/ft - ^i. rvV O /r 1 Cambridge Antiquarian Society. Octavo PvMications. No. XXXVI. THE PLACE-NAMES OF CAMBRIDGE SHIEE BY THE Rev. WALTER W. SKEAT, Litt.D, D.C.L., LL.D., Ph.D. ELRINGTON AND BOSWORTH PROFESSOR OF ANGLO-SAXON AND FELLOW OF CHRIST'S COLLEGE. Cambridge : PRINTED FOR THE CAMBRIDGE ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY. SOLD BY DEIGHTON, BELL & CO. ; and MACMILLAN & BOWES. LONDON, GEORGE BELL AND SONS. 1901 Price Three Shillings and Sixpence. /•$ /¥3 THE PLACE-NAMES CAMBRIDGESHIRE PUBLICATIONS: OCTAVO SERIES No. XXXVI THE PLAGE-NAMES OF CAMBRIDGE SHIRE Rev. WALTER W: SKEAT, Litt.D., D.C.L., LL.D., Ph.D. ELRINGTON AND BOSWORTH PROFESSOR OF ANGLO-SAXON AND FELLOW OF CHRIST'S COLLEGE. Cambrftfge : PRINTED FOR THE CAMBRIDGE ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY. SOLD BY DEIGHTON, BELL & CO.; and MACMILLAN & BOWES. LONDON, GEOBGE BELL AND SONS. 1901 %o 3 £ *o^, ©ambrtoge : PRINTED BY J. AND C. F. CLAY, AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS. CONTENTS. PAGE § 1. Prefatory Remarks 1 § 2. The suffix -ton :— Barton, Carlton, Caxton, Cherry Hinton, Chesterton, Clopton, Coinberton, Coton, Croxton, Ditton, Drayton, Foxton, Girton, Harlton, Harston, Hauxton, Hinx- ton, Histon, Kingston, Linton, Long Stanton, Malton, Milton, Newton, Rampton, Royston, Saxton (Saxon Street), Sutton, Weston, Wilburton 5 § 3. The suffix -ington : — Arrington, Doddington, Impington, Leverington, Litlington, Oakington, Trumpingtou, Wiiribl- ington — Ickleton, Sawston — Abington, Barrington, Conington 14 § 4. The suffix -ham : — Babraham, Badlingham, Balsham, Bar ham, Bottisham, Chettisham, Chippenham, Coldhani, Cotten- ham, Downham, Dullingham, Fordham, Haddenham, Hilders- ham, Isleham, Newnham, Soham, Stretham, Swaft'hani, Teversham, West Wickham, Wilbraham, Willingham, Witcham 19 § 5. The suffix -stead :— Olmstead 25 § 6. The suffix -worth: — Boxworth, Duxford (Duxworth), Els- worth, Kneesworth, Lolworth, Pampisford (Pampisworth), Papworth, Stetch worth, Wentworth ..... 25 § 7. The suffixes -wick and -cote : — Benwick, Hardwick, West- wick — Coates, Caldecott ....... 27 § 8. The suffixes -bridge, -hithe, -low, and -well :— Cambridge, Pearl's Bridge, Sturbridge — Clayhithe, Aldreth, Earith — Bartlow, Tadlow, Triplow — Barnwell, Burwell, Knapwell, Orwell, Outwell, Snailwell, Upwell 29 CONTENTS. The suffixes camp, Chester, dike, hale, hirn, lode, port reth, ware : — Castle Camps, Shudy Camps— Chesterton Grautchester — Ditton, Brent Ditch, Fleam Dike, Fiendish— Mepal, Enhale — Guyhirn — Oxlode — Littleport — Meldreth Shepreth— Upware § 10. The suffixes beach, bourn, den, down, ea, fen, field, ford, heath, lea, mere, pool, wade : — Landbeach, Water beach, Wisbeach — Bourn, Bassingbourn, Fulbourn, Mel bourn — Croydon (Crawden), Eversden (Eversdon), Gransden Morden (Mordon), Guilden Morden, Steeple Morden— Whaddon — Anglesea, Barway, Coveney, Ely, Eastrea Horningsea, Manea, Stonea, Stuntney, Swavesey, Thorney Welney, Wendy, Whittlesea, Gamlingay, (Bungay, Hilgay Wormegay), Shingay, Lingay — Fen Ditton, &c, — Haslingfield Nosterfiekl, Radfield — Armingford, Chilford, Dernford Shelford, Stapleford, Thetford, Whittlesford, Witchford- Horseheath — Ashley, Brinkley, Cheveley, Childerley, Eltisley Graveley, Hatley, Madingloy, Silverley, Westley, Wetherley— Fowlmere (Foulmire) — Wimpole — Land wade §11. Some other names: — Borough Green, Bourn, Burnt Fen, Chatteris, Elm, Rennet, Kirtling, March, Newmarket, Over, Prickwillow, Quy, Reach, Spinney, Stane, Staplow, Stow Toft, Tydd, Wicken, Wratting § 12. List of Ancient Manors 13. Conclusion Index 37 44 THE PLACE-NAMES OF CAMBRIDGESHIRE. § 1. Prefatory Remarks. In attempting to deal with some of the principal place- names in Cambridgeshire, with a view to obtaining some light upon their etymologies, I find myself at a disadvantage in one respect, but in another to have some hopes of partial success. The disadvantage is, that I have made no wide or extended study of English place-names in general ; and it is obvious that, in many an instance, one place-name is likely to throw light upon another, though the places may be in different counties. On the other hand, I have had much experience in tracing the etymologies of most of the maiu words that occur in our English Dictionaries; and the phonetic laws that regulate place-names are precisely the same as those that regulate other native words that are in common use. Perhaps there is no subject of study that is, generally speaking, in so neglected a state. The wild and ignorant guess- work of the eighteenth century, and even of the nineteenth, has filled our books of antiquities and our country histories with many misleading theories; and the results of these un- conscionable inventions have not unfrequently found their way even into the ordnance-maps. However, the principles of pho- netics are beginning to make progress. It is now recognised that, if it is necessary to look to our spellings, it is still more necessary to know what those spellings mean, and not to talk at random about words until we have at least learnt how to pronounce them. For it is, after all, the spoken word that C. A. S. Octavo Series. No. XXX f I. 1 2 THE PLACE-NAMES OF CAMBRIDGESHIRE. matters ; the spellings are merely symbols and guides, and will only guide those who understand them. It is only of late years that the phonetic laws which govern the gradations and mutations of Anglo-Saxon words have been intelligently investigated ; and hence it is that it is quite im- possible for such as know nothing about such laws to realise their intricacy, and the certainty with which, in the hands of the student, they point to the original sounds. And there is yet another matter which is of vast importance and has never- theless received far too little attention ; viz. the now well ascertained fact that many of our spellings are Norman or Anglo-French, and cannot be interpreted even by the student of Anglo-Saxon until he has further realised what such symbols mean. I beg leave to say that this is a point which I have carefully studied ; and I have now in the press a fairly complete statement of the 16 Canons whereby the spelling of a Norman scribe is distinguished from that of a Saxon one. Many of those who have hitherto investigated the spellings of Domesday Book have sometimes, I fear, been in almost complete ignorance of the sounds which such spellings denote. Whilst I offer these remarks by way of showing that I have considered the matter seriously, and have avoided frivolous guesses, I by no means suppose that all the results here obtained are final. Some are obvious ; others are reasonably certain ; but some are doubtful. Which these are, I shall usually endeavour to indicate, by the introduction of such words as ' probably ' and ' possibly,' and the like. I wish to express my sincere thanks for help received. I do not think I should have undertaken the present task but for the kindness of Mr C. Sayle and Mr J. E. Foster. Mr Sayle supplied me with the alphabetical list of the principal place- names in the county, nearly all of which are here considered ; whilst Mr J. E. Foster did me inestimable service by ascertain- ing the old spellings of our place-names as they are given in the Red Book of the Exchequer, the Ely Registers, the Feudal Aids, the Pipe Rolls, and the like, supplying in every case the exact reference, and (wherever it was possible) the exact date. Only the philologist wholly realises the helpfulness of such § 1. PREFATORY REMARKS. 3 data ; and it is sufficient to say that, without such material, the work could not have been undertaken at all. I shall frequently give the dates of various spellings below ; but I wish it to be understood that, in every case, the exact reference is known, and the evidence can always be produced. When, for example, I say that Chesterton is spelt Cestretone in 1210 and in 1130, it is meant that Mr Foster has found that spelling under the date 1210-12, in the Red Book of the Exchequer (Rolls Series), p. 529, and under the date 1130-1 in the Pipe Roll. I am also much indebted for many hints and corrections to Mr W. H. Stevenson, Fellow of Exeter College, Oxford ; but it will be understood that he is in no way responsible for the results here given. The chief authorities which I have myself consulted are not many. I may instance the very valuable work entitled Inquisitio Comitatus Cantabrigiensis, ed. N.E.S.A. Hamilton (London, 1876), which is practically the original of the Domes- day Book as far as relates to Cambridgeshire, with the Inquisitio Eliensis appended ; the Domesday Book for Cambridgeshire ; the Ramsey Chronicle and the Ramsey Cliartulary (in the Rolls Series); the printed charters as edited by Kemble, Thorpe, Earle, and Birch ; Sweet's Oldest English Texts and his History of English Sounds; the New English Dictionary and the English Dialect Dictionary; the Anglo-Saxon Dictionary by Bosworth and Toller ; and other helpful books of a like character. For the spelling of Anglo-Saxon names, I have depended on Kemble's Index of place-names in his sixth volume, and Searle's Onomasticon Anglo-Saxonicum. I have also obtained various useful information from Miller and Skertchly's book entitled The Fenland Past and Present, from a History of Cambridge- shire dated 1851, and from the more recent History of Cam- bridgeshire by Couybeare. The result of a study of English place-names can hardly prove to be other than extremely disappointing, especially to the sanguine and the imaginative. Speaking generally, we can only satisfy our curiosity to a very limited extent ; and we have borne in upon us the fact, which any reflecting mind might have anticipated, that names were conferred upon places quite 1—2 4 THE PLACE-NAMES OF CAMBRIDGESHIRE. casually, for the sake of convenience, and for very trivial reasons; precisely as they are conferred now. This is easily illustrated by the following list of modern names, compiled from the Ordnance map of Cambridgeshire. I find there Chalk Farm, Cold Harbour Farm, Crick's Farm, Cuckoo Farm, Grove Farm, High Bridge Farm, Hill Farm, Lower Farm, Manor Farm, New Farm, Oldfield Farm, Scotland Farm, Shardelow's Farm, West Fen Farm, Woodhouse Farm, and many more ; Fox Hill, Honey Hill, Thorn Hill, White Cross Hill ; Duck End, Frog End, Green End, South End ; Black Hall, Gunner's Hall, Nether Hall, Poplar Hall, Spring Hall, White Hall, Wood Hall; Quail's Lodge, Worsted Lodge ; Baits Bite, Brookfield, Fries- land, King's Hedges, Lamb's Cross, The Poplars, Wrangling Corner; and so forth. These afford an indication of the character of the names we may expect to find, though perhaps our older names are, on the whole, a trifle more dignified, as being more descriptive. Yet the truth is that they are usually more prosaic than poetical. Most of the names considered below are arranged in groups, as this is by far the best way of considering them. The most frequent endings refer to settlements, as -ton (for town), -ham, -stead, -worth, -wick, and -cote ; we also find -bridge, -hithe, -low, -well, and others of a like kind, referring to things artificial ; whilst another set refers to things natural, such as -den, -don (for doivn), -eg (island), -field, -ford, -mere, -pool, and the like. The most typical are such as end in -ton or -ington. Those in -ton are often preceded by the name of the first occupier or builder of the town or farm ; whilst those in -ing-ton refer to a cluster of houses which formed the settlement of a tribe. The name of the first settler or tribe of settlers is invariably that of some man or family of whom nothing further is known ; and I suppose that when we meet in modern times with names of the same character, such as Crick's Farm, Gunner's Hall, or Shardelow's Farm, we do not usually care to enquire into the antecedents of Mr Crick, or Mr Gunner, or Mr Shardelow ; and it might easily happen that, even if we did so, we should not reap any great advantage from it, even if we were successful. We must leave the result as we § 2. NAMES ENDING IN -TON. 5 find it, and be thankful that we have learnt what the names mean. Abbreviations, etc. The following is a list of the more important sources of old nes, with some abbreviations : Cat. A.D. — Catalogue of Ancient Deeds (Eecord Series). D.B. — Domesday Book (part relating to Cambridgeshire). E.D.D.— English Dialect Dictionary. E.R. — Ely Registers (in the Ely Diocesan Remembrancer). F.A.— Feudal Aids (Record Series) ; vol. i. Hundred Rolls. — Rotuli Hundredorum ; vols. i. and ii. Those in vol. ii are dated 1279. I.C.C. — Inquisitio Comitatus Cantabrigiensis ; and Inquisitio Eliensis ; ed. N.E.S.A. Hamilton ; 1876. Index to the Rolls and Charters in the British Museum, ed. H. J. Ellis and F. B. Bickley (1900). In. p. m.— Calendarium Inquisitionum post Mortem sive Escaetarum ; ed. J. Caley ; vol. i. (Record Series). N.E.D.— New English Dictionary (Oxford). P.F.— Pedes Finium ; ed. Walter Rye. RR.— Pipe Roll, 1189-1190; and Rolls of the Pipe, 1155-1158 ; ed. Rev. Joseph Hunter. R.B.— Red Book of the Exchequer ; ed. W. D. Selby. (Rolls Series.) R.C.- Ramsey Chartulary, ed. W. H. Hart; 3 vols. (The third vol. has a full index.) R. Chron. — Ramsey Chronicle, ed. Rev. W. D. Macray. (Rolls Series.) § 2. The Suffix -ton. The chief places in Cambs. ending with the suffix -ton (not preceded by -ing) are as follows : Barton, Carlton, Caxton, Cherry Hinton, Chesterton, Clopton, Comberton, Coton, Croxton, Ditton, Drayton, Foxton, Girton, Harlton, Harston, Hauxton, Hinxton, Histon, Kingston, Linton, Long Stanton, Malton, Milton, Newton, Rampton, Royston, Saxton, Sutton, Weston, Wilburton. I omit Ickleton and Sawston intentionally, for reasons which will be given in due time ; cf. pp. 17, 18. 6 THE PLACE-NAMES OF CAMBRIDGESHIRE. It is well known that the suffix -ton is merely the un- emphatic form of the familiar English word town, of which the original sense was " enclosure." It usually signified a collection of dwellings, or, as in Scotland at this day, a solitary farmhouse. Perhaps the nearest modern equivalent is " homestead " ; with- out any necessary restriction to a homestead belonging to a single owner, although this signification is certainly included. Barton. This is the prov. E. barton, a farm-yard ; for which see the English Dialect Dictionary. It is the A.S. bere- tun, lit. corn-farm, or barley-enclosure ; from bere, barley, and tun. Thus the syllable Bar- is in this instance the same as the bar- in barley ; see the New English Dictionary. Carlton. Written Carleton in 1302 (F.A. i. 142), Carlen- tone in Domesday. Here Carl is the Scandinavian equivalent of the A.S. ceorl, whence E. churl and the place-name Charlton. Carl frequently occurs as a man's name, and is, in fact, the origin of the modern E. Charles. The Old Norse karl also signifies a man, a male, a household servant, a husbandman ; see Carl in the N.E.D. (New English Dictionary). Its combining form is karla- ; so that Carlton answers to an Icelandic form Karlatun. Cf. Carlatun in Kemble, Cod. Dipl. iv. 288 ; also Carletun (Carlton, Cambs.) in the same, iv. 300. Caxton is spelt as at present in rather early times ; as, e.g., in 1245 (In. p. m., p. 3). There is a place named Cawston in Norfolk, which is merely another form of the same name. This we know from the fact that the famous printer is not iinfre- quently called Causton ; see the Diet, of Nat. Biography. And this is why we find Canstone in Domesday Book instead of Caxton. The prefix Cans- is mysterious ; and I only make a guess when suggesting that it may just possibly represent an A.S. form Cages, gen. case from a nom. Gah. That there was such a name as Cah may be inferred from the patronymic Calling, whence the place-name Cahing-lwg, iu Kemble, Cod. Dipl. ii. 137, 1. 9 ; compare also Cagbroc in the same, iii. 413. The closely related name Ceahha occurs in Ceahhan mere, § 2. NAMES ENDING IN -TON. 7 id. iii. 48, 1. 26. A genitival form Cakes 1 , combined with tun, would give in Mid. Eng. a form Gagheston, or (by contraction) Cagh'ston ; and the ghs might develop an x, as in the case of the E. hox from A.S. hoh-sinu; see Hox in the New Eng. Dictionary, and compare the use of hock as a variant of hough (see the same). Gait is an Old Mercian form, as distinguished from the Wessex Ceah, with a broken vowel. This explanation is, however, mere guesswork. Cherry Hinton. The prefix cherry, having reference to cherry-trees, is comparatively modern. The place-name Hinton occurs in many parts of England, and is spelt Hintone in Domesday Book. Perhaps from A.S. hind, a hind, female deer. Had the prefix been Hine-, it would answer to the A.S. hlna, as seen in Hlna-gemcero, Hlna-hege, Hlna-mearc, place-names given in Kemble's Index ; where hlna is the genitive of hlwan, a plural sb. meaning "domestic servants," allied to the modern E. hind, a servant, especially an agricultural labourer ; see N.E.D. The result is uncertain. Chesterton is spelt Cestretone in 1210 (R.B.), in 1130 (P.R.), and in Domesday Book. The corresponding A.S. form is ceaster-tun, where ceaster is merely the Wessex form repre- senting the Lat. castrum, a camp ; as is well known. Clopton or Clapton, in the parish now called Croydon- cum-Clapton, is spelt Gloptone in 1210 (R.B.), and Cloptune in D.B. ; but Glopetuna in I.C.C, with reference to Clopton in Suffolk. The prefix is the same as in Clapton and Clapham. This is ascertained from a genuine charter of the time of iElfred in which Clapham (in Surrey) appears as Cloppa-ham ; see Sweet, Early English Texts, p. 451. Cloppa looks like a genitive plural of a form *clop ; cf. clop-cecer, clop-hyrst, in Birch, iii. 589, 590. Comberton. Here the o is the regular later Anglo-French substitute for an earlier u ; it is spelt Cumbertone in 1155 (R.B.) and in Domesday Book. The spelling Gumbretone, 1 Perhaps Mercian ; cf. beeha for bfutgci in a Suffolk charter ; Kemble, Cod. Dipl. iii. 273, 1. 13. 8 THE PLACE-NAMES OF CAMBRIDGESHIRE. occurring in 1210 (R.B.), is somewhat preferable. The prefix Camber- or Gumbre- represents A.S. Gumbran, genitive of Cumbra, a personal name ; see Searle, Onomasticon, p. 146. The genitive Gumbran- is clearly seen in the place-name Cumbran-weorft (lit. Comber- worth) ; see Earle, A.S. Charters, p. 447, 1. 4. Kemble has the ace. pi. Gmnbras with the sense of ' Welshmen ' ; Cod. Dipl. iii. 59. Coton. In this case, the modern pronunciation suggests a derivation from cote and -ton, where cote is another form of cot. But it is highly probable that we have here (as often) an instance of a name expressed in the dative case ; see the account of Newnham (below). If so, Coton really represents the A.S. cotum, dative pi. of cot, a cottage; and the true sense is " cottages," the prep, cet (at the) being understood. Cf. Coates and Cottenham. Coton occurs as a place-name in 1296 (In. p. m., p. 129), and Cotun in 1272 (the same, p. 39); cf. Cotum in Kemble, Cod. Dipl. iv. 288. This etymology is certified by the fact that (as Lysons notes) another name for Coton was formerly Cotes. Cotes, as mentioned in 1211 (R.B.) and in 1284 (F.A. i. 137) appears to refer to Coton; so also Cotes in 1291 (Taxatio Ecclesiastica). Of the two A.S. forms meaning " cot," cot is neuter, and the nom. plural is cotu ; whilst cote is feminine, and the nom. plural is cotan. Of cotan a later form is coten, but it did not last long. The M.E. plurals in -en were early replaced by plurals in -es, so that the plural was already cotes in Wycliffe and Langland. This form is actually preserved in the Cambs. place-name Coates (near Whittlesey), and elsewhere (p. 28). Croxton. Spelt Croxtone in 1302 (F.A., p. 149); Crok- estoiw in the Red Book ; Crochestone in Domesday Book. There is also a Croxton in Norfolk, spelt Crokeston in 1303 (In. p. m., p. 180), and Crochestune in a late charter; Kemble, Cod. Dipl. iv. 245. Crokes is a late spelling of A.S. Croces, gen. case of Croc, a personal name of which Mr Searle gives three examples. Ditton, better known as Fen Ditton, occurs in at least § 2. NAMES ENDING IN -TON. 9 four other counties. In I.C.C., p. 101, we find Dictune in one MS., but Dittune in another ; and again, in a late copy of a will, the dative case dictunce, also written dictune; Kemble, Codex Diplom. iii. 272, 1. 6; 274, 1. 17. Ditton is, in fact, the A.S. dictun, lit. ' dike-town ' ; the ct passed into tt by assimilation, precisely as the Lat. dictum became detto in Italian. Drayton was spelt as now as early as 1210 (R.B.). Domesday has Draitone. Various old Charters have Dreyton aud Drayton ; but they are all spurious or of late date, as the spelling shows. The earliest spelling is Drcegtun, as in Kemble, Codex Diplom. vi. 139. The history of the A.S. drceg, also found as ge-drceg, is not quite clear; but it probably signified 'a drawing together,' and hence, a small band of men. Another sense of the modern E. dray, in provincial English, is "a squirrel's nest"; and the familiar "brewer's dray " is probably the same word. See gedraeg in Bosworth and Toller, and dray in N.E.D. and E.D.D. (English Dialect Dictionary). A possible sense seems to be ' a place of shelter,' or ' a retreat.' Cf. drceg-hcema, gen. pi., in Kemble, Cod. Dipl. iv. 19, 1. 22. Foxton, spelt Foxetune in Domesday Book, requires no explanation. Girton. Spelt Oyrttone and Grettone in 1434 ; Annales Monast. S. Albani, ii. 99, 101. In all older spellings of Girton, from the fourteenth century backwards, the r imme- diately follows the G. In 1316 (F.A., p. 152), we find Grettone; in 1270 (In. p. m., p. 33) Gretton; in 1230 (R.B.) Greittone ; in Domesday Book Gretone. In a charter dated 1060, we find the spelling Gretton; Kemble, Codex Diplom. iv. 145, 1. 23 ; but the charter is certainly not of the date assigned to it, as is proved by the comparatively late spellings of the English words cited at p. 147. We clearly have to deal with the same place-name as that which is elsewhere spelt Gretton ; there are, in fact, two places still so called, 10 THE PLACE-NAMES OF CAMBRIDGESHIRE. one in Gloucestershire and one in Northamptonshire 1 . Two solutions are possible ; one, that gret-ton is equivalent to great-ton, i.e. "a large homestead," quite different from what would now be understood by a great town ; and in this con- nexion it is worth observing that England contains at least six places named Littleton. The other solution is that gretton is the same word as the prov. E. gratton, which Bailey explains as " grass which comes after mowing, stubble, ersh, or eddish," though it means, more strictly, the enclosure where such grass grows. The E.D.D. treats this word fully; and to this the reader is referred. And compare Gratten in the N.E.D. Harlton. The spelling Harleton occurs in 1339 (Ely Registers). As ar usually answers to an earlier er, we may here see an A.S. name due to a name-prefix beginning with Herl-. Hence it is that I.C.C. has both Harletona and Herle- tona. The prefix Herle- represents a late pet-name Herla (gen. Herlan), probably short for *Herela, and formed from a name beginning with Here-, such as Herebeald or Herefrith. (Distinct from Herl- for Erl, Eorl, in which the H is inorganic.) Harston. The spelling Hardlestone occurs in 131G (F.A., 154), Hardlistone in 1298 (In. p. m., p. 147), and Hardeleston in 1291 (Taxatio Ecclesiastica). The first part of the name represents the genitive case of the A.S. name of the original owner; but what was the exact form of that name the evidence is hardly sufficient to show. A highly probable form of the name is Hardidf, a later form of Heardivulf. Hauxton. Spelt Haukestone in 1316 (F.A. 154). The earlier spelling is Hauekestune, in a charter of Edward the Confessor; Kemble, Cod. Dipl. iv. 245; which appears in Domesday Book as Havocliestun. Hauek is a later spelling of the A.S. hafoc, a hawk, probably, used as a man's name ; as to which Toller remarks that it is found in many names of places. Compare Hawkesbury, Hawksdale, Hawksdown, Hawkshead, and Hawksworth. 1 The place in Nhants. is spelt Gretton in the Chronicle of Ramsey Abbey. The Gretton in Kemble, Cod. Dipl. iv. 145, seems to be Girton. § 2. NAMES ENDING IN -TON. 11 HiNXTON. The spelling Hyngeston occurs in the Ely Registers in 1341 ; and Hengestone in the Ramsey Chartulary. It is certainly a contraction of Hengestestun, the town of Hengest ; as there are several other places which present similar forms. A clear case is that of Hengestes-ig, now called Hinksey, in Berkshire. Hengest is a famous name ; the literal sense is ' stallion.' I find the spelling Henxton in 1291 (Taxatio Ecclesiastica, p. 267). Histon. Spelt Histone in 1284 (F.A. 138); Hestona in the Pipe Roll (1165). But it seems to be a contracted form ; for D.B. has both Histone and Histetone; and I.C.C. has Hestitona. In the Inquisitio Eliensis (I.C.C, p. 99), a certain man is called Lemarais de Haustitona (v.r. Lemma de Hincsti- tona), who is elsewhere (p. 38) called Lemarws de Hestitona. I do not understand whether this means that the place was confused with Hinxton ; or whether we may connect Hesti- with Hwsta, a name which is suggested by Hcvstan-dic in Kemble, Cod. Dipl. iii. 209, 1. 5. The name remains unsolved. Ickleton. As the old spelling was Iceling-tun, the true suffix was -ing-ton. Hence this name will be considered amongst the next set; see p. 17. Kingston. Spelt Kingestone in 1210 (R.B.); where hinges is the genitive of king, late spelling of cyning, a king. Domesday Book has Chingestone, where the chi- represents ki-, as in other instances. The correct old spelling Cyninges-tl In occurs in Kemble, Cod. Dipl. i. 318, 1. 3, with reference to Kingston in Surrey. Linton. This corresponds to the form Lin-tun in Kemble, Cod. Dipl. iii. 368. Lin- may very well be the same as lin- in Unseed, representing the A.S. lln, early borrowed from Lat. I J man, flax. If so, the sense is 'flax-enclosure.' Any allusion to the Welsh llyn, a lake, is highly improbable. On the other hand, allusion to the A.S. lind, a lime-tree, is just possible. But the A.S. leah-tun, wyrt-tun, both with the sense of 'garden,' shew that such a compound as iJn-ti'm is whal we 12 THE PLACE-NAMES OF CAMBRIDGESHIRE. should most expect. In fact, we find lln-land with the same sense ; Kemble, Cod. Dipl. iii. 400, 1. 5. Long Stanton. Stanton is the A.S. stan-tun, lit. ' stone- enclosure'; and is very common. The Latinised prefix longa occurs as early as 1302 (F.A. 148). Malton. There is a Malton Farm at Orwell, of which the older spelling is Malketon. This form occurs as early as 1279 (Hand. Rolls), and as late as in Fuller's Worthies of England. I can throw no light on this singular form. Compare Melksham, and perhaps Mealcing in Kemble, Cod. Dipl. iii. 416. Milton. The derivation of Milton would seem to be obvious, viz. from mill and town. But we have the clearest evidence that the old form was really Middleton, as it appears in Domesday Book, and in numerous charters, &c, down to the time of Fuller. It is a very common name ; there are more than 20 Middletons in various parts of England. In the case of our Middleton, the reference may be to its posi- tion between Cambridge and Waterbeach, on the way to Ely. It appears as Mideltun in a late charter ; Kemble, Cod. Dipl. iv. 245. Newton. Mentioned in 1302 (F.A. 141); and in a late charter in Kemble, Cod. Dipl. iv. 245, with the spelling Neutun. No explanation is needed. Rampton. Spelt Ramptone in 1210 (R.B.). The spelling in Domesday Book is Rantone, which is merely a French travesty of the word, and does not much help us; but ICC. has Ramtune. These forms suggest that the p is an inserted letter, due to the strong emphasis on the final mm of the A.S. ramm, a ram. As to the name, compare Foxton, and especially the three Sheptons and ten Shiptons, usually meaning 'sheep-town.' Ram is quoted by Sir H. Ellis as a personal name ; but if this were intended, we should expect the modern form to be Ramston. § 2. NAMES ENDING IN -TON. 13 Royston. Spelt Roystone in 1428 (F.A. 189). This is one of the places of later origin, in which the prefix is Norman, as shown by the occurrence of the diphthong oy. The story has been recorded by Dugdale (Monast. Anglic. torn. 2, p. 264) and Tanner (Notitia Monastica) ; whence it appears that a certain Lady Roese set up a wayside cross at a certain spot, which obtained the name of Crux Roesice in Latin, and Cruceroys in Norman ; see the index to the Ramsey Chartulary; also spelt Cruce Reys in 1292 (In. p. m., p. Ill), and Cvoyrois in 1263 (the same, p. 25). At a later date, in the time of Henry II., Eustace de Merc founded a priory of Black Canons, near the same spot. A small town soon grew up near the priory, and obtained the name of Roese-toivn from its proximity to the cross of the Lady Roese. The Crux Roesie is referred to in 1316, in Feudal Aids (Record Series), i. 156, and later. Roese, otherwise Roise, Reise, or Rohaise is a feminine name, of which Miss Yonge, in her History of Christian Names, p. 204, gives two wild etymolo- gies. It is more to the point that she gives two examples. "Rohais [Rohaise?] wife of Gilbert de Gaunt, died in 1156; and Roese de Lucy was wife of Fulbert de Dover, in the time of Henry II." Royse occurs as a surname in the Clergy List; and the Latinised form Rohesia is in the Ingoldsby Legends. It represents (says Mr Stevenson) a continental Saxon name beginning with Hroth- ; possibly HrothstuvQ. Saxton, Saxon Street. Saxton is now absorbed in the parish of Wood Ditton, in which there is a considerable hamlet still called Saxon Street. Saxtone occurs in 1284 (Feudal Aids, i. 139), and Sextone in Domesday Book ; probably from 0. Merc. Saxan-tun, Saxa's enclosure, though this should rather have been represented in D.B. by Sexetone. The old name of the street may likewise have been Saxan-strd't, the form Saxan being preserved by association with Saxon. Sutton. In Domesday Book, Sudtone; A.S. SicStun, lit. " south town." I may note here that the four points of the compass are often represented by names in -ton in various counties; as in Norton, Sutton, Easton, and Weston. 14 THE PLACE-NAMES OF CAMBRIDGESHIRE. Weston Colville. I.e. "west town," as noted above. The place is quite close to West Wratting, with the same prefix. Colville is a family name of Norman origin. In a Hist, of Cambs. dated 1851, it is stated that the Colvilles obtained the manor of Weston in the time of Edward I. The index to the Ramsey Chartulary mentions a Colville who was sheriff of Huntingdon. Wilburton. The oldest spelling is Wilburhtun ; Kemble, Cod. Dipl. vi. 98, 1. 5. The prefix is Wilburh, remarkable as being a feminine name only. The same prefix appears in Wilbraham, as shown at p. 24. A more correct form would be Wilburgetun, where Wilburge is the gen. case of Wilburh. This true genitive occurs in Wilburge-ham. § 3. The suffix -ing-ton. The next set of names includes those that end in -ington ; which must be divided into two classes. The former is that in which the form -ing is original ; the latter, that in which it has been substituted for some other prefix. The distinction is one that involves some difficulties ; so that the results are, to a slight extent, uncertain. As to this point, see Kemble's Saxons in England, i. 60, and the note ; and the list of names containing -ing at p. 456 of the same volume. I have grave doubts as to the originality of -ing in Abington and Barrington; and even in Conington the sense is doubtful ; so that these names will be considered separately. Arrington. Of this name there are two spellings. On the one hand, we find Arington in 1270 (In. p. m., p. 33), and in 1284 (F.A. 137). But the real name must have been Arnington, since we frequently find that form, not only in 1302 (F.A. 146), but in D.B. and I.C.C., p. 110, where the form is Erningetone, described as being in "Wederlai" hundred, and also spelt JErningetune. This is clearly right, and the prefix is the same as in Arningford ; i.e. it means " the settlement of the sons of Mxi\ or Earn " ; where earn (tern) originally § 3. NAMES ENDING IN -IXGTON. 15 meant " eagle." It evidently became Arlington by association with Barrington, which is not far off. Doddington. Spelt Docbjngtone in 1302, in Feudal Aids, i. 151 ; but Dodinton in Domesday Book, with in for ing. There are many traces of the Doddings, as there are five other Doddingtons, and a Doddinghurst in Essex. Hence Doddington is the "town uf Doddings"; and the Doddings were the sons of Dodda, an A.S. name of which we have more than a dozen examples. Impington. Some of the early spellings omit the ng; thus we tind Impetone in 1302 (F.A. 148). Other spellings, all of them Norman, have ouly n fur ng; as Impyntone in 1316 (F.A. 153): Empintone in 1210 (R.B.). Domesday Book has Epintone, obviously an error for Empintone, as above; cf. Empintona in I.C.C. p. 174. A late copy of a charter has Impintun ; Kemble, Cod. Dipl. iv. 245. The change from em to im is not uncommon, whilst the change from en to in occurs several times; thus limbeck is a later form of alembic, and think is from A.S. thencan. Hence the change from Emp- to Imp- is regular, and we learn that Emp- is the older form. In this way, we arrive, at any rate, at a form Empintun. We could not be quite sure that the nt is a Norman way of writing ngt (as is very frequently the case) but for the fortunate circumstance that the original Emping- is perfectly preserved in the name of Empingham in Rutlandshire ; from which Kemble correctly inferred that the Empingas were an Old English tribe. See Kemble's Saxons in England, i. 463. Hence Impington certainly means " town of the Empings." The name Empa is recorded in Kemble, Cod. Dipl. iii. 440 ; though the MS. is late and of slight authority. There is a mention of Thomas de Norman- tile, dominus de Empingham, in the Chronicon Petrobur- gense (Camden Society), p. 74. Leverington. We find Liuerington in 1285 (Cat. A.D., vol. ii), and Leveryngtone in 1302 (F.A. 151). The probability that Levering represents a tribal name is suggested by tin- 16 THE PLACE-NAMES OF CAMBRIDGESHIRE. existence of two Levertons (without the -ing) in Notts, and Lincolnshire. The index to Kemble has Leoferes-haga, i.e. " Lever's haw " ; where Leo/ere represents the A.S. Leof-here, an A.S. personal name. Litlington. The spelling in Domesday Book is Lidlintone, but later authorities have Lytlyngtone, Litlyngtone (F.A. 150, 189), and the like. I.C.C. has Lidlingtone, Litlingtona ; and there is a Lidlington in Beds. Another spelling is Lutlingtone, in 1316 (F.A. 156). As the Mid. Eng. i, y, and u all occa- sionally represent an A.S. y, we see that the derivation might possibly be from an A.S. form *Lydila, from a base Lad- ; cf. Luddesbroc, &c, in Kemble's index. OAKINGTON. This place has lost an initial H, which appears in all the older spellings; thus we find Hokingtone in 1284 (F.A. 138), and Hochintone in Domesday Book ; I.C.C. has Hokintona. It is spelt Hokington in Fuller's Worthies. The sense is " town of the Hocings." Hoeing is a tribal name, from the personal name Hoc or Hoca. The genitive of Hoc occurs in Hoces byrgels ; and that of Hoca in Hocan edisc ; both in Kemble's Index. Hoc occurs in Beowulf; and the Hocings are mentioned in the very old A.S. poem named The Traveller. The o is usually marked as long, which would come out as Hook in modern English. In order to produce the modern Oakington, the vowel must have been shortened at an early date, and afterwards again lengthened in the usual way. Such processes are not uncommon; and we may particularly note the curious forms Hoggitone, found in 1284 (F.A. 137) ; and Hoccltintona, Hockingtona (as well as Hokintona) in I.C.C. Trumpington. Well known from its mention by Chaucer, in the first line of the Reves Tale, where the Ellesmere MS. has the spelling Trumpyngton. The form Trumpington occurs in 1270 (In. p. m., p. 33); though the Norman scribes of the thirteenth century usually give it as Trumpintone, with a vicious reduction of ng to n, as is their usual habit. It § 3. NAMES ENDING IN -INGTON. 17 even occurs as Trumpintun in a late copy of an A.S. Charter ; Kemble, Cod. Dipl. iv. 245. The history of the name is un- known ; but we may fairly assume, with Kemble, the existence of a tribe of Trumpingas or Trumpings. Wimblington. This is a place of small importance, near to Doddington. Mr Foster notes that, in the account of the monastery of Ely in Dugdale's Monasticon, there is a schedule of the properties belonging to it in 30 Henry VIII (vol. i. p. 493). Amongst these appears Doddington, and Wimblington appears as Willmington and Wymelyngton. Of these forms, the older is Wilmington, which suffered metathesis and so became Wimlington or Wimelington, and afterwards Wimblington, with an inserted b. Mr Stevenson finds Wihnyngton (in company with Doddington) in 1387 (Cal. Pat. Roll, p. 298). It is of the same origin as Wilmington (Devon.), and represents a form *Wil(h)elming-tun, from the personal name Wilhelm (William). Ickleton. Amongst the names in -ington we must include also Ickleton. All the early spellings give various forms of Iklyngton, or (in 1210) Iclintone (R.B.). Domesday Book has Inchelintone and Hichelintone, where che is equivalent to he. The true A.S. spelling is Iceling-tun, for which there is good authority, viz. iElfhelm's Will ; see Birch, Cart. Saxon, iii. 630, 1. 24. Iceling is regularly formed from the A.S. personal name Icel, which occurs in the A.S. Chronicle, under the date 626 ; where we are told that Cnebba was Iceling, or the son of Icel, and Icel was Eomwring, or the son of Eomier. In the Life of Guthlac, we are told that the Iclingas were a Mercian family to which Guthlac belonged ; see Bosworth's Diet., p. 585. There is an Icklingham in Suffolk ; and it is a re- markable fact that the name of Ickleford in Herts, is also a contraction of Icklingford, as may be seen by consulting the index to the Ramsey Chartulary 1 . None of these names can by any possibility be connected, as is often gratuitously assumed, with the Icenhild in Icenhilde iveg (Ichenhild-way). 1 But the Chronicle of Ramsey Abbey has Teles forde. Q. A. S. Octavo Series. No. XXXVI. 2 18 THE PLACE-NAMES OF CAMBRIDGESHIRE. The reason why the Z;-sound was preserved in Iceling instead of its being turned into Icheling is simply that the e dropped out by contraction, giving I cling (as noted above). Sawston. This also is proved, by the old spellings, to have originated from a tribal name. It was originally a word of four syllables. In 1284 we find Sausitone (F.A. 137), and in 1210 it is Sausintone (R.B.) ; Domesday Book has Salsiton ; and in I.C.C. we find Salsintona. But even these are abbre- viated forms. The Chronicle of Ramsey Abbey has Salsingetun, Salsingetune, and the Latinised form Selsingetona (p. 50). This variation between a and e suggests that the A.S. vowel may have been ce; and, if so, the corresponding A.S. form is * Scelsinga-tiin, or "town of the Sa?lsings." We have no means of deciding whether this form is correct ; but the suffix -inge or -inga (gen. plural from -ing) is sufficient to show that the reference is to the settlement of a tribe, even though we cannot be quite sure as to the spelling of the name of the tribe's progenitor. Abington. The form of the word is misleading. It was formerly Abyntone in 1302 (F.A., p. 150), and Abintone in the Red Book, Domesday Book, and I.C.C. As in the case of Abingdon in Berks., the modern Abing- really represents Abban, gen. of Abba, a common A.S. name. See iElfric's Will, in Earle's Land Charters, p. 223, 1. 1. There is another Abington in Northamptonshire, and this likewise was formerly Abintone, as in the Ramsey Chartulary. Barrington. The old spellings are Barntone in 1210 (R.B.), Barentone in 1284 (F.A. 137), Baryngtone in 1428 (F.A. 182). The form in Domesday Book and in I.C.C. is Barentone. The prefix Baren- answers to A.S. Bceran, gen. of a personal name Baira. See three examples of this in Kemble's index. Conington. The old spellings, according to Mr Foster, are Gonintone, 1210 (R.B.), 1302 (F.A. 148), and Gonitone, 1346, 1428 (F.A. 166, 185); also Gunitone, D.B. However, we find § 4. NAMES ENDING IN -HAM. 19 the spellings Conington in 1290 (In. p. m., p. 103); Cuninctune in the index to the Chronicle of Ramsey Abbey ; and Cunning- tPn in the Will of ./Elfhelm of Wratting, written in fairly good Anglo-Saxon ; see Birch, Cart. Saxon iii. 630 ; and the land at Wratting had been granted to Elfhelm by King Eadgar in 974. Hence the spelling with -ing is well established, and there is a personal name Cuna from which it might be derived. Compare Connington in Hunts. At the same time, we cannot be quite sure that we really have here a tribal name. The prefix might represent the Icel. hmung-, from konnngr, a king. § 4. The suffix -ham. The next suffix to be discussed is -ham. It arises from two A.S. suffixes which were originally quite distinct; see the excellent articles on Ham, sb. (2) and Ham, sb. (3) in the New Eng. Dictionary ; and cf. Kemble, Cod. Dipl. iii. p. xxvii. The two A.S. forms are (1) ham (with short a), also appearing as hamm and horn, with the sense of "enclosure" or "place fenced in," connected with the modern E. verb to hem in ; and (2) ham, modern English home, meaning a village or village community, often shortened to ham (with short a) when bearing the stress and preceding a consonant, as in Hampstead (lit. homestead), or when occurring in an unstressed position, as in Wick-ham (lit. village-home). As there is no distinction of form in the modern English names, the two will be taken together ; they cannot always be distinguished. Babraham. The old spellings are Badburham (R.B.) and Badburgham ; Domesday Book has the latter ; the full form Badburgeham is in I.C.C. The name is composed of known elements. The former is Bad- ; see Sweet, O. Eng. Texts, p. 593 ; it occurs, e.g. in Bad-helm. The latter is the common feminine suffix -burh, as in Wilburhton, Wilburton. Hence the personal name was Bad- burh, the name of a woman, the gen. case being Badburge. The suffix would be ham (with short a), if the statement 2—2 20 THE PLACE-NAMES OF CAMBRIDGESHIRE. were correct which is quoted from Taylor in the New Eng. Dictionary, that ham (home) is not used with the name of an individual. But there are certainly some exceptions to this empirical rule, even among the place-names here considered ; and it is positively contradicted by examples ending in -haam ; see Sweet, O. E. Texts, p. 426. BADLINGHAM ; near Chippenham. So spelt in 1284; and Badelmgham in 1302 (F.A., 136, 143). The A.S. form would be Badelinga-hdm, the home of the Badelings ; where Badeling is formed from the personal name Badela. The gen. case occurs in Badelan-broc, lit. Badela's brook ; Kemble, Cod. Dipl. iii. 343, 1. 19. Balsham. Formerly Balesham, in Henry of Huntingdon ; also Belesham, in 1170 and 1210 (P.R., R.B.), and in Domesday Book. Also Bellesham, in a charter dated 974, and apparently genuine ; Kemble, Cod. Dipl. vi. 104, 1. 20. Belles and Bales are probably variants of Bcelles, as in Bcelles wceg, Ball's way ; Kemble, iii. 424, 1. 10. This is the gen. case of Bcell, Ball, a personal name; and this form justifies the modern pronuncia- tion. Barham ; near Linton. Spelt Berkham in 1210 (R.B.) ; Bergham in 1302, Berugham in 1346 (F.A., 145, 162); Bercheham in Domesday Book ; but Ber chain in I.C.C. The corresponding A.S. form is Beorh-ham, lit. " hill-enclosure." See the account of Bartlow at p. 34. Bottisham. We find Bottesham in 1428, Botkesham in 1400 ; Bodkesham in 1372 (Pedes Finium). An earlier form is Bodekesham in 1210 (R.B.) ; with slight variants at other dates ; Domesday Book has Bodichesham likewise. A late charter has Bodekesham; Kemble, Cod. Dipl. iv. 145. The nom. case would be Bodec, closely allied to the weak form Bodeca, of which the gen. case Bodecan appears in Bodecan- leage; Kemble, Cod. Dipl. i. 215. The sense is "Bodec's enclosure." § 4. NAMES ENDING IN -HAM. 21 Chettisham ; near Ely. Spelt Chetisham in the Ramsey Chartulary. Of this name I can find no further illustration. Perhaps it is due to an A.S. name-form Cett. Compare the weak form Getta, as in Gettan-treo ', Kemble, God. Dipl. iii. 380. Chippenham. Spelt Chipenham in I.C.C. ; and Ghipeham in Domesday Book. There is a Chippenham in Wilts., of which the dat. case Gippenhamme occurs in a charter of Alfred's; Kemble, Cod. Dipl. ii. 115, 1. 2; spelt Cippanhamme in the A.S. Chronicle, an. 87e is geceged Elige," lit. in the tribe-land that is called Elige ; but this translates the Latin regione. It seems quite certain, in any case, that there was no allusion to " island " in the original name. The various readings are very remark- able ; for Elige, other readings are Lige and Hcelige, and one MS. (not older than the Conquest) has eel teg \wg = eg], i.e. 'eel-island,' shewing that the popular interpretation had affected the English name at that date. If, however, we go back to Beda's spelling El-ge, we see that it represents the O. Northumbrian el-ge, i.e. " district of eels," where el is the later A.S. wl, " eel," and ge is the veiy rare early equivalent of the G. Gau (see Kluge, Etym. Diet,, s.v. Gem). This agrees sufficiently with Beda's explanation : — " Est autem ~EAge .. .regio .. .in similitudinem insulae uel paludibus, ut diximus, circumdata uel aquis, unde et a copia anguillarum quae in eisdem paludibus capiuntur nonien accepit." See H. M. Chadwick's Studies in Old English, § 5. I copy the following useful note from The Fenland, Past and Present, p. 63. The boundaries of the Isle of Ely are thus described in Sprott's Chronicle, published by Hearne 1 . "At Erhithbridge begins one entrance into the Island, which extends as far as Sotton Grove, and so at Mephale, and so at 'Wyeltombrigge, and so at Ely Dowihom 2 , and so at Littleport", and so at the Town of Ely, and so at Haveryngmere, and so at Stratham Lode, and so at Andlong 2 Wesche, on the south side of the island, and so at Alderhethbrigge, and so at Erhithbregge. These are the entrances into the island, one at Littleport' 1 , another at Ston- 1 Th. Sprotti Chronica ; ed. T. Hearne, Oxon. 1719 ; p. 199. I correct a few spellings. 2 Hearne prints Donnhom, Litteport, Andlong; Miller has Audlotiy. § 10. NAMES ENDING IN -EA. 53 teneyebrigge, the third at Aldcrhithebregge, the fourth at Erhithbregge." EASTREA, Estrea. Quite a different word from Eastry in Kent ; for which see the forms in Sweet, O.E. Texts, p. 611. It is probably the Estrey mentioned in a spurious charter in Birch, Cart. Sax. iii. 438, 1. 5. The prefix is A.S. eastra, lit. " more to the east" ; it is just due east of Whittles-ea, also once an island. There is also a W entry Farm, to the west of the road leading northwards from March. Horningsea. Spelt Horningesie in Domesday Book, and Horningeseie (Norman spelling) in I.C.C. and in Kemble, Cod. Dipl. iv. 245. For A.S. Horninges-eg, isle of Horning. Horning is a patronymic, and the name Horn is known ; indeed, there is a " Lay of King Horn " extant both in French and English. Manea. I find no old spelling; but the suffix means "isle," as in the other instances; for it was once a complete island. The prefix probably represents the A.S. Mannan, gen. case of Manna, a name which occurs in the A.S. Chronicle, under the date 921. Cf. A.S. manna, a man, a sb. of the weak declension, by- form of mann, a man, of which the gen. is mannes. Compare such place-names as Man-ley and Man-ton ; and note that Manning was a tribal name, as in Maiiningford, Manningham, and Manningtree. [I take this opportunity of making a note on the name Ramsey, as so many illustrations have been taken from the Ramsey Chartulary ; though it is just out of our county, in Hunts. We find, on excellent authority, that this name has lost an initial h. It is spelt Hrames-ege (dative) in iElfhelm's Will; Kemble, Cod. Dipl. iv. 300; Thorpe, Diplom. p. 598, 1. 10. This shews that the prefix is not our modern E. ram, but the A.S. hrcem, variant of hroemn or hrafn, a raven, whence the mod. E. raven is derived. The sense is "Raven's isle"; but whether Raven was a bird's name or a man's, we cannot certainly say. The latter is more probable ; the former is possible. The same prefix occurs in Hremmesden, now Bums- 54 THE PLACE-NAMES OF CAMBRIDGESHIRE. dean, Hants., according to Kemble ; bnt I cannot find this Ramsdean in the map.] Stonea. Of this name I find no record ; but the prefix is obviously the A.S. stun, M.E. stoon, modern E. stone; with reference (I suppose) to the soil. Stuntney. Spelt Stuntenei in Domesday Book, Stunteneie in I. CO.; which affords the clue. Stunten represents the A.S. stwntan, gen. of stunta, weak form of stunt, foolish. Stunta means " a foolish person," evidently a nickname. In Matt. v. 22, where the A.V. has " thou fool," the A.S. version has " Sd stunta." Swavesey. Spelt Huauiseye in 1266 (Pedes Finium); Siuavsey in 1316, Siuaveseye in 1346, and Swafsey in the same year (F.A. i. 152, 166 — 8); Svavesye in Domesday Book. The A.S. prefix is Swcefes, gen. of Swief; a personal name which occurs again in Swaffhani. As the di was originally long, it must have been shortened, as in Swaffhani, and afterwards again lengthened. Otherwise, the modern name would have been Swevesey. The process is not uncommon. The A.S. Swcbf is a most interesting word, as it originally meant one of the tribe called in Latin Sueui, mentioned both by Caesar and Tacitus. The A.S. tv answers to Ger. a, and to a primitive Germanic e, so that the vowel preserved in Latin is the original one. Thorney. Spelt Thorneia in 1169 (Pipe Rolls), Torneya in 1158, and Torny in Domesday Book. Cf. A.S. Bornlg; Kemble, Cod. Dipl. iii. 102. The spelling with T is, of course, Anglo-French, and due to the inability of many Normans to pronounce the E. th. The derivation is obvious ; from A.S. thorn, a thorn-bush. Another Thorney is celebrated as being the site of Westminster Abbey ; it is described in a spurious charter as being a "locus terribilis"; Birch. Cart. Sax. i. 339. Welney, Welny, near Wisbech. I find no old spelling ; but the derivation is obvious, viz. from wellan eg, or welkin Ig §10. NAMES ENDING IN* -EA, -EV. -V. 55 " isle of the well," apparently because it stood beside a stream called the Wellan-ea, or " well-stream " (later spelling tvellen- he = ivelleu-ee, in the Ramsey Chartulary) and afterwards Well Creek; sue The Fenland, pp. 7, 189, 209. Here wellan is the gen. of A.S. wylle or welle; see wille in the A.S. Dictionary. The dat. wellan occurs in Kemble, Cod. Dipl. iii. 206; and the dat. and gen. eases of weak substantives are identical in form. WENDY. Formerly Wendye (1316), Weudeye (1346), in F.A. i. 157, 172; Wandei and Wandrie in Domesday Book. The form Wandrie is remarkable; but is shown to be corrupt by comparison with I.C.C., which has the correct form Wendeie. The variation of the vowel in Wendeie, Wandei, points to the A.S. te. Hence we can hardly be wrong in identifying the prefix with the A.S. Wamdan, occurring in the place-name Wwndan- uteres, which actually appears as Wendait in Wendan- beorges in the very next line of the same genuine and early charter (a.d. 950). See Birch, Cart. Saxon, iii. 106, 11. 1 and 2. Wendait is the gen. case of Wenda, a known personal name. The sense is "Wenda's island." WHITTLESEA. Spelt Witleseye in 1389 (Conybeare's Cambs., p. 147); Witleseye in 1394 (Ely Registers); Witesie (which is corrupt) in Domesday Book ; for Anglo-French, like modern French, dislikes the combination tl. However, the same authority has also the correct form Witeles-ford; and I.C.C. has Witleseie. In the late copy of the A.S. Chronicle we find Witles-mere under the year 656, in a late and spurious charter ; but the spelling is Norman. In the Charters, we find an allusion to "insulam quae Witlesig nuncupatur"; Kemble, Cod. Dipl. iii. 101, and Witlesmere occurs on the same page. This at any rate proves that Whittlesea was then considered to be an island. Again, we find "stagni quod dicitur Witlesntere"; Cod. Dipl. iii. 93, 101 ; and the forms Witleseye, Witlesmere, in the Ramsey Chartulary. But all these exhibit Norman spellings, and furnish no clear proof that the word originally began with W rather than Hw. On the other hand, the Wh- is generally correctly used in local names ; and if so, we may derive the 56 THE PLACE-NAMES OF CAMBRIDGESHIRE. prefix from an A.S. form *Hwitel, diminutive of a name com- mencing with Hiult, lit. ' white.' If the initial had been originally W, we might take witles to be the genitive of A.S. witol, an adjective with the sense of " wise," derived from witan, to know, and employed as a nickname or epithet ; compare Stuntney above. It is further evident, that the modern name Whittlesea- mere is unoriginal. The true name is simply Whittles- mere. And of course the drainage of the fens has left but little trace of it. Moreover, it was not situate within our county, but near Yaxley in Huntingdonshire. See The Fenland, by Miller and Skertchley, p. 1G2, for a map of it as it existed in 1824. GAMLlNGAY. It is hardly possible to discuss this name without raising the question as to how it is to be divided ; i.e. whether the suffix is -gay or -ay, After some consideration of the question, I think it must be taken along with other difficult place-names of a like character ; and we have first of all to enquire, whether such a suffix as -gay is possible in Old English. My belief is that it is not ; for no such word is to be found either in English or in Norse, nor yet in Norman. I am aware that it has been pro- posed to derive the suffix -gay from the German gait; but it is now well ascertained that we did not borrow words from Old High German, still less from the German of the present day ; nor has any attempt been made to shew why, how, or when, such a sound as au turned into the modern English ay. The proposal is, of course, preposterous. Neither did we borrow it from Norse, because, although the change of an to ey, by means of mutation, is regular in Norse, it so happens that the equiva- lent of the German gau was never at any time in use in any Scandinavian language. And not even Norse can lend a word which it does not possess. Another bad guess has been made as to the name Bungay, which we are gravely told is from the French bon gue, " a good ford." But surely gue is mere modern French ; the Norman form was wet or guet, and even in the form guet the gu was pronounced as gw (according to Gaston Paris). It is a desperate .§10. NAMES ENDING IN -AY. o7 guess to resort to mispronouncing Norman for the purpose of forcing an etymology which is so much more likely to have been of English or Norse origin ; neither is it necessary. The origin of Bungay presents no difficulty if we divide it rightly and consider its geographical position. It is best explained by considering the parallel case of Durham. Durham is, as is well known, a Norman travesty of the Old English name Dun-holm, i.e. hill-island, or rather, hill-peninsula, which describes it exactly. It is situate on a horse-shoe bend of the river Wear, and rises high above the water in a rounded knoll. The situation of Bungay is precisely similar, and it can be explained from the Icel. bung-a, a round elevation, and ey, an island. The same word buncja, a round hill, is preserved in modern Norwe- gian, according to Ross. It might be supposed that the suffix -d. Dipl. iv. 245, in an Anglo-French copy; § 10. NAMES ENDING IN -FORD, -HEATH, -LEV. 63 but Stapelford in Birch, Cart. Saxon, iii. 687. Stapleford (Herts.) appears as Stapulford (Kemble's Index). The prefix is A.S. stapul, stapol, an upright post ; by which, presumably, the ford was originally marked. Compare Staplow; p. 72. Thetford. Spelt Tedford in Domesday Book, with T for Th ; owing to the difficulty of sounding the English th. The Liber de Hyda (p. 10) has the correct M.E. form, viz. Theedford. The A.S. form is ^eodford ; A.S. Chron., ed. Plummer, ii. 446 ; and peod-, in composition means "great," the literal sense of the sb. }Jeod being " people." The literal sense is " people- ford," hence " large or wide ford." Why Isaac Taylor calls this obvious solution "improbable," it would be difficult to say. Perhaps Toller's explanation of ]>eod- in composition was then unpublished. Whittlesford. For the explanation, see WHITTLESEA. Lit. " ford of Hwltel." Witchford. Domesday Book has Wiceford, with ce = che. The Ramsey Chartulary has Wicheford ; and the forms Wichforda, Wicheforda occur in I.C.C. For the explanation, see WlTCHAM. Or it may mean "ford near the witch-elm": from A.S. wice ; cf. Ash ford, Oak ford, Thorn ford. Heath. Perhaps the sole example of this suffix is seen in Horse- HEATH ; the derivation of which is obvious. It appears as Horseketh in 1339, in the Ely Registers, but Horseth (with loss of h) in 1276, Hund. Rolls, p. 52. Ley. Examples of -ley occur in Ashley, Brinkley, Cheveley, Childerley, Eltisley, Graveley, East Hatley and Hatley St George, Madingley, Silverley, Westley, and Wetherley. The suffix -ley represents the A.S. leah, a lea or field, or in some G4 THE PLACE-NAMES OF CAMBRIDGESHIRE. cases at least, the dat. case leage of the same substantive. As the g in leage was sounded like y, the Mid. Eng. form is usually leye in the dative, and ley in the nominative ; see lei in St rat maun. Ashley. In Domesday Book spelt Esselie, with ss for s/* (as often), and E for A.S. ^. The prefix is the A.S. msc, modern E. ash. See Silverley at p. 66. There are four other Ashleys in England. Brinkley. Spelt Brynkeleye in the Ely Registers in 1339; and, as late as in Fuller, Brinkelee. The Norman spelling Brinkewrfta (for Brinketveor'S) occurs in a charter dated 1065, Kemble, Cod. Dipl. iv. 167, 1. 1 ; with reference to Brinkworth in Wilts. There are also such names as Brink- burn, Brinkhill, and Brinklow. In all these cases we see the modern E. brink, a word of Scandinavian origin ; from Dan. brink, verge, Swed. brink, the descent or slope of a hill. According to the map, the road from Six Mile Bottom to Brinkley rises nearly 250 feet. Cheveley. The spellings somewhat vary ; we find Chevelee or Chevele in 1383, 1394, and 1401 (Cat. Anc. Deeds, and F.A. i. 175); Cheveley (as now) in 1428 (F.A.). Also Chavele in 1302 to 1346 (F.A.); Chauelai in 1160 (Pipe Roll); Chavelai in Domesday Book ; and Chauelei, Cauelei, Cheueleie in I.C.C. The spellings Calvelega and Chalvelega in R.B., in 1171 and 1167, introduce an unoriginal I. It is spelt Cceafle (in the dat. case) in a twelfth century copy of a charter dated about 990 ; see Earle, Land Charters, p. 368, 1. 10. Also Cheaflea in a copy of a charter of King Cnut; Cod. Dipl. iv. 13. All the earlier spellings are consistent with a derivation from the A.S. ceaf, mod. E. chaff. See Chaff in the New Eng. Dictionary. It would appear that the final / took the sound of v, thus obscuring the meaning of the word ; after which Chave- became Cheve. The Eng. Dial. Dictionary has chave as a verb, meaning to separate chaff from grain ; also chavins or cheevings, bits of broken straw ; chavin-riddle or cheevy -riddle, a coarse sieve used in chaving ; chave-hole, a recess for chaff. Hence the § 10. NAMES ENDING IN -LEY. 65 form Cheve- is not without support. There is a Chieveley in Berks., but it is of different origin ; see Glfan-lea in Kemble's Index. Childerley. Spelt Ghylderle in 1302 (F.A. i. 148) ; and Cildrelai (with Ci for Chi) in Domesday Book. Here Ghilder- or Ghildre- represents the A.S. cildra, gen. pi. of did, a child. The sense is " children's lea." As the A.S. cild has a double form of the gen. pi., viz. dlda and cildra, there is no difficulty in assigning to Childer- the same sense as to the Chil- (for dlda) in Chilford (pp. 61, 62). Eltisley. Spelt Eltislee in Fuller's Worthies ; Elteslee in 1302 (F.A. i. 149); Eltesle in 1251 (In. p. m., p. 8). The prefix seems to involve the same personal name as that which appears in Eltham, Kent. But I can find no further authority for it. It may, however, be connected with the prov. E. elt, to knead dough, to toil in wet ground ; see N.E.D. and E.D.D. Graveley. Spelt Gravele in 1284 (F.A. i. 138); Gravelei in Domesday Book. The A.S. spelling is Grceflea; Thorpe, Diplom. p. 382, note 16 ; compare Greflea, Grceflea, in the Ramsey Chartulary. It is compounded of A.S. grcef, a trench, mod. E. grave, and leak, a lea or field. The sense is " field with a trench." Cf. the Crawford Charters, pp. 61, 62. Hatley. Spelt Hattele in 1284 (F.A. i. 136); Hattelega (Latin) in 1210 (R.B.) ; Hatelai, Atelai in Domesday Book. The A.S. form is Hcettanlea, in jElf helm's Will ; Kemble, Cod. Dipl. iv. 300, 1. 13. Hcettan is the gen. case of a personal name Hcetta, of which Hetta (noted by Mr Searle) is apparently an alteration. Madingley. Spelt Maddynglee in 1302, Maddingle in 1284 (F.A. i. 138, 148), Madinglega (Latin), in 1210 (R.B.); Madingelee in 1199 (Pedes Finium); Madmgelei in Domesday Book. The A.S. form would be Madinga-leah, or " lea of the Bladings." Mading is a tribal name ; cf. Mada as a personal name, whence the dat. Madan-leage, i.e. Madeley ; Kemble, C.A.S. Octavo Series. No. XXXVI. 5 66 THE PLACE-NAMES OF CAMBRIDGESHIRE. Cod. Dipl. iii. 123, 1. 3. There is a Maddington in Wilts.; whilst from the name Mada we have Madeley in Shropshire (as above), and Madehurst in Sussex. SlLVERLEY. There is a parish named Ashley-cum-Silverley. The spelling Silverle occurs in 1284, 1302, 1346, and 1428 (F.A. i. 139, 142, 158, 177); Domesday Book has Severlai, which stands for Selverlai, as selver is not an uncommon spelling in Middle English for " silver," and the A.S. form is seolfor. This is verified by the epithet de Seuerlaio in I.C.C., p. 98, for which another MS. has de Seiluerleia. The epithet seems a strange one, but we have similar instances ; compare Silverdale, Lanes., Silverstone, Northampt., Silverton, Devon. Westley. Spelt Weslai in Domesday Book, with s for st ; but Westlai in Cod. Dipl. iv. 245. The prefix is the E. west. This village is often called Westley Waterless, so that it was once badly off for wells. Mr Foster finds that it had the epithet waterlees as far back as 1339, as recorded in the Ely Registers ; and I have since found Westle waterles in 1308 (Pedes Finium). Perhaps it is necessary to say that the former spelling, with final -lees, is the usual Mid. English spelling ; and it is interesting to notice that the word occurs in Chaucer's Prologue, 1. 180 : — " Is likned til a fish that is water- lees" The A.S. form of this suffix is -leas. Wetherley. This is the name of a hundred. The spelling Wetherle occurs in 1284 and 1302 (F.A. 137, 146); but another spelling is Wederle in 1168, or better Wederleah, as in 1166 (Pipe Rolls); Domesday Book has Wederlai ; but l.C.C. has both Wederlai and Wederlai. This suggests that the prefix is wether, a sheep, A.S. wefter, for which the A.F. form was weder, owing to the difficulty of sounding the th. Cf. Wethersfield in Essex. Mere. The A.S. mere means "lake," in which sense it is familiar to all who know the English lakes. I know of no example in Cambs. except Fowlmere or Foulmire. The name Foulmire is comparatively modern (later than 1500), but is not § 10. NAMES ENDING IN -LEY, -MERE, -POLE. 67 difficult to account for. It is well-known how the letter r has a tendency to preserve a preceding long vowel ; thus the word more is still pronounced with the open o, whereas the o in stone is close ; and the word shire is still locally called sheer, though usually it rhymes to fire, and this ee preserves the A.S. pronun- ciation of the i in sclr. It is not surprising that some people should once have confused the word mere, a lake, with the old sound of mire, and so have altered the word to suit a popular etymology, suggested by the fancy that fowl meant ' dirty,' instead of referring to birds. However, there is no doubt as to the sense, though the mere has now been drained away. The spelling Foulmere occurs in 1401, and Fulmere in 1302 (F.A. i. 147, 175); the Pipe Rolls have Fugelmara, where Fugel is at any rate explicit. Even in Domesday Book Ave find the spell- ings Fuglemcere and Fugelesmara, where once more the former part of the word is correct, but the latter part is a little altered, by the substitution of the Latinised form mara (A.F. mare, from O. Norse mar?') for A.S. mere; see Mara in Ducange. Fortunately, the original A.S. compound is not difficult to find ; there were several "fowl-meres "in different parts of England, and they must have been extremely useful when hawking was common. The A.S. fugel-mere (fowl-mere) occurs in a charter dated 931, Earle, Land Charters, p. 166, last line but one; and again in a charter dated 972 (which Prof. Earle thinks to be genuine) ; p. 449, 1. 6 from the bottom. I even find the late spelling fugel-mcere in Birch, Cart. Saxon, iii. 529, 1. 4 from bottom ; and the true form fugel-mere in the very next line. It is a pity that the A.S. dictionaries omit the word, though they give several compounds with fagel ; but it is duly noted in Earle's Glossarial Index, p. 490. Pool. From A.S. pol, a pool ; now ascertained to be a Germanic word, not Celtic. It occurs in Wimpole. Wimpole. The m in Wimpole is due to the succeeding p. The spelling Wympole occurs in 1346, but may be due to a mistake, as Wynipole also appears at the same date (F.A. i. 164, 169). Earlier, we find Wgnepul in 1302 (F.A. i. 146), and 5—2 68 THE PLACE-NAMES OF CAMBRIDGESHIRE. Winepole in 1210 (R.B.) and in Domesday Book. The prefix represents Winan, gen. of Wina, a known name. The pool in Wimpole Park is still large enough to be marked in maps. Wade. This suffix occurs in Land-wade, where the prefix is the common word land. The old spellings are Landwade (1284, 1316, 1346) in F.A. i. 136, 156, 159, and Landwath (1210) in R.B. The variation of spelling shews that it repre- sents the A.S. weed, a ford, which occurs in some dialects as wath (Icel. wx<5), as noted by Jamieson, Ray, and in the Catho- licon Anglicum. We have the same suffix in Biggles-wade. The cognate Lat. form is uadum, a ford. Allied to E. wade, verb, and to Lat. uadere, to go. § 11. Some other Names. In the following names, we have mostly to deal with simple words rather than compounds. Borough Green. Named from Borough, which is the older name ; spelt Burg in the time of Henry III. and Burch in Domesday Book. From A.S. burh, a fort, a borough. It is also spelt Burrough Green ; and it lies to the N.E. of Brinkley. Bourn. So named from the brook, now called Bourn Brook. Formerly Burne in 1210, but the earlier spelling is Brunne, in 1171, 1190, 1194 (R.B.); and Brune in Domesday Book. Thus its first name was Scandinavian, from Icel. brunnr, a spring, well, or fountain ; which was afterwards exchanged for the corresponding English name, from A.S. burne, burna, a small stream. Burnt Fen. This part of the fen-land, to the east of Ely, doubtless obtained its name from the famous story of the burning of the fen there by Hereward and his men. See ch. 25 of the Gests of Hereward, appended to Gaimar's Chronicle, ed. Wright (Caxton Society), p. 94. . §11. SOME OTHER NAMES. G9 Chatteris. A common old spelling is Chateriz, as in 1326 (In. p. m., p. 237) and in late copies of charters ; see Cod. Dipl. iii. 107 ; also Chaterih in the same, iv. 145. I.C.C. has Catriz, Cateriz, CetHz, Chetriz; Domesday Book has Cetriz, Cietriz; all Norman spellings. English spellings are supplied by the Ramsey Chartulary, which has Ceatrice, Caiateric, Choleric, Chaterik ; and we find Ceateric in Thorpe, Diplom., p. 382. The final -z in the Norman spelling was sounded as ts, and it seems to have been used as a substitute for the Latin suffix -cus, in the case of names which were Latinised by adding -us to an A.S. name in -c. Thus, in I.C.C, we find an A.S. form jEdvic (for Eadric), whence Lat. JEdricus, and A.F. jEdriz; A.S. Aluric (for iElfiic), Lat. Aluricus, A.F. Alriz; A.S. Godrlc, Lat. Godricus, A.F. Godriz; A.S. Leofric, Lat. Leofricus, A.F. Leofriz. Hence the Norman forms quoted above represent such forms as Catric, Coterie, Cetric, Chetric ; and all the forms quoted may be deduced from an A.S. form Ceatric or Ccetric. But as this form has no suffix significant of position, it cannot represent a personal name. Mr Stevenson kindly suggests that it may have been a river-name. Cf. Wenrlc, Wenrisc, the river Windrush ; in Kemble's Index. And perhaps cf. Chat- burn, Lanes. Elm. Spelt Elm in 1346 (F.A. i. 141), and in a late copy of a charter ; Kemble, Cod. Dipl. v. 4, 1. 3 from bottom. The editor of the Ramsey Chartulary notes a mention of it in 1321 ; see iii. 122, note 12. From A.S. elm, an elm-tree. There is nothing very remarkable in so childish a name ; compare Ash, Hazel Grove, Hazelwood, Maplestead, Poplar, and the like, in various counties. And observe the name Prick- willow, noted at p. 71. There is an Elmham in Norfolk. Kennet. Kennet is near a river of the same name. Spelt Kenet in 1346 (F.A.), Chenet (for Kenet) in Domesday Book ; Kenet in I.C.C. The question as to whether the name belonged originally to the town or to the river seems to be settled by the fact that there is another river Kennet which joins the Thames at Reading ; and the village of East Kennet in 70 THE PLACE-NAMES OF CAMBRIDGESHIRE. Wiltshire is situated upon it. Perhaps the river-name Kent is related to it ; at any rate, Kentford in Suffolk is short for Kennetford, as it is spelt Chenetheford in the Chronicle of Ramsey Abbey. Mr Stevenson says that the Berkshire Kennet is from an older *Cunetio, from which the regular descendant would be Gynwydd, which exists as a Welsh river-name. Kirtling. Spelt Kertelenge in Fuller's Worthies ; Cherte- linge (for Kertelinge) in Domesday Book ; and Curtelinge in I.C.C. As the vowel e or i would have palatalised the A.S. initial G, it is certain that the A.S. form began with Cy. This is pointed out by Kemble in his Saxons in England, i. 460, who infers that this was a settlement of the tribe of Cyrtlingas or sons of Cyrtla ; a result which is confirmed by the existence of a Kirtlington in Oxfordshire. The name Cyrtla occurs in the Crawford Charters, p. 52. It may have been given to a man from his dress ; cf. A.S. cyrtel, a kirtle, a kind of garment. Egilsson points out that the Icel. geita-kyrtla, lit. ' clad in a goat-skin kirtle,' was an epithet applied to a country lass. March. Spelt Merch in 1169, in the Pipe Roll; Merc in I.C.C. From A.S. mearce, inflected form of mearc, fern., a mark, boundary or limit. For the sense of the term see Kemble, Saxons in England, vol. i. c. 2, entitled " The Mark." Newmarket. Spelt Newemarket in 1383 (Cat. Anc. Deeds, ii.), and referred to as Novus Mercatus in 1276 (Hund. Rolls), and in 1219 (Pedes Finium). From new and market^ The earliest known use of the word market is in the Laud MS. of the A.S. Chronicle (an. 963), written not earlier than 1120. The town cannot be of earlier date than the 12th century, and is probably no earlier than the 13th. Over. Spelt Overe in 1210 (R.B.); Ovre and Oure in Domesday Book ; Otter in a late copy of a charter ; Cod. Dipl. iv. 145. The A.S. form is ofre, dat. of ofer, a shore of the sea, or bank of a river ; cognate with G. Ufer. Over is situate on what was once a bank or shore, overlooking the waters of the fen land. §11. SOME OTHER NAMES. 71 Prickwillow. A village beyond Ely, near the railway. Named from a tree, probably the Salix viminalis, sometimes called the twig-withy or osier-withy. So called because used for making pricks or skewers. Similarly the Euonymus europams was called the prickwood, pricktimber, or spindle-tree. Compare Elm, as noted at p. 69. Quy. The name somewhat varied at different dates. The spelling with qu is found after 1250. Tims we find Queye in 1261 (Pedes Finium), 1290 (In. p. m.), 1302 (F.A.), and Qweye in 1291 (Taxatio Ecclesiastica) ; with the variant Coye in 1276 (Hundred Rolls) and 1284 (F.A.). This shews that the word was identified with the A.F. queye, queie, O.F. coye, the feminine of the A.F. adj. quey, O.F. coy, from Lat. quietus, quiet; as if Queye meant the quiet (or secluded) house or village. But earlier spellings shew that this was a Norman popular ety- mology. The name was probably A.S., as the place is men- tioned both in I.C.C. and D.B. The forms in I.C.C. are Goeie, Choeie, Latinised as Goeia in D.B. ; whilst the Inquisitio Eliensis has Cuege. In 1210 we find Cueye (KB.); and in 1272 Goweye, Cowye (Pedes Finium). If we may trust to the form Gu-ege, the sense is " cow-island," as is still more clearly shewn by the later forms Gu-eye, Cow-eye, Goiv-ye. The -eie in I.C.C, Latinised as -eia, also points clearly to the suffix meaning "island"; compare the numerous examples already given, pp. 51—59. The only difficulty is to explain the A.F. prefix Go-, of which Gho- (with Gh for K) is the equivalent. We may fairly suppose that this early o really meant the A.S.U, because the Norman of the 11th century did not possess the sound u at all, and o was the nearest equivalent; see the preface by G. Paris to his Extraits de la Chanson de Roland, § 25. Thus this Chanson has por, where Philip de Thaun has pur, and later French has pour. Reach. Spelt Reche in 1279 (Hund. Rolls), and in 1316 (F.A.). It lies to the north of Swaffham Prior. The map in The Fenland, Past and Present, shews that it stood at the very ver-e of the waters of the fenlands, on a round projection 72 THE PLACE-NAMES OF CAMBRIDGESHIRE. of the old shore. It denotes, accordingly, that its position was on a " reach " or extension of the land ; and we have a similar name in Over, already discussed. The A.S. rcecan, to reach, also means to extend or hold out. The substantive derived from it is not in early use ; so that the present name is probably no older than the thirteenth century. Sawtry in Hunts, is merely a corruption of Saltreche ; see the Index to the Cartularium de Rameseia. It once stood upon a small salt bay. Spinney. There is a Spinney Abbey to the North of Wicken Fen. This name is French ; from the A.F. espinei, a place where thorn-trees grow ; from the Lat. spinetum, a thorn- thicket. The surname de Spineto refers to it, in 1228 (Pedes Finium). Stane, Staine. The name of a hundred. Spelt Stanes in Domesday Book ; a form which suggests a derivation from A.S. stan, a stone. But as this would have produced the modern form Stone, it was clearly re-named by Scandinavians, who translated it by the equivalent Scandinavian word, as seen in Icel. steinn, a stone. It makes no difference to the sense. Stanes represents the A.S. plural stdnas, i.e. "stones"; and we find this form in the Inquis. Eliensis, p. 98. Perhaps it is worth noting that the spelling Stegen given in Searle's Onomasticon is merely the English way of writing the Danish name Stein, which is the precise equivalent of A.S. Stan. In the same way, in the A.S. batswegen, modern Eng. boatswain, we see the Danish equivalent of the A.S. swan denoted by swegen ; and, at the same time, Swegen is the A.S. spelling of Swein, king of England in 1014. The reason is that ei was a diphthong unknown to A.S. scribes, who could only denote it by eg, where eg represents the sound of ay in way (A.S. weg). Staplow, Staploe. The name of a hundred ; a contracted form. The old spellings are Stapelho, 1284-1346; Stapilho, 1401; Stapulho, 1428; all in F.A. Domesday Book has Staplehou. The prefix is the A.S. stapol, a post, pole, or pillar, as in Stapleford (p. 02). The suffix is the modern Eng. hoe, a § 11. SOME OTHER NAMES. 73 promontory or projecting point of land, derived from the A.S. hoh, a heel, a projection. See Hoe in the New Eng. Dictionary. No doubt the hundred (which includes Soham) was named from a lost village. Stow ; as in Stow-cum-Quy, and in North Stow and Long Stow hundreds. From A.S. stow, " a place " or site ; whence the verbs stow and bestow are derived. Toft. Toft is a well-known word of Scandinavian origin ; the usual sense is a cleared space for the site of a house; hence, a "homestead." See topt in Vigfusson's Icelandic Dictionary. The Domesday Book has Tofth, owing to the fact that the Norman scribes frequently represented the English t (especially when final) by th ; by which symbol they meant a strongly pronounced t, not the English th. Oddly enough, the spelling Thofte occurs in 1302 (F.A. i. 149), where it is the initial T that is thus treated. Tydd, or Tydd St Giles. Spelt Tyd in 1302 (F.A. i. 141). From an A.S. personal name. The earliest form of the name is Tidi (with short i) in the ninth century ; hence the place- name Tiddes-ford (Kemble). There is also a weak form Tidda. Compare the place-names Tidmarsh, Tidworth, and Tiddington. Wicken. Apparently the same as Wykes, mentioned in 1210, in the Red Book of the Exchequer, and in 1284 in Feudal Aids, i. 136. There is much less difference in reality than in appearance ; for the sense is practically the same in either case. Wykes is the Mid. Eng. plural of wyh, answering to A.S. wlc, a village ; and Wicken, spelt Wykyne in 1395 in the Pedes Finium, answers to A.S. wlcmn, the dat. pi. of the same word, the pi. being used in the same sense as the singular; see wlc in the A.S. Dictionary. The use of the dative is common in place-names ; and the u in the suffix um would prevent the c from being palatalised. 74 THE PLACE-NAMES OF CAMBRIDGESHIRE. Wratting. Spelt Wrattinge in 1302 (F.A. i. 141); and Wreting in 1167 (P.R.). A variant is Wrotinge in 1210 (KB.); and as late as in Fuller's Worthies we find Wrotting. Domes- day Book has Waratinge, where the former a is inserted to help the Norman to pronounce the W. In iElfhelm's Will we have the A.S. form Wrcvttincge in the dative case. The name marks the settlement of an East-Anglian tribe of Wr cuttings or "sons of Wisetta." There is another Wratting in Suffolk; and, although we do not find Wrtet as a personal name, it is sufficiently vouched for by Wretham and Wretton, both in Norfolk. Neither is it difficult to divine whence the name arose ; the bearer of the name was probably conspicuous by bearing (like Oliver Cromwell) a wart upon his face. The Promptorium Parvulorum gives us wvet as the East- Anglian form of " wart," and it is still in use ; and the form wrat is still good Northern English. The Dutch word also is written wrat. § 12. List of Ancient Manors. The following is a list of manors in the county of Cambridge, according to the Inquisitio Comitatus Cantabrigiensis and the Inquisitio Eliensis, in modern spelling, except when now un- represented. Bassingbourn, Balsham, Belincgesham, Bottisham, Bourn, Burvvell, Camps, Carlton, GUiitona, Cottenham, Kirtling, Chippenham, Ditton, Doddington, Dullingham, Dunham, Im- pington, Erlingetona (Harlton ?), Shelford, Ashley, Esselinga, Fulbourn, Fowhnere, Gransden, Hauxton, Histon, Hildersham, Hintou, Horningsea, Kennet, Linton, Litlington, Lolworth, Lyndona, Madingley, Morden, Over, Soham, Silverley, Saxton, Snailwell, Stapleford, Stetchworth, Streatham, Swaffham, Sutton, Teversham, Trumpington, Wratting, Wendy, Weston, Witcham, Wich (Wicken ?), Wilbraham, Wisbeach, Whittlesea, Willingham, Wentworth. For a list of hundreds, see Conybeare's Hist., p. 270. 12, 13. ANCIENT MANORS. CONCLUSION. 7"> § 13. Conclusion. The chief conclusion to be drawn from a general survey of the names is that very nearly all of them are Mercian English, perhaps mixed with Frisian, from which it is hardly distinguishable. There is hardly a trace of Celtic, except in the names of rivers. Of these, the Granta is certainly Celtic, aud is the origin (after many vicissitudes) of the modern Cam. The Kennet is also apparently Celtic ; but as to the origin of the Lark I can find no evidence. Among the oldest place- names is that of Ely. Considering the numerous inroads of the Danes, the traces of Danish are surprisingly small. The only name that is wholly Scandinavian is Toft. We also find traces of Danish nomenclature in the former syllables of Brinkley and Carlton, and perhaps of Boxworth and Pampis- ford. Bourn had once the Danish name of Brunne, and Staine is a Danish form of an A.S. Stan (Stone). I have seen an appeal made to the name Begdale, near Elm, as being an instance of Scandinavian influence ; but I suspect the name to be modern, and introduced from without; this is notoriously not a country in which one can find dales. Besides these traces of Danish, there are a few traces of Norman, as in the instance of the modern form of Quy, in the former elements of Guyhirn and Royston, and in the latter element of Newmarket; and some of the native names have been somewhat affected by a Norman pronunciation, as in the final syllable of Chatteris. But all these instances chiefly serve to emphasize the pre- dominance of English ; and it must never be forgotten that the speech of Cambridgeshire and Essex has always influenced the speech of London, and has thus affected to some extent and at second-hand, the prevailing speech of the whole empire. It has been alleged, with apparent truth, that the centre of gravity of the English dialects, that is to say, the district where the dialect approaches nearest to the literary standard, is that of Leicestershire. And it is further clear that our literary speech arose from the fact that, in three great educational centres, viz. London, Oxford, and Cambridge, the talk of the 76 THE PLACE-NAMES OF CAMBRIDGESHIRE. higher classes did not materially differ, and certainly belonged to what is known as East Midland. I believe we cannot be far wrong in saying that the district whence standard English really arose is that occupied by a compact set of 12 counties, viz. Middlesex, Hertfordshire, Bedfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Oxfordshire, Warwickshire, Leicestershire, Rutland, Northamp- tonshire, Huntingdonshire, Cambridgeshire and Essex. Postscript. The recent publication of The Charters of the Borough of Cambridge by the Corporation of Cambridge and the Cambridge Antiquarian Society jointly suggests the addition of a few supplementary remarks. At p. 2 of this work is printed a Writ of Henry I., in which the spelling Cantebruge (for Cambridge) occurs. But the text is taken from a late copy, so that we have still no evidence for such a spelling earlier than 1142 (see p. 30 above). In fact, the original text of this Writ probably had Grentebruge through- out, as printed in the second line of it. This same work exhibits the spelling Cambrigge at p. 56, as occurring in Letters Patents dated 1465. Compare this with Cambryge in 1462, as noted at p. 31 above. At p. 202 of the same work, the spelling of Stourbridge is seen to have been Stirbrigge in 1519, whilst we learn from p. 100 that it had become Starbridge in 1589. Cooper's Annals of Cambridge mentions Styrrebridge in 1544, and Stirbrige in 1546 (vol. i. pp. 416, 441). But, as shewn at p. 32 above, the oldest spelling is Steresbreg', as in 1279; in confirmation of which I can further cite Steresbreg' in 1201-2 from the Rotulus Cancellarii de tertio anno regni regis Johan- nis (1833), p. 140, and Steresbrig in 1199-1200 from Rotuli Curise Regis, ed. Sir F. Palgrave, vol. ii. p. 62. Hence the explanation given at p. 32 above is sufficiently justified. INDEX. In the following Index, the reference is to the preceding pages. I have taken the opportunity of giving at the same time— with- in marks of parenthesis — the spellings which occur in Domesday Book, with references to the pages and columns as numbered in the Facsimile of the Part relating to Cambridgeshire, photozincographed in 1862. Thus the place-name Abington is discussed at p. 18 above; whilst the spelling Abintone will be found in the Facsimile four times, viz. in p. in, col. 1 (denoted by 3 a), in p. Ill, col. 2 (denoted by 3 b), in p. IX, col. 2, and in p. xi, col. 1. Abington (Abintone, 3 a, 3 b, 9 b, 11a), 18 Aldreth, 33 Anglesea, 51 Armingford (Erningford, 3 b, 9 b), 61 Arrington (Erningtune, 10 a), 14 Ashley (Esselie, 22 a), 64 Babraham (Badburham, 5 a, Badburg- ham, 5 a, 18a, 21b), 19 Badlingham, 20 Balshana (Belesham, 4 b, 14 b), 20 Barbara (Bercheham, 5 a, 10 b), 20 Barnwell, 35 Barrington (Barcntone, 9 a, 12 b), 18 Bartlow, 34 Barton (Bertone, 26 b), 6 Bar way, 51 Bassingbourn [Basingborne, 3b, lib), 46 -beach, 44 , . n L. oFC. Benwick, 28 Borough Green (Burch, 14 b), 68 Bottisham (Bodichesham, 15 a), 20 -bourn, 46 Bourn (Brune, 24 a), 46, 68 Boxworth (Bochesuuorde, 8 a, 13 a 17 a), 25 Brand (or Brent) Ditch, 40 -bridge, 29 Brinkley, 64 Bungay, 56 Burnt Fen, 68 Burwell (Bwewelle, 8 a), 36 Caldecott, Caldecote (Caldecote, 13 a 27 a), 28 Cambridge (Grentebrige, la), 29-32 Camp, 38 Camps, Castle ; see Castle Camps, Sbudy; see Shudy Carlton (Garlentone, 14 b, 15 b), 6 7.s INDEX. Castle Camps, 38. (D.B. has Campas, 16 b, Canpas, 22 a) Caxton (Caustone, 20b), 6 Chatteris (Cetriz, 6b, Cietriz, 9 a), 69 Cherry Hinton (Hintone, 10 b), 7 -Chester, 39 Chesterton {Cestretone, 2 b), 7, 39 Chettisham, 21 Cheveley (Chavelai, 2 a, 13 b), 64 Childerley (Cildrelai, 4 a, 26 a, Ct7- derZai, 28 a), 65 Chilford (Cildeford, 10 b, 16 a), 61 Chippenham (Chipeham, 17 b), 21 Clayhithe, 33 Clopton (Cloptune, 3 b, 18 a), 7 Coates, 28 Coldham, 21 Comberton (Cumbertone, 2 a, 24 a), 7 Conington (Cunitone, 18 a, 21 a, Con- tone, 17 a), 18 -cote, 27, 28 Coton, 8 -Cottenham (Coteham, 6 a, 8 b, 26 a), 21 Coveney, 51 Croxton (Crochestone, 21a, 27 a), 8 Croydon (Crauuedene, 9b, lib), 47 -den, 47 Dernford, 62 dike, 40 Ditton (Ditone, 2 b, 13 b), 8 Doddington (Dodinton, 6 b), 15 down, -don, 49 Downham (Duneham, 7 b), 21 Drayton (Draitone, 3 a, 8 a, 9 a), 9 Dullingham (Dulling eham, 9 a, 27 b, Dullingham, 18 b, Dulingham, 14 b), 21 Durham (A. S. Dun-holm), 57 Duxford (Dochesuuorde, 15 a, 16 b), 25 -ea, -ey, 50 Earith, 34 Eastrea, Estrea, 53 Elm, 69 Elsworth (Elesuuorde, 8 a, 17 b), 26 Eltisley, 65 Ely (Ely, 4 a, 7 a), 51 Enhale, 41 Eversden (Auresdone, 20 b, Atieres- done, 12 b, Euresdone, 21 b), 47 fen, 60 -field, 60 Fleam Dike, 40 Fiendish (Flamingdice, 3 a, Flammid- ing, 10 b, Flamiding, 17 a), 40 -ford, 61 Fordham (Fordcham, 2 a), 21 Fowlmere, Foulmire (Fuglemcere, 16 b, Fugelesmara, lib), 66 Foxton (Foxetune, 9 a), 9 Fulbourn (Fulebeme, 5 a, 10 b), 46 Gamlingay (Gamelingei, 26 b, 27 a), 56 Girton (Gretone, 8 b, 9 b), 9 Gransden (Gratedene, 6 a), 48 Grantchester (Granteseta, 9 b, Grante- sete, 12 a, 15 a), 39 Graveley (Graveled, 8 a), 65 Guilden Morden, 48 Guyhirn, 42 Haddenham (Hadreham, 7 a), 22 -hale, 41 -ham, 19 Hardwick (Harduic, 6 a), 28 Harlton (Herletone, 15 b), 10 Harston (Herlestone, 5 b, 11 b), 10 Haslingfield (Haslingefeld, 2 b, 12 a, 17 b), 60 Hatley (Hatelai, 13 a, 18 a, Atelai, lib), 65 Hauxton (Havochcstone, Hauochestone, 5 b, 19 a), 10 -heath, 63 Hildersham (Hildricesham, 22 b), 22 Hilgay, 57 Hinxton, 11 -hirn, 42 Histon (Hestitone, 23 b, Histetone, 3 b, 19 a, Histone, 3 b, 6 b, 9 b), 11 -hithe, 33 Horningsea (Horningesie, 5 a), 53 Horseheath (Horsei, 10 b, 16 a), 63 INDEX. 7!) Ickleton {Hichelintone, 15 a, Inchelin- tone, 19 a), 17 Impington (Epintone, 6 a, 25 b), 15 -ington, 14 Isleham (Gisleham, 2 a), 22 Kennet {Chenet, 16 a), 69 Kingston (Chingestone, 2 b, 10 a), 11 Kirtling (Chertelinge, 27 b), 70 Knapwell [Chenepewelle, 8 a), 36 Kneesworth, 26 Landbeach (Vtbech, 26 a, 27 a), 44 Landwade, 68 Leverington, 15 -ley, 63 Lingay, 59 Linton (Lintone, 11 a), 11 Litlington (Lidlintuue, 3 a), 16 Littleport (Litelport, 6 b), 42 lode, 42 Lolworth (Lolesuuorde, 25 b), 26 Long Stanton (Stantune, 13 b, Stan- tone, 18 a), 12 -low, 34 Madingley (Madingelei, 25 b, Mading- lei, 3 b), 65 Malton, 12 Manea, 53 March, 70 Melbourn (MeUeborne, 12 a), 43, 47 Meldreth {Melrede, 5 b, 10 a, 12 a), 42 Mepal, 41 -mere, 66 Milton (Middeltone, 26 a), 12 Morden (Mordune, 9 b, 17 b), 48 Newmarket, 70 Newnham, 22 Newton, 12 Nosterfield, 60 Oakington (Hochinton, 6 a, 8 b, Koch- intone, 25 b, 28 a), 16 Olmstead, 25 Orwell (Oreuuelle, 9 a, Orduuelle, 10a, 15 b, Oreduuelle, 12 b), 36 Outwell, 37 Over {Owe, 8 a, Oure, 9 a), 70 Pampisford (Pampeauuorde, 5 a, 11a), 26 Papwortb (Papeworde, 3 a, 13 a), 27 Pearl's Bridge, 32 pool, -pole, 67 -port, 42 Prickwillow, 71 Quy (Coeia, 4 b), 71 Kadfield (Radefelle, 4 a), 61 Rampton (Rantone, 25 a), 12 Eamsey, 53 Reach, 71 -reth, 42 Royston, 13 Sawston (Salsiton, 9 b, 17 a), 18 Saxon Street, 13 Saxton (Sextone, 22 a), 13 Shelford (Escel/ord, 11 b, Escelforde, 3 a, 5 b), 62 Shengay, Shingay (Scelgei, 9 b), 59 Shepreth (Escepride, 12 b, Esceprid, 6 a, 9 a), 42 Shudy Camps, 38 Silverley (Severlai, 22 a), 66 Snailwell (Snellewelle, 21 b), 37 Soham (Saham, 1 b, 2 b, 14 b), 22 Spinney, 72 Stane, Staine (Stanes, 2 a, 4 b), 72 Stanton; see Long Stapleford (Stapelforde, 5 b), 62 Staplow, Staploe (Staplehou, lb, 4a, 9 a), 72 -stead, 25 Steeple Morden, 48 Stetchworth (Sthdcesuuorde, 21 b, Stu- uicesworde, 4 a, Sticesuuorde, 14 b), 27 Stonea, 54 Stourbridge, 32 Stow (Stou, 8 a), 73 Stretham (Stradham, 6 b), 23 Stuntney (Stuntenei, 6 b), 54 SEP 8 1 9° ? - 80 INDEX. Sturbridge, 32 Sutton (Sudtone, 7 b), 13 Swaffham (Suafavi, 13 b, Suafham, 15 b, Svafam, 4 b), 23 Swavesey {Suavesye, 13 a, Suauesy, 17 a), 54 Tadlow (Tadelai, 23 b, 27 b), 35 Teversham (Teuersham, 5 a, Teures- ham, 10 b), 23 Thetford (Litel-tedford, 6 b), 63 Thorney (Torn?/, 8 b), 54 Toft (To/**, 12 b, 24 b, 28 a), 73 -ton, 5 Triplow (Trepeslau, 5 a, 9 a), 35 Trumpington (Trumpitone, 15a, Trum- pinton, 16 a), 16 Tydd St Giles, 73 Upware, 44 Upwell, 37 -wade, 68 Waterbeach (Bece, 13 b, Bech, 26 a), 44 -well, 35 Welney, Welny, 54 Wendy (Wandei, 19b, Wandrie, lib), 55 Wentworth (Winteioorde, 7 b), 27 Westley (Weslai, 4 b, 14 b), 66 Weston Colville (Westone, 15b), 14 Westwick {Westuuiche, 26 a), 28 West Wickham (Wicheham, 10 b, 15 a, 16 a), 24 Wetherley (Wederlai, 2 a, 9 b), 66 Whaddon (Wadone, 5 b, 20 a, Wadune, 12 a, 16 b), 49 Wbittlesea (Witesie, 6 b), 55 Whittlesford (Witelesford, 3 b, 9 b, Witelesforde, 11a, 19 a), 63 Whittlesmere, 56 -wick, 27 Wicken, 73 Wickham ; see West Wilbrahaui, 24 Wilburton (Wilbertoiie, 7 a), 14 Willingha,m(Wiuelingham, 13a, Wivel- ingham, 6 a), 24 Wimblington, 17 Wiinpole (Winepole, 12b, 18b), 67 Wisbeach (Wisbece, 7 a, 9 a, 16 a), 44, 46 Witcham (Wiceham, 7 b), 24 Witchford (Wiceforde, 6b, Wiceford, 7 b), 63 Wormegay, 57 -worth, 25 Wratting (Waratinge, 4 b, 14 b, 16 a, 19 a; cf. 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" 1°: ^ XS : X V* **0« J" • c v ♦* ,Hq« r ^ w V V % **o« ,e / r.T< a <. *- *: "^o< * <> \/^:M'\//' p* A>^ 9> •& •^•d 4 mm: j v : J|# /\ \1§K ; /\ °-w. ; 'or .* • A^ 0° * <\ v . « • o . 7 ^ *°v \ & yj^^ °c ^v* ^J" v "^c? 0°/ p 5>* •. N^ , ** .*♦ /isafe*. v,^ mia'° %^ :a p vv