1)57/? LIBRPRY OF CONGRESS 020 933 431 8 u.j. COUNCIL OF NATIONAL DEFENSE II WASHINGTON, D. C. Field Division tlcw/^;i.i»t.U. ^.al «.9^j«tr«.'e^T3 October 1, 1918. To the several State Councils of Defense: The Field Division of the Council of National Defense, in taking over the executive activities of the State Councils Section and the Woman s Committee of the Council of National Defense, will begin a new series of bulletins and circulars. The activities, which the Council of National Defense, through the State Councils Section, has asked the State Councils of Defense to undertake, are, of course, unaffected by this change and should be prosecuted virorously by the State Councils. The important activities, and the suggestions which the Council of National Defense has made for carrying out these programs, are summarized in the following outlines. Are you using every activity here recommended which is adapted to your local con- ditions? Are you undertaking the additional activities demanded by your local needs? If, not, the Federal Departments and War Administrations will be limited in the service which they may receive from you, and will be forced to institute independent machinery in your State. We ask your careful consideration of this outline of important State Council work. We are always ready to supplement our general service with special information and suggestions relating to particular problems. Very truly, yours, G. B. CLARKSON, Director of Field Division. e.r< fCi //^/_6 A76 (I. C. A. U) n, or V. NOV 19 m^ ^ •^ A IMPORTANT STATE COUNCIL WORK. FUNCTIONS. The President of the United States has written to the Secretary of War, suggesting that he communicate with the heads of all Federal Departments and Administrations the wish of the President, that when they are considering extension of their organization in the States, or new work to be done in the States, they determine carefully whether they can not utilize the State Council system, thus rendering unnecessary the creation of new machineiy, and that they transmit all requests for action by the State Councils through the Council of National Defense. (See I. C. A. No. 12.) The primary functions of the State Council of Defense are, therefore — 1. To perform on behalf of the Federal Government such of its war work in the State as does not rquire the creation of a separate administrative organization extending into the small communities. 2. To perform on behalf of the representatives of those Federal Departments and Adminis- trations having organizations extending throughout the States such of their war work as they feel can be performed by the State Council organization. 3. To perform such independent activities as will enable the State to contribute most fuUy to the welfare of the Nation and of its own citizens in the prosecution of the war. 4. To centralize and coordinate the war work of the State. In order to fulfill these functions it is essential that the State Council of Defense create an adequate organization for reaching the people and directing their efforts, and biiild up and main- tain the public morale. To create and direct Local Councils of Defense is, therefore, essential to the execution of all the functions of the State Council of Defense. By creating this organization and performing these functions the State Council saves the Nation the tremendous expense of creating elaborate new administrations for the performance of new war activities and also, in the conduct of the work of its established administrations, the expense of creating or maintaining many parallel organizations where a common machine can more efficiently serve them all. The efficiency of the United States war work within this country, therefore, to a large extent depends upon the State Council of Defense. As the official representative of the Council of National Defense the State Council of Defense bears vital relationship to the Council of National Defense and should maintain close contact with it. ORGANIZATION. LEGISLATIVE ESTABLISHMENT AND APPROPRIATION. The Council of National Defense recommends the enactment of a statute providing for a State Council of Defense and endowing it with broad powers and adequate funds. Twenty- four State Councils aie at present statutory. States whose legislatures will meet during 1919 should make plans toward legislative establishments and have ready a statute before the legis- lature convenes. "Suggestions for a Statute Creating a State Council of Defense" may be had on application. ^ INTERNAL ORGANIZATION. F(yrm of Organization. — A Council of small membership, or a laige Council managed by a small executive committee, has proved most effective. It is important that meetings be called frequently — weekly, if possible — in order that opportunities and requests for State Council (3) work and emergency matters may be acted on promptly, that committees may repoit frequently on work undertaken, and that the work of the Council may be kept constantly under way. Departments and Committees. — The far-reaching scope of the State Council organization requires that the work be apportioned among committees. Committees shoiild be appointed, however, only when there is definite woik for them to do. Each committee should stand for some specific activity or group of activities in charge of one member acting in an executive capacity. This member should be a person with adequate time to give to the work. Women should be included in the membership of all committees. Executive Secretary. — It is of first importance to coordinate the work of the various com- mittees under a single guiding hand and to make one man responsible for the executive work of the Council by the appointment of a paid director or executive secretary. Negroes. — The Council of National Defense has recommended that the State Councils in the States with large Negro population take the lead in organizing Negroes for Council of Defense and other war work and that they confer with the representatives of the other Federal agencies concerned, so that all work relating to Negroes may be done through" a single Negro organization affiliated with the State Council of Defense. It is important that such Council of Defense programs as apply to Negro activity should be called to the attention of its Negi'o organization by the State Council. (See General Letters No. 117, Partial Letters Nos. 32 and 34.) LOCAL ORGANIZATION. Importance. — Complete local organization extending through the county to the small community where the individual may be reached directly is essential to successful State Council work. President Wilson in commenting upon the State Councils system in his letter of July 30th, said: "I am particularly struck by the value of extending our defense organization into the smallest communities and by the truly democratic character of a national system so organ- ized." (See I. C. A. No. 12.) METHOD. County Councils of Defense. — These have been completely oj-ganized for some months in nearly every State in the Union. County Councils, in addition to their direct work, are important as distributing agencies of State Councils in reaching Commimity Coimcils. In order to maintain County Councils at their fullest efficiency, their development and work must be closely followed up by the State Councils. The State Councils are responsible not only for developing and dhecting the work of County Councils, but also for supptying them with information, advice, and assistance in their various activities. The County Councils should be made to feel that the State Councils are their most accessible sources of information and aid concerning all programs, Federal as well as State or local. All bulletins and circulars of the Council of National Defense of importance to County Councils should be rebuUetinized for them by the State Council. Joint meetings of the State Councils with the County Councils for the State at large or for certain areas, frequent reports to the State Council and the prep- aration of comprehensive reviews of the organization and duties of the County Councils, all are valuable for this purpose. (See County Council Circular.) Cmnmunity Councils of Defense. — To reach and mobilize the individual citizens effectively, Councils subsidiary to County Councils are indispensable. The Council of National Defense has m-ged the formation of Community Councils of Defense throughout each State. About 20 State Councils report 100 per cent Community Council organization. The Community Council of Defense is not merely a committee as is the State or County Council; it is the community itself with all its citizens and agencies organized for national service. Without the Community Councils of Defense the channels of communication of State and County Councils would in a measure empty into the air; with them the Federal Gov- ernment may reach every individual in every community, and through them every individual may find his place in the work of the war. In his letter to the Chairman of State Councils President Wilson refers to the creation of Community Councils thus: "It wiU, I believe, result when thorouglily carried out in Avelding the Nation together as no nation of great size has ever been welded before. It wiU build up from the bottom an understanding and sympathy and unity of purpose and effort which will, no doubt, have an immediate and decisive effect upon our great undertaking." The Council of National Defense is alwaj-s ready to give information on the organization of Community Councils, and to send copies of its programs to all County Councils or to provide copies in large numbers to the State Councils for distribution. (See I. C. A. Nos. 7 and 9; also Bulletins Nos. 83, 88, 105, 106, and General Lettere Nos. 73, SO, and 89.) CENTRALIZATION OP STATE WAR WORK. State War Board. — The Council of National Defense has recommended that each State Council of Defense caU at regular intervals conferences of the State representatives of the different Federal Departments and Administrations carrying on work connected with the prosecution of the war. These meetmgs are for. the purpose of free round-table discussions to make clear to all the general scope of work conducted by each agency represented. The discussions should give information which should prevent new lines of work being started and organizations created that would duphcate unnecessarily those under way. It should also bring out instances of duplication or conflict. These conferences should be informal for. purposes of consultation. It is suggested that the active head of the State Council should act as Chairman. This recommendation has been approved by the following Federal Departments and War Administrations and their representatives should be included in such war board meetings: Treasury Department, Department of Agriculture, Department of Labor, the Woman's Com- mittee of the Council of National Defense, Food Administration, Fuel Administration, American Red Cross, and the Four Minute Men. (See General Letter No. 71.) County War Boards. — Such conferences should also be held by the County Councils of Defense in connection with the county representatives of the various departments above hsted. In several States such County War Board meetings have ah-eady been instituted with great success. Centralization of Offices. — As many'as possible of the official war agencies in the State or county should be housed together, so that one building may be known as the official war office for the locality. It is often practicable to have a central office force do the work of the several different war agencies. The fact that the drives of the different agencies are scheduled so as to prevent conflict makes a common office force feasible, especially in the county organization. (See General Letter No.'71.) COORDINATION OF VOLUNTARY AGENCIES. Many voluntary organizations and societies have been created or have been enlarged to undertake various types of war work. The Council of National Defense has adopted a resolu- tion requesting the State Council to act as the central coordinating agency for all such voluntary patriotic war work within the State. It is also requested that the State Council endeavor to concentrate the patriotic activity of the citizens of the State in as few organizations as possible so as to prevent the growth of new and duphcating voluntary societies which will hinder rather than help the efficient mobilization of the Nation for war service. (See General Letters Nos. 81 and 91; Bulletin No. 73, supplemented by Bulletin No. 76.) To accomphsh tliis, the follow- ing plans, proved successful in some States,[are suggested : Organization of committees composed of representatives of such agencies, acting as a coordinating committee of the State Councih This plan has been adopted by several State Councils and by the State Divisions of the Woman's Committee in every State. Enrollment of all patriotic societies in the State by the State Council, appointment of representatives of such societies, and conferences with such representatives as to their work. Assignment by the State Councils of definite war tasks to specific voluntary agencies in the State particularly fitted to assume them. Cam.-paigns for funds. — Campaigns for funds fall into two main divisions: 1. The three major campaigns (a) the Liberty Loans, (&) the American Red Cross, (c) the United War Work Campaign, comprising the Y. M. C. A., the Y. W. C. A., the National Catholic War Council, the Jewish Welfare Board, the War Camp Community Service, the American Library Association, and the Salvation Ai-my. 2. The numerous unrelated solicitations of minor voluntary war relief and welfare organizations. In connection with the three major campaigns for funds, the task of the Councils is to give every assistance, placing their entire State and local machinery at the disposal of the committee in charge of the respective campaigns; to enhst pubhc support behind each specific cam- paign; and, where appropriate arrangements are made with the organization in charge, to take active part in the solicitation as well. (See Bulletin No. 115.) In connection with the unrelated sohcitations of voluntary relief organizations, the CouncU of National Defense urges the State Councils to undertake some adequate method of super- vision. (See Bulletins Nos. 78 and 80 and General Letter No. 43.) State Council supervision should provide for — 1. Concentration and reduction, as far as possible, of campaigns to collect funds for war rehef. (See General Letter No. 133.) 2. Ehmination, so far as possible, of fraudulent organizations or those dupUcating the work of already well-recognized and efficient organizations. (See General Letters Nos. 81, 82, and 91.) 3. Opportunity for each individual citizen to contribute to war relief. No citizen should, however, be forced to give. The following method is recommended for the control of the collection of funds and has been put into successful operation by several State Councils: Giving wide pubhcity to the resolution of the Council of National Defense. CaUing upon all war-relief organizations within the State to report to the State Coimcil as to their organization, expenditures, and work. Preparing and advertising widely on the basis of these reports a fist of societies recommended by the State CouncU as worthy of financial support. STATE COUNCIL WORK. MORALE. Upon the morale of the individual citizen depends the success of State Council work, and of aU Federal war programs in the State. This popular credit upon wliich the Nation must draw to perform the work of the war, it is the especial task of the State CouncUs to create. Estabhshing a satisfactory morale needs more than mere propaganda. It involves stirring into galvanic energy the latent enthusiasm and enterprise of the people of the Nation. Well- oi^anized CouncU of Defense systems, terminatmg in a complete series of Community Councils, can reach personally every citizen in the country and bring him into vital contact with the war aims and needs of the Government. They can give every citizen a part in the war work of the Nation and can keep him suppUed with practical information on the war, thus defeating apathy. ignorance, and discouragement. In all phases of State Council activity the question of civilian morale must be of first consideration. It is more definite and apparent in Organization, Pub- licity and War Information, Americanization, Loyalty, and Sedition. PUBLICITY AND WAR INFORMATION. Means of State Council Publicity are summarized in detail in various circulars. (Informa- tion Circular No. 21, I. C. A. No. 13.) In general, they include : Press Information. — The employment of a salaried press man with newspaper experience is essential. It has been found effective to have a man on every large newspaper in the State designated to act as a special representative of the Publicity Department of the State Council. Conferences of newspaper editors are often useful. (See General Letter No. 31.) The foreign-language press is a valuable newspaper publicity agency. Work with foreign- language publications should be done in cooperation with the State Council Americanization Committee. In addition to systematic releases to foreign-language papers, the Coimcils of Defense may profitably issue handbills and posters in foreign languages on various topics of war interest. (See I. C. A. No. 11, and General Letter No. 131.) SPEAKING. Speakers Bureau. — The task of a State Covmcil Speakers Bureau is to organize patriotic meetings, place speakers at such meetings, keep the speakers of the State fully and explicitly informed on all matters which the State Council wishes to lay before the people, and conduct speaking campaigns to reach even the remotest commimities. Four Minute Men. — The Four Minute Men should be associated as closely as possible with the Speakers Bureau and given full support in the States. (See I. C. A. No. 13, and General Letter No. 143.) PUBUC PATRIOTIC MEETINGS. War Conferences. — War conferences have been held in nearly all States tmder the Speakers Bureau of the State Coimcil acting with the Coimcil of National Defense and the Committee on Pubhc Information. Liberty Choruses. — The organization of choruses to sing at Community Council meetings massmeetmgs, and rallies to get the whole community singing, and to bring the whole commimity into the Community Council, is urged. The Comicil of National Defense recommends the appointment of a State musical director by the State Coimcil of Defense. (See Bulletin No. 103, and General Letter No. 129.) State Fairs. — Exhibits of the State Council ami the Woman's Divisions at State and other fairs afford a very effective means of enhsting pubUc interest in their work. (See General Letter No. 103.) State Council Periodicals. — Periodicals issued at regidar intervals and containing news from State and Coimty Coimcils and news from the various departments at Washington are excellent means of stimulating Coimcil of Defense work. They should be circulated among all Local Councils of Defense and prominent citizens interested in war work. Miscellaneous. — There are numerous other means of publicity, including posters, pam- phlets, official State Coimcil bulletin boards; farm journals and trade papers; the libraries, through the State Library Director of the Food Administration; the schools; and the assistance of special professions, such as the clergy, physicians, and judges, and of special groups such as fraternal, conamercial, and trade associations. (See I. C. A. No. 13.) WORK WITH THE FOREIGN BORN— AMERICANIZATION. Importance. — There are in the United States approximately 13,000,000 foreign born. Americanization is, therefore, one of the most important of the war activities; upon it depends the solution of many of the most vital and difficult problems of civilian and military morale, of labor, of war manufacture, and of sedition. The United States Bureaus of Education and Naturalization, acting with the Coimcil of Defense, have designated the State Coimcils their official agencies for coordinating all war emergency Americanization work in the States. State Councils are responsible for correlating, directing, and supplementing whatever work is being done in the State to motdd our native and foreign born into a truly unified nation. The work should be done so far as possible through existing agencies. (See Bulletins Nos. 86 and 91.) State Committee. — The first step in State Coimcil Americanization work is the appointment jointly with the Woman's Division, of a State Committee on Americanization, and local com- mittees in every town containing over 500 foreign-born residents. (See Bulletin No. 112 and G. L. No. 160.) These committees should always include representatives of the foreign born. The chief functions of a State Americanization Committee should be to — 1. Thoroughly inform itself through a preliminary survey as to the problem in its State and the various agencies already engaged in the work with the foreign born. 2. Correlate the many agencies engaged in Americanization work through State and local periodic conferences of their representatives, and through a central coordinating conference of these representatives and representatives of the foreign-born groups. (See General Letters No. 52 and 111, and Bulletin No. 108.) Conduct a campaign for instruction in the English language through — (a) Public school classes in Enghsh for every group of 20 foreign-speaking people who desire it. (See Bulletin No. 108.) (b) Supplementary classes in Enghsh m factories at the noon hour and in night schools and settlements. (c) Extension work in the homes to reach foreign-born women. (d) Extension work through cooking and similar classes for women. 4. Provide for adequate citizenship traming classes for all who have taken out their first papers, and personal contact with such future citizens to encourage them to become American citizens. (See Bulletin No. 91.) 5. Establish war-information bureaus in all communities where there are many foreign- born residents. These bureaus should be equipped to furnish to the foreign born accurate information about the war and the problems arishig from it. (Bulletin No. 92.) 6. Give full press and speakers' publicity, including editorials in foreign languages, trans- lations of important speeches and laws relatmg to the foreign born, addresses to the foreign born by speakers in their own languages, address by speakers in the various foreign languages in factories during the noon hours, in schools, and in libraries. MEASURES OF ECONOMY. Modem warfare is largely a contest in endurance. In the long nm, therefore, our continued successful prosecution of the war depends upon our efficient economy now. In all directions rigid economy should be promoted by the State Council. General Campaign for Personal Thrift and Economy. — The necessity for nation-wide personal thrift and economy must be stressed repeatedly in State Coimcil annoimcements. Each dollar wasted means one dollar less to loan to the Government and one dollar's worth of labor taken from vital war work. This is work which is to continue throughout the war and is one of the most valuable civilian contributions to American success. (See Bulletin No. 94 and General Letter No. 97.) Christmas Buying. — The Council of National Defense has emphasized the necessity of restricting Chi'istmas buying in order to save labor and material in the manufactui'e and sale of Christmas gifts and to save transportation and deliveiy facilities involved in a large volume of Christmas purchases. An agreement has been effected with representatives of the retail trade to the end that the merchants will not increase their working force or working hours by reason of holiday business, and that they will encourage the early buying of useful gifts only. State Councils are urged to give this agreement wide publicity during the fall of 1918. Curtailment of Retail Deliveries. — In order to release labor and to save equipment, State Councils are asked to push the deliveries campaign of the Conservation Division of the War Industries Board (formerly the Commercial Economy Board of the Council of National Defense) which calls for the restriction of deliveries to one per day over each route, the elimination of special deliveries, and the restriction of return privileges, and also the encom-agement of the establishment of cooperative deliveiy systems wherever possible, especially in the small towns. Each State Council should designate some person to act under its authority and to have this campaign especially in chaige. (See General Letter No. S6 and Bulletins Nos. 42, 47, and 58.) State Council Commercial Economy Programs. — There are a number of fields in which commercial adjustments may promote economy, but in which national programs are not practicable. State Councils thi'ough their commercial economy representatives should develop State or local programs to meet specific local needs. Discouragement of New Construction. — State and Local Councils of Defense are asked to pass upon cases of proposed construction as part of the plan of the War Industries Board which requires that a permit issued by the War Industries Board shall be obtained before any con- struction is undertaken. The manufacturers of building materials are pledged not to furnish materials unless such a permit is shown. An application for a construction permit should be made under oath to the local representatives of the State Council of Defense, presumably the County Council of Defense, who should investigate and refer the matter with a recommendation to the State Council of Defense. The State Council of Defense should appoint a committee on proposed construction, to keep in touch with the Local Councils and also with the War Indus- tries Board, and to act as the communicating agency between the Local Councils and the War Industries Board. Wlierever the State Council decides in favor of the proposed construction, the matter should be referred to the War Industires Board, Section on Non-War Construction, which alone has power to issue constniction permits. All cases in which the State Council rules against the proposed constiuction should be reported monthly to the War Industries Board on forms provided by the Board. This function will constitute one of the most important and responsible duties of the State Councils of Defense. (See Bulletin No. 113.) FIKE PROTECTION. Prevention of Wasteful Fires — General Publicity. — Citizens should be warned concerning fire hazards and requested to exercise care in the prevention of fire. AH industrial plants and food repositories should l)e inspected by inspectors indorsed by the State CouncU. The fire apparatus of every town should be surveyed to aiTange for interchange of apparatus and to effect standardization of hose and hydrant couplings. (See Bulletin No. 11 and General Letter No. 45.) The State Council shoidd keep in close touch with the district foresters and field men of the United States Forestry Service in order to work with them in fii'e prevention. (See General Letter No. 152.) 10 FOOD. Production. — The methods of stimulating food production depend upon local conditions. Each State Council should, therefore, freely exercise its ingenuity in developing such resources. At the same time all food-production work should be tied up with the national food-production program announced by the United States Department of Agriculture. In order to accomplish this and to insure close woi-king relations with the Agriculture Extension Service throughout the State, constant contact should be maintained with the State Extension Director. (See Bulletin No. 87.) A campaign should be conducted in connection with the national fall planting program. (See Bulletin No. 110.) As soon as the general production program for 1919 is announced the planting campaign should be broadened. A campaign to increase silo construction is also possible. (See General Letter No. 137.) Each State Council should designate some person to have charge of the United States School Garden Army work in the State. (See General Letter No. 1.39.) Methods in the several fields of agriculture were suggested in General Letter No. 53 and still serve as points of departure for new State measures. Conservation. — Active assistance should be rendered by State Councils to the United States Food Administration in all its campaigns and close working relationship should be established between the Home Demonstration Agents of the United States Department of Agrifculture and the Community Councils of Defense. (See Bulletin No. 114.) As suggested in General Letter No. 142, measures for the extermination of rats should be adopted by the State Councils. A particularly good opportunity for community campaigns will be found in crusades conducted by the Community Councils of Defense. FUEL. State Councils are asked to give active assistance to the State Fuel Administration in various conservation and distribution plans. These include the early purchase of winter fuel, the conservation of gasoline, the saving of fuel by economy in lighting and heating, and strict observance of the "lightless night" order. (See Bulletin No. 107 and General Letter No. 152.) The State Councils should cooperate with the agents of the United States Forest Service in encouraging the use of wood as fuel. (See General Letter No. 152.) TRANSPORTATION. Highways Transport. — In order to relieve freight congestion and to reduce food prices the more extensive use of motor trucks especially for short hauls is recommended by the Council of National Defense. The State Council should create a Highways Transport Committee to work in cooperation with the Highways Transport Committee of the Council of National Defense and study local conditions and develop as far as possible Return Loads Bureaus, and Rural Motor Express. (See Bulletin No. 90, and General Letters Nos. 62, 102, lOS, and 155A.) The United States Employment Service has authorized the State Council Highways Transport Committees to make preliminary decisions as to essential or nonessential labor in connection with all power or horse drawn vehicles. This constitutes an important function of the Highways Transport Committees and adds gieatly to the scope of their work. (See General Letter No. 155A.) FreigTit Congestion. — Tlie solution of freight-congestion problems is in the hands of the Railroad Administration. However, the State Councils can aid by the encouragement of economical measures of buying, such as the piu'chase of fertilizer in carload lots. (See General Letter No. 30 and Bulletin No. 34.) HigTiways. — Though nonessential road improvement is to be discouraged dming the war, State Councils should cooperate with State Highways Commissioners in seeing that essential 11 highways are maintained in good condition and cleared for use at all times. In order that the increased use of motor cars may be facilitated, it is particularly necessary that interstate roads, such as the Lincoln Highway, be kept in usable condition at all times. (See Bulletin No. 100.) LABOR. Opportunities for State Council Worlc. — The State Council should take advantage of local conditions to inaugurate independent activities for meeting the labor problems of the State. Instances of independent State Council activities are the requisitioning of county road crews for haying and thrashing (see Bulletin No. 46), the appointment of Local Housing Com- mittees, the mobilization of townspeople to work on adjacent farms, etc. Some States 'have found labor surveys, employment bureaus, and vagrancy measures useful and necessary. (See General Letters Nos. 136 and 147.) United States Employment Service. — ^To the United States Employment Service has been entrusted the task of recruiting and allocating unskilled labor. The State Council should coop- erate with the Department of Labor in this most important work. (See Bulletin No. 101 and General Letter No. 147.) Boijs' Worlcing Reserve. — The actual supervision and placement of members of the Boys' Working Reserve is in the hands of the State Division of the Boys' Working Reserve. State Councils should arrange with this branch of the Department of Labor, however, to assist them in all their work and particularly to provide preliminary training for the boys and to insure theh physical and moral welfare. (See Bulletins Nos. 43 and 93.) Housing. — States with a large industrial population should, in cooperation with the United States Bureau of Industrial Housing and Transportation of the Department of Labor, supervise the provision of adequate housing facilities, establish room registration bureaus, and under- take the prevention of rent profiteering. (See Bulletin No. 95, and Partial Letter No. 23.) PUBUC WELFARE. Vocational Education. — The Federal Board for Vocational Education has requested State Councils to join with State Boards for Vocational Education to provide emergency vocational training to meet the demand for technically skUled workers. The appointment of a Joint Advisory Committee for the promotion of vocational education under the provisions of the Smith-Hughes Act is strongly urged. (See Bulletin No. 104.) It has been suggested that State Councils consider the advisability of encouraging shop training of employees, following the plans of the Section on Industrial Training of the Council of National Defense. (See General Letter No. 128.) Maintenance of Educational Standards. — -The United States Bureau of Education urges the maintenance of a high educational standard in the primary and secondary schools of the country in order that the young people of to-day may be prepared to meet efficiently the complex con- ditions brought about by the war. State Councils should lend State and Local Boards of Edu- cation every assistance and should unite with Child Welfare Committee of the Woman's Divi- sions in their special drive. (See Bulletin No. 85.) Patriotic education in schools. — ^Arrangements should be made with Boards of Education to have patriotic exercises and brief studies of war news made a part of regular school work in every school. Public health. — The maintenance of pubhc health is a measure of national defense, espe- cially at a time when national efficiency demands that people be in better health and when at the same time curative facilities are depleted by the needs of the Military Establishment. The maintenance of public health is a matter for which Community Councils are particularly fitted. A public-health committee should be appointed in each Community Coimcil. It should consist 12 of representatives of all health and welfare organizations in the community, together with citizen representatives. This committee should constitute itself a clearing house for all and should work out arrangements to insure the maximum use of existing facilities and the estab- lishment of such new facilities (as clinics) as are urgently necessary in war time. At the same time the Community Council health committee should map out a local health program and should call a series of mass meetings to develop this program. Whenever the State Council develops a State public-health program, such local programs should be fitted into the State plan. Child ^^'€lfare. — Each successive drive of the Children's Year program should be heartily supported by the State Councils. (See General Letter No. 109, and Bulletin No. 85.) MEN IN SERVICE. Legal Advice to Men Entering and in the Militai'xj Service. — State Councils of Defense should create State Legal Committees. The duties of the State Legal Committee are to organize local Legal Committees, to prepare a booklet of State and Federal laws and legal rules for the guidance of local Legal Committees, and to draft proposed war emergency legislation on behalf of the State Council for the State Legislature. Local Legal Committees should be composed preferably of lawyers chosen from the mem- bership of permanent Legal Advisory Boards. They should see all men in Class 1 of the draft to impress upon them the necessity of preparing their afl'airs for theu' absence and to assist them in making the necessary preparations. The Local Legal Committees should also volun- teer their assistance to the American Red Cross Home Service Sections. (See Bulletin No. 84, General Letters Nos. 49, 55, 65, 67, and 123.) War-Risk Insurance.-— Thvou^ the Boards and through Legal Committees, the State Councils should thoroughly inform men about to enter military service in regard to the pro- visions and opportunities of the Federal War-Risk Insurance Law. (See Bulletin No. 116.) Claims for allotments and payments, however, should be referred to the appropriate Home Service Section of the American Red Cross. (See General Letters Nos. 67, 121, and 127.) Predraft Training. — State Councils have been asked to cooperate with the Draft Boards in organizing Boards of Instruction to work under the Draft Board, to see personally each Selective in order to make sure that he proceeds to camp willing, loyal, intelligent, clean, and sober, and to provide such meetings, classes, drills, and farewells as will assist in this general task. Where Boards of Instruction have not been appointed by Local Draft Boards, State Coun- cils, working through their County Councils, should explain to Draft Boards the necessity for such action and should make eveiy effort to bring Selectives together in meetings, at which they will be given instruction as to military opportunities, life in camp, personal hygiene, and the need of legal preparation. Where Boards of Instruction are appointed, State and County Councils should assist Local Draft Boards in furnishing Boards of Instruction necessary infor- mation and assistance in their work. State Councils should put their entire machinery at the service of the Boards of Instruction and should make sure that appropriate action is taken through the Board of Instruction or otherwise, to create in the Selectives a sound morale. (See Bulletin No. 89, and General Letters Nos. 76, 100, and Bulletin No. 102, which contains Gen. Crowder's recommendations concerning Boards of Instruction.) Commission on Training Camp Activities. — State Councils of Defense should cooperate with the Commission on Training Camp Activities in providing for the health, recreation, and wel- fare of the men in training camps. Suggestions for such State Council cooperation include the supplying of patriotic speakers for recreation meetings, the tying up of local councils of defense with the War Camp Community Service in their camp locahties, and their assistance in raising 13 funds for the work, assistance in maintaining health and moral conditions about the camps, correlation of voluntary societies worldng for the men in the camps, the supervision of the solicitation of funds by such voluntary agencies, and the provision of comforts and recreation facihties. (See Bulletin No. 81, and General Letters Nos. 73, 74, 96, 114, and 148.) Community Recognition of Distinguished Service. — State Coimcils should recommend to Coimty Councils that they and their Community Councils recognize distinguished service in establishing Honor Rolls, and by sending official letters of appreciation to men in the service who have been cited for heroism or distinguished service. The next of kin of the men whose names appear on the list of those who have given their lives for their country should also receive appropriate letters from the Local Council of Defense. (See Bulletins Nos. 81 and 106.) Relief. — The relief which is necessary as a result of war conditions is concerned largely with the dependents of soldiers and sailors. While this work is imder the jurisdiction of the American Red Cross, the State Councils should cooperate wherever possible. Loyalty aiid Sedition. — Secretary Baker in\vriting to the President said: "The State Coim- cils are now in a special sense the guardians of civilian morale in each State." The State Councils are urged constantly and strenuously to combat sedition and apathy by the one means of arousing loyalty. Among the most effective methods are — 1. Drawing into some form of appropriate war work those members of the Community who through misunderstanding or kinship with our enemies are especially prone to disloyal tendencies or im.patriotic discontent. 2. Personal contact and explanation (this is a deUcate task, imskilKul personal contact tends to foment sedition). 3. Utilizing the existing publicity machinery of the State Coimcils to reach persons with disloyal tendencies. It is of first importance that State Councils should take a positive stand against the lawless treatment of persons suspected of disloyalty by local councils or by other agencies. To the Department of Justice is delegated the actual suppression of sedition by the arrest and prose- cution of the offenders. (See General Letters Nos. 113 and 138.) The State Councils can be of assistance by reporting to that Department all seditious acts and utterances that come to its attention. (See Bulletin No. 99.) Deserters and Delinquents. — The State Councils have been asked by the Adjutant General to supplement the work of the Department of Justice in the detection of deserters and draft deUnquents. (See General Letter No. 109.) Location of alien property. — The Alien Property Custodian has asked Councils of Defense to locate for them enemy owned property within the several States, reporting evidence, even though unverified, to the Council of National Defense for transmittal. (See Bulletin No. 96, and General Letter No. 120.) WAR FINANCE. Liberty Loans. — As the preparations for each Liberty Loan are developed. State Councils are expected to proffer their services to those in charge for their State, working out special methods of cooperation and active assistance as decided upon by representatives of the Liberty Loan organizations and the State Councils in conference. Particularly valuable work may be done by County and by Community Councils of Defense in reaching the people directly. (See Bulletins Nos. 50 and 62.) Sale or Exchange of Liberty Bonds. — State Councils should warn the public against exchang- ing Liberty Bonds for merchandise, calling attention to the fact that it is disapproved by the Treasury Department. Local Councils should investigate and report all offers to accept Liberty Bonds for merchandise and also for other bonds and corporate stocks. The sale of Liberty Bonds, except in case of special necessity, should be discouraged. (See General Letter No. 107.) 14 War Savings Stamps. — The continuous sale of War Savings Stamps will be important as long as the war lasts. The War Savings Committee is establishing War Savings Societies in small communities for the purposes of thrift and economy and the investment in War Savings Stamps. The growth of these societies should be promoted by County Councils of Defense and the societies as far as possible should be constituted auxiliaries of the Community Councils of Defense working through and with them. State Councils can also assist such continuous sales of stamps by devising ingenious publicity methods for keeping the matter always before the people of the State. In all this work it must be remembered that the main purpose is not to make immediate sales, but to inculcate the habit of personal thrift. (See General Letters Nos. 92 and 149-A.) Copies of the bulletins, information circulars, general letters, and other material referred to in this outline, and full details as to any of the work outlined, may be had upon application to the Field Division of the Coimcil of National Defense, Washington, D. 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