^5Z Drafting Room Methods >■%' Standards and Forms CHARLES D. COLUNS ' '"'yr i..i' ■;-3,!-<,i;' r 1- ' , ■ ,>->'*''V\ •■ ■■ ' ■■ I ■■■ " "•" '■•■'■"' '«*''' .ilLLUB^maBBL COXTE^^TS PART I THE DRAFTING ROOM PAGE PAGE Location 9 Methods of handling work . 18 Equipment 9-15 FiUng 31 Personnel if^-is no^o^oi t^o+>„,^+; — 22 STANDAR] Saftej" Standards — I Abbre\iations . . . Aeronautical Terms Cross Sections . . Definitions .... Electrical Symbols . Lines rs eaks Class \ *d 5 Z / Drawing Sizes . . Form Sizes . . . Application Blanks Arrangement of a dr; COpightN:. Building Record Boo Drawing Record Boo ccexright depose Pattern Record Booi Print Record Book 72 73 83 84 85 86 87 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 rA.n i 1 V MISCEI-LANEOUS TABLES Bolt Stresses . . . . Bolts and Nuts . . . Bolt Threads . . . . Washers Weight Steel Bars . . Studs Pipe Thread — Briggs 111 112 113 115 116 117 .117-119 Pipe Sizes 120-122 Boiler Tubes 123 Pipe Flanges 124-125 Pipe Fittings — ^ Flanged Key Seats Shafting, Horse Power of Gages — Plate . . . Gages — Wire .... Metric Conversion . . Weights and Measures Decimal Equivalents . Areas of Circles . . . Reference Books . . 126-129 130-131 132 133 135 136-137 138 139 139-142 143 DRAFTING ROOM METHODS STANDARDS AND FORMS DRAFTING ROOM METHODS STANDARDS AND FORMS A REFERENCE BOOK FOR ENGINEERING OFFICES AND DRAFTSMEN BY CHARLES D. COLLINS M. AM. see. C. E. ILLUSTRATED NEW YORK D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY 25 Park Place 1918 <^^^ ^ C' COPYRIGHT I918, BY D.VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY JAN -2 i9l9 THE-PLIMPTON-PKESS NOEWOOD-MASS-U-S'A CI.A511207 ^Vv^ I INTRODUCTION It has heretofore generally been the custom for each company starting or operating a drafting room, to com- pile its own set of Standard Practice Sheets at much expense of time and with divers results. This book is an attempt to describe methods and illus- trate forms which would be generally applicable in engineering offices and drafting rooms and combine with this the conventional symbols or standards for the differ- ent branches of drafting, such as Architectural, Electrical, Mechanical, Patent Office, Structural, and Topographical. Provision is also made in the index and at the end of each part for the inclusion of special information, data, instructions, etc., pertaining only to the business of each user, and the addition of which information should be a convenience and a step toward completeness. Parts I and III are intended for those directing a draft- ing room, as well as draftsmen. The directions for drafts- men and particularly tracers are necessary if uniformity of work is to be attained; otherwise each man will do his work in his own way and the results will be anything but uniform. Part II will be of most value to draftsmen. Here it has been endeavored to give as complete a list of standard symbols as is now available and which either have no traceable parentage or have come into general use through the actions of Government Departments, Committees of the various Engineering and Manufac- turers' Societies, and recommendations of the Engineering Pubhcations. To all of these, grateful acknowledgment s 6 INTRODUCTION is made for the matter used, as noted on the respective standards. Part IV is intended to give some of the tables most often referred to by the draftsman without entering the field of the engineering handbook. The book was first compiled for the engineering di\d- sion of a rapidly growing organization engaged in both construction and manufacture. A copy was given to each engineer, draftsman, and tracer, and the results attained in standardization and in the improved oper- ation of the division encouraged the hope that it would prove as useful in other offices. The copy in the hands of the new man, with instructions and an opportunity given him to become familiar T\dth it, was also found to materially reduce the not inconsiderable expense of in- structing and training the new employee. C. D. C. New York, May 4, 1918 PART I METHODS " Method goes far to prevent trouble in business, for it makes the task easy, hinders confusion, saves abundance of time, and instructs those who have business depending what to do and what to hope." — William Penn. ARRANGEMENT AND EQUIPMIONT T THE DRAFTINC ROOM Arrangement. — Many companies give thig less con- sideration than any of their other departments in tlie matter of location, space per man, ventilation, and lij!;ht. Why this is so is a mystery to one who knows the expense of running a large drafting room and the difference in output under good and adverse conditions. The ideal drafting room would be one in a quiet location, with freedom from dust, plenty of north light, ventilation of the best, and at least sixty square feet of floor space per man. Given the proper men, then ventilation and hght will be the next two factors affecting output, jind any improvement in them will be reflected in the work. If artificial light has to be used, it should be indirect, with walls and ceiling tinted to prevent glare. Equipment. — Following is a list of the principal articles of equipment of a drafting room, which have been selected only after trial and proven satisfaction. Drafting Machine. — ^ This tool is now so well known and its utility for detail work so well demonstrated, that its purchase is only a question of the kind and volume of work to be done. Blueprint Machines. — When the advisability of in- stalhng a blueprint machine is considered, the govcn-ning factors should be the amount and private nature of the work, access to a professional blueprinter, and his prices. 9 10 DRAFTING ROOM METHODS With the cost of a horizontal machine, complete mth washer and drier, around $1000, office room $2 per square foot (New York), and an operator at $75 per month, it will not be a saving investment, when the monthly bills at a printer's would run under $250 if figured at 2i per square foot. A brief description of the various types of prints, with their prices, follows: Blueprints, white lines on blue ground on paper Minimum charge 05 each Charge per sq. ft 02, over 42" .03 Specifications in lots of 100 02 each Small blueprints in lots of one hundred or more . . $3.50 per 100 Blueprints, white lines on blue ground on cloth Minimum charge 15 each Charge per sq. ft 07 In lots of 100 or more $10.00 per 100 Brown Vandyke Prints, negative and positive on paper Minimum charge 15 each Charge per sq. ft 08 On cloth per sq. ft 15 Minimum charge 25 each Blue Line Paper, from negative, blue lines on white ground Minimum charge 10 each Charge per sq. ft 05 On cloth per sq. ft 10 Minimum charge 15 each Litho Black Prints, on paper Quantity 1 2 3 4 5 or more Price 10 9 7 6 5 per sq. ft. On cloth 15 12 10 9 8 per sq. ft. Blueprint Frame. — A simple and most inexpensive ^' field office" blueprint frame can be made, for use against a single sash window, with a cleated back-board, with felt pad glued to it, a wood bar across the center of the window, and a wedge. When ready for a print the bot- tom of the board rests against the bottom of the sash ARRANGEMENT AND EQUIPMENT 11 and the upper part leans against the cross-bar. The tracing and print paper being dropped in behind the board, the latter is pushed up against the glass and the wedge dropped in between the back of the board and the cross- bar. This apparatus is without doubt twice as fast to handle and consequently is only half the work of the usual frame and works very well up to about 18" x 24" size. Some extra tins are required outside to keep the glass from being pushed out if puttied. The board back must be perfectly flat to give even contact and should have a cross-bar for the wedge to act against. The felt should be at least I" thick and glued to the board. A small mirror outside the sash will enable inspection for color of print without disturbing anything. Files. — The most satisfactory files for tracings were found to be those with five or six drawers to a section, and for prints, those with three or four drawers to a section. All drawers should have a board across the top at the back, and spring clips at the front corners. (See Fig. 1.) These files can be obtained with drawers measuring 26" X 38" inside which will be the correct size for 24" x 36" drawings and will divide for the smaller sizes as shown in Fig. 1. For the largest standard size drawings (30" x 41") a file can be obtained measuring 32" x 42". For the protection of the most valuable drawings or tracings from fire or theft, file drawers can now be obtained built in light steel safes of a kind approved by the Board of Fire Underwriters. Another method is to have a Van Dyke print made from each tracing and sent to a deposi- tory in a different building. Ink Bottles. — The ordinary ink bottle has too small a neck for satisfactory use. In dipping a pen in it for 12 DRA^FTING ROOM METHODS printing, ink is usually smeared on the holder and fin- gers. A much better arrangement is to buy bottles with larger mouths and corks through which the quills from the old bottles can be run. The drawing ink should then be bought by the pint and the small bottles filled as required. Pens. — The most convenient for both ruling pens and compasses are the ones that have a spring blade <_± fv*" >?.x 1 8 Drawings For UetterSWc sk<1cK«s K -3 8" IT Fig. 1 and which do not require resetting after cleaning and closing. For printing, the ball point pens seem to work the best, and faster printing can be done with them. Use the ordinary commercial styles for the larger letters, and for the lower case type and figures use a finer pen. Pencils and Sharpeners. — In drafting rooms where the ordinary wood and lead pencils are used, a convenient instrument is a rotary sharpener, which makes a long taper on the wood part of the pencil and leaves the lead unsharpened. The latter is then finished to suit on the sandpaper board. A very satisfactory arrangement and time saver is the double end holder with separate leads, a hard one ARRANGEMENT AND EQUIPMENT 13 being kept in one end and a soft lead in the other. A turn of the end then loosens and tightens the lead for adjustment and a sandpaper board does all the sharpen- ing necessary. The sandpaper board is cleaner than a file, because it holds the lead on its surface. Scales. — The most convenient and quickest to handle are the single flat scales with both bevels on one side and only one scale to a bevel reading from right to left. This for the I and f " scales, and the IJ and 3" scales. To the above should be added one open divided scale, with inches and 32ds on one side and an open divided decimal scale to inches and 50ths on the other side, the tenth marks being longer and marked .1 to .9. The I and J", J and 1", scales can be made of the same style but two scales to a bevel. Except the last, these will have to be made to order, but the extra conven- ience will repay the slight additional expense. A small brass knurled knob screwed into the center of each scale will be found very useful for handling it. The triangular scale is a nuisance for drafting, but convenient for the engineer who does not want a lot of single scales around. A spring clip snapped over the top side will keep the scale in use where it can be readily found. For accurate scale mechanical work, such as jigs and fixtures, tools and gun parts, the steel scale should be used. A sharp and hard pencil point can then be run down the proper groove and the layout mark made where wanted. Tables. — For small and medium size drawings a very convenient and satisfactory table, both as to price and operation, is found as shown in Fig. 2. An extra table Tray 14 DRAFTING ROOM METHODS without rack and drawer is used alongside the first for reference prints. If space is hmited the reference table can be lower and partly under the drafting table top. Also in emergency a second drawing can be started on it if it is not desirable at the time to clear the regular board. For large drawings, where the floor space and resources warrant it, larger and heavier tables can be provided, the most satisfactory probably Sitrt^k. I I being the long, flat table with tilting board at the left and drawers at the right side. Not over two small drawers for tools and books and one large drawer for drawings are advisable. Otherwise, prints and drawings which should be in the general files will collect in them and cause loss of time, and trouble before being found. Thumb Tacks. — Small tacks with thin pins and heads are the most satisfactory both for ease in removing and least damage to the boards. T Squares. — Those of hard wood with fixed heads and celluloid edges are the best for general use if it is not desired to go to the expense of fitting the boards with the sliding straight edge kept parallel with cords and pulleys. If the latter is used it should have the cords below the top of the board and have a wood grip screwed to the center for handling it and forming a place for the scale, pencil, and rubber. Tracing Cloth. — It is advisable to order tracing sheets cut to the sizes required and with the border lines, material Fig. 2 ORGANIZATION 15 list headings, and title forms printed on them. This will greatly improve the appearance of the work, and the cost will be less than buying cloth by the roll when the saving in cloth and time is considered. II ORGANIZATION The drafting force may be divided as required into groups or squads for the following classes of work: Architectural and Structural Electrical Mechanical Topographical General and Tracing. Each group should be in charge of a designated head, through whom all work for that group should be given and thereafter followed up. The drafting work should be apportioned to give each group its special class of drafting whenever possible. The head of any group should cooperate with the others in the use of his men when requested, and it can be done without detriment to his own work. In such cases the draftsmen thus temporarily assigned to another group will be under the direction of the head of that group until the completion of the work. Administration. — Hours. Notification of change of address. Notification, or permission for, intended absence. 16 DRAFTING ROOM METHODS Notification of special experience or ability, including foreign languages spoken. Suggestions welcomed for improvement in apparatus or methods. Rules as to smoking. Not permitted in some drafting rooms owing to interference with the work. Overtime. Above are a few suggested ^'Heads'' for subjects on which no two offices agree, and which are therefore best covered by special instructions in each case. Men. — A certain Iron Master taught us that success in a business mostly depended on the proper selection of men and their assignment to the class of work for which they were best adapted. Nowhere can this be better demonstrated than in the conduct of an engineering and drafting force. A careful study of characteristics and training will be necessary and some trials at different kinds of work may be required to place some of the men. But this will be time well spent. It has been demonstrated in companies which train their own men that certain types could not be developed into satisfactory draftsmen but made excellent tracers. Others who were not successful as designers did very good work as estimators. Still others who passed as excellent designers, having abihty, boldness, and originahty, were very liable to make many small errors and their work in consequence required very careful checking. Then a care- ful, thorough type who had the quahties to make excel- lent checkers were largely found to fail on work requiring original designing ability. Such changes in the work of men, made with tact and judgment and with due analysis of the work as well as ORGANIZATION 17 the men, are bound to result in more and better work and a large decrease in the labor turnover. The more varied the work, with the consequent larger force on which to work, the greater the proportionate results to be attained. Men — Qualifications. — The five chief qualities a drafts- man should cultivate are: accuracy, technique, speed, economy, and neatness. Accuracy is the greatest of these. A mistake should be considered as a reflection on character, and an effort should be made to get in the habit of doing accurate work. Technique should be studied thoroughly, as without it work appears amateurish and invites lack of confidence. Speed in drafting is the result of mental processes as well as manual dexterity. It naturally follows quick thought when the subject is understood and technique is at command. Economy. Speed will cover about half of this quali- fication. The other half is to be attained by close atten- tion to what details, dimensions, and shading are essential and what are not. Neatness is placed last from an efficiency standpoint when weighed with the other qualities. It should be developed into a habit, and will usually be noted in the work of men possessing the other qualities. Men — Output. — With the great increase in rents, sala- ries, and equipment, a drafting room is now a more ex- pensive part of an organization than ever before. Every draftsman should realize this, and that his output is given keener scrutiny than ever, and even weighed against the rental value of the space occupied. He should therefore try to save his employer what time he can on his work, 18 DRAFTING ROOM METHODS for the man who turns out the most of satisfactory work is the one who is kept on during slack times. It is a conservative estimate to place at 20% the time that could be saved on the average draftsman's work by a stricter attention to the omission of nonessential detail, shading, and dimensions, and in many places the substi- tution of a note for a detail, particularly in calhng for standard equipment. Perception of what is essential and what not should be developed, so that the work turned out will be a me- chanical drawing and not a "picture." The ability to do this is particularly valuable as a time saver in the early stages of a drawing, before the design is approved, as any unnecessary work done up to this approval is frequently wasted if the design is changed. Work is often seen which at first glance appears to be all that could be desired, but closer inspection reveals a lack of essential mechanical information necessary for the manufacture of the matter shown. This lack is covered up by nonessential information, shading, useless dimensions and detail of standard fittings, such as bolts, nuts, valves, etc., and makes of the drawing what is termed in factory drafting rooms a '^pretty picture." These remarks do not apply to drawings for illustration, advertising matter, or Patent Office work, where the pictorial effect is desired. Ill GENERAL DIRECTIONS General Directions. — Two important rules should be kept in mind to insure satisfactory work in the drafting room: GENERAL DIRECTIONS 19 First. — Arrange and perform the work in the order of its importance. Second. — Do not start new work until the completion of old, unless the latter is held up for information or some other very good reason. Work Orders. — xAuthorizations for drawing work should be issued by the chief draftsman on special forms, such as shown in Part III, and which shall give name of part or section of plant for which the work is intended, location, character of work, for whom intended, date, account or charge number, directions for and disposal of the completed work. Copies of authorizations to the number required for office routine will be made, the usual distribution being to estimating department, engineer, chief draftsman, and draftsman. The draftsman's copy has on reverse side a space in which to add directions as to titles, drawing numbers, and space for draftsman's time for cost account. The drafts- man's copy follows the drawing throughout and is re- turned with completed drawings to chief draftsman for record and file. After completion of work any of the other copies may be destroyed as desired, their purpose being to assist in following up the work. Much time is wasted and heavy drafting expense in- curred when important proposed work is not first sketched out and discussed before any drafting is done. Some offices even make it a practice not to discuss such work until the tracings are finished; not reahzing the time and money lost in making the changes which invariably follow this method, and the loss of interest and initiative on the part of the draftsman who has his supposedly completed work changed again and again. 20 DR.1FTIXG ROO^vI ^lETHODS At these discussions the endeavor should be made to get the source of information as close to the drawing board as possible, to avoid loss of value in transmitted information. Granting the information has come to the Chief or Squad Draftsman in good form for, let us say, an article to be manufactured, he is expected to make the drawing with due regard to all operations which follow, such as, tool making, pattern making, foundry work, machining, assembling, and, last but not least, selhng. As few men are familiar T\ith all these processes, prehminary sketches or prints and discussions should touch all these departments with a view to ob- taining the best information relative to economical and rapid progress of the work through each. With proper organization and handling, this can be done without friction and the results in the final product should justify the initial trouble and expense. With sufficient new work it is ad^dsable to have a man or men assigned to this class of preliminary work, pre- paring pencil sketches for discussion and approval of those in authority, before any real drafting work is at- tempted. Re^dsed sketches should then be issued with the work authorizations and be filed with them when the drawings are completed. Starting a Drawing. — Return to the proper source all work orders, dra^-ings, reference prints, and data re- lating to the last completed job. Write in pencil, on the lower right-hand edge of the paper, the name of the dra\\dng, plant, order number of the work, and your initials. Keep the work one and one half inches from the left edge of the paper or cloth, to leave room for binding of prints. GENERAL DIRECTIONS 21 Do not crowd the views or parts shown. Leave space on detail sheets near title, for additions and revisions. Scale. — The scale to which a drawing should be made is the one just large enough to show clearly the parts wanted, and to accommodate without crowding the dimensions and notes. Use I'', I", IJ", 3", and full-size scales for mechanical work. Use I", i", I'', and 1" scales for architectural work. Where more than one scale is used on the same drawing, give the scale under each part as well as in the title box. Arrangement. — In general, draw plan at the left side of the sheet, with front elevation below and end elevation to the right. Avoid unnecessary ornamental and shading work that will increase the drafting time and cost. When more than one sheet is required for a piece of work, if practicable keep the sheets of uniform size. When details call for several classes of materials which would be supplied by different companies, group the parts to be made of like material, and show each group on a separate sheet or sheets. Do not crowd the work. If detailing several small parts on one sheet, use a drawing sheet large enough to leave room for the addition of two or three more parts and for revisions. Draw details in their natural position and to the same ^'hand" as seen in the assembly drawing. Dimensions. — Give length and breadth dimensions on the plan, and dimensions of height or depth on one of the elevations only. Do not repeat dimensions on the different elevations or projections. Give over-all dimensions. 22 DRAFTING ROOM METHODS Give dimensions in inches up to 72'', after that in feet and inches. Center hnes are often only imaginary lines, and for that reason, on mechanical work, it is better to work from a finished edge or surface. Use thin broken lines for dimension Hnes and do not place them near construction lines. Do not cross dimension and construction lines when it can be avoided. Make notes about dimensions, above the construction lines rather than below. Make notes and figures to read from not more than two directions; namely, bottom and right side of drawing. Make notes and figures read from the same direction that the drawing reads to which the notes and figures apply. Keep notes outside the objects drawn and use a light pointing line to the part to which reference is made. Group the notes referring to the same detail. Do not write notes across dimension or construction lines. Be consistent and follow the same system of making notes and dimensions throughout the work. Figures. — Make fractions with a horizontal dividing line, thus: i, not 1/2. Use single-stroke inclined figures. Make whole numbers about -^" to i" high. Make fractions with each figure about ^" to A" high. Make numbers of drawings about -fe" high. On pencil work for preliminary prints, be sure that the figures are made dark enough to print well. Lettering. — Few things add so much to the appearance of a drawing as well-lettered notes and figures properly GENERAL DIRECTIONS 23 placed. The art of making good letters and figures re- quires some study as well as practice, for the picture of a perfect letter or figure must exist in the mind before it can be made with the hand. The first step, then, is to memorize the appearance of a perfectly formed alphabet and set of figures, of the style to be used, and then practice the strokes necessary to make them. Single straight strokes should be tried first, then the o, c, and s, which will cover most of the strokes also required for the figures. The most common faults to be guarded against are too much space between the letters of a word and not enough space between the words. A fine but stiff pen will be found the most satisfactory for small lettering and figures, and a ball point pen for the larger sizes, titles, etc. The use of single-stroke inclined Italic letters g^" to ^'^ high for capitals, and -f^" to -^" for small letters, is recom- mended for appearance, ease, and rapidity of execution. The style of letter in the first example below, called the Italic, is the simplest and quickest to make, as it requires the least number of strokes. When a straight line will do, it is used and an entire absence of extra curves and curls is aimed at. To avoid blurring where lines meet at a point, both strokes should be drawn toward the point whenever possible, and, for speed, a pen so fine that it sticks in the paper should not be used. It is better to use a slightly coarser pen and make the letters a trifle larger. The second example, of the same general type of letter but made in a vertical position and with a heavier line, is called the Gothic alphabet and is gaining in favor. It is harder to make after using the Italic, but practice with the work squarely in front of one, and both eyes focusing at 24 DRAFTING ROOM METHODS the same angle, will overcome the trouble. This type looks better in the titles and can be well executed by using a piece of cross-section paper under the tracing cloth. The above applies to working drawings for manufactur- ing and construction purposes. Drawings for illustration and advertising matter are in a different class and there more elaborate letters are frequently desired and used. The third example is an adaptation of the Roman alphabet used by architects. Several modifications are seen and like the other alphabets they are made in both compressed and extended form, the underlying idea seeming to be equal blank spaces between the lines com- posing the letters, thus producing a pleasing uniform effect rather than extreme legibility. The round letters, such as 0, c, and s are inclined to the right or left to suit the space, and when two o's come together they are interlocked. These three examples may be said to cover present requirements and all should be made freehand, as the day of the drawn letter has passed. ABCDEFGH/JKLMNO PQRS TU V WX YZ !?::.-; 1234567890 ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRS TUVW XYZ!?;:.-: 1234567890 abcdefghijklmnopqrsfuvw xy z, & 1 234567890, ii.iiiiim Example 1 GENERAL DIRECTIONS 25 ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQ RSTU\/WXYZ&$.-^:! 1234567890 ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ 1234567890&$ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890 Example 2 ABGDEFGHIJKLMNO PaRSTUVWXYZ, 8c 1E34567890. ABGDEreHlJKL/nNOPQRSryVVXYZ 1234567590 abcdef^KijKlTn'n.opqrst uvuixy 7 . 1234567830. Example 3 26 DRAFTING ROOM METHODS Naming of Parts and Drawings. — It is very important that care be given to this matter as noted under fihng, and general instructions issued covering this subject. Otherwise different names will creep into use for the same object and much confusion will result in getting prints out of the files, in discussion, and ordering of material. Titles. — Name of the drawn parts should be the most prominent, company's name next, and data last. Whether the company's name or the subject-matter should be first is an open question; probably most engineers w^ould say that to give the subject the most prominence would require it to be put at the top of the title frame, but this splits the information to be filled in, by insertion of the company's name at this place. If the latter is kept in sufficiently small type, the name of the subject-matter can still be given prominence if it does come second, and this seems to make a better-looking title as a whole. When titles, borders, and material list headings are printed on the drafting sheets and the practice is made of cleaning tracings with benzine, the printing should be specified to be done with ink, which will not be affected by such cleaning. It is important that care be given to the assignment of all drawing titles, as on them will depend the success of the alphabetical index. Titles, therefore, should be assigned by one person only. For ready reference to any drawing by this system and a card index, the following rules should be observed: First, Divide the title into three lines or parts, X, Y, Z, as follows: X, Name of the part drawn. Name of part or machine to which it belongs. GENERAL DIRECTIONS 27 Y, Name of section, subdivision, or group to which it belongs. Z, Name of plant or location in which it belongs. Second, Make the first word of each part of the title the true name of the object drawn, machine, section, or plant, as the case may be. Third, Index by the name word of each section of the title. Never index by the adjective. Example: Assume a company operating three plants, known, we will say, as '^ Albany," '^Buffalo," and ^' Roches- ter" plants. Each consists of X factories known as ^'A," ^'B," and ^^C," etc. Part to be indexed being '' cylinder head of 6" x 8" blower engine" in ^'C" factory of ''Buffalo" plant. Proceed to divide and assign the title in three parts, which, under the rules given, will read: First line — cylinder head — blower engine — 6"x8" Second " — c factory Third '' — buffalo plant It will be noted that the first word of each part of the title is the true name of the part, section, or plant, as the case may be, and this fulfills the conditions for successful indexing by the alphabetical method. The drawing number will then be found in the card index, under division ''Buffalo Plant," subdivision, "C Factory," and cross-indexed in this subdivision under "C" for cylinder head, and "B" for blower engine. See index card forms. To insure correct titles and proper indexing, the person assigning titles should write them on the reverse side of the original work-order forms, in the space provided for the purpose, and at the time the drawing numbers are 28 DRAFTING ROOM METHODS assigned. Draftsmen will then copy those titles on the drawings without change. Tracing. — Tracings are to be made on the rough side of the cloth. Start at the top of the sheet and keep the work about 1|'' from the left-hand edge, to allow for bind- ing the prints in sets. Trace center lines, curves, vertical, and horizontal lines in the order given. If cloth from the roll is used, trace border lines and titles last. A little ingenuity in doing the work will obviate the necessity of waiting for the ink to dry. Keep pens properly ground; not sharp enough to cut, but thin enough to make the ink flow properly. Lines made with a single stroke save time. Erasures are to be made with rubber only. Sand rubbers are not to be used. The parts of the object that lie nearest the observer should be traced first and with the heaviest lines. This brings out the object and makes the drawing easier to read. The dotted lines, showing the invisible parts, will then be traced and confusion of these lines avoided. When curves run into straight Hues, the former are inked first, as it is then easy to make an exact meeting with the ruhng pen. Outside of lettering, nothing be- trays the novice so quickly as poorly executed tangent lines. When the practice is made of keeping pencil drawings after they have been traced, the tracer should write his initials, date traced, and drawing number in the right- hand lower corner of such drawings. Signatures. — Every finished drawing or tracing is to be signed with the initials of the draftsman, tracer, and checker who has worked on it. GENERAL DIRECTIONS 29 Every drawing is to be signed '^Approved" by the chief engineer, or whoever is sponsor for that drawing. For estimating purposes on rush work only, prehminary prints may be issued before drawings are checked or ap- proved. In that event all such prints should be stamped ''preliminary," and one kept for record as noted under ''record prints." Calculations. — On design work calculations will be made in a book provided for that purpose on application to the file clerk. Commence each note or calculation with date, name of drawing, and separate by a line notes relating to differ- ent drawings. Make calculations and notes in a neat and legible man- ner and so marked as to be readily understood by others. Catalogues. — Necessary catalogues can be applied for through the file clerk, who will obtain them as required and file and index them under manufacturers' names and names of articles. This file should be kept up to date with new issues of catalogues as they appear. A receipt card should be signed when catalogues are taken from the files, and they are to be returned promptly to the files after serving their purpose. Checking Prints. — All drawings shall be checked by checkers or squad foremen. For this purpose a check print shall be made when the drawing warrants it. Correct matter shall be marked with yellow crayon and corrections with red crayon. After corrections have been made, the check prints are to be delivered to the file clerk for filing with the record prints. Check prints are not to be taken from the drafting room, and receipt cards must be signed when they are taken from the files. 30 DRAFTING ROOM METHODS Compass Direction. — Maps and plant arrangement sheets of the same plant are to be made uniform as to compass direction. If not otherwise required, North will be toward the top of the sheet. Show True North by a solid or full arrow head with an E. & W. line. Show Magnetic North by a half arrow head on that side of the line toward the declination. Field Drawings. — Field drawings should be made to these standards and should bear the date made and the approval of the resident engineer. Title and number space should be left for filling in at the main office. Local title and number should appear over the regular title box, with name of plant and section or purpose for which the article is used. Three prints or one original tracing of all field drawings that show any part of the plant or apparatus that has been built, or is to be built, should be noted accordingly and sent to the engineering division at the main office for filing. It is important that field drawings be made to the sizes given, as the main office files are made and fitted for these sizes. Field offices will see that their old prints are destroyed as soon as possible after receipt of revised prints. Use- less work and expense will be avoided by careful attention to this matter. Fit Dimensions. — In specifying fits on mechanical drawings, give Hmits expressed as plus or minus after the dimension figures. Example: 1.785 ± .001 For fit allowances, see machinists' handbooks. GENERAL DIRECTIONS 31 Filing. — A file clerk should be in charge of the files and the recording of incoming and outgoing drawings, prints, and catalogues. He should see that titles and numbers are properly entered in his record book and on the index cards. All drawings should be cross-indexed as to plant, division or section, and name of part shown. The record book should show, in remarks column, the numbers of superseded and superseding drawings, also about cancellations of drawings with dates. Drawings will be indexed and filed under the following classifications, indicated by the first or series number^ followed by the size letter and serial number: l-B-1278 would indicate drawings made at the main office. 2-B-etc. would indicate drawings made at branch offices, or in the field. 3-B-etc. would indicate miscellaneous foreign draw- ings of apparatus in use. 4-B-etc. would indicate miscellaneous foreign draw- ings of apparatus filed for reference only. Series numbers to be continued as required. Serial numbers start with 1 for each series, as missing drawings are thus most easily detected. The letter following the first number indicates the size of drawing, as follows: A," 8|'' X 11", sketch or data size. B," 12'' X 18". C," 18'^ X 24". D," 24" X 36". E," 30" X 41". 32 DRAFTING ROOM METHODS The number following the letter is the serial number and indicates the position of the drawing in the file. File drawers will be marked with the series name and number, size letter, and range of serial numbers of the drawings they contain. Tracings, record prints, sets of prints, and the classi- fied prints will be kept in separate files. Sets are to be kept up to date with the latest revised prints. Drawings, tracings, and prints taken from the files are to be returned promptly after being used. Receipt cards should be signed for tracings taken from the files, and for drawings and prints according to their importance. When the fifing system is to be decided upon, con- sideration should be given to the rate of growth and ulti- mate number of drawings that will be filed. If a few thousand will be the limit, the alphabetical and numerical system described will be satisfactory if the rules for titling and indexing are observed. Should it be decided, however, to provide for many thousands or an unlimited number of drawings, tracings, and prints, then one of the decimal systems should be adopted. In the former case all the dramngs of one size would be numbered consecutively and filed numerically — a missing drawing being instantly detected; or, the number being had, it will readily be found in its numerical position. Also, new files will only have to be purchased when files already on hand are completely filled. In the decimal system all the drawings of one clas?, or order, or contract are brought together under one preliminary number and subdivided by following numbers separated by dashes, or letters having special significance for subdivision. This system has the advantage of bring- GENERAL DIRECTIONS 33 ing all the drawings of one group together, although pos- sibly of varying sizes, and it has the disadvantage of difficulty of detecting missing drawings, and the greater amount of file and floor space required, as there will be more drawers in process of being filled than with the first system. Transmitting Prints. — A letter of transmittal must accompany the first issue of all prints and all subsequent issues of revised prints. To avoid confusion in filing, a separate letter should be written for each general subject. In all letters of transmittal, state: 1, Number of prints transmitted; 2, Numbers of the prints; 3, Date of last revision; 4, Title; 5, Name of plant; 6, Instructions covering the disposition of, and pur- pose for which the prints are issued (if revisions, instructions should cover the destruction or return of obsolete prints); 7, Information relative to features of construction, ordering of material, etc. Material Lists. — On mechanical work it is customary to put the short material lists, or parts lists, on the as- sembly drawings, and the long lists on a separate sheet with a drawing number. On architectural work it is better to make the material lists on special letter-size sheets of thin paper, which may be typed with a reversed carbon sheet at the back. Very good blueprints to the number required may then be made from these typed sheets. Such material lists 34 DRAFTING ROOM METHODS will bear the same number as the authorization or order for the work, and will be filed under this number, in a vertical letter file reserved for material Hsts and speci- fications. The same order number appearing on the drawing will then serve to bring all parts of the work to- gether. A form for such material lists is given. Specifications. — It is recommended that specifications be typed on thin letter-size paper, with a reversed carbon sheet at the back, and blueprints made from these sheets as with material lists. Such specifications will also bear the authorization or order number of the work, and be filed with the material lists. The order number on the drawing will then bring all parts of the work together. A form for such specifications is given. It is possible to get a lower price for blueprinting these small sheets by having several of them printed on a larger sheet and then cutting up such sheets in your own office. Old Drawings and Prints. — Do not let old drawings and prints accumulate on the reference boards. Return them promptly to the files after using or to the squad foreman for destruction, as the case may require. Parts Lists and Details. — Give names under the re- spective parts drawn, with kind of material, finish, and number required for one unit below it. When a material list with part numbers is used, place the part number in sl -fe" diameter circle above the name of the part, and give the material and number required in the material list only. The descriptive matter under the part will then consist of part number, name, and finish, only. When details cover more than one sheet, part numbers should run through the several sheets, allowing at least GENERAL DIRECTIONS 35 ten blank numbers to a sheet before starting to number the parts on the next sheet. Patterns. — Make the following notes on all drawings requiring pattern work: Under each casting drawn, note that pattern is to be marked with the company's initials placed over the draw- ing and part number. The drawing and part number thus combined will constitute the pattern number. A. B. C. Co. Example : Mark Pattern l-C-9990 On each drawing requiring pattern work make the following note: ^'Use metal letters and figures on patterns to mark castings. "^ '^Mark the company's initials and pattern number on each piece of a pattern and core box." All orders placed for material including castings should have clearly stated on them whether or not the patterns are to become the property of the purchasing company. If so, the grade of pattern work should be covered, and a clause inserted specifying that the patterns and designs are to be for the exclusive use of the purchasers. Dis- positioA of the completed patterns should be covered, also the matter of insurance or responsibility if they are to be left on storage. Pattern Record Book. — A book for this purpose should be kept by the department having charge of making pur- chases or ordering material from the drawings, and this book should be kept up by having entered in it all pur- chases or transfers of patterns. This work is anticipated on the drawings by having a pattern number assigned to every casting called for. A form is given for a pattern record book, the left-hand 36 DRAFTING ROOM METHODS page of which is for the pattern record and the right- hand page for the transfer record. It is important that this book be kept up to date, for, if allowed to fall behind, it will be found very hard to bring it up and trace and locate old patterns. Preliminary Prints. — When prints are sent out before being checked or approved, they should in all cases be marked ^^Preliminary," and the usual charge should be made in the record book. j Tracings from which preliminary prints have been made should be returned to the squad foreman for completion. They must not be filed unless so directed by him. Record Prints. — A record print shall be kept of the first printing from every tracing and from each subse- quent revision. Every such print shall be stamped '^Record Print," followed by date and number: 1, 2, or 3, etc., in the order of printing. Record prints will be kept in a separate file, and are not to be taken from the drafting room. A receipt card should be signed when they are taken from the files for use in the drafting room. References. — All tracings should bear, in space for that purpose, references to name and number of related drawings, such as details to assemblies, and assemblies to general arrangement drawings. Where there are no as- sembly drawings, reference should then be made from details to the general arrangement drawings. The arrangement drawings should bear the numbers of all their assembly or detail drawings. Revisions. — Revisions to drawings will only be made with the approval of the chief engineer's office, and an order should be issued similar to that for new work. Each revision should be marked with a letter in the body of GENERAL DIRECTIONS 37 the drawing, also noted in the space provided for the pur- pose near the title. This note should consist of the mark letter, , date, and brief description of the revision, followed by draftsman's and checker's initials. Old prints of revised drawings (except record and check prints) shall be destroyed by the file clerk. In order that he may do this, a copy of all orders for revisions should be given him. All prints from revised tracings should be stamped above the title ^ Prevised print." Void Drawings. — Tracings will only be made void with the approval of the chief engineer's office, and an order should be issued as for new work and revisions. This order should state from what date the tracing is void, give the name or number of the superseding draw- ing or tracing, if any, and state to whom new prints should be sent. Tracings made void as above will be stamped with the ^Void" stamp, dated and initialed by the chief draftsman, and have the number of the superseding draw- ing noted on them. A copy of all orders for making drawings or tracings void should be given to the file clerk, so that he may destroy the extra prints in the file. Copyright.^ — Drawings can be copyrighted by applica- tion to the Registrar of Copyright, Washington, D. C, for blanks, and putting the proper marks on drawings. These are a ^'C" in a circle, with initials and date, if full name ap- pears elsewhere on the sheet ; otherwise, the full name under the circle with the (C), and the date. A copy of the drawing, photo, or print so marked should then be sent,, with the blank properly filled out and an enclosure of one dollar to the Registrar of Copyrights, Washington, D. C. 1 See the following page for drawings qualified for copyright. 38 DRAFTING ROOM METHODS COPYRIGHT NOTICE Extract from the Act of March 4, 1909, respecting the Copyright Notice Sec. 18. That the notice of copyright required by sec- tion nine of this Act shall consist either of the word ' Copy- right' or the abbreviation ^Copr./ accompanied by the name of the copyright proprietor, and if the work be a printed literary, musical, or dramatic work, the notice shall include also the year in which the copyright was secured by pubh- cation. In the case, however, of copies of works specified in subsections (f) to (k), inclusive, of section five of this Act, the notice may consist of the letter c inclosed with a circle thus: © accompanied by the initials, monogram, mark, or symbol of the copyright proprietor: Provided, That on some accessible portion of such copies or of the margin back, permanent base, or pedestal, or of the sub- stance on which such copies shall be mounted, his name shall appear. But in the case of works in which copyright is subsisting when this Act shall go into effect, the notice of copyright may be either in one of the forms prescribed herein or in one of those prescribed by the Act of June eighteenth, eighteen hundred and seventy-four." APPLICATION FORMS Maps. — For a published map, ask for Application Form "FJ' Works of Art. — For a work of art (painting, drawing, or sculpture) ; or for model or design for a work of art, ask for AppHcation Form ''G." Drawing or Plastic Work. — For a published drawing or plastic work of a scientific or technical character, ask for Application Form '^I 1." GENERAL DIRECTIONS 39 For an unpublished drawing or plastic work of a scien- tific or technical character, ask for Application Form '^ I 2.'^ Photographs. — For a photograph published for sale, ask for Application Form '^J 1." For a photograph of which copies are not reproduced for sale, ask for Application Form ''J 2." Fees. — The statutory fee for registration of any work, except a photograph, is one dollar, including a certificate of registration under seal. In the case of a photograph, if a certificate is not demanded the fee is fifty cents. In the case of several volumes of the same hook deposited at the same time, only one registration at one fee is required. Technical Journals. — Subscriptions should be made to the technical paper or papers best covering the work in hand. These should be faithfully read, and such items or articles as apply should be preserved for future reference. The following method can be recommended if the entire issue is not preserved: Bend up the staples in the back of book and remove the full pages that contain the matter of interest. These are to be punched and bound in a loose-leaf binder held together with brass fasteners. Shun the antiquated type that is sewed together, for new matter may be added every week or two. The weekly indexes should be bound in, with the articles in question checked on them. If the periodical publishes a semi- annual index, it should be included. This practice will give one a valuable reference book for his chosen line of work and the pages so bound will not be as bulky or troublesome to keep as the complete files. The few articles later wanted and which were not kept can be located as to issue by the index and consulted at a library. 40 DRAFTING ROOM METHODS After removing pages as described, the balance of the journal can be restored, the staples bent down again, and the paper put to any other use desired. Diary and Notebook. — Notes and memoranda should be made in such a manner, with name, date, and descrip- tion, that they mean something and are not merely ''scraps of paper," which, if picked up a day or two later, are Greek even to the man who made them. If the information is worthy of preservation, it should be made on a loose-leaf sheet for insertion in an indexed book and it will be surprising how soon such a book will become valuable. A diary should go with this book and a distinction made between notes of temporary and per- manent value; the former going into the diary with infor- mation relative to changes in work or position, date of trips and particulars, names of men met, etc. The same size for the diary as for the notebook should be adopted and this not too small. Also, the same kind of diary should be used from year to year. A few sheets from the notebook can be shpped in the diary to save carrying both books. These sheets, when filled out, can be filed in the alphabetical notebook when convenient. What has been said of the indexing for drawings will also apply to this matter. PART II STANDARDS AND SYMBOLS SAFETY STANDARDS PATENT OFFICE SYMBOLS ABBREVIATIONS PIPE FITTING SYMBOLS AERONAUTICAL TERMS RIVET SYMBOLS CROSS SECTIONS STRUCTURAL MATERIALS — BREAKS DEFINITIONS THREAD AND TAPPED HOLES ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS TOPOGRAPHIC SYMBOLS LINES 41 SAFETY STANDARDS Safety Standards. — Drawings and specifications for machinery or apparatus of any nature should cover the guarding of dangerous features such as gear, chain, or belt drives and around moving parts generally. Also, the guarding of high voltage electrical connections, etc. Drawings and specifications for buildings should hke- wise cover the protection of all openings, elevated ways, stairs, ladders, or runways, with suitable raihngs, etc. Most of the states have regulations covering these matters and copies of them can be obtained by appli- cation to the various Industrial Boards. Much valuable information on this subject can also be obtained from the pubhcations of the Casualty Companies, notably the Fidehty and Casualty Company of New York and the Casualty Company of Maryland. A lasting impression of the importance of this matter can best be obtained by a perusal of the workmen's com- pensation laws. Text of these may be seen in Report of Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S. Department of Labor, or for quick refer- ence see The World Almanac. 43 ABBREVIATIONS A Area A. C Alternating Current App Approximate Amp Ampere B Bore B. M Bench Mark Br Brass Bz Bronze C Core C. C Center to Center C. I Cast Iron C. L Center Line C. P Candle Power C. S Cast Steel Csk Countersunk D Diameter D. C Direct Current Dr Dressed E. H Extra Heavy E. M. F. . .Electro Motive Force f Finish F. &D. .. Faced & Drilled F. to F Face to Face F. H Flat Head Fils. Hd.. .Fillister Head F. P. M. . . Feet per Minute F.S Forged Steel F. W FuU Weight (Pipe) G Grind G. & P.... Grind & Polish H. I Height of Instrimient H Harden H, & G. . .Harden & Grind H. G. & P. Harden, Grind & Pohsh Hem Hemlock Hor Horizontal HP Horse Power I I-Beam I. D Inside Diameter LP Iron Pipe I. P. T. . . .Iron Pipe Thread kg Kilogramme km Kilometer K. W Kilowatt. Keyway K. S Keyseat L Angle — Length L. H Left Hand Max Maximum Min Minimum Mai Malleable M. I Malleable Iron Mang Manganese M. S Machine Steel mm Millimeter M. &F.... Male & Female N. S Nickel Steel O. D Outside Diameter 0. H Open Hearth 0. H. S.. . .Open Hearth Steel 44 P Polish PI Plate P. C Point of Curvature P. T Point of Tangency P Rough Peq Required P. H Right Hand R. &L.... Right & Left Rev Revolutions RPM Rev. per Minute Sp Spruce S. 4S Surface 4 Sides iStd Standard ABBREVIATIONS S.S Set Screwed 45 T. & G. . . .Tongued & Grooved T. P. I. . . .Threads per Inch V Volt Vert Vertical W. G Wire Gauge W. I Wrought Iron W. S Wrought Steel X. H Extra Heavy XXH Double Extra Heavy Y. P YeUow Pine SPELLING AND ABBREVIATIONS OF UNITS Units of Weight and Measure from Circular No. J^7 , United States Bureau of Standards "The spelling of the names of units adopted by the National Bureau of Standards is that given in the list below. The spelling of the metric units is in accordance with that given in the law of July 28, 1866, legahzing the metric system in the United States. "Following the names of each unit in the hst below is given the abbreviation which the Bureau has adopted. Attention is particularly called to the following principles: "l. The period is omitted after the abbreviations of the metric units, while it is used after those of the cus- tomary system. "2. The exponents '^' and '^' are used to signify area and volume, • respectively, in the case of the metric units, instead of the longer prefixes, 'sq.' or 'cu.' In conformity with this principle the abbreviation for cubic centimeter is 'cm^,' instead of 'c. c' or ^c. cm.' The 46 DRAFTING ROOM METHODS term ^ cubic centimeter' as used in chemical work is, in fact, a misnomer, since the unit actually used is the •milliliter/ which has a slightly larger volume. ^^3. The use of the same abbreviation for both singular and plural is recommended. This practice is already established in expressing metric units and is in accordance with the spirit and chief purpose of abbreviations. "4:. It is also suggested that, unless all the text is printed in capital letters, only small letters be used for abbreviations except in the case of A. for acre, where the use of the capital letter is general." ABBREVIATIONS 47 > > ' O P^ o cr a^ cr a 02 "TS T5 02 4h a« !ri4Ca2Cla202a2-f^-^'-+jf>^ o3 CI • I— I o CI. CD q; C! G o _bC 02 „ QJ 02 o o g c3 c3 -(-2 .a.§ C3 O o a; "^ '^ tS xS ,o , G fi fl d t; _ . , I 3 ^ 13 :; 03-Tj 3 3 o o.a o o o o 1:3 5 r-(CS^o3o3c3c3(^c3^^^cSc3Sw OJ 02 02 02 CC 02 02 02 02 — """■"" "" o3 02a2a2a202+J+^-»-s>^ ^4^ .. *. ^ c3 i: eS bC— , a -G ^ cH bC^ a . CT _, qzi ^ qi; qG «;::; tc bc tc,^ rG ^ ^ ^ o.Sriiir^r^^;^;^^ S c3 +:5 , -+^ :L JftO O O bc^ a =^.a • a a a a a o o3 O ^02 'o P. s s J 4J bC b£ O <^ bb-^ a 2 2 o o a ^^ C^ 0) -^ w. ., oooo bX)C'g_g o o^ G ^-j^ p^ riii ^ ;j::; ;^ ;i3 S 03 a -+^ o P. -^3 -^3 tS 4:; yH ^ bij bC bC^XJ^^^-G.S a.a alllllll i i a o a; r3 o o G G C > o JP JP < «+-. _ .-^ to I- o • >_QT3 d ^ tOr-. a^qaa-^da^a <; 03 (^XirPXi 000000 o'^73 o XI o^ SbC^H a 02 02^^^^;^^: O 'O 'C "TS T3 '^ '^ '^ '^ "^ "^ o CO o o o o 'H'o'2 S O ^ c3 cc > o3 o :3 o _ •+S O ^.i O -<^ d) lis 03 O n^ ^.^a.§ G a o3 cu O CD o3 O CU O OT3T34i-G.S^ S G a >>c3 OJ o o ^^ rt-iS 2.2.2.2.2.2.S^.S^.2.2.2 ^^ a m ^'^ § § _^ .. .^ „ „ ^-0-0^l£2iiD!^lo'^lD|5lo'o'o'o*0,^Jad^J:d 03 03 o3rOX2^ 0000000000000000 o 'S -d -^ -^ 'S -^ 'S 'S '5 c3 O O a 03 o3 ,^J ,ti -^j H a a C a d c3 NOMENCLATURE FOR AERONAUTICS REPORT NO. 9 NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS Introduction For the information of those interested in aeronautics the following nomenclature has been prepared as a guide, with a view to eliminating the duplication of terms, the erroneous use of terms, and confusion of terms, and with a view to defining the principal terms which have come into use in the development of aeronautics. In the prepa- ration of this nomenclature only those terms have been defined which are new and peculiar to this subject. Aeronautical Nomenclature Aerofoil: A thin wing-like structure, flat or curved, designed to obtain reaction upon its surfaces from the air through which it moves. Aeroplane : See Airplane. Aileron: A movable auxiliary surface used for the control of rolling motion — i.e., rotation about the fore and aft axis. Aircraft: Any form of craft designed for the navigation of the air — airplanes, balloons, dirigibles, helicopters, kites, kite-balloons, ornithopters, gliders, etc. Airplane: A form of aircraft heavier than air which has wing surfaces for sustentation, with stabilizing surfaces, rudders for steering, and power plant for propulsion 48 NOMENCLATURE FOR AERONAUTICS 49 through the air. The landing gear may be suited for either land or water use. Pusher. — A type of airplane with the propeller or propellers in rear of the wings. Tractor. — A type of airplane with the propeller or propellers in front of the wings. Air-speed meter: An instrument designed to measure the velocity of an aircraft with reference to the air through which it is moving. Altimeter: An instrument mounted on an aircraft to indicate continuously its height above the surface of the earth. Anemometer: An instrument for measuring the velocity of the wind or air currents with reference to the earth or some fixed body. Angle : Of attack. — The angle between the direction of the relative wind and the chord of an aerofoil, or the fore and aft axis of a body. Critical. — The angle of attack at which the lift is a maximum. Gliding. — The angle the flight path makes with the horizontal when flying in still air under the in- fluence of gravity alone. Aspect ratio: The ratio of spread to chord of an aero- foil. Axes of an aircraft: Three fixed lines of reference; usually centroidal and mutually rectangular. The principal longitudinal axis in the plane of sym- metry, usually parallel to the axis of the propeller, is called the fore and aft axis (or longitudinal axis); the axis perpendicular to this in the plane of symmetry is called the vertical axis; and the third axis, perpendicu- 50 DRAFTING ROOM METHODS lar to the other two, is called the athwartship axis (or transverse or lateral axis). In mathematical discus- sions the first of these axes is called the x-axis, the second the 2:-axis, and the third the y-Sixis. Ballonet: a small balloon within the interior of a bal- loon or dirigible for the purpose of controlling the ascent or descent, and for maintaining pressure on the outer envelope to prevent deformation. The ballonet is kept inflated with air at the required pressure, under the control of a blower and valves. Balloon: A form of aircraft comprising a gas bag and a car, whose sustentation depends on the buoyancy of the contained gas, which is lighter than air. Captive. — A balloon restrained from free flight by means of a cable attaching it to the earth. Kite. — An elongated form of captive balloon, fitted with tail appendages to keep it headed into the wind, and deriving increased lift due to its axis being inclined to the wind. . Bank: To incline an airplane laterally — i.e., to rotate it about the fore and aft axis. Right bank is to in- cline the airplane with the right wing down. Banking rudder: See Aileron. Barograph: An instrument used to record variations in barometric pressure. In aeronautics the charts on which the records are made are prepared to indicate altitudes directly instead of barometric pressure. Biplane: A form of airplane in which the main sup- porting surface is divided into two parts, one above the other. Body of an airplane: A structure, usually inclosed, which contains in a stream-Hne housing the power plant, fuel, passengers, etc. NOMENCLATURE FOR AERONAUTICS 51 Caere: A flying attitude in which the angle of attacks is greater than normal; tail down; down by the stern — tail low. Camber: The convexity or rise of a curve of an aerofoil from its chord, usually expressed as the ratio of the maximum departure of the curve from the chord as a fraction thereof. ^^Top Camber" refers to the top surface of an aerofoil, and ^^ Bottom Camber" to the bottom surface; ''Mean Camber" is the mean of these two. Capacity: Lifting. — The maximum flying load of an aircraft. Carrying. — Excess of the lifting capacity over the dead load of an aircraft, which latter includes structure, power plant, and essential accessories. Carrying capacity: See Capacity. Center: The point in which a set of effects is assumed to be accumulated, producing the same effect as if all were concentrated at this point. Of buoyancy. — The center of gravity of the fluid displaced by the floating body. Of pressure of an aerofoil. — The point on the chord of an element of an aerofoil, prolonged if neces- sary, through which at any instant the line of action of the resultant air force passes. Of pressure of a body. — The point on the axis of a body, prolonged if necessary, through which at any instant the line of action of the resultant air force passes. Chord : Of an aerofoil section. — A right line tangent to the under curve of the aerofoil section at the front and rear. 52 DRAFTING ROOM METHODS Length. — The length of the chord is the length of the aerofoil section projected on the chord, extended if necessary. Controls: A general term applying to the means pro- vided for operating the devices used to control speed, direction of flight, and attitude of an aircraft. Critical angle: See Angle, Critical. Decalage: An increase in the angular setting of the chord of an upper wing of a biplane with reference to the chord of the lower wing. Developed area of a propeller: A layout of the area of a propeller blade designed to represent the total area of the driving face, in which the elements of area are developed as if unfolded onto the plane of the drawing (necessarily an approximation on definite assumptions, as no true development of the helix can be made). Dirigible : A form of balloon the outer envelope of which is of elongated form, provided with a propelling system, car, rudders, and stabilizing surfaces. Nonrigid. — A dirigible whose form is maintained by the pressure of the contained gas assisted by the car-suspension system. Rigid. — A dirigible whose form is maintained by a rigid structure contained within the envelope. Semirigid. — A dirigible whose form is maintained by means of its attachment to an exterior girder construction containing the car. Disk area of a propeller: The total area of the disk swept by the propeller tips. Diving rudder: See Elevator. Dope: A general term applied to the material used in treating the cloth surface of airplane members to increase strength, produce tautness, and act as a NOMENCLATURE FOR AERONAUTICS 53 filler to maintain airtightness ; usually of the cellulose type. Drag: The total resistance to motion through the air of an aircraft — i.e., the sum of the drift and head resistance. Drift: The component of the resultant wind pressure on an aerofoil or wing surface parallel to the air stream attacking the surface. Elevator: A hinged surface for controlling the longi- tudinal attitude of an aircraft — i.e., its rotation about the a thwart ship axis. Engine right or left hand: The distinction between a right-hand and a left-hand engine depends on the rotation of the output shaft, whether this shaft rotates in the same direction as the crank or not. A right- hand engine is one in which, when viewed from the out- put shaft end, the shaft is seen to rotate anticlockwise. Entering edge: The foremost part of an aerofoil. Fins: Small planes on aircraft to promote stability; for example, vertical tail fins, horizontal tail fins, skid fins, etc. Flight path: The path of the center of gravity of an aircraft with reference to the air. Float: That portion of the landing gear of an aircraft which provides buoyancy when it is resting on the sur- face of the water. Fuselage : See Body. Gap: The distance between the projections on the ver- tical axis of the entering edges of an upper and lower wing of a biplane. Glide : To fly without power. Glider: A form of aircraft similar to an airplane, but without any power plant. 54 DRAFTING ROOM METHODS When utilized in variable winds it makes use of the soaring principles of flight and is sometimes called a soaring machine. Gliding angle: See Angle, gliding. Guy: A rope, chain, wire, or rod attached to an object to guide or steady it, such as guys to wing, tail, or landing gear. Head resistance : The total resistance to motion through the air of all parts of an aircraft not a part of the main lifting surface. Sometimes termed '^parasite resist- ance." Helicopter: A form of aircraft whose support in the air .is derived from the vertical thrust of large propellers. Inclinometer: An instrument for measuring the angle made by any axis of an aircraft with the horizontal. Keel plane area: The total effective area of an aircraft which acts to prevent skidding or side slipping. Kite: A form of aircraft without other propelling means than the towline pull, whose support is derived from the force of the wind moving past its surface. Kite balloon: See Balloon, kite. Landing gear: The under structure of an aircraft de- signed to carry the load when resting on, or running on, the surface of the land or water. Lateral stability: See Stability, lateral. Leading edge: See Entering edge. Leeway: The angular deviation from a course over the earth, due to cross currents of wind. Lift: The component of the force due to the air pressure of an aerofoil, resolved perpendicular to the flight path in a vertical plane. Lift bracing: See Stay. Lifting capacity: See Capacity, lifting. NOMENCLATURE FOR AERONAUTICS 55 Load, full: See Capacity, lifting. Reserve {or useful). — See Capacity, carrying. Loading: See Wing, loading. Longitudinal: A fore-and-aft member of the framing of an airplane body, or of the floats, usually continuous across a number of points of support. Longitudinal stability: See Stability. Metacenter: The point of intersection of a vertical line through the center of gravity of the fluid displaced by a floating body when it is tipped through a small angle from its position of equilibrium and the inclined line which was vertical through the center of gravity of the body when in equilibrium. There is, in general, a different metacenter for each type of displacement of the floating body. Monoplane: A form of airplane whose main supporting surface is disposed as a single wing on each side of the body. Motor: See Engine. Nacelle: See Body. Natural stability: See Stability. Nose dive: A dangerously steep descent, head-on. Ornithopter: A form of aircraft deriving its support and propelling force from flapping wings. PiTOT tube: a tube with an end open square to the fluid stream, used as a detector of an impact pressure. More usually associated with a concentric tube sur- rounding it, having perforations normal to the axis for indicating static pressure. The velocity of the fluid can be determined from the difference between the impact pressure and the static pressure. This instrument is often used to determine the velocity of an aircraft through the air. 56 DRAFTING ROOM METHODS Propeller: Developed area of. — See Developed area of a propeller. Disk area of. — See Disk area of a propeller. Right-hand. — One in which the helix is right-handed. Pusher: See Airplane. Pylon: A marker of a course. Race of a propeller: The air stream delivered by the propeller. Rib: See Wing. Right (or left) hand : Engine. — See Engine. Propeller. — See Propeller, right-hand. Rigid dirigible: See Dirigible, rigid. Rudder: A hinged or pivoted sm^face, usually more or less flat or stream-lined, used for the purpose of con- trolling the attitude of an aircraft about its vertical axis when in motion. Side slipping: Sliding toward the center of a turn. It is due to excessive amount of bank for the turn being made, and is the opposite of skidding. Skidding: Sliding sideways in flight away from the center of the turn. It is usually caused by insufficient banking in a turn, and is the opposite of side slipping. Skids: Long wooden or metal runners designed to pre- vent nosing of a land machine when landing or to prevent dropping into holes or ditches in rough ground. Generally designed to function should the wheels col- lapse or fail to act. Slip: This term applies to propeller action and is the difference between the actual velocity of advance of an aircraft and the speed calculated from the known pitch of the propeller and its number of revolutions. Soaring machine : See Glider. NOMENCLATURE FOR AERONAUTICS 57 Spread: The maximum distance laterally from tip to tip of an airplane wing. Stability: The quality of an aircraft in flight which causes it to return to a condition of equilibrium when meeting a disturbance. (This is sometimes called '^Dy- namical stability.") Directional. — Stability with reference to the ver- tical axis. Inherent. — Stability of an aircraft due to the dis- position and arrangement of its fixed parts. Lateral. — Stability with reference to the longitudinal (or fore and aft) axis. Longitudinal. — Stability with reference to the lateral (or athwartship) axis. Stabilizer: See Fins. Mechanical. — Any automatic device designed to secure stability in flight. Stagger: The amount of advance of the entering edge of the upper wing of a biplane over that of the lower; it is considered positive when the upper surface is forward. Stalling: A term describing the condition of an airplane which from any cause has lost the relative speed neces- sary for steerage-way and control. Statoscope: An instrument to detect the existence of a small rate of ascent or descent, principally used in ballooning. Stay: A wire, rope, or the like, used as a tie piece to hold parts together, or to contribute stiffness; for example, the stays of the wing and body trussing. Step: A break in the form of the bottom of a float. Stream-line flow: A term in hydromechanics to de- scribe the condition of continuous flow of a fluid, as 58 DRAFTING ROOM METHODS distinguished from eddying flow where discontinuity takes place. Stream-line shape: A shape intended to avoid eddying or discontinuity and to preserve stream-line flow, thus keeping resistance to progress at a minimum. Strut: A compression member of a truss frame; for instance, the vertical members of the wing truss of a biplane. Sweep back: The horizontal angle between the lateral (athwartship) axis of an airplane and the entering edge of the main planes. Tail : The rear portion of an aircraft, to which are usually attached rudders, elevators, and fins. Tail fins: The vertical and horizontal surfaces attached to the tail, used for stabilizing. Thrust deduction: Due to the influence of the propel- lers, there is a reduction of pressure under the stern of the vessel which appreciably rieduces the total pro- pulsive effect of the propeller. This reduction is termed ''Thrust deduction." Tractor: See Airplane. Trailing edge: The rearmost portion of an aerofoil. Triplane: a form of airplane whose main supporting surfaces are divided into three parts, superposed. Truss: The framing by which the wing loads are transmitted to the body; comprises struts, stays, and spars. Velometer: See Air-speed meter and anemometer. Vol-pique: See Nose dive. Vol-plane: See Glide. Wake gain: Due to the influence of skin friction, eddy- ing, etc., a vessel in moving forward produces a certain forward movement of the fluid surrounding it. The NOMENCLATURE FOR AERONAUTICS 59 effect of this is to reduce the effective resistance of the hull, and this effect, due to the forward movement of the wake, is termed the ^^wake gain." In addition to this effect the forward movement of this body of fluid reduces the actual advance of the propeller through the surrounding medium, thereby reducing the propeller horsepower. Warp: To change the form of the wing by twisting it, usually by changing the inclination of the rear spar relative to the front spar. Wings : The main supporting surfaces of an airplane. Wing loading: The weight carried per unit area of supporting surface. Wing rib : A fore and aft member of the wing structure used to support the covering and to give the wing section its form. Wing spar: An athwartship member of the wing struc- ture resisting tension and compression. Yaw: To swing off the course about the vertical axis, owing to gusts or lack of directional stability. Angle of. — The temporary angular deviation of the fore and aft axis from the course. In connection with the nomenclature of the Advisory Committee, the following cuts of airplanes with their part names should prove useful and are reproduced by permission of the American Machinist and the Aircraft Mechanics Handbook. 60 DRAFTING ROOM METHODS HYDROAIRPLANE OR SEAPLANE {PU5HCR TYPO STANDARD COLUMN ("OEP'^CONTROL No. 8-Engine " 9-Propeller " 10-Obeserver's or passenger's seat " 11-Pilot's seat " 12-Longeron 6-Horizontal stabilizer " 13-Fuselage strut 7- Wheel " 14 A-Fuselage truss wire No. 1-Upper plane lA- Lower plane 2-Fuselage or body 3-Rudder 4-Elevator 5-Aileron No. 14B-Internal draft wire " 15-Socket " 16-Plane or wing spars " 17-Ribs " 18-Wing strut, (front and rear) " 19-Landing gear strut " 20-Axle Typical Airplanes and Details of Construction CONVENTIONAL SYMBOLS— CROSS-SECTIONS Reported by the Committee on Standard Cross-sections and Symbols, December, 1914. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. V2 Cast Iron Wrought Iron Cast Steel Wrought 5tee! Babbitt or White Metal Glass Copper Brass or Composition Wood Aluminum Water Rubber.Yuicanite or Insulation Puddle wmm^ mm Concrete m Rock Bnck Coursed Uncoursed Rubble *P Ashlar Oriqmal Filling Larth Sand Other Materials Recommended Standard Cross-sections mmm Concrete wy^m^ W. Concrete Blocks w» I m^ Cyclopean Concrete ^"m^m Expanded WiVe o»* Metal Rod* Reinforced Concrete Wrought Steel Nickel Steel Chrome Steel Vanadium Steel Typical Subdivisions 61 62 DRAFTING ROOM METHODS CONCRETE T-^.' REINFORCED COyCRETE ^^ ^ ^^^ ^ ^^ ^ ^ ASHLAR RUBBLE (coursed) (umcoursed) 6RAVEU CONCRETE CYCLOPEAN CONCRETE CEMENT OR PLASTER BROKEN STONE ©RAVEL ASBESTOS, MAGNESIUM wood cork Symbols fou Building Materials WATER ICE 6 LASS FIBER RUBB'^'? -r^ ■',< '.'/, '.' '!'.' ''/','/ ''■: ■„' ''/'i ^// , ■'''•/ ^ '^; ' ; ■''/''. "'','' '// ■/'/ ''''.'■', -,; ■'/ ,//, "/. 'Z^/''- ■''■ ■ ', //.'.' ■//, ''.'. PORCELMN MICA EXCELSIOR COKE LOOSE COAL 0^/mwA UNDEFINED Miscellaneous Symbols CONVENTIONAL SYMBOLS — CROSS-SECTIONS 63 Geological Symbols. — From Report of Committee on Cross-sections A. S. M. E., and following those used by the U. S. Geological Survey. EARTH ROCK PUDDLE ' l l llll ! l»t-i | |l"- T i ;v STRATIFIED ROCK QUICKSAhfO* •srr SILT - „^— "e^r^ —"'-^^ :.,--r: *-« ■"■ **"* - -w-^ .- — .^ w <^ ■ - - ~_ — ■ ^ ' ' ' — ^ ■'■1 -^•^ -^*-' .- . _* -»-■ ^' ■ - . -*.-- . ^,.--- - LOAM SANDSTONE ^^_^ LIMESTONE ORANITE CONGLOMERATE Symbols for Geologic Formations SHALE DEFINITIONS Definitions of directions for shop operations frequently given on drawings : Anneal. — To refine the structure of metals by heating and coohng slowly, which makes them more ductile, increases the tensile strength, and in castings, also removes strains. Babbitt. — To pour a mixture of tin, antimony, copper and lead into a bearing as for a bushing. Bevel. — To slope or remove sharp edges. Bore. — To cut a hole with a tool as distinguished from a rough hole in a casting formed by a core. Braze. — To unite metals with spelter or hard solder consisting of zinc and copper. Bush. — To fit a lining or ring of metal in a hole to take the wear of a moving part. Broach. — To form a hole with a serrated tool of that name and which operates with an endwise movement, as distinguished from the rotary movement of a drill. Caulk, or Calk. — To fill joints or seams to prevent leakage. Camber. — To curve the surface of a timber, as the deck beams or carlins of a boat, to assist in running off water. Case Harden. — To harden the outer surface of iron or steel. Chamfer. — To remove sharp edges with a flat cut, usually applied to timber. To bevel. Chill. — To harden the outer surface of castings by quick cooling. 64 DEFINITIONS 65 Chip. — To remove lumps or rough spots with a cold chisel and hammer. Counterbore. — To bore the outer part of a hole to a larger diameter than the inner. Countersink. — To bevel the outer edge of a hole, as for a rivet or bolt head of countersunk form. Core. — To form a hole or recess in a casting, with a portion of the pattern of that name. Dovetail. — To make a joint of that shape, usually in wood. Dowel. — To fasten with pins of that name. Drive. — See Fit. Face. — To finish a flat surface, as in a lathe or planer. Fillet. — To fill sharp corners to a radius, as on patterns and castings. FITS. — The following definitions for the different fits are arranged in the order of their tightness. For uniform results it is better to designate the fit by the sizes of the parts, expressed to a three or four place decimal with limits, full directions for which can be found in the hand- books. Running fit. — To fit parts so that they may move and run freely; as a shaft in bearings or a loose pulley. Push fit. — To fit parts so they may be pushed together by hand. Wring fit. — To fit parts so they may be turned or wrung to place. Drive fit. — To fit parts so that blows, with a hammer or sledge, are required to get them to place. Force fit. — To fit parts, as a shaft in a gear, so that force is required to insert it. Press fit. — Same as force fit, but to be done in a press. Pressure in tons usually being specified. 66 DRAFTING ROOM METHODS Shrink fit. — To fit parts, as a coupling on a shaft, by having the hole a little smaller than the shaft, heating the coupling until the shaft enters, when the contraction of the metal on cooling makes the shrink fit. FORGE. — To work metals by heating and hammering. Drop forge. — To work metals by heating and form- ing with dies by a blow in a forge of that name. Press forge. — To work metals by heating and form- ing with dies, in a forge which operates with a slow and steady pressure. FINISH. — To turn bore or face. Chip. — To remove lumps or rough spots with a cold chisel and hammer. File. — To finish (as a casting) with a file. Draw file. — To finish with a file held in both hands across the work and moved sideways, as in hand- fitting a key. Grind. — To finish smoothly and accurately with an abrasive. Lap. — To polish with a soft piece of metal of that name, either flat, or round for holes, and which retains the abrasive. Polish. — To finish to a smooth bright surface with a fine abrasive. Rough. — When no finish is desired, as parts of a casting. Scrape. — To finish with, sl scraper as in fitting bab- bited bearings. Dressed (or planed). — Sand papered; rough; finishes for timber and wood work. Grout. — To fill with thin mortar or cement. Ground joint. — To finish a joint in metals by grind- ing the parts together with an abrasive and oil. DEFINITIONS 67 Harden. — To heat steel and quench suddenly, usually used as, ^^ harden and temper." Heat treat. — To heat and quench steel to exact temperature and time rules, to improve the structure and strength; applied to steel of specified composition. Key Seat. — To form a recess, as in a shaft pulley or gear for a key which may be straight or tapered. Lap. — To polish with a soft piece of metal of that name, which may be either flat, or round for holes, and which retains the abrasive. Mill. — To remove metal by the action of a toothed wheel or bar in a milling machine. Miter. — To join at an angle, usually 45° as a miter joint. Mortise. — To form a recess (in timber) to receive a tongue called a tenon. Nurl. — To corrugate or make fine teeth, as on the edge of a thumb screw or any part to be turned by hand. Peen. — To go over a surface to expand it, with the round nose of a hammer, called a ball peen hammer. Polish. — To finish to a smooth bright surface with a fine abrasive. Rabbet. — To recess or groove along the edge of a timber or plank, usually to relieve the ends of other tim- bers or plank and make a flush joint. Ream. — To finish a hole smoothly and accurately with a tool of that name. Rivet. — To fasten two or more parts together with pins, called rivets. Shrink. — See Fit. Scarf. — To form a long joint usually in timber, and as distinguished from a butt joint. Spot face. — To finish a round surface at the spot 68 DRAFTING ROOM METHODS designated, usually on a casting around a bolt hole for a nut seat. Solder. — To unite two metals with soft solder con- sisting of tin and lead. Sweat (joint). — To unite metals by first '' tinning" them with solder, then holding the parts together and applying just enough heat to start or sweat the solder. Stay bolt. — To fasten with bolts of that name, as parallel plates in a boiler. Tap. — To cut a thread in a hole with a tool of that name. Temper. — To reheat hardened steel to a predeter- mined temperature or ^' color," according to the intended use, and then quench. Tenon. — To form a tongue of wood to fit in a recess, called a mortise. Thread. — To form a screw thread either with a die or in a lathe. Treenail. — To fasten with a wooden pin (Locust) the inside end of which is split and fitted with a wedge which on striking the bottom of the hole expands the pin and secures it. Turn. — To finish in a machine which revolves the work as in a lathe, also used as ^'Turn Bore and Face." Upset. — To rivet over or spread, as the end of a bolt over a nut. Weld; Lap weld; Butt weld. — To join the edges of two pieces of metal by fusing, according to the manner in which the edges meet, whether ''lapped" or ''butted." CONVENTIONAL SYMBOLS — ELECTRICAL mt Standard Symbols Adopted by the National Electrical Contractors' Association and the American Institute of Architects Copyrighted y^^ Ceiling Outlet; Electric only. Numeral in center indicates number of Standard f4j 16 C.P. Incandescent Lamps. >^^ Ceiling Outlet; Combination. | indicates 4-16 C. P. Standard Incan- ^^ )H 2, descent Lamps and 2 Gas Burners. If gas only. jHE ^_y5<' Bracket Outlet; Electric only. Numeral in center indicates number of Standard' 16 C.P. Incandescent Lamps Bracket Outlet; Combination. % indicates 4-16 C.P. Standard Incan- ^^g^ descent Lamps and 2 Gas Burners. If gas only. ^Aj^f^ Wall or Baseboard Receptacle Outlet. Numeral in center indicates number of Standard 16 C.P. Incandescent Lamps. Floor Outlet. Numeral in center indicates number of Standard 16 C. P. Incan- descent Lamps. Outlet for Outdoor Standard or Pedestal; Electric only. Numeral indicates number of Standard 16 C.P. Incandescent Lamps. Outlet for Outdoor Standard or Pedestal; Combination. | indicates 6-16 C.P. Standard Incandescent Lamps; 6 Gas Burners. Drop Cord Outlet. One Light Outlet, for Lamp Receptacle. Arc Lamp Outlet. Special Outlet, for Lighting, Heating and Power Current, as described in Speci- fications. Ceiling Fan Outlet. S. P. Switch Outlet. D. P. Switch Outlet. 3-Way Switch Outlet. 4- Way Switch Outlet. Automatic Door Switch Outlet. Electrolier Switch Outlet. Meter Outlet. Distribution Panel. Junction or Pull Box. Motor Outlet; Numeral in center indicates Horse Power. Motor Control Outlet. Transformer Show as many Symbols as there are Switches. Or in case of a very large group of Switches, indicate number of Switches by a Roman numeral, thus S' XII; meaning 12 Single Pole Switches. Describe Type of Switch in Specifications, that is. Flush or Siu-face, Push Button or Snap. „„„. Main or Feeder run concealed under floor. OBH Main or Feeder run concealed- under Floor above. »— ■ Main or Feeder run exposed. I Branch Circuit run concealed under Floor. ■ Branch Circuit run concealed under Floor above. ■""" Branch Circuit run exposed. '"""Pole Line. Heights of Center of Wall Outlets (unless otherwise specified) : Living Rooms 5 ft. 6 ins. Chambers 5 ft. ins. Offices 6 ft. ins. Corridors 6 ft. 3 ins. Height of Switches wise specified) (unless other- 4 ft. ins. Riser. 69 70 DRAFTING ROOM METHODS Telephone Outlet; Private Service. Ijrf Telephone Outlet; Pubhc Service. Q BeU Outlet. ^y Buzzer Outlet. (•J2 Push Button Outlet; Numeral indicates number of Pushes. — "^^ Annunciator; Numeral indicates number of Points. ■ ^ Speaking Tube. — (c) Watchman Clock Outlet. ■ T Watchman Station Outlet. — ^ ]Master Time Clock Outlet. —in Secondary Time Clock Outlet. [JJ Door Opener. ra Special Outlet ; for Signal Systems, as described in Specifications. Illlfl Battery Outlet. Circuit for Clock, Telephone, Bell or other Service, run under Floor, concealed. Kind of Ser%'ice wanted ascertained by Symbol to which Hne connects. Circuit for Clock, Telephone, BeU or other Ser\'ice, run under Floor above, concealed. Kind of Service wanted ascertained by Symbol to which hne connects. Suggestions in connection -with Standard Symbols for Wiring Plans: It is important that ample space be allowed for the installation of mains, feeders, branches and distribution panels. It is desirable that a key to the symbols used accompany all plans. If mains, feeders, branches and distribution panels are shown on the plans, it is desirable that they be designated by letters or numbers. CONVENTIONAL SYMBOLS Lines — It is considered that the three most important Hnes of a drawing are construction Hnes, center hnes, and dimension Hnes. For this reason a difference is made in their construction rather than in their weight or width. This seems a logical distinction to make and one cal- culated to avoid confusion. The lines of a drawing may be broadly divided into two general classes, namely, ''Lines of Construction" and ''Lines of Explanation," as noted in the following groups : Lines of Construction General Construction Line ^— Heavy Construction Line Invisible Part Adj acent Part Lines of Explanation Center Lines and Pitch Lines Extension Lines for Dimensions Dimension Lines < > Lines Showing Paths of Moving Parts -^ Section Cuts [ | Cross-section Lines to Indicate Ma- See Cross-sections terial. 71 ^'■^ PATENT OFFICE PRACTICE The following Patent Office Symbols and rules to be observed in making drawings, on which patent applica- tions are to be filed, have been reproduced from ''Rules of Practice in the United States Patent Office" — copy of which should be consulted for full directions relating to applications for patents, and to drawings. ^'the drawings ^^49. The applicant for a patent is required by law to furnish a drawing of his invention whenever the nature of the case admits of it. '^50. The drawing may be signed by the inventor or one of the persons indicated in Rule 25, or the name of the applicant may be signed on the drawing by his at- torney in fact. The drawing must show every feature of the invention covered by the claims, and the figures should be consecutively numbered, if possible. When the invention consists of an improvement on an old ma- chine the drawing must exhibit, in one or more views, the invention itself, disconnected from the old structure, and also in another view, so much only of the old structure as will suffice to show the connection of the invention therewith. ''51. Two editions of patent drawings are printed and published — one for office use, certified copies, etc., of the size and character of those attached to patents, the work being about 6 by 9i inches; and one reduction 72 PATENT OFFICE PRACTICE 73 CHART FOR DRAFTSMEN. SECTIONS MerrAL SECT/ON OF 61ASJ- o/j paffca^/V W2; " C£M£//r /A/Sl/L/^r/OA/ CA aBOfj SFcrjotJ sift^Ar/OA/ CO/9K SECTION AMD ELEVfirriOn OF WOOD *F^^3/f'C f/uK Oft fieo ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ 1234.^6 7S90 ELECT/^/CAL SYMBOLS. CHOSflNG *l^O JOI»£0 /f//f£f 3. jNc^/roffcovrFoi c//Tcu/rs S>v/rc» i 6. O0U8LE POLF 'fi FSX/SrAVC£ ^wvvww /o. fies/sr4»/c£ njiminr /MFfOAVCS /Z. ^vvWww ^B^¥t^ IT (AC /J. -^'o'lms" IMOUCTly£ ffesisTAfjce CAOJt//rASi£ co/ff) jm mmc> L_ 'AOJi/srABU coa) -'"OOOflOOO^ fS. covoeussfi f7. COf/D£f^fFff , (AOJl/J-TABie^ r /a. co'^ff/!£ff/ei.e F/isfl£6c/iAron ^ t9. c/m:i/ir B/ieAK£/!fWO£P£- ZO. Fosr Zf. i/aurfif/A/6 Alin£SrEK 2Z. ^ c^/rc/c//v4 Z3. OffCU/rB/^£AH£R fOf£/rLOAD) 2^. fUMOiflLOAD) 74 DRAFTING ROOM METHODS ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS. zs. 2S, ^^ 27. /fSiAr 3) 28. i^r 39: AMMfrf^ -®— 29. /fSTAftoeo ^£t.Ar fpf J/ — EIZB— \52 -0)- ^^ ty/{rrM£r£/f z®n 3S. Mor tv//f£ 37 Mfre/f SS. i-^ArrMou» — 'TO QW - \3S. tVATrHOl/» M£rf/r-Jif//'€ LA/-1f "¥ /VCAMDifCSvr lAMPJ utiirsff Our £-i.£CTft/C AitC n ti AJfCl4t^PS iHvrto jL/gsrAno'/ •*f. •^tf. X >C X K K X X X X X © ^7. ■ PoiA/r/zfo BSiL □ AAiM(/t/c/*ro/ts -o- a r/rAMSMirretrs ■JJ. r£i.fPi'av£ S4: PtUi AHOJACK ST. £6. r£i£ePAP>f ^£y 37. JOi/MO£/! 357 -Jr. £i rcrpoL rr/c csrecroH R t TeF==> Ol/£MCH£D S^AP/r-ffAP £2. 63. A/^r£/JA/A£ 6S. Hi|i|i|i|i|i|h ^<^ ■COMMurAroit MO raft oi^ e£f^£PA TOP [iU tf 7. coMAfurjiroP iioToiteAse//e^ATcn f:S£P'£fH^Ol/»t>} SS. coMMc/rArop Monn oru>/r9Arof fjHvvrtfout/o) S3 . cctrnur/rvp 70.ca*'MurArop '>iCrc^OAC£M£fiAro^ ('rCM/>iMSAr£^ ' ri iVV^OO^ 7/. ■ pePL/LS'Oiv A^oroP s 7,2, coMMurAW^ 73. Avro^-ifitff r(,p 7!*. PorAPy cofJ^£Prsp /7WP££- PPASf) 7S .srvcufOMous moron OA Ci^SPA TO A rftP£/- fin A try 7S. sr-vcu/ronous quA/tre/i-PKAse ^ TO A ^CTOnOAO 77. /'^Oi/cr/ou J"J&lf.PPAS£ 7S. /"oucr/O'/ VSrcA OA tf*/£AArjA SaU'AAiL !'•#• mark this way. L 2Cf/0-/.5 r Rail — New or Relayers. 1 -fi-eo'^/^a//. T Round Timber. -{ 6 ax/o K/? Square Timber. { 6^8-^0'^/? Plank. a'x/d-/^-' Sp. Timber — Usually rough or standing. Lumber — Sawn or worked timber. Kind — Round, square, plank, etc. Finishes — R. = Rough Dr. = Dressed S4S = Surfaced 4 Sides. S2S & 1 E = Surfaced 2 Sides and 1 edge, etc. 85 THREADS AND TAPPED HOLES Threads and Tapped Holes. — For dimensions of all kinds of bolts, screws, etc., and much valuable tool and shop information which should be in the hands of every draftsman, reference should be made to the handbooks. There is some difference noted in showing tapped holes, and similarity in showing counterbored and tapped holes. The following examples will at least make a distinction there. €> C_-F--i Tm t-ii^ I b::| ^- I I I I Tapped holes Counterbored holes Counterbored and tapped holes 86 TOPOGRAPHIC SYMBOLS The following symbols are used by the U. S. Geological Survey and, with the explanatory text, have been re- produced from a typical U. S. topographic map. The features shown on these atlas sheets or maps may be classed in three groups — (1) water, including seas, lakes, rivers, canals, swamps, and other bodies of water; (2) relief, including mountains, hills, valleys, and other ele- vations and depressions; (3) culture (works of man), such as towns, cities, roads, railroads, and boundaries. The conventional signs used for these features are shown below, with explanations. All water features are printed in blue, the smaller streams and canals in full blue lines and the larger streams, lakes, and the sea in blue water-lining. Intermittent streams — those whose beds are dry at least three months in the year — are shown by lines of dots and dashes. Relief is shown by contour lines in hrown. A con- tour on the ground passes through points that have the same altitude. One who follows a contour will go neither uphill nor downhill but on a level. The contour lines on the map show not only the shapes of the hills, moun- tains, and valleys but also their elevations. The line of the seacoast itself is a contour line, the datum or zero of elevation being mean sea level. The contour at, say, twenty feet above sea level would be the shore line if the sea were to rise or the land to sink twenty feet. On a gentle slope this contour is far from the present coast; on a steep slope it is near the coast. Where successive 87 88 DRAFTING ROOM METHODS contour lines are far apart on the map they indicate a gentle slope; where they are close together they indicate a steep slope; and where they run together in one line they indicate a cliff. The manner in which contour lines express altitude, form, and grade is shown in the figure below. The sketch represents a river valley between two hills. In the foreground is the sea, with a bay that is partly inclosed by a hooked sand bar. On each side of the val- ley is a terrace into which small streams have cut narrow gullies. The hill on the right has a rounded summit and gently sloping spurs separated by ravines. The TOPOGRAPHIC SYMBOLS 89 spurs are truncated at their lower ends by a sea cliff. The hill on the left terminates abruptly at the valley in a steep scarp. It slopes gradually back away from the scarp and forms an inclined table-land, which is tra- versed by a few shallow gullies. On the map each of these features is indicated, directly beneath its position in the sketch, by contour lines. The works of man are shown in black, in which color all lettering also is printed. Boundaries, such as those of a State, county, city, land grant, township, or reser- vation, are shown by continuous or broken lines of different kinds and weights. Public and through roads are shown by fine double lines; private and poor roads by dashed double lines; trails by dashed single lines. w DRAFTING ROOM METHODS C U LTURE fPr/nteo/ in Black) \^m £ City or Vi llage Roads and Buildings Metaled Road (disfinguisheal on rscent maps only) Private or Secondary Road Trail or Path * — I I I I I I — I — H I I I I I I I I Railroads Electric Railroad Tunnel ^^^M Wharves Breakwater and Jetties illi Bridges ■1 Drawbridges Ferry (Point Upstream) Ford ! Ill ii 1 Dam Canal Lock [Point up Stream) -+- +--- U.S. Township and Section Lines ond located Corners State Line County Line Civil Township or District Line T?eservation Line Land Grant Line City Village or Borough Line Small Park or Cemetery Line Triangulation or Primary Traverse Monument U. 5. Mineral Monument Boundary Monument Bench Mark (Temporary bench mark shown by brown cross and black figures without lettering) TOPOGRAPHIC SYMBOLS 91 Cemeteries Mine orXJuarry CULTURE (Confmuea() Church , School (Di's tinguished on recent Maps) Prospect Coke Ovens Shaft O O O O O o O O O Oil Wells Mine Tunnel (Showing Direction) A Mine Tunnel (Direction Unitnown^ ^ ^ Light-Ship Lighthouse or Beacon Life -Saving Station 92 DRAFTING ROOM METHODS RELIEF (Pr/nteo/ in Brown) SU63 (^2^ Figures Contours {Showing heights (Showing height above mean sea above sea, horizontal level instrumentally form, and steepness determined) of slope of the surface) Depression Contours Wash CI if fs Mine D u mps WATER {Printed in Blue) ^.^^i;:;«'/%i%5^ Levee Sand cind Sand Dunes 'M£. Streams Falls and Rapids Intermittent Streams and Ditches Canals or Ditches Aaueducts or Waterpipes Ao|ueduct Tunnel Lake or Pond Unsurveyed Streams and abandoned Canals" ct/Of^ n"^ ff/e) PLANT PART OESCWPTION DW£.NO. (/nc/ex /efferj { By /^rf/c/es or /Vaf7c/;Src^rers) MAMt ARTICLE NO. PRINT ORDFR . . -- {^^tej 19 S?Mr' owe. NO. REQUir?CD BY FOR RtCEIVED BY 1 1 1 1 1 100 1 ' ' ji < H h 1 ' ^ ' VJ o ' ; ^ z UI > ' k o S 1 ' ^ i a. : '-1 i K 1 ' c< 111 O 1 to , vi -4 ^ ■ 1 i It ; ; < ^ ^ o. 0. X • il 1 1 1^ 1 ' Q ' , 1 1 o ^^: ; 1 1 ' 1 1 I ' 1 * 1 ' 1 1 5i < " ■1 o I U 1 1 . 1 ' «< . < -z 2 r «' <0 0> lU u G a Ji < E ORG Date. 5 Of Ui I o 0> ■z. t: dS 101 O < O t— I o Ph 1 w > o V. 0. a. < -0 « ^ u V je: O 1 1 1 1 1 ] 1 i ! 1 £ ^ o 102 ORGANIZATION CHART - c —I — O Z UJ X o kJ — r - o ^ . ^ * X I 1 o o 0^ - CI 111 11 z ; » ■ — ' o < z kJ )- (0 a: J lU z f^ ll 1 o u -I Ll 1- < u 10 2 a: -J n -J < o z < z * J kj < LlI 7 u z I ^ o 111 < z C5 z 1- u. ^ ^ i. u 1 lU < ^ 1 tu I o IL liJ J < z < X o 1- 1/3 < I o u I 0. ir a: UJ ki III < Q c ft 10 1 D^ UJ 10 1 o X a < IE -1 O lU < u X a. r < I lO a: h 2 z IL ; fe h z < O \- 1 1 1 _i < 3 t D < J z ce < - 1^ Q 103 RUBBER STAJMP FORMS Scale Half Size Filing Deffartment s1amp for fore/yn j?r/nta. (Company Name) ENGINEERING DEPARTME^^■, ..C/yl k . 1 a i. k 1 & Ul ^ ^ ^ 1 k 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ^ <0 1: 1 ^ ^ 1 o •^ 1 "i h «0 i ? " CM -«- — 'JCX^J^O' » Jdifu/nuj^/ns- qi iH , 1 —^ ^ § ^ M «^ ^i Q ui u: <9 : 1 105 o o o o < I u. schedule: UJ _I D Q hi I o 7 < ul ct: 1 z II- o: a a Id fi ffl u o z h < Q 1 1 1 5 Z h a. o 10 ul a z < _i Ol Li I < Z o z o 106 AVO/f/r ORDER rORM ENGINEERING DIVISION -WORK AUTHORIZATION Name _. _ _„^i, . Plant , OilwclerofWbrk. _ ^ ^ -. Au1h«nztJ by . . D«1i. Appn>pritfhen Approved . ^, Charje N« Locatie DIRECTIONS. FranTsicfe of firsTand seconc/ sheets. First sheets on cf/^sfincT/y^e paper arte/ priniee/ on hot/r s/t/es. ffeyerse ^/(/e- for c/raffsmans t/nre recorct. Seconc/ sheets on thm vyhiie poper suiitahle for manifo/t/ingisize Q^x/t I ForlWr iKformgfhiM "fo be supplied by Commenced .by .. » „ Dafe .Tocompfefe . Com^lelcBl . St 6N£0 .„_„. ..__^_^ DATE. ^ N? . 107 tv<7/f>f ORD£H ro/^M. {Reverse side) TITLES MUST APPEAR ON DRAWINGS AS HERE GIVEN Dvy^ Na Note* IF AOOmONALSPACEIS REQUtRED TOR DWC NOS. ETC. USE TWO SHEETS . DRAFTSM/\NS TIME RECORD UWDER KIND, IWSEKT KIND OF WORK A* PES., OWC.,TRC>, CtCg , REV. COMMCMCtD COMPLETED REM ARK.S RtTURNTHlS SHEET. PROPERLY FILLED OUT, WITH COMPLETED WORK. 108 PART IV MISCELLANEOUS TABLES BOLT STRESSES BOLTS AND NUTS BOLT THREADS WASHERS WEIGHT — STEEL BARS STUDS PIPE THREAD — BRIGGS PIPE SIZES BOILER TUBES PIPE FLANGES PIPE FITTINGS KEY-WAYS SHAFTING H.P. GAGES — SHEET GAGES — WIRE METRIC CONVERSION WEIGHTS AND MEASURES DECIMAL EQUIVALENTS AREAS AND CIRCUMFERENCES OF CIRCLES REFERENCE BOOKS STRESSES IN BOLTS Tensile Stress at 10,000 lbs. per sq. in. at Root of "U.S." Thread. Shearing Stress at 8000 lbs. per sq. in. on Full Diam. Size T. S. Shear Size T. S. Shear 1 4 216 392 If 17,460 19,243 5 450 608 n 20,510 22,088 3 8 680 880 2 23,020 25,136 tV 930 1,200 2i 30,230 31,808 1 1,260 1,568 2i 37,190 39,272 A 1,620 1,984 2| 46,200 47,520 5 8 2,020 2,456 3 54,280 56,552 3 4 3,020 3,536 3i 65,100 66,368 7 8 4,200 4,808 3i 75,480 76,968 1 5,500 6,680 o3 ^4 86,410 88,363 H 6,940 7,952 4 99,630 100,528 1| 8,930 9,816 4i 113,403 113,488 If 10,570 11,880 44 127,750 127,232 14 12,950 14,136 4i 142,150 141,768 i| 15,150 16,592 5 157,600 157,080 Tensile Stress at 10,000 lbs. per sq. in. at Root of " V " Thread. Size Area at Root of Thread T. S. Size Area at Root of Thread T. S. 1 4 .021 210 If 1.547 15,470 5 T6 .036 360 i| 1.744 17,440 3 8 .056 560 2 2.051 20,510 7 1 6 .077 770 2i 2.746 27,460 1 2 .099 990 24 3.365 33,650 9 T6" .137 1,370 2| 4.227 42,270 5 8 .172 1,720 3 4.948 49,480 3 4 .261 2,610 3i 5.983 59,830 7 8 .366 3,660 3i 6.928 69,280 1 .481 4,810 3f 7.892 78,920 li .605 6,050 4 9.186 91,860 li .786 7,860 4i 10.460 104,600 1* .926 9,260 44 11.760 117,600 14 1.152 11,520 i'i 13.140 131,400 14 1.284 12,840 5 14.590 145,900 For diameters at root of thread see following tables. Ill 112 DRAFTING ROOM METHODS The foUomng cuts and information relative to bolts, nuts, washers and weights of steel have been reproduced by permission of the Upson Nut Co. U. S. STANDARD THREADS, BOLTS, AND NUTS The tap drill diameters in the table provide for a shght clearance at the root of the thread in order to facilitate tapping and reduce tap breakages. If full threads are required, use the diameters at the root of the threads for the tap drill diameters instead. S'o. ot Th'ds Per Inch Diam. at Root of Thread Area in Sq. Inches Dimensions of Nuts and Bolt Heads ,/R\ <8> ' — Diam. of Bolt Of AtRt. of ^ 1 — k <- ^- \:^ © Bolt Th'd [ (o) JV^ ■*■ •>) «--* 1 4 20 0.185 0.049 0.027 \ 0.578 0.707 1 4 1 4 5 T6 18 0.240 0.076 0.045 i|- 0.686 0.840 5 il 3 8 16 0.294 0.110 0.068 H 0.794 0.972 3 8 i^ iV 14 0.345 0.153 0.093 25 "32" 0.902 1.105 7 2 5 1 2 13 0.400 0.190 0.126 7 8 1.011 1.237 1 2 A A 12 0.454 0.248 0.162 M 1.119 1.370 A 31 F4 5 8 11 0.507 0.307 0.232 ItV 1.227 1.502 5 8 1 7 "3^ 3 4 10 0.620 0.442 0.302 li 1.444 1.768 3 4 5 8 7 8 9 0.731 0.601 0.419 ItV 1.660 2.033 7 8 23 32" 1 8 0.838 0.785 0.551 1^ 1.877 2.298 1 1 3 T¥ IJ 7 0.939 0.994 0.694 2.093 2.563 14 29 3 2 l\ 7 1.064 1.227 0.893 2 2.310 2.828 li 1 If 6 1.158 1.485 1.057 O 3 2.527 3.093 If 1 3 J^32 li 6 1.283 1.767 1.295 2f 2.743 3.358 li ifV ^8 5i 1.389 2.074 1.515 2fk 2.960 3.623 J^8 1/2 If 5 1.490 2.405 1.746 2| 3.176 3.889 If J^8 If 5 1.615 2.781 2.051 2\i \ 3.393 4.154 li 1 1 5 2 4* 1.711 3.142 2.302 Si I 3.6:9 4.419 2 lA 2i 4i 1.961 3.976 3.023 3i '■ 4.043 4.949 2\ If 2i 4 2.175 4.909 3.719 3i 4.476 5.479 2i lis 2f 4 2.425 5.940 4.620 4i 4.9:9 6.010 2f ^8 3 3i 2.629 7.C69 5.428 4| 5.342 6.540 3 2t% 3i 3i 2.879 8.296 6.510 5 5.775 7.C70 3i 2J 3* 3i 3.100 9.621 7.548 5f 6.2G8 7.600 3| 2j^ 3f 3 3.317 11.G45 8.641 5i 6.641 8.131 3| 2| 4 3 3.567 12.566 9.963 6i 7.074 8.661 4 3tV 4i 2| 3.798 14.186 11.340 6* 7.508 9.191 4i 3i 4i 2f 4.028 15.904 12.750 6| 7.941 9.721 i\ 3tV 4| 2f 4.255 17.721 14.215 7I '4 8.374 10.252 4^ *4 3f 5 2i 4.480 19.635 15.760 '8 8.807 10.782 5 ql 3 BOLT THREADS 113 Forms and Dimensions of Threads United States Standard V Standard : Whitworth Standard S.A. A.L. E. & A.M. Diam. Inches Threads per • Inch Diam. at Root of Thread Width of Flat Threads per Inch. Diam. at Root of Thread Threads per Inch Diam. at Root of Thread Radius Inch Threads per Inch Diam. at Root . of Thread M 20 ,185 .0062 20 .163 20 .186 .0069 28 .2036 5 16 18 , .240 .0069 18 ;216 18 .241 .0076 24 .2584 % 16 .294 .0078 16 .267 16 .295 .0086 24 ,32G& ^ 14 .345 .0089 14 .314-14 .346 .0098 20 .3726 y^ 13 .400 .0096 12- .356 12 .393 .0114 20 .4351 _9. 16 12 .454 .0104 12 ,418 12 .456 .0114 18 .4903 ^ 11 .507 .0114 11 .468 11 .508 .0125 18 .5528 11 16 . , ... - , . .... 16 .6063 % 10 .620 .0125 10 .577 10 .622 .0137 16 .6688 % 9 - .731 .0139 9 .683 9 ' .732 .0152 14 - ,7822 Vs . . . . . . .- . . . , . . . i . . . 18 .8028 1 8 .838 .0156 8 -.783 8 .840 .0176 12 .8918 1 . . . .... • • • > . . 14 .9072 IH 7 .939 .0179 7 .. .878 -7 .942 .0196 12 1.0168 IM 7 1.064;. 0179 i, 7 1.003 7 . 1.067 .0196 12 1.1418 1^ 6 1.159,. 0208. 6 1.086 L_6 1.161 0229 12 1.2668 1^ 6 1.284 1.0208; 6 1.211 6 1.286 .0229 12 1.3918 m 5^ 1.389 .0227! 5 1.279 A ■ 1.368 .0275 , , • • « • • m 5 1.490 .0250 i 5 1.404 5 1.494 .0275 , , « • • • • VA 5 1.615 .0250! 41/^ 1.490 4>^ 1.590 .0305 • • • • « 2 .43^ 1.711 .0278 41^ ,1.616 m 1.715 .0305 ; , • • • • • 2M. 4M 1.961 .0278 43^ 1 1.87 4 1.930 .0343 ■ , ■ ..... 2>^ 4 2.175 1.0313 4 J2.07 4 2.180 .0343 • ... 2M 4 2.425 .0313 4 2.32 31/^ 2.384 .0393 3 31/^ 2.629 .0357 33^ 2.51 ^y?. 2.634 .0393 3K 3K 2.879 .0357 33^ 2.76 314 2.856 .0422 3>^ 3M. 3.100 .0385 3K 2.97 .3M 3.105 .0422 ./. k • •' « « 3M 3 3.317 .0417 3 3.17 3 3.320 .0458 , , • k • • • 4 3 3.567 .0417 3 3.42 3 3.573 .0458 . . . S. A. E. (Society of Automobile Engineers) Standard and A. L. A. M. (Association of Licensed Automobile Manufacturers) Standard ■ threads are same angle and shape as United . States Standard, differing 'only in number of threads per inch. 114 DRAFTING ROOM METHODS United States Standard Thread p = pitch =■ 1 No. threads per inch Formula -j d = depth =pX. 64952 P f = flat= — 8 Sharp ♦*¥'' Thread -» — p— I 1 I p = j:)itch= — Formula { No. threads per inch d = depth = pX. 80003 Whitworth Standard Thread K^-s.— P----H 1 J) = pitch =■ Formula -! No. threads per inch (i = depth = pX. 04033 b = radius = J) X . 1373 Acme Standard Screw Thread Formula p = pitch = 1 No. threads per inch d = depth = 3^p+.010 b = flat on top of thread = pX. 3707 WASHERS 115 Cast Washers Government (O. G.) Standard Diameter ^Inches Hole Inches Thickness Inches Bolt Inches Weight Pounds ^2K ^ 11 16 Yi y2 2M M H Vs % . 3 K 16 Ya Va 3H 1 Vs % 134 4 1^ 15 1 fi 1 m 43^ m 1 1)^ 2K 5 m m m 8 6 m 13^ W2 5 Standard Wrought Washers U. S. Standard Sizes In effect January 20. 1910 Diameter Inches Hole Inches Thickjiess of Wire Gauge (Birming- ham) No Bolt Inches Price ter Lb. in 200 Lb. Kegs Cents Number in 100 Pound Weight pet 1.000 Pieces Pounds A V^ 18 A 14. 39 400 2 53 % 5 16 16 1^ 12.2 15 600 6.4 % 3/^ 16 ^ 11.4 11.250 88 1 7 IB 14 ys 10.5 6 800 14.7 , 1'^ 1/2 14 9.8- 4.300 21. m A 12 ^ 9.4 2,600. 38.4 13^ ^/^ 12 ^ 9.3 2,250 44.4 m H 10 ^/^ 9.2 1.300 77.. 2 If. .9 H 9.1 900 111. 2K 15 8 y^ 9. 782 153. 23^ ll^ 8 1 9. 568 176. 2M IM 8 13^8 9. 473 211. 3 P/^ 8 11^ .9.2 364 261. 3^ 13^ 7 VA 9.2 275 364. 3>^ 1^/^ 7 l\4 9.2 156 390. 3% IM 7 IV^ 9.5 220 454. 4 VA 7 \Va 9.5 197 508. 4^ 2 7 VA 9.5 174 575. 43^ 2^ 7 2 9.5 160 625. 4^ 2^ 5 21/i 10.5 122 '■' -820. 5 2^ 4 23^ 10.5 106 943. 116 DRAFTING ROOM METHODS Weights of Round, Square and Hetagon Steel Weight of one Cubic Inch =.2836 lbs. Weight of one Cubic Foot = = 490 lbs. Thick- ness or Round Square Hexagon Thick- ness or Round Square Hexagon Weight Weight Weight Weight Weight Weight DianiBter per per per Diameter per per per Inch Inch Inch Inch Inch Inch 1 .0002 .0003 .0002 VA ^ .7831 .9970 .8635 ^ ;0009 .0011 .0010 m .8361 1.0646 .9220 ■h .0020 .0025 .0022 2 .8910 1.1342 .9825 % .0035 .0044 .0038 2^ .9475 1.2064 1.0448 ■h .0054 .0069 .0060 2K 1.0058 1.2806 1.1091 ■3T .0078 .0101 .0086 2i^ 1.0658 1.3570 1.1753 .0107 .0136 .0118 2>i 1.1276 1.4357 1.2434 M .0139 .0177 .0154 2A 1.1911 1.5165 1.3135 A .0176 .0224 .0194 W^ 1.2564 1.6569 1.3854 tV .0218 .0277 .0240 2^ 1.3234 1.6849 1.4593 H .0263 .0335 .0290 23^ 1.3921 1.7724 1.5351 .0313 .0405 .0345 2% 1.5348 1.9541 1.6924 H .0368 .0466 .0405 2M 1.6845 2.1446 1.8574 , 7 16 .0426 .0543 .0470 2% 1.8411 2.3441 2.0304 M .0489 .0623 .0540 .3 2.0046 2.5548 2.2105 H .0557 .0709 .0614 3K 2.1752 2.7719 2.3986 H .0629 .0800 .0693 3^ 2.3527 2.9954 2.5918 .0705 .0897 .0777 3K 2.5371 3.2303 2.7977 M .0785 .1036 .0866 3M 2.7286 3.4740 3.0083 ^ .0870 .1108 ,095^ 3^ 2.9269 3.7265 3.2275 i^ .0959 .1221 .1058 3M 3.1323 3.9880 3.4539 .1053 .1340 .1161 3% 3.3446 4.2582 3.6880 at .1151 .1465 .1270 4 3.5638 4.5374 3.9298 5€ .1253 .1622 .1382 4H 3.7900 4.8254 4.1792 H .1359 .1732 .1499 4^ 4.0232 5.1223 4.4364 H .1470 .1872 . .1620 m 4.2634 5.4280 4.7011 H ,1586 .2019 .1749 4H 4.5105 5.7426 4.9736 J^ .1705 .2171 .1880 m 4.7645 6.0662 5.2538 If .1829 .2329 .2015 4M 5.0255 6.6276 5.5416 if .1958 .2492 .2159 m ■5.2935 6.7397 5.8371 It .2090 .2661 .2305 5 5.5685 7.0897 6.1403 1 .2227 .2836 .2456 5M 5.8504 7.4496 6.4511 li^ .2515 .3201 .2773 5^ 6.1392 7.8164 6.7697 IK .2819 .3589 .3109 53/^ 6.4351 8.1930 7.0959 li^ .3141 4142 .3464 5K 6.7379 8.5786 7.4298 1^ .3480 4431 .3838 5K 7.0476 8.9729 7.7713 1^ .3837 .4885 .4231 5^ 7:3643 9.3762 8.1214 1^ .4211 .5362 .4643 5^8 7.6880 9.7883 8.4774 li^ .4603 .5860 .5076 6 8.0186 10.2192 8.8420 1^ .5012 .6487 .5526 ^H 8.7007 11.0877 9.5943 1^ .5438 .6930 .5996 6H 9.4107 11.9817 10.3673 1^ .5882 .7489 .6480 6^ 10.1485 12.9211 11.1908 IH .6343 .8076 .6994 7 10.9142 13.8960 12.0351 1^ .6821 .8685 .7521 7H 12.5291 15.9520 13.8158 IH -7317 .9316 .8069 8 14.2553 18.1497 15.7192 Multiply above weights by 1.125 for high iron, .918 for cast iron 1,0331 for cast brass, for phosphor bronze. speed steel, .993 for wrought 1.1209 for copper, and 1.1748 PIPE THREADS 117 Formula of Standard Studs A = Diameter of Stud B-A + i^.in. C -A D .= Whole length of; Stud — (B + C) Thread on B is steam tight unless otherwise ordered Studs furnished in either U. Si Standard or V Threads The following information on pipe thread, pipe and boiler tubes has been taken, by permission, from Crane Company's catalogue. LENGTH OF THREAD ON PIPE THAT IS SCREWED INTO VALVES OR FITTINGS TO MAKE A TIGHT JOINT Dimensions given do not allow for variation in tapping or threading Size Inches Dimension A Inches Size Inches Dimension A Inches 1 8 1 4 3 8 1 2 3 I 2 2i 3 1 4 3 8 3 8 1 2 1 2 9 1 6 5 8 5 8 1 1 1 6 15 16 1 9I •-'2 4 44 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 We K$§^$ m^^^:^^:^:^^^ ^16 Mi?:m^^;^mmJS?^M&ftg^ 1 H-A -> mmmmmmmmmm ^ W^^^^^^:^ 1 5 ^16 If 14 If 118 DRAFTING ROOM METHODS n o a M w «3 ©«•§ o a o Q + X + o <=? X ^ ^^ + I + + o OOOiOOOiOLOOOOOCOiOiOiOiOOOO^_,^^^^^_ O'*t^^»0r-i<:0Olr^t^OOOOO(M(M(MC^>0i0i0OOOOOOOO Q Tj^iOOOOOCOOOiCOcXJOOiOOiOOcOcOcOt^t^t^OOOOOOOO '•>--^l-HT-^l-;c^ic^co•*'Tl^>ooo^>^o6ajO'-^cQ^"t6cd^-^o6oc^^ t-Ht— li— li— iT-Hi— ItHt-(C^(MC^ OOOOOSOOOOOQcOi— i-^Olr^OOOCOOOiOOC^t^C^OOtOOi-O OOO'^ifMCOOC^fMCOOOCOfM^t^CCiOOOCO'— i00cDcDG0rHOO(MiCI>. 1— |(^^CQcocO'^t^■*TtlTt^OIr^ccccooG50500l— ic^ic^coocqoooiOrHc^co ,-5 T-i rH ,-H rH ,-i rH rH ,-! rH C4 C^" C^i (^^ H OOOOQOt^t^COOOiOiOiOOOOOCOiOi-OiOiOOOO COi— il:^C0i0(Mc0C0c0t^OOOOcD(MCOOOOOOOOO OOOCO'^OCOCMiOCOO^OiOO'— ti— ii— <'— tC^C^<:NO»0»0iC>Jt)>0»0i0 (^aTt^■^^ilOlOOl>^:^t^l— lC>i-H00tOiOT)HC^i000T-iCiC0O-^OOO'*00c0(M00OOC0C00i COt^-^OT— iiOOCiCO'— it^t^cD'^GOiOi— iO2t^O00c0i-HC':)Tti-^Tj<0irtiai 00O"*Oi— icOi-OiOCOt>00 TfiCOOOcOOiOrhiOOCOaiOOOt^Ot^CO'— lOJCQOOCOiOlr^cOcOr- icOfM ooo^a^ocoO'*'-Hair-i(Mr-i,-ioococococ^ioiOTtiooooooo505 cooot>;Oc 00 oi o 1-! c^ CO Tt^ id CO t>^ 05 i-H CO i0Ci'-HC0c0C000'*l:^c0Oi-HC0C0Ol>i0C01>"^00(M(M00iOOOT-H(NC0 t^OOO'^OOOCOCOC^T-iiOOO'-HascOCiCOOOSCTJCOOOcOi-Ht^OOCOcOO TfOit^OOOOOOCOC^OC^lOOOOt^i-OOiiOC^Olr^OOit^C^TtiLOiOOOiOO Cfl ir^oOC^t^QOcOoOCIO^cDoOoOoOoOTtiooooicqi— ii— it^t^t>.l>.l:^l>i:Oi:0 cO'*Oi>;a5(^5lqocc^_^-;cooqcooOTJ^lqlOlO'^cqcqcqc»oqoocO(X)ooo^ T-H'--Ii-H(Nc^'cocO'*"'^'idcoi>^odoo^(Nc6Ti^uocdi>^cf5T-Hco r-^^J:^I>t^l>-t>t^ T-H^-^rH(^q(^qcoco'*TJ^ld(:o^>o6o5c5l-H(^icoTt^tdcd^^oi'--^cd T_lrHT-lrH,-(T-H,-lT-H,-l(MOq PQQQQQQQ rt|QOfH|-*nlOOHlN«l'* Hl-*rt|N Hif^ H|M -H|(M O O O (_? O O QJ C^ i-Hi-HT-((MCSCOCOThiTtHiOi;Ot>»C0050i— iC^ThiiOCOr^OOOfM"^ ^rH,-i,-l,-(,-HrHTH(M(MCa 120 DRAFTING ROOM METHODS -§ o ^ o3 <-< t^ 00 00 rH TiH (M i-H rH rtlNHlHH|lNw|N OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO o I? w o | p ^^ 'l-^l-^(^^(^qcoK6^-^ajoc^*^ajcoldo6■^c^'lOr-^cdlOo ■^TtHi>ooooc^t^ocii^ocicot— ii^Ttiaiiooo-^ooioi^co C^^'^iOOOt— lcO(Nt^CCl--LO'— iWL0C005»Oc0iLOO:(M(M->*L0t-^iO 'l-^T-^c^'(^^coLd^>^aioc^i'*'o6co^o6co^'*'o>^cooi X 4^ S ^ "S ►^ oo Ph >0CiOO'*G0t0C0C0t^O'OO>it)COiO^C0 1— it^GiCOOOC^i— luot^ O00O(Mt^t^O0tQ(MC^ COCO^COOcOcOO(MOOi^'-iOil- CO 00 'O l^ t-- CD Ci 1-^ Tt< CO i-H >— I 1— I • Q CO l^ TfH (M .— I Tt< CO (N (N (M 1-H ttco o ^ ^ o ^ CiCOt^'— ILOr- it^C^I^t^iOcOOOt^cOCSCOCOOOt^-^cDT-Mr^LOOO Gias^rtHcoTtHcot^^Tt^TtHt^^TtiiOfM'^r^t^Mr^t^oO'^'-ii— I '"1 '*. '^ '"I '^. '^ "^ "^ *^ ^ '^. p "^ ^ '^ '^. ^ '*. '^. '*. '^ "^ '^ "^ "^ ^ ^OI>c6"^"fO(NCQTHi-HT-5rH Ph tHCOGOI^I^'^'— lOQOOOi— i-rtHoOcOcOcOOC^C^lcOiOiOiOiOOiCl cor^iOTtHcooo-— iocM05>OT^icooot^o^^05io»oiO(MOiai ^_OcOLqcDCr5COOcOCOOCiOqi>;CquOtqrjH'^^COCOCOCOCOC^C O t^ C^l CO .-; CD CO >0 Oi C^ CO 05 T-H O Oi ^ 00 lO i--!THc^'(Ncoco'^idcdt^o6a2ciO'-Hcoc^''<:j^ t^'^rHTjHCO^lOCOlOOOCOCOOl^COi— lOO-— It^CDlO'— IIOCOOI^ ioooiOcocooicotoooo2ooco^oa2cocD(Moooociiocooai P'-H'-;co>ooqTfHOcot^cooqt^_pooot^'-HOt^iocDoooooo '--^(Nco^^>^ci(^ql6oo6o6'--^o<^^r-^oo6lOTt^co i— IrHC^C^COlOOCOOOOOt^Oii— Ir-H w OiOiOO'^cOOO'^iOOC^'— icO^>-0 0(M-^CDcOOCOCOCOTtiOCO (N(M>0>OCO>OCDCOCOCf:(MCDOCOOt^cO(M(McDcOCDcDCOt^t^ r-l(MC0tO00C0T— (OO'^-^COlOCiCOCO'^CO^-^l^t^t^t^'^COCO --! c^ co>ocDior^oO'— iT^r^iooooi oqrHLqptqccicoO'*l>.pr-HCO'— lOOOOCOOOOOO'^iOpp l--^'-^l-H(^qco■^t6(:o^>Iai'-H(^qT:t^t6o(^ilot6o6(^^'-H.--^ I— It— (r-Oa5r-i(NcOcOr^00I^C0iOcOcO00(N(MO r^OifNcooicoT— icDcDcooicDcoot^'— tiooiCicoi^t^r^'— |»-O>o (^q p --H o c^^ 1-; (N p TtH o p iq 1-H r^ -^^ 00 p o o c^_ t^ t^ t^ p p p l--5l-^(^ic^aioc^Ti^lo^^oco^-^h-lococ6cocdoo t-Ht— I,— (i— lrHC^(M(M(MC0C0COC0CO^^ l"=p r^ CO Ol 00 00 T-l Oj CO CO O lO 'rfi CO CO CD r^ t-^ GO O 1— I h- (M (M Cl r^ >0 'O O »-Q cOOOCTSOr- iC0'^^>0O'-H0 00Or^(MT|4OCO'Hl-^l— ((McDOOOO cDCDai(M(M'rtHO0i— icDcDcDrti(NO'^cD(Mr^00-^0:C0(MOaiO (NcOTt[poqpcqpp^_p»qpLqpppppOiT-irHOOOp '-Hr-^l--^(^cico6t^o6ooorH(^i(^i >0 0>-OOOiOOO»OiOOOOOCO>0»0»0»OtQOOOOOO O-^t^-^'Oi— lcDOr^r^OOOOcD(NC0>0>OtO Ttit0C000OC0cDaiC000>-0O>OO>OCDc0cOcDcDt^I:^t^t^t^r^ "I-H.-H.-^l--^(^^(^^coTt^TJ^lo»oco^>^o6o6ajoooT-H(^i(^q i-(|*H'*M|*'-l|f'"l'* iH|-*r-l|f -hIN H|(N W|M r-i,-iT-(C^(NCOCO"rJH'<*K:)COt^OOOOOiOOOi-H(N(N PIPE SIZES 121 Islets "^lOOOt^COi-lOT-iC^i-HC^LOCOT-iOOCOGOOOOOiOtOiO rHCOCOOOr^t^OlCO(NcO»OOOOrHt^t^rJHOO(MCOl:^rH (^t) lO t>. O ^_ 1-H 05 CD O CD CQ lO Gi CO 1> lO O CO 1>; I>. O Tin i-Hi-Ht— ii— iCQC^COrl^-^iOcDcD ^ o ^ (MOOiI>cDCOcDt^cDcDT-i(NiO(NiOTtTtiTjHait^OO OGiOOr-li— lOiiOOOCDt^OOCOcDi— ifMr^tOcDiMOOCN coc^cDOO'--^CQ^_^>;aioq(^^>oa5CiLql-^T--^Tt^_OilO(^5 cDO'^>ocooc^T-Ho6c6i-HcDC^aJt>^>^'*'coc0^aiiO(M 1^cOOC2t— lOCSiOOiCOCOi-HGiOOt^cOiOiO-^COCOCO i>^cOcDaiCOOcDC000001r^cO'0»OTjHeOCOCO(N Oit>;»OTjHCO(NCOCOcOi— ICDCQ rHrHC^COCO-^lOCOOOT-ic^'Tf'cdt^Oi 0) >i cOC^rH^COOiCOt^COOOiOOOt^iO^t^CqcOCDC^COTtl cOlr^'^cOCOi-HOOcDiOCOOoOastOaiCOt^cDC^cOcDCO P p T-H C^_ -^^ t-, C^ t>; Oi (N CO 00 TJH T:t^_ 1— I O '^ CO -^ CO 1> 'TtH i-iT-lcOiO Ci0i00'*O00TtH»OO(MrH(:D'*t0cDCqrtic0OC0Ttic0 (M(NiOtOCOiOcDCOCOC;(NcOOCOOt^cO(MCDCOCOt^ T-jcQcotooqcoT— ioO'*^cD>oaicocO'*cD'^i>t^'^cD T-5cQ(N^cooJc^'i6cj:^Tt5t6o6c^'oo6t^ o lOOsOitOr-it^iOfMCMOOT-ioOOt^OaiCOiOCO'— 105"^ r^-^(MrHCOOi— ii— lO^iC^T— icDC^t^C^OJi— iiO0iC01>T-H -opcoi>-coooi>;p(M_i-;LqO'*_i-;pocpopt^p * rH T-J (N CO Tt^ Ti^ o 1> ci O C^ CO lO 00 O CO 1>^ O CO CO 1— li-Hi— IrHi— l(NC^(NCOCOCO 5 I— I H (MCOl— iCiOiT— iLOOii— i(NCOcOt^00t^C0>OcO00C^TtiiO t^O^C^COCiCOr-HCOCOCOCicOCOOt^i— iiOCiCOC^i-^iO (N p 1-; p (M_ 1-; O^ p ^_ p p uo 1-; !>. -^^ 00 p O (M !>; Oi O T-^1-^(^^c4c6^u6L6^^cio(NT}^t6l>Ioc6I>^ococdo ,— I,— li-H,— It— ICO05C0t^Tt^C5'— iO00OO00t^LC»O(NOOOOOO Oil— iC^l^iOt^OiOT-Hir^Oi— icOiOIr^COOOOOOO Oi— It— iT-Hi— li-Hi— HC^C^lO-lCOCOCOCOCO-^tOiOiOiOiOkO o S « B iO(MCOcO(Mt^OOOaiCOO^cDOCOT-iiOtOiOOOO i-iO(M'st^^iOr^OCO. p Oq LO p CO p CO 00 (M 00 t^ p p CO t> !>; !>; T-H.-H,-HC^C^COCOr}HTtHiOcOI>^o6oiOi-H iooiooo>oootOLOOOoocoto»r:io»-oooo O'^t^'^iO'— icOOr^r^Oc:50C5CO(M(M(M(MLOiOtO '^_iOpafqpC0c0CiC000iOOi0OiOcDc0cDcDI>-l>l> *rHT-H,-H,-HC^CqC0'^'^lOlOcdt^06ciOr-I(N So rH|-*H|-CQO»OOCO»000'*'— il>- i-H'^OicoiOi— iTticDOTt^coi-Hcqcooq ^^C0OQ6l-HrH06Tt^'^G6T}^l--^l>l0e6 OOlr^'— ItNLOOOlOCOC^i— li— It— I 00 o lo c^ ^ PL, Eh P-i O o o 03 « fa Ir^i-iCOCOC^^OOO'— fOOOOO T-loqcO;0>0 to 00 CO ■*" CO C4 C^ 1-H rH 1-1 r-J ■5 CO fa H l:^I>T^i^OOOOOT-ir*OtqtqTtH ■^ CO (N '-i>-OCOOiOCO 'i-HT-^T-lcN-'d^iocoooci'— ItdoO'— I 1— I 1— ( 1— I c^ OOOfNOO-^-^tOiOCOOOLOOlM iOTtioOCOLOt^cOiOTt O !M" 00 1^ l^ T— I 1— * l-< (^J CO H '#000'*iOOC^r-^0'^LOO(N-^0 LOOiOCDCOCOC5i(MCOOCOOt^O(M to 00 CO rH 00 •*_ ^_ p lO CI CO CO rJH O -^^ ' i-i CO 00 00 ■* I>- lO (^Q LO O (^j !>; CO '^ lO 'T-!i-HC^co'^'toi>^o6ci'-5cC0iCcO COCiCOi— ''-- -^^ 00 O O (N* CO TjH l6 lO 1>^ Ci O (M" '^ to I> O CO i^ 1— (i— li— It— li— lC<]CC|C^ C C! TtiOOtX)C^OO(MOcOTt CO t^ 1-1 to O 00 00 00 *i-Ji-JT-J(Nc0 O O to LO O O O O CO to to to rfto-— icOOI^r^OOOOCOO-IC^iM CXiOCOcOC^COQCtOptOOtOCCcOcO z^ TH|-*rt|N HN H|N ^IN ii-*i-i(MC^C0C0^-^iOCOl>Q0 BOILER TUBES 123 P3 ^ o c^' CO o r-H lo "^ coooi(^^'^_'^lO 1— 5i— ^r-^T-^T— Sc^cdcO-D^Tj^cOt^oOCi 1— iCOCOOcOCiCOI>l:^a50 0iOiC)0(MiOcO^_ 1-5 c^' CO T}H uo (x5 ci o T^f^ i>^ id ^' o 00 (N i^ ^' CO 1— irHi— ioqcOTtdi>o6cii-!c4idc:io6o6ocoo6idcoC'i 1— ii— -Oii— ICO u ^0(MOiOOO(Mt^-^iOOOCO'*cOCOOiOOiO p p TJ^ r-J p t^ T^^ (M_ O t>; (M_ l>; 00 p p 1-; i-H T-H C^ CO rtIidcdi>^t^GOoio^'i-^0'^'i>^ococdo ^^T-iT-ii-i7-i(N(M(NCOCOCOCO H GOCOOTt^OJiOOcOi— lOl^OOOi— ICO'^COOOCSO OGOCOi-OCO(M'--0 CO l:^ 1> 00 Oi O O (N-^iOOOt-iiooO'— iTt^t^O I— ii— It-It-iC^C^(MCOCOCO^ 2: ^ CO CO CO CcOiO TtH c i! "s-i LOLOLOOidOiOOO^-^OOiOOiOOCOOCTiOO 0iaiC5OOOCl(M(MC0C0Tt^c0c0c0Q0O(M(MC0 000'-l^'-^'-|^-^l-lT-^r-^r-lr-l,-^^-l,-l(^^(^^(M(^^ ooo;0(Mi-Ot--(Ml:^COcOcOCOLOiOiO»0 T-^l-^(^i(^ic^(^^cocococoTJ^■^'»dcdt^o6oio^'(^i H CO bC O T-iC000^OT-i(MC0 c3 -^3 M ffg^ S^3 , ti c3h=^ ® ^ ^ -« f> 0) £3 ^-ss 03-^ fl cont hus mea •+J fl 0) ^H O-S^ §2| b CO o3 3--I M , ' — 1 -•-= ^ c3 ,„ OJ -t^ (V, © X rt -3 ^ ;h S ? 3 03 O^i.S^ Sh C! :3.i=i 02 . fl bC OJ ^ .S:g S -^^ 0) '^■^ •i?s- I5l 1^ . . C3 ting ding erhe ima ccor sup +? o3 - CO " a „ a ci !=! s^ . 1 -+J 02 t» , -^^ ! 3 >>=) OTE. omb ids b omp ^ ^« «.^ g^o o;=3-o 124 DRAFTING ROOM METHODS AMERICAN STANDARD TEMPLATES FOR DRILLING STANDARD, LOW PRESSURE, MEDIUM AND EXTRA HEA\'Y FLANGED VALVES AND FLANGED FITTINGS EFFECTIVE JAXUAET 1, 1914 These Drilling Templates are in multiples of four, so that fittings may be made to face in any quarter and bolt holes straddle the center hne. Bolt holes are drilled i inch larger than nominal diameter of bolts. 00 .s-g 1— 1 Diameter of Flanges Inches Thickness of Flanges Inches 55 3 1 Is Ml ^0 ^ 1 Length of , Studs with 2 Nuts, Inches Diameter of Flang(!s Inches Thickness of FhiiiKcs Inches Number of Bolts 01 ■ ffll— 1 H^ £2 Length of Htuds with 2 Nuts, Inches 1 i 4 fe 3 4 tV n 42 53 2f 49i 36 If -h n u 4i 1 2 31 4 7 T6 ii 44 551 2f 51f; 40 , If n 9i H 5 _9_ 16 31 4 1 ' 1 3 2 1^4 46 571 2ii 53f 40 ! If 7i 9i 2 6 5 8 41 4 5 1 ^ 1 2 48 59i 2f 56 44 ' If 8 n 2i 7 IT 16 H 4 5 8 2i 50 611 21 581 44 If 8 10 3 ! 7| 3 4 6 4 5 8 21 52 64 2| 601 44 If 8 101 62 82 if 7 4 5 01 8 -^2 54 66i 3 62f 44 If 8* 101 4,9 15 16 7^ 8 5 03 8 ^i 56 68f 3 65 48 I4 81 101 ^\ n 16 71 8 1,3 1 58 71 31 671 48 J^4 9 11 5 10 H 8i 8 i 3 60 73 3f 691 52 If 9 11 6 11 1 9i 8 3 q 4 1 ^ 62 751 H 711 52 If 9 111 7 12i 1^ lOf 8 3 q 4 ST 5 to to 00 S 2 o to CM «' % s S3 CD t- ^ ■a- j^ to s CM 5 CD ^ 'ii CM ■z: o s lO CM ^ iC 03 o B CO M -» CO CO 'S' O rj< to ■«# Ci CO c^^ CO CM :? M CO ?5 I CO CO •# ■* o>. to CM •^ CM ;J s; ■«3* ?3 S - <» ^ o" a> CM CO -^ -' 0] § S CO o to S CO CM c? TO j^ o o 00 05 C^ en CO lO CO oo g c^ H^ 2: CO CO CO C! » s CM t> OS CM 1-1 5 2 o in •^ CO f S -rS CO S 'V - 3 M ■v If 00 i" CM to t> sf " - Tj« CO Tf CM -IN s? S to CM «. t-We M c^ M OJ t^ g CM in Tf* C» :^'' ~ O Cvl in to CO £3 CM in 2J CO "C «, OS o o 2 CO s; ejT •^ ^ in -:« :t 00 CO 03 -* gj E '^ ^ CO :? •e| ^ to 5? o 00 CM to «« H: IS CO •>* to CM o> t- CM in "S •vi t: t^ m -^ CM 00 to t: Tf" ^ HS - t- CO •a ■:s t- to "^ ■a" •V -t g •o a d 1 i S? d I. < < 1 8 •a 8 *^ t/i a ' O n M i o 1 D 6 V s C 1 i o « a o m "3 o u a 1 CO s •o 8 o 6 1 C tfl E c 5 1 § C tfl E c ' : to : 1 1 ■ 1 i l« o o o PIPE FITTINGS 127 S .1. MiO«- i' ^ Kii ]K I 1 ' • „ <^j^ <-n i f jOd I U. j_<_^<_- ^ e4 g ■* in o CO CO CO s ■a CO CM CO ■* 00 CM '^^ § CM '* s CO CM CO CO CO to CM i" CM 5 s i" s Ol S •* o CM to CO CM MW CM ■* CM CO .7i s CO OJ CM CM CO CM 5 8 OS CO » 03 CM s- o oo s 1" CM 3" 00 to CO 2 CO CJ o iri co oo a> 00 CM CM nts o CO CO CO CM o> ^ CO t- 00 in CM W :? in CO ici CM CM « 03 CO CO CO to c~ i" CM < Tjl o CO in »-4 CM » 1 ^ CO CD to CO CM CM ■X CM CD C\J CO 05 00 CO CO CM CO •* CM CM - o CO ^ CO t- i" CM In' CM r- H« * 05 Cvj 6 in eo CM CM CM ifl S" co nw « in H ta u « s o ■«" CO in CM 1" lO ;: in r 3= t- CO 03 CM CO to CM :?? o T)< s" 3: to. C- 00 ^ In C) r* "S" 03 CM i •M* E lO CO oo o lO 00 lO CO 00 S r 3: ■* \a t- o f OO •a" -4n CO t- 6 < «*D •>»• •« t- a> •* to CO CO l- o :? «. CO CO co 00 ■«i> in '-I CM CO to ■« < •s E M S 5 « (M CO t- CO ^ S CO CD 00 i: •c M ^ 3? t- CO CO O CM c- - -p ■J -< N o lO co CO S" a CM CD .* H. I :? a> •* CM in ™, * r- 00 •»!< lO CM m" "S CM •>3< a: - ta tr a C ^- c •c « c ? c \ < < > 3 ta D •o d C] 03 8 03 tc< O ■*-» t4 (U +-> C! O < to 3 c3 I S ca o ® O n I w M C3 (=« O a> +-> a a> O 6 "3 i o ai "3 s> a i o l-l a o M 1 2 a )-) 53 O a 03 o 03 s 3 13 93 03 O 33 6 oi 93 M a o Li 03 03 a es Q Si a E o 03 a o 1 Eh >> ■o « CO w 03 a V a •a ® 6 3 a ■a 128 DRAFTING ROOM METHODS 03 t f— £ 0j — ^'-i-^ — r •;::<.-j^ to CM ■<3" §3 ^ 00 CO O ■<1< g 00 CM 8 CD CO o ITJ 1 t- in in CM CO 1 ■«< C7J w 2 CO in 3 CM CO g CO CO 00 ^ a-. CI CO 2 CM in CO CO o CO CO CO 00 CO CM CM 05 s 2 S CM to 00 eg CO ^ o CM o s 8 g s CD CVJ CO s^ CO ^ 00 CO 00 1 CD in [ a CO 00 in o o CO in r-1 cr> CO 00 CO in ■>3< S Si in 00 i-H 00 s CO in 05 ^ s r)< 00 «3< i-C t- • S3 S 00 00 S CO CO CO In s CM CO in 00 CO s o O CM T}< 00 CM in CD 00 CO ^ in OS CO CM 2 CO CO s •<3" 00 CM o in 1-1 0> Cvj CM ;=! CO 1< 00 s O ■<3< Ol ■>3> CM 00 o CM o ^ ^ 00 s § 00 O CO 00 05 oT g CO 'J* CO OS 00 CO '3' g in CO CO B . 1 ^ 1 s 1 ^ a ^ O tg •" S s O M 9 §■ a "S ® 00 CO CO ? in CO in t- s ^ OO TJ< CO CO •>3< «o ^ O 1< CO CO CO CO CM \n s S CD CO CO CO ■«J> rs' 00 in S CM CO CO o rf CD CO CO 00 in 05 CM CO CO s CO CO s 1 t- CM CO CO ^ CO in CM CO C\J o in u CM 1 CD in cj in to evj 00 ^ in to CJ CO ^ CO ^ 00 'J" CM CO CO "i^ 5 00 CJ CO •"J- CO CM CO - -- ^ ^ ^ 00 CM to CO CM o CO 11 M ® a w ! 9 ♦J O O • c p 1 C < o 2 « O (I* o *j (-1 » +-> a n 0) s ■d s C3 « o o s a a c c! [» C « c i < C o <-> a 0) O 1 < _aj 3 O 1 o a> ■t-> S « o 1 n c o 3 O Q ■§« O aj O OT 3 P t-i _ J3 tS • ^ a C S .5 o .S 05 -^ -»^ c V CO ■*^ 3 3 a> s s ca T3 M S »- ^ 3 S:S §! 3-C 3 ^■ 3-C 3 wJD O - . 3 - - 3 ^-C to to (P "3 CO & O bO 3^ r 3 « «3 « 30 h"^ ^ « -S •^ ^ m^.S ^, C gj sJ ep g " j3 T' t-A 3 5 * bC ^ bfSjj^-^ I- g b -og 3 W 0):=: * = 2 >>« ° ®o t-i b. ^ eo r-' "^ H ^ ^ 00 eg o* cT CO 00 C5 r-l 5 »H S a o 03 . O O O o O X .a q; o a) o 0) «3 ^r :q:; .H -G. J3 •^i 130 DRAFTING ROOM METHODS The following tables of key-seats and shafting horse powers in use by the Dodge Sales and Engineering Co. are reproduced by permission. STANDARD DIMENSIONS FOR STRAIGHT KEY-SEATS IN SHAFTS -*|At_iB For Shafts For Wheels Diameter Key- way Diameter of Shaft Key- way of Shaft 1 A 1 Width B Depth A Width B Depth ^Vieto IV4 V4 Vs 9^/l6 to IOV4 2V2 Vs IVieto 13/4 Vs V16 IOV16 to 111/4 2V4 ^/s PVieto 2V4 V2 V4 IIV16 to I2V4 3 Vs 2Vi6to 2V4 ^'8 V16 I25/16 to 13V4 31/4 1 213/16 to 3V4 ^U Vs 13Vi6 to 141/4 31/2 1 SVieto 33/4 Vs V18 14Vi6 to 151/4 3V4 1 a^Vieto 41/4 1 ^^2 15Vi6 to I6I/4 4 1 4Vi6to 43/4 1\''8 V16 I6V16 to 171/4 4V4 1V4 413/ieto 5V4 l\/4 Vs 17Vi6 to I81/4 41/2 1\^4 5Vi6to 53/4 IVs ^Vl6 I8V16 to 191/4 4V4 IV4 513/16 to 6 1/4 IV2 V4 I95/16 to20V4 5 IV4 eVieto 7V4 IV4 V4 2OV16 to21V4 51/4 IV 2 7Vi6to 71V16 2 V4 2IV16 to 221/4 51/2 IV2 8 to 8V4 2 V4 22V16 to 231/4 5V4 IV2 SVieto 9V4 2V4 Vs 23Vi6 to 241/4 6 IV2 KEY-WAYS 131 STANDARD DIMENSIONS FOR STRAIGHT KEY-WAYS IN HUBS OF COUPLINGS, CLUTCHES, PULLEYS, SHEAVES, ETC. That are to be fitted to shafts All Pulleys, Sheaves, etc., will be key-seated exactly the same as the shafts, as shown in the table opposite, when they are to be fitted to shafts, provided the bores of the pulleys, etc., do not exceed the limits shown below. Diameter Inches Bore Inches Diameter Inches Bore Inches Diameter Inches Bore Inches 6 to 10 3 541/4 to 72 6 1441/4 to 168 131/2 IOV4 to 18 3V2 72V4 to 00 7V2 I681/4 to 192 15 I8V4 to 30 4 9OV4 to 108 9 1921/4 to 216 I6V2 3OV4 to 42 4V2 IO8V4 to 126 101/2 2I61/4 to 240 18 42V4 to 54 5 1251/4 to 144 12 Tapered Key-seats. — All pullej^s and sheaves will have straight key-ways unless specifically ordered otherwise. When tapered key-seats are used, the taper will be I inch to the foot, dimension '' B " always applying to the deep end of key-way. DODGE STANDARD DIMENSIONS FOR STRAIGHT KEY-SEATS IN THE HUBS OF PULLEYS, SHEAVES, GEARS AND SPROCKET WHEELS. To be Fitted to Friction Clutch Sleeves or Quills. Bore of Hub Key-seat Bore of Hub Key-seat Bore of Hub Key-seat A V2 B Vs A B A B IIV16 to 21/4 7Vi6to 71V16 2 ^/4 I6V16 to 171/4 4V4 V2 2^/x6 to 23/4 Vs V16 8 to 81/4 2 '/s ITV16 to I8I/4 4V2 V2 2i3/:6 to 31/4 V4 V16 8Vi6to 91/4 2^4 Vs I8V16 to 191/4 4V4 V2 3 V16 to 33/4 Vs V4 9Vi6 to 101/4 21/2 Vs 19Vi6 to 201/4 5 V2 31V16 to 41/4 1 V4 lO^Ae to 111/4 2V4 Vs 2OV16 to 211/4 51/4 V2 4Vi6 to 43/4 iVs V4 IIV16 to 121/4 3 Vs 2IV16 to 2274 5V2 V2 41V16 to 51/4 1V4 V4 I2V16 to 131/4 31/4 Vs 22V16 to 231/4 5V4 V2 5 V16 to 0V4 IVs V4 13Vi6 to 141/4 31/2 Vs 23Vi6 to 241/4 6 V2 51V16 to 6V4 1V2 V4 14Vi6 to 151/4 3V4 Vs 6 V16 to 71/4 1V4 V4 15Vi6 to I6V4 4 ^/s When pulleys, sheaves, etc., have bores in excess of table at bottom of preceding page, they will then be key-seated in accordance with the dimensions given above. 132 DRAFTING ROOM METHODS o n3 o w O . 1-ICMCN) CO CM CM rj* CM ■^ CO-* 10 ^ n ■^ e^ cs .c to o C I- 00 « 3 e a u V 0. OB d o _3 "o > o o tfS »^ O C~4 «-• OJ rO 00 t->- -rrt^ox On On -H CVI nO t^ 1-1 1-1 CN • • : : : : : : © © a» o vo Ov t->- -^ 10 t-« CO •^ 1-1 1-1 CNj NO CN CM 'rf' CO rf : : : : ; : © © t>. C^ On Ov C^^ QO 00 -H CO t-»0 NO 1-H 1-^ 5 LO 00 CM CO -* • • • • • • ; : : © vO O O Ti^ LO 00 CSjcO"* 10 10 10 NO 00 CO 0! CS CN ■* 10 10 10 CM --H CO • • r}4 . . © © PS ■^ OOrO 0\ C50 Ov i-iCN rO CN 00 00 10 NO 1-H CO CO --1 CO rsl 1-1 CN CO ■«*< nO CM rj . 3 C s u c « c « © © >0 CM OS On C^ 00 CO 0-) t^o 1—1 1— t ^ . . CM • • : : : © © IT) O^lT) CO fO NO CSCO'<# (Vl -H NO 00 CO i-t 10 10 On 00 00 -H CM CO : : ; CO Tf r^ ^^ f^ LO •^ 1-1 CM fO \0 -^^ r^ rf NO Ov NO ■^ -^ On iri CM CM 00 • CM • 1^10 • * • • © ID CO O O 1-1 LO ^^ On i-iC>l cs CsCD -^ CO »ooo CM LO CM t-- "^Ji i-(i-«CM CM CM CO CO LO rJ CN CO -^ NO 00 1—1 1— ( ■rf >o 00 CM CO '* <:ic:>. so 00-^ 1— 1 i^ to CO!-- 1-1 7^ CM Diam. of Shaft »iM ^^ ^H c-\ ^ lft»»sO t^cC'oo GAGES — SHEET 133 STANDARD GAGE FOR SHEET AND PLATE IRON AND STEEL From Circular No. 18, Bureau of Standards Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That for the purpose of securing tmiformity, the following is established as the only standard gage for sheet and plate iron and steel in the United States of America, namely: Ifumber of gage Approximate thickness in fractions of uxlnch Approximate tliiclmess in decimal parts of an inch Approximate thlclcness in mlllimeters Weight per square foot in ounces avoirdu- pois Weight per square foot in pounds avoirdu- pois Weight per square foot in klloframa Weight per square meter in kilograms Weight per square meter in pounds avoirdu- pois 0000000 1-2 .5 12.7 320 20.00 9.072 97.65 215.28 000000 15-32 .46875 11.90625 300 18.75 8.505 91.55 201.82 00000 7-16 .437S 11.1125 280 17.50 7.983 85.44 188.37 0000 13-32 .40625 10.31875 260 16.25 7.371 79.33 174.91 000 3-8 .375 9.525 240 15 6.804 73.24 161.46 00 11-32 .34375 8.73125 220 13.75 6.237 67.13 148.00 5-16 .3125 7.9375 200 12.50 5.67 61.03 134.55 1 9-32 .28125 7.14375 180 11.25 5.103 54.93 121.09 2 17-64 .265625 6.746875 170 10.625 4.819 51.88 114.37 3 1-4 .25 6.35 160 10 4.536 48.82 107.64 4 15-64 .234375 5.953125 150 9.375 4.252 45.77 100.91 5 7-32 .21875 5.55625 140 8.75 3.969 42.72 94.18 6 13-64 .203125 5.159375 130 8.125 3.685 39.67 87.45 7 3-16 .1875 4.7625 120 7.5 3.402 36.62 80.72 8 11-64 .171875 4.365625 110 6.875 3.118 33.57 74.00 9 5-32 .15625 3.96875 100 6.25 2.835 30.52 67.27 10 9-64 .140625 3.571875 90 5.625 2.552 27.46 60.5$ 11 1-8 .125 3.175 '80 5 2.268 24.41 53.82 12 1-M .109375 2.778125 70 4.375 1.984 21.36 47.09 13 5-32 .09375 2.38125 60 3.75 1.701 18.31 40.36 14 5-64 .078125 1.984375 50 3.125 1.417 15.26 33.64 15 9-128 .0703125 1.7859375 45 2.8125 1.276 13.73 30.27 Id 1-16 .0625 1.5875 40 2.5 1.134 12.21 26.91 17 9-160 .05625 1.42875 36 2.25 1.021 10.99 24.22 18 1-20 .05 1.27 32 2 .9072 ■ 9.765 21.5a 98333°— IX 134 DRAFTING ROOM METHODS STANDARD GAGE FOR SHEET AND PLATE IRON AND STEEL {Continued) Hnmber of cage Approximate ti^cknees in fractions of as inch Approximate thickness in decimal parts of an inch ApproTJmate thickness in millimeters Weight per square foot in ounces avoirdu- pois Weight per square foot in pounds avoirdu- pois Weight per square foot in kilograms Weight per square meter in kilograms Weight per square meter in pounds avoirdu- pois 19 7-160 .04375 1.11125 28 1.75. .7988 8.544 18.84 20 3-80 .0375 .9525 24 1.50 .6804 7.324 16.15 21 11-320 .034375 .873125 22 1.375 .6237 6.713 14.80 22 1-32 .03125 .793750 20 1.25 .567 6.103 13.46 23 9-320 .028125 .714375 18 1.125 .5103 5.493 12.11 24 1-40 .025 .635 16 1 .4536 4.882 10.76 25 7-320 .021875 .555625 14 .875 .3969 4.272 9.42 ^6 3-160 .01875 .47625 12 .75 .3402 3.662 8.07 27 11-^40 .0171875 .4365625 11 .6875 .3119 3.357 7.40 28 1-64 .015625 .396875 10 .625 .2835 3.052 6.73 29 9-640 .0140625 .3571875 9 .5625 .2551 2.746 6.05 30 1-80 .0125 .3175 8 .5 .2268 2.441 5.38 31 7-640 .0109375 .2778125 7 .4375 .1984 2.136 4.71 32 13-1280 .01015625 .25796875 6§ .40625 .1843 1.983 4.37 33 3-320 .009375 .238125 6 .375 .1701 1.831 4.04 34 11-1280 .00859375 .21823125 5i .34375 .1559 1.678 3.70 35 5-640 .0078125 .1984375 5 .3125 .1417 1.526 3.36 36 9-1280 .00703125 .17859375 ^ .28125 .1276 1.373 3.03 37 17-2560 .006540625 .168571875 4i .265625 .1205 1.297 2.87. 38 1-160 .00625 .15875 4 .25 .1134 1.-221 2.69 And on and after July first, eighteen himdred and ninety-three, the same and no other shall be used in determining duties and taxes levied by the United States of America on sheet and plate iron and steel. But this act shall not be construed to increase duties upon any articles which may be imported. Sec. 2. That the Secretary of the Treasury is authorized and-reqmred to prepare suitable standards in accordance herewith. Sec. 3. That in the practical use and application of the standard gage hereby established a variation of two and one-half per cent either way may be allowed. Approved, March 3, 1893. GAGES — WIRE 135 Different Standards for Wire Gauge in Use in the United States Dimensions of Sizes in Decimal Parts of an Inch Wash- . Bir- raing- ham, ■ Wire Gauge burn & Number of U. S. Stand. American or Brown & Sharpe Moen Mfg. Im- perial Stubs' Number of Wire Gaugfe for Plate Co. Wor- cester, Wire Gauge . Wire Wire Gauge. Mass. 000000 .46875 .... .464 • . . . 000000 00000 .4375 .432 00000 0000 .454 .40625 .*46 .3938 .400 0000 000 .425 .375 .40964 .3625 .372 000 00 .38 .34375 .3648 .3310 .348 00 .34 .3125 .32486 .3065 .324 1 .3 .28125 .2893 -.2830 .300 .'227 1 -2 .284 .265625 .25763 .2625 .276 .219 2 3 .259 .25 .22942 .2437 .252 .212 3 4 .238 .234375 .20431 .2253 .232 .207 4 5 .22 .21875 .18194 .2070 .212 .204 5 6 .203 .203125 .16202 .1920 .192 .201 6 7 .18 -1875 .14428 .1770 .176 .199 7 8 .165 .171875 .12849 .1620 .160 .197 8 9 .148 .15625 .11443 .1483 .144 .194 9 la .134 .140625 .10189 .1350 .128 .191 10 11 .12 .125 .090742 .1205 .116 .188 11 12 .109 .109375 .080808 .1055 .104 .185 12 13 .095 .09375 .071961 .0915 .092 .182 13 14 .083 .078125 .064084 .0800 .080 .180 14 15 .072 .0703125 .057068 .0720 .072 .178 15 16 .065 .0625 .05082 .0625 .064 .175 16 17 .058 .05625 .045257 .0540 .056 .172 17 18 .049 .05 .040303 .0475 .048 .168 18 19 .042 .04375 .03589 .0410 .040 .164 19 20 .035 .0375 .031961 .0348 .036 .161 20 21 .032 .034375 .028462 .03175 .032 .157 21 22 .028- .03125 .025347 .0286 .028 .155 22 23 .025 .028125 .022571 .0258 .024 .153 23 24 .022 .025 .0201 .0230 .022 .151 24 25 .02 . .021875 .0179 .0204 .020 .148 25 26 .018 .01875 .01594 .0181 .018 .146 26 27 .016 .0171875 .014195 .0173 .0164 .143 27 28 .014 .015625 .012641 .0162 .0149 .139 28 29 .013 .0140625 .011257 .0150 .0136 .134 29 30 .012 .0125 .010025 .0140 .0124 .127 30 31 .01 .0109375 .008928 .0132 .0116 .120 31 32 .009 .01015625 .00795 .0128 .0108 .115 32 33 .008 .009375 .00708 .0118 .0100 .112 33 34 .007 .00859375 .006304 .0104 .0092 .110 34 35 .005 .0078125 .005614 .0095 .0084 .108 35- 36 .004 .00703125 .005 .0090 .0076 .106 36 37 .006640625 .004453 .0068 .103 37 38 .00625 003965 .... .0060 .101 38 39 .003531 .... .0052 .099 39 40 .003144 0048 097 40 136 DRAFTING ROOM METHODS xn < O > O O O t— I 02 W Q w OS o 02 Q O < O P <^ H P 6 ^ o § « S I— I O ^ Oh O I w 7^ < O 02 w ^ ft Ph « p w Eh o 05 CO CO O CO CO 00 C^ CO O ^ oq 00 CO Ci '^ 04 -^ 1>I ci (M* 1— 1 CO CO CO CO CO 00 C^ CO O '^ Oi >0 O CO 1— 1 'TtH t^ d (m" id 1— 1 1-H . 1— 1 lO Ci O LO 1— 1 CO 1— 1 (M* ^ 1>I oi (M' r-H (M (M (M (M Cq CO t^ 1— 1 lO Oi i>- cq 00 CO 00 •^ i>I oi oq' '^* 1— 1 r-H 1— 1 C^ CCJ t^ 00 00 00 00 00 t^ T— 1 lo Oi CO !>. 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