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 PRINCIPLES 
 
 OF 
 
 English Pronunciation 
 
 FOR 
 
 GRAMMAR SCHOOLS, 
 
 HIGH SCHOOLS, AND ACADEMIES. 
 
 BY 
 
 ROBERT McCAY, M. A., 
 
 SUPT. CITY SCHOOLS, BURLINGTON, IOWA. 
 
 BURLINGTON, IOWA: 
 
 ACRES, BLACKMAR & CO., PRINTERS. 
 1892. 
 
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 
 
 @^tp> iojujrinfi !fa*. 
 
 Shelf J'lLi- 
 
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
PRINCIPLES 
 
 OF 
 
 English Pronunciation 
 
 FOR 
 
 GRAMMAR SCHOOLS, 
 
 HIGH SCHOOLS, AND ACADEMIES. 
 
 BY 
 
 ROBERT McCAY, M. A., 
 M 
 
 SUPT. CITY SCHOOLS, BURLINGTON, IOWA. 
 
 /& 
 
 7»y' 
 
 BURLINGTON, IOWA: 
 
 ACRES, BLACKJUAR & CO,, PRINTERS. 
 
 1892, 
 

 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year A. D. 1892, 
 
 By KOBERT McCAY, 
 
 In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 
 
**PR£FAGE.** 
 
 I T^T EITHER fame nor wealth, nor a desire for either, has induced me to 
 
 J ±\ prepare this pamphlet, but an earnest and sincere desire to be of 
 
 ^"qXsT service to such persons, particularly teachers, as wish to hear our 
 
 words properly pronounced. In my opinion a few months or even 
 
 weeks given by grammar or high school pupils, or college students, 
 
 to a careful study of the principles here outlined will prove more helpful 
 
 than the mastery of any half dozen orthoepical manuals yet published. 
 
 Would it not be wise in teachers to give less time to the spelling of words 
 
 which pupils will never write, and more to the orthoepy of words which 
 
 they will often speak ? 
 
 A careful study of the Principles, as here presented, will disclose the 
 fact that our pronunciation is by no means so lawless as many have igno- 
 rantly supposed. It will give such a grasp of the subject as will enable a 
 person to pronounce correctly hundreds of words without referring to a 
 dictionary at all. It will afford real pleasure, and mental discipline by 
 removing the subject from the domain of verbal memory and placing it 
 upon a reasonable basis. 
 
 In order that a uniform pronunciation may be acquired it is, in my 
 judgment, wise to teach pupils the first pronunciation given in Webster's 
 International Dictionary. If they do their work well, they will usually be 
 able to assign good reasons, why it is so pronounced. 
 
 R. M. 
 
 Burlington, Iowa, March 28, 1892. 
 
principle^ of £ftj01i$h pfofiMiciatiofi. 
 
 | ^ I ^HESE principles have few, if any, exceptions in the pronunciation 
 of Latin and Greek proper names, of thousands of scientific terms 
 ^~&§ fr° m those languages, and in the English method of pronouncing 
 Latin; not many exceptions among our numerous derivatives from 
 * Latin and Greek; and are generally in conformity with the pro- 
 nunciation of most other words of our language. 
 
 SUGGESTIONS. 
 
 1. The rules for quantity are chiefly, though by no means solely, 
 valuable for determining the pronunciation of the first four classes of 
 words mentioned above. 
 
 2. These principles and their exceptions should be learned by repeat- 
 edly applying them. Take up one at a time and require pupils to find 
 illustrations. 
 
 3. Constant use should be made of the "General Principle. 11 
 
 4. In teaching the pronunciation of Latin, turn at once to the 
 Vocabulary, and learn to determine the quantity of each penultimate sylla- 
 ble (not vowel), in words of more than two syllables, by the rules for quan- 
 tity. Next determine place of accent, or accents. Then begin pronouncing 
 words, appealing first to the "General Principle, 11 and carefully observing 
 the special rules for vowels and consonants. 
 
 Note.— Syllables containing a vowel with a macron above it are said to be long by- 
 authority. Syllables neither long by rule nor authority are short. 
 
PRINCIPLES OF ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION', 
 
 1 Long, i 
 
 1. If it contains a diphthong or a long vowel. 
 
 Note. — Vowels are long before ns and nf ; also (usually) before 
 gn and j; also (usually) final i, o, and u in words of more 
 than one syllable. 
 
 2. If its vowel is followed by j, x, or z, or any two 
 consonants, except a mute and a liquid. 
 
 Note.— The mutes are p, t, k (c) and their cognates b, d, and 
 g. The liquids are 1 and r. 
 
 2. Short. 
 
 f 1 . If its vowel is followed by a vowel or diphthong. 
 
 j Note. — No account is to be taken of h in any of these rules. 
 
 Note.— a, e, and y final are usually short in words of more 
 L than one syllable. 
 
 3 n c If its vowel, naturally short, is followed bv a mute 
 
 • C ° mm0n -] and a liquid. 
 
 ACCENT, i 
 
 { 1. Dissyllables are always accented upon the penult; as 
 Caesar \ arbor. 
 
 2. Trisyllables and polysyllables are accented upon the 
 penult if it is long in quantity, otherwise upon the ante- 
 penult; as verbatim; abacus; apparatus; (secondary accent 
 on ap); natatorium (secondary accent on no). 
 
 Note 1— Determine also by 2, whether the secondary accent falls 
 two, or three syllables before the primary. 
 
 Note 2.— In words of more than two syllables penults that are com- 
 mon are unaccented in prose, except genitives in ius. Facio retains its 
 own accent when compounded with any word except a preposition. 
 
 Note 3.— Observe the quantity of final vowels; for an enclitic joined 
 to a final long vowel places it under accent. Some Latin grammars say 
 that the ultima is always accented upon receiving an enclitic. 
 
 Note 4.— A Latin word always contains as many syllables, as separate 
 L vowels and diphthongs. 
 
SodfidJ of Uttefs. 
 
 GENERAL PRINCIPLE. —Sound all the letters as In English 
 words similarly accented. 
 
 1. In final syllables ending in a vowel; as, folio; 
 Albino. 
 
 2. In all syllables before a vowel or diphthong; hiatus: 
 ] Aeneid. 
 
 3. In penultimate syllables before a single consonant, 
 or before a mute followed by a liquid; as gratis; biceps. 
 
 4. In unaccented syllables, not final, before a single 
 j consonant, or before a mute followed by a liquid: as, 
 
 f^ , ^ impetus; cerebrum; curator. 
 
 1. In final syllables ending in a consonant; as, status; 
 consul; gratis. 
 
 2. In all syllables before x, or any two consonants, 
 nu I j except a mute followed by a liquid; as, axis; umbra; 
 
 j posse; Cassius. 
 
 3. In all accented syllables, not penultimate, before one 
 or more consonants; as, cerebrum; compendium; curricu- 
 
 [^ lum; capital; copula. 
 
CD 
 
 X 
 
 &3 
 
 SOUNDS OF LETTERS. 7 
 
 A. 1. Unaccented as in comma. 2. After qu before dr, as in 
 quadruped (short o). 3. After qu before rt. as in quart (a). 4. Be- 
 fore r final, or r followed by any consonant, except r. as in 
 arbiter (a). 
 
 A, E, or O before a single consonant (or a mute and a liquid), 
 followed by e, i, or y before another vowel, is long; as in habeas; 
 alias; odium. 
 
 E long in es final. 
 
 I. 1. Short in both syllables of tibi and sibi. 2. Preceded by 
 an accented a, e. o, or y, and followed by another vowel, has the 
 sound of consonant y; as in naiad. 3. Long in the first syllable of 
 a word the next of which is accented, when it stands alone before a 
 consonant or ends a syllable before a vowel; as in silurus; Diana. 
 
 I and Y unaccented, in any syllable except the first and last, are 
 generally short; as in janitor; animal; alias. 
 
 17. 1. Short before bl; as in Publius. 2. Long in any syllable 
 not final, before a single consonant, except x. or any mute and liquid 
 except bl; as in jugular; superior; duplex. 3. In qu, and gener- 
 ally in gu and su before a vowel, as consonant w; as in quorum; 
 suadeo. 4. Ending an accented syllable and following r sounds as 
 long oo. 
 
 E, I, or Y before final r, or r before any other consonant than 
 r has the sound of e in herbarium. U as in ursa (u). 
 
 O. 1. Long in os final in plural cases; as in folios. 2. Long 
 in post and its compounds, but not in its derivatives; as in postcava; 
 posterior. 3. Before r final, or before r followed by any other con- 
 1 sonat than r. it sounds as in squalor (6). 
 
 f JEa or CE has the sound of e in a similar position; as in Ceesar; 
 ! Dcedalus; cenomania. 
 
 Au, as in aurora . In the termination of Greek proper names. 
 I they are pronounced separately. 
 
 Ei (seldom a diphthong) as in eidolonil). 
 
 Ui in cut and huic, same as ei above (I). 
 
 Oi (seldom a diphthong) as oi in oil. 
 

 SOUKDS OF LETTERS. 
 
 C. 1. Before i preceded by an accented syllable and followed 
 by a vowel has the sound of sh; as, in fades. 2. Has the same 
 sound also before eu and yo preceded by an accented syllable; as in 
 caduceus. 
 
 C and G are soft only before e ; i, y, 8e, and ce; as in ccecam; 
 cella; cicada; Cyclops; coenurus. 
 
 Ch has the sound of k; as in chorus. 
 
 G is soft before g soft; as in exaggeration. 
 
 N in a monosyllable or accented syllable and followed by g hard 
 or k (or any equivalent of k) is usually sounded as ng; as in congress. 
 Words beginning with the prefixes in or non are excepted. 
 
 8. 1. Like z at the end of a word after e, se au, b, m, n, r; as 
 in manes. 2. In a few words after the analogy of English words; 
 i as Cwsar; miser. Not in their oblique cases. 3. Has the sound of 
 sh when preceded by a consonant in an accented syllable and fol- 
 lowed by i before a vowel. 
 
 S or Z immediately preceded by an accented vowel and followed 
 by i before another vowel equals zh; as in vision. 
 
 Note.— S is exceptional in Asia and a few other words, where it equals sh. 
 
 T has the sound of sh when preceded by an accented syllable 
 and followed by i before a vowel; as in ratio, except: 1. After s, t, 
 x, or z. 2. In old infinitives in ier. 3. Generally in proper names 
 in tion or tyon; as in Philiction. 
 
 X. 1. Has the sound of ksh when preceded by an accented 
 syllable and followed by i before another vowel; as in noxious. 2. At 
 the beginning of a syllable has the sound of z. 3. Ending a sylla- 
 ble equals ks; except as in 1, or before an accented syllable beginning 
 with a vowel when it equals gz. Remember, that no note is 
 ^ taken of h. 
 
 When the first part of a compound is entire and ends in a con- 
 sonant, the vowel preceding such consonant is generally short, but 
 -{ those syllables (post, es, os) having the vowel long by exception 
 retain it so in their compounds. Etiarn and quoniam are generally 
 pronounced as simple words. 
 
 f Ch. before th is silent. 
 
 Ph. before th is silent. 
 
 M before n is silent. 
 
 G before n is silent. 
 
 T before m is silent. 
 
 C before t is silent. 
 
 P before t or s is silent. 
 I X has the sound of z. 
 
 INITIAL CONSONANTS. 
 
Utifi Vocabulary. 
 
 if^HE words here used for illustration have been taken 
 from Swinton's Word Analysis, and the principal parts 
 of the verbs are given in their usual order; so that 
 pupils using that text or intending to study Latin may 
 memorize them if they wish to do so. The latter part 
 of the list consists of the third form of the verb only, 
 the one not given in the text. 
 
 Those syllables that are long by authority have the macron 
 over their vowels. All other syllables not long by some rule 
 for quantity are to be considered as short. 
 
 After pupils have had considerable drill in applying these 
 principles, they should begin to memorize them, in the lan- 
 guage of the book. 
 
 1 Ago, agere, egi, actum; alienus; amo, amare, amavi, 
 amatum; amicus; animus; anima; annus; ars, artis; audio, 
 audire, audlvi or audii, audltum; caput, capitis; civis; cor, 
 cordis; corpus, corporis; credo, credere, credidi, creditum; 
 
 5 curro, currere, cucurri, cursum; dignus; doceo, docere, docui, 
 cloctum; dominus; finis; fluo, fluere, fluxi, fluxum; grex, 
 gregis; eo, ire, ivi, or ii, itum; lapis, lapidis; lex, legis; lit— 
 tera; mors, mortis; norma; ordo, ordinis; pars, partis; pes, 
 pedis; rumpo, rumpere, rupi, ruptum; tempus, temporis; alo, 
 10 alere, alui, altum or alitum; alesco, alescere; augeo, augere, 
 auxi, auctum; cado, cadere, cecidi, casurus; caedo, caedere, 
 cecidi, caesum; candeo, candere, candui; cano, canere, cecini; 
 capio, capere, cepi, captum; caveo, cavere, cavi cautum; cedo, 
 cedere, cessi, cessum; censeo, censere, censui, censum; cerno, 
 
10 LATOT VOCABULARY. 
 
 15 cernere, crevi, (cretum); certo, certare, certavi, certatum; 
 cito, citare, citavi, citatum; clamo, clamare, clamavi, clama- 
 tum; claudo, claudere, clausi, clausum; colo, colere, colui, 
 cultum; creo, creare, creavi, creatum; cresco, crescere, crevi. 
 cretum; cubo, cubare, cubui, cubitum; do, dare, dedi, datum; 
 
 20 debeo, debere, debui, debitum; dico, dicere, dixi, dictum; 
 doleo, dolere, dolui, dolitum; divido, dividere, divlsi, divlsum; 
 duco, ducere, duxi, ductum; duro, durare, duravi, duratum; 
 emo, emere, emi, emptum: erro, errare, erravi, erratum; 
 sum, esse, fui; facio, facere, feci, factum; fallo, fallere, 
 
 25 fefelli, falsum; for, fari, fatus; fateor, fateri, fassus; fero, 
 ferre, tuli, latum; ferveo; fervere; fido. fidere. fisum; 
 figo, figere, fixi, fixum; fingo, fingere, finxi, iictum: 
 flecto, flectere, fiexi, flexum; frango, frangere, fregi, frac- 
 tum: fruor, frui, fructus; fugio, fugere, fugi; fundo, 
 
 30 fundere, fudi, fusus; gessi; genui; gradior, gradi, gres- 
 sum: haesi: jeci; junxi; juravi; legi; levavi; lusi; nie- 
 mini, meminisse; memoravi; mersi; migravi; minui; mir- 
 or, mirari, miratum; miscui; misi; moderor, moderari, 
 moderatum; monui; momordi; monstravi; movi; mutavi; 
 
 35 nascor, nasci, natum; nexui; negavi; nocui; novi; nun- 
 ciavi; nutrlvi; pandi; paravi; pepuli; pependi; petivi 
 or petii; plexi or plexui; posui; portavi; potui; prehendi; 
 pressi; probavi; pupugi; putavi: rapui; rexi; rogavi; rupi; 
 scandi; scripsi; secui; sedi; sensi; servavi; stiti; solvi; 
 
 40 spexi; spiravi; spopondi; steti; statui; strinxi; struxi; sumpsi; 
 tetigi; tetendi; tenui; torsi; traxi; tribui; trusi; vasi; valui; 
 veni; verti; yidi; vocavi; volvi. 
 
Additional gHftciples afld Sil^estiofis. 
 
 Great care should always be exercised in the utterance of vowels not 
 under accent. Their utterance should be neither slovenly nor pedantic. 
 
 For the pronunciation of all illustrative words see Webster's Interna- 
 tional Dictionary. Where reference is made to a section, Int. refers to the 
 International and Ac. to both the Academic and the Unabridged, under 
 ' 'Principles of Pronunciation. 
 
 A before r closing a more or less strongly accented syllable and not 
 followed by a vowel or another r generally has the sound of a in care. — Int. 
 § 43. A is often short Italian in words or syllables ending in sk. ff. ft. th. 
 ss, sp. st. nee. nt. nd; also in unaccented syllables. — Int. § 61. 
 
 E before final d is usually silent. — Ac. § 60; also before final n is 
 usually (always in participles) silent unless immediately preceded by 1, m. 
 n or r. — Ac. § 58. Before final 1 it is usually sounded (and short). — Ac. § 61. 
 Silent, when closing a syllable and preceded by a consonant, it usually gives 
 the preceding vowel its long sound. — Int. § 97. 
 
 E or O constituting or ending an unaccented syllable has nearly its 
 long sound. — Int. § 79: 112. 
 
 I under accent, in a word derived from a Romance language, often 
 has the sound of long e; as in. machine, — Int. 102. Is usually long in the 
 initial syllables, i, bi, chi, cii, cri, pri, and tri. — Ac. § 48. In the chemical 
 endings ine and ide it is preferably short. — Int. § 104. 
 
 O in final on, preceded by c, ck, s, or t, is often silent. — Ac. § 57. In 
 final or, it often has the sound of e in her; as in actor; Creator. The only 
 safe way, in this case, is to consult the International. 
 
 S initial in sist final of dissyllables never has the sound of z. except in 
 desist and resist. 
 
 XI RE final has the sound of your, unemphatic. Have you picked your 
 (picture) cherries? For your, see Ac. § 128. 
 
 THS final, in the plural of nouns, as rarely subvocal. — Ac. § 99. 
 
12 
 
 ADDITIONAL PRINCIPLES AND SUGGESTIONS. 
 
 DIS initial, according to the Int., is never diz except in disaster, dis- 
 cern, disease, dismal, dissolve, and their derivatives. 
 
 When two consonants come together in a word one is usually silent. 
 —Ac. § 109. 
 
 In such words as that, from, of, etc., the vowel seldom has its short 
 sound. — Ac. § 128. 
 
 1. "Derivatives take for a time, if not permanently, the 
 accent of the original words from which they are formed. 11 
 —Ac. § 112. 
 
 2. Ease of utterance influences somewhat the place of ac- 
 cent.— Ac. § 113. 
 
 ACCENT i **' * n dissyllables the tendency is to accent the penult. — 
 Ac. § 114. 
 
 4. Trisyllables and polysyllables tend to accent their ante- 
 penult.— Ac. § 117. 
 
 5. Words transferred from the Latin or Greek retain their 
 I former accent. — Ac. § 118. 
 
^lish Vocabulary. 
 
 T||||TJPILS should be trained to form a judgment in regard 
 to the pronunciation of each word before consulting 
 the dictionary. When wrong, he should attempt to 
 discover why he was wrong. Train him to give rea- 
 sons for accent, sounds of vowels, and sounds of con- 
 sonants; also to make lists of such words as have ex- 
 ceptional pronunciations. 
 
 Most of these eleven hundred words are also suitable for 
 spelling as well as for orthoepy. Those followed by a semi- 
 colon (as well as some of the others) should be carefully looked 
 up in the International, and in all cases the pronunciation 
 given first should be adopted. Hasten Slowly at first. Review 
 often. Look carefully after the unaccented vowels. Never 
 give a secondary accent unless the dictionary does so. Be 
 neither pedantic nor slovenly in your utterance. Teachers may 
 profitably have this work upon Tuesdays and Thursdays in- 
 stead of spelling. 
 
 1 Abdomen, acoustics, accented, access, acorn, actor, acts, 
 address, adept, ado, adieu, advance, advantage, advertise, 
 aerolite, aeronaut; after, again, aged, alas, albumen, alias, 
 alibi, alkali; allopathist, allopathic, ally, alley, alma mater, 
 alloy, alpaca, almond, alms, alternate (a. and n.), alternate 
 
 5 (v.), alternately, amateur: and, Andes, angel, angle, ani- 
 line, annex (n. and v.), answer, ant, aunt, antarctic, an- 
 tique, apparatus, apron, Arab, Arabic, arbutus; arctic, area, 
 arsenic (n.), arsenic (a.), Asia, asparagus, ask, asp, ass, at- 
 tar, aurora borealis, aye (yes), aye (always), Bach, bade, 
 
14 ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 10 baluster, balustrade, Banquo, banquet, basin, basket, 
 baths; because, beckon, been, Belial, bellows, beneath, bi- 
 cycle, biography, biology, bivouac, bleat, blouse, blue, 
 bomb; bombast; bona fide, booth, bosom, boulevard, bou- 
 quet, born, borne, bourn, bovine, branch, bravo (n.), bravo 
 
 15 (interj.); breeches, bromide, bromine, bronchus, bronchial, 
 bronchitis, brooch, buoy, burlesque, business, butcher, butter- 
 ine, cabal, cable, cafe; calf, Calliope, calm, canine, canon (a 
 gorge), can on, (a law), can't, care, caret, carrat; carrot, 
 capture, carcanet. cap-a-pie, carbine, cartridge, cask, ear- 
 
 20 nelian, Cassius, catch, cayenne, cement: cemetery, cerebral, 
 chaffed, chaise, chapel, chemise, Chinese, chisel, cherry, 
 Christianity; circuitous, civil, clangor, cleanly (adj.) clean- 
 ly (adv.), clematis, clew, coffee, collier, combatant, com- 
 munism, command, comedian, complex, compact (n.); 
 
 25 compact (not a n.), comparable, complexioned, comrade; 
 concave; conclave; concord, Concord, concourse, concrete 
 (a v.), concrete (not a v.), conduit, confidant, condemner, 
 confiscate, congenial, congress, congressional, conquest, con- 
 strue, consummate, contour, contumely, convex, coquette, 
 
 30 coral, cornet, eorneter, cordial, corridor, cost, costume; 
 cough, council, counsel, consul, courier, courteous, cour- 
 tesy (n.), courtesy (n. and v.), coupon, coverlet, cousin, 
 cozen, cranberry, creature, creek, crematory; crinoline, 
 crinoid, crochet, crupper, cuisine, culinary, cupboard, cu- 
 
 35 pola, curator, currant, current, culture, curtail, cyclopedic, 
 cynosure, dahlia, Danish, deaf, debris, decade, decollete; de- 
 corous, deficit, defile, demise, demonstrate, depot; depths, de- 
 sign; Des Moines, desert, dessert, devastate, dew, devil, digest 
 (v.), digress, dilate, dilute, diphthong, diphtheria; diploma, 
 
 40 discern, discourse, disease, dishonest; disputant, dissolve, di- 
 verge, diverse (a.), divert, docile, does, dog, donkey, 
 drowned, dude; duet, duty, dynamite; dyspepsia, easel, e'er, 
 either, elite, elusive, elm, employee, encore, envelope, 
 epistle, epitome, ere, erring, error, erudition, erysipelas, 
 
ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 15 
 
 45 etiquette, evasion, evil, every, example, excursion, exhaust; 
 exhort; exile, exit, expert (n.), expert (a.), exponent, ex- 
 port (v.), exquisite, extant, Byre, Fahrenheit, fatigue, fau- 
 cet, facet, feature, February, feline, fertile, ferule, fete (v.), 
 Fenian, fidelity, filial, finis, flew, flue, florin, flute, forbade, 
 
 50 forehead, fortune, fossil, franchise, frequent (\ r ), frontier, 
 frontispiece, fuchsia, future, gallant (n. and v.), gallant 
 (a.), gallant (a.), gallows, gamin: ganglion, gape, garru- 
 lous, gasoline, gasolene, genial, genius, genius, genuine, 
 gerund, geyser, gibbet, giraffe, glacier, geyser, gladiator. 
 
 55 gladiolus, glance, glucose, gneiss, glue, gondola, granary, 
 gratis, grease (v.), grimace, grimy, groat, guardian, guillo- 
 tine, gum-arabic, halloo, hand, harass, handsome, hassock, 
 hayfever, heard, hearth, heaven, height, heinous, helio- 
 trope, helm, herb, hereof, herewith, hiccough, history, hog. 
 
 60 hoist, homage, homeopathist, homeopathic, hoodlum, hoof, 
 hoop, horizon, horror, hospitable, hostage, hostile, hostler, 
 hound, hovel, humor, humorous, hurra, hydropathic, hygiene, 
 hypocrisy, hypothenuse, Iceland moss, idea, ides, ignoramus, 
 ill-natured, illustrate, illustrative, image, imbecile, immo- 
 
 65 bile, immoral, impartiality, impious, impotent, incisor, in- 
 clude, incomparable, increase (n.), incubus, indian; indi- 
 gestion, indisputable, industry, inexorable, inexplicable, in- 
 ferable, inflammable, ingenuous, inmate, inquiry, insects, 
 institute, insulate, interesting, intestine, intrigue, inveigle, 
 
 70 inventory, iodide, irate, irksome, iron, irony (a.), irony 
 (n.), ironic, irrefutable, irreparable, irrespirable, irrevo- 
 cable, isinglass, isolate; italic, jaguar, jasmine, jew, jew's- 
 harp. jocose, joist, rejoiced, jovial, jugular, Julius, Julian, 
 Juliet, juvenile, kettle, kind, kitchen, kitten, klick, clique, 
 
 75 kuklux; label, lager, lance, landlord, languid, lapel, lam- 
 entable, laryngitis, meningitis, larynx, pharynx, lass, 
 latent, patent; laths, Latin, latitude, laugh, laundry, laurel, 
 lava, learned (a.), lecture, legged, legend, legislature, leis- 
 ure, lenient, lesser, lessor, lettuce, levee; libel, lichen, lien; 
 
16 ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 80 light-hearted, lief, lieu, lilac, linen, linguist, liquor, litera- 
 ture, lithographer, photographer, telegrapher, livelong, 
 loath, loathe, lobelia, long, long-lived, lucid, lucre, lucra- 
 tive, lunatic, lute, luxury, luxurious, lyrist, magazine, mag- 
 nesia, magna charta, maintenance, mamma, manes, manes, 
 85 manganese, maniacal, manor, manner, marigold, marriage, 
 masculine, mask, massacred, matinee, parquet, matron, 
 patron, matrass, mattress, mauve, medal, meddle, medic- 
 inal, mediocre, melodrama, memoir, menagerie, menial, 
 menu, mercantile, merciful, metal, mettle, mezzo, micros- 
 90 copist, mignonette, milch, millionaire; minute (a.), min- 
 ute (n. ), mirage, mischievous, misconstrue, misnomer, 
 mistletoe, mitten, mobile, monad, mongrel, morphine, mor- 
 sel, moths, museum, mushroom, mustache; mutton, nape, 
 nasal, nasty, national, nasturtium, nauseous, naval, navel, 
 95 ne'er, neither, neuter, new, knew, gnu, news, niche, nickel, 
 none, noose, notable (a), novel, nurture, nutritious, oasis, 
 oaths, obeisance, obligatory, oblique, of, off, offal, awful, 
 often, oleomargarine, omega, omelet, onerous, onyx, op- 
 ponent, opportune, oracle, orange, orator, ordeal, orgies, 
 
 100 orotund, orthoepy, orthoepist, orthoepic, orthoepical, or- 
 thoepically, oxide, oxalis, pageant, palatine, Palestine, pan- 
 creas, pantheon, papa, parcel, paregoric, parent, parsley, 
 parterre, parotid, partridge, passover, pastor, pasture, paths, 
 patriotic, pedagogic, percale, pedal (a.), pedal (a.), pedal 
 
 105 (n.), peddle, pedestal, Pegasus, peninsula, penult, antepe- 
 nult; peony, peremptory, perfect (v.), perfume (n.), per- 
 fume (v.), permit (v.), permit (n.), persist, pestle, petal, 
 petrel, sepal, phaeton, phalanx, philopena, phthisic, phthi- 
 sis, physique, phonograph, piano; pique, peak, peekaboo, 
 
 110 picture, pompadour; placard, plagiary, plaid, plait, ple- 
 beian, pleurisy, plume, plural, pneumonia, porridge, por- 
 trait, portiere, porcelain, posse, possess; posterior, praetor, 
 pretor, pomegranate; prairie, prayer (n.)^ prayer (n.), pre- 
 cedent (a.), precedent (n.), preface, prefix (n.), prefix (v.), 
 
EXGLISH VOCABULARY. 17 
 
 115 prescience, presentation, pretence, pretext, pretty, preven- 
 tive, prism, prison, pristine, process, produce (v.), produce 
 (n.), product, profile; program, prolix, project (n), prom- 
 enade; pronunciation; psalm, psalmody, pulpit, pumice, pu- 
 pil, pursuit, push, pyramidal, pyrites, pythoness, pumpkin, 
 
 120 quadrille, quarantine (n.). quarantine (v.). querulous, qui- 
 nine, quoth, radish, raft, raillery, rapine, raspberry, ratio, 
 ration, rational, recess, recluse, reconnoiter, record (v.), 
 record (n.), recourse, redress, red-tape, restaurant; refut- 
 able, regalia, repartee, reprimand, reptile, resource, respir- 
 
 125 able, resume, retort, reveille: reverie, revolt, rhythm, rind, 
 rinse, rise ( n.), rise (v.), risible, roof, root, rosin, rouge. 
 rout, routine, sacerdotal, sacrament, sacrifice, sacrilege, 
 said, saleratus. salient, saline, salmon, salute, salve, salver, 
 (a dish), sapphire, sardine, satan. satiate, satin, satire, 
 
 130 satrap, satyr, savant, says, scarce, scath. scathe, scathing, 
 scarlatina, scenic, schism, sciatica, sculpture, seamstress. 
 seance, seclude, sects, seine, self-help, semi, sempstress, se- 
 nile, senior, sentient, sergeant, series, serpentine, servile, 
 sesame, sesterces, seven, severity, sewer (n.). sewer (n.). 
 
 135 shaft, sheaths, sheathe, shiek, shew, sheriff, shone, shorn, 
 short-sighted, shovel, shrub, siesta, similar, silesia. sirup, 
 siren, slabber (v.); slew, slabber (n.); slabber (n.), sloth, 
 slough (n.), slough (n.): slough (n.). slough (v.), smithy, 
 sobriquet, sofa, soiree, sojourn, soften, sol (n.). sol (n.). sol- 
 
 140 ace, soldier, solder; somersault, soon. soot, sooth, soothe, 
 soprano, sorry, souse, southeast, souvenir, sovereign, spare, 
 specialty, specie, species, spikenard, spinage, spiracle, spoon, 
 spouse, springe, squaller. squalor, squirrel; staffs, statue, 
 statute, stature, status, steelyard, staves, stereoscope, ster- 
 
 145 ile, stew, stirrups, stomach, stratum, strata, strategic, 
 strew, student, stupid, stupor, subsidence, subtile, subtle, 
 sue. suffice, suffix (n.), suffix, suggest, suit, suite, sumac; 
 superfluous, superiority, supine (a.), supine (n.), surcease, 
 supple, surname (n.), surname (v.), survey (v.), survey 
 
18 ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 150 (n.), suture, synchronal, syncope, sword, syringe, tableau, 
 talc, talcose, tapestry, tarpaulin, target, taught, tapis, teat, 
 tedious, temptation, tenet, tepid, terrapiu. teuton, therefore, 
 therewith, tilde, thyme, threshold, tinsel, tiny, tomato, ton- 
 tine, tortoise, tour, towards, toucan, transom, tranquil, 
 
 155 tranquillity, transition, transfer (n.), transfer (v.), transi- 
 tive, translucent, tragacanth, traverse, tribune, tricot, tri- 
 cycle, trio, trichina, tri-weekly, troche, trow, truths, tube, 
 tune, tuberose; tutor, Tuesday, umbrella, uncle, umlaut, 
 uncomely, unguent, unison, uphill (a.), uphill (adv.), 
 
 160 uranus, vagary, valet, valise, vase, venial, venison, vaseline, 
 venue, verbena, vermicelli, version, vicar, vicinity, villain, 
 vindicative, vineyard, virile, vis-a-vis, visible, vivacious, 
 vocable, vocative, walnut, walrus, wand, want, warrior, 
 well-bred, widow, wind (n.), wind (v.), won't, wont, 
 
 165 wound (n.), wounded, worsted (v.), worsted (n.), wreaths, 
 yacht, youths, yolk, zoology, zouave. 
 
 Can the dismal disaster discern and dissolve the disease? 
 We have yet a few new beautiful suits, suitable for Susan's 
 'dudish 1 suitors. I insist that you shall persist in saying re- 
 sist until I desist. Is it not singular how some stupid students 
 pronounce plural? 
 
DIACRITICAL MARKS. 
 
 Macron, 
 
 Dots, 
 
 Circumflex. 
 Wave. 
 
 i above or below a 
 
 vowel. 
 
 ••J 
 
 1 
 
 }■ above a vowel, 
 
 J 
 
 indicate 
 loug sounds. 
 
 Breve, 
 Dot. 
 
 above a vowel, 1 
 
 above or below a 
 
 vowel, J 
 
 i indicate 
 
 f short sounds. 
 
 Bar. 
 
 across c and 
 over g, 
 
 indicates hard 
 sounds. 
 
 Cedilla, 
 Dot, 
 
 under c, 
 
 over g, 
 
 i indicate soft 
 
 f sounds. 
 
 Suspended 
 Bar. - 
 
 under S and X. 
 
 indicates 
 sub-vocal 
 
 sounds. 
 
i 
 
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