-^^ (rr.JlTT?'^ > A 9.1 GUIDE BOOK OF NORTH-WESTERN UOHTH CAHOLUTA, Entered according to Att of Congress, in tl>e year 1S7S. by i.. v, & k. r. blvm, iu the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Wasliiugtun. CENTRAL HOTEL! THIS JS A N1-:W HOUSE, JUST COMPLETED. Built with .-111 eye to comfort and convenience, contains 46 apartments. OVER 400 FEET OF PORCHES! lialt of which are always sliaded, making a (lelightful Promenade. BATH ROOMS AND OTHER MODERN CONVENIENCES! A nice Lawn between house and sidewalk. A pleasant and re- tired Park for nurses and children. Large and well lighted rooms for commercial travelers. The House is newly furnished. The Table will be supplied with the best the market affords. The sit- uation is high and dry ; entirel}'- free from malarial influences. — This is a most DELIGHTFUL RESORT during the Summer months for Southern and Ea>;tern people — there being an excellent ®HA£¥®S. mw&MMm within a pleasant walk of the House. Some Xorthern people who have spent the winters here are very decidedly impressed with the high and dry climate, and pronounce it far jireferable to Florida. No effort will be spared to make my guests comfortable and happy. Special arrangements made with Commercial Travellers. OMNIBUS & BAGGAGE WAGON MP^ET ALL TRAINS. Jfe^" Special arrangements by AVeek or Month. " R. D. HAY, Proprietor. J. D. SUBLETT, Manager. Winstoji, -Tune 1, 1*^7^. ■11 ill' J li ' i ''llil, ! IJi KroiH iho Now York Observer. SUNSET ON PII^T MOUNTAIN. nv MISS K. A. LEHMAN. C'Tlic Pilot" is aji isolalcd uiouiil;iin peak in Siivry County, N. C. of very pocnliar for- mation. It lias a large castcllsited peak on the east side, anil a mialler one .i\ist beyond, known familiarly as ttie Lai;(;k and Small PtNNACLES. Tlic Large I'innaele, -whicliis 'MX) feet higher than the mountain proper, resembles a huge eastle with long white Gothic windows, and those liglited up by tlie setting sun, present auni(|Ue, and beautiful scene. The Indians called it •■TiiK Pilot" because it served to KU)d(^ them homeward when hunting. The lilue llidge begins the grand mountain scenery of Western North Carolina, and the Pilot stands as an outpost or fortress, guarding the approach to the wildest, most romantic scenery cast of the Itocky Mountains. It stands "a sentinel to guard tlu" enchanted ground. 1 The shadows slaiitiiii;' westward, iktw assmiie A hazy ouiiine e'er the evcnijis;- gUjoni Kiistilfs and eUisely wrai>s yon rising moon. Tlie crimson liaslies of the ^settin(t;- sun (tIow from the window.s of the mighty dome, As if the giant of the eastle Hghtcd nj) His evening fires, and (jiiafled ]iis evening eiip. Fantastic shadows iheker to tuid fro. As fancy mist-wreaths, curling, come and go. The grand old Pilot stands, majestic ami sublime, A kingly presence, frowning o'er the hills of time; He reigned supreme, father of myriad rills, When .Judah's star tirose on Orient hills ; He stood, a dread ambassador to heaven from earth, When monting stars sang chorals to her birth ; His purple shadows- frowned o'er rocky dell F/re Tyre arose or Priani's city fell! ^Vhile Old World splendor facled into night, Or Xcw World forests luiiled the dawning light; He stood alone, a mighty beacon liigii, Telling the weary wanderer '"Home is nigh," -V hoary priest he sits — enthroned in state — With sacerdotal stole and jewelled j)late; iluby, carneliiin, topaz, amethyst, .Jasper, chalcedony, and sardonyx. Rich tints commingled, nntil, all aglow, A violet splendor covered ;dl below ; While far-up rocky steeps reflect the light. And lambent tongnc-flamcs leap from height to height. Upon his ca.stellatcd brow the evening star BeanLS clear and bright, with glorj?- from afar. The mist-robed hills kneel to their great High I'ricst, In dim confessional, from great to least; And nature's choral anthem rings meanwhile Through every woodland nook and forest ai.sle. The wailing minor of the sad-voiced pines ■'In Kyrie Eleison" sweetly chimes, — X'ntil the moon's soft benedii-tion gently falls, And night's dark mantle shrouds them' in u pall. The moon now beams queen regnant of the sky. A.ssume.s tlic sceptre which the sun lays by ; Orion leads the brilliant, starry host With stately tread they climli the shining cope; While, in the centre nf this star-lit dome, Thou stand'st oh ^Mount ! graml, beautiful, alone. The calm and restful .strength thy presence gives Imbues me with a new-born strength to live. The everlasting hills! with soothing art, I'^er still the pulses of my restless hctirt, — And 1 anr raised from earth to jieaven J>y strength and calm endurance throii isT [M A L I' r i;sr its. ^t •<- •■;.; ■■ i/->^' SALEM, N. C. y. 1'. r.r.TM. rciNitK!; r INTK013XT0TI0X III this little Guide Book we purpose giving such general Jnfoi'mation as will be of interest and benefit to the tourist, emi' grant and general reader, embracing descriptions of the featui'es of the country, its products, industries, schools, &c., as far as we ■can procure them, as well as brief historical sketches. A considerable portion of the book is devoted to the Moravians In North Carolina. Salem, Winston and the tobacco interests ol this section, whicli is alone worth the price of the book. «\ GUIDE BOOK OF Xoi'tli-Westerii lionh (Jai'olina. CHAPTER I. IHSCOVKRV AM) SETTLEMENT Of NORTH CAKOLINA. This State was settled as early as 1584, by Sir Walter Raleigh, ander a grant from Queen Elizabeth, for the possession of such lands as he should discovery not occupied by a christian people. Two vessels were fitted out under the command of Philip Amidas and Arthur Barlow, who left England April 27th, 1584, and an- chored on the beach of Roanoke Island, July 4th of the same year. It is a singular coincidence that this same date, nearly two cen- turies after, became our National birthday. Various parts of the present State of North Carolina had been explored by settlers of Virginia, and hero and there might be found, in the midst of friendly Indians, small clearings of the white man, who had fled the religious persecution of liis native- country or the tyranny of a colonial governor. The permanent settlement was not made, however, until Mai'ch 1663, Wm. Drummond being appointed Governor, under the Loi'ds Proprietors, to whom the King of England had granted letters patent of "all the territory between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, between the 31st and 36th paralells of latitude," and to bo called Carolina. These eight i^roprietors were — Edward, Earl of Clarendon, Anthony, Lord Ashley. George, Duke of Albemarle, Sir George Carteret, William, Earl of Craven, Sir John Colleton, John, Lord Berkeley, Sir AVilliam Berkely. These proprietors for a long time appointed the Governors, by whom the Colonies were sometimes well, sometimes ill managed, but still continued to increase in numbers and to expand in cultivated lands. By the influence of Lord Granville, son of Sir George Carteret, who died in 1696, the General Assembly passed a law in 1704, by which the Chtirch of England was acknowledged as the established church of the colony, and received privileges which were denied to all dissenters. This intolerant law produced frequent tumults among the people. In the beginning of the next century a new element Avas introduced into the colony by the arrival and settlement of a considerable number of Germans and Swiss. Of the .^,000 Germans who had left their own country to Reek their fortunes in the Far West, about 18,000 eventually ! 4 CUII)E liOOK OF settled in North Carolina. x\l)out the same time, Christopher, Baron T)lina and Virginia, and in H-'iS the southern borders were more clearly de- fined, tlio people of South Carolina having already in 1719 revolted from the feudal sway of tlie lord proprietors, and expelled their governor. Westward the extent of this colony was as yet quite undefined. Both on account of the rebellion of the .South Carolinians, and also on account of the comparatively small revenues to be derived from these transatlantic estates, the lord proprietors accepted the proposals of the home government, and in 1729 surrendered their claims to the crown, receiving in return the sum of 2,500 pounds sterling each, excepting John, Lord of Carteret, Baron of Ilarncs, afterwards Earl of Granville, who conckuled to retain his eighth part, which was laid off lor him in 1743, adjoining Virginia. It is rather doubtful whether Lord Granville ever fully understood the extent of his American possessions, which were bounded on the North by the Virginia line, on the east by the Atlantic, on the South by a line in latitude 35° ,34^ from the Atlantic Ocean, and on the west by the Pacific. The number of inhabitants of North Carolina in 1729 scarcely amounted to 10,000, mostly scattered along the coast, in tlic three <;Ounties of Albemarle, Bath and Clarendon. The immense territory of Lord Granville was for the most part an uninhabited and utterly unknown wilderness. In 17'16 Gran- ville county was formed, and Anson county in 1749, which two counties contained the gi'eater part of Lord Granville's vast posses- sions. In 1753 Rowan county was formed from parts of Anson county, and conijirehended most of the western part of the States of North Carolina and Tenessee, covering the valley of the Yadkin, and extending to or even beyond the Mississippi. THE MORAVIANS, 111 1749 the British Parliament passed an act by which the Unitas Fratrum, or Lmity of the Brethren, was acknowledged as a Protes- tant Episcopal Church. By this act the free exercise of all their rights as a C/,i'rch was secured to the Moravian Brethren through- out Great Britain and her Colonies. During the protracted deliberation of the Parliament, which lasted from February 20th to June Gth, and by means of many public documents collected in a folio volume as Acta Uiutatvt Fratniiii in Anglni, the attention of members of the Parliament, and ether men of high standing, was repeatedly drawn to the Moravians, both as a church organization and as a social body. The testimony which Thomas Penn, proprietor of Pennsylvania, had given them in 1747, when the first act of Parliament was granted in theh' behalf, was abundantly confirmed, that they had conducted them- .-:elves as n sober, quiet nnd religious people, and had made many NORTH-WESTERN NOHTll CAROLINA. jnipi'overoents in tlieir settlomcnts which eventually would prove beneficial to the whole colony of Pennsylvania. Hence it seemed desirable to induce them to make settlements in other countries also, and invitations and offers of various kinds soon came in greater numbers tlian could be complied with, for want of means and men. The most acceptable offer seemed that of Jjord Gran- ville, President of the Privy Council, who was the owner of a very large tract of land in North Carolina, of vvhicii he oti'-ired Count Zinzendorf 100,000 acres on very reasonable terms. At a Conference of the Brethren, held in Lindsay-house, London, November 29th, 17-")1, it was resolved to accept tViis offer. The leadinji idea of Count Zinzendorf was the following : He desired that his Brethren might not only have an opportunity to be of spiritual benefit to such jiei'sons as in pi-ocess of time might settle in their nf'igliborhood. as well as to gain access to various tribes of Indians, such as the Cherokees, the Cafawbas, the Creeks, and the Chickasaws. but his main object was to acquire the possession of a larger tract of land where the Moravians might live undis- turbed, having the liberty of excluding all strangers from their settlements. For this purpose it was resolvesd not to make the good quality of the land the principal object, nor to buy detached parcels of the besi land, but rather to select an undivided tract of about ]00,t)00 acres. In the centre of this territory of the Brethren a town was to be laid out, containing the clioir-houses for single brethren, single sisters, and widows, the educational institutions and mercantile establishmrnts. In this central plae« were also to be located a preparatory school for ministers and missionaries, and the directing boards for the outward and S]iiritual afiairs of the Brethren in this their own and independent country. Besides this one town, the rest ot the territory was to be parcelled out to farmers belonging to the Brethren's Churcii. .Vccording to an old plan in our possession, the little capital of this new Moivavian coun- try was to be built in a circular form, the eiglit-cornered church to form the centre, to be surrounded, in a large circle, by six choir- houses, an apothecary-shop, aiid a Moravian inn, between which buildings were to radiate eight streets, each with twenty town-lots, to be interspersed with gardens and rows of shade trees in douole circles. This was the plan made in London by Count Zinzendorf and other Brethren, to whom North Carolina was Lrni incogniia — an utterly unknown country. In order to select a tract suitable for the intended settlement, Bisliop Spangenberg, who was well acquainted with American afiairs, was sent in 1752 to reconnoitre t|je country ;ind act according to his own judgment. UL'iDE soox or CHAPTER II. WACHOVIA. Bisuop Spaxgeneekg having accepted the appoiuttneiit of select- ing in tbe trackless wilds of Western Carolina a tract of land of sufficient extent for the purposes intended, left Bethlehem, in Pennsylvania, on the 25th of August, 1752. Ue was accompanied by the brethren, Henry Antes, Timothy Horsefield, Josejih Miller, Herman Loesch, and John Merk, all on horseback. In Edenton, where they arrived September 10th, they were joined by Mr. Churton, the surveyor-general and agent for Lord Granville. They directed their course to the Catawba river, which they reached by the end of October after great hardships. They had suffered more or less from fevers, especially Br. Horsefield, who had to be left at the last house they met, under the charge of Br. Miller. Br. Spangenberg and his three companions, the surveyor, and two hunters, were now at the end of all civilization, but, provided with bread for fourteen days, they manfully entered the forest wilderness, scarcely, however, anticipating that they would be wandering about here nearly fourteen weeks. It Avould be impos- sible to give an exact account of their wanderings in these track- less mountain regions of Western Carolina. Suffice it to say that about eight weeks were spent in the wilderness, on the Catawba river, the heads of the New river, the Mulberry Fields (Wilkes), and the mountains, in fruitless attempts to make a suitable selec- tion ; for all the tracts which they surveyed proved too small for their intended purpose. Meanwhile winter had set in ; their supply of provisions, though used very sparingly, was entirely coHsumed, and they had to rely on the exertions of the two huntsmen who had accompanied them. But even they, though well accustomed to the roving foi-est life, became discouraged. Game was not as plentiful as might be expected, and the pasture for the horses became more scarce. After three days of fasting, two deer were shot, which revived their strength and courage. Following tlieir compass eastward, they reached the river Yadkin by the end of December, and willingly accepted the offer of some white settlers to spend a few days under their humble but hospit- able roof. In their neighborhood, and by their direction, they found at last what they had been seeking for too far west\vard in vain — a larger tract of rolling woodland, well watered, and apparently well adapted .for their j-ian?. NORTH-H'ESTERX NORTH CAROLINA. 7 December 27th, 1752, jit the southwest corner oi the Wuchovm tract, the surveyors commenced, and continued to January 13th, 1753. The tract, surveyed in fourteen parcels, contained 73,037 acres. Br. Spangenberg and his companions havinc returned to Pennsylvania, Mr. Churton subsequently surveyed five other par- cels, amounting with the others to 98,985 acres. The whole tract was called Wachovia, or AVachau — the Ahc (or meadow-land) along the Wach (the j^rincipal creek) bearing some resemblance, on account of its watef-courses and meadow-lands, to a valley in Austria of the same name, which formerly was in possession of the Zinzendorf family. On August 7th, 1753, John, Earl of Granville, the proprietor, conveyed, according to the desire of Zinzendorf, by nineteen deeds, the title of this tract, lying in the forks of Gargalee. or Muddy Creek, Rowan county, to fTames Mutton, of London, Secretary of the Unita.i Fratrum, or United Brethren. By dividing and subdividing the large county of Rowan, thi.s tract has been successively in Rowan, 1770 in Surry, 1789 in Stokes, and since 1848 in Forsyth. The purchase of Wachovia coinciding in time with the great financial embarrassments of the Brethren in England, precluded the possibility of their paying the purcliase-money. In order to obviate this difficulty, and because the American Brethren were yet too poor to tako the responsibility upon themselves alone, it was resolved to form a hnul compaiu/, with the view of opening subscriptions among the members and friends of the Brethren, in order to obtain funds for the payment of the land, the discharge of the annual (]uitrent, the expenses of the first settlement, the tiansportation of colonists from Pennsylvania and Europe, &c. The subscribers were to be reimbursed for their advances by receiv- ing tracts of land in Wachovia, containing each 2,000 acres, provided they further bound themselves to contribute, pro rofa, to the wants of the colony for five years fr®m the time of its establishment. It was expected that the enhanced price of the land would eventually rejoay the outlays. On December 18th, 1753. Bro. Spangenberg and Cor;ielius van Laer in Holland were appointed directors of this companj'. Subscribers were obtained, though not as many as had been anticii)ated, and the purchase was effected. The centre of tlie tract was reserved for the Moravian settlements, and the whole plan carried out in its main features, as will be shown in the sequel. For this purpose, F. W. de Marshall came to reside in North Caro- lina in 17GS, as attorney for J. Hutton. In 1779, /'/vv/. 117//. (■},' MarsJiaU, the administrator of the estates of the Unity in Wachovia, became the legal proprietor of all the lands of the Brethren in North Carolina, James Ilutton having by deed conveyed Wachovia to Marshall. This transfer occurred during the Revolutionpjy War, and fears being entertained that by the confiscation act of North Carolina (1777) the legal title might be invalidated, Ilutton being an alien, the General Assembly of North Carolina in 1782 revested in ¥. W. Marshall, his heirs and assigns, forever, the Wachovia tract and all other lands in North Carolina which had br>on acquired by the I'rethren. 8 GUIDE BOOK OF After the death of F. W. Marsliall, in 1802, the followin.a Brethren held the office of administrator of the Unity Estates in Wachovia : Rev. Christian Lewis Benzien. 1S02 — 1811: " Lewis D, de Schvveinitz, 1812—1821 ;' " Theodore Schultz, 1821—1844 ; '' Charles F. Kluge, 1844—1853 ; Rt. Rev. Emil A. de Schweinitz, 1853 — 1877. In 1877 the balance of these lands were purchased by tiic South- ern Province of the Moravian Church, and the office of adminis- trator or proprietor became extinct. CHAPTER III. FlUST SETTLEMENT AT BETHAUARA. — 1753. The necessary preparations for forming a settlement in the dis- tant forest wilds of the South having been completed, a company of twelve siHgle Brethren set out from Bethlehem. Pa., October Sth, 1753. Among these we mention especially — Bi'rnhard Ac/am Grubc, who was the first minister of the infant settlement. He had received ordination in Germany in 1740, had been actively and variously employed in Pennsylvania, and, after his return from Carolina, served there again as minister of different congregations till 1792. He died in 1808, at the advanced age of ninety-two years and nine months. As late as 1806, he expressed, in a letter to the father of the writer, the great interest he took in the affairs of the Wachovia settlements. On his ninetieth birthday he ventured to walk from Bethlehem to Nazareth, a distance of ten miles, and a few days after retui-ned on foot. Jacob Laseh, the great-grandfather of the Lash family of Forsyth County, born in the State of lS>w York, where his father had arrived in 1710, was intrusted with the management and superin- tendence of the colony in its temporal affairs. He returned to Pennsylvania in 1769, and died in 1782. • Hans Martin Kalbcrlahn, a Norwegian by birth, arrived in Bethle- hem in September, having lived for several years in Herrnhaag, and cheerfully accepted the appointment of surgeon and medical adviser to the first settlers. He died in 1759. The other nine brethren were farmers and mechanics, mostly immigrants from Europe. They were accomi)anied by the Bretliren Nathaniel Seidel and Josejih Haberland, from Bethlehem, and Gottlob Konigsdorfer, who was on 'a visit in Pennsylvania from the European congre- gations. NORTH-WESTERN NORTH CAROLINA. y Their route led through the western part of V^irginia. In a wagon with six horses thoy carried with them various articles needed on .1 long journey over roads seldom travelled. To provide food for their horses, some of their number would go to the differ- ent farms, sometimes ten miles off their road, and help to thresh the oats, besides paying its full value. Not unfrequently they had to unload and carry a portion of the load over the mountains. Sometimes the night set in before this task was accomplished, and thus the company bec;ime separated, some passing the night in the wagon, others sleeping under iheir tent. They generally prepared their frugal morning meal at three oclock, and started by the dawn of day, after their legular morning prayer. Traveling by "Winchester and Augusta Courthouse,* Va., a small town of twenty houses in the mountains, after crossing the Blue Ridge at Evan's Gap, and passing the Upper Sauratown, they arrived on the ]3tli of November on the northern line of North Carolina. On Saturday, the llt/i of JVovcmlx r. at three o'clock, P. M., they reached the si)Ot where stands to this day the town of Bcthabara, now com- monly called OW Toim : thankmg the Lord for his gracious help and protection vouchsafed unto them during their long and toil- some journey of nearly six weeks. Here they found shelter in a small cabin, built and previously inhabited by a German of the name of Hans Wagner, but then un- occupied. Though this cabin was very small, scarcely affording room for all to sleep in (Br. Kcinigsdorfer, in his hammock, being suspended over the heads of the others), still, they were thankful for even this scanty shelter, and resolved to remain here for the present. The daily word of the Church appointed for the day, seemed very appropriate : 1 know where thou i-Iwellest, Rev. ii. 13, even in a desert place. To which was added the admonition. Be ye of one mind. In the evening, when keeping their first love- feast, tliey were forcibly reminded that it was a wilderness, for they heard the wolves howling round about the cabin. The next day, being Sunday, was a real day of rest to the wearj'' pilgrims; but on the following day they went cheerfully to work, some sharpening their axes and preparing their hoes, others be- ginning to construct a bake oven, one exploring the country to find a mill where they might buy corn, itc, whil^5t the three clerical Brethren (N. Seidel, Konigsdorfer and Grube) were busy in the house, preparing a kind of garret with rough boards, where they could store their goods. Perceiving that the country was very thinlv inhabited, and that they could not rely on others for provisions ibr any length of time, they immediately set about clearing some land ; eight acres having been selectecl for that purpose on the 19th, on the days following the clearing was effected and the ploughing done, so that on the 4th of December Bro. Losch was able to sow the first wheat in this hitherto uncultivated soil. Four days after their arrival, November 21st, the Brethren cele- brated the Lord's Supper, on which occasion the Saviour mani- fested his presence in their midst so graciously, that their faith and liope were gre*itly sti'engthened, notwithstanding the prospect ' Now Siaui'.tou. 10 GUIDK BOOK oy of many trials and diflicult.ies awaiting them in the prosecution of their labors. Diftioulties of various kinds were not wanting. The Brethren N. 8eidel, Konigsdorfer, liaberland and Lisher having left them for Pennsylvania, December 19th, the remaining eleven Brethren made preparations for tlie coming winter. One was des- patched to bring salt from Virginia, a distance of fortj' miles ; another went to the Dan river to buy oxen for winter use ; while several took a two days' journey to the Yadkin, to buy flour and corn. They occasionally supplied themselves with game, such as the deer and wild turkey, and not unfrequently the present of a bear was received from a neighbor. Beaver, though scarce, were sometimes trapped, and wolves and panthers were often heard close by at night. On January 1st, 1754, their little cabin caught tire, wliich was providentially discovered and extinguished belore much damage was done. A week later, one of tlieir number was nearly killed by a falling limb whilst felling a tree. The greatest difhculty was the want of house-room in their small cabin, which scarcely sufficed them, and proved quite too small when travellers wished to stay over night : those who were invalids being attracted by the medical and surgical skill of Br. Kalberlahn, whicli was soon in great demand in the whole neighborhood, even to a distance of sixty miles. Money being scarce in the country the Moravian doctor was paid in provisions of various kinds, or livestock, which materially assisted them in their general house- keeping. Their tailor. Br. Peterson, was also soon brouijht into requisition by the wants of the scattered settlers, who hitherto, if not destitute of clothing, were still in considerable straits, as their original stock was nearly exhausteil. and the use of the needle and the loom not yet introduced among them. One day, for instance, a young man by the name of John Williams, living seven miles distant, brought several deerskins, instead of linsey woolen, for his needful nether garments. In order to afford better accommoda- tions, a second cabin was erected, with a shed of split rails and posts to serve as general sleeping apartments. The garden was laid out and fenced in, and roads cut through the woods. Thtis passed the first winter of the Moravians in ISorth Carolina. In April, 1754, quite unexpectedly, in company with John Lisher (who returned from Pennsylvania), Br. John Jacob Frio; arrived, being successor of Br. Grube, who was recalled to the North. Br. Fries, who was born in Denmark, where, previous to his emigration, he had officiated as an assistant minister, and was known as an occomplished scholar, especially in the Hebrew lan- guage, was nevertheless a very humble servant of the Lord, ready to do the meanest service for his brethren, and peculiarly adapted for such a station in the wilderness. He often referred to that time which he spent in this patriarchal housekeeping, amidst many toils and great privations, as the happiest period of his life. Utterly averse to all formality, he preferred to be a free servant of the Lord, instead of accepting any permanent appointment He assisted in preaching and teaching whenever and wherever he thought he could be most useful, even unto his eightieth year. He died in 1793. One day a stranger arrived, embraced the Brethren most affec- tionatelv. and said that he also was a Brother and a servant of the NORTU-M'ESTIiRN SOUTH C'AUOl.I.NA. 11 Lord, Charles Wesley by name. Br. Fries had his doubts about the truth of this story, and after listening for a vThile to his reli- gious professions, advised him in future rather to make horses and cows the subject of his conversation, which would suit him bettor, and do less harm to others. He had scarcely gone, wlien a friend of the Brethren, from Yadkin, came to inquire how this pretender had been received by them ; confirming what Br. Fries liad sus- pected, tkat he loved whisky more than his Saviour. In >"Sei>tember, Bishop P. Bolder arrived, accompanied by Br. Hoger. During his stay, the name of Bcthahara (house of passage, John i. 28, 2 Sam. xix. 19) was given to the new settlement ; still keeping in view, at a future day, the founding of a more central settlement, although it was resolved, for the present, to continue then- present improvements. About this time more detailed sur- veys of the ditferent parts of Wachovia were made, and on that occasion nnmos were given to the numerous watercourses, by which some of them are still known. The Gargalee creekwas called Dorothea, in honor of Countess Zinzendorf ; the great Lick Fork was called Jo- hanna, Grave Fork was called Benigna, and the whole tract in cul- tivation received tlie nameof Christiansburg, asmost of the settlers had come from Christiansbrun in Pennsylvania. Their number was increased, on October 26th, by the arrival of seven Brethren, led by Br. Christensen, who was to superintend the erection of a mill. A few days after their arrival a general muster of the militia took place. By act of Parliament, the Breth- ren were exempt fiom military dutj', and their not participating caused the ill will of their neighbors to be manifested in various ways. In order to vex the Brethren, the piece of meadow-land just sown with grass, was selected and used for military exercises which compelled the Brethren to repe^it their work upon the land, and even to procure new seed from Pennsylvania. Some of the horses became frightened and were not, recovered until a week after. The Brethren meanwhile continued their daily labor, and found opportunities to sell different articles, and thus to create a market for themselves. The necessity of erecting a suitable building having become more urgent by the arrival of these seven Brethren from Pennsyl- vania, on the 2Gth of November, 17r)4, the corner-stone of the first house erected by them in North Carolina was laid with due solem- nity, thus providing for a habitation where these Brethren, all being unmarried, might live together in Christian fellowship. On the 11th of March this building (a log house) was dedicated, during a visit of Bishop David Nitschman and Christian Thomas Bcnzein. and soon after the Brethren moved into it. It api)earing desirable, according to the then existing customary division of the country, to have the district of Wachovia formed into a separate parisji (for a separate county the number of inhabi- tants was too small), Br. (Christian Thomas Benzien, secretary of the Wachovia Land Company, went to New Berne and obtained an act of Assembly, by whicii lliis district was declared a sep.arate par- ish, by the name of Dobhs Parish, which name was retained until the year 177G. In the course of this year (1773) the number of inhabitants was increased by the arrival of twentv-thi-oe single Brethren and seven 12 c;uii)E iJOOK or married couples, among whom was Clir. Hdar. .Racrh, the first mis- sionary among the Indians, as their spiritual guide. In the mean time the building of a grist-mill had been commenced, as well as a dwelling and meeting-house, the corner-stone of which was laid on October 25th. Both buildings were finished in the course of 1756, the former proving of great advantage, not only to the inhabitants of the place, but to the whole neighborhood, both then, and subsequently in times of scai'city. The seven married couples moved into the new building in February, and here, on May 11th, the first child was born in Bethabara, and in holy baptism received the name of Anna ilohanna Ki'ause. In August, Bishop M. llehl paid a visit, and introduced Br. Chrif^tiun /SV/'/r/ as German miiiister of Bethabara, while Br. Gottlob Hoffman had the special charge of the single Brethren, in Br. Fries's p'ace. who had )-eturned to Pennsylvania. Br. C. H. Kauch being appointed missionary for Jamaica, Br. and Sr. Dar'fd IVtxhop assisted in the special care of souls among the married jieople. The number of colonists was further increased by new arrivals from Pennsylvania, amounting at the close of ]75rt to sixty-five per- sons (^eighteen married people, forty-four ffingle Brethren, one boy and two infants). Thus, the first difficulties of a new settlement in the i'ore;t hav- ing bf^en overcome, more prosperous times could rea^^onably be expected. CHAPTER \\\ INDIAN WAR. — RETUAMA. 1759. The favorable prospects of the colony were for several years dis- turbed by the breaking out of the Indian war generally called the Old French war. Tliis commenced in the Northern colonies in 1755, and also affected the Brethren, ten Brethren and Sisters being murdered on- the Mahoney, November 24th, 1755. Grad- ually it spread more to the South. In 1756 it was found expedient to fortify the new settlement by surrounding it witli palisades, whence it was commonly called the Dutch Fort. The mill was also fortified in a similar manner. These fortifications, rude and imperfect as they no doubt were, soon became very important for the whole neighborhood. Many fugitives, even iVom distant parts of Virginia, there found a place of refuge and a temi)orary home, and at the same time an opportunity to hear tlio word of eternal life. Some of these afterwards entered into a more close connec- tion witli the Brethren. As yet there was no real danger. Occa- sional detached com))aiiies ol Cherokee warriors, as also several NOKTH-WESTKKX NOKTJl lAROLlXA. 1') bodies; of Crrek and Catawba Indians, passed through tin- sottle- mont, or enciiuped near the mill. Receiving plenty to eat, they behaved very well, and gave no cause for comjilaint. Sometimes tliey were accompanied by British oflicers, wlio paid for them. At other times, coming alone, with a passport of the English govern- ment, they were freely received and hosi)itably entertained (the government of North Carolina afterwards remunerating tlie Mora- vians). In consequence, Bethabara became a noted place among the Indians, as the •' Dutch Fort, wliere there are good jieople and much bread."" Br. Ettvvein, who had come from Betlilehem on a visit in 1758, took an esjjecial interest in them, and asked a com- pany of sixty warriors whether they would like it ii' some of ouv young i)eople should come to their country to learn their language ; to which they replied that they would bo proud of it, it would be a very good thing. In 1757 and 17oS more than five hundred Indians passed through the settlement at vai'ious times. With Br. Ettwein, Br. Jui-i'// i?o//(/-v arrived in Bethabara in July. 1758, having been appointed the first Englisli minister of Dobbs Parish. He wa« a deacon of the Episv^opal Church, had come to this country in 1752, and served as Moravian minister in Philadel- phia and New York, and in Wachovia till 1702, when he returned to England. In consequence of the war, a famine prevailed in parts of North Carolina and the adjacent districts of Virginia, and many people resorted to Kethabara (some even coming the distance of one hundred miles) to purchase flour. The Brethren having, with the assistance of those who had found a place of refuge with them, clearcd^an additional sixty acres of land, were thereby enabled to supply them at the usual prico ; while, at the same time, they omitted no opportunity to point out to them the necessity of pro- viding for the wants of their soids, and seeking to obtain the bread of life. Some of these refugees, who had become concerned for the salvation of their souls imder the preaching of the gospel, applied for permission to join the Church. To accommodate them, as well as others of the older settlers, who would have preferred their own housekeeping to the general family economy, the estab- lishment of a new settlement was resolved upon. With a view to find a suitable location, Br. Spangenberg, who had arrived on an official visitation, Juno ."», 1759, with several others, went to the so- called '■ Walnut Bottom,'" about three miles north-west of Betha,- bara, and there, on the 12th of June, selected the spot on which the settlement was to be formed. Thirty town lots and two tracts of bottom land were at once surveyed and marked off by Br. Renter, as well as a number of acres of upland for gardens and orchards, and about two thousand acres set apart for the use of this congregation, to which the name of lidhania was given. It was resolved that eight married couples of tlie ]'>ethabara congregation should form the nucleus of this new settlement, and should be supported for a year, until their houses could l>e built and some land brought into cultivation. The names of these first settlers, who built the lower part of the village, were — Gottfried Grabs, Balthasar Ilege, Charles Opiz, Christopher Schmidt, John Beroth, Adam Kramer, Michael Ranke, llenrv Bietl'el. 14 t.uiDE uO'-K or They began telliuL' trees on July lUth, on the ioili the lots wcie distributed by lot, and on the 18th Br. Grabs with his wife occupied the first cabin erected tliere ; tlie daily word on that day being, I will fear no evil, for thou art with me, P.s. xxiii., which proved a word of much comfort to them amidst the liorrors of a cruel war, and the consequent necessity of being on the alert both day and night. Besides these Brethren, eight neiglibors were allowed for the present to occupy a number of lots in tlie upper part of xho new settlement. These were — Martin llouser, and his two m;irned son^, George and Michael Houser ; Henry -Spaenhauor : John Strup ; Philip Shaus ; Frederick Sliore, a widower, aiul his son, Henry Shore. In 1760, Br. Bishop moved to Bethania, to keep the daily meetings. About the time when the new settlement was commenced, and all was bustle and activity in the Black Walnut Bottom, an alarm- ing sickness broke out in Bethaba.ia, which proved fatal in many cases. In quick succession were called to their eternal home, Sr. Mary Kogers, wife of the English minister ; Sr. Maria C. Seidcl, and her husband, Christ. Gottfried Seidel. the German minister, only forty-one years old ; Hans Martin Kalberlahn, the doctor : and five other single Brethren and one married Sister— mostly after a sickness of only three or four days. Fourteen more were very ill, expecting then' departure also, and twenty had a less serious attack of the same fever. Tliere were but nineteen who entirely escaped this epidemic. As their physician had been one of the first who departed, Br. Spangenberg became not only the spiritual but also the medical adviser of his brethren. In Br. Seidel's stead, John Efticcui, who had returned to Penn- sylvania, was recalled to Wachovia. Accompaniefl by his wife, they accomplished the long and tedious journey on horseback. During the trip, Br. Ettwein suffered much from a severe attack of fever. For the space cf nine days he was daily compelled to lie upon the ground five or six hours, losing all consciousness from the severity of the fever. Sr. Spangenberg was also sick for several months, which obliged her htisband to remain longer than he had intended. This was very fortttnate, as he proved the very man to advise and direct his Brethren in the real difficulties and dangers of the Indian war, which recommenced in October, 1759. The Cherokees and Creeks having declared war against all the white people, and murdered seven persons near Fort Loudon, the North Carolina militia was ordered to assemble in Salisbury, in November, 1759. The Brethren being exempt from military ser- vice, rennxined on their land, and Br. Losch received a commission as captain of the '' Dutch Fort'' and governor of the watches in Bethabara and Bethania. Almost daily, either Br. Spangenberg or Br. Ettwein. accompanied by some Brethren, went to Bethania, one going and remaining there, the others returning. '' On one occn=ion.'" Br. Ettwein relates, (probably in March. 1760), " w^hen \(JRTH-M KSTKICN XOKTH ( AROI.INA. 15- oaily in the. morning the iisK^ks ot Indians had been observed, the aoconipanying I'>rethren were rather fearful, because we generally rode quite ?:iowly, and were talking among themselves how they might make Spangenberg ride faster. When they came to the dense woods, where the most danger was to bo api)rehended, Spangenberg said : , You don't know how to ride ; let me lead.' " Saying which, he set off at full speed, never stopping till they came to Bethania. There Spangenberg remained, whilst he returned to Bethabara, but was treated with less ceremony. "'It is not yet safe," my companions said ; ' we must ride as fast as we can ; Span- genberg has also done'so ;' and thus we were racing day after day." (t was subsequently jiroved that this precaution, as well as the orders of Spangenberg to have the churcli-bell rung every morning at dawn of day, was not needless. Often in the morning the traces of Indians were found quite near the houses, and it was afterwards ascertained, through some who had been prisoners among the india)is, that one luindred and fifty of their wan-iors had en- camped for nearly six weeks about six miles from Bethania, whilst a smaller camp was only three miles distant. Several times they were on the point of attacking the Fort of the Dutch, but when they came near they heard the big bell, a sign that they had been discovered. Their design of taking prisoners between the old and new town had also been unsuccessful, "for," as they expressed it, " the Dutchers had big, fat horses, and rode like the devil." Thus, under the kind providence of God, no assault was made upon either of the two settlements ; but still a strict watch was kept by day and night, the new burying-ground, which was cleared in De- cember, 1757 (being situated on the top ol a very high hill), prov- ing a very convenient jilace for this purpose. During this time, a man wounded by the Indians arrived in Bethabara, with two arrows still in his body. He had started out accompanied by two others, to obtain provisions from some of the neighbors, but suddenly they found themselves surrounded by Indians, who, after discharging their guns without effect, attacked them with bows and arrows. J lis two companions were killed on the spot ; he himself, however, escaped, and, though thus wounded, reached and forded the Yadkin river,- but, meeting Indians on the opposite side, recrossed the stream, and, after losing his way and wandering about twenty-four hours in the woods, he arrived at the Dutch Fort, where Br. Lash extracted the arrows, one of which had nearly pierced him thi'ough. A Baptist preacher, John Thomas, was killed near Abbott's Creek by the Indians. In a short space of time no less than fifteen persons were murdered in the tieighborhood. A fall of snow in March caused the enemy finally to retire, whereby quiet was restored, so that the blessed season for com- memorating the Saviour's suiferLngs, death, and resurrection proved a time of rich spiritual enjoyment. On Easter-Sunday, a company of Orange county riflemen, sixty persons, arrived and requested Br. Spangenberg, as the German preacliing was just closed, to preach again for them, in the English language, with which reijuest he cheerfully complied, selecting Acts ii. 3(3 for his text. The whole comp.iny, having laid down their arms before the house, listened with awe and attention to the fatherly 16 GUIDE BOOK OF admonition of the venerable Bishop, whose words seeuicd to makr a deep impression on many. On April 27th, Br. Spangenberg finished his labors in Wachovia. and returned again to Pennsylvania. He left for Europe in 1762, where he served the P)rethren's Unity as an active and influf^ntial member of the Unity's Elders' Conference, nearly thirty years. He died in Berthelsdorf, in Saxony, September ISth, 1792. at th<» advanced age of eighty-eight years. Hi 1761, the war witli the Indians was brought to a close. TIil South Carolina militia having entered, near Fort Prince George, the country of the Cherokees east of the mountains, burnt about eight hundred houses, and laid waste thirteen hundred acres of Indian corn, the Hidians were lorced to sue for peace, while, at the same time the transmontane Cherokees were subdued by the Virginians. 'I'ho latter were assisted by North Carolina troops, and supplied with large quantities of flour from tlie Bethabara mill. Peace being fully restored, in the following year (1762) a com- pany of fifteen Brcthien and Sisters arrived from Pennsylvania, by way of Wilmington, among whom were the Brethren Jolm Mlclio,cl Graff (died 1782 as Bishop) and Airal'avi dr. Gamm^rrn, both ap- pointed to offices in this settlement. They brought with them a small organ, the first in this place, an instrument at that time but little known in the colony, and also a bell for Bethania. In July, eight couples were married, among them L. G. Bachhofi', minister of Bethania. Br. Ettwein undertook along missionary journey as far as Charleston, preaching and holding meetings wherever opportunity offered. XORTir-UESTKRV NORTH CAKOLINA. 17 CIIAPTHU V SALEM 170G. Br. F. W. (le Mausuam, had been appointed directoi- of the secular attairs in Wachovia, and Br. Ettwein his assistant until he himself could remove to the South. It had heen recommended hj the General Board of the Unity that the place for the central settlement, which, by direction of the late Count Zinzendorf, pre- vious to his departure in May, 17G0, was to be called Salem, should be determined upon as soon as possible. Therefore, in 17G5, duv- ina the temporary presence of Br. Marshall and John Frommelt, a spot was selected which seemed suitable for the intended pur- pose. Tlie situation was nearly central, between the Middle Fork, or Wach, the Brushy Fork, or Lick, and the Petersbach. The daily word on that day, February 14th, was very encouraging : Let thine eyes be opened towards this house night and day, even toward the place of which Thou hast said, My name shall be there. 1 Kings viii. 29. % Meanwhile the number of iniiabitants had been increased by new arrivals from Pennsylvania and from Europe. In 1764 two companies arrived from Pennsylvania, the first consisting of eight adult persons, the second of twelve youths, led by Br. Lawrence Bagge, who succeeded Br. Hoffman as spiritual guide of the single Brethren. In January, 1766, the first company direct from Europe, consisting of one married couple and eight single Brethren, arrived, by way of Charleston. Four of these and four residents of Beth- abara removed on the IDth of February to a log house* erected in the woods, for which the first tree had been cut down on January 6th. On the following day, the 20th of February, Br. Renter * This log house is still staiuliiig, though considerably enlarged, and used as a potter-shop. In June, 17G(;, rlie corner-stone w^as laid for tlie first family house, which was fiiiislicd in August. Br. Praezel put up his loom there, and Charles Holder commenced the saddlery business. This house is .still standing, and may easily be recognized by its dilapidated appearance. Next to Patter- son & Go's Store. A two-story building, commenced in the same year, and finislied the. next, served as a meeting-house till 1771. Patterson it Co's Store 18 GUIDK BOOK OF surveyed the ridge, and laid out the square of tlie future town of Salem, The names of the first settlers were — Gottfried Praezel, from Europe. George Holder, from Bethabara. Niels Peterson, '' " Jacob Steiner, '• " Jens Schmidt, '• " Michael Zeigler, " " John Birkhead, "' " Melchior Rasp, Going to their solitary hut in the woods, they were so fortunate as to kill two deer, part of which Br. Peterson prepared for dinner. The first dwelling-house was finished in August. In October and iNovember of the same year two companies arrived from Pennsylvania, the first consisting of eight youths, four single Brethren, and one widower, the latter of sixteen Sisters or girls, accompanied by Br. Richard Utley, who now entered as English minister of Dobbs' Parish. Previous to this arrival, Br. M. Schropp had entered upon his duties as warden, Br. A. v. Gammern having been called to his eternal home the year before. Br. Ettwein, who had continued from time to time to visit in South Carolina, and embraced many opportunities for preaching the Gospel in the vicinity of the Congaree, Saluda, and Broad Rivers, after serving the Lord faithfully in various capacities for seven years, now returned to Pennsylvania, having been appointed a member of the General Conference at Bethlehem. At the close of the year Bethabara contained one hundred and twenty-two inhabitants, and Bethania eighty-seven. After the death of Br. M. Schropp, in September, 1767, the Brn. Graff, Utley, L. Bagge, and J. Loesch formed a Diaconsi«s Conference, and managed the secular aftiiirs of the three settle- ments till Br. Marshall arrived, in 1768, accompanied by Traugott Bagge, merchant, and several other Brethren Irom Europe. ■•*■ Br. Marshall now entered permanently upon the duties of his oflSce, and under his energetic administration of affairs the work of the new settlers progressed rapidly. In 1771 Br. Paid Tiersck arrived as the first minister of the future Stlem congregation. He was soon after followed by the Brethren John Lorez and Christian Gregor, from Germany, accompanied by Br. Ettwein, irom Beth- lehem. These Brethren, with Br. H. C. A. de Schweinitz, from Bethlehem, had been commissioned by the General Board of the Unity to visit the congregations in North America. During this visit several important changes were made. The superintendence of the afiairs of Wachovia, hitherto vested in the General Board in '■ In 1770 four single Brethren arrived from Euroi^e. One of these, John Klein, appointed to superintend the outward affairs of the congregation of Salem as warden, whilst on a journey to Cross t'reek (now Fayetteville), was drowned in attempting to ford Little River. His body was afterwards recovered and brought to 8aleni. Two others, T. Nissen (afterwards minister to FriedlancI) and A. Browsing, experienced a remarkable preservation of their lives. Returning in a svagon from Salisbury, they found that the ferry-boat, on which they hoped to cross the river, had been taken away. The driver resolved to ford the river, though warned not to do so, as the water was very deep. They had scarcely entered, when the horses commenced swimming, and the wagon rolled over twice. The driver and three horses were drowned, but the two Brethren succeeded in gaining .a footing on the top of the wagon, and remained in this perilous position for two hours, until tlie.y were rescued by a canoe. XORTIJ-WKSTKUN NORTH CAROUNA. 19 Bethlehem, was transferred to a separate Board oi' Directors con- sisting of the Brethren Marshall, Grail", Tiersch and Utley ; and the system of common liouse-keeping, hitherto maintained in Bethnhara, and partly in .Salem, was relinquished. In 1772 a sepa- ration of the two congregations took place, a majority of the inhab- dtants of Bethabara removing to Saiem, which now became the centre of trade and commerce in Wachovia. By these measures the original design of establishing oue principal congregation was carried out, nineteen years after the arrival of the first Brethren in Wachovia. Among the married people were the following, as first settlers in Salem : — F. W. Marshall, director of outward affairs ; Rev. P. Tiersch, minister; Rev. R. Utley, warden ; Dan.Schnopf, Matthew Miksch, George Holder,' Jacob Meyer, Jacob Steiner, Traugott Bagge, merchan), John Henry Herbst, Charles Holder, Valentine Beck; Philip Meyer, Chr. Gottl. Router, Jacob Bonn, physician -. J. G. Stockburger, Gottfried Aust. 'J'hc town lots of Salem were originally held under a lease system, the improvements on such lots being owned by the lessee. No sales could be made without the consent of the Board of Trustees of the Congregation. In case the improvements were offered for sale, and no suitable purchaser could be found, then the property was bought by the Church, at a fair valuation. This exclusive system was abolished about 1849, and the lots were sold in fee simple. The town remained under the direct con- trol of the Church authorities until 1857, when it was regularly incorporated by the Legislature. There is but one church (Moravian) in Salem. The articles of faith of this denomination are governed principally by the "Augs- burg Confession." Baptism is administered by pouring, and in this rite is guided by the reading of 1 Cor. vii. 14. There arc monthly communions during the year. This sacrament is held in the Geiman and English languages, and is generally conducted by the pastor, assisted by two resident clergymen. The Liturgical iServices are similar to those of the Episcopal Church, and one is read every Sabbath morning previous to the sermon. The Church holds open communion with all evangelical Chris- tian denominations. The services are peculiarly interesting at Christmas and Easter, which are under all circumstances faithfully observed by the Moravians throughout the world. The Choir music is most excellent, and compares favorably with that in the larger towns and cities, and is very often superior in every respect. The fcstivu/s, or memorial days of the Church, are observed with a lovefeast and communion. • The married people, widows, young men and women, youth ^^ and children have each a festal day set apart, during which appro priate services are held in the church. 20 GUIDK BOOK OF Deaths among tlie members of the Church are announced by a band of music from the church tower. The airs are so arranged that those well versed in the church music can tell whether the deceased is married or single, old or young, male or female. The usages of German European society were observed for many years, but these customs have gradually become Americanized, .although many of them yet linger among them. Among the peculiar institutions of the early days w.is a single Brethren's house, where unmarried men of all ages could find a cheap boarding and lodging place, under the sujservision of an inspector. The inmates dined in a large dining-hall (refectory) and lodged in spacious dormitories on the upper floors or attic of the building. The large living rooms were occui')ied by several Brethren, while the smaller rooms were rented to individuals. The rules of the house were, enforced by the inspector, while the cook was lord of the kitchen, and it was always best to keep on the best of terms with him. The prices paid for these accommo- dations were very low, and intended only to pay current expenses, keep up repairs, ic. The living rooms were j)lainly furnished by the renters, and unnecessary show was always discountenanced, if not actually forbidden. This Brethren's house has long since been discontinued and is now occupied as a Widows' house, where widowed members of the Church find a comfortable asylum, at moderate rentals. The single Sisters' hou-;e, an a>ylum for single sisters, is yet in successful operation. These two buildings, (Widows' and .Sisters' house) with the Church, Academy, Boys' School and several large residences, grouped about the Public Square, give this part of Salem some- thing of the appearance of an old German town. Indeed, all the surroundings of the town remind one very forcibly of Continental Europe, environed, as it is, by beautiful rolling woodlands and fine meadc'Ws, through which meander limpid streamlets, all affluent of the Middle Fork of the Muddy Creek, which flows at the lower end of the town. The elevation of Main Street is about 1000 feet above the sea, giving to the town a salubrious atmosphere and most excellent water. Airiong the peculiar customs of the good old times is a night- watchman, who originally intoned or sang, in the German language, the time of night, and announcing that all was well. Now, the conch-shell is used and time indicated in the following manner: 10 o'clock, one long tone; H o'clock. 2 long tones; 12 o'clock 3 long tones. After 1 o'clock, 1 short note ; at 2 o'clock, 2 short notes, &c., &c. The watchman retiring about 4 o'clock, A. M., or remains on his beat without noting tlie passing hours. The most solemn and peculiar ceremony of the church is the burial of the dead. On the day of interment, the pastor repairs to the homo of the deceased, and after singing a hymn the coffin is closed and removed to a bier, and borne by six church members, selected by tl^ chief sexton, and who are expected to perform the duty without fail, or secure a l>rother in tlieir place, in case of sickness or inability to attend. The body is borne to the Church and placed in a vault built for the purpose, and the congregation enter tlie Church and hear the funeral sermon, after which they NOKTII-VV KSTKRN NURllI CAKOLIXA. 21 assemble in i'ront of the Cliui-cli and sing ;i hymn, form a proces- sion, headed 'oy a band of sacred music, and proceed to the grave- yard, wliere a peculiar litany is i)rayed, and tlm re^uains lowered into the grave. The graveyard is a beautiful spot, and the long Cedar Avenue ivhich leads to the city of the dead is one of the prides of the town. It is one of the finest promenades of the kind in the South, and is visited much by tourists and citizens, who never tire contemplating its (juiet beauties. .4it Christmas and Easter the Church services are most peculiar and^ interesting. We copy the following from The Academy, the new monthly journal ol' the well known Salem Female Academy, as the description is lively and fresh : — '■ We shall never forget the Merry Christmas and Happy New Year of 1877-8 at the Academy. We had ample illustration of the Moravian faculty for making such fi^stive seasons thoroughly enjoy- able whilst maintiiining a strict rt/gard for spiritual profit. The rejoicings of the Church imparted their glow to our holiday pleas- ures, which were purified and sweetened by being brought int© contact with heavenly things, and all this without any appearance of afiectation or artificiality, and without any undue repression of youthful spirits. " On Christmas Eve we attended love-feast. We found the church beautifully decorated with festoons and arches of ever- greens. The joyi'ul words whose import every christian feels, espe- cially at Christmas, greeted our eyes in letters of living green from tlie gallery, '• Glory to God in the highest and on earth peace, good will towards men." The service comprised the reading of the account, in the gospels, of our Saviour's birth, prayer, and sing- ing by the congregation and choir, the latter accompanied by the deep-toned organ and a large orchestra. Ladies dressed in black, with white muslin cai)s and aprons, handed cake and coffee to all present. Burning tapers were brought in on trays, and distributed, one to each child, emblems of the liglit which Christ brought into the world. They surely impressed the minds not only of the chil- dren, but of their elders as well. How beautiful was the scene in the church, the bright lights and the happy faces, and how fortu- nate the children to be so pleasantly instructed in regard to the spiritual Light, whose advent was connnemorated by the service. "On Ciiristmas morning we girls, usually so sleepj^, needed no second warning to make us quit our comfortable beds, but were up and dressed in a twinkling. We made our way down stairs in the grey dawn of the early morning, to find our rooms resplendent. The Christmas trees, which had been placed in every room, were brilliantly illuminated, and on all of our desks were lighted tapers and curious looking bundles. .Soon eager fingers undid the wi'ap- pings, and eyes brightened at sight of gifts from home and class- mates, and the ample supply of apples, cakes and confectionery. The morning wes spent in animated chat over presents, until the hour for the Christmas service. After the service our Christmas dinner. What with the good cheer and our wonderful appetites, and the society of the Principal and his family, we fully enjoyed it.'' At New Year's Eve, there are services from S till midnight, with a short intermission of an hour. 22 GUIDE BOOK OK • The 8 o'clock service is either a sermon or -a review of the year just closing. Again we copy from the Academy .- " The Moravians have a very striking and appropriate service for the last night of the year. We entered the church at half-past eleven o'clock, and were surprised to find not only every pew packed, but long rows of seats occupied in the aisles. While the venerable bishop, who conducted the service, preached to the vast assembly, a solemn expectancy filled our hearts. We heard, from the belfry, the church clock strike the quarter-hours, and the passing away of the old year was made vividly real. We seemed to be bidding a lingering and mournful farewell to a dear friend, shortly to V)e gone from our side forever. At last the first stroke of the midnight hour sounded out from the belfrj'^ and " the dear old year, the good old time" was gone. Immediately, as with one impulse, the large congregation rose, and, supported by the choir and the full orchestra, sang, rejoicingly, the hymn beginning ' Now let us praise the Lord.' It was then dismissed, and dis- persed slowly, amid mingled congratulations and good wishes, ani- mated with the high spirit of christian faith and hope."' The Lenten services are observed with equal earnestness, by lectures during the week-day evenings, and on Sunday. Spe- cial lectures for candidates for Confirmation. The Confirmation service is generally held on Palm Sunday afternoon and is always very largely attended. The Holy Week is strictly observed by nightly services in the Church and on the afi'erwoon of Maundy Thursday. On the evening of this day the Holy Communion is celebrated. On Friday morn- ing, afternoon, and at night, appropriate services are held. On Saturday afternoon a love-feast is served. Easter Day is the day of the Church, and its celebration is very peculiar, and practiced only in the Moravian churches throughout the world. Early in the morning, about 3 o'clock, A. M., the Church band marches through the town and awakens the drowsy burghers by sacrt^d music. About 5 o'clock the announcement is made from the Church door that " the Lord had risen," and after singing a hymn, the congregation forms a procession and proceeds to the graveyard, headed by the Church band, discoursing sweet and solemn airs, which pleasantly reverberate in the bracing morning air. In the beautiful graveyard the Easter Morning Lit- any is prayed. Many of the graves are decorated with evergreens and flowers and form a pdeasing feature on this most interesting occasion. For many years the so-called '• business monopoly system" was in existence, under the control of the Church Board, who ap- pointed a skilled agent or superintendent to carry on the business. In early times the Store, Hotel, Tannery, Butcher House, a Farm, and other smaller industries were thus carried on. These indus- tries were gradually sold out to members of the Church, and carried on by them for a number of years, the authorities granting them a kind of protection against opposition in their business. These peculiarities have long since disappeared, the protectire system being no longer advisable or necessary. * NORTII-WESTKKN NORTH CAKOLIXA. 23 In these earlv times every one was expected to work, and there WHS more skilled labor in town than was usually found at that timvi. The Smithshops were all conducted by competent workmen, and" Gun making was carried on to a considerable extent. The Vogler and Foltz rifle was well known and highly appre- ciated by the bold mountain luinters, and those guns have to this day never been surpassed for excell'^nce. Timothy Vogler is yet at his old stand and William Dettmar, who learned the trade with T. Vogler, carries on the Gun and Locksmith business farther up town, and fully sustains the well earned reputation of T. Vogler. The hatting business was another extensive industry. At one time there were no less than three hat manufactories in town, those of A. Burner, Boner Bros., and C. Ebert. C. Ebert is now the only one that deals in hats, he having abandoned the hat making business for some time past. During the war T. eT. Boner manufactured ha's in large quantities, and could not supply the demand. The " Stonewall" hat was worn by thousands in the Army of Northern Virginia. Candle Making was also carried on for many yeai's by J. C. Burk- hard, opposite the Tannery. The building is standing yet and lately used as a Carriage Manufactory by W. G. Bahnson & Co. The Shoe business was also successfully carried on by Emanuel Reich, Henry Lineback, E. Meinung, and others. The sons of E. Reich are yet in the business, and E. Meinung also continues at the old stand. Several years ago Vogler & Co. commenced an extensive Shoe Factory, but stopped operations after a few years. It is thought by some that co-operative shops, employing boys, could be made profitable. James Garboden also has a shoe shop. The Furniture and Cabinet business was at one time very remu- nerative, but the cheap work, brought South, has seriously injured this industry. There are, however, three yet in operation in town, by W. & E'. Peterson, W. F. Shultz, and A. C. Vogler. They are all excellent woikmen and keep on hand and make furniture, coffins, &c. to order. Mr. A. C. Vogler has an extensive stock of Northern Furniture, of durable make, on hand. The h'moking Tobacco and Cigar business was also carried on by Benjamin Warner and T. J. Boner & Co. The latter also manu- factured plug tobacco. I). A. Spaugh manufacture? Cigars and Smoking Tobacco of good qualities. The Water Works have been in existence over 100 years, and were at one time sufficient for all purposes, but the growth of the town has necessitated a new arrangement, which will go into oper- ation this Summer. The old Grist Mill, commenced in 1S25 by John Vogler, J. J. Blum, J. C. Blum, and J. H. Ilerbst, is still in operation, and is owned by Coop«^r Sc Hendricks. It has recently been greatly improved. 24 GUIDE JJOOK OF In 1S37 the ''Cotton Factory" was built by a stock company and carried on for a number of years until sold to Jno. M. Morehead,of Greensboro, and purchased of him by Patterson & Shelly. ■In 1861 it was sold to Graj^ & Wilson, and finally bought by F. & H. Fries, and fitted up as a steam grist mill. It is now in successful operation, and our two mills, one at the upper end of town and the other at the lower, have created a quiet lively grain market in old Salem. The following sketch of F. & TI. Fries' Cotton and Woolen Factory was furnished the Winston S'cnfinef, by E. A. Boner, last year, and is a correct statement : "The man wjio did more than all others to bring Salem out of her quiet, plodding ways into more intimate association with the world of business, was the late Francis Fries, who died in August, 1863, honored and regretted by all who knew him. In losing him, Salem lost her groat business head, for he was a giant in this working world, with a genius rarely equalled or surpassed. " Mr. Fries was first agent of the old Salem Manutacturing Com- pany, (the factory now known as the Wachovia Mills) and con- tinued with them in this capacity until 1840, having superintended and got it under way during the year 1837. " In 1840 he started in the woolen business, running it alone until 1846, when the firm of F. & H. Fries was establi^^hed. "The mill was enlarged in 1848 by the addition of a cotton mill, and subsequently, in 1860, by adding moi'e and completer woolen machinery, while other additions have followed within the last years. The mill buildings proper as they now stand — part brick, part frame and four stories high — represent a fioor capacity of some 24,000 square feet, besides dye-house, dry-house, ware- and out- houses connected with the business. " In the woolen mill there are run 40 looms, with 678 spindles, and 3 sets of machinery. The quality of these goods is not sur- passed by those of any other establishment of a similar description in the counti-y, and are known and highly appreciated far and wide. Prices vary, for the various grades, from 35 cts. to $1.00 per yard. Not a yard of the products of this mill is shipped to North- ern markets, but sold directly to retail merchants in this and other Southern States. " In the Cotton Mill there are 939 spindles at work, turning out first class yarns, warps, sheeting and seine twine, together with a coarse article of sewing thread. Every description of plain color- ing is done, also, and custom wool-carding for jiarties hundreds of miles frorn here. "The establishment has now four sets of engines in 80 horse power, 3 setts of boilers and works, the Corliss engines being budt by Robt. Welherell & Co., of Chester, Pa., and are splendid speci- mens of fine action and workmanship. The boilers are return tubular, lOO horse ^lovver, and built by .lacob Nay lor, of Phila- delphia. These new engines were put in in May, 1874, and the boilers, in November, 1876. There is a first-class repair shop, also attached to the mills. " The mills have never stopped for a day since they first started, except when extensive repairs or refitting liave been necessary. NORTH-WESTERN NORTH CAKOIJNA. 25 "Since the death of Francis Fries (1803), the elder partner, the business has been run and conducted urider the old name of F. & II. Fries, by the surviving partner, H. W. Fries, who has within the last fewyears been ably assisted by Mr. ,Ino. W. Fries and Frank H. Fries. "Tlieir Machine Shop is the best in the State. " Mr. F'rancis Fries represented this County as a member of our Legislature, in which body he was a leader in all matters pertaining to the large business interestsxjf the State, as well as those of home . He served in that body diu'iug the years 18')8-9. " 'i'he firm was one of the original and largest stockholders in the Central North Carolina Railroad, and went, also, heartily into the work of getting our North-Westorn North Carolina Kailroad from Greensboro to this place. " The late Francis Fries al.so carried on for many years a, lai'ge merchandising business, here, building and doing business in the house now occupied by Patterson & Co. " In 1S59 the firm built and started the gas works, in this place, these being the second of the kind in the whole State. The gas light is produced from rosin, and they furnish it in houses at $7 per thousand feet. " Mr. Jno. W. Fries carries on a very large Tannery in tiie West- ern part of the town. This Tannery is very old, having been estab- lished as <>arly as 1769, and has been in operation ever since. The sub.stantial and durable qualities of the leathers worked here are widely known throughout this entire section. Since coming into the possession of Mr. Fries, some years ago, a fresh impetus has been given its trade, in having larger facilities furnished in every way, foi- carrying it on more successfully, steam being used in con- nection with breaking the bark ; more skilled labor used, and many more vats added to the original number. " We believe this review includes all of the business interests at present conducted by the establishment. The members of the firm, as at present composed, are all practical business men — public-spirited and leaders in all projects that look toward the greater growth and ♦levelopment of the place and surrounding country — and very ably maintain the -prcsthfc of the family name." The Salem Aoricci.turai, Works, C. A. Hege, Proprietor, located near Messrs. Fries' Cotton and Woolen Mills is one of the most extensive establishments of the kind in Western North Carolina, Besides a general Foundry and Repairing Shops, Mr. Ilege has epecialties, which have a good reputation at home and abroad. Among the most prominent is the Improved Saw Mill, which at- tracted much attention at the last State Fair, and for which a premium was awarded. The success of this Mill is established beyond doubt, and orders are coming in. So favorably have his improvements been received that a large machine establishment in Richmond is offering to purchase the right for the Southern States. This Saw Mill is considered the ."impk-'st and cheapest ever offered. Besides the above, the Salem Plow, Straw and Feed Cutters, Corn Shellers, and other articles are manufactiucd and favorably known to the public. A new J\Iachinc Shop will be erected this Summer, besides other improvements. 26 GUIDE ItOOK OF Messrs. Fogi-e Bkotuers have extensive wood-working machinery in operation for a number of years /'since 1870, we believe,) and enjoy a well-earned reputation for prompt and excellent work. They furnish nearly all the material for building purposes, and are engaged largely in putting up buildings themselves. They also have a number of hands who are constantly engaged in repairing buildings, fences and other odd jobs around our tcwns. Their lumber yard is generally stocked with the necessai'y lumber for building as well as cabinetwork. Their Saw Mill, some 10 or 12 miles above this place, — near Bethania, — is constantly at work and enables them to furnish all demands. They employ as skilled, steady and intelligerit a corps of workmen as can bo found in this section. The Tin-wake and Stove Depot of J. E. Mickey is }»robably as extensive an establishment as can be found in this State. It has the personal supervision of the proprietor, 7/ho employs the best workmen he can get. The establishment is well known at home and abroad. Also deals in Groceries, Shoes, and Notions, &c., &c, Wm. a. Reich, opposite the Salem Hotel, also has a Tin and Coppersmith establishment. Mr. Reich has the i-eputation of being the best workman in both town« and has considerable inventive genius. Among his late inventions are a " coffee roaster" and the best churn we have ever seen, both of which can and should be patented. Repairing is a specialty with Mr. Reich. Grocers. — D. A. Spaugh, near Siddall's store, has a large stock of Miscellaneous orous and absorb the nicotine freely. Lewis Hine has established a pottery near town and uses a very fine clay, making a perfectly white pipe of a superior quality. Both these gentlemen learned their tvade of Henry Shatfner, and their ware is the best made in the State. Carriage and Buggy Maker. — H. E. Meinung represents this brancii of trade. Buggies, Carriages, and Express W^agons are manufactured by him at prices to suit the times. Resident Clergy — Rt. Rev. E. A. De Schweinitz, Bishop of the Southern Province of the Moravian Church ; Rev. Edward Rond- thaler. Pastor of Salem Congregation ; Rev. J. T. Zorn, Principal of Salem Female Academy ; Rev. L. B. Wurreschke, Professor of Languages and Science. S. F. A.; Rev. A. L. Oerter and Rev. E. J. Mack. All Moravians. Baptist Denomination. — Elder Wm. Turner, who lias charge of four Country Congregations, situated in Forsyth, Davie, Davidson and Guilford. For .Sketch of .Sai.em Female Academy, see Appendix, No. 1 Salem Boy's Sruooi.. — Established in 1794, is at present in a very flourishing condition. Many youths from a distance have in for- mer years been educated here, although it was only intended as a town school. Rev. Edward Rondthaler, Principal. Teachers : Rev. A Lichtenthaler, .Tohn H. Clewell and James E. Hall. The Infants' School was established in 18 — is taught by Miss Sophia Pfohl, who has been engaged in the business for many years. The Misses Welfare conduct successfully a lai-ge «chool for boys and girls. The Public School is taught by S. H. Everett. The colored Public School is taught by two Northern ladies. Mrs. Payson and Miss Woolson. This school is supported in part by Northern Friends (Quakers.) 30 GLTIDE BOOK. OF In the latter part of 1877 the Revenue Office was moved to Salem by Dr. W. H. Wheeler, Collector for this f5th) district, and is located on Church Street, a few steps from Main Street. The business of the office is extensive and is centrally located in the Tobacco and Distilling region. A. E. GiERSCH, Practical Blacksmith. Carriage and Buggy Iron- ing a specialty. Farmers can be accommodated with plow-pomts of any style. Location : H. E. Minung's Carriage Factory. The Land Ofeice of the Southern Province of the Moravian Church has been removed to the building opposite the Bank, where convenient rooms have been fitted up on the first floor. Jas. T. Lineback, Treasurer, J. A. Lineback, Clerk. CHAPTER VI. WINSTON ITS EARLIER HISTORY. This town is the county seat of P'orsyth County. In 1848 the old County of Stokes was divided by legislative enactment, and the present county formed and named in honor of Col. Benjamin Forsyth, a native of the older county, who was killed in Canada in 1814. AVinston was named in honor of Col. Joseph Winston, a native of Stokes county, and one of the heroes of the Revolution of 1776. The sister town of Salem v/as then, as most of us are awai'e, an old town, and it seemed natural to have made it the county seat of the new county ; but, owing, however, to outside pressure, the Com- missioners appointed to locate a site, selected the spot upon which the town now stands, the Moravian Church Board of Salem, then owning the land, selling the same to the County (fifty-one acres) at $5 per acre. The first settlors of the place were T. J. Wilson, Robert Gray, Frank Gorrell. Harmon Miller, Henry A. Holder, P. A. Wilson, John P. Vest, Jesse Kennedy, and David Cook. After the incorporation of tlie town, William Barrow became the first Mayor. He is still residing here. The first Sherift" of the County was Wm. Flynt, now dead, who was appointed by the magistrates and subsequently elected by the people. NORTU-WESTtlLN NOUTll CAUOMNA. 31 The first Clork of the Superior Court was John C. Mhim, who was appointed by Judge Thomas Settle, Sr., and was succeeded by the late John Blackburn, who was th« first elected Clerk. The first Clerk of the County Court was A. J. Staflbrd, who died during the late war. The first stores were those of Iio])ert Gray, Harmon MillcM', Sulli- van & Bell, and Wm. Barrow. The first residence in the place was that of Judge T. J. Wilson, his present home, although ic was built before Winston become a town. After the town was laid out and named, the first dwelling built was put up by Jesse Kennedy, the same house at ))resent owned and occupied by Harrison Pitts. The first place of business was a small grocery owned by Harmon Miller, built on the corner, where recently, George Norwood has erected a block of handsome brick stores, occupied by Clarke & Ford and others. The Court-house and Jail were built in 1802 under the super- vision of the late Francis Fries. Owing to the fact of being isolated from llailroads, and no special commercial or manufacturing interests centering here, the population of the town up to 1870 numbered only 470; since that time, owing to the great impetus given to business of every kind here, by the tobacco interests, which sprang up about that time, the population of the place (including tiiat of Salem and Liberty — from which two places Winston is separated only by an imaginary line) has reached about 4,000 souls, and is rapidly increasing. We are 110 miles north-west from Raleigh, the Capitol of the State, and 29 miles from Greensboro, where the North-Western North Caro- lina Kailroad strikes the North Carolina Central and the Piedmont Air Line, running from Richmond, Va., to Atlanta, Ga. E. Belo was the first President of the road, afterwards succeedcfcl by A. S. Buford, the present President of the Piedmont Air Line. Felix Crutchfield, Conductor and Express Messenger ; Charles Buford, Depot Agent ; E. S. Brown, Southern Express Agent ; Robert Potts, Operator for the Western Union Telegraph Company ; John P. Vest, Post Route Agent, on this end of the road, and Jas. Hol- lister, Engineer. Travelled men give it, as their testimony, that it is one of the best road beds in the country. North or South. Bkown's Warehouse.— Previous to the year 1872 thia town made no pretentions as a tobacco market, in fact, such an idea had scarcely entered the mind of any one. Our farmers carried their tobacco to Danville and sold it, and brought back their supplies of family groceries, &c. Early in 1872 Maj. T. J. Brown, of Davie, came to this town looking around for a business location. He conceived the idea that Winston was favorably located for a tobac- co market, and that a warciiouse for the sale of leaf tobacco would do a good business. On the I4th of February, 1872, he opened the first warehouse in this place, in an old frame stable, on the Miller lot, imtnediately south of the jail — in the way of a venture — for the sale of leaf tobacco. This venture proved successful beyond the expectations of the most sanguine. The house soon proved to be too small, and a. joint stock company was formed, and a house, expressly for 32 GUIDE liOOK OF the purpose, 100x40 feet, was built on the East side of town, known as Brown's Warehouse. As the trade increased the house has been enlarged several times to meet the demands, until now it has a floor capacity of eleven thousand s(iuare feet, upon which to display the leaf. In 1874 Maj. Brown formed a copartnership with Wm. B. Carter, of Rockingham county, who is well known to tobacco raisers of all the surrounding counties. During the winter of 1872-3 two other warehousps were erected, and ready for the opening trade in the spring of 1873. Lash's Warehouse. — This house was built by Dr. Wm. A Lash, Jr., of Walnut Cove, Stokes county, N. C, and opened to the trade on the 18th of February, 1873, and was run very successfully by him and Cabell Hairston. Esq. While under the control of Lash &■ Hairston the house won an enviable reputation among the tobacco raisers of the country. It is now under the management of J. R. Pearce, P. II. Ilanes and R. D. Brown, known to the public as Pearce, Hanes & Brown. The Piedmont Wakehoise was first opened in 1873 under the management of Maj. Ham Scales and S. M. Hobson, who did a successful business. This house is probably the best lighted house in the place, and its aecommodations are equal in every respect to either of the other two houses, and although its sales have never been as large as the sales at the other houses, the prices obtained have always been at the top of tlie market, and under its present management enjoys a deserved and increased popularity, .second to no house in the State. Norfleet & Vaughn are its present pro- prietors. T. L. Vauc.un. — Factory built of brick and v-'ood. Shape an L. Brick part 36 feet by 34 ; wooden part 36 feet by GO : two stories high ; works 60 hands : capacity 300,000 pounds. Martin Grogax. — Factory built of brick and wood ; 24 stories high; 90 feet long and 36 wide ; works 40 hands ; capacity 2.50,000 pounds. His brands are Little Harry, Virginia Leaf, Carolina Belle, Burnett 4,s, Covington's 5,s, Mayflower, TomMartin, 7.s. 5,s, Napoleon's Twist, Cotton States. C. Hamein's Plug and Smoking Tobacco Factory is built of brick and wood, and is 3 stoi'ies high and 100 feet long by 36 wide ; works 65 hands ; capacity 330,000 pounds of plug, and 8000 of smoking tobacco. His brands are Pride of Carolina, AAA, Farmer's Joy- Sunny South, Belle of AVinston, Leonora, Little Bula, Little Dora, Old Dave. He puts up a fine brand of smoking tobacco fitly named "Powhattan." P. II. Hanes & Co.— Factory built of brick; 3i stories high; 110 feet long and 45 wide; will work this year from 8.'J to 100 hands ; capacity 350,000 pounds. Their brands are " Hard Times," " Brigham Younc," " Bridge of Lodi," " Wade Hampton," " Alex- ander,'' ''Solid Soutli,'' ""Kate Claxton." "Inflation." "Captain Jack."' "Stella." ■• (). 1. C." NORTII-WESTEUN- NORTH CAROMNA. 33 R. J. Reynolds & Co. — Factory built of brick and wood; 3^ stories hi.ixh ; 95 feot lonji and 38 wido ; will work 7o hands ; ca- pacity .2.')0,0()0 pounds. Their brands aro Word's Choice, II inch; Old North State, 11 inch ; Old Reliable, 1 1 inch ; Berry Foster. 11 inch Twist ; Orange Twist ; Strawberry Twist ; College Select ; Before Any ; Black Crook ; Bright Mollie, 5 inch. Hairston & FoY. -Factory ivood : 100 feet long by 38 wide: 3J stories high ; works 50 hands ; capacity 3Q0,0;)0 pounds. Brands : Doni Pedro, Magnolia, Rosedale, Peerless, Little Annie, Rosebud, Yellow Jacket. David R. Leak. — Factory built of wood ; (50 feet long by 3G wide ; 2J stories high ; works 30 hands ; capacity 150,000 pounds. Brands : Rough and Ready, Pioneer, Log Cabin, Dora, Southern Grange, Black Eagle. Brown & Bro. — This is the largest factory in Winston ; built of brick; five floors; 132 feet long by 50 vvide ; works 200 hands; capacity 1,000,000 pounds. This factory will be heated liy steam, and is tli^ only ore thus heated in the State. Bitting & Wditaker. — Factory built of wood ; 110 feet long by 40 wide ; 4 stories high ; works 140 hands ; capacity 500,000 pound-!. Brands: Empire State, A, AA, AAA, AAAA, Eclipse, Olive Branch, Empress, Tom Robinson, Tembrocke, Little Beauty, Coronet, Dick Graves. OcJBDRN, Hii,L Sc Co. — This is a new firm just commencing busi- ness. Their factory is built of wood ; 3^ stories high ; 60 feet long by 26 wide ; will work 25 hands , capacity 75,000 pounds. Miller, Woodruff &, Wood. — Factory built of brick ; 3^, stories high ; 100 feet long by 40 wide ; works 65 hands ; capacity 300,000 pounds. Their Brands are : Yadkin River, Sunbeam, Morning Star, Mark Twain, Granger. H. Sublett. — Factory built of wood, 2 stories high ; 70 feet by 40; capacity 150,000 pounds. Brands: Wyanoke, Matoaca, Joe Miller, Anchor, Bachelor's Comfort, Sublott's Extra. Norwood & Tuck. — Plug work; factory 35x120; three flooi's ; brick ; steam introduced. Manufactures this year. Brown & Hall. — Smoking Tobacco Factory: 40x70; three stories; brick ; manufactures this season. Tnos. Leak manufactures the celebrated "Southern Belle" Smoking Tobacco. The following Business Directory, in addition to the previously mentioned Tobacco Warehouses and Factories, is as nearly correcb as wo could get it. It is possible that some errors or omissions have unintentionally occurred. Coming from Salem we find Riggs's Boot and Shoo Shop, up- stairs in iline & Co's Saddle and Harness Shop. D. H. Starbuck's Law Office. Judge Wilson's Law Office. 34 GUIDE BOOK Ol- New Store-house is being built by Judge Wilson. Central Hotel, just opened. Dr. R, D. Hay. proprietor. Mrs. Mattie Reid, Milliner. N. W. Watkins, Notions and Mixed Stock, Wilson & Leak's Marble Yard. Miller Brothers' Carpenter Shop. Livery Stables, Barrow «fe Beck. Marable & Watkins, Grain and Feed Store. Sentinel Office. — The Sentinel was established in 1856 by F. E. Boner and James Collins. J. W. Alspaugh subsequently became the owner, retaining Mr. Boner as Editor. The paper has been published about 22 years. George M. Mathes is the present Editor and Proprietor M. W. Rose, Clothing and Furs. J. E. Gilmer, General Merchant. Miss Welfare and Mrs. Davis, Millinery, Notions and Fancy Goods. Merchants Hotel, Pfohl & Stockton, Alexander Gates, Barber. _ John Stockton, Confectioner. Wm. Murray, Watches, Jewelry. F. E Keehln, Saddle and Harness Maker. Up stairs. Pfohl & Stockton, General Merchants. W. S. Martin, Hats and Shoes. Vann k Burch, Books, Stationery and Fancy Goods. S. E. Allen, Hardware. I. AV. Durham, Marble Yard. B. F. Crosland, Groceries and General Merchandise. H. D. Lott, Groceries. Court House. — C. S. Hauser, Superior Court Clerk. T. J. Wilson, Jr., Clerk Inferior Court. D. P. Mast, Register of Deeds. J. G. Hill, Sheriff. R. D. Johnston, Tailor. C. A. Winkler, Confectioner. S. Rosenthal, Clothing. Martin Grogan, Groceries and General Merchandise. J. Cohen, Clothing. Causey, Nading & Co., Grocers. Tice's Hall. BepuUkan Office, established in 1872 by Walser & Walker, and continued by W. A. Walker ; now published by J. W. Goslen. Jacob Tice & Sons, General Merchants. John Tice, Restaurant and Family Groceries, Fresh Meats and Fish. J. C. Fagg, Beef Market. J. S. White, Buegies and Carriages. Mrs. J. S. White, Milliner. Geo. B. Everett, Law Otfice (Col. Jos. Masten's old office). Dr. Bynum's Office. ■-Isaac Tice, Wagon Maker and Blacksmith. Sandford Byerly, Groceries. Edmund Blum & Son, Tinners. Chas. Tice, Wagons and Blacksmithing. Samuel Ferebe, Wagons and Blacksmithing. NORTH-WESTERN NORTH CAROLINA. 35 Bank— Jos. A. Bitting, President; J. W. Alspaugh, Cashier ; R. T. Steclman, Teller. Alspaugh & Buxton's Law Office. W. J. Johnson, Tailor. Mrs. SussdorfF's School. Bevel's Blacksmith Shoj). Post Office — VV. A. Walker, Postmaster. Singer Sewing Machine, Williamson, Agent. J. W. Godsey, Jeweller and Watch Repairer. Pegram & Barham, Grocers. Mrs. Gordon. Milliner. Smith's Drug Store. Vaughn & Prather, Grocers. W. C. Workman, Grocer. Norwood's Block — Watson & Glenn's Law Office. Dr. Osborne. Clark & Foard, Grocers. A. D. Poindexter, General Merchant. Ilodgin & Sullivan, General Merchants, S. D. Franklin & Co,, General Merchants. Thompson's Drug Store. M. H. Langfcld, Clothing and General Merchandise. R. L. Tyson, Groceries. F. S. Black, General Merchandise. Z. G. Hege, Cabinet Maker. Ilinshaw & Co., General Merchants. Wilson's Hotel. Mrs. A. A. Anderson, Boarding House. E. A. Strupe & Co., Tinware and Stoves. Reid Brothers, (near depot) General Merchants. Donnegan, Groceries. Philip Hojjkins, Family Grocery. Churches and Ministers — Baptist, Rev. H. A. Brown, Pastor Episcopalian. Rev. W. P. Bynum, Rector; Presbyterian, Rev. F. H. Johnston, Pastor ; Methodist Episcopal, Rev. P. J. Carraway, Pas- tor; Methodist Protestant, Rev. Mr. Wiles, Pastor ; Rev. W. W. Albea, Rev. P. A. Joyncr. Winston Male Academy, Prof. J. A. Monroe, Principal. Is in a flourishing condition. Mrs. Davis' School, for Young Ladies, is prospering. The Public School, F. D. L" Messcr, Teacher, assisted by Miss "Webb, is well attended. Physicians - Dr. Preston Roane, Dr. IT. W. Bynum, Dr. V. 0. Thompson, Dr. L. W. Spencer, Dr. R. F. Gray and Dr. Osborne. Master Builders — Miller Brothers, J. D. Tavis, Samuel Chamber- lain, Mr. Mclver and D. McKnight. Masons and Plasterers— Henry Holder, Keith Brothers, William Spaugh. Painters— James Grumpier, John Petree, Frank Nading. Pump Makers — Alex. Nading, Lewis Brown, Harrison Pitts. T. T. Best has a fine Market Garden. C. F. Sussdorff Tunes and repairs Pianos. The merchants of Salem and Winston are among the best in AVestern North Carolina. There stocks are well selected, and bought with a view to furnish our people with .q<^riif, rdiobk merc/iand>se. 36 GUIDE COOK OF The master mechanics are all good workmen, and can be relied on, employing as they do, the best, and most reliable mechanics to be found, as well as an intelli; tlie village, after the style of the Continental European farm villages. Nine miles Northwest of Salem. Pjafftoicn. — Small farm village. Transou Brothers carry on well known Wagon Shop-;. Their work is much sought after. Ten miles Northwest of Salem. Brookfiiown.- Small (P. ().) farm villajre, once commanding a con- siderable country trade. Tliirteen miles, nearly west, of Salem. Lewis-vUlc. — (P.O.) farm village containing two Stores, Saw Mill, Nurseries, Vineyard, &c. Considerable point of trade. Eleven miles West from Salem. Waughtoicn. — Farm village. First house built by Cliarles Bagge, where he carried on for several yeai'cs, a considerablo mercantile business. The town grew up around the lai-ge building, and was calle/ '■nv/.v whifh afford abundant water power. 44 OUIDE BOOK OF The Soil is sandy, underlaid with red clay, and is well adapted to raising grain and fruit, and especially for the cultivati>on of to- bacco, which is extensively planted and yields a very superior leaf, a large portion being manufactured in a number of factories throughout the County. The value of land varies from five to one hundred dollars per acre. A large area of the County is covered with a rich growth of tim- ber. To realize the extent of this richness of forest development it is OHly necessary to state that, of species found in the United States (east of the Rocky Mountains), there are Oaks, 22, and 19 in North Carolina, and 10 in Stokes County. Pines, «, ' ' 8 Spruces, 5, ' ' 4 Elms, •">, ' * 3 Walnuts, 2 Birches, o, ' 1 o Mgples, ^) ' 5 Hickories, 8, While the large number of minerals found within a circuit of 12 miles from Germanton attest the mineralogical interest of this County, the large deposits of magnetic iron ore, of most excellent quality and in inexhaustible quantity, when fully developed, will place this region in the front rank of iron producing localities. The iron ores of the region embraced within Yadkin, Surry and Stokes, according to Prof. Kerr, occupy a relation to the Pilot and Sauratown Mountains, similar to that of the Gaston and Lincoln ores to the King's Mountain range; and Dr. Genth (Journal Franklin Institute, 1872) considers the latter to be a recurrence of the lornier. These deposits of ore divide themselves into two groups, geograjihically, one is Stokes and the other in Surry and Yadkin. Operations at these works were suspended at the time of Gen. Stoneman's raid through this section in 18f35. The prosperity was purchased by the present owners in 1875, who have added several tracts, and liave leased the ore rights on a number of iron deposits within a few miles. The Moratuc estate contains about 2,500 acres of timber of the best fjuality for making charcoal, interspersed with haid wood for building or manufacturing purposes. Charcoal blast-furnaces and groups of Catalan forges, are possible in a local- ity so well provided with wood, and where any amount of laborers can be had at the lowest price. It is believed that a high grade iron can be produced here in quality unsurpassed by any in the world, tor softness, toughness, tensile strength. The reputation of the iron made from this ore was so high that the opinion of some considered it to excel all other iron made in the State. The Northern or Stokes group of the range lies on the east, (north) side of Dan River, and within 2 and 3 miles of Danbury. These are collected for the most part in a group of parallel beds, in a dark to black and greenish black micaceous and hornblendio gness, the beds being very weil defined, and the ore concentrated in certain definite strata, and in the case of the Rogers' Ore Bank, it is aggregated into considerable masses of pure granulas ore, of very coarse grain. Tliis bed is 8 feet thick and has been worked XORTH-H'ESTEUN' NORTH CAROMXA. 45 on a considerable, scnle. Another bed reported to be 10 feet thick has been opened about half a mile east of the last, and two beds, (one of them 4 feet thick, the other not opened), have been dis- covered at different times williin 300 and 600 yards of it, on the West. The ore« are all magnetites, witli sometimes a sniidl ad- mixture of hematite. (Prof. Kerr, Report Geology North Caroli- na, vol. 1, 187-') p. 259). There are other outcrops of magnetic ore in the county, a notable one on the South side of the Sauratown Mountains, among the head waters of Town Fork of Dan River. The following analysis of specimens of ore, from the Rogei''s Ore Bank, are by Dr. Genth : Oxides of Iron, 92.47 85.09 79.71 G7.06 Oxide of Manganese, trace trace trace trace Alumina trace 0.70 2.27 0.17 Magnesia, 0.20 0.16 0.17 0.2:J Lime, 0.13 0.29 0.31 0.19 Phosphoric Acid, 0.00 0.t)0 0.00 0. )0 Actinolite, etc., 7.20 13.76 15.66 31.75 "Water, Metallic Iron, 65.34 61.74 57.13 49.03 The ores of this region have been worked in a limited way at bloomeries at different times for seventy years, on Buck Island Creek, Red Shoals, Neatman Creek, at Danhury, and ;it Col. Moodey's Tunnel Iron Works on the Dan River, opposite Dan- bury. In 1860 an association of individuals under the corporate name of the Marotock Iron and Manufacturing Company, purclias- ed the Rogers Ore Bank with other lands, amounting to 2,000 acres, including Moodey's Works, and produced an excellent quality of both pig and hammered iron. At Stokesburg, there arc outcrops of three seams of coal in suc- cession, the upper about 3 feet thick, the other two are reported to be much thicker tiian the top seam. It is semi-bituminous. Two analysis by Dr. Genth, of samples of different seams «»pened here gave, respectively, 75.96 and 76.56 per cent, of fixed carbon, 11.44 and 13.56 per cent, of ash, the volatile matter being about 12 per cent, in each, Feldspathic Clay for making fire brick may be had a mile from Danbury, and Soapstone, in the form o.' greenish, massive rock, (potstone,) for making chimney hearths and linings is found near Danbury. Mica has been worked at a quarry 4 miles from Dan- bury on Big Creek. Limestone or Marble is found at the quarries of Martin, on Snow Creek, and Boleyjack, near Germanton ; and outcropping on a branch of the Dan near Pted Shoals, and else- where. The population of the county, according to the census of 1870. was 11,208 ; white, 8.600 ; colored, 2,608. Danhury, the County-seat, issituate'H in the centre of the County, on the eastern slope of the Sauratown Mountains, which rises from the western side of Dan River. Tlie Main Street extends westwRrd from the river, ascending to the summit of an oval knoll, where the Court House stands, at an elevation of 836 feet, according to the observations of the U. S. Coast Survey. 46 GCIDK UOOK OF The village contains the County jail , a church, a flourishing female institute, four stores, McCandless' hoteland Tayloi-'s boarding house. There are a number of mills and tanneries within its vicinage. The various trades and occupations incident to a village are also found here. Dr. John Pepper & Sons, whose public spirit and en- terprise have contributed so much to the development of this lo- cality, some years ago established a newspaper, the Danhury Rc- ■porter, (Democratic), which is conducted with a good degree of spirit, and shows a degree of correctness in printing not usually observable on the columns of a country paper. Its population, including Meadows township, is 2,06') ; white, 1,626 ; colored, 439. Germanton, 13 miles from Danbury, is pleasantly situated at the junction of Town Fork, Neatman and Buffalo Creeks. It was the county seat up to the time when the county was divided to form Forsyth County. It contains a Methodist Church and several stores. Dr. Sharswood has lately inaugurated a movement for building an Episcopal (high) church here, which according to the plan, would present a unique and very picturesque effeet. At this locality may be seen some of the best land of the County. Dan River measures about 125 feet at Danbury, and as soon as the dam of the Moratuc Works shall have been built will afford the power of several large engines. The management of the Moratuc Iron Works will have water power privileges, and encouarge the introduction of manufacturing industries. At Hairston's Ford, 10 miles below Danbury, the river is navigable for flat-bottom boats to Danyille, and by the aid of locks and other simple contrivances of slack water navigation, could be made navigable up to Danbury. Piedmont Sjriings are situated near the base of the Sauratown Mountains, about two and a half miles from Danbury, have been fitted up as a summer resort. It is a chalybeate water, and is re- puted to be curative of many complaints, and to possess such an invigorating effect on the system, for which the most celebrated medicinal waters are sought. Here Moore's Knob, Hanging Rock and spurs of the Sauratown Mountains, with their deep gorges and lofty boulders loom up in front of the Hotel building. There is also an alum spring a mile West of Piedmont Springs, on Mountain Creek ; a sulphur, and a chalybeate-alum sj^ring a half mile from the first; and Moore's alum-sulphur spring three miles N. W. of Piedmont Springs. The presence of iron and alum in these waters is due to the decomposition of the iron pyrites, so widely diffused in the gneisses, granites and slates. The beautiful Cascade is within two miles of the Springs. List of Minerals found in Stokes County. — Sulphur in frequently met with in minute crystals in cellular quartz, filling the cavities formerly occupied by pyrifce. Graphite or Fltonbaf/o occurs in beds on the Little Yadkin. He- matite, the foliated and micaceous variety occurs at Snow Creek. Magncilic, a band of granular magnetite, free from titanic acid, mixed with actinolite, tremolitc and a little epidote, passes from near Danbury, and also from Surry County, through Yadkin, Forsyth, Davie, Lincoln and Gaston Counties. This mineral forms the iron ore of Stokes County above mentioned. Pyroh'.-sitr, occurs near Danbury' in fine crystalline masses. XORTH-W'ESTERN NORTH CAROLIiNA. 47 Qi'.ar/:. — Good specimens of Jlock Crystal have been found at Stokesburg, and very fine crystals £Mid cluster of crystals of Amethyst of good violet and pink colors on western part of Sauratown Mountains. Opalescent Quartz, at Dan River. Chalcedony is fo-ind at Martins' quarry, and at two localities within two miles of Danbury. Ilornstone is found at Martins' quarry. Itacolumltc or flexible sand- stone forms a stratum in the quartziteat the Sauratown Mountains. Fossil Wood is abundant near Germanton, where iho public road is in a measure obstructed by the multitude of fragments, and entire trunks and projecting stumps of a petrified Triassic Forest. Amphiholr \ Actinolite has been observed in talcose rocks, at Bolejack's quarry, and at Rogers Ore Bank. Asbestos is found on the waters of Big Creek, and at other localities. Beryk has been found at the Mica quarry on Big Creek, G miles N. W'. of Danbury. Garnet is found at several localities, being a constant constituent of many of the mica and hornblende slates, in which it occurs in minute dodecahedral and trapezohedral crystals of a brownish or brownish-red color. Beautiful and perfect crystals of this mineral of a brownish red color, are found near Germanton. The massive manganese c/arnct is abundant near Moore's Mill. P/ilor/opsite, in small, brownish scales has been found in the granular limestone of Bolejack's quarry, and at Martin's quarry. To'.'rmal'ine is found" on the waters of Snow Creek, with black, green and white varieties. Granite is found 6 miles East of Danbury in coarsely bladed masses of a blue and greenish-blue color. Titanitc is found in minute brown crystals in hornblende slate and in granite at Roger's Ore Bank, and in the N. E. part of the county. LazuHtc is found at Coffee Gap, in the Sauratown Mountains, in dark blue crystals and crystaline masses in quartz, and a very lit- tle margarite. Calcitc, the granular varieties which constitute marble before mentioned. Anthracite, the bituminous coal of the Dan River is frecjuently found, especially near trap dykes, according to Dr. Genth, almost deprived of its hydrocarbons, approaching often true anthracite. Bituminous Coal, above mentioned. ,Sh miles ; WalnutCove, 13 miles; Sauratown. 15 miles; Francisco, \Zh miles; Dalton, 18 miles; Salem, '28 miles ; Kernersville, 27 miles ; Greensboro, 46 miles ; Mt. Airy 30, miles; Madison, 18 miles; Wentworth, 33 miles; Leaksville, 35 miles; Patrick Court-House, Va., 20 miles ; Reids- ville, 40 miles; Danville, 65 miles. C/««rc/i(;5.— Methodist, 12; Baptist, 9 , Campbelite, 2. Schools. — White, 55 ; colorf^d, 15. Fruits. — Apples, Peaches, Plums, Pears, and Grapes. Mills.— Gvuxu, 60; Saw Mills, 35: 1 Steam Mill. 6 Tanneries. Four Masonic Lodges. SURRY COUNTY. Surry County was formed in 1770 from Rowan County. The name is derived from Surry County in the South of England. In the original Saxon it signifies " The South River." It is situated in the North Western part of North Carolina, bounded on the North by the Virginia line. East by Stokes County, South by Yad- kin, and West by Wilkes and Ashe. The County seat is Dobson, distant 140 miles from Raleigh, Northwest. In 1775 Surry was a frontier county. The Mulberry Field Meet- ing House, where the town of Wilkesboro now stands, in the up- per end, was the only place of meeting. The men generally dress- ed in hunting shirts, short breeches, leggings and moccasons, and the women in linsey petticoats and bed-gowns, and in summer of- ten without shoes. Some had bonnets made of calico, and others wore men's hats. The patriotism of the women of this region deserves a perpetual record. It was their heroic conduct that inspired their husbands and sons in the cause of liberty. They urged the men to leave home, and to prefer to die than be slaves ; while they staid at home and worked with their own hands at the plough and with the hoe, by day, to provide sustenance for their families, and at night with the spinning-wheel and loom they made the clothing^ XORTU-WK.^TDUN NORTH CAKOI.lJfA. 49 In this county is the celebrated Ararat, or Pilot Mountain. It rises jiradually to the height of severnl hundred feet, and termin- ates ill a rocky peak, from the summit of which there is a fine view of the surrounding country. This mountiiin can be seen for sixty or seventy miles, nnd was called Pilot Mountain by the In- dians, as it served as a guide in their hunting and war routes. Towns. — Doison. — Population 200. Some country trade. Citi- zens own farms in vicinity. Mt. Ainj a,vl Viciiiifi/. — After traveling 41 miles from .Salem, in a Northwestern direction, you come to the most interesting and energetic little town (Mt. Airy) that you have seen on your trip. It has a population of GOO to 700, with 4 churches, 3 schools, 9 stores, 3 furniture manufactories, 4 wagon manufactories, 2 news- papers. Watchman and iSurn/ Visitor, 4 blacksmith shops, no bar- rooms, and no liquor licitly sold within two miles of the place, 2 masonic lodges, and the champion brass band of North Carolina with 15 members, 3 lanyards, 2 hotels, 1 boarding house, 1 photo- graph gallei'y, 1 drug .store, 1 livery Ptable, 3 law offices, 1 leaf tobacco warehouse, and in town and immediate vicinity, you will find 9 large tobacco factories, 3 cotton factories, 5 merchant mills and a dozen or more little saw and corn mills. Mt. Airy has extra fine water power on either side. On the South and West is LoveU's Creek, with rich and cultivated bottom lands from 200 yards to \ mile in width, that extends seven or eight miles to- wards the Blue Ridge, which is a distance of 10 miles to the foot of this beautiful mountain. Two miles farther West of Mt. Airy, will bring you to Stewart's Creek, a much larger stream, and has much prettier and more valuable bottom lands, that extend equal- ly .as near the mountain as those on LoveU's creek. Six miles still farther West will bring you to Fisher's River ; here you will see lands equally as beautiful and productive as any you have seen on your trip. As you are now 10 miles from Mt. Airy, perhaps you had better return and sec the country that lies on the east. The fiist thing that you will notice is the Flat Rode, \\ miles due east of Mt. Airy. It has an area of about 40 acres in one body, that does not produce any vegetable matter, except a very light coat of dark colored moss, which renders this natural curiosity more beautiful than it otherwise would be. It lies fronting the Blue Eid^e Moun- tain, which gives a splendid view for more than 100 miles, or at least farther than the eye can reach, either way : the view is sub- lime, especially late in the afternoon. This rock is one solid mass of gray granite, and is of a superior quality. It is a very cheap building material, as it splits almost like chestnut wood, and can be, by a skillful workman, so dressed as to have the ai)i5earanco of polished marble. A Railroad to Mt. Airy would make this now almost worthless trac!. of untenable surface a fortune to the owner. You now have the Ararat River between you and Mt. Airy. This stream is much larger than either of those you have seen, with extra bottom lands that extend 12 miles into Patrick county, Va. White S'lJphv.r Spriofj.'i. — 3.V miles up the Ararat River from Mt. Airy, will bring you to the White Sulphur Springs. It has a new- ly fitted up hotel, that will comfortably accommodate 125 guests. This water I'as been pronounced bv Prof. Kimborlv. formerlv Pro- 50 GLIDE BOOK. OK fessor of the University of North C'lrolina, to be of extraordinary quality. Its reputation, so far as known, is inferior to none in this country. It is an infallible cure for dyspejDsia, kidney, liver and bladder diseases, chills and fever, chronic diarrhoja, general debility, nervousness and many affections peculiar to females. This county is rich with minerals, particularly iron and copper. And viewing this county with an unbiased eye, one would pro- nounce it the garden spot of North Carolina, and all it needs to make it bloom as the rose, is a Railroad. Elk'iii. — On Yadkin River. Place of considerable trade. A fine bridge spans the Yadkin River here. Seat of P^lkin Valley Mills, (wool,) and Elkiu Manufacturing Company. Place of considera- ble trade. Good farming community in vicinity. Population 100. &'iloam. — (P. O.) Farm village. Tobacco Factory of the Messrs. Reeves, princijial business. Also o fair country store. Good farms in vicinity. Hockford. — Old county town. Some country trade. A good High School is taught here. 2'opulation of Co!',7i(i/.— White, 9,692 5 colored, 1,560. Total, 11,252. Fruits. — Apples, Peaches, Plums, and the usual variety' of small- er fruits. Considerable fruit di'ied for exportation. Surface of the county hilly and mountainous. Piindpal Products. — Corn, Tobacco, Wheat, Rj'e, Oats, Potatoes and Grasses. Minerals. — Lead, Coal, Mica, Iron, Manganese, Asbestos. Soil. — Red and Gray. Industries. — Grist Mills, 46 ; Saw Mills, MO ; 1 Shoe Factory ; 4 Potteries ; Sash and Blind Factory ; 1 Furniture and Cabinet Shop. Woods. — Chestnut, Pine, Poplar, Hickory, Walnut, Locust, Oak, Cherry. Similar general growth of timber to be found in Stokes. Churches. — Methodist, 27 ; P>aptist, 25, Sulphur Springs, 1. Three Iron. Granite, Soapstone, Sandstone, Millstone in considerable quan- tities. WII-RES COUNTY. Wilkes County was formed in the year 1777 from Surry, and called in honor of John Wilkes, a distinguished English statesman and member of Parliament. He was ejected by the ministerial party from Parliament on account of his liberal political views; and as often he wns returned by the people. He died in 1797. Wilkes County is situated in the extreme north-west portion of our State and bounded on the north by the Line Ridge, which separates it from A she County: oast, by Surry ; south, by Alex- ander; and west, by Ashe and Watauga Counties. Its capital, Wilkesboro, is one hundred and seventy-two miles north-west of Raleigh. The County of Wilkes presents many interesting features both to the immigrant and the tourist. It embraces a lo-vely and fertile valley formed by the Yadkin Rrver and its tributaries, the top of ^ORTH•wEsrEU^ north cakomna. 51 the Blucridge being its northern and the top of the Brushy Moun- tain its southern boundary. Tlie Yadkin, running as it does, about North 60° East, or parallel with the Geological leads, furnish- es very tine water power. Its shoals or shallows being nothing more than an accumulation of pebbles. On its banks are found some of the finest bodies of bottom land to be seen anywhere in the State, some of which have been cultivated in corn for over one hundred years in succession, and are now much more fertile than when first cleared. These lands overflow, and almost always receive a heavy coating of rich loam. The tributaries of the Yadkin head up in the Blueridge and Brushy mountains, and running immediately across the (ieologieal leads form an immense number of water powers, some of them being very picturesque cascades. There are in this county some twenty-odd of these streams that have a sufficient amount of wa- ter to run heavy machinery. Wil/co^'boro, the county-seat, is situated on a high blulf, imme- diately on tlie bank of the Yadkin. It is " beauti'ul for situation," but not very well grown of its age. It is sixty miles West of Salem, and thirty to forty miles North-west from Statcsvillo. For the tourist, Wilkes furnishes some scenery unsurpassed for beauty, though perhaps not so grand as that of some of the more moun- tainous counties. Her most popular object of interest is Poor's Knob, of the Brushy Mountains, eight miles South of Wilkesboro. It rises to the height of 2,6SG feet above the level of the sea, and 1,600 feet above the valley of the Yadkin. From its to}> you can have a full view of some seventy-five to one hundred miles all around you, taking therein the Pilot and Sauratown mountains, Buffalo, Peach-bottom, Whit-top, Phoenix, Negro, Elk Knob, Roan, Grand-father, Table-rock, Hawkbill, Black Mountain, King's, An- derson's, Crowder's, and the level plane extending South and East, as far as the eye can reach, in which view are visible States- ville and Lincolnton, and with a good glass, Salisbury and perhaps Greensboro might bo seen. In full view on the North, and nestled in the valley of the Yadkin, sits the quiet little town of Wilkes- boro, and a little farther North are the magnificent proportions of the Blue Pidge, visible for some two hundred miles in length. Half way between Wilkesboro and Poor's Knob is Moravian Falls, a beautiful rolling cascade of some seventy-five or one hundred feet height, and so picturesque that it never fails to refresh the weary traveler and fill his ears with the " Music of Waters." An- other interesting object, the Kock Mountain, lies in the northern part of the county, near Trap Hill. It is a mountain of solid rock, some five or six miles in circumference at the base •, six or eight hundred feet high, with the top and one end covered with a splen- did grove of oaks and other jiative trees ; and pouring over an angle of the mountain is a lovely cataract of more than one hun- dred feet. Wilkes also has several unimproved Mineral Springs, which no doubt will some day, give the pallid cheek the rosy hue. and the halting gate the elastic step. Coming to the practical, it may be remembered that Tobacco raised in Wilkes took the first premium at the Vienna Fair, and 52 GUIDE ];oc>K oj' that the liriisliy Mountain apples are unexcelled any where in the world. These mountains are also peculiarly adapted to the grape, and if they could only be settled by a few hundred industrious Germans, they would soon rival the vine-clad hills of Italy and France. Besides these things all the cereals are raised, and well repay the industrious farmer. The climate of Wilkes is remarkably liealthful. There is no such thing as malaria in her borders, and the Blue Kidge com- pletely fortifies her peopjle against the cold North-west winds, thereby lessoning the danger of inflammatory diseases in winter. The census will show her ratio of mortality as small as that of any part of the United States. Churches. — Methodist 28 : Baptist 5G ; Episcopal 2 ; Presbyte- rian 2. Schools.— WhiiQ, 94 ; Colored, 18 ; High Schools, 3. Timber. — Oak, Pine, Chestnut, Hickory. Walnut and Poplar. Mills.— GroAn 95 ; Saw Mills 54. Potteries, 1 ; Tanneries, 12 : 1 Foundry. Fruits. — Apples, Peaches, Pears, Grapes, Cherries, Berries, &c. Population of County.— White, 13,877 ; colored, 1,662. Total, 15,539. Granite, Sandstone, Soapstone and Mill Stones are found. Also Iron, Manganese, traces of Gold, Silver and Coi^per. ALLEGHANif COUNTi'. Bounded on the North by Virginia, East by Surry, South by Wilkes and West by Ashe. Surface hilly and mountainous. Principal Timber. — Oak, Chestnut, Poplar, Birch, Maple. Churches. — 10 Baptist, Schools. — (Not correctly reported,) 4 white and 2 colored. Carding Machines, 3. Mills.— Gvn\n, 20 ; Saw Mills, 9. Furniture Manufactories, 4 : Saddle and Harness, 1 ; 3 Gold Mines ; Copper, Plumbago, Iron, &taple Crops. — Corn, Rye, Oats, Wheat, Buckwlieat, Potatoes and Grasses. Fruits. — Apples, Pears, Plums, &c. Characters of soil like that of Surry, Wilkes, &c. County Seat. — Gap Civil, Population— White. 3,401 : Colored 290, Total 3,691. NORTH-WESTERN NORTH CAROf.INA. 53 ASHE COUNTY. Ashe County was formed in 1799 from -'tluit portion of Wilkes lying West of the oxtremt^. heiglit of the Appalachian Mountains.'' It is in the extreme Northwest corner of the State ; bounded on the North by tlie Virginia line, East by the Appalachian Mountains, which separate it from Wilkes and Surry, and South \>\' Watauga, Caldwell and Wilkes Counties, It was called in honor of Samuel Ashe, who was but a short time before the erection of this county, Governor of the State. Samuel Ashe was born in 1725. IIo was an educated man, and a lawyer l)y profession. The proceedings of the Committee of Safety and the journals of the Provincial Congress from 1774 to 1776 attest his firmness and patriotism. He was one of the three first judges in the State, 1777, and Cov- ernor in 1795. Its capital town preserves in North Carolina the name of Thom- as Jetlerson, the third President of fhe United States. Its distance from Raleigh 202 miles. Ashe County was settled about 1755. The face of the country is mountainous, its valleys fertile, yielding wheat, oats, barley, buckwheat and potatoes in great abundance. It has extensive ranges for pasture ; its air is i)ureand water excellent: the climate favorable to longevity. Churches. — Baptist, 20 ; ^Methodist, 10 •, Danker, 2. Schools.— White, 100 ; Colored, 3. Towns. — Jefferson, population 300. Ore Knob, 500. Priiicipai Timber. — Uak, Walnut, Sugar Maple, Poi)lar, Hickory and Cucumber. 1 Wool Carding Mill ; 5 Tanneries. Mil/s. — Grain, 41 ; Saw, 30. Furniture Shops, 3. Minerals, — Iron, Copper, &c. Populaiion— White 8,991 ; Colored 5S2. Total 9573. The following sketch was written for the Marion, (Va.j IL-rald and Patriot : Ore Knob, as the mountain peak upon which the mine is situat- ed is called, is situated in Ashe county, N. C, 46 miles southeast of Marion (the nearest railroad depot), and ten miles east of Jef- ferson, the county site of Ashe county. The existence of copper upon the Knob has been known for some twenty-five years, but the magnitude of the deposits was not suspected until the present company obtained possession of it. To show how little was sus- pected of its immense value, we will mention that it was sold in 1848 for the magnificent sum of eleven dollars, and was afterward bought by Mr. John Martin, now a resident of Ashe county. It was worked on a small scale before ihe war by a Tennessee com- pany, who had no works upon the ground, but hauled the ore by a roundabout way to Wytheville for shipment. Tiie present com- pany, composed of Messrs. S. S. Clayton, Geo. Small, Juo. S. Wil- liams, James Clayton, and others, all of the city of Baltimore, is incorporated with a working capital of three million dollars ; and that sum is far short of the real value of the knob, which contains, all things considered, one of tlie most valuable and extensive veins of coppei- ov^'r discovered in America. 54 OU!I>E BOOK OV The vein of copper, which extends transversely through the Knob, is a true fissure, and has been traced a distance of nearly 1,200 feot. The depth of the vein is not known, as the deepest shaft yet sunk is 152 feet, and the ore is still beneath, and extends to an indefinite depth ; fissure veins have rai'ely been worked down to any bottom. The width of the vein where "cross-cuts" have been made is from twelve to fourteen feet ; and it is safe to say that it will average at least ten feet in width The ore will yield an average of twelve to twenty per cent, of copper. The immense value of the Ore Knob mine will be seen when we state, upon the authority of experienced miners, that a three foot vein of copper ore, yielding from 3 to 5 per cent, of copper, is consid- ered a good paying vein. Seven shafts have been sunk to the vein, the deepest of which is, as before stated, 152 feet. A gallery about 630 lectin length has been run through the vein. In sinking the shafts and run- ning the gallery at least three hundred thousand dollars' worth of ore has been taken out, which is now being worked up by the company. It sounds almost incredible that this vast amount of ore should have been taken out wliile merely opening tlie vein and preparing for mining, but the ore is there to speak for itself. The company when they first commenced operations shipped a considerable quantity of ore to market, but they have now erected extensive works for the extraction of the metal at the mines. The process of making copper is as follows : The ore is first crush- ed, and then ground to an impalpable powder; after which it is "roasted"' in furnaces for the purpose of driving off the sulphur which it contains. The copper is then extracted from the ore by the wet process, discovered and patented by Dr. T. Sterry Hunt, of Boston, and Prof. Jas. Douglas, Jr., of Quebec, Canada. This process, which is put into operation at Ore Knob for the first time on a large scale, is a very simple and economical method of ex- tracting the metal and will, we think, be adopted universally when its merits become known, and will be a large source of revenue to the distinguished chemists who are its discoverers. By the process of Professors Hunt and Douglas, the ore, after the " roasting " process, is put in a bath of chloride of iron, made by mingling salt and copperas. This is thoroughly stirred and the copper dissolved. After the copper is thoroughly dissolved the li- quor is allowed to stand for some hours, in order to allow the heavier particles to subside; then the liquor, with the copper in solution, is drawn oft" into tanks filled with scrap iron; the result is the precipitation of the copper on the iron in the shaj^e of ce- ment, or sponge copper. The liquor, after giving up its copper, is used over again indefinitely. The company is shipping the cement copper to market at present ; but as sson as furnaces can be erect- ed for which preparations are now making, the copper will be re- fined at the mine and shipped to market in ingots. The present daily production of copper is about 4,500 pounds, the marketable value of which is about $1,000. The present company purchased Ore Knob over five years ago, but spent a considerable time in perfecting their title to the prop- erty, so that they only commenced active mining operations about NORTII-M'ESTKKS NORTH CAROLINA. 55 our years ago. In that short space they have done an e.vtraordin- ary amount of work. They have built twenty-si.x roasting furnaces and forty- four tanks, with a capacity of 4,000 gallons each ; dry- ing-liouse, engine-houses, store-houses, offices, a largo boarding- house for employees, and quite a number of other buildings. W ATA If ; A COUNTY. The Iron, or Smoky Mountain, forms the line between Xorth Car- olina and Tennessee along the northern boundary of this county. Near the East end of the Roan Mountain, this chain begins to run a few degrees East of North, and keeps this course a few miles be- yond the Gap where the Watauga River breaks through to join the Holston. Then turning abruptly to the p]ast, and at the State Gap, North again, leaving a salient angle in North Carolina, this great mountain chain reaches the corner of this Siato, Tennessee and Virginia. From the point first indicated, near the Roan Mountain, the Yellow Mountains run a little South of East, nearly along the line between Mitchell and Watauga counties, and continuing close to Grandfather Mountain, near the Blue Ridge. Thence the Blue Ridge runs North-eastwardly to the Virginia line. Occupying the AVestern end of the vast plateau, thus encom- passed by these three great mountain ranges, lies the County of Watauga. The Eastern portion of the same plateau forms Ashe County. The average height of this plateau is more than three thousand feet above sea level. Very many isolated mountains and ranges of hills break up and diversify the county, — some rivaling in height the mnjestic walls by which tlie county is so nearly sur- rounded ; but the sides, and even the summits of" these elevations are lertile, and, notwithstanding its rugged surface, Watauga con- tains but few acres which are not valuable for crops or pasture. A tributary of the Ohio, the New River, heads in this county, and with its many affluents drains the Eastern half, while the same office is performed in the Western half by the head and afflu- ents of the Watauga River, a tributary of the Tennessee. So Watauga County is properly a part of the vast Valley of the Mis- sissippi. Both systems of streams afford an abundance of water power, and in the proper season many of them give good trout fishing. While raising enough wheat and corn for home consumption, this county annually exports a considerable quantity of buckwheat, rye, cabbage, apples, chestnuts, Irish potatoes, j)oultry, eggs, but- ter and cheese, and furnishes tlie Northern patent medicine ven- ders with great amounts of medicinal roots and herbs. It also sends largo droves of cattle, mules and horses to the markets of Tennessee, Virginia and South Carolina. Its population is between five and si.x thousand. It contains 185,327 acres, tenanted bv a hardv, shrewd, industrious and hos- 56 GCiDK BOOK, or pitable yeomanvy. But one conviction of murder, or other capital felony, has ever been had in the county. So far as temperature is concerned, its climate is nearly the same as that of Berlin, Prussia, and Chicago, Illinois. The average for Spring is 47°, Summer, 68°, Autumn, 48° and Winter, 32°, giving an annual mean of 48 7-10°, while that of Berlin is 48° and Chicago 47°. The greatest range of the mercury at Boone, the highest town in the State, being 3,242 feet above sea level, is 78° or from 40° to 82°. Westerly winds prevail, — an observation for two years showing 259 days when such was the case, while 39 days had Southerly, 37 Easterly and 10 Northerly winds — .the remaining days being calm, or rather, entirely breezeless. Near Morris' Flouse, on the Caldwell and Watauga Turnpike, 8 miles from Boone, is a Spring, tested by Mv. Olds, of Raleigh, and pronounced by him to be 49°. The famous Rock Spring at Morris is 52J°. The rainfall is about the same as in the other mountain counties. There are no manufactories of any size, or any great mercantile establishments in the county owing to its distance from railroads, but its commerce, conducted by wagons, is very considerable, and its fai'mers are often found, during the winter months, as far South as Columbia, S. C. Its recent establishment, as a county, has prevented its claiming as its own any of the great events of the past, although many in- cidents dignified by historical notice, took place within what are now its borders, and village tradition still points out a rude heap of blackened stone in a fair meadow in Boone as the remains of the chimney of a hunting lodge built by the mighty hunter after whom the county town is proud to be named. Several points of interest to the tourist, in this county, near or on the line of Caldwell, will be spoken of in the sketch of that county. Churches. — Baptist, 11 ; Methodist, ; Lutlieran. 2 ; Episcopal, 1. Lodges. — Masonic, 1 : Eriends of Temperance 2. Tmber. — Oak, Chestnut, Poplar, Pine, Sugar Maple. Cherry and Walnut. Mills — Grain, 29; Saw, IS. 2 Sliingle Eactories, 2 Fui'niture. 2 Tanneries. Fruit. — Apples, Peaches, &c. Minerals. — Iron, Mica, Plumbago, Gold, Silver and Cojipcr are found. ( A 1,1) w EL I. South of Watauga lies Caldwell, bounded on the Noi-th by the Blue Ridge, on the South by the Catawba River, on t!ie East by Alexander and Wilkes, and on the West by Jonas' Ridge, a spur of the Grandfather Mountain, dividing this county from its parent, Burke. Through the centre of the county, from East to West, run two parallel chains of hills, the Southern range called the Brushy ; NORTII-n'ESTERN NORTH CAR0UN.4. 57 the Northern are called the AVarrior Mountain. These lise together outside the county, and enter it, after dividing from the parent chain, about 7 miles a))art. Brushy Mountain culminates and ends in TurkeycocI^, or High Britain Mountain, 3 miles in an air line fi'om Lenoir, the county seat, while Warrior Mountain keeps on farther to the West, atid ends at John's River, a few miles East of Jonas' i^idge. The broad and fertile valley enclosed between these ranges is drained hy Lower Creek and its affluents. South of the Lower Creek Valley, and towards the Catawba River, the county is undulating, drained by numerous creeks and branches, each watering a greater or less expanse of bottom land. The up- lands in the Southern third of the county, though now neglected, will in time, be the I'ichest section for wheat and tobacco in this part of tiie State. The Northern thii'd of the county presents a very diflerent topography. Six massive spurs lead from the Blue Ridge South, and, coming in some places to within 2 miles or less of Warrior Mountain range, with which they form right angles. Between these ridges, the live valleys are drained by Buftalo, flow- ing into the Yadkin, the Yadkin proper, and Mulberry, John's River, and Wilson Creek, the thi'ee latter, under the name of John's River, flowing into the '.'atavvba nearMorganton. As it reach- es the lowlands North of the Warrior Range, the Yadkin bends ab- ruptly to the Eastward, forming the noted Valley of the Yadkin, marked on the older maps as ''The Happy Valley," well known as the home, in former days, of Gen. \Vm. Lenoir, Col. Wm. Davenport, Gen. Sam'I. F. Patterson and others, whose lives are a part of the history of the State, and now occupied mostly by their descendants and kindred, who still kenp alive the habits of hos- pitality and thrift that have made their names household words in so many sections of the Commonwealth. From its peculiar location, extending from the mountain back- bone of the Continent to tiie lowlands of the Catawba, this county afl'ords so varied a list of ])roductions that it is impossible in this article to enumerate them. In one short day's journey the travel- ler may, in this county, gather flowers from the Laurel and the Fig. The Census Reports show that the county fills up every col- umn of crops raised in the country, except sugar cane, and it af- fords a substitute for that in sorghum. It contains 250,701 acres, sustaining a population of about 9,000. Its average elevation above sea level, in the more settled portion, is about 1,200 feet. Its average temperature is, Sj)ring, 55^, Summer, 74°, Autumn, 55°, Winter 38°, giving an annual mean of 55?°, or nearly that of Paris, France, which is 51°, and Venice, Italy, 55°. The mercury has a range of 82°, or i'rom 9° to 91° The total rainfall lor a year is 4Si inches, as I'ollows : Spring, 10^, Summer. 14'., .\.utumn 10 15, and Winter, 13^. Three years' observation show the winds as follows: Westerly, 192 days, Southerly, 85 days, Easterly, 144 days, and Northerly 139 days. High winds are e.xceedingly rare. There are four maimfactories, one of considerable size, the cot- ton and woolen mills of (iwyn, Harper & Co., at Patterson, on the Yadkin River. 7 mih> North of Lenoir. Tliere are 4 jzold mines 58 GUIDE BOOK OF in the county, and innumerable beds oF Iron ore, some pronounced by the State Geohigist, of fine quality, yielding; 65 per cent, of iron. The population is honest, law-abiding and frugal. A higher de- gree of Education than common, prevails here. Lenoir has cele- brated schools and a prosperous Public Library. But one execution ever occurred in the county. The principal points of interest to travelers are as follows : Tur- keycock Mountain, .5 miles by a graded road from Lenoir, and 10 miles from the thriving village of Hickory (on the W. N. C. Railroad,) 2,242 feet above sea level. From its clear summit, a view can be had, rivalling in beauty, and almost in extent, those aftbrded by its grander neighbors of the Blue Ridge. It is in con- templation to place a signal station for observations of the weather, upon these hills. Grandfather Mountain, the central knob or culminating point of all the mountain systems of this region, is .5,897 feet above sea level, and was long believed to be the highest peak of the whole Appalachian chain. Its vast bulk, and its great altitude above the low valleys which surround it, make it more imposing than its loftier bretliren of the Black Mountain group. Its top, from East to West, shows the gigantic profile of a bearded face, giving it its name. It is .'JO miles from Hickory, 31 from Lenoir, and 9 miles from Morris' House, from which point it is easily accessible on horseback. The high-walled valley back of the Grandfather, be- tween it and the Hanging Rock Mountain, is one of tlip most pic- turesque places in the State. It is reached from ShuU's Mills, 7 miles from Morris, and 48 from Hickory. Blowing Rock Mountain, a spur of the Blue Ridge, joins its pa- rent where the Caldwell and Watauga Turnpike cross the crest of the Ridge. TJie mountain is 4,090 feet a.bove sea level, and courses over Northward like some enormous wave, arrested and turned into shore just as it was about to fall upon the valley below. This cliff is 2,500 feet above the upper valley of John's River, and for hundreds of feet is almost precipitous. In almost any weather, so strong a breeze blows up and over the cliff, that small articles, as handkerchiefs and hats, thrown down towards the valley, are hurried back over the heads of those standing on the crest. Near here are the head springs of the Yadkin and New Rivers, separated by two hundred yards of level meadow ; the waters of one reach the Atlantic above Charleston in 450 miles of travel ; of the other, the Gulf of Mexico, after 2,500 miles of devious wan- derings, and mingling with streams from one-fourth of the States of the Union. Blowing Rock is 20 miles from Lenoir and 39 from Hickory Churches. — Baptist, 20 ; Methodist, 17 ; Lutheran, 2 ; Episcopal, 2 ; Presbyterian. 1. Schools. -Two High Schools ; one at Lenoir of considerable repu- tation, known as " Finley High School." The other known as "Davenport Female College," also located at Lenoir, in full view of the Blue Ridge about twenty miles distant. It was founded in in the year 1853 by the liberality of a number of citizens, promi- nent among whom was Col. William Dayenport, of Happy Valley, in honor of whom the institution was named. XORTII-WESTEKX NORTH CAROLINA. 59 D. F. C. belongs to the Methodist Episcopal JChurch .South, anduntil the j-car 1870 was under the control of tlie .South Carolina Confer- ence. At that tima it was transferred to the North Carolina Con- ference, which now holds and controls it. In 1805 it was occupied and plundered by Gen. Stoneman's army, and its operations were consequently suspended for a few weeks. With this exception it was in successful operation from its first opening in 1858 to the 14th of February, 1877, when it was accidentally consumed by fire. It is now (1878) in progress of re-construction and will, in a short time, be ready to re-open. It has educated a large number of young ladies, among whom are many of the most accomplished daughters of North and South Carolina. Toivm. — Lenoir; population, 600. Patterson; population, 100. All varieties of useful timber. Mineral tSprinqx. — Suljihur, 3 : Mignesia, 1 ; several Iron. 3/e7/,s-.— Grain. 51 ; Saw, 41. Furniture Shops, 5 ; Implements, 1 ; Tanneries, 8 ; Potteries, 1. Minerals. — Silver, Copper. Mica, Iron, Manganese. Asbestos. Friiit, — Same Fruits flourish in Caldwell as in Watauga. CATAWBA COUNTY. Catawba County stands prominent among the counties of Wes- tern North Carolina, combining as it does in its favored locality, the highest fertility of soil, varied natuial resources, an. These were Germans. Of these a number formed settlements west of the Catawba river. They concerned themselves about the ministration of the Word of God and the ordinances of llis liouse. They formed societies, and erected houses of worship according to their ability. While they were at first destitute of ministers of the gospel, these German Lutherans would assemble on Sunday and have Lutheran jitayers and sermons read for their edification by the school-teacher. The first Lutheran minister from Germany to this State was Rev. Adolph Nussmann. Tiirough his influence Rev. J.G. Arndt came to his aid, who first preached to the Lutheran settlers in this county. Previous to and during the Revolutionary War, these two faithful servants of God labored alone. They endured much toil and hardship, were instrumental in planting, organizing and establishing the Lutheran Church in different portions of North Carolina. After the Revolution was over Rev. •J.G. Arndt removed from Rowan to Lincoln county, which then embraced Catawba. He located in Lincoln county in the year 1786. There he labored and died and was buried under the old Lutheran church in Lincolnton. lie is the acknowledged founder of the Lutheran Church west of the Catawba river. The last four years of his life lie was unfittofl for labor by the lo^s of his eyesight. (<2 C.VlDr. KCMiK OK The oldest churches in Catawba are St. Pauls and Zion, f) miles from Hickory. Subsequently others were organized. After Rev. Arndt rested from his labors, in order Revs. J. R. Miller, Philip Henkel, Daniel Moser and David Henkle broke the bread of life to these congregations of German Lutherans. From a handful in 1776 to 1800, the Lutheran Church in Catawba has increased to hundred even thousands. She has had her days of sunshine and shade. The Lord has blessed and prospered her where she has been faithfullj'^ cultivated. The number of congregations now in Catawba is 14. with a mem- bership of about two thousand. The first ministers were all German. Our ministers now preach in English alone, — all understand the German. The Lutheran Church here is in a prosperous. condition. Strong efforts are now being made to establish a school of high grade at Conover, the centre of the Lutheran Church in Catawba, in the midst of a strong Lutheran population. The Bcformcd (German) Church. — The Reformed (German) and Lutheran Churches were doubtless the earliest organized in the limits of the territory now included in Catawba County. St. Paul's Church, 11 miles West of Newton, is the oldest church in the county. It is a union church. Reformed and Lutheran. The pres- ent is the second house of worship. It was built early in the present century. The first must have been built some considera- ble time before the revolution of 1770. The land was donated by Paul Anthony, who was born in 1710. The immediate descend- ants of Henry Whitener, the pioneer of this section, were mem- bers of the Reformed Church, and Father Loretz. a Reformed minister, preached Henry Whiteuer's funeral. Father Andrew Loretz came to North Carolina about 1784, and was the first regu- lar pastor of the Reformed Churches in Catawba and several other counties in the State. He was a man of fine abilities, extensive learning, and commanding eloquence. His eulogy on Washington was a masterpiece of oratory. His field of labor stretched over 100 miles East of this county, and South, into the heart of South Carolina. He died suddenly, in 1812, in the afte.'noon of the last day on which he preached at St. Paul's. Grace and St. John's churches were built early in the present century, Smyrna was or- ganized before 1840. St. Matthew's was organized about the same time. Bethel, several years later. The Church at Newton was built soon after the town was located. The congregation at Hick- ory was organized, perhaps, during the late war. The house of worship has been built since. Salem is a L'nion Church. The Reformed Congregation was organized there several years after the late war. Just before the middle of the present century, the con gregations at Grace and St. Paul's were large and influential, doubtless, the most so in the county. With these exceptions, the Reformed congregations in this county have not been very large; but the church as a body has, from the first settlement of this sec- tion (1750, the date of Henry Whitener's first Patent), included a large per cent, of the best families. She has sustained an enviable character for intelligence, christian enterprise and piety. Her members have always been in the front ranks of the noble enter- prises of the church and the State. Tli(> Bible und Tract Socie- NORTH-WKSTERN NORTil CAROLINA. 63 lies, tlio Tompc-rauce cause, tlie Sabbath School and education, have ever been cherished objects with her people. None have been more ardent or substantial supporters of the principles on which our .government is founded, or of measures to advance her welfare. When the Classis of North Carolina inaugurated an in- stitution of learning for the better training of the youth of the church, Catawba County held out the strongest inducements for location, anil ddawha ChUxgc was established at Newton, in 1851. The school immediately became popular, and for a number of years its patronage was large. The scholarship plan on which it was started did not meet its financial necessities, and its usefulness after a time was hindered. But through all of the vicissitudes through which the church and the country have passed, the school has maintained itself well, and is now honorably represented by tliose whom it has sent out from year to year, in the learned pro- fessions and useful avocations in most, if not all the Southern and Western States, and in many of the Northern States besides. The school is full at pi'esent, and in a flourishing condition. The churches mentioned in this sketch, contain upwards of 500 members, and are divided into two charges. Methodkf. — From the best information we can get, Methodism was introduced into Catawba County nearly one hundred years ago. We have no date at hand by which we can determine the exact time it was introduced into the county. In the year 1830, according to the Minutes of one of the early Conferences in North Carolina, llev. Hartwell Spain was Presiding Elder of the Lincoln- ton District, which embraced several counties, Catawba, then a part of Lincoln, was among them. In this county at present, there are about 18 churches, worth, perhaps twenty thousand dol- lars, ;tnd a membership of 1,100, with 8 ministsrs, travelling and local. The church has made considerable progress in the last few years. The church in Hickoiy was organized in June, 18G8, with a membership of about 12 ; it now numbers nearly 70. Thus it continues to grow. Her Sunday School interest is managed well, and the rapid increase in membership is no doubt attributed in a measure to l»er well regulated Sunday Schools, and her itinerant system. Episcopal. — The services of the Episcopal Church were establish- ed in this county in September, 1872, by the llev. V. Falls, then Rector of Grace Church, Morganton. The limits of this Parish, which was formed by authority of the Diocesan Convention of 187.'5, were intended to embrace the entire county. The Rev. Edmund N. .Joyner succeeded to the Pastoiate in 1874. Since 1872, there have been regular ministrations at Hickory, and also, since 1875, at Newton. There are at this date, 1878, a few more tlian a hundred members in tli.^ Pnvish, about fifty of whom are ommunicanis. '/'/.(. J',-csh/tr,iuii ('/iurr/^ had iii lii'st organization in the county in the town of Newton, in 1858, at which place they have now a mem- bership of about ;55, and are erecting a house of worshij). Rev. J. M. (iibbs took pastoral charge of a small congregation of Presby- terians in ni.^lcorv. on the 18th of March. l><7.'i. Thev are no^v 64 GUiuK BOOK oy erecting also a house of worship in that phtcu. In the primitive history of the State Presbyterianism was a pioneer, but in Catawba county, until late years, it has been little known. The Baptist Church has an organization at the village of Catawba, and also one at Hickory, with a house of worship at each place, but like those of the Presbyterian and Episcopal churches, their congregations are small : they make some progress, however from year to year. Catawba County has two prevailing soils, about equally divided upon its uplands, the Northern portion being alluminous, a gray, sandy surface with a clay subsoil, the Southern portion partaking more of the ferruginous, being strongly impregnated with iron, and hence is a red yellow, soil. There is little of the rough gravel or mica surface in the county. The bottom lands are exceedingly fertile, principally a rich, sandy loam, with very little of that very troublesome surface, known among farmers, as " Craw- fish Lands." The average fertility of the soil can hardly be ex- celled by any county in the State. Its principal products are Wheat, Corn, Oats, Kye, &c., &c. The cro|) of Wheat in 1877, reached one hundred and thirty-five thousand bushels. No cor- rect estimate of the corn crop is given. Cotton is being profitably cultivated especially in the Southern portion of the county, wliile recent developments have established the fact that Catawba Coun- ty can produce as fine tobacco as can be found elsewhere in the State. Not only practical experience, but high authority as to the nature of the soil, is quoted when we say that " Catawba County is embraced in the fine tobacco belt of Virginia and North Caro- lina." The people are gradually being awakened to this addition- al source of wealth in their midst, and are even now looking for- ward in the not distant future, when the production of Tobacco will be one of their leading industries. The establishment of a " Leaf Warehouse " in the village of Hickory, has greatly stimu- lated the industry. In production, we have but to add, that Ca- tawba County sends to market more or less of near all the products of the soil, except tropical fruits- Her native fruits are an im- mense industry; even the despised blackberry is a power within her borders. Grapes grow luxuriantly. The Grasses, to any great degree, are not native to her soil ; yet the Ciovar fields are rich, and her meadows waft the perfume of new mown hay. Many of her farmers, have of late years, turned their attention to the im- provement of stock, more especially cattle and hogs, until now fine cows browse upon the hills, and fat hogs are brouglit to the larder. Little attention has been paid to sheep raising, and the people would hold that man " worthy of honor" who could instill into our Legislature the necessity of a "dog law;" then, in all probability, sheep-husbandry would become an important indus- try. We would mention, in this connection, that the native woods of Catawba are valuable, abounding in the ditterent varieties of Oak, Pine, Hickory, Ash, Maple, &c., &c., last though not least, Black Walnut, to say nothing of other rare varieties. We learn of a broad acreage on the South foi'k of the Catawba river, covered by an immense cane-brake, in which stands millions of feet of black walnut. This of itself, is a fortune to the man who would cull it from its apparently impenetrable morass. N0RT1!-M KSTiORV NOUTH CAROLINA. 65 Leaving tlu; surface, and looking deeper, we find in this county such liiddcn i^tovos of wealth, ns had not been dreamed of until Prof. John T. Humphreys, of Virginia, late Naturalist and Ento- mologist to the State Department of Agriculture of Georgia, a man of learning and e.Ktensivc research in tliis particular branch of science, after spending some months in this county, opened up the fact that it had much mineral wealth. We are indebted to him for the following .sketch of the "Mineral resources of Catawba County : " " An imaginary line, running duo East and West from ocean to ocean, and passing through Hickory, plainly indicates the extreme Southern limit of the Arctic fauna and flora, and the e.xtreme Northern limit of the Tropical fauna and flora. Tiie variation and inter-variation, tiierefore of genera and species in this portion of the Kingdom of Nature are of an exceedingly interesting charac- ter. The minerals found in this county partake of the same an- omalous nature as the plants and insects. Strata of the oldest Azoic rocks yet known to science, are found in this county, and, inter'ulended with tiiem, we discover abundant evidences of a later period, the upper Silurian and the lower De- vonian. In ether words, there is a series of crystalline-igneous rocks mingled witli those of a sedimentary character, such as limestone and sandstone. For building purposes, we enumerate ; Gneiss, Syenite, Felds- pathic Granite, Sandstone (pseudo), Limestone and a good quality of Clay. Also a tolerable Marble. For pottery, pipes, &.C., Kaoline, of different colors. T/ic Ores are Native Gold, The Sulpliurets of Gold, Limonite and ii'ematite (Iron), The Sulphurets (Iron), The Sulphurets of Copper. Minei-ah in General. — Mica, Asbestos, Beryl, (green, blue and yel- low), Tourmaline, (black), Quartz Crysials of every variety, reni- form, nodular, botryoidal, mammillary, globular, amygdaloidale, dendritic, dursey and acicular, Titanite, Rutile, Garnets, (iron), Liquid bearing Quartz Crystals, Amethyst, Smokey or Cairngown, Feldspar, Siderite, Graphite. A thorough geoligical survey of this county would add largely to its wealth. Passing on the wonderful resources of water power in thi:; coun- ty, it presents a broad field for the profitable investment of capital, for its location being easily accessible to all the sources from whence material for manufacturing may bo obtained in, and ad- jacent to the county, its water power tleserves special mention. The Catawba river, not less beautiful in its flow than in the sweet sounding of its Indian name, rushes on towards the sea with a force (we quote from Prof. Kerr's Report to the Legislature of 1875) equal to 245 horse power to the foot of fall. Along the line of this river are many valuable manufacturing seats, prominent among which are the "Horse Ford Falls" three miles north of Hickory, where the fall is said to be 24 feet. It is hoped that ere long this great native power may be utilized to its fullest extent, when the buzz of the cotton spindle, and the crash of the loom, mingled with others of the wheels of industry may keep time to the march of progress in the " Old North State." To the South of Hickory, on the South Fork of the Catawba, are a number of 66 (JLlDi; BOOK ov shoals ; tliese though smaller in extent than some on tlie main stream, are nevertheless such elements of force, that were they utilized, would drive all the machinery that could be erected upon its bank ; all these are easily accessible by railroad, as|Hickory is sit- uated about midway between the rivers, and as soon as the con- necting link of the Chester «& Lenoir N. G H. It., or that of the Carolina Central R. R. shall open up to Hickory, a Southern out- let, the value of all her surrounding resources will bo much en- hanced. At the Horse Ford Falls, one of the best Flouring Mills of the country is situated ; to this has recently been added bj' Messrs. Ramsour &, Bonniwell, machinery for the manufacture of Wagons, Hubs, Spokes and other wood work, which will doubtless become a lucrative business. Adjacent thereto, on Horse Ford Creek, are the excellent Flouring Mills of A. L. Shuford, Esq., whose fine quality of flour cateis to the apjietites of many of the best families in the State ; and so throughout the entire county the small streams, which are numerous, are being utilized in the manufacture of flour, lumber or other commodities. Near the village of Catawba is quite a manufacturing interest. "Granite ishoal Cotton Mills," on the Catawba river, runs 1,20(1 spindles, making four tons of carpet warp per week, for the Northern mark- ets. "Long Island Mills,'' a little above, on the river, runs 1,000 spindles, and 24 looms, turning off" 800 yards of 4-4 sheeting and 200 lbs. cotton Yarn per day. These Mills consume 1 ,000 bales cotton annually, mostly of local production, employing 50 girls and 20 men. Just above the "Long Island Mills,'' is a valuable power known as " IJutt'alo Shoal,"' wliere Daniel Moore has a Saw Mill, and here we will remark that this lumber industry is consid- erable in the county. On opposite side of the river from Daniel Moore's Saw Mill, Messrs. VVilhelm & Wagoner have Flouring and Saw Mills, driven by water from the same shoal, thus showing that its power is considerable. On Bald's Creek, and near its mouth, four miles east of the village of Catawba, are situated '" Catawba Valley Iron Works,'' where lies an inexhaustible bed of Haema- tite Ore: and two blooming fires, with machinery capable of turn- ing ort' 1,000 lbs. of moulds and bar iron per day. The '"Shuford Gold Mine,'' four miles South of Catawba village, fiom which $70,000 worth of the precious metals have been taken, still con- tains, it is said, thousands of tons of ore that would remunerate operators with machinery adapted to gold extraction. Near by are the Lime Beds of CatawV)a, which will become valuable, for both building and agricultural purposes, — move especially tlie latter, when the people learn the value of lime as a fertilizer. The tanning business is another important industry of the coun- ty, though no very extensive tanneries are carried on, yet there are a number in the county, the most important of which is that of Messrs. Seagle, Clapp & Finger, Newton, N. C using a ten horse power engine and machinery. They send to the Northern markets considerable (iuantities of " leather in the rough.'' Distilling is engaged in to a limited extent. Vet these people are sober and law-abiding, and iear not the trcaeon a place of consideraV)lp resort from neighboring counties. The justly celebrated "I.inville River and Falls" can be easily reached from this point. The following description may be found interesting : " We now came to a very steep ascent, obliging us to dismount and lead some distatice. Arriving ui»on the ridge we again mount- ed our nogs and proceeded along the top of the mountain, soon arriving at the noted tree where four counties corner. We rode around tlie tree, passing through tlie counties of Burke, Watau- ga, Yancey and McDowell. We now commenced descending, rapidly approaching Linville River, where we left the horses, and prepared to cros^s the stream, the roar of falls breaking upon our ears. We were obliged to move along the water's edge, over smooth, wet stones, threatening a ducking at every step, — until we were enabled to force our way up the steep bank, through the stubborn laurel thickets, finding a bleak spot, covered with a " laurel brake.'' There is a singular feature in tlie landscape just here: On the o)>posite side of the stream, noble trees reach the watei''s edge, while on tlie side we were on, nothing but stunted timber appears. After proceeding a short distance we descended a sort of natural steps.- and walked out upon a rocky bluff, over- looking the several falls. The scene was grand beyond description, and it is folly to attempt a delineation of the wild fanciful freaks that nature assumes. Above the falls the river is comparatively smooth, but soon becomes ruffled by rapids, until it dashes unin- terruptedly over h huge rock, about 20 feet high, extending across from bank to bank, and continues to fret along, falling three dif- ferent times, as it boils and surges in its serpentine course. Our guide had meanwhile descended the rock upon which we stood, and crossing a log ascended another and liigher mass of granite, calling upon us to follow. At first we were disposed to be satisfied with our position, but he insisted tliat we saw nothing where we were, and re-crossing the frail log bridge, bade us come and see the grandest sight of all. We followed the guide, not however without some misgiving!*, as thf log lay across the stream where it was per- haps the most fearful in its mad career, and just above its last and most magnificent tumble. As we ascended the opposite ledge, a sight greeted our enraptured vision, causing us to forget all the difficulties in the enjoyment of this magnificent display of nature's grand and gigantic works. In the shadow of such magnificent and terrible forms, man seems but a plaything of a moment, to be blown away with the first breath, and persons unaccustomed to scenes of this kind cannot at the first glance, get an adequate im- pression of the magnitude of the scenes around them. Every- thing is on such a gigantic scale that the real and individual great- ness of the objects are lost sight of. As we thus stood gazing upon the course of this greatest of all the elements, rushing along in its rock-bound bed, and forcing a passage for itself through the hard, gray rock, — we could not help contrasting this scene with the bab- bling brook as it flow5 peacefully through the meadow land, or courses aloncr in the leafy wood, throwing itself into miniature cas- cades and then rippling over its pebbly bed, singing merrily as it glides on, cooJng tlio fevered brow of man and cheering the wood- NORTH-W'KSTtRX NORTH CAROLINA. 69 land bird as it laves its downy plumage in its bright water. Here the ecene was (handled, the babbling brook had become a reckless torrent, bursting asunder the very rock in its mad career, and throwing huge timbers in wild confusion on its rocky banks. Wo seated ourselves, looking down some forty feet where the troubled waters made their descent over the last and highest fail, said to be near 100 feet, finding repose in an immense pool, easily imagined to be boltomle?s, from which arose continually a thin mist. As we gazed down the stream, we saw it again assume a smooth surface, while its waters on either side wore hemmed in by huge palisades of gray granite, which continue for miles down the river, at one place nearly closing over it, so that one might leap from one side to the other. These "'Chimneys," (for it seems all high ledges of rock must necessarily be called by that euphonious title,) rise several hundred feet, to an isolated column of fully one thousand feet high, 'and it were an easy matter to imagine it a monument erected by nature, to celebrate her own creative power.' " The Western Insane Asylum is located at Morganton. The buildings are now in course of construction. The Burke Blade, a lively newspaper, is published here. Churches hi the County. — Jlethodist, 17; Baptist, 15; Presbyte- rian, 3; Episcopal, 1. Collef/cs. — The Rutherford College was fir it commenced by its present and only President, Rev. R. L. Abernethy, in the year 1854 •, and was chartered by the Legislature of N. C, under the title of " Rutherford Academy" in 1858. In 1861, the Charter was so changed as to give the Institution the legal right to " grad- uate and confer degrees," under the title of the " Rutherford Sem- inary." In 1809-70, the Seminary was made a College proper by Legislative enactment. Since that time the Institution has been operating under this regime. It is located near Icard Station, Western N. C. Railroad, in a community as remarkable for its morality and piety as it is noted for its healthfulncss. Daring its existence of niyieiecn years, averaging annually from 100 to 200 students, there has not a death occurred in the school from local disease ; and during the same period of time, there have been Jifteen revivals of religion in the school. '' Excelsior," a pleasant little village, is growing up around the College. It is a Male College, with a Female Department for all who desire to avail themselves of the high order of development to be attained only when the sexes are educated together. The government of this school is wholly parental. The strictest laws are enforced by motives of love and honor. The design of the government is not so much to control the student, .is to teach them how to control themselves. There are three Literary Societies in the College. These meet and exercise once in each week. The scholastic year is divided into two ternis of 120 weeks each. The first term commences on First Wednesday of August ; and the second term on First Wednesday of January, in each year. Students can enter at any time and pay from liate of entrances to close of term. .SW.oo/.^— White, 47 : Colored, 4. 70 GUIDE BOOK OK Timber. — Oak, V'iuq, Walnut, White Pine. Hickory, T'.iich, Ash, &c., &c. Mills. — Grain, 75; Sair, 53, Carding Machines, Z. Tanneries, 20. Potteries, 1. Mineral. — Phimbago, Mica, Iron. iStoyics. — Granite, Sandstone, Soapstone and Millstone. Surface. — Mountainous and hilly. Products. — Corn, Wheat, Rye, Oats, Potatoes, Hay, Sorghum and Buckwheat. Fruit. — Apples, Grapes, Pears, Peaches and Plums. To'.vTis. — Morganton, Excelsior, Bridgevvater and Icard. Population of a.M7)(v.— White, 7,463 , Colored, 2,314. Total, 9,777. Freednien work well under overseers. Wages from $5 to $8 per month. Croppinij on shares is also prevalent. Prices of lands average from $5 to .$10 per acre. WITCHKLL COUNTY. Mitchell County is bounded on the North by Watauga, South by Yancey, East by Burke and Caldwell, West by Tennessee line. Its surface is mountainous and hilly, and in every respect re- sembles its neighbor Watausa. CAMrc/(c.5.— Baptist. 21 ; Methodist, 7 ; Dunkers, 1. >Sc/(oo/5.- White, 36; Colored, 2. Toitvw.— Bakersville, (C. H.) Population, 500. Timber. — Poplar, Oak, Chestnut, Walnut. Mills. — Grain, 32 ; Saw, 16. Iron Foundries, 2. Tanneries, 5. Miyierals.—'iiimWa.r to Watauga and Buncombe. iStones. — Granite, Soapstone and Millstone. Products. — Corn, Wheat, Oats, Rye, Flax, Buckwheat, &c. Fruits. — Apples, Grapes. Popidatioii of County. — White, 4,472 ; Colored, 233. Total, 4,705. ALEXANDER COUNTV. Was erected in 1S47, formed from Iredell, Caldwell and Wilkes Counties. It is bounded on the North by Wilkes, on the East by Davie, on the South by Iredell, and on the West by Caldwell County. Its capital is Taylorsville. The name of Alexander is familiar in North Carolina, and dis- tinguished. Nathaniel Alexander, of Mecklenburg, was Governor of the State in 1805. Abraham Alexander was chairman of the Convention at Char lotte, in May, 1775, that declared Independence. NORTH-WESTEKN NOKTH CAKOl.lXA. 71 Its capital jiresorves tlie name of John Louis Taylor, who wrs long a judge of our courts, distinguishod for his learning, integrity and kindness of disposition. Its distance from Kaleigh, 150 miles. CA?7. Total h".,SM. liUJLrOKI) COUMV. Guilford county was erected in the year 1770, from Rowan and <)range. It was so called in compliment of Lord North, who in 1770 succeeded the Duke of Grafton as First Lord of the Treasury, and Prime Minister. He was heir to the title of (iuilford, and eventually succeeded to it as Earl of Guilford. Its situation is west of Raleigh, and the county presents on the map a beautiful comimct square ; bounded on the north by Rock- ingham, east by Alamance, south by Randolph, and west by Forsyth and Davidson counties. Its capital is Grccnsltoro, a most iloiu'ishing town, named !» com- pliment of General Nathaniel Greene, a Major-General in the Kevolutionary Arm}'. It is also known as the city of flowers, situated at the junction of the Richmond & Danville and North Carolina Railroads, S'2 miles from Raleigh, and IS'Jfrom Richmond, Va. Has a population of 3,500, and enjoys a considerable local trade. Its two hotels, McAdoo Hotel and Yarborougli House, are among the best in the State, mid its private boarding houses are unsurpassed. Odell, Ragan .t Co. do the largest wholesale anookselh'r. Also sells Rlnni'^" S dem Almanac. NORTIl-VVESTEKX .VORTH CAKOIJNA. 79 Sash and Blind Factories and Spoke w/.v.— White 80, colored 40. Tbaher — Pine, <">:).k. Hickory, Poplar, &c. 80 fJUIDi; BOOK OF Mills. — Gi-aiu 52, Saw 2?> ; Foundries 2, Cotton Fartory 1, Furni- ture 4, Spoke and Handle Faocory 4, Agricultural Implements 6, Pottery 1. Tanneries 10, Carriage and Wagon Manufactories, 8. Soil. — Clay, Sand Rocky. Minerals. — Iron, Gold, Copper, Mica. Hock. — Granite, .Sandstone and Soapstone. Surface. — Level . ProducU. — Corn, Cotton, Wheat, Oats, Grasses, Rye, 'J'obacco, Peas, Potatoes. In fact all profitable crops. Fruits. — All the Fruits of the climate. Towris. — Iliz/h Point is a place of considerable local trade, quite a summer resort, and is the R. R. depot of Trinity College. Popu- lation 500. JamcMoien, seat of Oakdale Cotton Mills. Gibsonville, Brown's Summit, Friendship, Oakridge, a fine settlement of farmers, a good school located here, Summerfield, a good school here, Westminister. Population of County.— ^NK\[(^ 15,(:.5fi, colored 6,080. Total 21,7;-'.6. ROCKINGHAM COUNTY. Rockingham County was formed from Guilford, in 1785. It de- rives its name from the Marquis of Rockingham, and Wentworth, its capital, is named in honor of the family name of the INIarquis. Many great and noble men who have made history for the State, were born in this county, Martin. Little, Reid, Scales, and others, whose deeds are written on the scroll of fame. Among the benevolent institutions are 6 Masojiic Lodges, 5 Good Templars and I Odd Fellows. There are 2 Episcopal, 5 Presbyterian, 17 Methodist and 19 Bap- tist churches. Among her manufacturing establishments exist 1 Cotton Facto- ry, 37 Tobacco Factories, 3 Carding Machines, 38 Grain Mills, 15 Saw Mills, 2 Founderies, S Carriage and Wagon Factories. Oak, Hickory, Pine, Maple, Walnut, &c., grow in the forests. The Apple, Peach, Pear Plum, &c., in the orchards. The soil is diversified; splendidly adapted to the growth of fan- cy tobacco, small grains and the grasses. The river Dan divides the county into distinct geological sec- tions. On the North side is the coal region, on the South side the granitic and gneisoidal formation. The coal region has a soil well adapted to the growth of wheat a.nd clover, being of the red sandstone formation which is noted in Great Britain as the best wheat and grass lands in the kingdom. Strictly fine tobacco lands are generally composed in this county by the disintegration of fine sand stone or talcose schist, while soil formed from the claystone, horneblend, sh.ilc and trap, suits wheat and clover the best. NORTII-WESTEUN NORTH CAROLINA. 81 The Dan winds its serpentine course throLigh the Northern sec- tion of the county. Who has not heard of the Dan and its " hills that intervene " As a young and gifted poet of our State once wrote : This earth is not one garden spot, Nor pleasure ground for man ; Few are the liills that intervene, Such as the hills of Dan. Morehead, the young poet, who passed away from among his fellows at an early age, is no more. But the beautiful and classical river remains an emblem of the march of time and of constancy. The hills ! oh, the beautiful hills and valleys intervening ! The beauties of nature are, fortunately, not confined to a few chosen spots. In every country may be ibund some variety of scenery to enchant the eye and stimulate the imagination. Wherever there is a variety of surface, of forest and field giving forth a multitude of tender hues and graceful outlines wrought by light and shade, by contrasts of land and water, hill, vale and mountain, there are the beauties of landscape. Nature, in the grouping of her milder and more graceful forms, in the infinite charms of her wild forest foliage, in the green meadow or complaining brook, has done her work well amid the hills of Dan. The scenery of the Rhine, so justly celebrated, is not unequalled. The highlands of Scotland, with its " mountains blue" are suggested by many a liilly range in our section. The principles on which landscape scenery is judged are the same in every clime, and distance often lends enchantment to the view in more senses than one. Among the hills and woods of our section may be found pictures well worth the pencil of the artist and which may be a joy forever to those unnumbered thou- sands who make no claim to artistic culture. Here was one of the chosen abodes of the red man. No place more alluring could he find, and he pitched his wigwams here 'mid the weird solitudes of an endless forest. This prehistoric people have vanished like a cloud in the sky, but they left some tokens of their life behind. Let us study them. From yonder Old Indian Hill we gather beads, tomahawks, arrow-heads and pottery. From the beads we learn how universal is woman's lovo of personal ornament. The toma- hawks tell how universal is the propensity of men to violence, bloodshed and death. 'J'he arrow-heads, of man's dominion over the beasts of the field. The pottery, of the simple bliss of domestic felicity. This is all wo know of their history. We have reason to believe more than is told. Let the hills, the streams and the valleys speak. As we ascend the river Irom the Virginia line, we soon come upon that jjortion of the county known as " The Meadows." Wide extended plains and rolling slopes of fine grass and wheat lands on either hand. Coal has been mined here. A mile below Leaks- Tille, after cutting a gash across numerous strata of the old Red Sandstone and leaping over the harder, forming a famous water- power, the Smith's River turns the multiplied machinery of the manufacturing establishments of J. Turner Morehead & Co., and disembogues its pellucid waters into the Dan. Higher uy), on tho farm of Grief Wade, are the coal mines. Prof. Kerr has examined a specimen of copper ore obtained near Easlc Falls and has pro- ^ G 82 GCIDE BOOK OF nounced it good. A mile or so higher we come to soil made sacred to memory by the visitation of George Washington to Gov. Martin. The tree is j^ointed out where they often sat in converse, and studied nature and viewed the scenery. Then Mulberry Island, on whose grassy margin many a time and often the Indian maid has gambolled and dipped her dimpled hand in the glassy waters flowing by. We shall not pass by unnoticed the romantic and gloomy spot where Gov. Martin was buried. He was the Achilles of the State, an Epaminondas in the Senate, and the friend of Washington. The vault is a wreck and his remains are removed. A few rude stones on that flinty steep mark the resting place of his companions in death, the rustic poor. It was a grand thought of that highminded old man to wish to sleep his last sleep in quiet simplicity, lulled by the soft, ceaseless music of this beau- tiful stream. Away from the storm and heat of debate ; away from the follies and crimes of ambitious men ; away from the busy scenes of life, its hollow mockeries, and its cheating pihantoms ; bury me away with the rural people. Let me rest among the most fitting emblems of man's estate. Who will barricade the tide of time? Who will stop the flow of the river? Let me rest on ^its banks. The sunshine will darken into clouds, and the clouds will laugh into sunshine. The calm will gather into a storm, and the storm will soothe into a calm. The birds will build their nests and the nestlings will fly. Flowers will bloom and flowers will wither. Men will live and men will die. The tributaries will flow into the Dan and the Dan into the sea. Moments merge into time and time into eternity. A mile below Madison is the mouth of the Mayo. This river, like its congener. Smith's river, rises at the foot of the Blue Ridge, in Patrick county, Virginia, and after passing by many fertile farms cuts a like gash across the old Red Sandstone, forming a magnificent water power, with an inexhaustible supply of sand- stone, for building purposes, on its very banks. Twenty-one miles from Madison is Piedmont Springs, which has been sought by invalids on account of its sulpho-chalybeate and sweet alum waters and by others than invalids on account of pleasure. Should you go to the Piedmont Springs, ascend the mountain till you reach the top of Moore's Knob ; then look away North over the landscape, scolloped by myriads of hills, freckled with busy farms, and if the sun is not veiled you will see shimmer- ing through the tinted foliage of the distant wood, the silver waters of Dan river. Here it comes seemingly with high glee and expectation, rolling and rollicking, quite to the granite foot of the mountain, as if it was going to drive a tunnel through and pass on. But in sad confusion it turns sullenly and nearly retraces its course for about a mile. At this point the upper river is distant from the lower a very short distance, say 150 yards, and 15 or 20 feet higher, making practical the running of any kind of machinery at small cost. The Guilford Iron ore bed extends into the South-eastern corner of this county. There are occasional veins of manganese, also south of the river. Red hematite iron ore is extensive in the coal fields. When the Dan River Coal Field Railroad is built, there will be a grand opening for manufacturing and m ining NORTII-WBSTERX MORTU CAROLINA. 83 taking into consideration the gigantic water-power and the mineral resources so near together. Leaksville is a small town, situated in the Northern part of the county, eight miles from the county-seat, Wentworth, and thirteen miles from Reidsville, on the Piedmont Railroad. Tiie town of Leaksville is immediately on Dan river, about half a mile from where the Smith river empties into the Dan. The business of the town is in tobacco, 'which is the great staple of the county, although wheat and corn are also grown in large quantities on the rich bottoms of the Dan, Smith and Mayo rivers, which rivers water the county. Leaksville contains four tobacco factories and two warehouses for the sale of leaf tobacco, four stores, two hotels, one wagon and blacksmith shop, shoe shop, cabinet-maker's shop, &c. One mile from tlie town is the Leaksville Cotton Mill, which is R flourishing manufacturing village, containing a large cotton mill, wool cards, machine shop, blacksmith shop, large flouring mill, circular saw mill and store, with a population of about 300 persons. The cotton mill contains 80 looms, which turn out about 4000 yards of sheetings daily, besides yarns for country use, cotton bats, knit- ting and sewing cotton, warps and twisted yarn for the city market. The spinning department runs 3,700 spindles, a warping mill, three twisters, two spoolers and two warpers. This is the only mill in the State that runs an imported English slasher for sizing warps ; it also runs ten large iron-framed English cards, all imported in the last four years by the enterprising owner. Major Morehead, a son of the late Governor Morehead, who built the original Cotton Mill in 1838-9. Major Morehead has added several buildings to the orignal mill. Since he took charge of the mill he has thrown out the old machinery, replacing it with the very latest improved now. The mill is run by one large over-shot water wheel and two iron turbines. The flouring mill is driven by one iron and one wooden over-shot wheel. The power is derived from Smith river, which affords a fall of 24 feet at the cotton mill, and is said by competent judges, to be the best and most easily managed water power next to Richmond, Virginia. The product of the cotton mill finds a ready sale in Virginia and North Carolina, and the hosiery yarns of this mill are quite celebrated for their extra quality, being sold in large quantities in all the cities of Virginia and Baltimore. A mile from Leaksville is the Flouring Mill, Foundry and Agri- cultural Works of Mr. C. Rodenhizer, a former citizen of Danville, and now part owner of the Danville water power. He manufac- tures plows, «S:c., in large quantities, finding a ready sale for them. Five miles above him is the Mill and Tobacco Factory of Mr. Joseph B. King. Three miles from Leaksville is also the Mill of Mr. Morgan. This part of the county is well supplied with mills. The Dan river at Leaksville is spanned by a fine covered bridge, eight miles above is another, and at Madison fourteen and a half miles from Leaksville, a third. To add to the varied industries and improvements of this part of the county, a narrow gauge railroad has been chartered from Reidsville to Leaksville, tlie stock taken, the company organized, surveys have been made and the road will be finally located in a few weeks. Work will then be commenced, the road finished and 84 GUIDE BOOK OF trains running in less than a year. Major Morehead, the proprie- tor of the Leaksville Cotton Mills, has been elected President of the Eoad, and he is now actively engaged in pushing the work forward. In the vicinity of Leaksville coal is found in considerable quantities, and during the late war it was shipped on the Dan in boats to Danville, supplying that city with her coal. The Dan river is navigable for boats of 6 tons tonnage as high up as Saura- town Ford, 60 miles from Danville and 4 miles from Walnut Cove, Stokes county. Regular lines ply between Madison, Leaksville and Danville, carrying down tobacco, wheat, flour, and cotton goods from the Cotton Mills, and bringing back fertilizers, salt, iron, and merchandise. From Leaksville. down the Dan, are the beautiful, level lands known as " The Meadows," called by Bird, the surveyor, who many years ago ran the line between North Carolina and Virginia, " the Garden of Eden". These lands are exceedingly rich and fertile, and well adapted to grazing. Water and health of this section are good, and the population are an exceedingly kind, hospitable and generous people. Beidsvilie, with a population of 1,200, is the largest and most im- portant town of the county. It is a large tobacco market, and is rapidly growing in importance. It is situated on the Piedmont Air Line Eailroad. Two newspapers are published here. The price for leaf tobacco compares favorably with any market in the State. Leaksville. — Population 700. (See account elsewhere.) Madison. — Population 300. Wenhvorih. — Population 200. JRuffin. — Population 125. CASWELL COUNTY was erected in 1777, out of Orange county, and derives its name from Richard Caswell, the first Governor under the Constitution. It is situated sixty-five miles Northwest from Raleigh, and forms a beautiful compact square, having the Virginia line on the North, Person county on the East, Alamance and Orange on the South, and Rockingham county on the West. The climate is salubrious and its land fertile. Churches. — Baptist 13 ; Methodist 11 : Presbyterian 4. Schools.— \Nh\ie 22 ; Colored 28. Towns. — Yanceyville population 600 ; Milton 700 ; Leasburg 250. Milton is a considerable tobacco market, and is connected with the Railroads of the country by a narrow-gauge road, which has given it a considerable impetus in trade. The Milton Chromclf, a lively sheet, is published by C. N. B. Evans, who is the oldest editor in the State. Milton has 2 Furniture establishments of considerable note. Timber. — Pine, Oak, Hickory, Walnut, Poplar and Chestnut. Mills. — Grain iS ; Saw 13. 3 Tanneries. Stone. — Gi'anite and Soapstone. Surface. — Undulating. Fruits. — Apples, Peaches, Pears, Grapes and Plums. Popxdatlon—Yihiie 6,587: Colored 9,494. Total 16,081. NORTH-WESTERN NORTH CAROLINA. 8& APPENDIX. SALEM FEMALE ACADEMY is situated in S.ilem, Forsyth Co., N. C, immediately adjacent to Winston, the county-seat of Forsyth. It lies in the midst of a rolling, woodland country, on the out- lying slopes of the plateau which forms the a2:)proach to the Blue Ridge, not far from 1000 ft. above the sea-level. It has good water and" a salubrious atmosphere. It is the terminus of the Xorth- Western North Carolina Railroad, which connects it with Greens- boro, 29 miles distant, and with the entire railway system of the South. There are daily trains to and from Greensboro, and ample Express and Telegraph facilities. Situated in the bosom of a community of excellent moral tone and superior education, in a small and quiet country town, which presents no social or other distractions, and affords no opportu- nities for the acquirement or cultivation of interests foreign to Btudy, Sakra Female Academy possesses singular external advantages. Its buildings are located in the most retired part of the town, adjoining the Moravian church and Parsonage. Its extensive and tasteful private grounds are a delightful place of resort and recreation. During the past three-quarters of a century its 5,000 aluinntc have spread its reputation over all parts of the South, and it is upon the favorable opinion and matured judgment of these that the institution chiefly relies for its patronage. The reputation and character of m fashionable selwol arc designedly avoided. Solid learn- ing, the discipline and culture of the mind, the acquisition of correct principles of morals and religion and healtliy physical development, are its objects. The method of instruction is patient and laborious, and hence likely to be thorough. The number of scholars in class seldom exceeds fifteen ; lessons are fully explained in advance of recita- tion, ample time being given to each recitation (not less than one hour) : the instruction is not confined to the text-book, and, when practicable, no printed text-books are used, the teacher lecturing and the scholars taking notes of their own or copying a syllabus prepared for tliem ; certain portions of every day are allotted to 86 GUIDE BOOK OF study, and the scliolars are supervised and assisted by the teachers while engaged in the preparation of their tasks ; intelligent recita- tions are insisted on -, reviews are frequent and in tlie higher classes take the form of written papers ; scholars are also required to look up information for themselves and present it in writing. Examinations are held in all the classes at the close of each term ; these examinations are chiefly conducted in writing in the upper classes. Printed Rejiorts are forwarded to parents and guardians, exhib- iting the attainments of pupils in their studies, as also in various points of conduct and habits. The religious instruction, imparted by the Principal, is scru- pulously unsectarian. In the domestic arrangements the students and teachei's consti- tute one household, at the head of which stand the Principal aad his wife. The Principal has no personal pecuniary interest in the School, being simply the agent of the Church, by the authorities of which he is selected for this department of its activity. The whole number of students is divided, without reference to scholar- ship, but mainly according to age, into companies or smaller families, each consisting of fifteen or twenty members, under the constant supervision of two lady teachers. Each company occupies a common sitting-room and other apartments, a common dormi- tory and wash-room. Its members sit at the same table in the general dining-room, and look wp to the same teachers for direction and advice. For purposes of counsel and control one of their teachers is with them at all hours to superintend their studies, to preserve order and to accompany them on their daily walks, to meals and to church and chapel. Both teachers sleep in the same dormitoi'y with the pupils of their charge. It is believed that no better system could be devised for promot- ing good morals, cultivating correct personal and social habits, inculcating right principles and preparing girls and young women for actual and safe intercourse with the world, than this constant compaiiionship of a number of fellow-students, judiciously super^ vised and regulated by faithful and conscientious teachers. The apartments occupied by the several companies, or families, are plain but comfortable at all seasons of the year. Great atten- tion is paid to cleanliness and every portion of the house is thor- oughly ventilated. Special provision is made for sickness, and an experienced matron is in constant exclusive attendance, day and night. A certificate of Graduation will be iDublicly presented to those who pass the necessary examinations of the Graduating Course. The charter of the Institution (which was incorporated by Act of Legislature, February 3, 1866), provides for this distinction in the following terras : " the faculty of said school, that is to say, the " President and Professors and Teachers by and with the consent " of the Trustees, shall ^have the power of conferring all such " degrees or marks of literary distinction, or diplomas, as are " usually conferred in colleges and seminaries of learning." The Scholastic Year consists of ten months, beginning with tha month of September. A vacation of about two weeks at Christmas NORTH-WESTERN NORTU CAROf.INA. 87 divides the j'ear into two terms, a Fall and a Spring Term. The fiscal year comprises two periods of fire months eacli, the first extending from Septamber to January inclusively, the second from February to June inclusively. Rev. J. T. Zorn, a gentlemen of rare administrative ability and fine mental culture, is the Principal. THE MORAVIANS.— REVOLUTIONARY WAR. The Moravian Church, as a body, has always endeavored to ab- stain from any participation in the political movements of the different countries to which the Lord in his providence has led them. Without prescribing anything in this respect to the indi- vidual members of the church, leaving it to every one to cherish monarchical or republican sentiments, to be unbiased in his politi- cal views, the church and all its governing bodies have ever ac- knowledged and acted upon the plain Gospel principle of submit- ting themselves to every ordinance of men for the Lord's sake, 1 Peter ii. 13; and, as faithful and loyal subjects, conscientiously to obey the laws of the land in which the Lord has placed them, and to love and honor their rulers and governors. Being conscientiously averse to bearing arms and taking oaths, they — in the earlier times of the renewed Brethren's church — would never resort to violent measures for redressing their own grievances, nor participate in any measures of this kind adopted by others. They therefore endeavored everywhere to comply with the apos- tolic exhortation, that, first of all, supplications, prayers, interces- sions, and giving of thanks be made for all nien, for kings and for all that are in authority, that wo may lead a quiet and peaceable life, in all godliness and honesty. 1 Tim. ii. 1,2. Moreover, in Great Britain and all the English colonies, they re- ceived important privileges by the act of Parliament of 1749. It was then enacted, " That from and after the 24th day of June, 1749, every person being a member of said Protestant Episcopal Church, known by the name of Unltas Fratrum. or the United Brethren, and which church was formerly settled in Moravia and Bohemia, and are now in Prussia, Poland, Silesia, Lusatia, Ger- many, the United Provinces, and also in His Majesty's dominions, who shall be required upon any lawful occasion to take an oath in any case where by law an oath is or shall be required, shall, instead of the usual form, be permitted to make his or her solemn affirma- tion or declaration in these words following : * I, A. B., do declare, in the presence of Almighty God, the witness of the truth of what I say.' Which said solemn affirmation or declaratien shall be adjudged and taken, and is hereby enacted and declared to be of the same force and effect, to all intents and purposes, in all courts of justice or otlier places where by law an oath is or shall be re- quired within the kingdom.of Great Britain and Ireland, and also in all and every of His Majesty's colonies and dominions in Ame- rica, as if such person had taken an oath in the usual form." 88 GUIDE UOOK OF Furthermore it was enacted, " That every member ■of the said church or congregation, residing in any of His Majesty's colonies in America, who shall at any time after the said 24th day of June, 1749, be summoned to bear arms or do military service in any of His Majesty's said colonies or provinces of America, shall on his application to the governor or commander-in-chief of the said colony or province, or to such officer or person by whom such i^er- son shall have been summoned or required to serve or be mustered, be discharged from such personal service : Provided, That such person, so desiring to be c^ischai'ged from such personal service, contribute and pay such sum of money as shall be rated and assessed on him in lieu of such personal service, so as such sum shall be rated, assessed and levied, and be in such proportion as is usually rated, assessed, levied and paid by other persons residing in the same colony or province, who are by reason of age, sex, or other infirmity unable to do personal service, and who are pos- sessed of estates of the same nature as the persons desiring such discharge." Further it .was enacted that this privilege should be extended only to those who could procure a certificate, signed by a bishop or pastor, proving their church-membership. Now, when in 1768, by the many acts of oppression on the part of Governor Tryon, the associations of the "Reguhators" were formed, the Moravians in North Carolina tool?, no part whatever in these movements, either for or against the governor, or the Regu- lators. Hence they were looked upon witli a suspicious eye by both parties. In 1771 civil war was fully declared. Many deserted their plantations to join the army, which was collecting near New Garden, Guilford county, to fight against the governor, and publicly declared that the Moravians, and all those wlio had not assisted them, should after harvest give the half of their pro- duce to those who had done the fighting. At the same time it was insinuated to the governor that the Brethren had secretly supported the Regulators. On May IGth a battle was fought on the road leading from Hills- boro to Salisbury, five miles west of the Great Alamance river, the forces of the Regulators being about two thousand men, those of the governor eleven hundred. The action lasted about two hours, and resulted in the total defeat of the Regulators. On his march westward, the governor reached Bethabara on June 4th, and encamped there with his army several days. The Brethren refrained, for conscience sake, from taking any active part in the struggle for independence. But, at the same time, they were willing to bear their part of the burden imposed by the troubles of war on the land of their adoption. In the beginning of 1776 some from these parts joined the army collecting at Cross Creek (now Fayetteville), to oppose the High- landers, who had come to the support of Governor Josiali Martin. During this time some wagons from the Moravian settlements were sent to Cross Creek for salt. Being seen there, the report was spread that, under the pretence of bringing salt, munitions o€war had been carried up the country and secreted in the Morevian settlements. There- upon, after the battle of Moore's Creek, in which the Tory army NORXH-WESTERN NORTH CAROLINA. 89 was defeated, the Committee of Safety, at Salisbury, sent a commis- sion, consisting of seven officers and sixty men, to investigate the truth of tlie report. February 14th and l^th the three Moravian towns were visited, and the officers had abundant opportunity of convincing themselves of the perfectly peaceful character of the inhabitants. The J3rethren, on their part, gave them a written declaration that they would submit to all requirements of the ex- isting government of the province, but should not meddle in any way with the political movements of the country. The commis- sioners, on their pju't, gave them a. certificate that the rumors referred to above were ungrounded, and that no one should molest the Moravians. Soon after. Bishop Graff was cited to appear before the Committee of Safety, in Salisbury, to answer for an intercepted package from Europe ; which, however, contained nothing of a political nature, but only the regular accounts of other Moravian settlements. In 1777 the Brethren were required to take part in the military service. They objected from conscientiotis motives, declaring again that they should not refuse any tax or contribution laid upon them by the existing government. This tax was a heavy burden, especially as the price of provisions was very high, corn selling at ei^ht shillings, and salt at six pounds ten shillings per bushel. But still more trying was the so-called '' Test Act," of 1775, nequiring of every one an oath of fealty to the Government of the United States, and connected with it an oath of abjuration to King George. In case of refusal, exjiatriation and confiscation of property was threatened. On this account, the Brothers T. Bagge and Blum were sent in Atigust with a petition to the State Assembly which held its sessions at Ilrllsboro, by which, however, only so much was obtained that the enforcement of this act should be postponed till the following year. A Brother was sent to Bethlehem to consult with the Brethren there, who were in the same difficulties and at a loss how to act. Meanwhile, many, especially the younger por- tion of the Moravians, voluntarily took the State oath, whilst the older and most influential members refused to do so. Some of the neighbors, believing that the Moravians would sure- ly be driven from the country, began to enter different parcels of their lands, supposing that no lawful deeds were in existence ; and even the town plots of Salem and Bethlehem, aa also the two mills, were entered by some speculating neighbors at the rate of 50 shillings. Continental money, for 100 acres. There was consid- erable danger of the Moravians losing the title of their land there is no doubt, especially as the transfer of the legal title from James Hutton, of London, to Fred. W. Marshall, a naturalized citizen of North Carolina, had taken place after the passage of the Confisca- tion ,\ct of North Carolina in 1777, and the legal proprietors were, ftt that time, absent in Europe. But the wisdom of this world is often confounded by the simple faith of the children of God. When the Wachovia land had been bought from Lord Granville, Count Zinzendorf, against the advice of learned men of the town, insi'sted on it, that the nineteen or- iginal deeds should be given to J. Uutlon " in trust for the Unita-t 90 GUIDE BOOK OF Fratrum,^^ which deed of trust made it apparent now that the Con- fiscation Act could not well, in right and equity, be extended to the Moravian lands. Still, it was a time of perplexity and great anxiety for those Brethren, who, in the absence of Brother Marshall, had the man- agement of the outward affairs of the church. Meanwhile, it was a matter of great thankfulness that a petition sent to the State Assembly in Halifax, handed in by the Brethren Praezel and C. Heckewelder, in January, 1779, was favorably received, and the resolution was passed : " that if the Moravians would render the prescribed affirmation of fealty to this and the other United States of America, they should remain in the undisturbed possession of their property, also be exempt from all military service, but instead of it pay a twofold tax." According to this decision, all the Brethren, who had not yet taken the Test Oath, by their solemn affirmation before Justice Dobson, declared their fealty to the United States, and received certificates to that effect. To aggravate their troubles, the seasons were unpropitious, the price of provisions increased, whilst the value of the paper cur- rency was reduced to only four pence for the dollar. Ajjples and peaches froze in the bud, and the wheat was greatly injured by mildew, and the corn crop in some localities totally failed. Salt was sold at eighty shillings Continental money, or forty shillings, specie, per bushel ; iron at sixteen pence per pound. Besides this, the smallpox spread in Salem, brought there by a company of cavalry of the Pulaski Legion, which had remained there for sev- eral days. No less than forty persons suffered from this disease, of whom, however, only two died. In the fall of the year, Brother Marshall arrived, having been detained in Europe by the war since 1775, and was followed in the spring of 1780 by Bishop J. F. Reichel, who was sent by the Gen- eral Board of the Unity on an official visitation of all the Moravian congregations in Noith America. By his judicious councils and fatherly admonitions, the difficulties which had arisen here, as well as in the congregations at the North from conflicting political views, were gradually overcome ; and be it said, in honor of the German Brother, brought up in a monarchical country, that bj"^ his clear pei'ception of the state of affairs and sound judgment, he succeeded in reconciling many whose conscientious scruples had left them in much perplexity. His labors were signally blessed by the Lord, and the harmony- was restored, which is so essential to the welfare of a Christian community. During Brother Reichel's visit, the monthly confer- ence of the ministers of the country congregations was instituted at Salem, Sept. 15th, 1780, which has been continued ever since. Friedland and Hope received their full organization as Congrega- tions of the Brethren. Of the incidents of the revolutionary war, the following inter- esting particulars have been preserved, which, in their details, prove sufficiently that our fathers conscientiously refrained from any participation whatever in it. NORTH-WESTERN NORTH CAROLINA. 91 111 June, 1780, more than a thousand Tories assembled in the neighborhood of the Moravian settlements, comitting many acts of violence. To oppose them, the militia was collected everywhere, which scoured the country, taking horses, rifles, and provisions at their pleasure. The Moravian settlements were often visited. Meanwhile, 3,000 Continental troops had assembled at Cross Creek, and were joined by 7,000 militia, to march against the p]nglish. For their support, supplies from the newly gathered wheat were ordered, which, in Salem and neighborhood, were collected by an oflScer and sixty men. Wagons and horses were also taken, to convey the flour to the army. In the disastrous battle of Camden, in which General Gates was totally defeated, some of our wagons and horses were lost, of which six belonged to the Brethren of Bethania. In August, several hundred men of the Virginia militia, as scouting parties were quartered at Bethabara. The military posses- sion of the place lasted three weeks, causing great scai'city of pro- visions and suffering to the Brethren. On Sept. 13th, Brother Fritz received at Hope a visit of sixteen horsemen, who were pi'ovided for by him. In October, a party of 500 militia made Bethania their head- quarters. Soon after, 300 prisoners, among whom were 50 English taken near King's Mountain, were brought and kept there nine- teen days, until all provisions to be found in the place were con- sumed. In 1781, the Brethren had abundant cause of appreciating the truth of the promise : He shall deliver thee in six troubles : yea in seven there shall no evil touch thee, Job v. 19. For when, in the first months of the year, the theatre of war came nearer and nearer to the Moravian settlements, still no actual hostilities occur- red on the \V'achovia Tract. January 7th, 22 men, 40 horses and 2 baggage wagons of Gen- eral Greene's division were quartered in Salem, and remained there till February 4th. January 12th, a committee of four Brethren was appointed to care for the military affairs, by whom a barrack was erected at some distance from the town, where a military store was kept for some time. This military store, and a hospital, which had been erected in Salem, were removed on February 5th, the Friedberg and Bethania Brethren furnishing wagons. On the same day. General Pickens's corps encamped near Bethabara. February 7th and 8th, sevei'al hundred men of Wilkes County, (N. C.) and of Georgia militia passed through Salem. On the 9th of February, the British armj' under Lord Cornwallis encamped in Bethania, and jiassed the next day through Salem and the Friedland settlement, which proved a rather expensive visit, Bethania alone losing 23 horses, 30 head of cattle, and all their poultry. Soon after the Wilkes County militia paid a second visit to Salem and Bethabara. In November, 63 members of the Assembly, with the newly elected governor, Alexander Martin, of Guilford County, spent several weeks in Salem for the purpose of holding their session, which, however, failed for want of a quorum. 92 GUIDE BOOK OF In January, 1782, this visit was repeated, and the members of the Assembly had abundant opportunity of making themselves fully acquainted with the religious and social state of the Moravian settlements. This was important for the Brethren, and proved of advantage in obtaining an especial Act from the Legislature of North Caro- lina assembled at Hillsboro,' by which F. AV. Marshall was duly acknowledged as the proprietor of the Wachovia Tract, and all the lands which had been acquired by the Brethren in North Carolina. Brother Traugott Bagge was elected member of the Assembly, auditor, and justice of the peace. In this year the faithful pastor of the Salem congregation, Bro. J. M. Gi'aff, the first bishoi"* ever residing in any of the Southern States, departed this life. In 1783, the solemn thanksgiving day for the restoration of peace, was celebrated on July 4th with great joy and gladness of heart, and with especial gratitude to the Lord for all his mercies nnd provi»lential preservations during these trying times. On May 31st, 1791. Salem was visited by the first President of the United States, George Washington , then on a visit to Alexander Martin, Governor of North Carolina. Gen. Washington spent a day among the Moravians, visiting the houses of the single Brethren and single Sister 5, and in the evening attending service in the church. The President seemed to take an especial interest in the water-works by which the town was supplied with water. The following address was presented to him on June 1st : — " To the President of the United ^States : " Happy in sharing the honor of a visit from the illustrious President of the Union to the Southern States, the Brethren of Wachovia humbly beg leave, upon this joyful occasion, to express their highest esteem, duty and affection for the greai patriot of this country. " Deeply impressed as we are with gratitude to the great Author of our being for his unbounded mercies, we cannot but jjarticularly acknowledge His gracious providence over the temjioral and political prosperity of the country, in the peace whereof we do find peace, and wherein none can take a warmer interest than our- selves, in particular when we consider that the same Lord who preserved your precious person in so many imminent dangers has made you in a conspicuous manner an instrument in his hands to forward that happy constitution, together with those improve- ments whereby our United States begin to flourish, over which you preside with the applause of a thankful nation. " Whenever, therefore, we solicit the protection of the Father of Mercies over this favored country, we cannot but fervently implore His kindness for your preservation, which is so intimately con- nected therewith. " May this gracious Lord vouchsafe to prolong your valuable life as a further blessing and an ornament of the constitution, that by your worthy example the regard for religion be increased, and the improvements of civil society encouraged. NORTH-WESTERN XOR II CAROMXA. 93 "The settlements of the United Brethren, though smal., will always make it their study to contribute, as much as in them lies, to the peace and improvement of the United States, and all the particular parts they live in. joining their ardent prayers to the best wishes of this whole continent that your personal as well as domestic happiness may abound, and a series of successes may crown your labors for the prosperity of our times and an example to future ages, until the glorious reward of a faithful servant shall be your portion. " Signed, in behalf of the United Brethren in Wachovia, " FREDERICK WILLIAM MARSHALL, "JOHN DANIEL KCEHLER. "CHRISTIAN LEWIS BENZIEN. '^ Salem, the \st of June, 1791." To which the President of the L^nited States was pleased to return the following answer : — •• To (he United Brethren of Woxhov'm : " Gentlemen : I am greatly indebted to your respectful and affectionate expression of personal regard, and I am not less obliged by the pati-iotic sentiment contained in your address. " From a society whose governing principles are industry and the love of order, much may be expected towards the improvement and prosperity of the country in which their settlements are formed, and experience authorizes the belief that much will be obtained. " Thanking you with grateful sincerity for your prayers in my behalf, I desire to assure you of my best wishes for your social and individual happiness. ' a. WASHINGTON." WHO ARE THE MORAVIANS? They are called Moravians because, in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, Moravia, a province of the Austrian Empire, constituted one of the princi2>al seats of their Church, and because it was re- newed, in the eighteenth, by refugees from that country who fled to Saxany for the sake of religious liberty. Their official name, however, is The United Brethren, or The Unitas Fratnon, The Unity of the Brethren, and they originated not only in Moi-avia, but also in Bohemia. About the middle of the ninth century these two countries were converted to Christianity, chiefly through the influence of the Greek Church and the labors of its two illustrious missionaries, Cyril and Methodius. They translated the Bible into the vernac- ular and introduced a national ritual. Hence, although Bohemia and Moravia gradually fell under the jurisdiction of the Romish Hierarchy, they protested, from the earliest times, against some of its claims, and resisted, more or less, its spiritual tyranny. Such opposition led, at last, to the Bohemian Reformation, of which 94 GUIDE BOOK OP John Huss, born July 6, 1369, was the distinguished leader. The Council of Constance, before which he appeared to plead his cause, broke the pledge of personal safety which had been given him and condemned him to the stake. He suffered martyrdom on the 6th of July, 1415. Out of his ashes rose the Brethren's Church. It was founded by some ©f his followers, in 1457, on the estate of Lititz, about one hundred miles east of Prague, on the confines of Silesia. This was sixty years before Luther began his reformation, and more than a century before the Anglican Church, from which the Epis- copalians are descended, was fully established. The Moravian is, therefore, by far the oldest Protestant Episcopal Church that exists. There were three principles adopted by its members as the basis of their union : namely, first, the Bible is the only source of Chris- tian doctrine ; second, public worship is to be administered in ac- cordance with the teaching of the Scriptures, and on the model of the Apostolic Church ; and third, the Lord's Supper is to be re- ceived in faith, to be doctrinally defined in the language of the Bible, and every human explanation of that language is to be avoided. Lititz soon became the rallying-point for awakened persons throughout Bohemia and Moravia, so that the new Church rapidly increased. Its first ministers were priests ordained in the Calix- tine, or National Church, from which the Brethren had seceded. In 1467, however, they introduced a ministry of their own and se- cured the episcopacy from Bishop Stephen of the Austrian Waldenses. Both the Roman Catholics and the National Church persecuted the Brethren, with fire and sword. The first persecution broke out in 1461 ; the second in 1468 ; the third in 1508. The Brethren '' had trial of cruel mockings and scourgings, yea, moreover, of bonds and imprisonments." They held their public services and their synods at night, in dense solitudes, around fires, under the starry canopy of heaven. They were tortured on the rack and burned at the stake. But the blood of the martyrs was the seed of the Church. When Martin Luther began his reformation in 1517, the Breth- ren of Bohemia and Moravia constituted a church of Reformers before the Reformation, numbering at least two hundred thousand members, counting over four hundred parishes, using a hymn- book and a catechism of its own, proclaiming its doctrines in a confession of faith, employing two printing-presses, and scattering Bohemian Bibles broadcast through the land. In the course of time, a friendly correspondence was opened with the Reformers both of Germany and Switzerland. The fourth persecution, which broke out in 1547, led to the founding of the Church in Poland, where it grew so rapidly that, in 1557, its Polish parishes were constituted a distinct ecclesiasti- cal province. Hence the Unitas Fratrum was now divided into three such Provinces, namely, the Bohemian, the Moravian, and the Polish, and increased mox'e than ever, founding colleges and theological seminaries, translating the Bible from the original into Bohemian, and sending forth many other important works. Re- NORTH-WESTERN NORTH CAROLINA. 95 ligious liberty having been proclaimed in Bohemia and Moravia in 1609, it became one of tlie legally acknowledged churches of these lands. In the early part of the Thirty Years' War, however, when the Bohemian Protestants had been defeated at the battle of the White Mountain, in 1020, the Emperor Ferdinand II, inaugurated the so-called Anti-reformation, with the avowed purpose of crush- ing evangelical religion in Bohemia and Moravia. This end was accomplished in 1627. Only a hidden seed of the Church of the Brethren remained ; the majority of its members, as well as the Lutherans and Reformed, were driven into exile. A new centre of the Unitas Fratrum was now established at Lissa, in Poland, where a number of parishes were gathered, as also in Hungary. The Brethren hoped and prayed for a return to their native laud. But the peace of Westphalia excluded Bohe- mia and Moravia from the benefits of the religious liberty which was elsewhere established ; and, in 1G56, Lissa was sacked and burned in a war whioh broke out between Poland and Sweden. The ecclesiastical centre of the Church having thus been destroy- ed, its parishes were gradually absorbed by other Protestant bodies. For more than half a century the Unitas Fratrum ceased to exist as a visible organization. Its hidden seed in Bohemia and Moravia, however, remained, and its illustrious bishop, Amos Comenius, filled with a prophetical anticipation of its future renewal, repub- lished its history, confession, and discipline, commended its future members to the care of the Church of England, and took steps to perpetuate its episcopacy. Hence, for a period of fifty years, cler- gymen of the Reformed Church were consecrated bishops of the Unitas Fratrum, that the succession might not die out. In 1707, George Jaeschke, an aged patriarch of Moravia, de- scended from the Brethren, spoke on his death-bed, with great assurance, of the speedy renewal of their Chui'ch, and fifteen years later two of his grandsons, Augustine and Jacob Neisser. with their families, followed Christian David, '' the servant of the Lord,'' to Saxony, where, on the 17th of June, 1722, they began to build the town of Herrnhut, on the estate of Count Zinzendorf, who had offered them an asylum. Herrnhut soon became the rallying-place for the descendants of the Brethren, several hundred of whom emigrated iV®m Bohemia and Moravia. They introduced their ancient discipline, handed down by Comenius, and, in 1735, received their venerable episco- pate at the hands of its two last survivors, Daniel Ernst Jablonsky and Christian Sitkovus. The development which now began was, however, dilFerent in ! .J¥'ort Incest of the Conrt-House, Two Doors above the Post' Omce. TV^ITVSTOTV, TV. O., IS THE PLACE TO GET PURE DRUGS AT THE LOWEST PRICES. STOCK KEPT COMPLETE BY FREftUE^T ARRIVALS. PRESCRIPTION DEPARTMENT filled: witli the best selected material. BRUSHES, FANCY ARTICLES, TOBACCO AND CIGARS. References : Drs. II. T. Bahnson, II. W. Bynum, Preston Koau R. D. Hay, N. S. Sieweis, R. F. Oray. ' that a hearty welcome always awaits you at 1 w E intend in the future, as in the past, to give our undivided attention to the manufacturin^r of our to see that the work is done in the most thorough manner, and making such improvements as will add to the efficiency and value of our wagons to our customers. Having a large stock of SEASONED LUMBEE, IMPROVED MACHINERY and TOOLS, and the BEST WAGON MECHANICS to be procured, enables us to do SUPERIOR WORK at the VERY LOWEST PRICES, where material and workman- ship are taken in consideration. We are prepared to make any kind of WAGONS, and shall be pleased to hear from all in need of anything in our line, and will promptly forward them prices on application, Respectfully, The ^issen MaiiufactuiiDg Company. p. 0. Address, Salem, Forsyth Co. Shops, Waughtown, N. C. '^^s^^T^^ ^WT^ >^\r5'f :l';liii^ >^ ^16€i^^ "^ PATTERSON & CO., OF (losire to call Ihc attention of all persons interested to their large and varied assortment of O-OOIDS, embracing every article used in this section of country. The prices charged are low, and the QUALITY of the GOODS unsurpassed. The firm is composed of If. W. FRIES and R. L. PATTERSON and has existed since 1867. The presentVtook is largely increased over former years, and DRESS AND FANCY GOODS, CLiRPETS, OIL CLOTHS, UMBRELLAS, &c., are made specialties. Orders solicited. Samples furnished on application. Every facility known to the trade will ))e u^^ed to oblige customers. Salem, N. 0., Juno 1. 187^. TO THE TRAVELING PUBLIC, D. N. DALTON'S STAGE leaves Salem and Winston DAITjY (except Sunday) at 7 A. M. for MT. AIRY, WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS, and PIEDMONT SPRINGS. Careful drivers and good teams. Passengers dine at Dalton's. Pilot Mountain in full view. Fare to Mt. Airy $3 50 " " Mt. Airy White Sulphur Springs 3 50 " '' Piedmont Springs 3 00 Di'. Y. O. THOMPSON, WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALER IK PATENT MEDICINES, LE^DS, OILS, PAINTS, &c., &e., <&c., "VT-iisrsTOisr, isr. c. h-" CO CD 53 5 o P3 o s Cfq o * H- w o I"* C !— : ^ s ^* p w S 3 O ^ J- s o tJ o U S3- o o d o ^^ o O O 2 ^ Hi o J. K. PIERCE, I'. H. HANES. R. D. BROWK, Of Lash's Warehouse. Of P. H. Hanes & C'u. Of Brown & Bro. \^ '\jm' With our last new addition making LASH'H the best arranged, best lighted and most complete Leaf Tobacco Warehouse in the State. We cordially invite you to give us a trial. We can give you advantages in handling and selling your Tobacco no other house can give you in Winston . Our advantages for taking care of and making our patrons comfortable are not surpassed by any. All inquiries about the market cheerfully given. We strive to please our patrons. Come and see us when you visit Winston with or without Tobacco. We will always welcome you. Your friends, PIEDMONT WAREHOUSE WINSTON, N. C. riEDMONT AVAREHOUSE is daily growing in popular favor with Tobacco growers throughout the couotry, as is shown by the increasing patronage to the House. P1ED31()I\T IS THE LARGEST XM BEST LUillTEJ) HOISE O WINSTON. It contains 14,200 square feet of IJoor room. It is the only WAEEHOUSE with two MAIN ENTRANCES, and is the best arranged for receiving and unh:)ading wagons. Whether Tobacco is high or low. we guarantee tiie highest market prices. We have one of the BEST AUCTIONEERS in the State, who will always work hard to get you top prices. Our employees arc all polite and courteous to each and every farmer. Remember the )iamo, PIEDMOl^'T, when you come to Winston. Yours truly. NORFLEET & VAUGHN, PROPRIETORS. OV THK N. C. State Life Insurance Company, DECEMBER 31, 1877. F- H. CAMERON, ...Presidknt. W. E. ANDERSON, Vice President. W. 11. HICKS, Secretary and Treasurer. Dr. E. burke HAYWOOD, Medical Director. Finaiice Conimittee : W. £. ANDERSON President Citizen's National Hank. JOHN G. WILLIAMS " State '' " JUHN C. BLAKE Cashier Raleigh '' INCUMK, roUcv I'leiiiiuins, 'f- 44,;8S 3u liitci-est), S,tri is Total income, * 5o,U15 lis EXPENSES OF MANAGEMENT, (.fiiernl Expenses, medical fees, salaries, taxes, printing anil advertising, Attorney's fees, commissions, &c., , ^18,5^3 V' DISBURSEMENTS TO FOLIC V HOLDERS. raid doatli claims >«■ IS.dlKi iv casli surrender values, 'jriiMHi •• dividends a.lUi 01 Total outgo * 3S <»19 50 ASSETS AND INVESTMENTS. si ocks, Bonds and mortgages, i;241,n:« '}-< I initcd States bonds lii,!«« a.T Loans secured by collaterals and bills receivable, Vi.'iW (Hi Deferred CaBh premiums, (semi-annual and quarterly) 4,232 o; ottioo furniture and supplies (home and aRencics) l.lWi K4 rash in hands of Agents and in transitu 2,792^1)9 Casli on hand and In bank 5,208 52 Interest due and accrued on mortgages, u S. E. ALLEIs^, A(iEXT FOi; Fairbanks' Standard Scales, and Wholesale and Retail Dealer in HARDWAEE, HEADQUARTERS FOB Iron, Nails, Horse and Mule Shoes, Hope, Buggy, Wagon, Carriage and Builders' Material, CARPENTERS', BLACKSMITHS' AND MECHANICS" TOOLS, Farming Tools mu\ Implements a specialty. WINSTON, N. C. SALEM BOOK STOEE, School & iiscellaneous Books, GENERAL STATIONERY AND FANCY AETICLES, ALWAYS ON HAND. Salem, N. C. L. V, & E. T. BLUM. THE PEOPLE'S PRESS, IN ITS 26th YEAB, IS PUBLISHED WEEKLY, AT SALEM, N. C, BY L. V. & E. T. BLXJjyt, AT $2 00 A YEAR. DISCOUNT TO CLUBS. ^/-. «. 275 83 4't -itit>^ -0^ o ;^'' "^v* .■^- 1^ AUG 83 N. MANCHESTER, INDIANA 46962 ssayoNoo do Ayvyan