwotever; dus, a niqrc ljc ^ wid wun dot under it iz b, wid tm dots over it t, wid tre dots over it t, and wid fere dots under it p (in Per Jan). B. serten form hwiq reprezents h, hwen it haz wun dot over it iz Jc, hwen wun dot under it j t and so on. cLe formz, hsever, vari considerabli, acordirj az da ar conected or not wid uder leterz. 01 dez twenti-at leterz qr consonants, d£ soft bixdirj bm) rec 'nd az wun ov dem. cEe vselz qr seldum rit'n, ecsept in manuscripts ov d£ Coran and in poetri. 01 leterz, inscripjunz, and proz wurcs qr rit'n widst vselz. 3is macs 'Arabic ecsti*£mli dificult tui a beginer, becez he can not posibli ges hwot de vselz ot tm be. It iz az if we wer tm rjt de ferst ljnz ov Miltun dus : " v mnz frst dsbdns nd ct frt v it frbdn tr liz mrtl tst brt dt nt d wrld nd I r w sn hvnl mz." It iz trm dat d£ pozijun ov de lorj vselz ar tdlerabli wel indicated bj, rjtirj de consonants x (de soft bredirj), y, w for q, e, m res- pective. Hwen de vselz qr rit'n it iz onli bj menz ov lit'l mqrcs abiiv 56. Verbal Translafun, continy,d. — erfc az ds hwar (it iz) in de hev'nz; (5) giv (tin) us dis-da ^r 2 bred a dali ; (6) and fergiv (tm) us sv dets, az (4s) we-fergiv we-elso (tui)-sr deterz ; (7) and 3 not %d 2 us tm temtajun ; (8) but deliver us from ev'l ; (9) becez iyn, tw, is (dp on, holli djn, an emfatic mod ov mqrciy pozefim in Welf, ljc de Freng {c'est mon livre, a moi) = s'a man hvr, q muq, it iz mj biac, tm me) iz de ciijdum, de p^er, and-de glori, in aj-ajez (eterniti). Hmcn. § 36, nr. 25. Egzqmplz — ' Arabic. 201 er belo c1e letcrz, but dsz mcircs ar, after el, veri inadecwet. cIe ecstrEin complecsiti ov qtin wid dz mel pmits, az da qr celd, must hav contributed tui cep literatur in a stat ov sceletun Jert hand amiin dz Arabz. We prosed tui giv a simbolical transcripjun, hwiq wil als ov el ds ecsentrisitiz ov dis ertografi bsiij clerli egzibited; but it wiad be jenerali sniif tui spel ds wurdz foneticcdi, tacin car tui reprszent d£ Jert vselz b^ stopt vtfel s^nz, and tui mqrc el dz strent'nd consonants, and dz divi3unz ov dz silab'lz, hwen wun silab'l endz wid a consonant and dz necst bsgmz wid a vsel er a soft bredirj, az dz Arabz consider and figur it ; fer egzqmp'l, alcur-dnu. We simboljz d£ 'Arabic consonants dus : 1 x, 2 b, 3 t, 4t, 5 /, 6 h, 7 k, 8 d, 9 d, 10 r, 11 *, 12 s, 13 /, 14 s, 15 d, 16 t, 17 z, 18 o, 19 q (=uq), 20 /, 21 c, 22 c, 23 I, 24 m, 25 n, 26 li, 27 to, 28 y ; el ov hwiq hav dar etnical valuz, dz roman leterz bsin uzd instcd ov under-doted wunz, and q bsin uzd fer jq. 3e leter li iz sumtjmz pro- nsnst t ; in dis cas ds Arabz prszerv d£ ferm ov d£ leter, and ad dz tui dots hwiq bdoij tui dz leter t ; in imitajun ov dis we wil prEzerv d£ ferm ov h, but ad d£ cros ov t, dus, (K), hwiq must b£ red t. Hwenever x (d£ soft bixdhj) iz uzd in its trui sens az bEginin a silab'l, it iz acumpanid b[ a metre celd hamza, hwiq egzdctli qnserz tui st brae, and ma darfor b£ reprszented b^ dz sam sjn ( : ) plast bsfor d£ x ; dus, :x. 3.z hamza iz sumtpaz uzd b£for y, w, and d£z leterz qr den tui b£ red az if da wer dz soft br£din ; it iz elso sumtjmz uzd alon. 3ar qr onli trs vsel sjnz, hwiq we Jul reprszent b^ (a, i, u), eldo dz tui later qr not unfrscwentli red e, o. Ov d£Z (a, u) qr rit'n abuv, and (i) hz\6 dar consonants in neskE ; az, hsever, da qr red qfter dem, we Jal plas dem qfter dz consonants. Hwen da qr folod bj dz cognat conson- ants, dus, (ax, iy, uw), dz rszults qr promrast q, e, m. £L contracted ferm iz sumt^toz qzd fer q, hwiq ma b£ reprszented b[ d. Hwen dz vselz qr dub'ld at dz end ov a wurd, dz secund must b£ red n; dus, (aax, aay, aa, ii, uu)=qn, qn, an, en, on. In conversajunal 'Arabic, dis tanwm er nunafun, az it iz celd, from d£ 'Arabic nam ov d£ leter n, yl jenerali neglected. cEe combmajunz (:xax, xx) qr ugqali ecsprest in a contracted ferm celd madda, h\ drein a loij l|n over d£ mqrc fer (x) ; dis we indicat h\ plasiij an acqt acsent qfter dz (x), dus, x . Bot (x) and (ax) qr red a. Hwen a leter iz tui b£ dub'ld, (and el dub'l leterz qr r£ali pronsnst wid a distinct seperajun ov dz final and inijal efects on c1e pressdii) and sucsedii) vselz,) a mqrc (celd tafdsd) iz plast over dz consonant tin b£ 302 Egzqmp'te — x Arabic. § 36, nr. 25. • dub'ld ; dis ws ma imitat h\ plashj ds sjii ov omijun (•) qfter ds consonant, tin Jo dat ds secund consonant iz omited in rjtirj. Sumtjmz dis dublin iz onli ujonic, tui. Jo dat ds prsssdin I iz tui bs asimilated tin ds faloirj c9nsonant; dus, (alrab-td}=arrdbbu. Hwen a silab'l endz wid a consonant, ds ternrinajun ov ds silab'l iz mqrct bj a s|n (celd jezrn) plast over ds f jnal consonant ; dis ws ma reprszent b^ ds sjn ov murmur ( ' ), on ac^nt ov ds dub'l us ov ds sam simbul for ds murmur and ternrinajun ov a silab'l in ds Hsbrui sistem ov r^tin; az wil bs prezentli ecspland. Sumtjmz ds inijal (:xa) iz omited on acsnt ov ds f|nal vsel ov a prs- ssdin wurd ; in ddt cas, a mqrc (celd waslon) iz plast over ds (x) ; ws imitat dis bj prsficsiij a hjf n, dus, {-a?}. cCs valuz ov ds vselz in conjuijcjun wid a consonant qr dus ecspland bj Volna : ( 57 ) (ba, bax, bay, bi, bi, biy, bu t bum, bix, bay, baw, ux, oa, oi, ou) qr pron^nst ba, bq„ bq, bi, be, bs, bu, bat, ba, ba, bo, o, oa, oe, ob. But it iz tin bs obzervd, dat eldo (bay, baw) or pron^nst bq, bo, yet {bay , baw'}, hwic, qr folod bj &e je/m ('), hav ds ssnd ov ds diffconz bai, bau, or bi, bs nsiii. els v^elz (i, u) qr jenerali i, u in f|nal silab'lz, and e, o elshwar ; but no definit ruil can bs giv'n. cEoz hui onli studi 'Arabic for ds sac ov its conecjun wid Hsbrui, had beter rsd (i, u) in el casez. Volna confsndz ds consonants y, w wid ds vselz s, m, az el Prenqmen dm. cLs Arabz from huim ws lernt sr v Arabic pronunsiajun, mad ds tui lqst leterz in ds 'Arabic alfabet clsr consonants, ljc sx IngliJ w. y. Ws hav had ds advqntej ov studiin ds 'Arabic pronunsiajun from trs Arabz, Sawqn ov Msnt Lebanun, den (1841) Profeser ov 'Arabic at ds Colej ov ds Propaganda at Rom ; Mia/zqseb ov Baruit, hiz nevu ; and Oabdiallqh Cmrs ov Alepo, ds Secreteri tm ds Arcbifup ov Tripoli, hm vizited Lundun in 1842. Ws regret, hsever, dat ws onli emplod dsz opurtunitiz fer ds acwizifun ov ds lerned er Coranic pronunsiajun ov 'Arabic, and not ds comun conversajunal pronunsiajun ov ds vselz. 3s consonants qr prousnst in ds sam maner in bot stjlz, but dar qr varjetiz ov pronunsiajun in diferent pqrts ov Arabia. cLus, in Alepo, ds stron c yl not proirsnst at el, but ds hiatus iz substituted fer it ; in meni pqrts ov Sjipt g (a ssnd not fond in trui 'Arabic) iz substituted. 3s leterz t, ct, 57- {I? Alfabet Eu roper 11 applique a ax langues Asiatiqnes, par C. F. Volney. Paris, ckez F. Didot, 1819). § 36, nr. 25. Egzqmp'lz — K Arabic. 203 cu' elso a dificulti tm nieni, er rctctcr most Arabz; veri fu pronms acin purli, qr de grater number substitutirj cm indistiijctli pronsnst s, z. Vdluab'l obzervajunz on de pronunsiaj'un ov 'Arabic wil be fond, not onli in Volnaz wurc elredi sjted, but elso in Lanz Modem Ejipfanz, and liiz nil translajun ov &"£ Arabian N[ts Entertain, teuls, in hwicj he haz restord de pronunsiajun ov el de 'Arabic namz. Stil muc; remanz tin be dun on dis subject ; and it wiad be veri dezirab'l tm hav an * Arabic vocdbuleri fer de us ov de numerus travelerz dat ws pqs trui Sjipt, rit'n in strict acerdcms wid si etnical alfabet, but introdiisin leterz from de complet alfabet hwar neseseri. Maps, wid de trui 'Arabic pronunsiajun ov de namz ov plasez, qr a veri grat desideratum. Ser ©qrlz Feloz infermz us, dat in hiz travelz in Rfa Mjnur 3 lis fond de namz furnijt b{ de erdineri maps cw^t usles. 3s onli Jmr mod ov arjvin at de corect nam woz tui get it rit'n st in de 'Arabic caracterz. c5r simbolical, er sr etnical trail - scripjun wud qnser de sam purpus, az far az de traveler himself woz consemd, do ov cors da wud not be ecwoli intelijib'l tui nativ Arabz. We prezent tui spesimenz ov 'Arabic, de Lerdz Prar, and de ferst qapter ov de Coran, hwicj iz tm Mahomedanz liwot de Lerdz Prar iz tm Cristyanz. In de Lerdz Prar, de lpz mqrct (P) giv a fuil simbolical transcripjun ov de ponted tecst furnijt bj Paterman,( 58 ) acerdirj tm de prinsip'lz ov transcripjun elredi ecspland. cle ljnz mqrct (F) giv dat practical fonetic transcripjun liwiq iz enui fer etimolojiccd purpusez : de vain ov de vselz recw£r corecfun bj de ecsperiens ov practical orientalists, and de leter q iz uzd fer .,-is emend. Lipsn?, apud Tauchnitz. 1841). 204 Uyzqmp'lz — ^Arabic. §36, m\ 25. Ss Lerdz Prar. ( 60 ) (P) (1) .-xabaxnax -xVadiy fiy -xls' amawaxti (2) liyatacad'asi -xs'muca (F) abq-nq -1-lacte h -s-samawqti li-yatacdddasi 'smw-ca (S) xbwnx xl'cky fy xls'mwxt ytcd's xsmc (V) qbui-nq ella&l fi el samauiqt satcaddas esm-ac (P) (3) liya.-x'ti maVcuwtuca (4) litacun mafi.-yatuca camax fiy (F) li-yqti malcuitu-cq li-taciin majiatia-ca ca-mq h (X) txty mlcwtc tcwn mfytc cmx fy (V) tats malcuit-ac tacum majst-ac camq fi (P) -U'amax :i caialica oalay -V.-xar'&i (5) .-xao'tinax kub'zanax (F) 's-samqi ca-dalica oalq '1-ar^i aoft-nq kubza-nq (S) xh'mx cdlc oly xlxrd xotnx Jcbznx (V) el samq cedalec oalq el qr<^ qo£-nq kobz-nq (P) cifaxyaha yaw'minax [ — ] (6) zva-xqfir' lanax dunuwbinax (F) cifqyata ysmi-nq [ — ] wa- - qfir la-nq dianaibi-nq (?) cfxtnx ywm [bywiri] wxqfr Inx inwbnx (V) cefqt-nq sunn [b'suim] ma eqfor lenq donuib-nq (P) [ — — ] . camax naYinu ?iaqfiru liman :xak\a:xa .-xilaynax (F) [ — — ] ca-mq na/mw naqfiru li-man ak^aa ilj-nq (S) \wktxyxnx~\ cmx n\nvi nqfr Imn xsx xlynx W [ma ka£qsq-nq] camq naMia. neqfor leman qsq elainq (P) (7) walax ti/d'kWnax fiy -xlt'ajaxribi (8) lacin naj'inax mina (F) wa-lq tiadkil-nq k -t-tajqribi lacin najji-nq mina 0) wlx tdk'lnx fy xltjxryb ten nfnx mn (V) ma lq tadakkel-nq fi el tejqrsb lacen najjinq men (P) -xlfariyri .-xamiyna (F) •J-Jarsri am ma 0) xlfryr (V) el Jam* 60. Verbal Transhfun. — (1) Fq4er-[ov]-us de-hwig [art] in de-hev'nz; (2) dat-be- hedod nam-[ov]-&8 ; (3) dat-ma-cum cirjdum-[ov]-de; (4) dat-be-dun wil-[ov]-de ljc-hwot in de-hev'nz l^c-dat upon de-ert ; (5) giv-us bred- [ov] -us sufijensi-ov da-[ov]-us [her de uder verfun diferz, and redz sufifensi-\tm\-us ov-da in- da, dat iz, a, sufifmsifer ns da, b% da] (6) and-fergiv tm-us crjmz-[ov]-us [her de uder verjuu inserts and-sinz- [ov\-us] ljc-hwot we fergiv tiu-hui haz-sind agenst-us; (7) and-not led-us in de-trjalz, (8) but f re-us from de-ev'l-[wun]. Emen. § 36, nrr. 25, 26. Egzqmjflz — * Arabic, Hebrut, 205 ife ojmiij gaj)ter oo dt Coran, ( G1 J bis ',))'> -xlialil -xlra\\ iiianl -xlr a\\iy mi . (1) .-xal'ham'du lil'ahi b-ismi 1-lqhi r-raAmani r-rataii al/mmdui li--l-lqhi rab'i -xVoaxlamiyna . (2) -xlro\i nuini -xlr'ahiymi . (3) maxlici yaw' mi rabbi -1-oqlamma T-rafanani T-ra^smi incilici y^mi -xld'iyni . (4) .-xiy'axca nao'budu wa.-xiyaxca nasHaoiynu . (5) :xitidinax ■d-d mi £yq-ca naobiadu wa-£yq,-ca nastaasnia ihdi-nq -xls'iraxta -xl'mtatftaciyma . (6) siraxta -xl'aMyna .-xan'oam'ta oalay , him > . •s-sirq/a •1-miastacsma .sirq/a 'l-la&sna anourata oalj-him (7) qay'ri -xVmaq'&uwbi oalatfhiwb walax -xlA'axl'iyna. qjri 1-maqcAubi oalj-him wa-lq Y/-c/qll?na. Salz Fre Translajun. In de nam ov de most mersiful God. Praz be tra God, de lord ov el crEtqrz ; de most mersiful, de ciij ov de da ov jujment. 3e dm we wur/ip, and ov de dm we beg asistans. Direct us in de rjt wa, in de wa ov doz tm huira cte hast ben gra/us ; not ov doz agenst luum dsr qrt insenst, ner ov doz hm go astra. 26. Hebrw. We hav plast cts modern v Arabic bef<5r &z anient Hsbrui, bscez da qr larjgwejez ov &z sam clqs, and &z onli real elm. we hav tm dz pronunsiajun ov Hfibriu iz ddt ov 'Arabic. Kz fdlohj iz a simbolical transcripjun ov cIe Hsbrui consonants : (1 x, 2 v, 3 ?, 4 $, 5 A, 6 «?, 7 2-, 8 h, 9 t, 10 //, 11 /•, 12 /, 13 m, 14 n, 15 s, 16 3, 17/, 18 s, 19 c, 20 r, 21 f, 22 f.) cloz hwig qr left in roman t^ps qr strent'nd leterz. 3e leterz (h, s) qr n,3uali pronsnst k, ts. 3[s atsnt leter (s) we prezum tm hav b£n Az sam az d£ fortsnt 'Arabic leter, a stroijli hist s ; it woz natural dat in dz wif tm mac d£ efect veri ckr, s jiad bs qanjd intui &. 3e (h) ma hav bm difer- entli pron^nst, bot az "h" and az " k" b\ dz Hsbnuz, but it iz con- venient, at eni rat, tm distirjgwij it on el ocagunz from ds dev'nt leter ov 61. Verbal Translajun. — in-nam-ov de-god de-mersiful de-compajunet. (1) de- praz tui-de-god lerd-ov de-wurldz. (2) de-mersiful de-compajunet. (3) cirj-ov da-ov de-jujment. (4) de [de wurd eyq haz no menirj ov its on, it onli servz tm als co, de, tni be plast ferst in de sentens] we-serv, and-de we-beseq. (5) conduct-us de-pqt de-rjt. (6) pqt-ov de-hwig ds-hast-ben-grajus tordz-dem. (7) uier-ov (diferent from) de- havirj-arjger agpnst-dem and-not de-erirj. 19 206 EgzqmtfU— Hebrm. \ 36, nr. 26. de alfabet. Ez sicstent leter (o) aperz tui hav had de valuz ov bot de atent and njntent 'Arabic leterz, becez it iz oca3unali reprezented b\ de Grec gam a in de Septuajint verfun; and de Grec gama woz at ddt tjm pronsnst dq, az de 'Arabic (q) ms iz, onli mor jentli. ; cum-in tw.-fas-[ov]-him (befor him) &'«-(wid)-huzciz. (3) Acnolej dat- Jehova, he [iz] God; he mad-us, and-not [and-tut-him, de redirj in bracets, hwiq iz giv'n bj de Maso- 210 jEgzqmpHz — Hebrw. § 36, nr. 26 TqNiWNmW; OdM-oW TF'SoXN MaR'OiYJoTF. (4) V'oXmW qnc^nuu odmmo w'-t-<£iv bi-t'hillq, hodm L6TF V'ffiKwW Z'MoJF. (5) KiY-ToJFF T'HoWqH; FOoWLqM l-o bq>'km fmo c£-fc>v y"howci l'-oolq,m HaS'froW JF'OaS-SoR TFqSoR TeMmWNqloTF. kasd-6 w'-oad-dor wq,-dor eminnat-o. In de fdloin fi*£ trans! afun de ljnz qr divided acerdirj tui Dii Fete,( 65 ) inn haz folod ds distincjunz supozd tin be indicated b^ de Masoretic acsents. 3is aranjment servz tni Jo de pdraleliz'm in hwiq Hebrui rit'm qefli consists. cle lpz q,r set bac at tre diferent distansez from de mqrjin ; de lp at de secund distans iz paralel tui de ljn at de ferst distans ; de l£n at de fcerd distans iz onli tra bs considerd az an ecspanfun ov de jdea in ds l£n imedyetli prssedin, and darfor duz not form a member ov ds pdraleliz'm. 3ar iz aparentli no atemt at rit'm in ds set ov acsent er number ov silab'lz ; yet de reder wil persev dat de orijinal displaz a balans ov gramatical construcfun liwiq ciad not be renderd intin IrjgliJ : Fre Transhfun ov $e Hundredt Sqm, (1) B. him ov praz. Est tiu Jehova el de ert ! (2) Serv Jehova wid j&, Cum befor hiz fas wid: rgje-sir) ! (3) Confes dat Jehova iz God ! He hat mad us, and we or hiz, His pep'l, and de floe ov hiz pqstur. (4) Enter hiz gats wid tones, And hiz corts wid a son ov praz ! lane him, bles hiz nam. (5) For Jehova iz cjnd, hiz mersi iz eternal, And hiz trtut enditrz from jenerajun tui jenerajun. retic editerz oz hwot et tui hav ben in de tecst insted ov hwot iz fend dar, wiad giv de beter sens, and-tw-him [#r] ws, dat iz, we qr hiz, an jdea hwig iz ecspdnded in de foloin wurdz] we: pep'l- [ov] -him and-floc-ov pqstur-[ov]-him. (4) Cum-in gats-[ov]- him m-(wid)-tancsgivirj, corts- [ov] -him in- (wid) -praz; giv-praz tui-him, bles nam-[ov]- him. (5) Fer-giad [iz] Jehova, tm-eterniti (everlastirj) [iz de] mersi- [ov] -him; and- dqrirj -jenerajun and-jenerajun [lasts de]-truit-[ov]-him. 65. {Commenfar icier die Psalmen, nebst beigefiigter Uebersetzung, von Dr. W. M. L. de Wette. Me Aufl. Heidelberg, bei 3Iohr, 1836). § 36, nr. 2 7. EgzyntfU— Per/an. 213 27. Per/an. cTe Per/an bsloijz tm ds Indo-Jermunic famili ov larjgwejez, and haz darfor no conecjun wid ds 'Arabic. It iz, in fact, nine; nior l£c IijgliJ dan 'Arabic. Yet, from ds sercumstans dat ds Perjanz or ns Mahomedanz, ds 'Arabic laijgwej, az ds langwej ov dar scripturz, hwiq or not translated, haz ben gratli cultivated ; and ds Per/an laijgwej iz ns rit'n in ds sam caracterz az ds 'Arabic, wid for adijunal leterz for ds ssndz p, 5, g, g, liwiq ar not fsnd in ddt laijgwej. els Perjanz hav a practis ov inter- wsvhj 'Arabic #nrdz wid dar on in de most singuler maner, hwiq ma be partli compard tui ds mod in hwig ds ac^nts ov ladiz " fajunz," in IngliJ nuzpaperz, or interlarded wid Frenq. But ds 'Arabic wurdz or uzd in dar trui stat ov construcfun, hwicj iz totali diferent from ds Per/an, in a maner liwiq Ser Wilyam Jonz ( 66 ) haz ilustrated V\ supozhj dat ds IijgliJ sentens " els trm lo iz rjt rsz'n, confermab'l tui ds natur ov tiijz, hwiq celz us tm duti h\ comqndiij, [and] dsterz us from sin bj ferbidin," wer tui be micst up wid Latin wurdz in dar trm stat ov construcjun ; dus, " 3.E trm lees iz recta rafio, confermab'l naii'ire, hwiq h\ comcindiij voset ad ofifium, [and] h\ ferbidin a, freds deteriat." And az ds IijgliJ elter ds pronunsiajun ov ds Latin wurdz, eldo da csp ds spelhj, so dm de Perjanz, tui hmm meni ov ds 'Arabic ssndz q,r imposibilitiz, Perjaniz ds pronunsiajun hwj] da jelusli prezerv ds ertografi. els foloin acsnt ov ds Per/an alfabet and pronunsiajun, tuigeder wid ds egzcraip'l and its pronunsiajun, iz entjrli tac'n from Profeser Lsz sdijun ov Ser Wilyam Jonzez Per/an G-ramer (9t sdijun, Lundim, 1828). 3s alfabet consists ov ds fdloiij terti-tm leterz. (1 x, 2 6, 3 p, 4 t, 5 t, 6 j, 7 g, 8 h, 9 k, 10 d, 11 d, 12 ;•, 13 z, 14 5, 15 s, 16/, 17 s, 18 d, 19 t, 20 z, 21 o, 22 q, 23/ 24 c, 25 c, 26 g, 27 I, 28 m, 29 n, 30 w, 31 k, 32 g.) 01 dsz leterz q,r properli pronsnst az in 'Arabic, er az in ds etnical cdfabet ; yet ds Per Jan jenerali pronsnsez (f, d, s, d, t, z) az s, z, s, z, t, z. cfs leter n hwen comenshj a silab'l =nj " hwen terminatiij wun after a loij vsel, it tacs a scarsli perseptib'l nazal ssnd," hwicj ws ma reprszent b\ n ; and "bsfor (g) and endin a silab'l dis ssnd iz cwjt edib'l, az in sr wurd " chj ; in dis cas den it iz =g, ws prsziim cEe leter (h) hwen final iz seldum pronsnst; ds fjnal mat (//} iz celd Jeufs, muktufe (liid'n), er mulcujfuf (mad ljt). 3ar iz elso an 'Arabic (ft)=t. cLe vselz and diftonz ar stated h\ Ser Wilyam Jonz (p. 12) tui hav (h ssndz u e, u ta, i, e ; a, oj /, s. Wid regard tui e, ws tiijc dat dis ssnd iz 66. Prefcs tm hiz Per/an Gramer, p. xii. 212 Egzqmp'lz — Per/an, § 30, nr. 27. tui bred. We remember dat Ser Wilyain Jonz, in hiz acsnt ov &z Sanscrit cdfabet, sez dat dis e iz ds ssnd ov ds Freng (a), hwicj in hiz t^m it woz custumeri fer Irjglijinen tui pronsns e ; dis custum haz gon si, and we suspect dat ds trui ssnd ov de Per/an az vvel az ds Frenc, iz a. In egzibitirj ds pronunsiajun ov de foloin egzqmp'l, htfever, we liav not ventqrd tui qanj de ssnd indicated b^ Ser Wily am Jonz. cTe v^'el sjnz demselvz or rarli rit'n. In Ser W. Jonzez Gramer a pscudier mod ov r:jtiij iz nzd : " Perst, everi Per/an wurd wil end in a cwjesent consonant, dat iz, a consonant folod b^ no vsel. Secundli, (w) or (y) foloiij eni con- sonant and haviij no ertografical marc, wil be red " o, a. " In d£ necst plas, everi consonant, ecsept dis last menfund, havirj no ertografical mq,rc, wil be red wid" u (p. 13). Sis mod ov r^tirj wil be adopted in de simbolical transcripjim ov de foloiij od ov Hafiz, hwiq iz tac 'n from p. 18 ov Ser W. Jonzez Gramer. 3e ertografical metres qr de sam az in 'Arabic. We qr unab'l tra metre ds pozijun ov ds acsent. Per/an Qd.^) (1) xgr x 'n turcl fiyrxzly bds 't x'rd dili mxrx ugur eh turce Jsreze bu-dust erud dila mere (2) bkxli hmdawiyf bk'fm smrendu to bukxrxrx bu-kela hinduw-ej bukjum sumurcund o bukerere (3) bidih sxciy ma.-y bxciy elk dr jwt nkawxhiy yxft bidi sece mua bece ci dur junnut nukehe yeft (4) cuxri xbi rucnxbxdu w guVgfti mud'xrx camera ebe rucnebed o gulgufta miasedlere (5) fiqxn ciyn luwllyxni ficki fiyriyn gxri fli r xfuwb fiqen ceri lraliyena Joke jerengere Juhr ejmb (6) gunxn burdridi sab'ra xz dll cih turcxn kaicxni yqmxrx Cjianeh burdundi sebru-z dil ci tiarcen keni yuqmere (7) zl oif'ci nxtamxmi mx jmxli yxri mus' 'tqniyst zi oijca netamema me jumela yere mustuqmst 67. Verbal Tramhfim. — (1) If ctdt Turcif (tsvif, plunderii)) mad-ov-Xerciz in-hand raa-tac hqrt-ov us, (2) fer-mol-ov blacnes-her (fer her hlac mol) j-wud-giv Sumurcund and Biakqrq,. (3) Giv-cte, cup-barer, [ds]-wjnz remander, sins in paradjs not-du-wilt fjnd (4) hancs-ov weter-ov Riacnqbqd and roz-wecs-ov Musallq. (5) Alqs ! dat-dez [mi, contracted fer ci-sn] hutiful wontun jent'l-manerd siti distiirbirj [wimen] (6) in- ljc-maner cari-of pajens from hqrt, az Turcs [cari of ds] tra-ov plunder. (7) But 2 luv-ov 1 [d£]-impe / rfect us [ds]-luiti-ov [mj]-mistres disdanz. § o6, nr. 27. Egzqmp'lz — Per/an. 2 I 3 (8) bx'bu(^ b ) w nt\ju w kxlu w hi'" gih \\xjt ruw:y ziybxrx bu-eb ui rung u kel tu kut qi /^ejut roe zebere (9) \\diyta xz mutiribu w may* gw wa rxzi die rl cut tr jw duties uz muitrib ui ma go \vu reza duhrc cumtur jo (10) cih cs ng'fuwdu w ng'fxyd bhic'mt .xiyn muom'xrx ci ces nugjuid o nugjeyud bu-Aicmut in inuoummere (11) mna xz x'n hs'ni rwz xf'zuwn cih yuwsuf dxf ti dxnis'tm mun uz en husne roz afzuin ci ymsiaf dejti denistum (12) cih oif'c xz prdh.-i ois'mt biruwn x'rd zuliykxrx ci aijc uz purduha oismut birran erud zmkkere (13) )isly\it gtvfi cun jxux ciha xz jxu dmc-slitr dxnid misfit goje cum jene cih uz jen dostitur derund (14) jawaxnxni soxdfmf^di pndi piyri dxnxrx juwenena suoedutmunde pun da psre denere (15) bdm guftiy wa kur'sn'dm ofxca -xll'h nicuw guf'tiy budum giaftg wu kursundum oufe-c ulluli nicm gufte (16) jawaxbi taVki miyziybd Ibi IJli fer kawxrx jaweba tulke ms-zsbnd luba luola Jucur kere (17) cpl guftiy wa dur suf'tiy biyx :wu kmvf bakawxn \\xfiz quzul giafts wu dur suite biye ui kiuj buken hehz (18) cih br nz'mi tuw xfjxnd flc oic'di turayxrx ci bur nuzma to ciffenud fuluc oicda turjyere 68. Verbal Translnfun, eontin^d. — (8) Ov-weter and pant and mol (paqez) and pensilinz [de wurd iz elso uzd fer a manz mustcij] S hwot nesesiti [iz dar fer de] 2 fas 1 butiful. (9) 2 [3e]-stori 3 ov 4 sirjer 5 and r> \vjn Hel-dy, and 3 [de]-secrct-ov 4 ljm ^es ^ec-ds ; (10) fer eni-wun not-haz-op nd and uot-wil-oj/n (no wuu liaz op'nd er wil op'n) bj-sjens dis enigma. (11) 5 ov dat biiti, dali incresirj, bwig Jozcf bad, hav-non, (12) ddt luv from [ds]-val-ov castiti wiiit ma-briy (ma brirj st) Zudria (Potiferz \vjf). (13) Cmsel-ov er dut-£x (lis'n tui c^nsel?), o-[mj]-]^f ! fer 2 dan :i ljf J derer hav (consider) (14) yurj-men-ov bapi-dispozifunz [de]-advjs-ov [an]-old saj. (15) Bad-ov-me ds-bast-sed, and j-am-contented ; prezerv-de God: gud ds-hast-sed ; (16) 2 q,nser l [a] -biter "i duz-it-beciim \jns iz de marc ov de, prezent tens] lip, nubi Juger etin. (17) [An]-od d^-bast-sed and perlz ds-bast-perst [a set ov versez and a striij ov perlz o.r celd bj de sam nam in Per/an, az in de necst ljn], cam and swetli sir) -[it], Hafiz; (18) fer upon versez- [er-perl-strirjz]-ov de sprirje'lz llev'n de-perl-striij-ov tt- Pljadez [de bud ov dis jdea consists in de dub'l alu^un tin de peril luster ov de stqrz, and de perli brjtnes ov de versificajun, jond tui de dub'l menin ov dc wurd nui 214 Egzqmplz—Perfau. \ 36, nr. 27. Fre Translafun. (1) If but ddt rogif mad ov £erq,z in her hand mj hqrt wud bar, (2) Fer de blac mol upon ber gee j"d giv Bukqr and Sumurcund. (3) Cup-barer, dran de goblet drj ! for dtf'lt not fjnd in paradjs (4) 3s weter -bancs ov Rucnqbad, er de swet bserz ov Musallq. (5) Ah ! hs doz luvli wontun damz, huiz winirj waz ky tsriz disturb, (6) Ljc Turcs, dat bar dar plunder of, ravij endurans from tsv hqrts. (7) But dis imperfect luv ov ~syz ds bqtius far wun stil disdanz. (8) Hwen natiirz buti decs de gee Ihwot ned ov woj, er pag, er pant. (9) Tel ov de sirjer and ov wjn ; sec not tui no hwot tjm wil brig ; (10) Fer nun bj sjens can er wil de rid'l ov de futuj red. (11) 3fv non ddt buti Jozef had, dat da bj da mor luvli grra, (12) cldt luv, hwig from behjnd de val ov gastiti Zuileca drui. (13) Mj ljf ! tui csnsel lend djn er, fer derer e'n dan ljf da hold — (14) cLoz hapi udz, n se arsnd, — de csnsel ov a saj old man. (15) silab'lz. 3is givz a ljn ov twelv silab'lz, fer hwiq dz most nuturcd IijgliJ pozijunz ov dz acsents wild bs on d£ secund and fort silab'lz ov sq fiit. 3is iz imitated in dz meter qoz'n fer d£ abuv fix translajun, hwiq hsever iz purli acentqal, d£ q£f acsent bdij jenerali on dz fort silab'l ov zq gruip. 28. 3e Roman and Fonetic AlfabeU corwpird. 3e abuv egzqmp'lz hav bra sufijent tui Jo us dat dz leterz ov ds roman alfabet, az qzd bj diferent najunz at de prezent da, hav veri diferent mEniij. It ma darfor be mteresthj tui tabiilat dz prinsipal significajunz in hwiq dz IijgliJ, Jermanz, Duq, Danz, Italyanz, Spanyerdz, Frenq, Polz, and WelJ emplo de simp'l roman caracterz ; and den tm se hs, b[ menz ov djgrafs and acsented leterz, da suplj simbulz fer doz ssndz in dar laijgwej hwiq da wer unab'l tm reprszent bj simp'l roman leterz. Az fqr az de IijgliJ laijgwej iz consernd, dis comparisun can bs onli veri incomplet ; but ds etur liaz furni/t a veri f uil and compltt comparisun els- hwar.( 69 ) Wid rsgqrd tiu uder laijgwejez, ds prezent comparisun iz muq mor complet, eldo, ov cors, suq tab'lz must elwaz labur under de disadvqntej ov not furnijiij dz lez hwiq regqlat dz qanjez ov significajun. It must be elwaz understud dat we onli giv dz c/f valuz ov a leter in wun cas, and dz most jeneral mod ov simbolizajun ov a ssnd in dz uder. Fer furder infermajun, referens must be mad tm de fonetic notis prsficst tm dz prEssdhj egzamp'lz. 3s laijgwejez selected qr not dz onli langwejez hwiq mac us ov dz roman alfabet az set st h\ acsented leterz. B£s{dz dez n^n laijgwejez, Pertugsz, SwEdif, Galic, fcij, Hungarian, Bohemian, de varius dialects ov diferent cuntriz, dz varius laijgwejez hwiq hav ben rcdiist tm qtin bj IrjgliJ lnijuneriz, az dat ov Xu Zeland, ets., qr u^qali rit'n wid roman leterz. <3x anecst tab'lz wil elso serv ds purpus ov Johj dz varius ssndz pozest bj eni langwejez, and dar fonetic defijensiz. cCus we se dat & ociirz in IijgliJ, DaniJ, SpaniJ, and WelJ, but dat f, hwiq ociirz in dz uder tre laijgwejez, iz not fond in DaniJ; 5 ociirz in IijgliJ, Frenq, and Polif; / in IijgliJ, Jerman, Italyan, Frenq, and PoliJ ; but nsder / ner j iz hnd in WelJ, Duq, er DaniJ. 3e leterz and combinajunz hwiq qr set bac a lit'l in d£ ferst colum ov TaVl J, dm not ferm a pqrt ov dz jenqin Latin alfabet, but qr dz inova- Junz ov modern tjmz. 69. R Fie fer Fonetic Spelit) ; er, is Isesesiti ov Qrtografic Reform. Lundim, F. Pitman, 1848. .) V V? V — — — V o e m o O O o o o op 6 o oo o o O O o o 6 £ o 6 o 6 o 6 VI O 11 o P o QWUUTS — ou ou — — UI u — P f P f p f P f P P p f p P f cw c cv cl cv cu C CU c — r uu ur r uq r r r r r dq r r r r r r — — r — %r s z f 3 sz z s s s s z s s z s s 7* *■/ f t t t f t t ts t t t $ t t t — — t t t %wuv. M U il u VI u Ml U VI u 11 V Ui u % i — U U ii u ii il V f, 1 V v u V V V — — w V V — — — — */ Ui u fiw z cs gz cs cs cs — cs k z cs — y i i i i il ii — £ i £ I U i i 1 I r> z 3 ts z z ts dz t Z z — § 36, nr. 28. Fonetic and Roman Alfabeti 217 II. Mod ov ecsprdsip tte Fonetic Alfabet hi Roman Leterz in npt modern Laygwejez. 3e syndz rep- i-ez^nted bj etc fonetic leterz q,r most U3Uali ecsprdst bj tfc foloiij combinajunz ov romon leterz in iggiif. Jerman. Due.. DaniJ. Italyon. SpaniJ. Frenq. PoliJ. WelJ. ea ee, — ie ih i, — ie i, i ii i, i ii 1 i, i l ic i, i i, i i, — — , i — , i — , i — — — 7. y — , i a ai, — ee en, e ee e, e se, se e e, c e, — ee, e e, — a, e a e, e — , e ee e, — e, e — > e ai e, e e e, e — , c — , a a, — a '_T a ah aa, a aa, a a, a a, a a, a a, a a, — a, a a, a au o, o — i o -7o ? — , o ? 0, 0, u, u ~ — 0, o oa, — o oh oo, o 00, 00, 0, u, u 0, 6 o au, o 0, — 00, ou u u uh, u oe, — u, u Oil, Oil u o, u w, w ii, ii uu, — Y> 7 ii, n 7> 7 u 6, o ecu, cu e, e eu, eu — J U — , u e, — in en e -y y an on a — h \V, \vll h h h — — an — h v, f tli, th w, — — f v v, f - y, f d, — v, f V 1), f d, c z v, f W 3 — — , f w f,ff dd, th s z, s c 8,/s z, s c — , s c s, s — , s S Z X, s z, s — , s z s, sh — , sch — — — j sc — g h ch z, s z, sz — 7, (-) J, — h — jfy\ — — — — 3, — — ,hch I 1, — 1,— — g, ch g, ch g, ch ~" — — — ch 1, — 1 1, — 1,- 1, — gl>- I, — II, — I, — II, — 1,11 le el — 1 r, — r, — r, — r, — r, — r, — r, — rz r, rh r er, ur r er, er er?, er? — r r, r m, m m, — m, — m,- m, — m, — m, — m, — m, — n, en n, — n , — n, — n, — n, — n , — u, — u, — ug b, P d, t g,ck ng b,p d, t g>k ng? b,p d, t n g b,p d, t g>k gn n b,P d, t g gh, c ch n n b,p d, t ggu,cqu gn b,p d, t g gu, c qu h n? b,p d, t 6 k ng b,p d, t g. c 218 Conchujitii. § 37. § 37. CONCLTITXUN. We hav not had an opurtimiti ov qtiij dsn de pronnnsiajunz ov de pasejez sjted in de forgoirj egzqmp'lz, from de dictajun ov persunz hiu spoc de kmgwejez az dar nativ tunz, in mor dan tui er tre instansez, az de Welf and Loland Scoq ; and hav had, in uder casez, tui depend upon eonjectur, (az in ded larjgwejez,) de fonetic transcript ov uder qterz, (az in Pertugez and de Bavarian dialect,) er *r on jujment and recolecfun, at a considerab'l distans ov tjm sins herin de langwej spoc'n b\ nativz, (az in Frenc,, Jerman, Italyan;) — it iz, darfor, veri probab'l dat meni defects er eronius reprezentajunz wil be discuverd bj doz hui hav beter opurtqnitiz er mor aciit fonetical persepjunz dan de efcur. cfrs, hse'ver, wil in nowjz detract from de utiliti ov de etniccd and complet fonetic alfabets hwiq we hav constructed, cla furnij de mens ov ecspresin de corect ssndz colectivli tui doz hui no hwot dez corect ssudz qr, indiv- ldqali. And hwen de laijgwej iz rit 'n in acerdans wid dez simbulz, a menz ov cuvjvir) at de corect pronunsiajun ov de wurdz it contanz, iz furnijt tui eni wun hui iz acwanted wid de simbulz, and can reprodiis de s^ndz hwiq da reprezent. But 3T simbulz dui not furnij de reder wid de p^er ov pron^n- shj de ssndz, ev'n qfter he haz herd dem, and sertenli not befor he haz herd dem. 3e obzervajunz in de ferst part ov dis tretis, hsever, wil asist him in aprejiatiij de ssndz hwen he duz her dem, and dis iz el dat can be atemted in a wurc on fonetics. £L ssnd can be no mor descr|bd dan a culur. But we qr ab'l tui indicat a culur dcqretli bj mens ov de acfun ov polerjzd ljt on cristalz ; de mecanical reproducjun ov speq-s^ndz iz muc, mor dificult ; and eldo meni fnterestin rezults hav ben arjvd at, no simp'l contr^vans haz ben invented h\ hwiq an alfabet mjt be egzibited edib'li and mecdnicali. 3e lerner, darfor, iz tron ent^rli upon de rnersi ov specerz, el ov huim spec, in sum respect, diferentli ; and he haz tui seperat de speq-ssnd from de acsidents ov cwoliti, ton, maner, acsent, ets., wid hwiq it iz acumpanid in de specer tin huim he lis'nz. cEis iz el veri dificult. R man iz meni yerz befor he lernz tui spec hiz on laijgwej pqrli : it ma be dsted hweder he can ever acw^r ecwal corectnes in eni uder. 3e us, darfor, ov a universal alfabet iz limited, but hjli important. Etimoloji bein fsnded upon de ssndz ov wurdz, it iz neseseri tin hav sum menz ov reprezentin el laijgwejez bj a uniform sistem ov spelim suq az dat hwiq we furnif. 3e japz ov de simbulz qr ov no impertans fer dis 't^^t^^zy ^i^n^tfrm^. = Z E ' i y J* = TTF ^J?-^ = AAA ^/ = G- 1] £ ^ = £ e ^ ^ = a a t t z 3 <#-<#- <2> ^ = a, ^ a ^ J& ds (E oe = ^^ u/^& J&r??^^& as $-tcJ, 3c ^o& . J-Ms-fttd p,.Zl£. § 37. Ckmchugun. 219 sjentific purpus (p. 83) ; it iz onli neseseri dat da Jud be distinct, czili rit'n, and Ezili printed. We tiijc dat ds fermz ov ds leterz, bot ov sr etnical and complst alfabets, qr distiijct in stljn. 3a qr elso Ezili rit'n, az dt opozit tab'l wil Jo. c£at da qr ezili printed, wil b£ evident, liwen it iz non dat dar qr several fonts ov fonotips, az we term dem, elredi cqst, and tui be obtand in lqrj cwontitiz from ds tjp-fsnderz, Mes. Figinz, ov 17, West strst, Smitfdd, Liindun, at ds sam pqs az ds comun nnfonetic leterz ; or in smel cwontitiz from ds fonetic printii) ofisez, Bqt, at a sl^t incrss ov pqs. Spesimens ov ds tjps, wid planz ov de " casez" and uder pqrticqlerz qr giv'n in ds terd Apendics.( 70 ) cEe etnical and fonetic alfabets propozd in dis biac, darfor, hav a prac- tical advqntej not hidertui atand : dar leterz qr sjtli, varid, Ezili qzd, ezili printed. 3e fermz ov d£ leterz, az we hav elredi stated at considerab'l lent (p. 99), wer dEtermind on practical considerajnnz, relatirj tm ds intro- ducfun ov a fonetic stjl ov spelin intui jeneral us, "fer dt IijgliJ laijgwej in pqrticqler. Hz qrgqments fer and agenst dis inovajun qr giv'n at lent elshwar.(7 1 ) Xo wun can b£ mor sensib'l ov d£ dificulti ov d£ tqsc hwic; lis haz un- dertac'n, dan d£ etur himself. It haz tac'n him meni ysrz ov aijcfus "tet and ecsperiment, tm rEdqs ds problem ov d£ fonetic reprszentajun ov 70. It ma not be ^t ov plas.hu stat her, dat Mr. Pitman woz obljjd tui estdblij a priutin ofis fer de purpus ov testin ~sr ecsperiments in de fermajun ov de practical fonetic alfabct bj actual tjps, de ecspensez ov de ferst 264 matrisez bavin ben defnid bj a public subscripjun. W cqrtilej, 1, 2, 5. cle cricod cqrtilej, 3, 8, 7, 6. cEe cricQ-Xirodius mus'l, 7, 4. i%. 4, 5. If we ns supoz de larirjcs tui be undivjded, so dat we can plas it directli under de jz and luc verticali dsn tui de entrans ov de windpjp, we jal hav de berdz-j vq repre- zented in Fig. 4, ov hwig a diminijt stljn iz giv'n in Fig. 5, fer de mor ezi inserfun ov de referens numberz. 1. cle anteriur pent ov de tjred cartilej. 2, 3. 5e uper posteriur hern ov de tjred cqrtilej, marct 1 in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3. 4. F. Angerman. Die Lautlehre und ihre Anwendung auf Sprache und Ge- sang, fiir Elementar- und Gesanglehrer wie zur Selbstunterweisung. Berlin, bei C. A. Wolf, 1847). 3e Sjens ov S^nd, and its aplicajun tui speg and son, fer elementeri tegerz, and tegerz ov muzic, and fer self-instrucjun. 3is ht'l wurc (pp. 75,) contanz sum veri usful and impertant remqres upon de diferent modz in hwig spec,-s?mdz qr prodqst, wid espejal referens tui ecspirafun and inspirajun. ms fermz de nicest and elso de prinsipal porjun ov de wurc. cle alfabet iz onli adapted tui de Jerman langwej. Yuy £Dr. Thomas Young), Foren Sec- reteri tui de Re , al Sosjeti, F.L.S., Mem- ber ov Emanual Colej, Canibrij, lat Profeser ov Natu/al Filosofi in de Reral Institujun ov Grat Briten. A Cors ov Lectip-z on Natiu^al Filosofi and de Me- canical Xrts. 4to. Lundun, 1807. In vol. 2, p. 276, dar iz a bref notis ov de sjens ov fonetics, tuigMer wid an alfabet ov 48 dements, corespondm tui ^r 1 e, 2 q, 3 d a, 4 e o, 5 a, 6 o, 7 6, 8 6, 9 u, 10 m u, 11 it (az proninst in Jermani, wid atendensi tiu e), 12 il (az pron^nst in Frc(,ns, wid no sucj tendensi; ■lp. 2. JPonetic Literatyr. •lis, at eni rat, iz ilr ctlatfgcfun we supoz tin hav ben intended) ; 13 r, 11 i, 15 a, 16 ^, 17 <'/,- 18 on, 19 em, 20 k», 21 ii», 22 an ; 23 /, 2t /;, 25 M [uzin // for de proper mq,rc ov hwisper, hwifl we li.iv not yet had cut for dis Emit ov tips], 26 r, 27 Jg, 28 p, 29 if, 30 g o, 31 z, 32 j; 33 m, 31 », 35 j; ; 36 nj ; 37 b, 3S d, 39 r/ ; 40 A j 41 /, 42 /, 43 k k, 44 s, 45 /; 46 p, 47 £, 49 c. Heholdz datde IngliJ diftonz /, o, *=u«, e», etit; and ilastrata hiz alfabet bj de fdloiij cwotajun from Goldsmit, in hwifl we hav translated hiz simoulz, enclozin doz elements in parentesez over hwi<; he haz dren a bar or vinculum : h(iue)n luvli (iinujiiiHH stvipa tu joli, undfuindz tu Lit itut ,nen bitr(ei), ! h{uo)t ffi/.i.qm ciiu sunt hn.iq meliincoli, ! h(hio)t i/Jqt cun (uui)p hn.iq (jilt ii(nr>i). "Sura wad red in de ferst liu tu, and not tu," adz Dr. Yuy. Wocer <£John Walker), £L Critical Pro- iransfr) Dic/uneri and Ecspozitur ov de IngliJ Langwej ; in liwig not onli de menirj ov even ward iz clerli ecspland, and de ssnd ov everi silab'l distiijctli Jon, but, hwar wurdz qr subject tiu dif- erent pronunsiajunz, de etoritiz ov sr best pron^nsin dic/uueriz qr fuli egzib- itcd, de rez'nz for ecj at lqrj displad, and de preferab'l pronunsiajun panted st Tiu liwiq qr preficst Priusip'lz ov IngliJ Pronunsiafun, in hwic de s^ndz ov let- erz, silab'lz, and wurdz, qr crfticali investigated and sistemdticali aranjd, de influicns ov de Grec and Latin acsent and cwoutiti on de acsent and cwontiti ov de IngliJ' turoli egzdmind and clerli def/nd ; and de analojiz ov de langwej so fiali Jon az tin la de fsndajun ov a consistent and rajunal pronunsiajun. Ljcwjz rmlz tin be obzervd bj nativz ov Scotland, 5rlaud,and Lundun,fer avffdii) dar respectiv pecnliaritiz ; and direcjunz tiu forenurz for acwjrirj a nolej ov de u_s ov dis Dicjuneri. t ov us. ) o, u u< , it (e ) ; he givz no egzqmp'l for o e, audit iz onli bj, conjeetur dat we disangwif a from a ; de vsel <; iz misin. In paj :l-yl, In- srmz tm recognjz de Prenq ii, but he had no eler jdea ov de pronunsiajun ov Frem; or JeiMiian. He duz not distingwij" de conson- anls y, w, from de v>relz i, u. Hiz consonantal analisis iz veri aeiyret. He dh-:'dz de consonants dus (p. 366) ; spiritus (= continuant) tnu ov noz, souorus m, n, y, mut Jim, hn, luj (\\c uz de aspiret h for de hwisper, for wont ov de proper tip in dis font); spiritus in:' tie mut, sonorus, v, it, q, I, ,-, z, :•, ; mut/, t, k, hi, hr, s,f; semi- spirit us, a.nserkj tm srspoc'n eesplodents, h, d, c/ : and non-spiritus or hrrllrs, bciij ft mut ees- plodents p, t, c. Bi/up Wilcinz givz as de Lerdz Prar and de Cred, acerdii) tva !iiz analisis ; az nerli az we can interpret hiz simbulz iidm sr on, dez egzqmp'lz wil run dus, (de dub'] conj ftr so rit'n in de orijinal.) HeLnrdzPrnr. — " l*i ;r fader huitf art in heven, halloed bi dui nam, dui ciijdiira cum, dui nill bi dun in ert az it iz in heven, giv us dis dai [■ did] mar daili bred, and forgiv us unr trespassez az ui forgiv dem dat trespas against us, and lad us not intu temptasion, but deliver us from ivil, for fer duiu] iz de cindum, de puiaer and .'..- glori, [if dis iz not an erur, it iz a remq pronunsiajun, becez gleri iz ny veri frecwent ov glori,'] for ever and ever, Amen." St Cred. — "Ui bilev in God de fader olmuili miicer of heven and ert, and in U^esus Cruist hiz onli sun uur Lord, him uaz consaved '>ui de hob' Gost, born of de Virgin [j'uirli dis must be a misprint or a slip ov de pen for Virdjjin] Mari, suffered under Ponsius Puilat, uaz criu, sified [•! erur fer criitsifin'ed] ded and buried, Hi dessended intu hel, de turd dai hi ros _ from de ded. Hi asseuded intu heven, huar [not " hwar," az iz de prezent pronunsiafun | hi sittet at de nut hand of God de fader, from huens hi Jal cum tu djuds de cuic and de ded. Ui bilev in de holi Gost, de holi edtolic Ifurti, de commiunion of Saints, de forgivnes of sinz, de resurrecsion of de badi [misprint fer bodi] , and luif everlustin . Amen." Wuster ^Joseph E "Worcester), iT Crit- ical and Pron^nsin Dicjuneri ov de IngliJ Laijgwcj incluuliy sjentific termz ; \\\\ 21 230 Fonetic Literatyr. Jj). 2. hwic, qr aded Wecerz Ce tui de Pronun- siajun ov Clasical and Scriptu,r Proper Namz, mug enlqrjd; and a Pronsnsirj Vocdbuleri ov modern Jeogrofical Namz. Lundun, 1847. (Orijinali publijt in America.) 3is iz ds latest and best ov ds InghJ pro- nsnsin dicjuneriz. Ks etur haz considerabli aded tui its vara bj givhj cte opinyunz ov el hiz predesesurz upon disputed pants. He duz not at^mt tui asjn ds intended vselz in indistinct unacsented silab'lz. 6M6, properli speck), biz introduejun contanz nutiij Ijc a trEtis upon fonetics, jet &e wurc lis baz produst iz ov grat impertans tui el bui studi ds fonetic structur ov st langwej. Berfel {Sir John Herschelty. Ensjclopedia Metropolitana. Art. Synd. Pqrt III., § HI. R Jert ac^nt ov d£ erganz ov spsq, and ov Profeser Wihsez ecsperiments. In Nr. 359, Ser Jon HerJ'el sez : " 3is ma be d£ plas tm rEinarc ds ecstrE'ru imperfeejun ov sr rit'n langwej in its reprEzentaJun ov v^elz and con- sonants. We bav sics leterz hwiq we eel vselz, EC, ov hwiq, byever, reprEzents a varjeti ov syndz cwjt distiijet from £q uder, and hwjl £q encroqez on ds funcjunz ov ds rest, a grat meni veri gud simp'l vselz qr reprsz^nted bj bjneri er ev'n terneri combinaj'unz." r- ever, iz not properb an IngliJ sund," and hwiq duz not SEm tui difer from n er y inijal in eni ov d£ casez sjted), r, b. Compxnd Consonants ; <3, j ; cs gz. "We bav hsr," b£ prosedz iui sa, " a seal ov terten simp'l vselz and twenti simp'l consonants, fcerti-tre in el, hwiq qr de fuest leterz wid bwie, it iz posib'l tui rjt IngliJ. But, on ds utter band, wid de adifun ov tui er tre mor vselz, and az meni consonants, mack) abit ferti caracterz in el, everi non langwej mjt probabb b£ efectqah redqst tui rjtiij, so az tui prezerv an ,egzdct corespondens betwen ds rjtkj and pronunsiajun ; hwiq wiad be wun ov' de most vdluab'l acvvizifunz not onb tui filolojists, but tiu mancjnd, fasflitatirj de intercors betwen najimz, and lain de fsndajun ov de ferst step tordz a universal larjgwej, wun ov de grat de- siderata at hwiq mancjnd et tiu am bj comun consent." Henzlo <£Rev. William-Henry Henslowe, M. A.}, Perpetual Cirret ov Wurmga fWormegay), ner Lin, Nerfuc. , ov Cirjz Colej, Lundun. Lundun : West- minster Eevu fer October 1837, pp. 34—37. 3e opinyunz ov dis eminent aesstijan, sele- brated fer biz calcuja jun ov Cladniz s^nd-figurz, biu haz himself mad a spscir) majen, and inves- tigated ds lez ov s^nd in a varjeti ov waz, qr wurdi ov d£ most atentiv considerafun. Meni ov hiz vuz or contand in hiz contribujunz tiu Dr. "Ehutsunz Fizioloji, but dis artic'l in de Westminster Eevii contanz hiz teori ov vsel s^ndz, and dar producj'un at de sam tjm az muzicaltonz in sink). After ecsplaniij de sirj- guler fEuomenon ov "multip'l resonansez," he concliiidz bj considerin dem and vsel cwobtiz az " diferent fermz ov ds sam ffinomena." We cud not dm justis tiu hiz tsori wid^t cwotin it at leijt, hwiq yr spas duz not permit. It niabfi fsnd in d£ Alfabet ov Nnt%r, pp. 36—39. Pitman <£Isaac Pitman}. R Manual ov Eonografi ; Lundun, varius dats. 2e erber Edijunz ov dis wurc giv de teori on hwiq Mr. Pitman ferst fsnded hiz Fonetic 2ert Hand (se abuv, p. 83) . 3.e fonetic acisnt ov de Inghf laqgwej giv'n in ds Introduejun tui de att Edijun, woz furnijt bj de etur ov dez pajez. Pel am ^William Pelham). B. Sistem ov Notajun reprezentin ds Ssndz ov Alfa- betical Caracterz bj a nit aplicajun ov de Acsentual Mqrcs in prezent us, wid sue; adijunz az wer neseseri tui suplj defij- ensiz. Bostun, United Stats, 1808. 3is iz a veri siijgujer wurc, dezjnd tui fasibtat de acwizijun ov InghJ pronunsiajun. 3.E spelbj ov wurdz iz left nsrli unelterd, but hwen con- sonantal djgrafs cp* mad us ov, de component pqrts or b^nd tuigeder bj a ligatur ; sobteri consonants hav dar diferent valuz distirjgwijt bj sbjt qanjez ov Jap ; but de vsel notajun iz bterab wun ov acsents onb ; de leterz over hwiq de acsents qr plast hav no msnig ov demselvz, but mErli serv tut suport d£ acsent, and d£ wurd wiad b£ Ecwali intebjib'l if ds acsents alon wer printed, and ds leterz bslo dem omited. 3.e etur haz dctiicdi printed ds hoi ov Dr. Jonsunz Saselas in dis stranj stjl ov spelin, hwiq cud never bs pubbcb adopted. Indsd, hs onb can hav ment it az an asistensinlernnj tui r£d, witbst eni ultsriur vu, ov introdqsig a fonetic ertografi. Hiz vsel sistem iz : Ion vvelz, e, q,, a, a, £, o, e, ui ; fert vselz, o, a, a, e, i, o-, u, la ; diftoyz, us(=j), uu(=wu), ym(=u), yu( = unacsented U in unit), uu(=»). [O iz not considerd az a difton at el, but iz mqret az tui vselz, eij] Pot ^Aug. Friedr. Pott. Etymologische Forschungen auf dem Gebiete der Indo- Germanischen Sprachen, mit besonderem Bezin? auf die LautumwandluuK im San- Ap. 2. Forietic Literatitr 231 sent, GriecMschen, Lateiuischen, Lit- tauischen uud Gothischen. Lemgo, bei Meyer, 1833). Ethnological Rescrgez in de danism ov de Indo-Jennanic Lai)- gwejez, wid espejal referens tm de inter- cjanj ovssndz iu de Sanscrit, Grec, Latin, Lituanian, and Gotic langwejez. Lemgo (a ten ov 4000 inhabitants, in de Jerman prinsipaliti ov Lipeu-Detinohl, ab^t wun degre sst ov Bramen). 3is iz wun ov de most important wurcs on comparativ filoloji dat haz aperd, and iz n£ses- erili bast on de fonetic relajun ov wurdz. In vol. 1, pp. 1 — 144, wil be fsnd a most elaboret seriez ov obzervajunz and egzamp'lz, tendiij tin egzibit de conecjun betwen de fonetical and etimolojical relajunz ov wurdz. ctis wurc baz not ben translated intui Iijglij. Biber, er Beber f> 9> h> i> i> j> °> h m > n ; °! °> e > y » P> r > 8 > y> t, t, it, m, u, v,'w, z, 5. 3is enqmerajun diferz from Yrz in de absens ov u, o, i{, y, y, ov hwiq vi, y, y qr indispensab'l. 3e object ov de etur ov dis* alfabet woz tui prevent de introducjun ov nq leterz, and hens el hiz caracterz qr eder old fermz, er old fermz inverted. 3e foloig tran- script ov de Lerdz prar wil egzibit de aperona ov dis stjl ov printhj : " Sr fither, which Jit iu hevn, h-daed bB thy nam : thy kingdom kqm : thy wil bra dun in erih az it iz in hevn ; giv qs this da §r dalB bred : And for giv u_s §r trespAsez, az wb forgiv them thAt trespAS Agenst qs : And 1b d qs not intu temtashon : but cfehver qs from uvl : for thyn iz the kingdom, the pSer, And the glerB, for ever And ever : amen." Bop ^Franz Bopp. Yergleichende Gram- matik des Sanskrit, Zend, Griechischen, Lateinischen, Litthauischen, Gothischeu, und Deutschen. Berlin, bei Diimmler, 1833, u. fll.) £L Comparativ Gramer ov de Sanscrit, Zend, Grec, Latin, Litq- anian, Gotic, and Jerman Laijgwej ez. Sis iz de most impertant eontribqjuntui com- pcu"ativ filoloji ov modern tjmz. 'dz ferst hun- dred pajez qr devoted tui a fonetic aesnt ov de larjgwejez menjund in de tjt'l, and qr most impertant tiu etimolojists. It iz imposib'l tui red Pots and Bops wares widst fdirj dat it iz de ssud ov a wiu'd, and not its acsidental ertograii, wid hwiq an etimolojist haz tui del. Tsbodati (X. Thibaudin). Propozd Orijinal Sistemfer a Radical, Universal, and Fil- ozofical Reform in de Spelhj ov Larj- gwejez. Lundun, 1842. Mosyo Tebodah haz apljd his alfabet tiu at laqgwejez, Pertqgez, Iijglij, Frenq, SpaniJ', Itulyan, Latin (az prouSust in Frqns), Grec (az pronvnst in Ingland), and Jerman. It barz everi mqrc ov benj rit'n bj a FreiKjmnu ; dus, no hint iz giv'n ov de diferens betwen lorj and Jert "vselz, de vselz in be in beiij reprr zeuted bj de sam sin wicKt modit'ieajun, so dat tn m, Mv'n hec'n, ets, cud not be' distingvrijt. He haz elso dctqah herd de Frenc, nazulz in Iijgb.l and Italyan, fer he reprezents de wurdz and, veygq, b\ sjnz ecwivedent tiu amid, vangq. It iz unn^seseri tui giv furder detidz. 232 Fonetic Literutqr, Ap. Dqrwin (Dr. Erasmus Darwin.) He Temp'l ov Natter de Orijin ov Sosjeti; a poem, wid filozoficol nots. Not 15 eontanz an analisis ov drtieqlet ssndz, and fermz an impertant lit'l tretis on fonetics, tie consonants qr wel aranjd, but de vselz qr defectiv, espejali doz far foren laggwejez. He givz a complst Iijglij fonetic alfcibet, wict nq sjnz fer c!e leterz reewjrd tui compk't cte roman alfabet. Be Staiis (Y. D. De Stains.) Fonografi, er de Rjtin ov Ssndz ; in tui parts, namli, Logogroii, er universal rjtirj ov spec, ; and Miisicografi, er simbolieal rjtin ov music ; wid a J'ert hand fer bat. Secund edijun, Lundun, 1842. tec analisis ov ssndz iz not complst, and iz veri fansifial. It iz not tui be compard, az a sistem ov rapid rjtin, tui Mr. Pitmanz. ]N T o sistem ov Printii] iz asojiated wict dis plan ov rjtiij. Bonaldsun <£John 'William Donaldson), lat Felo ov Triuiti Colej, Cambrij, and ns Hed Master ov Beri St. Edmunds Scud. 3.S Nil Cratilus <£Cratylus), er Contriba- Junz tordz a mor aeqret Nolej ov de Grec Langwej. Cambrij and Lundun, 1839. 3e teori ov de Grec alfabet, her treted, in pp. 36 — 137, ayiI b£ f and impertant, bot foneticali and alfabeticali. Jonz <£Sir William Jones). Wurcs, edited bj LerdTinmut. Lundun, 1807. Vol. 3, pp. 253—318, On de Grtografi ov de Rfiatic Wurdz in Roman Leterz. He tacs advqntej ov revqiij de Sanscrit alfabet, tui construct a universal fonetic alfabet, in'hwiq hs rjts sum ljnz ov Iijglij. 3e vsel ancdisis iz not cwjt corect. Jonsun fDr. Samuel Johnson). R Dic- Juneri ov de Iijglij Langwej, in hwic, el de wurdz ar dediist from dar ©rijinalz, and ilustratcd, in dar diferent significajunz, bj egzamp'lz from de best rjterz ; tui- geder wid a Histori ov de Langwej, and an IngliJ Gramer. Secund edijun, wid niimerus corecjunz bj de Rev. H. J. Tod {Todd). Lundun, 1827. In cte Gramer preficst tui dis Edijun, pp. 101 — 107, dar iz a veri, and aparentli dezjnedli, im- perfect acsnt ov de elements ov IngliJ speq, and a veri dsprsfiatirj notis tac'n ov d£ efurts ov doz bui hav endevurd tui impruiv sr alfabet. ' ' 1 Hui can hop tui prsval on najunz tui e,anj dar practis, and mac el dar old bucs qsles ; er 1 hwot advqntej wiad a nq ertografi procqr, ecwivalent tui ds confqgun and perplecsiti ov sue, an eltera- jun :" cwestyunz hwie, we hav endevurd tui qnser m sr Pie fer Fonetic Speliy . Notis wil bs fsnd , sder in Dr. Jonsunz tecst er Mr. Todz nots, ov several ov ds older atemts at rEfermin sr ertografi, hwie, we hav not pqrticqlarjzd in dis Est, bEcez we hav hsr onli tac'n notis ov biacs tui hwie, we hav had oca3un tui rsfer. Cs {T. Hewitt 'Key), M.K., ov Triuiti Colej, Cambrij, Profeser ov Comparativ Gramer in Universiti Colej, Lundun. ;ndz, in Liz profejunal endevurz tui cu,r stameriij. Clqrc ^Professor Clark, Marischal College, Aberdeen). An Atemt at Vocal Iijgli/, dat iz, IrjgliJ" spelt az spoc'n, on de prinsip'l ov everi spelirj havirj wun ssnd, and everi S5nd wun spelirj, and az far az posib'l bj nienz ov de comun printirj tjps. Prjvetli printed. 1844. 3at de modern printiij tjps qr insui'ifent fer de atanment ov de object stated in fie tjt'l ov (lis wore, we hov convinst -jfrselvz bj meni eesperi- ments in adijun tm doz hwiq we hav met wid in de wures ov uderz. 3ar qr practiced objecjimz tm tumd leterz, dat iz, tm qziq de sam leter direct and inverted, hwiq qr sui'ijent tui prevent de emplcrment ov dis ecspedient, ecsept in rar casez (gz tst o, .1, o). Profeser Clqrcs seem, hwen interpreted bj sv sinibulz, iz az foloz; log vselz, m, e, a, e, o ; fert rselz, a, e, i, o, u ; "modifjd \~selz," q, u; "dumvsel," ('),butwe hav no presjs eewivedent fer dis in -sr cdfabet. 3e egzqmp'lz hwiq Profcser Clqrc givz, qr "ap'l, «16n, alsab'l," hwiq he wud spel, qziq (' ) fer de dum rsel, ap'l, 'Ion, 'te'b'l. " 3e ruil adopted fer speliij wid de dum vsel," sez he, "hwar de wurd consists ov mar silab'lz dan wan, iz tin spel wid it in suq silab'lz az can not, er az hqrdli can be promfnst continqusli, so az tui alv a sxnd ljc a, e, i, o, er u tui be distil) - gwi/tj" and he acerdirjli spelz de wurdz onurai'l guvernerz, litereri baristerz, dus, on'r'b'l guv'r- n'rz, lifr'ri bar'st'rz. 3e qs ov de dum vncI iz de grat pecqliariti ov dis sistem. Hiz diftoijz qr oe o, ow s, ae \, we we, em q, ee ye, ra yo, mo yo, ma wa, me we, tuae wj, e' v' ; and hwen eni tui -rselz hwiq mjt constitqt a diftoij, but dm not, folo wun anufier in rjtirj, he sercumflecsez de ferst vyel. 3e consonants qr b, d, f, h, c, I, vi, n, p, r, s, t, v, z, tuigeder wid g, 5, f, y, d, t. Profdser Clqrc atemts tm egzibit de comun colocwial pronunsiajun, wid el its indistiijctnes. Sis woz at ferst atemted wid sr cdfabet, but qfter mor dan aten mimts trial, ren^nst az impructicab'l. 3e folohj egzqmp'l from Graz Eleji rit'n in a, Cuntri @urg-Yqrd, er az he spelz it, Elcdji "ritn in c Kuntri Txurtx-Yctrd , wil Jo de qz hwic, Profeser Clqrc mad ov de old tips in reprez^ntii) s-sndz ; a strictli literal interpreta- Jun iz plast under eq wurd. Ac kurfyw tcelz ac nel uv partiq dse, it' curfew, tolz d' nel uv partly da, Ac loeiq herd waj-ndz slceli cer' ac ly, &' loiy herd waendz sloli or - it' h-, Ac plowmen heemwerd plodz hiz wyri wee, it' plomm'n homw'rd plodz hiz weri wa,, Cnd lyvz ac wurld tuh darknes end tuh my . 'nd levz d' wurld tui dctrcn's 'nd tu me. Profeser Clqrc iz, lrsever, not ewjt satisfjd tm reprezent everi wurd az it iz spoc'n, but "fer de ez and cumfurt ov de reder, mor espejali tm enab'l him tm pic up redili de scop ov a sentens befor he givz it uterans, er in hiz on sjleut permzalz," emphiz sunt " qrbitrerimqrcs adrest ouh tm de j." 3cz mqres consist in de inserjun ov a sjlent h in sum wurdz, preficshj or subjernirj an apostrofi (') tm uderz, (dus, cer' in de eg- zqmp'l abuv cwoted, tm Jo dat it nun/ and not de ur 00 n but, or metoUe or,) dublirj de inijal consonant, adiij an acsent (tm niqrc de plmral hwen not ecsprest bj inflecjun), and com^nsiij serten wurdz wid capital leterz. Gl suq pqrli qrbitreri sjnz wud be grater stumldiij- blocs in de pqt ov de speler, dan da wud be helps tm de reder. Clopftoc (Friedricb Gottlieb Klopstock. Saniinlliche spracbwissenschaftliclie und sestbetische Wcrkc, heransgegeben von A. L. Back mid Dr. A. R. C. Spindlcr. Leipzig, bei Fleischer, 1830.) Complgt Filolojical and Estetical "Wurcs. Vol. 14, pp. 145—264. 3ez pajez contan several lit'l tretisez on Jer- man ertografi, and a propozd Jerman cdfabet, wid egzqmp'lz printed in de maner propozd, and sum veri ecselent qrgqments in favur ov ddt mod ov printhj, hwic;, h'scver, duz not ape'r tm hav fsud eni favur wid de public. It woz entjrli adrest tm litereri men, and dez ferm de veri clqs ov persunz hm dm not fcl de difieultiz ov ertografi, and hm darfor onli luc on fonetic spelirjiiz a filozoiical pla-tiy. Grqshian ^F. H. G. Grassman. Sprach- bildmigslcbre fiir Deutsche, erster Theil; die Lebre von der Sylbenbildung in Ver- bindung mit der Sprachzeichenlehre fiir Deutsche. Berlin, bei Reamer, 1828.) Instrucjunz in de Fermajun ov Larjgwej fer Jcrmanz. — Ferst Part ; Instrucjuu iu de Fermajim ov Silab'lz in conecj'un wid Instrucfun in de qs ov de Sjnz for Ssndz, fer Jermanz. 3is iz a wurc intended fer de teqer ov prjmeri scudz, tm instruct hiz pqpilz in speciij and redirj , gi\iij dem an egzdct nolej ov el de elements ov speq. It iz crmeli prohes, but it Mrnifez a veri satisfacturi alfabet ov de Jerman laijgwej az spoc'n in Pomerania. 3e folohj iz a sumeri ov de alfabet giv'n on paj 79, de fert v^-elz beiij omited. Sandz. — Simp' I and pyr,' q,, a, e, o, m ; simp'l and intermediet, a, e, o, 6, u ; diftonz, am, ai, au ; abrijd diftoyz, 01a, ei, ou (qzd in Pomerania insted ov de ud'er tre ; it iz tm be obzervd dot de terd chftoij au iz hwot we reprezent bj i> ; de Pomeranian teqer haz not ev'n reqt dis consep- Jun ov de s-snd). Ssnd-Modifierz. — cle simp'l bre&vy, h; Azfqrp brediyz, f, s,*k, J; de soft brett- inz, v, z, q, 3 ; hqf-sy'ndz, m, n, rj, 1, r ; Jqrp clozvyz, p, t, c ; soft cloeimz, b, d, g. It iz tm be obzervd dat dis rjter duz not custujgwij fie Jerman is from de comun I\]ghJ v ; and itui lie duz not distiijgwij q from y. He sez dat 111 < 1st ov de Jerman (g) qr pronSinst q in Pomerania; jnjiy from de Berhn pronunsiajun, we suspect da qr pron^nst y, and dat dis iz de orijin ov fie rjterz confq^un. Fer fie satisfacfun ov Jerman scolerz, we trcmscrjb an egzqmp'l ov Pomera- nian pronunsiajun hwiq he haz giv'n (p. 110), but we dm not tine it m'seseri tm ad i'.e Hj Jer- man tecst, er pronunsiajun, er a translajun, az nun but doz hm no sumliy ov de laqgwej qr ljch tm tac cm interest in de mater, and dez wud redili understand de meniij ov de pusej. dar bqxmkertsiqe. runts emt c/uus O'fjoeu (hi einem sar calten vintertqqe met eindnder uberfelt. an dar ftrq.se fanden 234 Fonetic Literatip'. Jp. 2. ze einen on'becdnten men/en em fna, hqen, velker fest tsu flqfen fen. cunts hate met'leiden met em, ont ous bezorknes, das dr drfreren mokte, ndherte dr zelc em, om en ous dam flqfe tsu vecen. qber zq fel dr en ouk rotelte, zq ervdkte dr dole nekt. dan canst dm layqe roteln, ref clous lakent ; ar vert nekt oufvdken ; ar est betruycen ; las dim carl hqen, ont com ; es est colt, nein, dntvorlete cunts, zo on'bqrmherisek can ek nekt zein ; ve leikt conte ddr qrme menf erfreren ! ont mqkdr emer betruycen zein, ar est ein menf, ont tsvqr ein holfs'- bedorf'tiqer menf; ek vel turn, vas e/c can, om em das laben tsu reten. num, zo make, vas dm velst, ref clous on'vel'ek ; ek mqfc nekt leyqer Iter ftalien ont freren ; ont dametf qiyc ar veiter. cunts bedecte nwn eilekst dan flqfenden met fna,, veil dr gehbrt! hate, das ddr fna, vdrme, ont lef dan zo fuel ve moklek nqrk dam ndksten dprfe, om einen vqqen tsu holen. glbcliker veizefant ar oukgleik einen menfenfrountf - liken bouer ddr dben ous ddr ft at qefqren cqm, ont met desen holfe dr dan hdlj)toten fremden sar bait ens laben brakte. frolek vanderte dr num nqk houze. Fultun and Nit (G. Fulton and G. Knight). £L Dicfuneri ov de IrjgliJ Langwej, gratli impriuvd ; de pronunsiajun asertand bj a n-q, and simp'l notajun ; tm hwiq q,r preficst de Prinsip'lz ov IngliJ Pronun- siajun and de Elements ov Redirj. Nq\ edijun. Lundun, 1843. R meritorius pronsnsin dicjuneri fer de us ov scuilz. cle introducturi obzervajunz qr veri pertinent. cle object ov de eturz bein tux tec, de pronunsiajun bj menz ov cte old spent), eta bav not gon intui de subject ov fonetics sjentificaii, ner iz a eomplet fonetic cdfabet egzibited. In dar " Ce," cte foloig vsel s^ndz qr recognjzd : fut sxndz, a, e, i, o, u ; num sxndz, a, e, j, o, q ; cte sam Jert, dat iz, unac- sented ; ocA^unal sxndz, e, q, ui ; fert, o, a, xa (in p. xix ov cte Introducjun, cte foloin egzqm- p'lz qr giv'n ov a az distinct from a er q: ar; pas, bras, gras ; gaf , draf , gaf, staf, aft, craft, draft, haft, raft, J aft, waft; grant, plant, slant; lat, pat, rat ; asc, base, case, fuse, masc, fasc ; asp, gasp, clasp, rasp, hasp, grasp ; cast, blast, fast, last, mast, past, vast ; dans, lans, glans, gans ; in el doz wurdz hwiq qr printed in italics we fiad qz q fer a, and in de uder wurdz we prefer a. Wecer and Smqrt giv a in el casez); obscyx e az in Iter. Fray din <£Dr. Benjamin Franklin). Complet Wurcs in Filosofi, Politics, and Moralz. Lundun, 1806; vol. 2, pp. 357—366. B. Seem fer a Nu Alfabet and Refermd Mod ov Spelin, wid remqres and egzqm- p'lz consernirj de sam; and an incwjri intm its usez : in a corespondens betwen Mis S (Stev'nsun) and Dr. Franc- lin, rit'n in de caracterz ov de alfabet. 3e gratnes ov cte etur ov dis sistem, and biz pecqlier turn ov mjnd, n^seserili led us tui ecs- pt^c t mug from an alfabet ov biz compozijun. tie abiiv seem, b^ever, iz onb a scee, not properli wurct i>t. ais iz muq tui be regreted, fer Dr. Franebnz practical ecperiens az a printer, mjt, had be bad tjm, bav led him tui a practical alfabet, and renderd ur on laburz siiperfluius. Hiz alfabet woz onb addpted tuirjtin, not print- in ; and cte object ov it woz tui introdqs az fq nq leterz az posib'l ; it woz az foloz, 1 o, 2 o e, 3 a, 4 e a, 5 i s, 6 uu, 7 u, 8 h, 9 g, 10 c, 11 /, 12 n, 13 n, 14 r, 15 t, 16 d, 17 I, 18 s, 19 z, 20 t, 21 '&, 22 /, 23 v, 24 b, 25 p, 26 m. Leterz 2, 4, 5, eq reprez^nted tm s^ndz ; ttar wer, ttarfor, twenti-njn leterz, hwiq we no tui be fjv les ctan cte loest number ov leterz wict hwiq Ii)gbJ can be rit'n ; cte fjv misin leterz qr cte vsel q, hwiq woz not distiggwijt from a; y, w, hwiq wer considerd az vselz, and reprezented bj tte sjnz 5, 6; w,, bwiq woz not disting^vijt from tw; and ,3, bwiq woz not distingwift from f. cle foloiij iz an egzqmp'l ov hiz mod ov spehq, translatiq hiz sjnz, but onb qzin cte fert v^elz o, e, i, fer 2, 4, 5. so hmen sum endfel, bid divuin comdnd, wid; ruiziy tempests feecs e gilti land; (sutfaz ov leet ar peel britania past,) calm and siriin hi druivs difiturius blast ; and, pliiz'd ft - ohmlitis ordwrs tm purform, raids in di hmurlmind and duirects cti storm. so ctipimr limpid striim, hmenfoml ivid steens ov rufin torents and disendin reens, wurcs itself cliir; and az it runs rifuins ; til bui digriis, defotiy mirur fuins , riflects iitf flour (tat on its bordwr groz, and e niiu, hevn in itsfeer buzumfoz. "We hav omited cte capitalz, hwiq wer riot sistemdticali plast, and havaded acsents acerdiij tui sr on acsent lez. Voker <£Max. Wocher, Professor und Kon- viktsvorstand in Ehingen au der Donau. Allgemeine Pbonologie oder natiirliche Grammatik der menseblicben Sprache. Stuttgart und Tubingen, bei Cotta, 1841.) UniversalFonoloji, er dsNatiiral Gramer ov Hu.man Spec. ctis iz a veri remqrcab'l buc, cte object ov hwiq iz tui investigat cte influiens ov cte spec- erz fonetic feliij on cte construe Jun ov laijgwej, incluidin cte eonecjun ov serten vselz wid serten consonants, interqanj ov leterz, fermz ov inflec- Jun, erder ov wurdz, ets. It iz cm aplieafun ov fonetics tui etimoloji, and iz darfor beyond de scop ov de Esenfalz, hwiq confjnz itself tui muterz independent ov etimoloji. In §§ 1, 2, dar iz a jeneral vq ov de cdfabet ; and de vselz qr considerd mor in detal in § 13. It iz, bse>er, tui be regreted, dat in a wurc hwiq recwjrz in de reder a degre ov fonetical nolej dat iz rarli poz^st, ev'n bj filolojists, de etur haz not ben clerer and hapier in de ecsplanajun ov hiz on fonetical vqz. Volnd (C. F. Volney, comte et pair de France, membre cle l'Academie francaise, honoraire de la Societe Asiatique seante a Calcuta. L' Alfabet Europeen applique, aux langues Asiatiques, ouvrage elemen- Ap. 2. Fonetic Literatyr. 23! taire, utile a tout vovagcur cu Asio. Pans, chez Firmin Didot, 1819). 3e Uropean Alfabet aplj'd tm A/iatic Larj- gwejez ; an demented wurc, u,sfial tm el travclerz in HJa. ft veri important wurc. 3.e rjter, az de reziilt ov hiz travclz in Urup and ftja, haz piat tui- g£der an alfabet ov el de Xiropean svndz wid hwie, he haz becum acwanted, and celin dis de Uropean alfabet, haz jon hs it ma be aplid, wid sljt adijunz, tm de reprezentajun ov iljiatic laqgwejez, espefali de 'Arabic. Hiz Xiropean alfabet iz az foloz : 1 a a, 2 d o, 3 o o u, 4 a, 5w,6 vi, 7 6, 8 6, 9 e ?, 10 a, 11 a,(?), 12 e e, 13 i i, 14 e, 15 ii, 16 on, 17 on, 13 an, 19 «». In doz casez, hwar lnor dan wun sjn haz ben aded tm de number, Volna haz coni'qzd de svndz, az fon bj hiz Irene,, Iijglif, and Jerman egzqmp'lz ; hiz mistucs in Jerman qr sumtjmz grat, dus, he macs (gut)=gut, insted ov gwt ; and (tod- ten, Gothej — tdt'en, Gdte, insted ov toten, Gdte. Hiz consonants qr aranjd m order from de lips tm de trot, dus, 1 m, 2 6, 3 p, 4 v, 5 c, 6/, 7 d, 8 t, 9 n, 10 n h 11 9, 12 I, 13 Z;, 14 Z, 15 mi, 16 >•, 17 z, 18 s, 19 #, 20" t, 21 j, 22/, 23 gj, 24 c;, 25 g, 26 c, 27 .*?, 28 uq, 29 fr, 30 k, 31 A, 32 fe. An egzqrnp'l ov hiz mod ov rjtirj v Arabic haz elrt5di ben giv'n, p. 204. Smqrt {B. H. Smart). Wecer Remodeld. £L mi Critical Prou^usirj Dicjuneri ov de IrjgHJ Larjgwej, adapted tm de prezeut stat ov literatur and sjens, egzibitirj ds pronunsiajun ov wurdz in imizuu wid mor acm-et scemz ov ssndz dan eni yet furnijt, acerdirj tm prinsip'lz carfuli and laboriusli investigated. Lundun, 1836. 3is iz in meni respects an imprmvment upon Wecer ; std, Mr. Smart frecwentli egzibits an old pronunsiajun, and iz not so strict in givig de opinyunz ov uder ertoepists az Mr. "Wiaster, hiuz wurc haz elredi ben sited. "We can not but consider Mr. Smarts mod ov simboljzirj ssudz, panfuli clumzi and dificultov compre- henjun, eldo he animsez it az "a metud ov indicatin de pronunsiajun ov wurdz, hwiq, bj remmsirj eltmgeder de pretens ov egzibitirj no mor leterz dan simdz, iz les barbarus tm de \, and at wuns intelijib'l." It iz sut'ijent tm sa, dot no sistem ov mqrcin de syndz can be intel- ijib'l tm doz hui hav ben tet tm red in acerdans wid de old alfabet onli, widest muq previus ecs- planajun ; and Mr. Smqrt haz fund it nesesei'i tm giv a cc tyn at de fut ov everi paj. Hiz alfabet iz az foloz : — i el iijeKJ pron^nsin dicfun- eriz h'.ncj we hav egzcimind, — ftat ile fjnal, in'ij'a], medial, and dub'l efecta ov consonants qr not hinted at ; and dat, in silulijziij, consonants qr dub Id or not, just az Sa hap'nd tin be in de unsistematic qqus-medh ertografi ov de prezcnt da. 3e onh InghJ wurc in hwic, (te teon ov sil- ab'lz iz lad dun ^vid cored nes (and ev'n in dat it iz but a scecj), iz L&tcvmz, herqfter sjted. Eultse £Dr. Gottlob Lebcrccht Schalze, konigl. sachs. Kircben-und Schulrath zu Budissin im Markgrafthume Oberlausitz, Legograpnol9gie, oder Anleitung zu einer griindlicben und naturgema/sen Bchand- lung dcsElementar-l literricbts im Lesen und Recbtscbreiben. Ein notbigesHulfs- bucb fiir Scbul-und Privatlehrer bei'm Gebraucbe des Ersten Uebungsbuehes fiir Lesescbuler. 2te Aivfl. Leipzig bei Taucbnitz, 1830.) Legografoloji, er an Introducjun tm a Fundamental and Nat- ural Tretment ov Elementeri Instrue/un in Bsdii) and Speliij. £L neseseri asistent tm doz tccerz in scmlz and prjvet elqscz bm mac u,s ov de Ferst Buc ov v Ecscr- sjzez for Piipilz in Redig. 3is wurc iz dez^rvin ov muq atenjun, az beirj de etoritativ ecspozijun ov de sistem ov terui] tm red hwiq iz emplod trmut de cujdum ov Sacsuni. It woz de grsndwurc ov de metud recomended in de Fonie Jtediy Bucs, publift under de etoidti ov de Comiti ov Cunsil on Ea- qcafun, and prjmerih aranjd bj Mr. Zenf{Seni}, teqer at de Bqt rand Tqt Ernie (Bath und That Schule), at Drezden. R ful acint ov dis mod ov teqiij tm red haz ben giv'n in de Saturdn Magazen, vol. 25, pp. 92, 108, 116, 134, 139, 151, 156, 183. 3e comple't set ov de Comitiz Fonie Ecdin Bucs woz never publift ; and we behv, dat eldo de sistem iz non tm wurc in Jermani, wid an ert'ografi hwic, ma be regqrded az foneiie in comparisun wid de Inglif, it haz ben fsnd totah unsqted tm yr abominaldi d-spelt langwej . We can recomend de wurc tm de atenjun ov eni teqer ov rediij on de fonetic plan, do we can not elwaz agre wid Dr. Zultsez analisis er opinyunz. Emittener ^Friedrick Scbmitthenner. Kur- zcsDeutschesWorterbucb fiir Etymologic Synonvmik und Ortbografie. 2tc Aufl. Darmstadt, bei G. Jongbaus, 1837.) H Jert Jerman Dicjuneri, wid refercns tiu etimoloji, sinonomics, and ortografi. 3e Introducjun tm dis most qsful lit "1 ware (in hwir; de Ion" and fort vselz in acsented sila- 236 Fonetic LUeratiir Ap. 2. b'lz cy invariabli distujgwijt) contanz a bref but clever acsnt ov fonetics vud in eonecjun wid etimoloji. Big <£Rev. Ezekiel Rich), ov Tree, Na Hamp- Jer, United Stats. Nn Project for Re- fermirj de IngliJ Alfabet and Grtografi. He Memorial ov de Rev. E. R. ; setirj fort a plan ov a reform d alfabet and ertog- rafi, and prairj de asistans ov Cong-res tui ecstend a nolej ov it over de najun. 19 Feb. 1844. Red and lad upon de tab'l. Twenti-atfc Corjgres, ferst sejun, document nr. 126. LL?s ov Represent - ativz. clis Jert pamflet (21 pajez) contanz meni ecselent arguments in favur ov a refernid er- tografi, but unfertunetli propozez a perfectli imprticticabl set ov simbulz, levin it tm uderz tui imprrav dem. Hiz IngliJ alfabet iz az foloz : 1. Rt vxelz, &e most vocal er stsndin, e, q,, a, o, ii, j, e, xu. 2. Rt vxelz de lest vocal, o, o, m, §.(?), a (confuzd wid a), u, e, i. 3 For consonants cold semivaelz, becez eg sumtpnz fermz a silab'l, 1, m, n, r. 4. lerten comun consonants, b, d, f, j, s, v, z, q, d, J, t, 3, g. 5. Ire muts, hwiq sudenli op'n er stop de vers, c, p, t. 6. Ire inifalz, qzd anli be/or de silabic vvel sand, w, y, h. 7. Wwn. leter, and Sat a final, %zd anli qfter tie silabic vxel sand, ij ; tm hwie, qr aded severed contracjunz. cle foloin iz a spesimen ov hiz spelin and contracfunz: " wot cud d nafun dm btr , he sez, " {hanc vocalem edunt gementes aegri ;— turn in fletu, — in risu, — mur- mure, — &c, prout et in voce brutorum — nee i, nee e, nee a, &c, clare distinguitur : verum pri- migenia vocalis tantum in diver sis tonis audit ur. .... Diligens observator de veritate rei magis convincetur. Sed etiam in ipso sermone non infrequens est ejus usus. Constituit enim par- ficulam affirmativam aut negativam : imul sonat .... potissimum autem sonat hoec vocalis cu-m hteris r, 1, n ; . . . . verasque syllabas, sicut qumcunquc alia vocalis conktituit ; idquo in di- versis Unguis ;)" dat iz tin sa, " dis vsol iz pro- n^nst bj sic men in dar gronz ; in wephj, lqfin, and murmuriij, ets., and in de vas ov bruits we qr not ab'l tui distingwij a cler c, a, er q, but we onli her de orijinal vsel in (liferent tons. Diligent obz<5rverz wil be mor and mor convinst ov At truit ov dis remqre. Its us in conversajun iz olso not unfrecwent. It fermz an afermutiv or negativ pqrtic'l : 81 (nodin er facin de hed at de sam tjm) — and it iz olso dub'ld in afernm- /unz, az eel erwid an interpozd h, az ShSI It iz olso qzd azanintcrjocl'un ov admirajun, he! er wid a subjoud h, az eh I eh ! Ol dcz pqrtic'lz, hwiq wer, perha'ps, orijinah comun tui ol ldij- gwejez, ocur stil mor frecwentli wid de m»t clozd, er wid de leter m, and den de orijinal virel ssndz simult&nUisli wid de leter m But dis Tsel olso ssndz veri frecwentli u-irf At leterz r, I, n, and den it constants trm sUah'lz, lie eni uder vvel, and dat in varius langwejez ;" and he prosedz tm adus az dustrajunz de InghJ ac'r, tab' I, op'n : Jermcm bruid'r, dunc'l,fqd'n, pronunsiajunz sertenM herd, eldo dizond bj Jer- manz : and de Frenq dt'r, nob'l, ssndz sertenli never pron^nst bj Frencmen, and veri dificult tui dar organz ov spec;. Qis rjter haz had espejal tjps cut tui ilustrat hiz mod ov printin, and haz printed de Lerdz Prar in Italyan, InghJ, Huij- garian, Jerman, and Frenc,, besjdz several spesimenz ov de Slavonic langwejez, sum ov hwiq we hav transcrjbd amug de egzqmp'lz ov § 36, nrr. 16—22. Mitfurd (Wilyam Mitford). An Encwjri intui de Prinsip'lz ov Hqjmoni in Lan- gwej, and ov &e Mecaniz'm ov Vers, modern and anjent. Secund edifun. Lundun, 1804. H wurc hwiq de student fud sertenli periiiz if he haz an opurtqniti, elfto we can not but tigc dat Mitfiu-d had no proper consepfun ov Latin cwontiti, if he cud atemt tui find it in IygliJ. 3.e diferens betwe'n de clasical and de Jermanic brqnqez ov de Indo-Jermanic famiUz, hwiq consists in dis fact, dat de clasical silab'l iz jenerali compozd ov wun consonant folod bj wun rsel, and de Jermanic bj wun vrsel betwt'n tui consonants, iz so grat az tm render el feligz funded upon de legtnig p«er ov f jnal consonants in de clasical laggwejez, elmost unintelijib'l tm de Jermanic najunz. 3e secund secj'un ov dis buc contanz an auahsis ov IgghJ ssndz. He recognjzez sev'n vselz, 1 o o, 2 q a, 3 a c, 4 e i, 5 o, 6 m u, 7 u; but, hwjl he lues on de uder parz her giv'n az perfect, he considerz de terd az onli alsab'l, recognjzig a cwohtativ diferens betwe'n a and e. He acnolejez a bref o, but sez dat " dt Jert ssnd ov dis vsel never ociirz in a silab'l strogh oferd tui de er," menig dat it iz never stopt in IggliJ. Hiz for diftogz qr i, y, t3 ("de noblest diitogovlgghjpronunsiajun," az he termz it), and n, Mr. Mitfurd iz de onli otur, so fqr az we qr awar, dat aludz tm hwot we hav termd post-htcisperd ecsplodents (§ 8, nr. 5, p. 14). " In specig de wurdz rob, nee, bad, big, luc, sup," sez he, " no vers can mac dem perfect monosdab'lz ; de lsder ssnd indt'd sesez wid de stroc ov de organz produsig de f jnal consonant, and de silab'l iz dar completed; but qrticulajun, in spjt ov efurt tm stop it, wil folo, macig an imperfect secund silab'l in a hwisper. If de hoi wurd be hwisperd, dis involunteri secund silab'l, do ov no veri clcr qrticulajun, wil be az elcrli perseptib'l tm de er az de ferst. Hens, sx for- 22 238 Fonetic Liter atyr. Ajp. 2. fqfterz rot (robbe, rocke,) and so fort ; and {>erhdps modern critisiz'm haz ben sumtjmz a it'lraj in animadverjun upon defects in dar versifieafun, imdjind onli in de wont ov du aten- Jun tra de n^seseri egzistens ov a silab'l, hwiq da ma hav proms nst fialer San modern custum wud worant." Miller {Dr. Johannes Miiller; Handbuch der Physiologie des Menschen . Coblenz, bei Holscher, 1840). Manned ov Hu- man Fizioloji. Vol. 2, pp. 133—245, ov Vers and Speg. cle pajez ref^rd tra (in de ferst edijun ov Sis wurc, — a secund edijun baz ben pubhjt, but we hav not sen it ; and dar iz elso an IggliJ trans- lajun) contan a veri lerned and interestig actfnt ov de mod ov prodqsig ssndz, wid a grat number ov eesperiments upon elastic tugz and bandz, and upon de vocal Hgaments demselvz after det, ov grat importans wid respect tra de producjun ov muzical tonz, and de diferent cwobti and pie, ov diferent vasez. cle teori ov de cdfabet semz in jeneral veri wel understud, but de felts ov a. Jerman er qr stil conspicuous. 3u3, de distigejun betwen p and o iz mad tui consist sold in de post-hwisperig ov de p, hwic, iz a glarig Jermaniz'm. Dr. M. elso confqzez q wid y, Ijc Grqsman ; and it iz obzervab'l dat he iz U prof^ser at Berlin, bwar dis confugun iz elmost dialectic. We recomend an at^ntiv perrazal ov dis secjun ov Dr. Mulerz Fizioloji tui el hra qr interested in de cqrius and butifiol fenomena ov de human vos. Neland (Abner Kneeland). R Ce tui de Nil Sistem ov Grtografi, bj hwig de larjgwej iz abrijd at lest wun-fift part, and hwig gildren wil lern in wun-fiffc part ov de tjm dat iz ns recwjrd in lernirj de prez- ent sistem; and bj hwig in wun wee a person ov comun capasiti ma lern hs tui spel eni wurd bj onli herirj it dcu,retli pronsnst ; and tm pronsns eni wurd bj onli sein it properli rit'n., Bostun, Itnjted Stats, 1832. Anuder ov de meni scemz for impruivig Igglif spelig hwie, oz its egzistens tra an American. Hiz alfabet consists ov ferti-at caraeterz, ferti beig de sam az in ?$r practical alfabet, and de remanig at beig, o, 'r, cs, gz, cw, hw, and,J*un; el, wid de ecsepjun ov o, 'r, hw, mer contracjunz, and hw ma be prdcticali considerd az sue,. He adopted a contracted sistem ov spehg, levin st de v^el e on meni ocajunz. 3e tjps wer elso tui nqmerus, and de nu fermz not veri hapili cjoz'n ; but hwot must bav tended tra brig de bol sistem intra disreput woz, biz micsig up an atdc on Cristianiti wid hiz atdc on spelig. His lit'l pamflet consistig onli ov a veri fq pajez, haz tor er f jv devoted tra an ae£nt ov de B jb'l, az giv'n bj Cristyanz and bj Neland himself, mater perfectli irelevant, and not ev'n printed in acerdans wid hiz nu, spelig. " It can not be tiix of n repeted," az we sed in sum remqres mad on dis wurc in de Fonatipic Jurnal fer Des6mber 1844, pp. 324—325, " dat de reform ov yr spelig haz no conecjun wid eni uder reform hwotever; dafc it iz p%rli Htereri, and duz not in de sljtest degre claj wid eni moral, political, er teolojicdl credz. It iz, darfor, in de hjest de- gre unfdozofical tm mics it up wid eni discufunz relatig tra dez pernts ; and he iz an enemi tra its progres hra duz not carfuh abstract it from el cjndz ov polemics." Nolz (James Knowles). £L Pronsnsirj and Ecspldnaturi Dicjuneri ov de Irjglif Larj- gwej, fended on a corect develupment ov de natur, de number, and de varius propertiz ov el its simp'l and compsnd syndz, az combjnd intm silab'lz and wurdz. £L mi edijun. Lundun, 1847. 3e pertret ov Mr. Nolz preficst tra dis wurc, egzibits a most preponderatig armynt ov de organ ov self-estem, and it haz ben seldum sr lot tra encsnter so meni pronsnz ov de ferst persun widin a fq, pajez, az in de Introducjun tra dis Dicjuneri. tie foloig iz hiz "Tab'l, er Seem ov de hoi Alfabet," interpreted bj ~sr on simbulz. Njn vaelz, e, q, a, e, o, w, e, i, u; (not, o, a, w, qr considerd tm be de sam az e, q, w, and onh tra difer in legt) ; " sics ov dez qr log, dat iz, da can be prolog d at ple3ur, namli e, q, a, e, o, m ; tre in dar natty dbsolutli Jert, so dat da can not be prolog d er sanded bj demselvz, e, i, u," (ov cors, darfor, Mr. Nolz woz unacwanted wid de ssudz " a, i, e ;") " n|n- ten consonants, b, d, f, g, c, I, m, n, p, r, s, t, v, z, t, •&, s, 3, y ; tra comp^ndz, j, cs er gz ; wun nodeter, az iz ugudh sed, h, beig merli a mqrc ov aspirajun." But a leter iz a mqrc, and darfor h must be a leter. " 3ar qr twenti-fjv diftogz, and tre triftogz," hwiq he ilustrats bj de wurdz {courteous, cordial, ice ivy, use,boy noise, thou now, yawn, yard, yare, ye year, yoke, you,, yon, yet, yes, young, wall, waft, waxe, we ivcep, wove, womb woo, wet, wit, won, watch, wide ; kind guide, buoy quoit, wound (v.)) and hwic, he ecsplanz az eu, eq, ee, em, ee, (dat iz, he dctuali macs de s^ndz in de wurdz (ice, noise,) jdentical?) em, ee, eq, ea, ee (az if a diftog cud be formd bj e wurcig on e), eo, em (dis, darfor, haz ocurd befor), eo, ee, ei (he pronsnsez yis and not yes darfor, but yis iz veri diferent from eis az he mqres it), eu, me, mq, •ma, me, mo, waw (az if dis wer posib'l az a dif- tog), me, mi, mu, mo, mi (menig, we prezqm, uiee, and darfor dis ssnd Jud hav ben ree'nd a triftog) ; e% (he darfor pronsnsez ceind, gefd), mee, mem. From dis it iz cler, dat he haz no consepjun ov de consonantal valq, ov y, w, and dat hiz uojun ov de compozijun ov de diftogz {, x, iz uterli fels, unles, indid, he haz a siggqlerh bad pronunsiajun. We menjun dez pants, be- cez Mr. Nolz conclradz wid dis caracteristic statment, "havig clozd mj obzervajunz on de Tse\, consonant, and diftog s^ndz ov de laggwej, j galenj de closest, de severest critisiz'm tm dis- cover a siyg'l erur, ecsept a ca3ual tjpografical wun, in raj develupment ov de simp'l and com- p^nd elements ov speq." It ma elso be obze>vd, dat truittt de Dicjuneri, suq wurdz az cicd (an unpronsnsab'l combinajun), fer eict, qr veri comun, and dat in no cas, so fqr az we qr awar, haz he replast de d bj t ; fietz,fitz, ierJLets,JLts, qr erurz ov a similer cjnd. In de abuv list we hav omited meni wurcs hwig mor er les bar upon de subject, sug az doz ov Cmtsenftjn, Cempelen, Nef, Hern, Webster, Terntun, Grirnci, Eljinstun (Kratzenstein, Kempelen, Neef, Heron, Webster, Thornton, Grimke, Elphinstone), Jp. 2. Fonetic TAteratyr. 239 eder becoz we hav not sen dem or becoz \vc did not consider dem ov sufifcnt fo- netical vain,, cle paper/, on Fonetica bj Mr. Tsabdiel Hunts (Zabdiel Hauritz), hwie bav aperd in de Ayglo-Sacsuv, (Am- erican fonetic nqz-paper,) wer not sen bj de otur until hiz teori woz completed, and be baz not mad eni us ov dem. Glmost evcri gramer and dicfuneri contanz sum acsnt ov de alementa ov spec,, mor or Lea corect, contain! iudclangwcj o\ hw i<; it 1 rets; but «!;■/. we bav not jcnerali tot it neseseri tui sjt. cle Irjgli/ lajggwcj baz several pro- nxnsiij dic/nneriz devoted tui it, besjdz doz ov bwiq we hav giv'n an acsnt, but we bay not bad an optuttjniti ov persunali inspect- ir) dem ; doz hwiq we hav menjund c\y de latest, and (az iz jcnerali tot) de best. 22 2 APENDICS III FQNETTC PRINTS. In dis Apendics we propoz tra giv sue infermajun az wud suf jz tra enab'l a printer hra had mad himself familyer wid de lis ov de IngliJ" fonetic alfabet, er de efcnical al- fabet, bj menz ov de presedirj pajez, tra cari on fonetic printirj az a biznes. We Jal darfor ferst giv complet lists ov el de tjps in de several fonts vcs cq,st, (1 Jim 1849,) and spesimenz ov dar aperans in de printed paj, bilz ov sorts for erderirj eder bj number er wat, trageder wid planz ov de casez uzd in de fonetic printirj ofisez at Bq,t, de ar- anjment ov hwic iz de reziilt ov meni trjalz, and haz ns ben wel tested bj ecsperiens. 5e fonts n^ cut form a complet set, from Pjca tra Nonperel, roman and italic ; ov dez, de Pjca, Lorj Primer, and Brever ferm peijunz ov Mesz Figinzez wel non Elzever seriez ov tjps, and de remander belorj tra hiz Bascervil seriez. Tui-ljn Pjca (capital and loer cas) and tra-ljn Brever, Nonperel, and Perl (capitalz onli) or elso cut, and several lqrjer fonts hav ben prepard in wud leter. Fer de infermajun ov doz hra or not prdcticali acwanted wid printirj, we ma menfun dat tra-ljn Brever iz twjs de hjt ov Brever, and so on, hwjl de relativ sjzez ov de tjp or sue, dat 7H Pjca m 83 Smel Pjca m 89 Lorj Primer m 102 Burje^s m |>mac 1 fut. 112|- Brever m 128 Minyun m 143 Nonperel m J In me3urirj dsn de paj, den, we Jal fjnd dat 10 ljnz ov ocupj tie spas ov Smel Pjca . Lorj Primer Burjo-s . . Brever . . Minyun Nonperel 8| ljnz ov Pjca. 51 5 Hwens de foloin proper Junz fer de hjt ov tjps (er fer de m ov eo tjp) rezult : Pjca iz tra Smel Pjca az 20 tra 17 „ Lon Primer : : 5 : 4 Birrjos : : 10 : 7 Brever : : 30 : 19 Minyun : : 20 : 11 „ Nonperel : : 2 : 1 Smel Pjca iz tra Pjca az 17 tra 20 Lorj Primer : : 17 : 16 Burjes : : 17 : 14 Brever : : 51 : 38 Smel Pjca iz tra Minyun „ Nonperel Lot) Primer iz tra Pjca „ Smel Pjca ,, Burjers „ Brever „ Minyun „ Nonperel Burjos iz tra Pjca „ Smel Pjca „ Lorj Primer „ Brever „ Minyun „ Nonperel Brever iz tra Pjca „ Smel Pjca „ Lon Primer „ Burjers „ Minyun „ Nonperel Minyun iz tra Pjca „ Smel Pjca „ Lon Primer „ Burjo-s „ Brever „ Nonperel Nonperel iz tra Pjca i ,, Smel Pjca „ Lor) Primer „ Burjers „ Brever „ Minyun Az Mesz Figinz refiiz tra suplj smel fonts ecsept at a veri considerab'l incres ov prjs, de etur haz mad aranjments tra supl| smeler fonts, at a moderet advqns, on dq, notis. Fer lqrj cwontitiz, Mesz Figinzez ccu'jez q,r : Per pyndwat, s. d. 2-ljn Pjca 12 2-ljn Brever .... 2 6 2-ljn Nonperel ... 3 6 2-ljn Perl 4 Pjca 17 Smel Pjca 1 10 Lorj Primer ..... 2 Burjers 2 4 Brever 2 6 Minyun 3 Nonperel 4 3 Grder az Fonotjps, from Mesz V. and J. Figinz, 17 West Stret, Smitfeld, Lundun. Fsnts fer mifuneri establijments wil be furnijt at cest prjs ; and de etur wil be hapi tra asist in framin an alfabet tra su.t eni pcirticuler larjgwej. az 17 tra 11 :: 17 : 10 az 4 tra 5 : 16 : 17 : 8 : 7 : 24 : 19 : 16 11 : 8 5 az 7 tra 10 : 14 • 17 : 7 8 : 21 19 : 14 : 11 : 7 5 az ] : 38 : 51 : 19 : 24 : 19 : 21 : 38 : 33 : 19 : 15 az 11 tra 20 : 11 : 17 : 11 : 16 : 11 : 14 : 33 : 38 : 11 : 10 az 1 tra 2 : 10 : 17 : 5 8 : 5 7 : 15 • 19 : 10 • 11 PLANZ OV 3£ FONUTII'lC CftSEZ. UPER CAS. e H A o IU Jias (E'flB a a a O ii ii b 6 i E A u u Kik aa i i 3 4 5 6 r 8 * cr 3 u Y w H Xx e a 4 e 6 TXL 9 p B T D € J C G i e a 6 "U- 1SL 4 e F V 1 a S z S X i -t*&6 &tct/ feu /?. Z-6 0- dp. 3. Fcmetic Fmfa. 2 11 TlT-LiN FiCA. 8HI90UI, I E A O U U, * O TS B, Y W, H; PBTDeJCGJV laSZE^R^MNM. K Q X, M GE. eaqeoui, ieaouu, l & * q, y w, h; p b t d cj j c g, f v t d s z J 3, r 1, m 11 ij. k q x, se ce. 00000 000000 e a q ooui, leaou u, » 5 • • • • • L V &J1234567890. Jp. 3. Fonelic Funis. 243 TU"-L*N BREVER'. 8 H A O IU, I E A U U, * O 15 U, Y W, H ; PBTDGJCG, FViaSZ H, R L, M N If. K Q X, M (E. k ' ' > - TUI'-LJN KONPESEL. 8 a a e o m, i e a o u u, * & is u, Y W, H ; PBTDGJCG, FViaSZH, RL, M N TJ. K Q X, .E CE. & ' - TUJ'-LIN PERL. 8 fl A 9 O KJ, IEAOUU, * CT "5" U, YW, H; P B T D e J C G, F V 1 3 S Z X X, II L, M N TJ. K Q X, M (E. &,;:.'■ J/j. 3. Fondle Funis. 2±i P4CA. E a A e O UJ, I E A o u u, * a S U, Y W, H ; P B T 1) ® J C G, F V 1 a S Z E X, R L, M N kJ. K Q X, yE (E. e. a q, g o in, i e a o u u, j o' ^ u, y \v, h ; pbtdgjcg, f v t d: s z J 5, r 1, m n ij k q x, 3d oe. i a 4 e 6 iu, i e d 6 ii u, j cr £ i[. e ii a ii 6, a a o ii 6 ; ii c n. • ■; : • - ' w * ? ! ■ ? * t M * f [ ( ( £123456789 0, 1234 56789 0, 128456789!0 . 6 ii A Q W, I E A U U, $ V 3T U, Y W t II; P B T I) & J C G, F V 7 3 S Z Z J, R Z, M N W. K Q X, jE (E. c a, > ' % ? ! ? * + % [| § f [ ( < &£123456789 0, 123456789 0, 123456789 °. 8 r R A 6 O W, I E A O U U, * D 3T U, Y W, H; P B T D VJCG, FV73SZ2X, RL, MNW. K Q X, M (E. s & q g> w, ieaou%Ji i i'0'8ii i yw,h; p b t d g j c g, f v t ft s z f 5, r I, m n y. k q x, '/. . . ? ? i Ap. 3. Fo/ielic Fonts. 253 MINYUN. C A A 9 O UJ, I E A U U, IffYU, Y W, H ; P B T D C J C G, F V 1 3 S Z E Z, R L, M N TJ. KQX,iE(E., e a q o © m, i e a o u la, j a >> q, y w, h ; p b t rl q j c g, f v t d s z J 3, r 1, m n ij. k q x, se oe. i a q 6 6 vfi, i £ d 6 u m, { 6 -s q. e a a ii 6, daoiio; £911. & £123 J, 56789 0, 123456789 0, 123 * 56 ' 890 . E R A G Q W, I E A O TJ TJ, $ W TZ,Y W,H; PBTDGJCG, FVT3SZZJ, RL, MNTf. K Q X, M (E. e a, q e o in, ieaouu, i&vy, yw, h; p b t d gj c g,fv t d s z f 5, r I, m n y. k q x, IU, I E A O U IT, * © y K, 7 F, 5; PBTD&JCG, F V 7 3 S Z 2 X, R L, M N IT. K QX, 2E ~t wun twelft, red and rit wel; and obzerv de lqst and most important item, onli 37 had resevd instrucfun siiperhir tm redirj and rjjbvQ wel. It iz imposib'l tm red dis statment, hwiq, publijt bj. ©toriti, and restin upon ofifal docqments, canot be im- pqnd, wicfet fehn, in ol its fors, de ner conecjun betwen wont ov sqperiur edqeajun and crim. Onli 37 ^t ov 10,000 criminalz had resevd an edqeajun sqperiur tui redin and ritin wel ; dat iz, in strict laijgwej, had resevd an edqeajun at el. Redin and ritin qr not edqeajun ; but it iz az esenfal dat everi wun hui resevz edqeajun Jud ferst acwir de qrts ov redin and ritin, az dat a bab Jiad hav tefc befor it can mastieat. q . Hwj, it wil be qsct, 4 hwi hav so fq resevd sqperiur instrucfun. Und^tedli in a grat megur from wont ov scuilz, from wont ov muni, menz tui purges edqeajun, from surandin sercumstansez, and so fort. 3is iz trm, we wil sa, for el doz hui hav not yet lemt tui red and rjt at el ; but *i hwi nav doz 829, hui hav lernt tm red and rit wel, not gen furder ; hwi kav ^g> z 5557, hm red and rjt imperfecta, not advqnst. We belev dat de best qnser iz tui be fend in de unneseseri dificultiz hwic, redin and ritin its opoz tm de pqpilz studiz, and in de tjm hwiq iz consecwentli recwizit fer mqsterin dem. Befor redin and ritin qr acwjrd hi perfecjun, de gild iz tac'n from scud ; er he remanz at scml just Ion enuf tm lern dez tui mecanical qrts, and nuthj mor. Tac aniider test ov de stat ov edqeajun in de cuntri. We hav menjund dat wun man in tre, and wun wuman in tui, ov doz hm qr marid, sin de rejister wid mqres. cle rezult ov several yerz rejistrajun Joz presisli de sam properjunz ; so dat we ma concluid, in de wurdz ov de rejistrer- jenercd, dat " de test iz won hwiq must not be disregqrded. and ma be fend a vdlqab'l and saf criteriun ov de comparativ stat ov edqeajun." cle proper Jun fer 1841 woz presisli hwot we hav stated ; fer "st ov 124,329 cup'lz dat wer marid in dat yer, 41,812 men and 62,523 wimen eder cud not i*it, er rot so imperfecth, az tm atest de rejister wid mqres. cLe proper Jun diferd in diferent pqrts ov Ingland. In Bedfurdjer, fer egzqmp'l, 54 men and 68 wimen in 100 qzd mqres ; in terten inglij csntiz, in de West Bidin ov Yercjer, and in Walz, mor dan 40 st ov everi 100 marid men did de sam ; in 19 rgglif c^ntiz, mor dan hqf de wimen did not rit dar namz. And hwotever objecjun ma be urjd tm dis test, we canot but agre wid de rejistrer-jeneral, dat " it iz stil a test ov profijensi ; fer it iz tui be prezqmd dat veri fq, if eni, hui did not ecsperiens mue dificulti in ritin, er wer afrad ov ecspozin dar defijensi, wild be unwCiq tm rit dar namz." Inded, we hav herd ov meni hm sistemdticali lerii tm rft dar namz, and nutin els ; so dat dis test ma perhaps tel tui fdvurabli Ap. 3. Spewmenz ov F6notips. 26*3 BReVt'R'. 3.e Spelin Referm iz not a mer litereri free, de hwimzi ov a student, de fansi ov a fonetijan, az we must in gariti supoz doz tui tirjc hui merli advqns litereri qrgqments in opozijun tui it, er hui qr so ineonsideret az tui lqf at it strjt. It iz fqr mor moral dan litereri. We proclam in el plasez dat 3e Speliy Reform iz instituted tut mac de edy,cafun ov de pvir posib'l, b{ renderiy de qrt ov rediy plezant, and ezi tut aciv/r. We proclam de fact, dat wun terd ov sr popqlajun canot red ; and we mac wer agenst dis ignorans, bj remuivin de fatal obstac'l hwig liaz hidertui stemd de strem ov najunal edqeajun. From de ofijal statment ov de statistics ov crjm in 1840, we fjnd dat st ov 10,000 criminalz in Ingland and Walz, 3332 qr unab'l tui red and rjt; dis egzdctli acerdz wid xt aserjuu dat wun terd ov de popqlajun canot red and rjt, levin de infants, hui canot be criminalz, tui c^nterbdlans doz in ezi sercumstansez, hui qr not so Ijcli tui comit crjmz. But we fjnd de enermus properjun ov 5557 hui red and rjt imperfectli ; mor dan wun hqf ! j hwjl onli 829, er abist Avan twelft, red and rjt wel ; and obzerv de lqst and most important jtem, onli 37 had resevd instrucfun sqperiur tut rediy and r'ltiy wel. It iz imposib'l tui red dis statment, hwig, publift bj etoriti, and restiij upon ofijal docqments, canot be impqnd, wifrst felin, in el its fors, de ner conecjun betwen wont ov sqperiur edqeajun and crjm. Onli 37 st ov 10,000 criminalz had resevd an edqeajun sqperiur tui redin and rjtin wel ; dat iz, in strict langwej, had resevd an edqeajun at el. Redirj and qtin qr not edqeajun ; but it iz az esenjal dat everi wun hui resevz edqeajun Jud ferst aewn* de qrts ov redirj and rjtin, az dat a bab Jud hav tefc befor it can masticat. S Havj, it wil be qsct, 'J hw| hav so fii resevd sqperiur instrucjun. Und^tedli in a grat me3ui* from wont ov scudz, from wont ov muni, menz tui purges edqeajun, from sursndirj sercumstansez, and so fort. 3is iz ti*ui, we wil sa, fer el doz hui hav not yet lernt tui red and rjt at el ; but *? hwj hav doz 829, hui hav lernt tui red and rjt wel, not gen furder; *! h^vj hav doz 5557, hui red and rjt imperfectli, not advqnst. We belev dat de best qnser iz tui be fond in de unneseseri dificultiz hwiq redii) and rjtin n^ opoz tui de pqpilz studiz, and in de tjm hwig iz cdnsecwentli recwizit fer mqsterin dem. Befor redig and rjtin qr acwjrd in perfecjun, de gjld iz tac'n from scuil ; er he remanz at sciul just Ion emif tui lern dez tui meeanical qi-ts, and nutin mor. Tac anuder test ov de stat ov edqeajun in de cuntri. We hav menjund dat wun man in tre, and wun wuman in tui, ov doz hui qr marid, sjn de rejister wid mqres. 3e reziilt ov several yerz rejistrajun Joz presjsli de sam properjunz ; so dat we ma concluid, in de wurdz ov de rejistrer-jeneral, dat " de test iz wun hwig must not be disregqrded, and ma be f^nd a vdlqab'l and saf crjteriun ov de comparativ stat ov edqeajun." 3.e properjun fer 1841 woz presjsli hwot we hav stated ; fer st ov 124,329 cup'lz dat wer marid in dat yer, 41,812 men and 62,523 wimen eder cud not rjt, er rot so imperfectli, az tui atest de rejister wid mqres. 3e properjun diferd in diferent pqrts ov Ingland. In Bedfurdjer, fer egzqmp'l, 54 men and 68 wimen in 100 qzd mqres ; in terten irjglij c^ntiz, in de West Rjdin ov Yercjer, and in Walz, mor dan 40 st ov everi 100 marid men did de sam; in 19 hjglij csntiz, mor dan hqf de wimen did not rjt dar namz. And hwotever objecjun ma be urjd tm dis test, we canot but agre wid de rejistrer-jeneral, dat " it iz stil a test ov profijensi ; fer it iz tui be prezqmd dat veri fq, if eni, hm did not ecsperiens mug dificulti in rjtirj, er wer afrad ov ecspozin dar defijensi, \vud be unwilin tm rjt dar namz." Inded, we hav herd ov meni hm sistemdticali lern tui rjt dar namz, and nutin els ; so dat dis test ma perhaps tel tm. favurabli on de hoi fer de stat ov edqeajun, insted ov de revers, az iz so ef'n prezqmd. We wij tui direct pqrticqler atenjun tm de fact, dat elmost de hoi tjm hwig a pan gjld iz ns ab'l tm besto upon scmlin iz wasted upon atemtii) tm teg him tm red and rjt. Wasted iz not tui hqrd a wurd ; fer bj fqr de grater number ov doz hm lev dez scmlz, dm not lev dem in a condijun tm red fer demselvz. 3oz hm onli tac up a biac tm panfuli spel st a pasej, rqder gesin dan redin, "scipirj a hqrd wurd" everi nx and den, and getin over de grand ljc a sprirjles cqrt over froz'n ruts, et not, bj eni figqr ov speg er streg ov imajinajun, tui be rec'nd amui) rederz. Yet ov sug iz de loij Af>. 3. Bpenmenz oo Fonotqps. 269 MINYl.V £Ie Spelin Iteferm iz not a nier litereri free, de bwhnzi ov a stqdent, de fcaisi ov a fonetifan, az we must in qariti supoz doz tin tine km merli advqns litereri qrgqiu opoz tiu de pqpilz studiz, and in de tjm bwiq iz consecwentli recwizit fer mqsterin dem. Befor rediij and rjtin qr acwjrd in perfecfun, de qjld iz tac'n from scud ; er be remanz at scud just Ion enuf tui lern dez tui mecanical qrts, and nutig mor. Tac oniider test ov de stat ov educajun in de cuntri. We bav men/und dat wun man in tre, and wun wi anion in tui, ov doz bui qr marid, sjn de rejister vdd mqres. cEe reziilt ov several yerz rejistrajun Joz presjsli de sam properfunz ; so dat we ma concluid, in de wurdz ov de rejistrer-jeneral, dat " de test iz wun bwiq must not be disregqrded, and ma be fend a vdlqabl and saf crjteriun ov de comparativ stat ov educajun." ele properjun fer 1841 woz presjsli bwot we bav stated ; fer ^t ov 124,329 cup'lz dat wer marid in dat yer, 41,812 men and 62,523 wimen eder cud not rjt, er rot so imperfectli, az tm atest de rejister wid mqres. 3e properjun diferd in diferent pqrts ov Ingland. In Bedfurdjer, fer egzqmp'l, 54 men and 68 wimen in 100 qzd mqres ; in terten igglij" c^nitiz, in de West Rjdig ov Yercfer, and in Walz, mor dan 40 ~st ov everi 100 marid men did de sam ; in 19 igglij csntiz, mor dan bqf de wimen did not rjt dar namz. And bwotever objecfun ma be urjd tm dis test, we canot but agre wid de rejistrer-jeneral, dat " it iz stil a test ov profijensi ; fer it iz tm be prezqmd dat veri fq, if eni, bm did not ecsperiens muq clifieulti in ritin, er wer afrad ov ecspozin dar defijensi, wud be unwiHij tm rjt dar namz." Inded, we bav berd ov meni bm sistemdt- icali lern tm rjt dar namz, and nutig els ; so dat dis test ma perbdps tel tui favurabli on de bol fer de stat ov edqeajun, insted ov de revers, az iz so ef'n prezqmd. We -wij tm direct pqrticqler atenjim tm de fact, dat elmost de bol tjm bwiq a pmr qjld iz ny ab'l tm besto upon scmlig iz wasted upon atemtirj tm teq liim tm red and rjt. Wasted iz not tm bqrd a wurd ; fer b\ fqr de grater number ov doz hm lev dez scmlz, dm not lev dem in a condijun tm red fer demselvz. 3oz bui onli tac up a buc tm panfioli spel *t a pasej, rqder gesig dan redig, " scipig a bqrd wurd " everi n^ and den, and getig over de grand l{c a sprigles cqrt over froz'n ruts, et not, bj eni figqr ov speq er streq ov imajinajun, tm be rec'nd amurj rederz. Yet ov suq iz de log list ov doz bm red and rjt imperfectli compozd. Fer el purpusez ov b^f da canot red at el. Hwot we qr duiirj, den, iz, properli stated, not a litereri but a moral revolujun, and dat, tui, ov de most bob and pesfial caracter. B| simpli remmvig el cbficulti from lernin tm red, we Jal render it az absurd tui sa dat a qdd bm con onli red iz in eni wa edqeated, az we Jiad ny consider it tm sa dat a qjld woz edqeated bm cud understand bwot woz sed tm bim. 2e bol tjm, les an insignificant fracjun, ves spent in teqig tm red, wud bav tm be devoted tm teqig sumtin els. Insted ov macig phra el sr scm daz, we Jud be pl"yig and soiij gud sed, leviij qfter-daz tm rep de prodqs. H grat qan 24 dp. 3. Spesimen2 or Fonotips. 271 NONPBBEL. He Speliy Referni iz not a mer litereri free, etc hwimzi ov a stqdeut, de fansi ov a fonetijan, az we must iu gariti supoz doz tui tiijc hui nierli advqns litereri qrgqments in opozifun tin it, er htu qr so inconsideret az tm lqf at it xtrjt. It iz far mor moral dan litereri. "\\ e proclam in el plasez dat He Spelin Htfer)a,iz institi{ted tm mac tie ediicafun oo dv putr posib'l, birenderig de qrt ov redig plezunt, and ezi tw acwir. We proclam de fact, dat wun terd ov sr populajun cuiiot red ; and we mac wer agenst dis ignorans, bj reminvhj dc fatal obstuc'l hwig haz hidertiu stemd de Btrem ov najunal edqeajun. From de ofildl statment ov de statistics ov crjm in 1840, we find dat st ov 10,000 criminalz in Iijgland and AValz, 3332 qr unab'l tui red and rjt ; dis egzuctli acerdz wid 5T aserjun dat wun terd ov de popqlajun canot red and rjt, levin 6c infants, hui eanot be criminalz, tui csnterbdlans doz in ezi sercumstansez, hm qr not so ljcli tui comit crjmz. But we fjnd de enermus properjun ov 5557 hm red and r%t intperfectli ; mor dan wun hqf ! ; hwjl onli829, er abtft wim twelft, red and r[t wel; and obzt'rv de lqst and most impertaut jtem, onli 37 bad resevd instrucfun st/periur tut rtdiij ami rftiy wel. It iz imposib'l tui red dis statment, hwig, publijt bj etoriti, and restiij upon ofiful documents, canot be impqnd, widest felin, in el its fors, de ner conecfun betwen wont ov sqperiur edqeajun and crjm. Onli 37 vt ov 10,000 criminalz bud rcse'vd an edqeafun sqperiur tui redhj and rjtirj wel; dat iz, in strict laggwej, had rese'vd an edqeajun at el. Eediij and rjtig qr not edqeafun ; but it iz oz esenfal dat everi wun hm resevz edqeajun Jiad ferst acwjr de qrts ov rediy and rjtirj, az dat a bab Jud hav tet befor it can masticat. 1 Hwj, it wil be qsct, ■» hwj huv so fq rese'vd sqperiur instrucj'un. Undstedli in a grat me3ur from wont ov scuilz, from wont ov muni, menz tin purc.es edqeajun, from sursndig sercumstansez, and so fort. 3is iz tnu, we wil sa, fer el doz hm hav not yet lernt tm red and rjt at el ; but 5 hwj hav doz 829, hm hav lernt tui red and rjt wel, not gen furder ; 1 hwj hav doz 5557, hm red and rjt imperfectli, not advqnst. We belev Sat de best qnser iz tm be fund in de unneseseri dificidtiz hwiq redig and rjtin nv opoz tm de pqpdz studiz, and in de tjm hwitj iz consecwenth recwizit fer mqsterig dem. Befor redig and rjtiy qr acwjrd in perfecjun, dc qjld iz tac'n from scml j er he remanz at scml just log eniif tm lern dez tiii mecanical qrts, and nutig - mor. Tac aniider test ov de stat ov edqeajun in de cuntri. We hav menjund dat wun man in fere, and wun wiaman in tm, ov doz hm qr marid, sjn de rejister wid mqres. tie rezult ov several yerz rejistrajun Joz presjsli de sam proper junz ; so dat we ma conclmd, in de wurdz ov de rejistrer- jeneral, dat " de test iz -wun hwiq must not be disregarded, and ma be fsnd a vdlqab'l and saf crjteriun ov de comparativ stat ov edqeajun." 3e properjun fer 1841 woz presjsb hwot we hav stated j fer yt ov 124,329 cup'lz dat wer marid in dat yer, 41,812 men and 62,523 wimen eder cud not rjt, er rot so imperfectli, az tm at^st de rejister wid mqres. cle properjun diferd in diferent parts ov Iijgland. In Bedfurdjer, fer egzqmp'l, 54 men and 68 wimen in 100 qzd mqres ; in terten iggiij c^ntiz, in de West Bjdig ov Yercjer, nud in Walz, mor dan 40 st ov everi 100 marid men did de sam ; in 19 iggiij c^ntiz, mor dan hqf de wimen did not rjt dar namz. And hwotever objecjun ma be urjd tm dis test, we canot but agre ^-id de rejistrer-jeneral, dat " it iz stil a test ov profijensi ; fer it iz tm be prezqmd dat veri fq, if eni, hm did not ecsp'eriens mug dificulti in rjtig, er wer afrad ov ecspozig dar defijensi, wud be unwilig tm rjt dar namz." Inded, we hav herd ov meni hm sistemdticali lern tm rjt dar namz, and nutig els ; so dat dis test ma perhaps tel tiii favurabli on de hoi fer de stat ov edqeajun, insted ov de revdrs, az iz so ef'n prezqmd. We wij tm direct pqrticqler atenjun tm de fact, dat elmost de hoi tjmhwie, a pmr cjld iz n^ ab'l tm besto upon scuolig iz wasted upon atemtig tm teg him tm red and rjt. Wasted iz not tm hqrd a wT^ird ; fer bj fqr de grater number ov doz hm lev dez scuilz, dm not lev dem in a condijun tm red fer demselvz. 3oz hm onli tac up a buc tm panfuli spel st a pasej, rqder gesig dan redig, " scipig a hqrd word" everi ns cmd den, and getig over de gr^nd ljc a sprigles cqrt over froz'n ruts, et not, bj eni figqr ov speg er streg ov imajiuajun, tm be rec'nd amug rederz. Yet ov sug iz dejoij Hst ov doz hm red and rjt hnperfectli compozd. Fer el purpusez ov ljf da canot red at el. Hwot we qr duiig, den, iz, properli stated, not a litereri but a moral revolqjun, and dat, tm, ov de most holi and pesfid caracter. Bj simpb remmvig el dificulti from lernig tm red, we Jdl render it az absurd tm sa dat a gild hm can onli red iz in eni wa educated, az we Jud ns consider it tm sa dat a gjld woz educated hm cud understand hwot woz sed tm him. 3e hoi tjm, les an msigmficant fracjun, ns spent in tegig tm red, wud hav tm be devoted tm teguj sumtig els. In- stdd ov machj plyz el *t scml daz, we Jud be pl^ig and soig gud sed, levig qfter-daz tm rep de prodqs. R grat ganj wud be efected in de hoi edqcajunal trctment ov de pep'l, in de economi ov el scmlz fer depmrer clqsez. 3e vqst aperatus ms recwizit fer drumirj monosilab'lz, disilab'lz, trisilab'lz, and endles pohsilab'lz intm de erz ov unfertqnet gildren wud giv plas tm az ecstcmsiv aperatus fer tegig dem jdeaz and dar qs. B. gjld wud be tet tm thje. Tjm wud be fsnd fer moral tranig az disrigct from de mer preseptiv, get-bj-hqrt sistem ov de prezent da. And 4 wil de pep'l tac xr sistem up. Her iz de descripjun giv'n us in a prjvet leter ov de teger ov a fonetic clqs. S Hwot iz he. n 3. litereri entqziast, 1 a man hm iz gqrmd bj de ujs relajunz ov sjnz tm s-sndz ; 1 a filolojist ; n a wurd snager and twister. Nutig ov de cjnd : " He goz tm ware at hqf pqst 7 in de mernig, and wurcs til 8 in de evnig ; wees tui mjlz tm scml, gcig widb't hiz super in de men tjm, and haz a wjf and for gildren tm fed and clod vt ov 16 Jihgz awec." Onur tm sug a man ; he iz inded wun tm hmm de interests ov sosjeti and ov hiz on clqs qr dcr. He, and sug az he, prmv wictst dispqt, dat de Spelig Eeferm iz a cwesryuu, tm cwot de wurdz ov *r corespond- ent, " in hwig wm'chj men qr vjtcdi consernd." 3e mater iz ns redqst tm a smel cumpas. Hwot we qr duiig, vqd az wurc dctqali in hand, iz merli atemtig tm remiiiv a serten omisnt ov fizical obstrucjun tm de impriuvmcnt ov de pmrer clqsez ; de rez'n hwj we qr duiiij it iz tm be set in de consecwens ov dis renuuval, .ecst paj w,l be tod a tjp-6n.de,* bil fo r UmHj^ Printed bj A. J. Elis, B.A., Fonetic Prmthj Ofisez, Bctf. \ Deacidified using the Bookkeeper proces Neutralizing agent: Magnesium Oxide Treatment Date: Oct. 2006 PreservationTechnologie A WORLD LEADER IN PAPER PRESERVATK 1 1 1 Thomson Park Drive Cranberry Township, PA 16066 (724)779-2111