> V ^o V^ • o « ' o,'^- -O ^^' .:-^i* "^c^ ^:;^^:'. V^' ^:^j* "^.^ :;. ,..j '^^V'^ ^^-. €>■ " s « - ' ^«^ °" .^^ 1 O • ^^' ■a? ^ '^s- •-0 ^ '^/ ^f^,. %./ f:^?^^ %/ .»,-. -.., ^^> ^^^^ ^^ vO ^J> * 5 « ' O,^ .A, ^ 'o . . SIMON KENTON. O^ ....A.... Young People's History of Kentucky .FOR. Schools and General Reading ...BY... ./i* Ed Porter Thompson Ex-Superintendent of Public Instruction; Author of ''The Academic Arithmetic.,^'' ''History of the Orpha^i Brigade,^' etc. \\^W-^'\ ST. LOUIS, MO.: A. R. FLEMING PUBLISHING CO. 1897 COPYRIGHT 189- BY ED PORTER THOMPSON. C F A-S\ 1 AUTHOR'S PREFACE. AnioiiiT uiir cuniuioii wealths no other has so remarkable a history as Kentucky. None other is so well worthy of being earefully studietl by all who find pleasure, instruction, and inspiration in the annals of the })ast, and particularly by her own })C()])le. In "the winniiii; of the west"" she stands first and unapproachable; in the u[)-building of thirty states her influence has been strouifly exerted through her statesmen in« the national councils and in most of their local governments; through her soldiers on the ever-receding frontiers; and through th()S(^ citizens who "westward took their way," to people the new lands. AVUile England was provoking the colonists to revolt, the early pioneers, as though led by an inscrutable hand, were finding their way over the mountains and j)reparing to estab- lish themselves as the outguard of civilization and hold the vast and almost unknown west, that it might become the pos- session of the sons of freedom; when British injustice culmi- nated in war, and that war was being waged, Kentuckians, few^ in mimber, and almost unaided, not only stood like a wall of fire to forbid foreign occu})ation of the great domain, but obtained by their arms a title to territory far greater than all then occupied by the struggling colonists, and made good their footing in that portion wdiich soon afterward became their own state. The strong characteristics of the men and women who, with unexampled courage, endurance, and patriotic devotion, achieved so nuich, with so little means and in the face of obstacles so great, could but impress themselves upon the commonwealth of their making; aiid to every call of the coun- try since that age of heroes and heroines Kentucky has responded with ardor and made herself felt with unmistak- able force. Her ])eople have been charged with lack of enterprising s])irit, with failing of that ])rogres.siveness so characteristic of the age; but, if they area, little too firmly moored to the ])ast, they have some comfort and no small compensation in the IV AUTHOR S TREFACE. fiicl Ihiit none of the fanatical isms and pernicious ologies that are sapping the foundations of i)ublic morality elsewhere have had their origin ;ind abiding place among them. For more than a century they have escaped that sign of Athenian deca- dence, the restless desire to be ever hearing and telling some new thing ; so that they still manifest a disposition not to cut loose from time-honored and restful traditions. What has been said of an individual may be said of them, that "even their faults, (of which they have their share), all lean to virtue's side ;" that l)eneath all there is that manly and and womanly moral fibre which gives strength, permanence, and unlimited possibilities of growth to a people. This book claims to be but an ejjitome of the History of Kentu(ds:y; but it will be found to contam a comiected and logical general account, to which the interest of variety is added by an unusual number of well-executed illus- trations, brief personal sketches, special and peculiar in- cidents, etc. The adult mind will read far more between the lines than is found in the text; to the young, enough is presented, it is earnestly hoped, to kindle a desire for a thorough exploration of this great historical field; and above all, the author trusts that he has imparted to the short story something of that spirit which should be ini{)ressed upon the young people of Kentucky whose minds and characters are still in the formative state — an admiration of their own country and a pride in its past, the surest guarantees that in the future her fair fame will be enhanced, her honor main- tained, and her progress in all right lines be steadily and nobly ])rom()ted. With nuich labor and pains and at no little cost the por- traits of many of our statesmen, jurists, and military leaders, hitherto not published, have been obtained, and these add greatly to the wealth of object-lessons which the work will be found to possess. And to those who have so generously aided us in this department, (owners of old family paintings and other portraits), it is fitting here to acknowledge obligation and to record the sincere thanks of author and publishers. TABLE OF CONTENTS. [FOR INDliX IN DHTAll., ALPM A'.U TICALl Y AK'KANC.Fn. SI-E LAST PAGKS OF THli BOOK.] FIKST PERIOD. From thf. Earlikst Vlsit by White Mkn to the Beginning op THE Revolution. CHAPTER I. VAOE. riitro.luctcry: To i\w Young Reader, H NOTES AND COMMENTS. I. The Kentucky Character.— II. Kentuckians a Peculiar Type of People, ^^ CHAPTER II. Ctcotrrapliy, ^^ CHAPTER III. From tlie Earliest Visit by White Men till the Transylvania Com- pany was Organized, ''^ PERSONAL SKETCHES, INCIDENTS, AND EXPLANATIONS. I. Thomas Bullitt.— II. First White Women in Kentucky.— III. The Hunter's Rifle.— IV. The Hunting Shirt.— V. The Tomahawk. —VI. The Long Hunters.— VII. Long Knife, or Big Knife, 43 CHAPTER IV. Tlie Transylvania Company.— Boone's Trace or the Wilderness Road, etc., 47 PERSONAL SKETt'HES. I. Daniel Boone.— II. Col. James Harrod.— III. Oen. Benjamin Logan.— IV. Richard Henderson, ;">- SECOND PERIOD. KeNTITKY Di'RING THE ReVOI-UTK )NAKV W.vR. CHAPTER V. Kentucky During Ihc Revolutionary War: The First Four Years, 03 PERSONAL SKETCHES, INCIDENTS, AND EXPLANATIONS. 1. Gen. James Ray.— II. Significance of Indian Trails, and Plow a Lost One Was Found. —III. Betsy Calloway's Bravery and Thoughtfulness.— IV. The First Marriage in Kentucky, . 78 CHAPTER VI. Kentucky in the Revolutionary War: Last Four Years, . . 82 V VI TABT.E OF CONTENTS. Page PERSONAL SKIOTCHKS AND IXCIDKNTS. I. The Todd Brotliers.— II. The Heroines of Bryan's Station.— III. Simon Girty.— IV. Capt. James Estill.— V, Joseph Proc- tor.— VI. Monk Estill.— VII. The Children Knew the Story by Heart. — VIII. The Terrible Experience of Benham and Wat- son. — IX. Mrs. Samuel Daveiss and the Indians.— X. Mrs. Samuel Daveiss and the RoV)l)er. — XI. Saved l)y His Dogs, 97 THIRD PERIOD. From the Close of the Revoli^tionary War till Ken- tucky Became a State: Separation From Virginia. personal sketches and incidents. I. Hon. John Brown.— II. John Filson.-III. The McAfee Broth- ers. — IV. The First Newspaper in Kentucky, . . . US CHAPTER VIII. From the Close of the Revolution till Kentucky Became a State. — Indian Invasions and Atrocities. — Expeditions of Harmar and St. Clair, ' 123 personal sketches, incidents, and explanations. I. Col. John Floyd.- II. Men Engaged in the Salt River Fight.— III. Col. Wm. Hardin.— IV. Wild-Cat McKinney.— V." The Heroines of South Elldiorn.— VI. Mrs. John Merrill.— VII. Burning at the Stake. — VIII. Scalping an Enemy. — IX. Ben Stockton.— X. A Singular Adventure.— XI. Rescued by an Indian Chief. -XII. A Noble Boy, ' . 134 FOURTH PERIOD. Seven Years Under the First Constitutton. CHAPTER IX. Kentucky a State.— Seven Years Under First Constitution.— Citizen Cenet. — Wayne Conquers a Peace. — Resolutions of '9cS, etc., 14;') personal sketches, incidents, and explanations. I. Col. John Hardin.— II. First Preachers and First Churches,— III. A Fleet-Footed Woman. — TV. Story of a Lincoln County Family.— V. Gen. Peter Muhlenburg.— VI. Pioneer Women. — VII. Elector of Senate, 150 FIFTH PERIOD. Fifty Years Under Second Constitution. CHAPTER X. Bank of Kentucky.- The Burr Conspiracy.— Kentucky in the Battle of Tippecanoe, etc., 184 TARLE OF CONTKNTS. Vli Page. PERSONAL SKETCHES, INCIDENTS, ETC.. I. Gen. Charles Scott.— II. Squire Boone.— III. Edmund Rogers.— IV. Aaron Burr.— V. Gen. Thomas Fletcher.— VI. The Treat- ment of the Booues and Simon Kenton.— VII. Cut Money, 170 CHAPTER XL Kentucky in the War of 1812 .179 PERSONAL SKETCHES, INCIDENTS, ETC. I. Gov. Isaac Shelby.— II. Logan, the Indian Chief.— III. The Militia Pig.— IV. Scene at the Raisin Eight Months After the Massacre.— V. Kentucky Mothers.— VI. General Harrison's Confidence in Kentucky Troops.— VII. The Indians Dreaded Kentuckians. — VIII. Some Kentuckians Wlio Fought With Perry, 190 CHAPTER XII. The Jackson Pnrcliase.— Financial Conditions in Kentucky.— Old Court and New Court. 1^9 PERSONAL SKETCHES, INCIDENTS, ETC. I. Gen. Simon Kenton.— 11. Gen. George Rogers Clark.— III. Capt. Bland Ballard.-IV. The Todds, Father and Son.— V. Gen. John Adair.— VI. The Ancient Governor, . . . -'05 CHAPTER XIII. Kentucky in the ^lexicau War 21G PERSONAL SKETCHES, ETC. I. Kentucky's Great Orators. — 11. Kentuckians Among the Troops of Other States During the Mexican War, . . 223 SIXTH PERIOD. Forty Years Under the Third Constitution and Six Under THE Fourth. CHAPTER XIV. From 1850 to 18G0.— Kentucky in the Civil War.— Some of the Events of ]S()0-()1, ^"-^7 CHAPTER XV. Kentucky in the Civil War.— From September, 1861, till After the Battle of Perryville, ^37 CHAPTER XVI. Kentucky in the Civil War.— From Bragg's Retreat to the Close, 251 PERSONAL SKETCHES, ETC. I. The American Citizen-Soldier.— II. General Officers Furnished by Kentucky to the Two Armies, 264 ^''" TABLE OF COXTKNTS. CHAPTER WIT ^'"*^- After tli(> Tivil War, 2GG CHAPTER xvnr. Education in Ki'utuckv 278 PERSONAL SKETCHKS, ETC. I. Conspifuons Service to the Common School System, . . 28o CHAPTER XIX. Art, Science and Literature 288 NOTES AND COMMENTS. I. Durrett and the Filson Chil) ■••,•■.. 291 CHAPTER XX. African Slavery in Kentucky, MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, COMMEXTS ETC I. Kentucky's Governors, Lieutenant-Governors,' and" Secretaries of State.-n Increase of Population in Kentucky by Periods Sok iv"u~t"[-.'^"''^ ''''^''^''' ^" Pip^tion d? tHis iiook.-IV. United States Senators from Kentucky. . 302 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Adair, Gen. and Gov. .lolin, . AndfTson, Brig:, and l^revet ( Ma j. -Gen. Kolu'rt, . J Ashland— Hem-y Clay's Res- 1 idence ) Barnyard in Franklin County, Barry, Senator Win. T., Beck, Senator James B., Beckner, Hon. Wn\. M., Bibb, Senator Geortce M., Blaeklmrn, Gov. Luke P.. Blackburn, Senator J. C. S., Boone, Daniel, Boonesborougli Stockade , Boyle, Bri and Cemetery, . . J Tilghman, Brig.-Gen. Lloyd, . Todd, Hon. Thomas, .' . Tobacco Barn in Bourbon 1 County, .... J Tobacco Field in Fleming 1^ County, . . . . i Wai'd, Brig, and Brevet Maj. I Gen. W. T., . . ." J Whittaker, Brig, and Brevet \ Maj.- Gen. Walter C, . / Wickliffe, Gov. Charles A., . Williams, Gen. and Senator ) John S., . . .J Wood, Maj.-Gen. Tho. J., . 29 191 243 28 j 39 140 14 20S 83 191) 181 185 5o 279 240 213 23 24 263 263 136 221 242 Young People's History of Kentucky. CHAPTER I. introductory: to thk young reader. 1. History in its sinii)ler form is ))ut the story of those whose Hves exerted so marked an influence upf>n their times that they should be recorded for the instruction of mankind. Its office is to warn no less than to light, to inspire, and to ffuide all who are capable of applying the lessons of the past to the conduct of the present ; and it takes note of whateyer stands out conspicuous, whether noble or ignoble, heroic or base, false or true. 2. I purpose to tell you the story of Kentucky, as a teacher interested in his pupil and speaking with him face to face, not as one setting down details to be conned over as a task. .'5. It is related of a patriotic French gentleman that when he souglit to inijjress on a iK'])lie\v a sense of his duty to his country the Aoung man turned upon him with the question, "Uncle, what ^s• my country?" He replied, "It is the sky above you, the sun that gives you light, the winds that fan your cheek, the recurring seasons — all that combines to make a genial and salubrious clime; it is not alone that earth beneath }-our feet which is circumscribed J)y the boundary lines of the kingdom, with its hills and vales and streams, its forests and fields, but its toilino" and directino; and achievins; millions, and their homes in the districts and the cities; it is 11 12 YOUNU PEOPLK's history of KKNTTT'KY. the govoniinont that :i;ers and ditii- culties l)oldly met and manfully resisted; of trials and suffer- ins's so borne as to make man seem deflant of calamity and superior to adverse fate. In these the history of Kentucky so abounds that they cannot be recounted except in the briefest way . 9. Are you thrilled by the recital of sayage cunning thwarted by the shrewdness and circumspection of honorable foes? Of fiendish perfidy i)unished by open fight? Of mas- acres avenjied in honorable battle by those who scorned to retaliate by visiting destruction on helpless cai)tives? Of women not only sharing the hardships and dangers of ])ioneer life, but bravely fighting in defense of their homes? Then the early annals of your native state can furnish you this excite- ment and hel{) to impress ui)on a healthful mind a sense of the chivalry of the unpretending j)ioneers who conquered the wilderness and left to us a heritage of great names as well as of a noble connnonwealth. In the wars with Great Britain, by which liberty was won and confirmed tons; in that with ■#»'^*^._ '1m f I 3fc^ 14 INTKODrCTORV. 15 Mexico, I)V which the tcn-itorv of the United States was ex- tended to the shores of the Pacitic; in the gigantic sectional struggle, when more than three millions of fellow-conntrymen were four years engaged in a deatli-grapplc over vital ques- tions that had failed of peaceable settlement — whei%ver supreme tests of courage and fortitude have been applied, your fathers and forefathers have proved themselves great among the greatest, and have w'on for Kentucky a world-wide fame. 10. But not alone in martial strife have their high quali- ties been manifested. "Peace hath had her victories" for them. In the national councils the statesmen and orators of Kentucky have been among the foremost; in legal tribu- nals, state and federal, her jurists have been the peers of the proudest ; and letters, divinity and medicine have contributed to our list of eminent names. , 11. Kentuckians have played a nu)st important part in the civil as well as military affairs of the general government ; and wherever they have found a foothold in the budding up of new states their fitness for leadership has been recognized. More than eighty of them have been ambassadors, foreign ministers, and consuls; twenty-two have held high command in the United States army (regular and volunteer) and navy; twenty-eight were generals of volunteers in the Federal army during the civil war, and twenty-seven in the Confederate army; thirty have been heads of departments and officers of the United States government; seven have been judges of the United States Supreme Court, and about thirty have been judges of other courts (state and United States); more than fifty have been governors and lieutenant-governors of other states and territories; more than eighty are known to have represented other states in Congress; twenty-two have been presidents of universities and colleges in other states; and six have been President of the Senate and Vice- President of the United States. The two great heads of the 16 YOUN(i I'KOI'LI'V S' HISTORY OK KKNTUCKT. respective ijjoveriimeiits duriiiii' the civil \v;ir, Abraham Lin- coln and .Jefferson Davis, were native Kentuckians. E(|nally remarkable is the list of those whom the people of their adopted stat(^s have elected to minor positions of honor and res|K)nsibilitv. 12. Hnt it is not in the matter of office-holdinii: only that this characteristic of leadershi}) has been manifested. Since Kentncky was admitted to the Union, thirty new states have been oruanized ; and for tiiis work she has contribnted of her native })opnlation, for a loiiij series of years, al)ont twice as numy as she has received from mH the other states and from foreiirn conntries. At the bar, in the })nlpit, in the ranks of edncators, in the conce[)tion and roblem of this Kentucky })opulation. It has seriously been maintained that the European l)lood tends to enfeeblement in American conditions; that it rc(|uircs the admixture of new blood from the Old AVorld in order to keep its quality unimpaired. There is an experiment jirovided that will give a full disproval to this hypothesis. The reader Mill do well to bear it in mind while he follows the history of Kentucky people. * * * 2 18 YOUNG people's HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. Twenty years of such life [that from 177') to 1795] devel- oped a particular sort of man — a kind that was never known before or since in such numbers in any country. The men who took their sha})e from the life that was lived in the first three decades of Kentucky civilization had a very peculiar (juality of mind. Its most characteristic feature was a certain dauntlessness, a habit of asserting independence of all control except that of the written law. * * * There was a great solidity to this people. None but a people of character could stand the strain in Avhich they lived. * * * The crimi- nals, the weaklings, and other refuse of society had no place in this embattled colony. — iY. >6'. tiJtaler. GEOGRAPHY. 19 CHAPTER II. (iKOCKAI'IIV 1. To study liistory profitably you nui.st at every stej) asso- ciate e\-euts. tiuies, })ersoiis, and })laces. You will then have a more distinct impression of each occurrence and its relation to all the others tliat nud' (>' north latitude, and 82° 3' and 8i» ' 11' west longitude. It includes all that HAYFIELU NEAR RUSSKLLVILLE. territory southwest of the line beoinnino^ at the mouth of the Big Sandy, and running up the northeasterly branch thereof to the great Laurel Ridge or Cumberland mountain, and with that southwest, to a line of Tennessee. It is bounded on the north by Indiana, Illinois, and Ohio ; on the east by West Vir- ginia and Virginia; on the south by Tennessee; and on the west In' Missouri. It is about oOO miles in length east and Avest, Avith the mean l)rcadlh of l.')0 miles, and is esllmalcd to coiitniu oNcr 41,000 square miles, or nearly twenty-sc\en million acres. ' 23 otto and ^^'<)(^clf<)l•cl, and portions of P)ath, Clark, Franklin, Harrison, Jessamine, Nicholas, Owen and Scott, constitute a great l)ody of bluc-srass land. There are hi Boyle, Garrard, Green, Laurel, Lincoln, Madison, Mercer, Nelson, and Shelby, sections of blue-grass lands that are equally rich ; and large portions of a number of counties south and west of Green river are notably productive. This singular condition obtains in Kentuck}', that while a great part of it is underlaid by val- TOBACCO BARN IN BOURBON COUNTY. uable mineral stores, less than one-fortieth of its surface is wholly unfit for agricultural purposes. 9. The climate is moderate. Change of weather is fre- (|uently sudden and severe; but the extremes of temperature prevail for only very brief periods. The lowest seldom reaches zero, while its greatest summer heat is frequently below that of regions bordering on the great lakes and the Atlantic. On the Cumberland mountains it is about fifty degrees, the increase from east to west and southwest being almost uniform, till at the southwest corner it is about sixty u YOUNG PEOPLK S HISTORY OF KEXTUrKV. degrees. The seasons are more regular in succession, more nearly equal in duration, and more distinct in the character- istics peculiar to each than in other latitudes; the rainfall (an annual average of 46 inches) is generally very equally distributed over the state, and destructive drouths in any section are rare; snow seldom falls to such a depth as to interfere with local traffic or impede travel ; and destructive tornadoes or cyclones scarcely ever occur. 10. Climatic conditions, purity of water, quality of food products, and healthful occupation, combine to give the people TOBACCO FILLD IN FLEMING COUNTY. size, strength and endurance. Among the hundreds of thou- sand of volunteers from all parts of the Union, natives and foreigners, during the civil war, ofiicial tables show that those born and reared in Kentucky and Tennessee exceeded all others in average height, weight, size of head, circumference of chest, and ratio of weight to stature. 11. Here almost every product of the soil known in the temperate zones flourishes — grains, grasses, textile plants, and fruits; very profitable ones, as tobacco and hemp, in greater abundance than in any other state ; domestic animals (!KO(4RAniV. 25 nttniii to such superior dcvelopniout that the liner kinds are scarcely e hiden v.ith jjowder, ball, and other articles. During his absence. Daniel had roamed over many new sec- tions — havinj'' jione as far as the Ohio river and travelled along its shores. 15. For seven or eight nu)ntlis after Stjuire's return they souofht to extend their knowledije of the countrv — tracing the course of streams and giving them names; also making a more particular exanimation of all the features of central Kentucky, It ai)pears that about this time Daniel Boone first 38 YOUX(} PEOPLK's HISTOHV of KENTUCKY. foiiceived the idea of bi-iuginuj his family and iiiakiiio- Jus home here. He had now a definite object in view — the selec- tion of a spot upon which to locate. He iinallj made choice of a point on the Kentucky river, and in March, 1771, the brothers set out on their return to their homes on the Yadkin, which they reached when Daniel had been absent nearlj^ two years. 16. During the same year in Avhich Boone's party left North Carolina for Kentucky (17()!l), Col. James Knox, one of forty men from the valleys of New, Holston, and Clinch rivers, in Virginia, came in, undtn- the leadership of Knox, hy a more southerly route. Their object was hunting and trap- ping; and their influence upon the history of the state was of little consequence except that it extended the knowledge of :i hitherto unexplored region and increased the tide of inunigra- tion which set in soon afterward. They established a camp and depot of supplies, which were to be deposited every tivc weeks, at Price's Meadow, about six miles from where IVIonti- cello now stands. They hunted south and west. Two boat loads of skins and wild meats were sent down the Cumberland river under charge of ten of the party, for sale to the Span- ish garrison at Natchez, on the Mississippi, from which place the boatmen returned to Virginia. Some Avho had remained witli Knox were lost in the forest; others, separating from the main body, reached home at times of which we have no record; but Knox, with a part}' of nine, turned northward in the autumn and found and probably named Dick's river. More than a year afterward, the i)arty was increased by the return of some of the men who had gone to Natchez and others from the old settlements, and went farther west. Some time in 1771 they built on the site of Mount Gilead church, nine miles east of Greensburgh, another house for deposit and shelter, and from here hunted south and west over Green, Hart, Barren, and contiguous counties. They returned to Vir- ginia after an absence of two years Avithout having met the TIIR KARIJKST VISIT HV WIHTK ISIEN. 39 Booiic pai'lx, or wen knowing that tlicy wore in tlic country. After the depiirturo of the.se two bands of hunters, nothing of special note occurred for two years. 17. September 2.)th, 177^), Daniel Boone with his own and five other families set out for that })att of Kentucky where he had determined to make his home. In Powell's Valley the}^ were joined by forty men. When near Cumberland Gap, October lOth, they were suddenly attacked by Indians, and before the men could rall}^ and drive them off, six of the whites I' 1. 'J STATE AKSKNAI. AT FRANKFORT. wei-e killed, Boone's oldest son being one of them. This was so dreadful a blow, falling where they least expected danger, that Boone and other resolute persons who were for pushing on could not prevail upon the rest, and, their dead having been buried,' they went back to their several homes. 18. Somewhat previous to this time Virginia had granted land bounties to her surviving soldiers of the French and Indian war. These lands were to be located westward ; and as the accounts carried back by Finley, the Boones, Knox and others, had created a wide-spread interest, various parties of 40 VOITNC PEOPLK S HISTORY < ►F KKXTITCKV. surveyors caiiie in 177."J iiiul ex[)l(>i';iti()ns were greatly ex- tended. One company, of wliich Thomas Bullitt became the leader, left Virginia, in the spring of 177o, and, proceeding to the Ohio, passed leisurely down by boat. A part of them reached the mouth of Beargrass creek, July 8th, and encamped a short distance above. For the greater security, their nights wore generally spent on Corn Island, opposite where Louisville now stands. For six weeks they made sur- veys along the river and southward as far as Salt river in Bullitt county. 19. The McAfees (three.brothers), with others, left Botte- tourt county, Virginia, about the same time and came across to Kanawha river, where they took canoes and a small lioat for the Ohio. Oil their journey they overtook the Bullitt party (May 21)), and remained with them till they reached the mouth of Kentucky river. They went up this to Drcnnon's Lick, in Henry county, where the}^ found a man named Drennon who had come across from Big Bone and reached the Lick the day before. Here they took a track beaten through ahnost impass- able cane-brakes by wild animals seeking the springs, and followed it up the river to a ])()int opposite Lee's Town, below Frankfort, where they crossed over. Turning south, they surveyed the bottom in which Frankfort now stands, July Gth, the first survey made on the Kentucky. The bi )undary (U'scribed comprised six hundred acres . They then went up the ridge along the present Lexington road and turning to the right crossed the Kentucky seven miles alcove Frankfort. The next encamp- ment was at Lillard's Spring near Lawrenceburgh. From here they hunted westwardly to Salt river and down this to Hammond's creek, from Avhich point they surveyed to the mouth of the branch on which Harrodsburgh now stands. During this journey from the mouth of the Kentucky, two of the party, one of whom was Hancock Taylor, went to join Bullitt on the B3argrass. On the 31st of July, the others took a course nearly southeast across Dick's river and on the I THK KARLIKST VISIT I'.V WHITK MK\. 41 r)tli of Auffust roached the forks of the Keuluckv. On their ascent of the iiiomitaiii cDiiiitry, over a route hitherto untrod- den by white men, and rendered difficult not alone by its roughness but in places by tangled brushwood, vines and briers, and at times finding it impossible to procure either suf- ficient food or water, they became so foot-sore and exhausted as almost to despair, but managed to kill sufficient game to preserve life, though at one time two days without food. At" length they struck a hunter's |)ath across the head of Powell's Valley and reached their Virginia homes. 20. During this 3^ear three deputies of William Preston, who was surveyor for Flncastle county, Virginia (as Ken- lucky was then designated), Avero hero surveying and locat- ing lands for themselves and others. These deputies were Hancock Tavlor, who was awhile with the McAfees; James Douglas, who sto})ped on his w.iy to the Falls of Ohio, whither Bullitt had preceded him, to view the wonders at Big Bone Lick, of which accounts had already gone abroad; and John Floyd, who made many surveys along the banks of the Ohio, one of which was for locating a tract in Lewis county for Patrick Henry, the orator of the Revolution. 21. Simon Kenton, afterward to become famous as a Ken- tucky pioneer, came down the Ohio this year with a party who wished to join Bullitt. Failing to find him at the mouth of the Miami river, where report had led them to expect him, thev supposed that he and his followers had been killed or captured bv the Indians, and concluded to return. Kenton, having previously been for a short time on a hunting expe- dition between the Kanawha and Kentucky rivers, and know- inor somethinir of the countrv, led them back throutrh the counties of Boone, Kenton and others to the southeast, across the Big Sandy, to'the settlements in Virginia. 22. In May, 1774, James Harrod led a party of forty hunt- ers and surveyors from ]Monongahela county, Virginia. Boat- ing down the Ohio to a point opposite the Licking river they 4'2 VOIINOJ PEOrLK's HISTORY OF KEXTICKY. tarried there fur u few days, diirino; which they felled the tirst trees on the ground where Cincinnati now stands. Shortly afterward they probably went down as far as the Falls, but returned to the Kentucky river and ascended it in canoes to what is now Oregon Landing in Mercer county. They explored to the southward and selected the present site of Ilarrodsburgh as a place to begin permanent settlement, and l)uilt the tirst cabin on a spot in Kentucky laid off and plotted to become a town. June 16th, 1774, is given as the date of the founding of the oldest town in the state — called for some years Harrodstown. Several eligible spots for residence were selected, surveys made for farms, and cabins erected. These were assigned by lot. Two, near the present town of Dan- ville, fell to John Crow and James Brown; about Boiling Spring, six miles from Harrodsburgh, James Harrod and others were located ; while cabins three miles east of Harrods- ))urgh, fell to James Wiley and others. John Harman raised the first crop of corn in the settlement. 23. Towards the last of July, four of Harrod' s men were out surveying three miles below Harrodsburgh, when they were fired upon by concealed Indians. Jared Cowan was killed. One of the party made his way back to the camp; but Jacob Sandusky and another man, believing that the set- tlement had been surprised and probably destroyed, went to the Falls and afterward by a circuitous water and land route reached Virginia. 24. During this summer Hancock Taylor, leading a party who were surveying along the Kentucky, was shot from ambush by Indians, near the mouth of the river, in Carroll county, and died in a few days as his companions were trying to convey him to his old home. 25. Lord Dunmore, governor of Virginia, having sent for Daniel Boone and requested him to go to the Falls of Ohio and guide back through the wilderness some men whom he had sent to Kentucky on a surveying expedition, he chose as a THE EARLIKST VISIT lU WHITE MEN. 43 coiupjinion MichiU'l Sloner, and sot out June 6tli, 1774. lie was also to call wherever he knew white men to be encanii)ed and warn them to return at once to the states. The Shaw- nees had induced other northern tribes to unite with them in a campaign of extermination against Virginia, and the small bodies of whites in Kentucky were in imminent danger. Boone and Stoner reached Ilarrodstown soon after the real work of settlement began, and the entire party left their new homes and went back to Virginia. Thus the territory was abandoned for a time. Dunmore had ordered the enlistment of three thousand men, who were organized in two divisions, the right wing under his own command, the left under that of (ien. Andrew Lewis. Boone was ordered to take general charge of three garrisons along the border. The right wing j)roceeded to Pittsburgh, the left to the mouth of the Kana- wiia, where General Lewis met the allied savages, fifteen hun- dred strong, while his own force was but eleven hundred. At Point Pleasant, October 10th, a long and desperate battle ensued, in which the Indians were defeated and driven back to their villages beyond the Ohio. Dunmore came down with the right wing, and proceeded with his whole command to Old Chillicothe. The Indians sued for peace, and, as has previously been told you, they relinquished all claim to Kentucky. PERSONAL SKETCHES, INCIDENTS, AND EXPLANATIONS. I. Thomas Bullitt. — This gentleman, who surveyed about the Falls in 177;}, as 1 have already told you, and in August of that year laid out a town on ground now covered by Louisville, had a most daring adventure on his way down the river to that place. lie stopped at a point on the Ohio opposite Old CMiillicothe, and went alone to that place to confer with the Indians. Approaching with a white handkerchief displayed as a flag of truce, he succeeded in removing their suspicions; induced them to call a council for the next day; and at this 44 YOUNG PEOl'LE S HISTOKV OF Ki:NTi:('IvY. couucil, diu-iiig which he seems to have been frank in stating the purpose of the white men to settle in Kentuclcy, he obtained their consent to proceed — and at length left them in perfect good humor. II. First AVliite Women in Kentucky. — In 175(> Mrs. Mary Inglis, who had been a Miss Draper, was captured in Montgomery county of what is now West Virginia, by Shaw- nee Indians. Her two little boys, Mrs. Draper (her sister- in-law), and others, were also made })risoners. They were taken to the salt regions of the Kanawha; thence to the Indian village at the mouth of the Scioto, in Ohio. Afterward Mrs. Inglis had to go with the Indians on a salt-making expe- dition to Big Bone Lick in Boone county, Kentucky. Here she induced an old Dutch woman, who had long been a pris- oner, to attempt to escape with her. Oljtaining leave to gather grapes, they managed to carry off a blanket, a tomahawk, and a knife, but, to avoid suspicion, took neither additional cloth- ing nor food. Going to the Ohio river, they followed this u|), and in five days reached a ])oint opposite the Indian village, the home of their captors. Resting that night in an empty cabin on this side the Ohio, next morning they loaded a horse found grazing near by with corn which they had discovered, and went on up to the mouth of the Big Sandy. They could not cross there, but higher up they attempted to cross on drift- wood with the horse. He became entangled and had to be left. Taking what corn they could, they went on towards the Kanawha river, living upon the corn, grapes, nuts, roots, etc., for many days. The Dutch woman at last became wild with hunger and other suffering, and tried to kill Mrs. Inglis; but she broke away, reached the Kanawha, found a canoe in which she crossed over, and at last, after forty and a half days, having travelled about twenty miles a day, her strength now almost gone, her feet and limbs swollen with cold and fatigue, she reached the residence of a white family, whose kind and careful treatment soon so restored her that she was able to go on home. She sent help to the Dutch woman, who was brought in and at last restored to health. One of Mrs. Inglis's little boys died among the Indians, and the other was a pris- oner for thirteen years before he was found and ransomed by his father. This is one example of the dangers and sufferings THE EAULIKST VISIT BY WllITK MEN. 45 to which the })i()neers of the west were subjected, and which even women so bravely encountered and so wonderfully bore. III. The Hunter's Rifle. — Few young people of this gen- oration haA'e any knowledge of the weapon which their pioneer fore-fathers made so effective in ])rocuring their suj)plies of meat, and so deadly in conflict, and a l)rief description is a}:)pro- priate. In the hands of those accpiiunted only with breech- loading repeaters, needle guns, metal cartridges, &c., the hunter's rifle would seem a clumsy fire-arm, incapable of doing rapid execution: but it was a great improvement on the b!uuderl)uss and similar guns used by the early settlers of America. It was a rifle of small bore, for which a ])()und of lead would make from seventy to one hundred and twenty round bullets, malied to the Knox party only, who Avere absent in Kentucky from 1769 to 1771, though Boone renuuned fully as long. VII. Long Knife. — Indians called the Virginians (and afterwards the Kentuckians) Long Knife, or Big Knife, 1)ecause they were the tirst men whom they knew to carry such a weapon, or a short sword, on hunting or warlike expeditions. THE TRA^yTLVANIA C03IPANY. 47 CHAPTER IV. THE TRANSYLVANIA COMPANY. BOONE's TRACE OR THE WILDERNESS ROAD, ETC. 1774-177G. 1. Ill the autumn of this year (1774) occurred an event which notably increased ininiigration, and for some years exerted an active inttuonce in settling Kentucky. Judge Eich- :ird Henderson, of (iiMiiville county, North Carolina, organ- ized a comijany for the purchase of about two-thirds of the territory now comprised in the bounds of this state. Not- withstanding the chartered rights of Virginia and the fact that Dunmore's treaty extinguished, in favor of that state, the entire Shawnee claim, these gentlemen made haste after the l)attle of Point Pleasant to recognize the pretensions of the Cherokees in Tennessee, Avho asserted that the land from which they had long before been driven was still their own. 2. With Henderson Avere associated eight gentlemen of Virginia and North Carolina; but he was the originator of the scheme and the active agent in its execution. The asso- ciation was to be known as the Transylvania Compan}'^ ; and the territory aciiuired took the name of Transylvania, which name was for some time used in s})eaking of the whole region of Kentucky and was applied to the first great institution of learning Avest of the mountains, the Transylvania University. At the Sycamore shoals, on the Wataga river, a tributary of the Ilolston, in what is now northeast Tennessee, the com- pany, aided by Daniel Boone, whose services they had engaged, made preliminary arrangements with the Cherokee Indians for a treaty which was to be formally entered into a few months later. Accordingly, Boone, with Henderson and other members of the company, met them at Wataga in February, 1775. After a conference of twenty' daAs an agreement was reached, and on 48 YOUXG people's history of KENTUCKY. the 1 7th of March the treaty was })erfected, the company pay- ing about $50,000 for perpetual ri<2;ht and title to all the lands claimed by the Cherokees as their hunting grounds in Ken- tucky and that part of Tennessee lying southward between the southern ])oui^lary of Kentucky and the Cumberland river. The territory was described as including all the terri- tory bounded on the north by the Ohio river, on the east by the Kentucky river and the Cumberland mountains, on the south and west by the Cumberland river. 3. Boone had previously been employed to open a road for men and pack-horses from Clinch river to the inoutli of Otter creek, on the Kentucky river. This was afterward known as Boone's Trace. It appears that a week before the "Wataga con- ference closed Boone left it in company with some men from North Carolina, who were on their way to Kentucky, and pro- ceeded to Long Island in Ilolston river, to meet his brother and others whom he had engaged to assist him ; and with about thirty Avell-armed men he set out from Long Island, March 10th, 1775, to mark the road. It was to be nothing more than a practicable route, straightforward as possible, for men and horses, the Avork required being sinn)ly to re- move, with ax or hatchet, sufficient bark of trees, at inter- vals, to make a white and clearly discernible spot, and cut- tin2[ out the undersfrowth where necessarv. This marking of trees Avas called, in pioneer phrase, "blazing the way." 4. They made such rapid progress that by March 20th they were Avithin fifteen miles of where Richmond noAV stands. Here Indians attacked them, killing two men and wounding two. They drove off the savages and pressed on : but before they reached the Kentucky river they Avere again tired upon. Two men AA^ere killed and three Avounded. By April 1st they had reached the mouth of Otter, and about sixty yards south of Avhcre the railroad from Richmond to Winchester now crosses the Kentuckv, and near a salt lick, thcA' began to build 1 THE TRANSYLVANIA COMPANY. 49 Boonesborough — a fort, the walls of which were Diade in part of the back- walls of cabins and in part of strong timbers set uprioht firmly in the ground. Four days afterward the Indians killed jinother man. Some time during April, Henderson arrived with thirty fighting men to re-enforce them, and about the middle of June the stockade and cabins were completed. 5. Before this time, however, Henderson had taken import- ant steps toward colonizmg Transjdvania. Soon after his arrival, he issued a call for a convention at Boonesborough, to be comi)osed of delegates from the })rinci})al settle- ments, to form a govern- ment. Boonesborough chose six of its leadnig men; St. Asaph's, or Logan's Fort, four; whil«' Harrodstown and Boiling- Spring, both embraced in Harrod's settlement, se- lected four each. At Boonesborough, jSI ay 23rd, 1775, the meeting was opened with prayer by the Rev. John Lvthe, and the convention was organized. Henderson m;ide a speech set- ting forth the work to be done, to which the chairman made due response. Proceeding with all the formality of a legis- lature, the assembly appointed a committee to represent the people in the making of a constitutional compact, while Hen- derson and two others were to represent the company. The constitution was made and signed by these members of the company and by the chairman of the committee for the peo- ple. A code of laws embraced in nine acts was passed and recorded, as follows : ( 1 ) To establish courts of justice and regulate practice in them; (2) To provide for a militia; (3) To punish criminals; (4) To prevent profane swearing and 4 BOONESBOROUGH STOCKADE. 50 YOUNG people's HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. Sabbath-breaking; (5) To provide for writs of attachments ; (6) To regulate clerks' and sheriffs' fees; (7) To impose conditions for the use of the range or public pasture; (8) To preserve the breed of horses; and (D) To preserve the game. The company had already established a land office at Boones- borough and made known the terms upon which land would be granted to settlers. It took upon itself the cost of furnish- ing all supplies of powder and lead for the defense of families and of the country. The terms were so reasonable and were so to continue for more than a year, that notwithstanding some provisions and penalties that would ultimately have sub- jected the settlers to great losses, immigration materially increased, and by December more than five hundred and sixty thousand acres had been sold. 6. The contract or agreement, "for the peace of the pro- prietors and the security of the people," above alluded to, gave the Transylvania Company dangerous power over the rights and liberties of the settlers, in spite of the reasonable code of laws enacted at the time ; and it was not long before reflection on the part of the delegates and the peo[)le led them to feel that they had been craftily dealt with. Before the year closed another circumstance occasioned uneasiness : increased prices for lands and extravagant fees for entry and survey were announced. The people became alarmed, and in December, 1775, a petition, signed by eighty-four men, was forwarded to the Virginia Assembly, setting forth the cause of dissatisfac- tion, and asking that state to assert its jurisdiction over the territory claimed by the Transylvania Company. The con- vention never re-assembled, though it had adjourned to do so in September. The company attempted to secure representation in the Continental Congress at Philadelphia, but their delegate was refused admission. Governor Dunmore issued a proc- lamation declaring illegal the Wataga purchase of lands over which Virginia had asserted claim, and the governor of North Carolina did so with respect to lands now in Tennessee, When THE TRANSYLVANIA COMPANT. 51 George Rogers Clark went to Virginia in 1776 (as will be noticed subsequently) to obtain means of defense for Kentucky, he succeeded not only in that but in haying the "Wataga purchase declared null and yoid, in s})ite of the efforts of Henderson and his associates, and Kentucky made a county of Virginia. 7. Subsequently, November 4th, 1778, the Virginia Assem- bly resoh'cd that though the company's title was void, it had been at great expense in purchasing and settling said lands, and it was but just and reasonable that they should be comi)ensated. Some time afterward it was enacted by the general assembly of Virginia that to Richard Henderson & Company be granted 200,000 acres of land in a body, extending along the Ohio for twenty-five miles, and up Green river twelve and a half miles, an ecjual area on each side of the latter stream ; and North Carolina granted them also 200,000 acres in the })resent state of Tennessee. 8. In May, 177.'), Simon Kenton came again to Kentucky, in company with Thomas AVilliams. They landed at the mouth of Cabin creek, and went out to where Washington, Mason county, now is. Here they built a cabin. Hunting inland, along the Licking, they visited the Up[)er and the Lower Blue Lit'ks, and one day fell in with two men who seemed to have been lost in the wilderness — Fitzpatrick and Hendricks. The former wished to return to Virginia, but Hendricks chose to remain. He was left at the cabin when Kenton and Williams set out to pilot Fitzpatrick to the Ohio. When they came back, they found the charred remains of Hendricks, whom the Indians had captured and burnt at the stake. He was the first white man to lose his life in Kentucky in this barbarous manner, and the last, as far as is known, though others met this fate at the Indian towns on the borders. Kenton and Williams cleared an acre of ground, on which they raised this year a crop of corn. 9. The victory of Point Pleasant, and the consequent favor- able treaty, gave such renewed im)mlsc,to emigration that 52 YOUNG PEOI'LE'S history of KENTUCKY. even the earlier months of 1775, before the inducements offered by the Transylvania Company were widely known, brought con- stant accessions to the settlers in Kentucky. Extensive sur- veys were made and settlements begun at different points. Early in March, James Harrod came back to Harrodstown and again began the Avork of building, fortifvitig and clearing. John Floyd, who had been on a surveying expedition in 1773, came again early in May, 1775, and some time afterward set- tled on the middle fork of Beargrass creek, six miles from the Falls, at what was called Floyd's Station. During the spring, Benjamin Logan arrived from Virginia with a number of men and settled at the big sirring near the present town of Stanford. Towards the last of April some hunters and explorers were encamped on the present site of Lexington, Avhere news of the battle of Lexington, the first one of the revolution, reached them, and they named this place accordingly, though perma- nent settlement was not made there until some time afterward. lO. There were now three important settlements, while scattered here and there in other localities were small bodies of men. It was estimated that by June there were about three hundred men at Harrodstown, Boonesborough, Logan's Fort, and elsewhere m Kentucky. Thus, you see, by the time the Revolutionary war had fairly begun on the seaboard, a few settlements, that proved to be permanent, had been made in Kentucky, and a form of government established, which had its basis in that respect for law and order which characterizes the Anglo-Saxon race, rather than upon a greed of gain and a love of power on the part of Henderson and his associates. PERSONAL SKETCHES, INCIDENTS, AND EXPLANATIONS. I. Daniel Boone. — This man is justly regarded as first among the great pioneers of Kentucky, because he really opened the way for those who came Avilli a fixed purpose to settle here, and led Jhe van; because his ex})erience, sagacity, THE TRAXSVLVAKIA rOAFPANV )3 Mild cour:in the state ; and while he was never really a citizen or a useful factor in the upbuild- ing of the commonwealth, his name is indissolubly associated with it, and deserves a brief notice. He was l)orn in Hanover county, Virginia, April 20th, 1735, but his parents afterward removed to(iranvillecounty,NorthCarolina. He had nooppor- lunities for edu<'ation, and when he reached manhood he was unable to read and write. His natural abilities, though, were very great; he was ambitious of distinction, and by diligent application he (jualitied himself for business; was appointed a constable, then an under sheriff; studied law (for a time under the direction of an able counsellor); became a success- ful practitioner in both the inferior and superior courts of the Province of North Carolina; was noted for his solid ])rofes- sional attainments, and was a])pointed an associate judge, which place he tilled with distinction until the courts were abolished by the British crown. By the time he was forty years old, however, he had indulged in wild speculations, which, with ostentatious and extravagant living, had deeply involved him in del)t ; and he now conceived and proceeded to carry out a most tremendous scheme, api)arently with a view to both enriching himself and attaining to a i)ower similar to that of a feudal lord of the olden time. The formation of the Tran- sylvania Company and the first steps to colonize the com- pany's purihase have been noticed in the preceding chapter. It is not to l)c inf(>rrcd that the coinpany's great design con- templatetl a wanton and vicious disregard of either the rights of the j)ioneers or of Virginia's claim under previous treaty. Its services were recognized and amj)ly remunerated by both \'irginia and North Carolina, though its pretensions were set 62 YOUNG people's history of KENTUCKY. aside ; and with Henderson were associated Virginia and Noith Carolina gentlemen, several of whom took an active part in the settlement and defense of the state, whose names are familiar in its stirring annals, and whose descendants are among the most honorable of Kentucky families. Of Hen- derson himself it has been recorded that he died at his home in Granville, North Carolina, ' ' universally loved and respected. ' ' i KENTUCKY DURING THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 6?) CHAPTER V. KENTUCKY DURING THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR: FIRST FOUR YEARS. 1775-1778. 1. You come now to a time which you should keep in mind as a distinct period in the history of your state. It is remark- able not only because the events that followed each other in rai)id succession were important in themselves but because of their far-reaching consequences. During the eight years in which the thirteen colonies were engaged in war with a mighty power to free themselves from tyrannical rule and establish a government of their own, the pioneers of Kentucky were fix- ing themselves firmly in their new home, and at the same time conquering for the struggling government beyond the Allegha- nies a vast region north and northeast, considerably greater in area than all the thirteen states together, and now the home of more than fifteen millions of free people. But for the heroic deeds of the pioneers, and their perseverance under many forms of trial and suffering, "the magnificent country," says an able jurist, "which now extends as one with us to the north Pacific might have been broken from us at the summit of the eastern mountains." 2. Many of the first settlers of Kentucky had been soldiers in the French and Indian war, 1754 to 1763. The effect of this experience, as well as their unconquerable spirit, Avas shown in a striking way in the campaign of 1774 against the Shawnees and their fierce allies from the northeast. While Dunmore was getting ready, in his lordly British way (or perfidi- ously delaying, as is understood), to move down the Ohio from Pittsburgh, with the strong right wing of his army. General Lewis, an old border fighter and leader, had pushed across with the weaker left wing to Point Pleasant, where he met a 64 YOUNG people's history of KENTUCKY. well-armed savuire force, one-third greater than his own, and so utterly routed them that they fled to their villages in Ohio, and their war of destruction was over. With Lewis that day were the Boones, Floyd, Harrod, Shelby, McDowell, and other master spirits in the setthng of Kentucky. 3. After the attacks on Boone's party previously men- tioned, the Indians were not constantly menacing and trouble- some during the remainder of 1775, and immigration notably increased. Before the close of the year, the Wells brothers and seven other men encamped on Limestone creek and made surveys embracing 15, ()()() acres; in Bourbon county, on a creek which afterward took his name, John Hinkston built, in April, a cabin on the spot afterward occupied by Ruddle's Station; some improvements were nuide at Drennon Springs, Henry county; Haggins, Williams and others located Martin's Station, near what is now Lair's depot, in Scott county; the Royal Spring, now in the limits of Georgetown, was visited early in the year, and in November, John McClelland settled there with his family ; in May Joseph Lindsey built a cabin on Elkhorn, a short distance from Lexington; Elias Tobin built a cabin and nuide a small clearing on Slate creek in Bath county ; Calk built one about a mile from Mount Ster- ling; William Whitley and wife, with a brother-in-law of his and se\en other persons, located near Crab Orchard in Lin- coln county ; Colonel Calamore raised a crop of corn on Lulbe- grud creek in Clark county; and John Floyd made surveys in Bourbon county and elsewhere. Altogether, it was a time of much activity in exploring and locating homes. 4. Shortly after completing the Boonesborough stockade, Boone went back to North Carolina for his family. In about three months he returned to Boonesborough, bringing them with him. Richard Calloway, William Poague, and John Stager, with their familes, accompanied the Boones. They arrived Se})tember 26th, 1775, and this was the beginning of domestic life in Kentucky. kp:ntucky durinc! the revolutionary war. (>') 6. Soon aftrrwaid, a ]):irty from North Carolina, led by Tluirh Mi'(iarv, reached Ilarrodstown. McGary, Richard Iloiran, and Thomas Denton brought their families, so there were now two important stations made home-like by women and children. During the winter following, the fort of Ilar- rodstown was begun, on what is now Seminary Hill. <>. Early in the s})ring of this year George Rogers Clark came to Ilarrodstown. He was then less than twenty-three years old, but had held a connnission as captain in Governor Dunmore's army the year before. During his stay of a few months he visited the settlements, and made himself familiar with cxistins: conditions and the needs of the scattered colon- ists. Ilis agreeable manner, as well as his evident ability and the lively interest he manifested, soon won him the esteem and confidence of the })eople, and he was placed in command of their militia. 7. In the spring of next year, Clark came again to Ken- tucky to make it his home. At his suggestion a general meeting Avas held at Ilarrodstown, June Gth, 1776, to take steps to ascertain Avhether the territory south and west of the Kentuckv river beloni^-ed to Viro-inia. Noting the confusion and uncertainty arising from conflicting claims and the grow- ing dissatisfaction with the Henderson Company, Avhose title he did not admit, he had conceived the plan of using the lands as an inducement to immigrants and thus establishing an independent state, provided Virginia would not assert her claims and aid in protecting the settlements. The meeting chose him and Gabriel John Jones as agents of the peoi)le of Kentucky to the Virginia Legislature. 8. Accepting the trust they set out on horse-back, but they soon lost or abandoned their horses ; the season was so rainy as to make travelling on foot unusually laborious and slow, and at last to afflict them with scald feet ; they suffered for food ; and were compelled to rest some days in an abandoned fort 66 YOUNG people's history of KENTUCKY. near Ciiniborlaiul Gap; l>nt at Icnsrlh they reached Williams- burgh to tind the legislature adjourned. ». Jones went to his old home on the llolston, but Clark sta^^ed to follow up his purpose. Gov. Patrick Henry was at home sick; but when Clark got audience with him he promptly approved of his plan, and gave him a letter to the Executive Council. To the council he ap})lied for 500 })()unds of i)owder — an article for which the Kentucky colonists were now dependent upon the Henderson Company. 10. Though disposed to help their countrymen the council replied that as the Kentuckians had not been recognized as citizens and under Virginia's protection they could do nothing more than lend the poAvder, and Clark must be responsible for it and bear expense of moving it. They gave him an order on the keeper of the pul)lic magazine, Avith these express pro- visions. After reflection, he resolved to go back to Harrods- town and move for the erection of Kentucky into an inde- pendent state, and returned the order, with a letter shoAving AA'hy he could not accept the loan. He said that a country AA'hich Avas not Avorth defending' Avas not Avorth clainuno;, and that his people must look elsewhere for help. 11. This brought a rec(msideration, Avith the result that the order Avas made to furnish the powder and have it conveyed to Pittsburgh or Fort Pitt and delivered to Clark for Ken- tucky. He endeavored to notify the settlers at HarrodstoAvn to have it carried thither, and remained in Virginia to attend the autumn session of the legislature. Jones haA'ing rejoined him, they moved that body to assert their claim to all the ter- ritory noAv constituting this state and organize it as Kentuck}' county. In spite of the efforts of Henderson and his associ- ates, they Avere successful. The title of the Transylvania Company Avas thus declared null and void ; but as compensa- tion for expenses incurred, and for services rendered to the settlers, the Virginia Legislature granted the company 200,000 acres of landhino; along Ohio river on both sides of the Green. KENTUCKY DURING THK RKV OLUTIONARY WAR. 07 112. L:it(' in S('])l('inl)('r of this year ( 177(5), Clark learned that the powder still lay at Fort l*itt, his niessauc havinir failed lo reach JIarrodstuwn, and he hastened to take char";c of it. Enij)k)yinii- seven ))oatnien, he succeeded in carrying it safe to the mouth of Limestone creek, thouirh harassed all the Avay by Indians. Going up that stream, he hid it along the l)ank, and set off on foot, Avith Jones and probably others, to Ilarrodstown for an escort. At Ilinkston Station he learned that John Todd, with a l)arty of surveyors, was in the neighborhood, aiul waited some days, intending to ask their assistance; but as they did not come, he left Jones, and resumed his journey, two men accompanying him. When Todd came in and learned w^hat Clark wanted he set out with ten men, Jones being guide, to find the powder and take it to Ilarrodstowu ; but near lilue Licks Indians attacked them; eJones and others were killed and the rest captured; but Clark sent a ])arty, who found the })owder a#d carried it to the' set- tlement. In October, 177(5, the Virginia Legislature estab- lished the county of Kentucky, as ;i part of that state, and the settlers were entitled to })rotection, and to be represented in that body. 13. I have dwelt at some length on these transactions l)ecause the resiUt of Clark's mission was a turning point in the destiny of Kentucky. The authority of Virginia w^as established and acknowledged, and the pioneers had indis- l)ensable means of defense. Rival claims to the territory ahd conflicting pretensions to control were no longer to produce confusion and prevent concert of action in building up the new commonwealth. Soon after the Boonesborough conven- tion, and the establishment of a land office there by the Henderson Company, the more thoughtful settlers began to question the legality of that companv's claims, and dissatis- faction increased when the price of lands and fees of entry were raised. Eighty-four settlers, as previously stated (some of Avhom had been delegates to the Boonesborough con- KKXTUCKY DURING THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 69 vcntioii), filed in the Virginiu Legisljiture a written pro- test against the pretensions of the company, and asked that body to decide whether Kentucky was a part of that state or whether it belonged to Great Britain, under which govern- ment the Transylvania Company chiimed to exercise control. The exertions of the far-seeing and determined Clark had brought the matter to a happy conclusion. 14. Among the various small settlements made this year (1776), was one at Leestown, a mile below Frankfort; one on Stoner creek in Bourbon county ; and one, called Sandusky's Station, on Pleasant Run creek, in Washington county, by Jacob and James Sandusky. 15. About the middle of July, it was learned that some time before a large body of Indians had invaded Kentucky and divided into small parties, to strike all the settlements at the same time and so prevent their assisting one another. On the 7th of this month, Elizabeth Calloway who was about grown, and her sister Frances and Jemima Boone, both thirteen or fourteen years old, were taken prisoners by Indians and hurried away. They had incautiously rowed a canoe too near the north shore of the river, opposite Boones- borough, suspecting no danger because for more than a year the whites had been free from molestation. It was late in the afternoon ; the only canoe was on the other side of the river; and it was not until next morning that the fathers of the girls, Daniel Boone and Richard Calloway, with John Floyd and five others could cross over. After travelling altogether about forty miles, delayed by the difficulty of keep- ing track of the savages, which they had been careful to con- ceal, the jHirsuers ca'iie upon them next day as they were kindling a fire to cook. Four men fired upon the Indians and all rushed forward. They fled, though two of them were wounded, and left everything but one shotgun. The girls were recovered unharmed. 70 YOUNG people's HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. 10. About niid-suininer the ludians attacked Ilinkston and other settlers along the Licking. They killed several persons, and forced others to take refuge at Boonesborough, Harrods- town, and McClelland' s Station at the Ro3'al Spring. Robert Pallerson, who had been one of the first to visit the last-named place the year before and assist in building the fort, started in October with six others to Pitts])urgh to get ammunition and other supplies. They went by canoe up the Ohio, and on the 12th landed on the north side of the river, where they built a fire. Sleeping on their arms that night they were fired upon by Indians and then attacked Avith tomahawks. All but one or two were killed or wounded. Patterson was so badly hurt that he was for a year under a surgeon's care. 17. On the 29th of December, forty or fifty Mingo Indians attacked iNIcClelland's Station, which was defended by twenty men. Their chief, Pluggy, was killed, and after several hours fighting thev w^ere driven off; but John McClelland, the founder of the station, was mortally wa)unded, as was one other man, wdiile two others were badly wounded. The fort was abandoned for a time, the survivors taking refuge at Ilarrodstown. 18. March Gth, 1777, James and William Ray, with two other men, were clearing land near Shaw^nee Spring, four miles from Ilarrodstown, when a party of forty-seven Indians under the chief Blackfish attacked them, killing AVilliam Ray and capturing one man. Ja.mes Ray, a rapid runner, escaped to the fort, and the other man saved himself by hiding. The occupants of the fort strengthened the Avorks and otherwise prepared for an attack. Next morning, the Intlians fired a cabin east of the town ; and a number of the whites in the fort, having seen nobody, were deceived and rushed out to save the house. The Indians tried to prevent their return ; l)ut they retreated to a wooded knoll, where the Ilarrodsburgh court- house now stands, and took shelter. A fight ensued, in which one Indian Avas killed and four white men woundtul— one of KENTUCKY DURING THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 71 tluMii inorliilly. They .succeeded in reucliiiig the fort, and the Iiidijiiis soon withdrew. v.). On the loth of Ajiril, about one hundred Indians attacked Boonesborouah, kiUini; one man and wounding four others. They Avere quickly driven off, with what loss was not ascertained. 20. On the 2()th of May, a band estimated also at one hun- dred, concealed themselves near Logan's Fort and fired upon men who were standing guard outside, where women were milking. One man was killed and two wounded — one mor- tally. There were now but twelve fighting men left, but they succeeded in maintaining themselves until some time in Sep- tember, when Colonel Bowman, cominaj from Viririnia with a hundred men, reached the place. His advance was fired upon from ambush and several killed. When the main body came up the Indians fled. During this siege the ammunition of the whites grew so scarce that Logan, with two men, left the fort bv night and went to the Holston, beyond Cumberland Gap for a supply. The food supply so failed that men had to take the risk of going out beyond hearing of gunshot at such times of night as would be most likely to escape observation, to kill and bring in wild game. Their neighbors at Boones- borough and Harrodstown could not help them, being com- pelled to guard themselves. Threatened with starvation; a{)prehensive that their supply of powder and ball would iitterlv fail ; girt about by merciless foes nearl}^ ten times out- numbering their own riflemen; knowing that to be captured was to meet horrible death or horrors worse than death; two-thirds of the little connnunity shut in there being women and children — how sorely were they all tried! 21. On an other occasion during this year Indians were gathered at Big Flat Lick, two miles from Logan's Station, when they were discovered by Logan, who raised a party of nu'u and attacked them, driving them off Avitli much loss and without any on his i>art. Later, when he was on horse-back. 72 YouxG people's history of kextucky. huiitiiiii' near the same place, they fired in)on him from am- bush. His rioht arm was broken and he was sliijhtlv wounded in the brea-t. The savages rushed u{)()n him but he escaped, thouirh narrowly. 22. In June a party of Indians discovered in the vicinity of Boonesborougli were driven l)v Major Saiith, with seven- teen men, across the Ohio, and one of them was Ivilled. Returning, they found on the way about tliirty more con- cealed. One of these, separated at the time from the rest, was killed, and part of Smith's force tired upon and charged the main body, dispersing them. On the -ith of July, how- evei', two hundred Indians appeared before Boonesborough and began a close and ti.'rce attack. This lasted but two days, as they found themselves suffering severely in proportion to the eifect produced uj^on the garrison. The whites lost one man killed and two wounded, while the Indian loss was known to be seven killed, and the wounded were i)robably many more. On the 25th of this month the force at Boonesborough was greatly strengthened by the arrival of forty-tive men from North Carolina. 23. After the attack on Harrodstown, of which I have told you, the Indians hung about the settlement to prevent the raising of corn and to kill or drive off stock at })asture on the range. Of forty horses, all but one disappeared, and most of the cattle, and little corn had been raised. While some of the men were clearing a spot for turnips two hundred yards from the fort, one of them standing guard discovered and fired at an Indian. Other indications showed that a band of them was near. By a stnitagem, })lanned and executed by Clark, they were discovered in concealment and four of them killed before they could make resistance, and the rest fled. While pursuing them, the whites found within fom* hundred yards of the fort a deserted camp which seemed to have been occupied by five or six hundred warriors. KENTUCKY DURING THK REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 73 24. Tiirninir to transactions of an earlier date, let us note that ill the midst of dangers and far removed from the parent state, the settlers were not unmindful of their rights as citi- zens of the new county of Kentucky. On the l!>th of April, 1777, the first general election was held, and John Todd and Kichard Calloway were chosen members of the Virginia Legis- lature. On the 23rd of May they set out to take their places in that ])ody. 25. Early in the spring a party was sent by Clark (who seems to have acted by connnon consent as a leader in matters other than those strictly pertaining to his station as com- mander of the militia) to break some hemp and flax left at lliiikston's place when the whites were forced to abandon it. They found Indians encamped there and were driven back, but without loss. 20. In July, Clark ordered a force of spies and scouts to ])e organized, to patrol the Ohio river and some interior places weekly, by twos, and give notice of Indian movements. Boonesborough, Harrodstown and Logan's Station appointed two each, and the plan proved beneficial, though the number was too small to keep close watch in all quarters and detect the coming of every small body of savages. 27. Suspecting that the great activity of the Indians this year was due to British influence, he had sent two spies to the British posts at Detroit, Vincennes and Kaskaskia, who dis- covered that his surmises were correct, and further that they were endeavoring to influence against Virginians and Kentuck- ians the well affected French residents of these outposts. This information had a most important bearing, as it con- firmed his impression that a movement against them ought to be nuide. October 1st he set out for Virginia, without hav- ing disclosed his plans, to submit them to the Executive Council of Virginia; and after settling the accounts of the Kentucky militia, and studying the disposition of those in power he laid his scheme (December 10th) before Governor 74 YOUNG people's HISTOUY of KENTUCKY. Henry. The result was that, after due deliberation on the j)art of the governor and the able and patriotic gentlemen whom he took into his confidence, Clark received, January 2nd, 1778, secret instructions to take the British post at Kas- kaskia, in Illinois, on the Kaskaskia river, seven or eight miles above its mouth. 28. At Harrodstown, September 2nd, 1777, was held the first court in the new county. The act establishing it was passed on the 6th of December preceding. This court was composed of eight magistrates, who were to meet monthly for the transaction of business. Levi Todd was chosen clerk of the court, and besides other matters then attended to, officers for a regiment of militia were commissioned, John Bowman being made colonel. 29. This year had proved unfavorable to the pioneers. Indian hostilities had reduced the settlements to the three principal ones, Boonesborough, Harrodstown, and Logan's; but these had so successfully defended themselves that their permanency was assured. 30. On the 1st of January, 1778, Boone with thirty men went to the Blue Licks to make salt for the settlements, of which they were in great want. February 7th, while he was out hunting game for the salt-makers, he was captured by a large Indian force (with which were two Frenchmen), as they were on their way to attack Boonesborough. On the 15th they brought him to the Blue Licks, where, upon his advice, twenty- seven of the men surrendered, having been promised good treatment, and for once the savages kept faith. Three of the men had been sent home with salt, and so escaped capture. The Indians returned to Chillicothe with their prisoners, and in March took Boone and ten others to Detroit, where the}^ delivered the ten to the British, but brought Boone back with them. Here he Avas adopted into the tribe, ami renuiined among them, feignina^ to be contented till he found that four hundred and fifty of their warriors were preparing to march KKNTUCKY DURING THE RK\'()LUTIONARY WAR. t i) auaiiist Boonesborouffh. lie contrived to escape (June lOth), and made the journey to the stockade (one hundred and sixty miles) in live days, M'ith but one substantial meal, which he had hidden in his blanket before starting. Preparation was made to receive the attack but the Indians did not appear. 31. Some time in August he led a party to attack their to^vn at Paint creek on the Scioto river, but met thirty of them on their way to join the large force from Chillicothe, which was then on the march for Boonesborough. A fight ensued, with a loss to the Indians of one killed and one or two wounded. Boone's party received no injur3^ They took from the Indians three horses and all their baggage. As- certaining b}' spies that their town had been deserted, the comi)any hastily returned to Boonesborough, where they arrived before the enemy. Next day they marched up, flying the British flag, and demanded a surrender. The force, more than four hundred in num))er, was commanded by Captain Duqucsne, a Canadian Frenchman, and with him were eleven of his countrymen. Though Boonesborough had but fifty fighting men, they refused to surrender. Duquesne proposed other terms, and Boone with eight men went out to treat with him, but (juickly discovered that they meant treacherously to violate the rules of warfare, as known and ol)served even in those days, whereupon they ran back into the fort. Firing immediately began, and that of the Kentuckians was so deadly that the Indians fell back and sought better shelter. Still suffering loss without l>eing able to inflict any, an attempt Avas made to reach the stockade by digging a mine from a con- cealed point on the river bank and blow it up; but it was soon found that the inmates had discovered the plan and were countermining. I)u(|uesne then abandoned the jn-oject and laid rciJ-ular sieu-e to the place, according to the Indian fashion. This proved no better, and after having spent nine days with a loss of thirty-seven killed and many wounded, the Indians abandoned the attempt, and Boonesborough was never again disturbed by so great a force. 7() YOUNG people's HISTORY OF KEXTUCKY. 32. Clark, who had been c'oiimiis.sioncd cokmel, having received iii.striu'tion.s as previou.sl}^ stated, proceeded at once to raise a sutiicient force to execute his orders. This was to be recruited west of the Alleghanies, and it was some months before ever^'thing was in readiness, but by the 27th of May, havinof embarked at Fort Pitt, he reached Corn Ishmd with three companies, and a considerable number of families. Here he built a fort and drilled his raw troops. He was joined meanwhile b}^ volunteers from among the Kentucky settlers under Capt. Joseph Bowman, and on the 27th of June he began his voyage down the Ohio with about one hundred and thirty-tive men. 33. Landing on the Illinois side, a little above the mouth of the Tennessee, he proceeded across the country, northwest, having fallen in with a party of hunters (who consented to join them) and found a guide who knew the country. On the afternoon of July 4th they were Avithin a few miles of Kas- kaskia, held by a British garrison; and so skillfully did Clark conduct the affair that the fort was taken and the town in his possession that night, without bloodshed. The coming of the invader was unexpected and when his presence became known it was too late to resist. 34. About sixty miles up the Mississippi was another post, Caholda, near which a considerable body of Indians was gath- ered. A detachment of mounted men under Bowman, which a number of French citizens of Kaskaskia volunteered to accompan}', set out for this place, and, on the Gth of July, took it also by surprise and without resistance. The Indians fled when they learned that the two places were in possession of Clark's men, and the inhabitants took the oath of allegiance to Virginia. 35. Courts were established and a form of government provided for the towns, the people co-operating; and the civil control of Virginia was thus established over this far-outlying section. KENTUCKY DURING THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. < i 36. Between Kaskaskia and the Falls of Ohio, two hun- dred and thirty miles across country, from the former, Avas another station, St. Vincent's on the Wabash river, where Vincennes, Indiana, now stands. Colonel Clark saw the importance of getting i)ossession of this, and applied to M. Gibault, priest of Kaskaskia and St. Vincent's, for informa- tion. This gentleman })roved to be a warm friend to Vir- ginia, and offered to induce the people of St. Vincent's to throw off British rule and ally themselves with the Americans. On the 14th of July he set out with one Dr. Laf ont and one of Clark's spies, and by the tirst of August his mission was accomplished. The inhabitants took the oath of allegiance to Virginia, elected a commandant of their own, and hoisted the American flag. The successful connnander now established garrisons under- trusty officers at Kaskaskia and Cahokia, and sent Capt. Leonard Helm to take command at St. Vincent's. William Linn, a volunteer from Kentucky, was sent back, with the men who wished to return, to establish a fort on the present site of Louisville. 37. Upon the recommendation of Colonel Clark the Vir- ginia Legislature organized, in October 1778, the territory of which he now held possession, as Illinois county, and ap- pointed John Todd its governor. Clark neglected no o})por- tunity to treat with Indian tribes and to cultivate friendly relations with the French settlers in the territory, in order still further to weaken British influence and so protect Ken- tucky as well as otherwise to aid the patriot army bej^ond the Alleghanies in their struggle for liberty. 38. In December, Hamilton, the British commandant at Detroit, came to St. Vincent's, with a force of four hundred men. Captain Helm had not been furnished troops to defend the place, nor ^vas there a local militia, and he with one other American was compelled to surrender the fort and town to Hamilton, though not until he had made terms, that he and his one private should have the honors of war. 78 YOUNG TEOrLE's HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. PERSONAL SKETCHES, INCIDENTS, AND EXPLANATIONS. T. Gen. Jjimes Ray. — R:iy was evidently one of the most (larins:, vijj:ilunt, and efHcient among the remarkable men ' who made the first settlements, and his public services con- tinued for more than forty years; but historians have spoken of him in a kind of matter-of-courso way and have not recorded enough to enal)le us to give a connected and really satisfactory account of his life. It is nowhere stated how he ac(iuired the title of general. He came to Harrodstown with his step-father, iMcGary, in 1775, Avhen he was l)ut fifteen years oUl; was left near the mouth of Gilbert's creek, with two other boys, when the party became bewildered, in charge of the horses and cattle, and remained three weeks before the others found the station and relieved him of his danger and res))()nsibility ; and thereafter bore the part of a man in the work of the colony, in its defense, in scouting, and in expedi- tions against the savages. It is gathered here and there that he was of stalwart frame, erect, broad-shouldered, with keen black eyes, and active as a cat. In the attack on the little party (March, 1777), Avhen his brother was killed and Shores made prisoner he escaped to the fort, four miles off, by out- running the fleetest of Blacktish's warriors, so astonishing thein that long afterward the chief spoke of "the boy at llarrod.stown" who coidd outrun his men. When out one day about two hundred yards from the fort, with one McConnell, shooting at a mark, and McConnell was shot from ambush, Ray instantly detected where the shot came from and killed an Indian, then l)()unded off amid a shower of balls; but the sav- ages being close u])on him when he came near the gate it could not be o[)ened without incurring the risk of destruction to the garrison, and he threw himself on the ground behind a stump scarcely large enough to screen him from the balls Avhich struck around him for four hours. At length he was relieved by a suggestion of his own — a hole was dug under a calkin wall, and as he was but about twenty feet away he succeeded in reaching it and getting inside. In 1777, while the Indians hung continuously round the station to prevent the cultivation of the fields, and the inha])itants were so reduced to distress by scarcity of food, he proved to l)e the most successful of their hunters in evacUng the enemy and bringing in supplies KENTUCKV 1)1 IlIMi TIIIO UIOVOLUTIONAKV WAR. < 1 1 of ijanio. He wa.s thou but sovcntoon years old. 8(e;jlii)rv. When an unconditional surrender was demanded, Euddle asked the one condition that the jn'isoners should not be delivered to the Indians but kept under the protection of the p]nglisli. This was promised; but when the gates were opened, the Indians rushed in and each claimed whatever prisoner he seized. They were subjected to shocking bar- barities, which Byrd claimed he was unable to prevent. They next went to Martin's Station, live miles farther, but not until Byrd had exacted from the chief a lU'omise that the Indians should have only the })roperty Avhile the prisoners should be under his control. The place surrendered and the agreement was carried out. The Indians urged the commander to press on to Bryan's Station and Lexington, but he refused to go further, alleging various reasons, and the invaders returned to the forks of the Licking. Re-embarking, they left the country. 9. Colonel Clark, on hearing of these attacks, came promptly from St. Vincent's to Louisville, and soon had about a thou- sand men, ably officered, assembled at the mouth of the Lick- ing. Building a block-house, in which to leave stores, on the present site of Cincinnati, he proceeded to Old Chillicothe, surprised the Indians, who hastily fled, burned the town, and destroyed the crops. At Pickaway the Indians made a stand and Clark lost seventeen men killed and some wounded, but the place was taken and everything was destroyed or taken into possession, as at Chillicothe. Detachments were sent to other villages, and these also were laid waste. With such property as could be carried away, including horses and cattle, the victorious Kentuckians returned home, and the expedition had ])r()ved so disastrous to the Indians that for nearly two years no coiisidcr.-iljlc bixh' of thcni invaded the state. 88 YOUNG .people's history of KENTUCKY. 10. During this year ( 1780) the Virginiti Legislature passed an act to estabhsh Louisville. Trustees were appointed to lay off the town on a tract of one thousand acres, formerly the property of a British subject. 11. Early in the summer, under orders from Thomas Jef- ferson, then governor of Virginia, Colonel Clark built a fort and some block-houses on the Mississippi, five miles below the mouth of the Ohio, and mounted cannon which had been sent him. He named the place Fort Jefferson. 12. About the first of November the Virginia Legislature divided Kentucky into three counties of Jefferson, Fayette, and Lincoln. 13. Fort Jefferson vras held by Captain George, with about thirty men, in the summer of 1781, when the Chickasaw and Choctaw Indians, on whose land it had been built without their consent, besieged it in great force. The garrison, not anticipating attack, was ill-provided with food, and two-thirds of the men were sick ; but Captain George held out for five days. On the sixth he met the leader of the savages, a white man named Colbert, under a flag of truce, to consider terms of capitulation; but they could not agree. As Col1)ert was retiring he received a wound from some Indians, friendly to the Kentuckians and then in one of the block-houses. This treacherous act, though not perpetrated by the whites, exas- perated the besiegers ; and at night they collected all their force to storm the works. Capt. George Owen, who was then commanding one of the block-houses, had loaded his SAvivels or small cannon with musket balls, and when the Indians, in crowded column, came near the walls, he dis- charged them with such dreadful effect that they were dis- persed with great slaughter. General Clark, then stationed at Kaskaskia, having been sent for, noAV arrived Avith supplies and reinforcements, and the enemy left the place. The fort was 80 remote from other Kentucky settlements, and KENTUCKY DURING THE HEVOLUTIONARV WAR. 81) therefore difficult to niiiintjiin, that it was soon permanently abandoned. 14. During the year 17.S1 the Indians were exceedinirlv troublesome in Jefferson and Shelby counties. In March several parties of them came over into Jefferson and killed "William Linn and Captains Tipton and Chapman. Captain A(|uilla Whittaker, Avith fifteen men, traced them to the foot of the Falls and embarked in canoes to cross over and follow them ; but the}' were still on the Kentucky side and fired on the men in the canoes, killintr and wounding nine of them. Those who were unhurt, and the wounded who were still able to fight, rowed back and defeated the Indians, killing and wounding a number much in excess of their own. 13. In September, 1781, Squire Boone set out Avith his and other families from his station at Painted Stone to find on the Beargrass a place of greater safety. The moving party was attacked near Long Run by a large body of Indians and suffered considerable loss, Boone himself being among the wounded. As soon as Col. John Floyd heard of the affair he set out from his station Avith thirty-seven men to folloAV the Indians. Though he divided his force, placing one detachment under Captain Holder, and all moved with much caution, they Avere ambushed by about tAvo hundred saA^ages, Avhose fire killed and Avounded sixteen. The Avhite men held their ground until the Indians, Avho had lost nine or ten men killed, rushed upon themAvith their tomahaAvks and compelled them to retreat. IG. The station at Painted Stone AA^as reoccupied al)out Christmas of that year ; but a year or two afterAvard Squire Boone transferred it to Colonel Lynch, and it Avas from that time knoAvn as Lynch 's Station. 17. That Indians had been in the neig^hborhood of Estill's Station, about fifteen miles south of Boonesborough, was dis- covered March IDth, 1782; and Capt. James Estill, Avith tAvcntv-fivc men, set out to find them. About davliirht on 90 YOUNG people's HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. the nu)rnin<)^ of the 20th, while the party was still absent, Indians killed and scalped Miss Jennie Gass who was outside but near the station, milking. Monk, a slave of Estill's, who had gone with her, was captured. When questioned as to the force inside the stockade he represented it as considerably greater than that of the Indians, and that they were preparing to defend themselves. Besides the women and children there w^ere only four men ; but the savages were deceived, and, after killing the cattle, retreated across the river. The intelligent and faithful slave had thus, probably, prevented a massacre. 18. Two boys, Samuel South and Peter Hackett, were sent to notify Captain Estill. Finding the party below the mouth of Bed river, they told them what had occurred, and immedi- ate pursuit was begun. At Little Mountain, near what is now Mount Sterling, they discovered twenty-five Wyandottes, and Captain Estill promptly led his men to the attack. The forces were equal, and a fierce and bloody conflict began. The Indians were apparently taken by surprise, as at the first fire of the whites they began a retreat; but their chief, though mortally wounded, called to them to stand, and they rallied and took position with somewliat the advantage of ground. Captain Estill had halted and disposed his men in line, every one covering himself as well as possible, as the Indians did, by a tree. Hinkston creek, a branch of the Licking river, lay between them; and across this, about sixty yards apart, the two lines engaged in one of the most remarkable combats of pioneer times, 19. For more than an hour the firing was kept up with such deliberation that it was deadly in spite of the shelter afforded by tree-trunks, and more than a fourth of the men on each side liad fallen. When it appeared to Captain Estill that to continue in this way would lead to the exter- mination of his little force, as quickly as to that of the enemy, and that the Indians were trying to extend their line with a view to turning his flank with part of their force, he ordered KENTUCKY DURINO TlIK REVOLUTIONARY WAR. HI six of lii.s nicii under coininaiul of a lieutenant to proceed by a route which he pointed out — a vallev running from the creek to the rear of the enemy — and come up on that flank or behind their line. The oflicer in charge did not execute the order, but ran away with his detachment. The Indians, dis- coycring how Estill had weakened his line, rushed across the shallow stream and a hand-to-hand fight followed. Estill, already wounded, grappled with a powerful savage, but in the struggle, his arm, which had been broken by a shot from an Indian three months before, gave way, and his enemy ])lunged a knife to his heart. Nine of the Avhites were left dead upon the field, and four of those who escaped were wounded. The Indian loss was never certainly known; but reports from their towns indicated that about half of them were killed and all the others except one were wounded. 20. The affair, though generally referred to as "Estill's Defeat," was more deadly to the savages than to the whites, and droye the sury Ivors, and others who were elsewhere in that part of the country, back across the border. 21. In August, 1782, a party of Indians captured two boys near Hoy's Station, fiye miles south of Richmond, and recrossed the Kentu(;ky river. They were pursued by Captain John Holder, with seventeen men, and overtaken, August 12th, at Upper Blue Licks. Holder attacked, but Avas defeated, with a loss of four men, and compelled to retreat; but the Indians did not follow. 22. Bryan's Station contained at this time a force of fight- ing men which has been variously estimated at from forty to sixty. On the night of August 14th, the men were engaged in i)reparing for an expedition against the Indians who had rei)ulsed Holder at Blue Licks. When the gate was thrown open next morning and the men started out, they were driven back by a heavy fire from the woods in their front. A force of six hundred Indians, led by the infamous Simon Girty and a British oflicer, had reached the place during the night and 92 YOrXG PKOPLf/s HTSTORY of KKXTrCKV. lakon position Avithin rillc-shot. Tlu> whites wcro taken hv surprise; aiul as no nttuek in foree luul becn'antieipated, they were ])oorlv })repared to defend themselves ai>ainst irreat odds. The })alisades were out of rei>air, and their only source of water supj)lv was a sprin*:' outside, about eighty yards from one of the liati's. 2:J. Two nuuuited messenofcrs broke through the Indian lines to warn the neiuhboriuiji; stations and ask aid: and the walls were hastily repaired. To l)i> destitute of watei". how- ever, was to be subjected to other daiii2:ers than the shots and assults of the foe. It was imi>ossible to withstand without it a sieji'e of any eonsitlerable duration: and it was to be apjire- hended that the besieiiers would enileavor to tire the stoi-kades or the roofs of the cabins l)y burninu' arrows (which, indei'd was rept'atcHlIy done duiiuir the day), when water would be needed with which to quench incipient tiames. 2-1:. In this emera-ency, Ca})t. Elijah Craio-, in command of the station, called the women too^ether and asked thcai to undertake to brin^• in a suj^ply. It was rig'htly conjci-tured that a strong body of the Indians lay concealed near the spring"; but he reasoned that as they knew it to be customary for the wonuai to go for water daily, and without a guard when no enemy was supposed to be near, they would consider their doing so now as evidence that their ambuscade had not been discovered, and that their plans of attack could be carried out. These wives and mothers and daughters realized the jieril in which all were }ilaced : they listened to the represen- tations and entreaties of the brave nu^n who wouUl gladly have shii'lcUnl them from every danger had it been in tlu'ir power: they took the fearful risk and brought in ihc needful sui)ply from under hundreds of guns in the hands of merciless foes — an ait of heroism which requires no high-sounding dcserip- tiou, no labored ])anegvric, to inq)rcss it ui)on a generous mind: it s})eaks for itself. KENTUCKY DIK1N<} THi: RKVOLUTIOXAKV WAK. Oo 2."». Caj)taiii Craig next resorted to a stratagem which dvaw the Indians from ambush and exposed tlicm to effective lire. Tiiirtcen young men were sent out to attack some Indians who had ai)i)('arcd on the o|)|)()site side of the fort, with orders to tire rMj)idly and keep up so nnich noise as to lead the con- cealed enemy to suppose that the whole garrison had gone against the few Indians sent there to draw them out. They were to fall back through the gate as soon as firing began in the fort. The enemy's object was to arouse the whole force in the stockade to rush out after those who appeared on the farther side, so that the main body in ambush could assault on the side adjacent to the spring and carry the place before the defenders could return. When the firing showed that the detachment had gone some distance, several hundred Indians sprang from cover and rushed upon the wall which they believed to be undefended. About forty rifles poured a vol- ley into them and beat them back with great loss. The l)arty that had been sent out returned promptly on hearing the fusillade and were admitted through the opposite gate. 26. The messengers who had been sent for re-enforce- ments met the men of the Lexington garrison on their way to Blue Licks, expecting to join those of Bryan's Station in the proposed expedition. As the^'^ hurried now to the latter, in response to the summons, part mounted and part on foot, they fell into an ambuscade which Girty had jjrepared for them near Bryan's, on a narrow road bordered on one side by a field of high corn, on the other by a dense Avood. The horsemen fell into the trap, but dashed through the storm of bullets and gained the fort without loss. The men on foot, who were trying to reach the station by creeping through the corn, ran to the rescue of the horsemen, but were met by the over- whelming odds and forced to retreat, with a loss of six killed. 27. At night, Girty, concealed behind a stump within speaking distance of the garrison, demanded a surrender, with lies about expected re-enforcements and artillery, and with 94 YOUNG people's history of KENTUCKY. threats of massacre in case of refusal ; ))ut he was defied; and next morning the Indian camps were found deserted. The boastful and confident besiegers had retreated apparently a short time before daylight. 28. Neighboring stations had been preparing to join in the expedition to the Blue Licks which was interrupted by the movement against Brj^an's; and within a few hours after the Indians had disappeared a sufficient number of men had arrived to increase the force to one hundred and sixty (some accounts say one hundred and eighty-two). It was known that Col. Ben Logan was marching with three hundred others to join them; but, fearing that the savages would escape across the river, and notwithstanding some of the more prudent advised delay, that Logan might come up, they set off in pursuit. 29. Col. John Todd, at that time commandant of Illi- nois county, was at Bryan's Station on a visit to his wife, and was placed in command. Late in the morning of August 19th, they came in sight of the Indians, who were on the opposite side of the Licking, near the Lower Blue Licks, and halted for council. Boone, Tcxld and others insisted that the attack should not be made till Logan had arrived. The odds against the pioneers was believed to be more than three to one, and the savages had the protection of timber, while an assault in front would ])robably be met while they were cross- ing the river and moving u}) a naked slope beyond. Major Hugh McGary, however, precipitated the fight by crying out, "Let all who are not cowards follow me! " and si)urring his horse into the stream. The whole party, horse and foot, dashed into the river, and reached the opposite shore in such confusion that it was with diiiiculty that Todd, Boone and otlier experienced men, could restore any degree of order. As it proved, the Indians had fallen back about a mile. 30. Pushing on up the rising ground, without regular for- mation and without ordinary caution they came to brushy KENTUCKY DURING THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 95 ravines on each hand and were met by a destructive fire, which brouirht thcni to a stand. Then for some time they fought the heavy odds heroically, and with such effect, notwithstand- ing some advantage of shelter which the Indians had, that the Indian loss was believed to be about as great in number as that of the whites. 31. When it became evident that the Indians were making a movement to surround them, they retreated in confusion, and were fiercely pursued. Most of the mounted men suc- ceeded in re-cr(jssing the river; but those on foot, pressing together towards the shallow ford, were overtaken and many were tomahawked. 32. The Indian flankers crossed above and below the ford and sought to surround them, so that it was with difficulty that the survivors escaped. They were pursued for several miles, but without further loss. 33. Between sixty and seventy of the whites were killed, twelve w^ere wounded, and seven captured — a loss of nearly half of all engaged. Among them were several leading men. Colonels Todd and Trigg, Majors Harlan and Bulger, Capttuns McBride, Gordon, Kincaid and Overton, and Lieutenants Givens, Kennedy, Lindsey, and Rogers, were killed. About one-tenth of the fighting men in central Kentucky had lost their lives through the unpardonable rashness of McGary . The unhappy affair not only brought grief to many a pioneer home, but was depressing and discouraging to the settlements in general. 3-4. Colonel Logan reached the field with three hundred men on the 2()th or 21st and buried the dead and mangled remains of his countrymen ; but the Indian force had returned to their homes across the Ohio and were beyond the reach of present punishment. 35. Samuel Daveiss, who had located at Gilmer's Lick, six or seven miles from Whitley's Station in Lincoln county, was surprised early one morning in August, 1782, by Indians, one 9(> YOUNG PEOPLE >S HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. of whom si)raiio:, with uplifted tomahawk, between him and his cabin door as he walked out unarmed. When he ran round the h(»usc Avith a view to leading the Indian in pursuit and oettino- ])ack tirst to the door, he found the room already occupied by sava;0;es. He then ran live miles to the station of his brother flames, where there were five men. They gave him a spare riile, and all, well armed, went at once to his house. The Indians had carried away his Avife and children, and so concealed their trail that the pursuers Avere compelled to go for aAvhile at haphazard; but it Avas soon discovered. Shortly afterward they came upon the Indians, and rescued the family with no loss of life. The oldest boy Avas knocked down and scalped Avhen the firing began, but he Avas not seriously injured. 36. About the 1st of September, 17(S2, a band of Indians, coming up from the Avest, surprised Kincheloe's Station, on Simpson creek, in Spencer county, and killed and captured nearly all the men, Avonien, and children of the six or seven families there, though the men fought desperately and killed a number of the savages. Some of the Avomen and children Avho Avere carried off returned home the next year, having been liberated after the treaty of peace Avhich terminated the revolutionary Avar. 37. These Indian raids and outrages determined Col. George Rogers Clark to avenge them by invading the Indian countr}'. His call for volunteers met Avith a prompt response; and in Noveml)er more than a thousand men in two divisions, led respectively by Col. John Floj'd and C'ol. Ben Logan, united at the mouth of the Licking river. Crossing into the Ohio, Clark marched rapidly Avith this force about one hundred and thirty miles up the Miami, and on the 10th of November destroyed the principal Shawnee towns, Chillicothe, Pickaway, WillstoAvn, and others, and sent out detachments to continue the devastation by burning villages and destroying fields of corn, Comparatively fcAv Indians Avcre killed, as they fled ou KENTUCKY DURING THE KEVOLUTIONAKY WAR. 97 the approach of the whites; hut the bh>w was a dreadful one, as the destruction of their property and provisions left them destitute for a year, and the Shawnee and allied tribes never afterward invaded Kentucky in force. Clark's loss during this desolating foray was but four or five men. 38. During this year (1782) depredations and murders were committed elsewhere than those already noticed. Among others, about the time the battle of Little Mountain occurred several persons were killed by Indians at the Duree settlement above Boonesborough ; and during the same month in which Bryan's Station was besieged, Capt. Nathaniel Hart, who had been an associate of Henderson's in the Transylvania Com- pany, was killed near Boonesborough by a small party of Indians. About the middle of September, Silas Hart, a noted Indian fitfhter and the leadino; man in a settlement near Elizabethtown, was killed, and his wife, son, and daughter captured. The latter, being unable to march rap- idly, was tomahawked after having proceeded a few miles. 39. This last year of the war of independence had proved to be one of peculiar trial to Kentucky settlers, and full of tragic incidents. PERSONAL SKETCHES AND INCIDENTS. I. The Todd Brothers. — The name Todd occurs so often in Kentucky history, and so frequently without any indication of which one is meant, that it is sometimes difficult to determmc without studj^ng the context. There were three brothers, John, Levi, and Robert, who figured conspicuously in both the military and civil affairs of the new state, and sev- eral of the name who afterward became prominent, though their relationship (if they were related) is not clearly estajj- lished. The three brothers referred to were natives of Mont- gomery county, Pennsylvania. They seem to have been more liberally educated than any of their famous fellow-pioneers. 98 YOUNG people's history of KENTUCKY. Col. John Todd, the oldest, in honor of whom Todd county was named, was educated in Virginia and practiced law in that state several years before settling in Kentuck3\ He came first to Boonesborough (1775), and purchased lands from the Transylvania Company. Subsequently he located wnthin two miles of Lexington. He was a member of the Boonesborough convention (May, 1775); was one of the party that set out from Hinton's Station Decemljer 25th, 177(5, to find and con- vey to Harrodstown the powder secreted near Limestone by George Rogers Clark, but was defeated with loss at the Blue Licks ; was a member of the first Court of Quarter Sessions held at Danville (spring of 1777) ; accompanied Clark on the expedi- tion for the reduction of Kaskaskia, and was left in connnand there; when the conciuered territory was erected into the county of Illinois (October, 1778), he was appointed com- mandant and county lieutenant, with authority to raise a regi- ment for the defense of his territory ; was a member of the Virginia Assembly in 1780, and while so engaged was married to a Miss Hawkins. When Kentucky was divided into three counties (November Ist, 1780), he was appointed colonel of militia for Fayette, though it appears that he still retained command of Illinois county, as when he returned from Vir- ginia he settled Mrs. Todd in Lexington, after which he was much absent, engaged in the administration of affairs in Illinois. In the summer of 1782, he was on a visit to his home when Bryan's Station was attacked; he assisted in the defense, after which he joined in the pursuit which terminated in the battle of Blue Licks (August 19th), where he was killed, fighting to the last. He left one daughter w^ho became the wife of Robert Wickliffe, Sr. Robert Todd ( who is sometimes referred to as General Todd) came to Harrodstown January 30th, 1777; was Avounded in the attack on McClelland\s Station (December 29th, 177G); patented land where Covington now stands ; was engaged in an expedition against Indians at Paint Creek Town, Ohio ; was a member of the Virginia Assembly, 1780; member of the Danville conve"ntion of May, 1785; was one of the com- missioners to fix seat of government for Kentucky, 1792; elector of senate, 1792 ; senator for Fayette county, 1792-96 ; Avas one of the nine commissioners appointed by Governor Garrard (1803) to copy partially burned public books and KENTUCKY DURING THE UEVOLUTIONARY WAR. 09 restore the records of state; was circuit judge for a number of 3^ears and held other otHces of honor and trust. Lcvd Todd (also ref(u-red to \)y historians as General Todd) came first to Harrodstown, but in 1779 established a station ten miles southwest of Lexington ; afterward removed to Lexington. He was chosen clerk of the Court of Quarter Sessions at its first sitting (spring of 1777); was a member of the Danville convention of Mav, 1785, August, 1785, and of that of 1787. He fought at the Blue Licks, August 19th, 1782, and is alluded to as having held there the rank of captain. II. The Heroines of Bryan's Station. — An incident oc- curred during the siege noted in the preceding chapter in which a high order of womanly courage and devotion was exhibited, and which has been a theme for many a pen. One essential in the location of those stations was the placing of them in such a position that with palisades of the ordinary height they could not be fired into from any elevation within gunshot; and this in general precluded the building of them so as to inclose sjjrings of water. When an attack was appre- hended, the inmates took the precaution of having a supply of water on hand ; but as in this instance the whites were sur^ prised, no provision had been made. When hasty repairs and other preparations had been made in the fort, the Avant of water imjn-essed itself upon all, and as it was rightly con- jectured that an ambuscade had been established near the spring, which was about eighty-five yards outside the walls, they knew that any attempt the men might make to approach it would 1)0 certain death and a consequent depletion of the fighting force, which was very small as compared with the enemy. The women were appealed to, on the ground that as they had been in the habit of going to the spring, the Indians would regard their doing so now as evidence that their plans had not been discovered and would not fire upon them, lest they might thereby lessen their chances to destroy the settle- ment. It has been said that they did not relish the proposal, that at first they demurred, etc., all of which may well be si)ared from the story, unless we are to assume that when a woman is heroic she nnist be senseless and act under different impulses from those which move men to daring deeds. It was apparently as perilous an enterprise as any which their 100 YOUNG people's HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. heroic fathers, hus])ands, sous, and brothers had ever under- taken; and not to have felt some trepidation and manifested nu)nientary hesitancy would have implied stohd insensibility. But true courage is that which realizes that danger is to be encountered, and that wounds or captivity or speedy death may be just in the })ath where duty calls, and yet goes sternly forward, come what will. Those women know their peril; and life, even in the wilderness, Avas sweet to them; but they knew also all that was involved in their refusal or their com- pliance, and they chose the heroic, the possibly sacrificial, course. The boldest among them spoke out (there are leaders in all momentous enterprises) and set forth, Jemima Johnson foremost, and all wdio were strong enough for the service fol- lowed. Then from the fountain under the guns of five hun- dred fierce enemies, whose delight was to shed blood of man, woman, or child, they brought back in their vessels the indis- pensable supply. Fortunatel}^ Captain Craig, who pro})osed it, had reasoned aright : they came back unharmed ; but the deed was none the less imperishable. It has been the subject of a poem by Mrs. Jennie C. Morton, a granddaughter of one of the heroines of that day, and by Maj. Henry T. Stanton. The Kentucky Society of Daughters of the Ameri- can Eevolution has inclosed the historic spring with an octag- onal wall of solid masonry, in which tablets are inserted containing suitable inscriptions, among others all the names of the noble matrons and maids that could be learned ; and on the 18th of August, 1S06, the one hundred and fourteenth anniversary, this memorial fabric was unveiled, with imjires- sive ceremonies. The following are the names of some of the women in the fort which have been preserved, most of whom, no doubt, participated in the daring act which became historic. From them many families in Kentucky and the Western States proudly trace their descent: Mrs. Jemima Suggett Johnson and her daughter, Miss Bets}^ Johnson ; Mrs. Sarah Page Craig and her daughters, Misses Betsy, Sally, Nancy and Polly Craig; Mrs. Lucy Hawkins Craig and her daughters. Misses Polly and Franky Craig; Mrs. Elizabeth Johnson Craig and her daughters. Misses Polly and Nancy Craig; Mrs. Jane Craig Saunders and her daughters. Misses Polly, Betsy and Lvdia Saunders ; Mrs. Elizabeth Craig Cave and her daughters, KENTUCKY DURING TIIK llEVOLUTIONARY WAR. 101 Misses Ilaiiiuih uud Polly Cave; Mrs. Fanii}^ Sjiimders Lea, Mrs. Sarah Clement nanimond, Mrs. Betsy Johnson Bryan, and Miss Sarah Bryan (who was one of the youngest of the women who went to the spring, and who afterward married Col. Wm. Chinn). III. Simon Girtj. — It would be well if the name of this monster could be erased from the annals of Kentucky, unless it may be assumed that some good can accrue to the young from a knowledge of how fiendish even a white man may become when he puts himself outside of the pale of Christian civilization. His life presents nothing to be imitated; and it can hardly be said that a picture so demoniac is necessary in this enlightened age to awaken those feelings of strong repro- bation which incline the inexperienced to shun the paths that lead to cruelty and crime. There is a tradition that blows inflicted by Gen. Andrew Lewis with a cane aroused a spirit of revenge and made him so desperate that he became the implac- able foe of the whites ; but even unjust treatment by one white man offers nothing in extenuation of the heinousness of his crimes against men, women, and children who had never done him harm. The young reader who prosecutes the study of the history of Kentucky will find that his associates from boy- hood were brutal savages, and that he was more brutal than they ; that his hatred of the pioneers was more satanic than that of the red men who believed that the white man was their natural enemy, who had come to drive them from their hunt- ing grounds, and many of whose enormities were instigated by the British and French; and that he took a keener delight in the murder of helpless children and the torture of captive men and women than the drunken and frenzied Indians who inflicted them. His natural powers of mind were considerable, and he had some skill in })lanning and executing military movements, so that he exercised a pernicious influence over the barbarous tribes. Twice his conduct seemed to evince that he was not utterly dead to every sentiment of humanity — the first when he rescued Kenton, for the time, from the stake, and the other when he posted his brother near the mouth of the Kanawha to warn Colonel ISIarshall not to be decoyed to the north shore of the Ohio with his boat; but the first appears to have been whimsical, while the sincerity of the latter has been doubted. 10i> YOUNG teople's historv OF kkxtuc;ky. It would 1)0 unprofitable to give the details of his murderouH career, which was terminated at the battle of the Thames, when he was killed and trodden under foot by the Kentucky Mounted Kifles. IV. Capt. James Estill. — Of this man, whom Governor Morehead pronunced one of Kentucky's bravest and most beloved defenders, only enou^rh is recorded to show that he was an intelligent and active leider; a determined fighter and a generous promoter of the safety and comfort of those who needed assistance in reaching the new settlements. In 177i), he was enrolled as a private in Ca})t. John Holder's company of IVIadison county riflemen; and in the winter of 1780-81, he was made judge of quarter sessions at Harrodsburgh. At the desi)erate battle of Little Mountain, where he lost the victory l)V the failure of a sul)altern to execute an order, and his life because his right arm had not fully recovered from the break of three months before, he displayed thecjualities of a general, as well as indomitable courage. "-He left a name," says Gov- ernor Morehead, "of Avhich his descendants may well be proud — a name which will live in the annals of Kentucky as long as her men appreciate patriotism and devotion to the cause of humanity and civilization." V. Joseph Proctor. — This man, afterward a Methodist minister, was one of the heroes of the battle of Little Mount- ain, and was otherwise distinguished in pioneer times. When Captain Estill was struggling with his stalwart foe. Proctor, though in extreme peril himself, watched for an opportunity to shoot the Indian, but could not do so for fear of killing his captain: but when Estill fell he instantlv shot the savage dead. Col. AVm. Irvine was badly wounded, but when the retreat began. Proctor fought as they fell back and helped him, till a horse was found. Mounting this, with Proctor's assistance, he made his escape. He accomi)anied three expeditions into Ohio, and on one of them killed an Indian chief. It has been said of him: "He was a brave soldier, a stranger to fear, and an tirdent friend to the institutions of his country." When he died, after having been an ordained minister for thirty-five years (Decenil)er 2nd, 1844), he was buried with military honors. VI. Monk Estill. — In the family of Capt. James Estill was a negro slave, Monk, who was intelligent, bold as a lion, and KENTUCKY DURING THE KEVOLUTlOXAKV WAR. lOo faithful to his jjionocr friends us though he had been a free wliite settk'r, defending also his own rights. When the Indians suddenly ai)i)eared before EstiU's Station (March 2()th, 1782) killing Miss Jennie Gass and capturing Monk, as noticed in th(^ ))receding cha[)ter, his exaggerated account of the strength and })reparation of the garrison doubtless savetl the women, children, and few invalid men from ca[)ture or massacre. When the battle of Little Mountain opened, two days afterward. Monk, who was still a prisoner with the Indians, cried out: "Don't give way, Mas' Jim! There's only about twenty-five red-skins, and you can whip 'em!" This was valuable and encouraging information to the whites. When the Indians began to advance on Miller, when he was sent to prevent a flank movement and guard the horse-holders. Monk called also to him to hold his ground and the white men would win. Instead of being instantly killed, as was to be apprehended, even though the savages might not understand his English, he made his escape before the fight closed, and got back to his friends. On their return to the station, twenty-five miles, without sufficient horses for the wounded, he carried on his back, most of the way, James Berry, whose thigh was broken. He had learned to make gunpowder, and, ol)taining saltpetre from Peyton's cave, in Madison county, he frequently furnished this indispensable article to Estill's Sta- tion and Boonesborough. He has been described as being five feet five inches high and weighing two hundred pounds. He was a respected member of the Baptist church when whites and blacks worshipped together. He was held in high esteem by the settlers, and his young master, Wallace Estill, gave him his freedom, besides clothing and feeding him as long as he lived thereafter — till about 1885. VII. The Children Knew the Story by Heart. — Chief Justice Robertson said of the battle of Little Mountain: "It is a mem()ra])le incident, and perhaps one of the most memor- al)le in the history of the settlement of Kentucky. The use- fulness and popularity of Captain Estill; the deep and uni- versal sensation excited by the premature death of a citizen so gallant and so beloved; the emi^hatic character of his asso- ciates in battle; the masterly skill and chivalric daring dis- played throughout the action ('every nuui to his man and each to his tree' ) ; the grief and despondence produced by the 104 YOUXG people's history of KENTUCKY. catastrophe — all contributed to give Estill's defeat a most signal notoriety and ini))ortancc, esi)ecially among the early settlers." And the historian Butler adds: "All the story, with all its circumstances of locality and of the fight, was told and told again and again until even the children knew it by heart. No legendary tale was ever listened to with as intense anxiety, or was impressed so vividly on the hearts of the few of both sexes who then constituted the hope and strength of Kentucky." VIII. The Terrible Experience of Benliam and Watson. — When the ten men of Major Rogers' force, at the tight at Four-Mile Bar, as noticed in preceding chapter, broke through the Indian line, the two men wounded and left on the ground were Robert Benham and John Watson. Benham was shot through the hips, but crawled among the boughs of a fallen tree and the savages failed to discover him. Lying there without food till late in the afternoon of the second day, he then discovered a raccoon near him and shot it. Instantly some one called out; but fearing that it was an Indian he remained silent and reloaded his gun, determined to sell his life dearly as possible. He presently heard the same voice much nearer, and then the exclamation in plain English: "Whoever you are, for God's sake answer me !" On replying, Watson came to him, with both arms broken. It proved to be a happy meeting for both, and resulted in their final recovery and return to their friends. Watson kicked the rac- coon within Benham's reach, and the latter skinned and cooked it — one could provide fuel with his feet, while the other could work with his hands. When they had eaten — Benham feeding his companion — Watson suggested a plan by which he could procure water, and had his companion place a hat between his teeth, which he filled by wading far enough into the Licking river to dip by stooping over. Benham made use of their shirts to dress their wounds, which soon began to heal. Watson drove turkeys and other game within rifle-shot of Benham, and when anything was killed, Watson kicked it within reach of his friend, who attended to dressing and cooking it. In this way they lived at that spot two Aveeks, at the end of which time Benham could get forward somewhat by using his gun as a crutch ; but it took them two weeks to reach the mouth of the Licking, one mile. Benham being KENTUCKY DURING THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 105 iihlc to hol)l)lo about a little and Watson to begin using one arm, they put up a small shed, and here, subsisting as before, they remained until late in November, Avhen a flat-boat came down the Ohio and they succeeded in attracting attention and allaying the suspicions of the boatmen, who at first suspected that Indians were trying to decoy them ashore. The two sufferers, almost naked, and each helpless without the other, were taken to Louisville, where they received the necessary care and soon recovered of their wounds. Benham after- ward served on the expeditions of Harmer, St. Clair, Wayne and Wilkinson, and finally purchased a home near the spot where he and Watson had had their singular experience. He was one of the justices of the peace that constituted the first county court of Campbell county. He lived to old age. IX. Mrs. Samuel Daveiss and the Indians. — The rescue of this lady and all her children, almost unharmed, and so soon after their capture, as noticed in Chapter VI, was due almost wholly to her own presence of mind. The four savages who rushed into the house after Mr. Daveiss had gone out and set off unarmed for his brother's, followed by the fifth red- skin, found her and her seven children in bed. One of them contrived by signs to inquire how far to the next settlement. She knew the importance of gaining time by making the dis- tance appear great, and indicated eight miles by counting on her fingers. When directed to rise, she got up at once, dressed herself, and then began showing them articles of clothing, one by one, which so entertained them that it was nearly two hours before they left the house. Meanwhile the one who had been pursuing her husband had come back flourishing his toma- hawk, while his hands were red with pokeberry juice, by which he meant to indicate that he had killed Mr. Daveiss. She was not deceived, and so continued to keep her perfect self- control. Taking everything from the house they could con- veniently carry, they ju'esently showed signs of intention to kill th(; younger children because they could not travel fast enough, whereupon she ordered the older ones to carry them on their backs. When the rescuing party overtook them and fired upon the Indians, one of them knocked the oldest boy down and scalped but did not kill him; and she, seeing that she could render no assistance to the rest, jumped into a sink- hole with the babe in her arms, thus saving herself and it from 10() YOUNG people's HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. anticipated tomahawkino;. The Indians did not stand to fiofht, however, and mother and chikh"en were recovered unhurt with the excej)tion that the oldest boy lost his scalp. Her cool and deliberate way of deahng with her captors had so retarded their movements that the pursuers overtook them before nine o'clock that morning, though Mr. Daveiss had to run five miles before he could get help with which to return to the cabin and take up the trail. She could handle a rifle skillfully, and had formed in her mind a plan to procure one or more of theirs stealthily that night and fire upon them as they slept — calculating that a night attack might throw those who were not killed into such a panic that they Avould flee. It is said that those who knew her believed she would have made the attem|)t and would probably have succeeded. X. Mrs. Samuel Daveiss and the Robber. — One day Daveiss and some of his neighbors set out to find a scoundrel who had his hiding j)lace somewhere in their section, from which he stole j)roperty and committed other outr:iges, and up to that time he had defied the laws. While they were absent searching for him, he walked into Daveiss' house, armed with rifle and tomahawk, and unaware that he and his ways were known or that he was being hunted. Only her children were with her; but the desperate character of the outlaw did not disconcert her. She set out a bottle of whiskey and asked him to have a drink. Suspecting nothing, he set his gun up by the door and proceeded to help himself. When he had done so and turned around he was terrified to find her standing in the door with the gun cocked and leveled at him. She told him to take a seat or she would shoot. He asked what he had done, to which she replied that he had stolen her husband's property and that she meant to take care of him herself; and, gun in hand, she kept him there till the men returned and took charo;e of him. XI. Saved by His Dogs. — Shortly before settlements were formed in what is now Whitley county, John T^^e, with his son and two or three other men, having encamped at the head of the Big Poplar creek, were attacked after dark by a party of Cherokees. John Tye was wounded and his son was killed. The other men fled at the first fire. The Indians rushed upon the camp, but before the foremost of them could reach the wounded man they were met by two huge cur dogs, KENTUCKY DURING TIIK REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 107 which ticrcx'ly defended him ;iiid his dead son. One of the Indiuns was severely hurt l»v tlieni, imd when he cxtri(;!ited FRANKFOUT. himself from their jaws the party fled precipitately, leaving their moeeasins and legoins on the opposite side of the creek where thev had left them in order to ford the stream. 10thod soon gave rise to vexatious and often ruinous litisration, all the effects of Avhich had hardly ceased to be felt a century afterward. In the lauiiuaijc of Judge Rowan: "The territory of Kentucky was cumbered and cursed with a trii)le layer of adverse claims." 3. With the increase of i)opulation, growing industries, and more home-like life, came also problems of government. Vir- ginia was not unmindful of fh(^ interests of Kentucky in this respect, and early in 1 T.S.'J, ])rovided for the regular adminis- tration of justice. The three counties, Fayette, Jefferson, and Lincoln, were formed into one judicial district, and a court ap- pointed, consisting of John Floyd, Samuel McDowell, and George Muter, judges. The first meeting of the court was at Harrodstown, March .'>rd, and John iNIay was appointed clerk. Danville was chosen as the place at which it would subse- quently sit. 4. A question of more absorbing interest to them, however, than that of district courts and county officers was that of a separate state existence, to obtain this can better be given you in consecutive order, be- fore we notice certain Indian incursions and outrages to -which the settlers were frequently subjected during the eight years of which this chapter treats. 5. After the close of the revolutionary war a sentiment in favor of separation from the parent state began to manifest itself; and with the growing population and consequent increasinsf need for local or home government this became more pronounced. SENATOli JOHN ROWAN. The various steps taken 110 YOUNG PEOPLk's HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. (I. To understand the si)iiil of the people, and especially to place a riijht estimate upon the conduct of certain leading men who had nuich to do in moulding ])ul)lic sentinu^nt, 3'ou should Inivc a distinct view of the conditions then prevailing. It is important to note, tirst, that these pioneers had in mind the fact that up to 1775 tli(5 thirteen colonies had been each a separate and independent conunonwealth ; that it was not until 1778-71) that they all united in a general government; and that even up to the time of which we now speak this union was regarded as a kind of loose compact, Avhich had been entered into chiefly for the more effective })rosecution of the war with Great Britain. Thus, you see, that in their earnest desire for separate political existence they were but seeking to adopt the course maintained for more than a century by the colonies along the sea-board. The circumstance that for a time the sentiment in favor of entering the union of states was weak, and at no time une(|uivocal in the minds of many, is accounted for in part by the fact that the idea of federal union Avas comi)aratively new to them, in i)art by conditions that need now to be briefly stated. 7. With but little help from Virginia (which was ungrudg- ingly given, however, when it could be given at all), they had gained a footing in the wilderness. Havino^ maintained them- selves thus far against many disadvantages, they reasonablv felt themselves able to do so under more favorable cgndi- tions. In the main they had furnished their own supplies and fought their own battles. They had been very weak, but now they had grown strong — the po})ulation, though much scat- tered, was probably from tAventy to twenty-flve thousand, in the summer of 1788. They were shut off by a great natural barrier from easy comnumication with the United States ; and as they now began to look forward to the necessity of finding an accessible market for their peltries and farm })r<)ducts, they realized that their natural highway was the jNIississippi river, by which they could pass to Spanish i)orts and to the gulf. THE closp: of the revoltttton. Ill 8. Thev wore still cxijosed to the dangor of invii.sion by poworful Indian tribes, and they knew the need of a home government which eould provide for meeting every peril and punishing every outrage promptly ; and their experience had taught them that they could not expect this from states beyond the mountains. They were a daring and adventurous race, with a confidence in themselves born of trial and achievement; and they had among them many men to whom they could locjk for leadership in war and wisdom in council. Add to all these the further fact that from time to time inducements were held out to them to avail themselves of alleged advantages that would accrue from their being independent of the sea-board states and free to make at least a commercial alliance with Spain ; and you will clearly comprehend why they were some- what impatient of the restraints laid upon them by their dependence upon Virginia (though they really loved and hon- ored their mother state), and why the sentiment in favor of union with the thirteen states was of slow growth, though it became at last strong and sincere. 9. In February, 1784, Col. Benj. Logan, the chief military officer of the county of Lincoln, after consultation with other leadins: men, called an informal meeting to consider the con- dition of the district. Each militia company was reijuested to send a delegate. The convention met at Danville, Decem- ber 27th, 1784, and discussed the question of parting from Virginia. They took no more decisive step than to ask the people to elect a convention of twenty-tiye delegates to take final action. 10. The first formal convention assembled May ord, 178."), at Danville, which remained the territorial capital till 17!)2. It was decided that separation was desirable; but they deter- mined upon nothing further than to pass resolutions in favor of separation, and to send these with an address to the people, asking them to consider the question for themselves. 112 YOUN(3 PEOTLk's IILSTORY' OF KENTUCKY. 11. The second convention met August lUh, 1785. B}-^ Ihis time some decisive action seemed to be urgent. Rumors of an Indian outbreak had gained currency, and the delegates felt the need of either help from the parent state or full authority to act for themselves in nu^eting threatened danger. It was manifest that they could not rely on timely aid and equally manifest that full })owerto meet emergencies promptly should be lodged with the ])eo})leAvho were in jeopardy. Thev drew up a bold petition to the Virginia Assembly, and set out their views in strong terms in an address to the Kentuckians. Virginia agreed to the plan in general, Init imposed conditions. One of these Avas that the people, through their representa- tives in a third convention, should declare for separation; the other that before se[)arati(ni should take place the consent of the Federal Congress to admit Kentucky to the Union sht)uld be given. 12. This gave rise to parties, and l)rought out the fact that there was an element among the })eo})le who favored luiion only on the condition that all their rights and interests were secured, and advised forcible separation from Virginia and a treaty with Spain if they were not; another that was for maintaining unconditional loyalty to Virginia and the Federal Union. In the spring, of 1786 an election w^as held to choose delegates to a third convention, which was to assemble in Sep- tember. Gen. James Wilkinson boldly advocated an imme- diate declaration of independence w^ithout awaiting the action of Congress as proposed by Virginia, and his views were adopted by a considerable nund^er; but it soon became evident that his following w^as not sufficient to determine the action of the coming convention. 13. This, the third one, met on the fourth Monday in Sep- tember, 1786; but at that time many of the delegates were absent on Clark's expedition against the Indians on the Wabash, and a (luoruni for the transaction of business could not be had. They adjourned from day to day till January, TIIK CLOSK OF THE KKVOLUTION. llo 17S7, when a .-^ufHt-iont number were j)re8ent to organize. A nieniorijil to the Virginia Assembly had been prepared, how- ever, by those who had i)rcviously assembled, explaining delay and asking an alteration of some of the terms of the first act. This caused an entire revision, Avhich reijuired the election of another convention in August, 17S7. It i)rovided that only a majority of two-thirds could decide in favor of separation ; and fixed the first day of January, 1789, as the time when the laws of Virginia should cease to be binding on Kentucky. The first act had fixed September, 17.S7, as the time. 14. The convention having ordered the election of the dele- gates as required, adjourned. The peo})]e were angry and disgusted ; and in this state of mind they were agitated by a report (which proved to be false) that negotiations were on foot between the United States and Spain by which the former would cede to Spain the navigation of the Mississippi for twenty years in consideration of advantages to be enjojed by the eastern states alone; and this rumor was seized upon to int-rease dissatisfaction with the terms proposed by Vir- ginia and to alienate the people from the Federal Union. The free navigation of this stream was a vital matter to Ken- tuckians. The treaty of peace with England had guaranteed them this right ; and they resented the alleged proposition to barter it away for the benefit of others. A meeting called to consider the matter was held at Danville in May, but even before it assembled, it had become known that the United States authorities had entertained no thought of disregarding the interests of the western settlers, and the meeting adjourned without taking action. 15. General "Wilkinson, however, continued his efforts to strengthen his })arty, and the Spanish authorities were active and })('rsistent, though it is impossible to notice in a work of this kind the dct.-iils of the so-called "Spanish Conspiracy." The primary ol)je(t of Spain was to induce Kentucky not to apply for admission to the Union. "^8 114 rOUNO PEOrLE's HISTORY OF KENTUCKY IG. Ill Juno, 1787, Wilkinson carried to New Orleans a cargo of tobacco, ostensibly to find out what privileges would be granted to Kentuckians desiring to find a Siianish market. He LINCOLN AND THE OHIO KIVEU KEEL-UOAT. was hospitably received; allowed to deposit his cargo in the king's store-rooms; sold his tobacco for about five times its cost in Kentucky ; and brought back the assurance that Spain would grant, on the most liberal terms, the free navigation of THE CLOSE OF THE REVOLUTION. 115 the Mi!r«sissii)pi to Kentucky as a separate goveruinciit, but not to IIk' Ignited States. The most flattering inducements were hehl out . 17. Meantime, September 17th, 17S7, th(^ fourth conven- tion met, and l»y a unanimous vote decided to accept the terms hist offered by Mriiinia. 18. In the A'irginia convention, .June, 17.S, and IK) VOUN(i riOOI'LK S HISTORY OF KENTUCKY })r()vi(l(^ for the foniintion of u .state guveniment. Some new conditions were imposed which trave dissatisfaction, ])ut these were repealed when conn)laint was made ])>' a subsequent convention. 23. The sixth convention assembled November ord, 17SH, and after considering the (|uestion of illegal separation and the ever-jjresent question of the navigation of the Mississippi, iinally adopted an address to the Virginia Legislature, praying the good offices of that state in procuring the admission of Kentucky to the Union. 23. The seventh convention met July 2()th, 17'ed to be confiscated. In 17: visited the Falls and some points in the interior, as indicated in preceding chapters; returned in August to their Virginia homes, having made a trying and almost disastrous journey ; were deterred by Indian troubles on the frontiers from making further explorations until 1775, but in the spring of that jear the five brothers were at Boonesborough and Harrods- town, and cleared and planted land near both stations. In the fall some of the company returned to Virginia and in May, 177(>, started back with families and stores to make permanent settlement, but were prevented by obstacles in transporting their eifects by canoes, and later by the destruction of their outfit which they had left concealed in the wilderness. As the war of independence was raging, the execution of their l)r()ject was hindered for more than two years. In 1779 they and their families were settled on the ground chosen four years before, on Salt river, wllliin six or seven miles of Harrods- town, afterward known as McAfee's Station. Defensive works seem to have been built at two places on the river, as one, where a cal)in had been built four or five years previous, was known as James ^IcAfee's Station. From this time ( 17711 ), the name of the brothers and their associates are found in con- nection with the active and stirring events which transpired during the remainder of their lives. l\\ The First Newspaper in Kentucky. — On the 11th of August, 17.S7, John and Fielding Bradford published in Lexington the first number of the Kentiicke Gazette. The e was retained as the final letter in the name of the territory till March 14th, 17S1), when some advertisements were sent for publictition, in which the Virginia Legislature had given the 122 YOlTN(} PEOPLE S HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. word its present spelling. The brothers dissolved partnership May 31st, 17S.S, l)ut tTohn continued the paper till April "1st, 1802, when he gave up the establishment to Daniel Bradford (a son), who published the Gazette for many years. The first number, it is said, was printed on a sheet of the size known as demy (which is indefinite, as there are two sizes of this); the second on a half sheet; and as pa})er was hard to get, it was afterward printed for some months on a half-sheet of foolscap. The type was brought by boat down the Ohio to OFFICE OF THE "KENTUCKE GAZETTE," 17S7 — THE FIRST PRINTING- HOUSE IN KENTUCKY. Limestone (now Maj^sville), and thence by pack-horse or wagon to Lexington, in July, 1787. During the time when it was difficult to replenish the stock of tyi)e, John Bradford ingeniously supplied missing letters by carving them out of seasoned dogwood. This pioneer editor, printer and publisher had served awhile in the revolutionary army, came to Kentucky in 1779, when he was thirty years old, and remained a short time; in 178"), he brought his family and settled on Cane Run, near Lexington. He was on one of the expeditions against the Indians at Old Chillicothe. INDIAN INVASIONS AND ATROCITIES. 123 CHAPTER VIII. FROM THE CLOSE OF THE REVOLUTION TILL KENTUCKY BECAME A STATE. INDIAN INVASIONS AND ATROCITIES. EXPE- DITIONS OF IIARMAR AND ST. CLAIR. 17«3-17!)L>. 1. The years 1783, 17S1, and 1785, were notably years of ofrowth in population and increased activity in the land specula- tion; and the absence of Indian raids on a large scale gave the })ooplo some feeling of security and enabled them to engage more generallv in clearing and cultivating the soil. There was also during this ])erio(l greatly increased mercantile trade. 2. Though there were no invasions in force, hoAvever, the fre(|uent irruptions of sjiiall bodies into the interior, and their attacks on the boats of immigrants descending the Ohio, were destructive and harassing, and contr!l)utednuu-h to increase dis- affection towards a government that could not protect them and would not promptly consent to their organizing an eiiicient government of their own, as previously noted. 3. In Ai)ril, 17.s;i, Indians hanging about the settlements on the Beargrass killed one of the most prominent and use- ful men in that section, Col. John Floyd; and during these and a few subsequent years, the Ohio river was the scene of numerous outrages, committed by savage bands lying in wait along the northern shore to rob and murder. 4. Early in 1781, Simon Kenton having returned, after nine 3''ears' absence, to his improvements in Mason county, assisted Edward and John Waller and George Lewis to erect a block-house on the present site of Maysville ; and numerous small settlenuMits were made in different localities — some with- out the precaution of fortifying against Indian attack. 124 YOUNG people's history of KENTUCKY. 5. In 1784, a party of forty inimipfrants, having- incau- tiously encamped one night, were attacked, and about half of them killed; in March, 1785, a Mr. Elliott, who had built near the mouth of the Kentucky river, was killed, and his house burned, and the other members of his family were dis- persed; also, some time in 1785, six of a party of immigrants under a Mr. McClure, encamped on Skegg's creek in Lincoln county, were killed. One of Mrs. McClure' s children was among the slain. She and another child, with a negro woman, were captured, but afterward rescued by Col. William Whit- ley, who pursued and intercepted the savages and killed and wounded several of them. 6. In April, 178(5, a party of Indians who had stolen horses from settlers on the Beargrass were followed across the Ohio by Col. Wm. Christian, with a company of men, who overtook them after a rapid march of twenty miles. In the fight that ensued, Christian and one of his men were killed. The Indian force was destroyed. 7. Two men were killed in an attack on Haggin's block- house in Harrison county; in October a large number of families travelling by land had encamped between Big and Little Laurel rivers, and at night were surprised by Indians, who killed twenty-one persons, captured some, and dispersed the rest. Some time during this year occurred a desperate and destructive fight, for a time hand-to-hand, between a company of eighty white men, led by Col. Wm. Hardin, of Breckinridge county, and a large body of Indians on Saline creek in Illinois, in which, after both sides had lost heavily the Indians were repulsed. 8. So common and so dreadful had become the robberies and butcheries that General Clark was authorized to adopt retaliatory measures, and called for a force of volunteers and militiamen. A thousand men were soon assembled at Louis- ville. In September, 178G, having dispatched provisions bv keel-boats, which were to proceed by way of the Ohio and the INDIAN INVASIONS AND ATROCITIES. 125 Wabash to Vincennes, he set out Avith his troops and marched b}^ land to that place — his object being to drive the Indians from the upper waters of the Wabash and destroy their towns and crops. At Vincennes, the little army lay for nine days awaiting the supply boats. 9. The provisions carried by the troops were almost exhausted; the river was low and the weather was warm, so that on the slow voyage half that on board was spoiled. A march toward the Indian towns was begun, but disaffection had already set in, which soon grew to insubordination, and the general who had hitherto been successful in every enter- l)rise could not control his troops. Though at this time but thirty-five years old he had become greatly addicted to drink, and no longer commanded the respect and contidence of his soldiers. The expedition failed; and his usefulness, as it proved, was forever ended. 10. When the expedition had reached Silver creek, oppo- site Louisville, at the beginning of the march, Clark sent Col. Ben Logan back to Kentucky with orders to raise as quickly as possible a force to march against the Shawnees. Logan was soon at the head of four or five hundred mounted riflemen, with whom he crossed the Ohio at Maysville and marched rapidly to the headwaters of Mad river. Here he burned eight Indian towns, destroyed many fields of corn, killed about twenty of the savages, including a chief, and brought away seventy or eighty prisoners. His own loss was about ten men. 11. In the home of a widow Skeggs, on Cooper's Run, in Bourbon county, were Mrs. Skeggs, a widowed daughter with one child, three unmarried daughters, and two sons. In April, 1787, Indians attacked the house at night. The con- struction of the building was such that three of the daughters in one room could not be defended by the rifles of their brothers. The old mother, one son, and two of the daughters were killed ; one daughter was made prisoner, and af tei'ward 126 YOUNG PEOrLE'S HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. killed; while the widowed daughter and her child and one of the brothers escaped. The oldest daughter killed a savage with a knife, and the sons made heroic efforts to save their mother and enable the w^idowed sister and her child to escape after the house had been tired. Two of the Indians were afterward killed by a })ursiiing party. 12. In the summer of the same year the house of John Merrill, in Nelson county, was attacked. How it was success- fully defended by the brave wife is noticed at the end of this chapter. At a station at Drennon's Lick, in Henry county, several persons were killed ; and in Mason county numerous dei)redations were connnitted. To prevent the recurrence of raids, thefts, and outrages, several hundred men, under com- mand of Col. John Todd, actively aided by Simon Kenton, invaded the Indian country : burned again the rebuilt Chilli- cothe and other towns, laid waste the tields, and killed many of the Indians. Kenton organized a body of rangers, and for some years did effective service in punishing the Indians and protecting the settlements along the northeastern border. 13. In May, 1788, a remarkable engagement took place on Salt river, near the mouth of the EoUing Fork. On board a flat-boat, conveying kettles from Louisville to Bullitt's Lick, near the present site of Shepherdsville, were twelve men and one woman. A short time before dark, as the boat lay by the northern bank, they were attacked. The boat was unfortu- nately so chained to a tree that when assailed by the Indians, outnumbering them ten to one, they found it exceedingly diffi- cult to unfasten and float it away, after an hour's fighting. After five of the men were dead, one mortally Avounded, and 'three others so disabled as to preclude the possibility of escape, the three men unhurt refused for some time to abandon the Avounded. They carried the three helpless men to shore and hid them in the brush and then sought to remove the woman, but she was so beside herself with fright that she w^as inca- pable of profiting by their assistance and was left. When INDIAN INVASIONS AND ATROCITIES. 127 these three brave men saw that nothing could be done to aid others, they broke through the Indians who had crossed and collected on the south bank; but before they could effect their escape one was mortally wounded, and another had a foot badly broken, while the third was unhurt, and escaped. 14. The wounded man made his way to Bullitt's Lick on one foot till it gave out, then by crawling, and without food, • arriving in the neighborhood of the settlement on the fourth dav, when he was carried in. He finally recovered. The woman was captured but was at length ransomed by a trader, after which she returned to Kentucky. About thirty Indians were killed in the fight. 15. A station built on Lick creek, four miles east of Shel- ley ville, by Capt. Robert Tyler and Bland Ballard, Sr., and called Tyler's Station, was attacked during this year (1788) by fifteen Indians. Ballard had built a cabin near a sugar camp, some distance from the fort, and he and his wife, with three daughters, were in this house when the Indians fired from ambush and killed a son, Ben Ballard, who Avas hauling I wood. They then assailed the house. The younger Bland Ballard was at the fort, from which he hastened with his rifle to defend the family ; but he was unable to drive off the savages before they had killed his father and Mrs. Ballard (who was the young man's step-mother), and two of the daughters. The A'oungest of the three sisters was wounded \ with a tomahawk, but not fatally. Six of the Indians were ^ killed. 1(>. Numerous minor instances of Indian raids, attacks, theft and destruction of stock, murders and captures, occurred during the years 1787 and 1788, and occasionally in 1780. The British continued to keep their stations along the north- ern frontier garrisoned ; and to them was attributed much of the responsibility for these outrages on Kentucky. The gen- eral government had as yet done little to protect the western settlers, and had been unable to have the treaty carried out 12S YOlNd PKOPLK's history of KENTITCKY. by which Eiii^hiiul had airrecd to abandon her ])ost,s on American soil. The Inchans, incited lo such action and encouraged by their British friends, utterly disregarded the several treaties made with Virginia for the security and ad\aiitage of her citizens in Kentucky. 17. Early in 17IH) their attacks on families and small sta- tions and on immigrants descending the Ohio by boats were renewed with even increased malignity. In January they cap- tured a boat about fifteen miles above Maysville and killed or carried aw^ay cai)tive all the passengers; in March, ten or twelve persons were killed at Kenton's Station, and the settle- ment was temporaril}^ broken up; and about the same time three boats were assailed near the mouth of the Scioto; and settlements on the Beargrass, at Big Bone Lick, and else- where in the interior were subjected to their murderous visits. 18. In April, Gen. Charles Scott, with two hundred and thirty Kentuckians, joined General Ilarmar, of the United States army, who had under command one hundred regulars, and crossing the Ohio at Maysville (April l>EOi'LE\s IliyTOKY OF KENTUCKY. wcvv killed and sculped near Bear Wallow in Hart county, and depredations were committed in Logan county. 8. In the summer of 1794, a hundred Kentuckians under Capt. AVm. AVhitley, of Lincohi county, joined Colonel Orrin Tennessee, who had collected several hundred men, for the [)urpose of punishinij; the Nickojack Indians in that territory, who had been raiding "in Kentucky. After a hard night's march, they surprised a town, killed Hfty of the savages, took nineteen prisoners, and destroyed the place. Whitley, with part of the force, set out to attack another town; but was met by a large body of savages and suffered some loss, though he succeeded in defeating it. 9. Early in the spring of 17l)o events occurred which caused nmch excitement in Kentucky aiid led to conduct on the part of manj^ of her citizens that has been severely criticised by certain writers whose |)rejudices blinded them to the impor- tance of circumstances Avhich go far to extenuate if they do not Avholly excuse all that may have seemed reprehensible. To understand the matter in all its bearings, you should acquaint yourself particularly with that ])art of United States history which treats of the administration of President Washington. 10. One Genet had been accredited by the French govern- ment as minister to the United States. Instead of proceeding at once to the seat of government (at that time Philadelphia), he arrived early in the spring at Charleston, South Carolina, and addressed himself to the work of inflaming the minds of the people against their own government and inducing them, in defiance of its laws and the policy of the administration, to ally themselves with France in her struggle for the establish- ment of a republic, which had combined against her England, Spain, and other monarchies of Europe. The sympathies of the American people were naturally with France because of the aid she extended to them duriuir the revolution. KENTUCKY A STATE. 149 11. With Kontiukians, two causes operated to intensify this feelino-, aiul make them eauer to strike a bhiw for the land of La Fayette. In the tirst i)hice, it is probahle that nowhere else on the continent was there such deep-seated and api)arently ineradicable hatred of the British. To the wrongs inliicted upon the colonists, which had led them to revolt and establish for themselves a free and independent government, was added the atrocious conduct of British soldiers and states- men during the revolution and for years after peace was declared, in subjecting Kentucky to all the horrors of savage warfare. To British influence were attrilnited Indian inva- sions, depredations, murder of women and children, torture of prisoners, the thousand enormities perpetrated on the early settlers of Kentucky since the beginning of the revolution. At the conclusion of hostilities between the Americans and English on the sea-board, Kentucky received a great influx of the gallant soldiers who had fought for independence; but instead of finding peace and safety after their contest with the British themselves they had for years to feel British ven- geance, inflicted by merciless red men at the instigation of their white masters, who fed, clothed, and armed them. 12. Another incentive was the desire, elsewhere noticed, to enjoy the unrestricted navigation of the Mississippi river. The trading i)osts on the lower waters of this stream, espe- cially New Orleans, aiforded almost the sole lucrative markets for the sale of Kentucky products. Spain still exercised con- trol of this great inland highway, as she held the territory on both shores for about 1")() miles from its mouth, and Spain was now at war with France. The offer of an opportunity to destroy the Spanish power in America and secure to the new state this coveted privilege, to avenge the outrages they had experienced from the allied British and Indians on the Canad- ian border, while striking a double blow for the French people to whom they were grateful — all this was exciting and seduct- ive, and for a time it blinded the eves of nuuiv to the rcDre- 150 YOUNG PEOPLK's HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. hcnsible conduct of the French minister and to wise and patriotic conduct of the great Washington in his efforts to save the new republic from "entangling alliances." 13. In some states, clubs were organized for the purpose of discussing the relations of the French and American peoples, and for promoting a movement to commit the United States to a war policy in favor of France. In Kentucky there were three of these, whose object was more directly to bring about independent action in this state for the overthrow of the Spanish power in North America. These clubs were in imitation of those violent revolutionary societies of Jacobins, or turbulent agitators, which had for some time existed in France. 14. During the excitement, Genet sent four men to Ken- tucky (November, 17i>o), with orders to enlist men for an expedition against the Spanish possessions on the Mississippi, thoutrh at that time negotiations were going on between the United States and Spain, with a view to securing for Ameri- can citizens the free navigation of the great river. These men brought blank commissions, to be filled out and presented to such able and experienced Kentuckians as were necessary to oificer a small army for a secret expedition against New Orleans, the Spanish capital in North America. A leader was found in Gen. Georoe Rogers Clark (see sketch at the end of this chapter), and the work of enlisting, organizing, and equipping two thousand men was begun ; but pending these operations President Washington received information of the contemplated movement, and ordered General Wayne, in com- mand of troops in the west, to stop it. In the spring of 1794, the French government, at the request of the United States authorities, recalled Genet, and disavowed all his acts, so that the French agents in Kentucky, having now no color of authority, abandoned their efforts and withdrew from the state. 152 YOUNG people's history of KENTUCKY. 15. 8t. Clair had been succeeded as niilitaiy governor of the Northwest Territory by Gen. Anthony Wayne, who assembled some troops at Fort Washington. He was author- ized to call on Kentucky for a force of mounted volunteers to re-enforce his regulars, and had made a requisition upon Governor Shelby ; but Kentucky had had a bitter experience with the two reo;ular officers, Harmar and St. Clair, and thev feared to find in Wayne another general who would lead them to useless slaughter and defeat, and again they declined to volunteer. The governor was compelled to meet the demand by ordering a draft of a thousand men from the militia. Gen. Charles Scott, in command of these, marched to join Wayne, then about eighty miles beyond the Ohio, near Fort Jefferson, which place he reached October 24th. General Wayne, ascer- taining that the Indians were in great force in the vicinity of the Miami towns, and believing that his army was not in con- dition to attack successfully, or to make an active campaign during the rigor of winter, concluded not to advance. The regular troops went into winter-quarters and fortified, and the Kentuckians were allowed to return home. 16. During their brief experience with General Wayne they learned to admire and trust him. He impressed them as being not only the bold and dashing man whose daring conduct during the revolution had won him the name of "Mad Anthony," but as being able, circumspect, and safe as a leader. In the summer of 1794, when General Scott was called on to rejoin him for a decisive movement, he reported to him on the 2Gth of July with sixteen hundred willing men, who could be depended upon to endure hardship without com- plaint and to do their whole duty in battle. General Wayne had now about three thousand men, with whom he soon began a destructive march towards the Maumee river. The cam- ])aign terminated in an engagement at Fallen Timber, in which the Indians were routed with heavy loss. The victory was decisive. A British garrison, near the battle-field, refused to KENTUCKY A 8TATK. 153 receive the fleeing Indians inside their stockades. Beaten by the American army and deserted by their secret allies, their spirit Avas broken. When next invited to make a treaty, they met the American commissioners at Greenville, Ohio (171>5), and agreed upon terms of peace. At last, after twenty years of trial, Kentuckians had won freedom from molestation in their homes ; but at what a cost of blood and suffering ! It is esti- mated that during this time not less than 3,600 men, women, and children had met death at the hands of the Indians. 17. Two important events that occurred about this period gave increased assurance of peace, safet}^ and commercial advantage to Kentucky. In 1794 a supplemental treaty was had with England, by which she gave up her. forts on the northwestern frontier, held for more than ten years in viola- tion of the agreement that put an end to the revolutionary war; and in 1705 Spain made a treaty conceding to the Americans the right to navigate the Mississipj)i to the gulf, and the right for three years to deposit their produce at New Orleans. 18. Even after Kentucky had become a state of the Unu)n, the Spanish authorities in Louisiana were not satisfied to abandon all efforts to induce her to ally herself in some way with them. The Spanish governor of New Orleans sent Thonuis Power, in 1795, on a secret mission to Kentuckv to consult with leading public men as to plans to separate the entire west from the United States and set up an independent government, the final object being alliance with Spain and a great Spanish i)ower west of the Alleghanies. It is. doubtful whether he received real encouragement from any; and at any rate, news came while he was engaged in his mission that the treaty had been made between the United States and Spain by which, as previously noticed, the latter ceded to the Ameri- cans the right to navigate the Mississippi to the gulf, and, for the three years, to deposit their produce at New Orleans for purposes of exchange and sale. The arguments and induce- 154 YOUNG people's history of KENTUCKY. meiity upon which the schemer had relied were now of no force, and he left the state. Two years afterward he was here again, but effected nothing. 19. In 179G, James Garrard was elected governor. His message to the legislature that year showed that Kentucky was in a ilourishing condition, but that certain laws were defective and that it was necessary to consider and act upon some weighty questions in order to insure continued happiness and prosperity. 20. In 1798, the people of Kentucky, in common with those of Virginia, were almost unanimous in their condemna- tion of measures enacted by Con- o;ress which seemed to them an in- fring-ement of the rights of the states and a violation of the spirit of our government, which was intended to guarantee to all the right of free thought and free speech. These were the famous alien and sedition laws. The first of these gave the i)resident full power to order out of the United States all citizens of foreign coun- tries, visiting here, whom he might CxOVERNOR JAMES GARRARD, judgc to bc uusaf c to pcacc and good order, under penalty, in case of re- turn, of being imprisoned as long as the president might deem it necessary to pulilic safety. This was investing the chief officer of the republic with the authority of a mon- arch. By the sedition law any citizen who might speak or print any falsehood, scandal or malice against the government, the president, or Congress, with intent to defame or excite the hatred of the people against any of them, was made sub- ject to fine and imprisonment. 21. This extraordinary legislation was instigated by the conduct of citizen Genet and those who in this country favored KENTUCKY A STATE. 15 5 his schemes to involve the United States in a war with England for French advantage, and joined him in his abuse of the president and Congress because of their wise and conservative policy; but even the peoi)le of Kentucky, who hated the British power and were grateful to the French, were not pre- pared to indorse measures tending to a strong and somewhat irresponsible central power. 22. In the Kentucky Legislature of 1798 (November 8th), John Breckinridge introduced resolutions denying that the Federal government had any power beyond that named ex- presslv in the words of the constitution ; that no authority had been given to enact the alien and sedition laws or similar ones ; and that a state was not bound to execute the unconstitutional and offensive laws of Congress. They met with little opposition, and were adopted almost unanimously. Copies were sent to the other states, with the re- quest that they indorse them and join in the effort to have Congress repeal the offensive acts. Most of the states sent answers strongly condemning the resolutions. The legislature of 1799 slightly revised them, but the few op- ponents of the doctrine laid down could not command sufficient force to modify it in any material particular. 23. During the last three years of the century the feelings of the people of Kentucky were again enlisted in behalf of France. The latter country, having failed to form a league with theUnited States against Great Britain, refused to respect the neutral position assumed by the president and Congress, and beo^an to assail American tradino; vessels and a state of war between the two countries actually existed on the seas. There was a strong party in Kentucky that boldly opposed war Avitli SENATOR JOHN BRECKINRIDGE. 15() YOUNG people's HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. their former iilly. Their hostility to (ire:it Britahi was still intense, and the failure of the Federal authorities to adjust the ditliculties with France aniicahly was attributed to ingrati- tude towards those who had helped to gain American inde- pendence, and to the absence of that feeling of animosity toward England which they themselves felt. The enactment of the alien and sedition laws and other unpopular legislation on the part of Congress had much to do in producing oppo- sition in Kentucky to the existing policy of the United States. 24. In Logan county, in 171)9, began a most extraordinar}^ revival of religion, which spread over the entire state and into Tennessee and continued for many years. It was char- acterized by peculiar manifestations, which gave rise to various and not always favorable connnent ; but it had a ])ro- found meaning and beneticent uses. 25. Some features of the first constitution of Kentucky proved unsatisfactory during a trial of five years, and in 1707 and 1708 elections were held to take the sense of the people on the question of calling a convention to revise it. The legislature of 170S passed a law calling a convention for this purpose. This met July 22d, 1700, and on the 17th of August, the second constitution was reported, differing from the first in a few important particulars — to go into operation June 1st, ISOO. PERSONAL SKETCHES, INCIDENTS, AND EXPLANATIONS. I. Col. John Hardin. — The ILirdin family has furnished many eminent names to the history of Kentucky, pioneer and state ; but to none other of them attaches such melancholy interest as to the good and gallant subject of this brief notice. He was a descendant of one of three Huguenot brothers who early in the eighteenth century came first to Canada, subse- quentl}^ to the more salubrious climate of Virginia, and whose posterity is now found among the ])rominent families of sev- KKNTITKY A STATE. l,')? eral states. John Hardin was ])orn in Fauquier county, Vir- ginia, October 1st, ITao. When he was twelve years old his father removed to the borders of Pennsylvania and settled on the ]\I()iioni>ahela — a frontier, where hunting was an occupa- tion, and where he became a most expert rifleman and ac(juired that strenirth and endurance which were characteristic of the most famous woodsuuMi. lie was ensign of a company in Dunmore's expedition, 1774; in August, 1775, he volunteered for service with C'ol.Zadi ?tIorgan, and in an engagement with Indians received a ball in his thigh, as he rested on one knee to deliver fire, which ranged up, lodged near the groin, and could never ])e extracted. Before he could dispense with crutches because of this wound, he joined an expedition against Indian towns. When the American Congress determined to raise a force for war M'ith Great Britain, heenffasfedin recruit- ing, and in the company with which he joined the Continental army he was second lieutenant. Subsequently he was attached to Gen. Daniel ]Morgan's rifle corps, and was pro- moted to first lieutenant. Mor<>:an held him in high esteem and em})loyed him in enterprises requiring judgment and cool but intrei)id courage. Once he was sent out with a party to reconnoiter, with orders to take a prisoner from whom to o])tain iuformation, and Avhen ahead of his detachment, and alone, he found himself, on reaching the summit of a hill, con- fronted by three British soldiers and a Mohawk Indian. Without hesitation he raised his rifle and ordered them to sur- render. The white men threw down their arms, but the Indian clubbed his gun, and they renuiined motionless while he advanced on them. None of the men having come to his assist- ance he turned his head slightly and called to them to come on. The Indian, seeing Hardin's eye Avithdrawn, instantly brought his rifle to bear, but Hardin caught a gleam of light from the })olished barrel, fired without levelling his piece, and gave him a mortal wound as the Indian's bullet passed through his hair. He marched the British soldiers to the camp of General Gates, who complimented him on the exploit. In 1779 he was offered a major's conmiission, l)ut for some reason he declined this and also resigned his lieutenancy; and in 1780 he was in Ken- tucky, locating lands on treasury warrants, for himself and friends. In 1786 he removed his family to what was after- ward Washington county. He accompanied Clark's Wabash LW YOUNG people's HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. expedition, that 3'ear, as quartermaster; in 1780 he was appointed county lieutenant, with the rank of colonel ; made a successful ex})edition across tiie Ohio, with two hundred men, to break up })rowlino; bodies of Indians, recover stolen horses, and prevent the recurrence of such theft. With one exception he was on every expedition against the Indians from the time he settled in Kentucky until 1792, and failed the one time only because he was disabled by accidental wound. In the spring of 171>2 he was sent by (Teneral Wilkinson to the vil- lages on the Miami to propose a treaty of peace. Attended by an Indian interpreter, and bearing a flag of truce, he was within a few miles of his destination, Avhen he was overtaken by a few Indians who pro})osed camping with him and going with him next day to their chiefs. During the night they murdered him, in order to possess themselves, as has been deemed most probable, of his valuable horse and equipments. He has been described as a man of "unassuming manners and great gentleness of deportment, yet of singular inflexibility. For several years previous to his death he was a member of the Methodist Church." II. The First Preachers and First Churches. — Among the very foundation stones of the commonwealth were churches organized by the leading religious denominations of that day; and literally "the groves were God's first temples" in Ken- tucky. Brave and devoted ministers of the gospel came wath the earliest settlers and shared with them their dangers and privations while they conquered the wilderness. The Rev. John Lythe, of the Episcopal Church, (^ime in 1774, and he has been regarded as the first preacher to cross the mountains. He was one of the Harrodstown delegates to the Transylvania convention, and performed divine service Avhen that body met to organize (May 23rd, 1775). On the 28th, according to Henderson's journal, "divine service for the first time in Kentucky was performed by the Rev. John Lythe," in the open air, under the great elm atBoonesborough. The service of the 23rd, it is inferred, was simply one of prayer. An Episcopal church was formed in Lexington in 1794, but there was no organized parish till 1809. The first Baptist ministers were the Rev. Peter Tinsley and the Rev. Wm. Hickman, and in May, 1776, Tinsley preached the first Baptist sermon, in the shade of a great elm at the KENTUCKY A STATE. 159 big spring, now in the corporate limits of Harrodsburgh. He was ininiediatoly followed bv Ilicknuin ; and the latter is regarded as in fact the tirst Baptist iniiiister in the state, as he remained several months, engaged in his calling, and in 171 Tribblo, of the Baptist Church, the Rev. Charles Nerinckx and Bishop Martin John Spalding, of the Catholic; Church, the Rev. Francis Clark, the founder of Methodism in Ken- tucky, and Bishop II. II. Kavanauoh of that church, whose fame was co-extensive with the Union, the Rev. Robert J. Breckinridge, of tiie Presbyterian Church, the Rev. Thomas P. Dudley, of the Particular Baptist Church, Elder John Smith, of the Christian Church, the Rev. Henry B. Bascom, of the Methodist Church, and the Rev. Peter Cartwright, also a Methodist, a Logan county man, who boldly carried the gospel to the remotest settlements, maintained himself by sheer force of indomital)le courage and physical prowess among the most desperate classes of society, and established churches and Sunday-schools in fields where even law officers found it impossible to execute their functions. III. A Flcet-Footed Woman. — Among the earliest settlers in Whitley county were Joseph Johnson and his father, who built their houses about one hundred and tifty yards apart, on Lynn Camp creek. One evening just before dark three Cherokees entered the hous6 of Joseph Johnson when he was alone and killed him with their tomahawks and knives. His wife was out milking the cows and knew nothing of the murder of her husband until she returned to the door. See- ing him down and the savages still striking him with their weapons, she dropped her milk, and fled towards her father- in-law's house. One of the Indians, who had sprung towards her with his tomahawk when she reached her own door, pur- sued; but she was young and active and kept ahead. Reach- ing the 3^ard-fence of the elder Johnson she cleared it with a bound. The savage was near enough to aim an unsuccessful blow at her head; but seeing that she had escaped him he yelled with rage and disappointment and disappeared. IV. Story of a Lincoln Connty Family. — A year or two after the close of the revolutionary war, a Mr. Woods w^as living near Crab Orchard, with his wife, one daughter (said to have been ten years old), and a lame negro man. Early one morning, her husband being away from home, Mrs. Woods, when a short distance from the house, discovered seven or eight Indians in ambush. She ran back into the house, so closely pursued that ])efore she could fasten the door one of the savages forced his way in. The negro instantly H 1G2 YOUNG people's history of KENTUCKY. seized him and in the scuffle the Indian threw him, falling; on toj). The negro held him in a .strono; irrasj) and caUed to the girl to take an ax which was in the room and kill him. This she did by two well-aimed blows; and the negro then asked Mrs. Woods to let in another, that he with the ax might dis- ])atch him as he came, and so, one by one, kill them all. By this time, however, some men from the station near by, hav- ing discovered that the house Avas attacked, had come up and opened fire on the savages, by which one was killed and the others put to iiight. V. Gron. Peter Muhlenberg. — Muhlenberg was at no time a resident of Kentuck}' ; but his name and his deeds are of interest to us because some of the gallant members of his church Avho followed him when he left his pulpit to fight for independence had grants of land for military service, which they located on and below Green river, soon after the close of the revolution, and made their homes in Avhat are now JNIulil- enberg, McLean, and Ohio counties. One of them, the lion. Henry Ehoads, was a member of the legislature in 1708, when INIuhlenberg county was established, and procured it to be named in honor of his ])astor and general. When the war began the Rev. Peter Muhlenberg, then a young man, was pastor of a German Lutheran church at Woodstock, \^irginia, though he was a native of Pennsylvania. In 1776 he was authorized to raise a regiment among the Germans of the Shenandoah valley, and was commissioned colonel. Having enlisted his command (the 8th Virginia, called also the "Ger- man regiment"), he entered the pulpit with his sword and cockade and preached his farewell sermon. On the day fol- lowing he set out with his men to join the arm3\ In 1777 he was connnissioned bria:adier-o;enera]. After the war he was for several years state treasurer of Pennsylvania, and served three terms in Congress. Through the influence of one to whom he had been a pastor in peace and a valiant captain in the fight for freedom his ever-enduring monument (a county's name) was erected, not in his own land, but in the wilderness of Kentucky. VI. Pioneer Women. — Among all the sufferers at the hands of the Indians, none bore heavier sorroAvs and received less credit for them than the pioneer women. * * Who has ever heard of the many brave ones who resisted KENTUCKY A STATE. 1H3 or succumbed to the tomahawk and the scalping-knife? While their husbands fired from the loo[)-holes of the forts upon the besietring enenn', their wives moulded the bullets Avith whieh the guns were loaded. They guarded the forts while the men were fighting the Indians elsewhere or hunting the game. When death took a pioneer from his toils, it was the women who wraj)j)ed him in his coarse shroud and laid him in his rough coffin and wetted his obscure grave with their tears. They were the doctors of the times; and while th(Mr remedies for wounds and diseases seem stranjje to modern science, they were thought to work wonderful cures in their day. From their home in the old settlement they brought religious feelings, and when the itinerant preacher turned the hour-glass for the second or third time and still went on, they never grew weary of him but heard the words of the good man to the end, and remembered them. Col- lectively and individually they showed a courage on trying occasions of which men might well be proud. — lieiihen T. Durrett. VII. Elector of Senate. — This term, so fre(|uently used in speaking of men wh(^ held public position in the early 3'ears of the state, needs to be explained. It was a peculiar provision of the first constitution. This divided the legislature into the two usual branches, a Senate and House of Representa- tives. Representation was to be in proportion to the number of inhabitants in a county, instead of one member from each county or lejrislative district, so that in the letrislature Avhich assembled June 4th, 17i)2, Fayette, having the greatest i)opu- lation, had nine members, Avhile Mason, which had least pop- ulation, had only two. These representatives w^ere to be elected annually by the free white vote. Senators (one for each county and two extra ones for the state at large) were chosen by electors. The first electors were chosen at the same time as the representatives, and in equal number, to serve four years. They were to constitute a college for the choice of one senator for each county and two extra ones for the state at large, and also to elect a governor, whose term was likewise four years. The first General Assembly con- sisted of forty in the house, with nine regular and two extra in the senate. The second constitution dispensed with this college of electors, and provided for the election of governor and senators by direct vote of the people. KU YOUNG PKOI'I.k's HI8TORY OF KENTUCKY. CHAPTER X. THE BANK OF KENTUCKY. THE BURR CONSPIRACY. KENTUCKY IN THE BATTLE OF TIPPECANOE, ETC. l.SOO-lSll. 1. The new conistitution did not render a governor ineligible for ii succeeding term, and in 1800 James Garrard was again elected. 2. The legislature of ISO] -2 passed an act to winch it is worth while to call your attention, even in this brief account of the rise and progress of the commonwealth, since it gave the people their first ex})erience in banking — an expe- rience which afterward resulted in monetary derangement and general distress. Their troulile with Continental money (paper currency, which became so worthless before the close of the revolution that it required a thousand dollars to get one of silver or gold) had led them to distrust bank notes, and the greater part of them were strongly prejudiced against them. A company at Lexington was chartered to insure the produce of the state on its passage to market, and authorized to take and give bills, which would pass by indorsement, and these were essentially bank bills, though this feature of the act seems to have been misunderstood at the time. In 1807 the company was regularly chartered as the Bank of Kentucky. 3. The most exciting event during Garrard's second term was the suspension (1802) of the right of deposit at New Orleans, noticed in ])rcceding chapter as having been granted by Spain in 1795. It had been continued for seven years, and there was a further provision in the treaty that if this should be withheld, another place, somewhere near the mouth of the Mississippi, should be granted. This was now refused by the Spanish governor, in arl)itrary violation of the treaty, and the whole western country was serit)usly affected; Kentucky was THK lU'RR CONSPIRACY. 105 deprived of :i profitable market for her i)r()(luec, and again aronsed on the oft-recurring (piestion of being allowed the unrestricted use of the great river. 4. In October, 1800, Spain had ceded to France the Louisiana territory, west of the river but was still allowed tt) control navigation as far as her own ports were concerned. In the spring of l-SOo, however, the United States purchased Louisiana from the French emperor, and soon organized that part of it embracing the present state of Louisiana. The pos- session of the Mississi])pi was now no longer in dispute. The temjiorar}^ inconvenience and injury to Kentucky was removed and the excitement subsided. 5. During the administration of Gov. Christopher Greenup (1AVEISS. TlIK BURR CONSPIRACY. 1(57 cipled adventurer; and they now regarded the efforts of Col- onel Davei.ss us having been prompted by political animosity, which had led him to persecute an innocent man. Burr's ac(|uittal was celebrated at Frankfort, December 2()th, by a brilliant l)all. One was given in honor of the baffled prose- cutor, by friends who believed that he was right; but the auda- cious conspirator seemed to be triumphant. Daveiss had not long to wait, however, for his vindication. Almost imme- diately after the congratulatory ball was over, a proclamation reached Frankfort denouncing Burr's enterprise and warning the Avest against it. A law had already been passed by the Ohio Legislature under which ten boats, loaded with supplies for an expedition southward, had been seized. The Kentucky Legislature immediately passed a similar act to seize boats which had eluded the Ohio authorities and were then descend- ing the river. Burr had left Kentucky and was on his way south. 11. His amazing mendacity can be gathered from this smple recital : He had engaged two eminent and honorable gentlemen, Henry Clay and John Allen, to defend him. Before undertaking the case Mr. Clay required of him an explicit disavowal, upon his honor, of any sinister design. On the 1st of December, a week after the president had issued his proclamation, he declared in a carefully-worded, comprehen- sive, and apparently earnest statement, that he was not and had not been engaged in any enterprise inimical to the peace and digniiy of the United States or in violation of the laws. At the very time he was in court, an armed force in his service occupied Blannerhassett's Island in the Ohio, and boat-loads of munitions of war were starting down the river. More than four months previous he had written to some of his adherents and verbally unfolded to others the main feat- ures of his ))reliminary plan, and indicated the preparations alreat]\- made. 168 YOUNG TEOPLe's history of KENTUCKY. 12. If his entire scheuie Aviis clearly defined in his own mind, he was crafty enough to withhold from his trusted adherents its full scope, or else some who were involved were ))etter informed than has ever been made to appear. It seems to have contemplated taking from Spain some portions of her possessions on the Gulf of Mexico and also the southwestern l)art of the United States, embracing New Orleans, in the recently purchased territory of Louisiana. It is probable that, in case of succeeding in this, he meant to detach from the United States the whole country west of the Alleghanies. 13. One feature of his enterprise with which the history of Kentucky has to do, in addition to the failure of Daveiss' efforts to bring him to justice, is the fact that some of her citizens, men prominent in arms and in her civil councils, were sufficiently identified with him to bring them under the sus- picion of having been fully committed to his scheme and in active co-operation with hini. In a work of this scope all recorded facts cannot be o^iven in detail and evidence weio^hed. Without this, there is danger of doing injustice to the memory of honorable and useful men by merely naming them in this connection. You should study this remarkable episode, how- ever, in more elaborate works. In doing so you should note in the outset the great probability that in dealing with Ken- tuckians Burr used the plausible argument that he was planning an expedition to seize Spanish provinces onh', and that such a scheme was not inconsistent with the interests of the United States. It may be presumed that to the less informed and more impetuous and warlike spirits he represented that as Spain was known to be unfriendly because of the transfer of Louisiana, the Federal government would even countenance an enterprise designed to punish her by seizing her American territory. It was known that in the spring of 1. In one instance, however, criminalit}' Avas proved, and a })ublic man, hitherto high in the confidence of the people, was disgraced. Benjamin Sebastian had been for many years on of the judges of the Court of Appeals. He had been known to hold communication with the Spanish agent. Power, in 17i>5 and 1797; and in the agitation consequent upon the trial of Burr and the disclosure of his schemes, Sebastian was cliarged with complicity in the hitter. He resigned his office to prevent action by the legislature; but the matter was pressed to investigation, and though nothing appeared as to his connection with Burr, it was proved that for about ten years he had received from the Spanish government an annual pension of two thousand dollars. In(|uiries into the conduct of accused persons and the conviction of this one were the last acts in the S})anish consi)iracy. lO. During the administration of Gov. Charles Scott ( 1808- 1812), General Harrison, the governor and military com- mandant of the Northwest Territory, with headquarters at Vincennes, made a campaign against Indian tribes under the Prophet, a brother to the Shawnee chief, Tecumseh, which resulted in the ])attle of Tippecanoe, November 7th, 1811. Numerous dei)redati(nis had been committed during the year, on the frontier settlers in Indiana, Illinois, and Missouri, and 170 YOUNG PEOPLE S HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. it had Ixu'ii found impossible to bring them to terms. The presicknit of the United Stafes sent to General Harrison a regi- ment of regulars and direeted him to increase the force by militia, and take measures for the defense of the citizens. 17. When it was known that he was authorized to march against the warriors assembled on the upper waters of the Wabash, a number of Kentuckians volunteered their services and joined the expedition. Among them were Joseph Hamilton Daveiss, Gen. Sam- uel Wells, Colonel Keiger, and Col. Abraham Owen. Keiger had raised a company of young men around Louisville, among whom were several who were afterward distinguished officers in the United States army — Croghan, Chum, Edwards, Meade, Fallon, Sanders, and Shipp. In the battle of Tippecanoe were about sixty Kentuckians, who fought heroically and effectively. The vic- tory was decisive, but among the killed were two gallant sol- diers and honored citizens whom Kentucky could ill spare — Daveiss and Owen. SENATOR GEO. M. BIBB. oJ«()r of his manly form, thongh his intelleet was still uniin])aired, he stood before the highest tribunal of the state — the whole sovereign people; and the}^ })ronounced him their chief man. No eloquence, no flattering tongue, besought their support. The old soldier, with mod- esty unfeigned and real as his merit, thought the ofiice of governor too high for his ability, and too great a reward for his services. In the honesty of his soul, he bluntly told the people, in the brief speeches he made to them, that his com- petitor Avas far better qualified for the position than he, but that if they should be foolish enough to elect him, he would do his best for them. He was almost unanimously elected; and the same singleness of purpose, the same fidelity to his country, which had marked his military conduct, distinguished his administration. He was governor when the war of 1812 was declared, and one of his lastoflicial acts was to commission William Henry Harrison as major-general and so give him command of Kentucky troops. * * * * L^i us remem- ber that Scott was a chief, even among the wondrous men of the revolution — and that these men purchased all our blessings by the hardships they endured, the bravery with which they encountered every danger, and by the blood they spilt. No living man can rightly claim so much gratitude from his countrymen, on the score of hard and perilous services ren- dered, as General and Governor Charles Scott." II. Squire Boone. — In the history of Kentucky this man has been awarded an inferior place, as compared with his brother, with Clark, Kenton, Harrod, Logan, and others; but in some respects he deserves to be ranked among the noblest of our pioneers. He was not self-assertive and desirous of prominence, but was content to do faithfully and courageously whatever he found it necessary to do ; and such men seldom tind their names blazoned among those whose fortune it is to be recognized as leaders. A study of his conduct leads us to conclude that he was a brave and indomital)le tighter and at the same time gentle and affectionate. While his feelings and convictions marked him as a strong character, he was simple-hearted, trustful, and religious. He preached occa- sionally ; and it appears that he had not only the confidence of his fellow-pioneers, but some gift of speech, as he was made one of the delegates to represent Boonesborough at the THK BURR CONSPIRACY. 1<0 convention of May 23d, 1775, and after Kentucky was ortran- ized as a county of Virginia, he was elected a representative to the Viri*'inia Lcijislature. It is by no means certain that his first visit to Kentucky (which determined his future) Avas not rather owing to affection for his long-ab.sent brother and sympathy with that brother's family than to any selfish or roving disposition. He was wounded in the shoulder during the siege of Boonesborough; in defense of his settlement, Painted Stone, he was shot in the breast and one arm ; and while moving his people temporarily to the Beargrass, 17.SI, lie was again shot. After Kentucky became a state and courts of law were established, he, like his noble com- rades, Daniel Boone and Simon Kenton, was deprived of all his real estate through mere legal technicalities. At one time he was even arrested for debts which he could not pay, and escaped a debtor's ]>rison only through the interference of generous friends. In ISOG he left the state which for more than thirty-five years he had served so well, and located with his family and five great-nephews at what was after- ward known as Boone's settlement, in what is now Harrison county, Indiana, about twenty-five miles northwest of Louis- ville: and in 1815, aged about seventy-eight years, he died at this new home. He Avas buried, as he had requested, in a cave, on an eminence that commanded aAvide and picturesque view. III. Edmund Rogers. — This was one of the earliest and most distinguished of the ])ioneers Avho passed beyond Mul- draugh's Hill and made settlements southAvard and Avestward of Green river — a man of mind, a man of character, Avho left his iin])ress upon the times and upon the subsequent dAvellers in that region. He Avas born in Caroline county, Virginia, May 5th, 1702; Avas of gentle blood, of considerable scholas- tic attainments, and before seeking the AA'ilderness in search of a neAV home had done a patriot's part in the Avar of independ- ence. When eighteen years of age he Avas serving in his native state; fought at Green Springs and Jamestown, and AViJS at the siege of Yorktown Avhere the British power Avas finally broken. Under the acts of Congress he Av-as entitled to a pension but refused to apply for it. In 1783 he came to Ken- tucky, and during that fnll began surveying the lands in Indiana, opposite Louisville, AAdiich Virginia had granted to the 174 YOUNd people's history of KENTUCKY. conqueror of the Northwest Territory, his cousin, Gen. George Rogers Chirk, and his sohhers — the hinds then known as the IHinois grant. In llS-t he went south of the Green river and that year and subsequently made most of the surveys on Big and Little Barren rivers. He settled upon a tract of land on which he afterward (1800) laid out the town of Edmunton. In 1 died in extreme old age, alone, and in abject poverty. V. Geu. Thomas Fletcher. — When Kenton was on the streets of Frankfort in 1824, having arrived on horseback from his Ohio home, not knowing that he had an acquaintance in town and being in need of a friend, Fletcher chanced to meet and recognize him. lle(|uickly ceased to be the ap])ar- ently obscure and neglected stranger. The general, who had known him while both w ere serving with Governor Shelby in Harrison's army ( I8I0) had him fitted out with a becoming suit of clothes and introduced him to his friends. The people testified to his worth by flocking eagerly to see him, and make him welcome, so that ho was the hero of the time. General Fletcher, a citizen of Bath county, was himself a man of mark — an officer of Kentucky troops during the northwestern campaigns, and afterward serving as a member of Congress and frecjucntly representing his ])eo})le in the General Assembly. His father served with LaFayette in the revolutionary army, and was wounded in a sally from Fort Erie when that place was besieged. His negro servant was awarded his freedom for running to him when he fell in the fight and carr3ing him back into the fort. Gen. Thomas Fletcher visited Europe several times and was the guest of his father's distinguished comrade, the noble LaFayette. His mother Avas the youngest sister of the great artist Benjamin West. In addition to his own earninirs, Fletcher had a large bequest of lands from a 17(> YOUNG PEOPLE S HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. friend, the Hon. John Fowler, who for ten years (1797-1807) represonted a Kentucky district in Congress; and a magniii- cent brick residence which he erected near Sharpsburgh is still standing. VI. The Treatment of the Boones and Simon Kenton. — It has been the fashion with writers and speakers not only to KENTON AND FLETCHEU. inveigh against the manner in which these men were dei^rived of their lands and so harassed by suits for the recovery of debts that they sought in other states the peace and security denied them in their own, but to make the impression that it has left a stigma upon the State of Kentucky. This is unjust and unwarranted. That they were deprived of their posses- TIIK IJUIlIi CONSriKACY. 177 sions through mere forms of hnv is imlisputable; but hiw is tliP safeguard of property, and "svherc its forms are disre- garded hy those who set up ownership, it is unreasonable to suppose that a sense of justice will restrain the cui)iditY of individuals or invoke the corporate power of the state to pro- tect them, however meritorious they may be because of self- sacriticing public service. In every community may be found "the desj^erate, hardened, wicked few who have no check but human hiw," and the brave and generous old pioneers but suffered the inevitable consequences of their own ignorance of the waAS of a self-seeking world, and their hick of worldly wisdom M'ould have appealed to noble hearts to spare them ; l)ut rajitu'ious land-grabbers were insensible to merit and incapable of appreciating the claims of those who had given their lives, as it were, to make possible the peaceable posses- sion of a magnificent territory, where milUons might now find homes without robbing; their benefactors. But to cry shame on the state because of the conduct of a few is to stigmatize a great people for having numbered among them certain con- scienceless scoundrels who robbed under cover of law but in defiance of right. Untaught, simple-minded, trusting as he was, the nobility of soul that dwelt in Kenton shone out in the sulisequent occasional manifestations of feeling which are recorded of him. He seemed to apprehend, with some clear- ness, that the great wrong which had been done him w^as in some sort his own fault, and to refrain from whining. Collins savs of him: "He never repined; and such was his exalted })atri<)tism that he Avould not suffer others to upbraid his country in his presence without expressing a degree of anger Avhich was altogether foreign to his usual mild and amiable manner." And when, an old man, he came from his home in Ohio to Frankfort, and was treated by the legislature and the citizens with that marked respect which was yet far below his dues, he felt that he had been so honored and rewarded that "it was the proudest day of his life." VII. Cut 3Ioiicy. — Before Kentucky attained to statehood, and for a long time afterward, but little coin was in use, and exchange of commodities was effected b}^ barter. When mer- chantable products increased to such an extent as to furnish a surplus for keel-boat shipment to the cities on the lower 12 178 YOUN(5 people's HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. Mississippi, the Spanish silver doUar was received in payment ^nd ecam; current coin. Small change was supplied by cut- W the dollar into halves, quarters, eighths, and sixteenths This "cut money" was used in Kentucky as a medium of exchange long after small silver currency began to be sup- plied by the United States mints. KENTUCKY IN THE WAR OF 1812. 179 CHAPTER XI. KENTUCKY IN THE WAR OF 1X12. 1. British insults and aggressions on the seas were the leading cause of a second war with that great power. To these were added the injuries inflicted on settlers in the northwest by Indians, who Avere incited to their invasions, robberies, and outrages by British colonists in Canada, along our north and northeastern frontier, and by the English officers in charge of their garrisons there. 2. Nearly thirty 3'ears had now elapsed since the termina- tion of the war of independence ; and during all that period Americans had been made to feel that the English govern- ment was at least unfriendly, if not desirous of provoking a Avar with the young republic. This had been steadily growing in importance in the matter of trade with foreign nations by sea. France and England were natural rivals, and for years they had been at Avar. A brief explanation will enable you to understand hoAV this circumstance gaA'e American trading vessels great advantage and yet subjected them to propor- tionately great danger: France and England had each declared the ports of the other in a state of blockade; that is, each stationed men-of-war in the neighborhood of the other's ])orts, to seize the vessels of nations not at Avar Avith either if thcA^ should attempt to enter these ports for trading purposes. 3. As French and English merchant ships Avere the hiAvful prey of the respective powers, under the rules of Avar, Avhile those sailing under the American flag Avere exempt from molestation except in case of entering the blockaded ports, it is easy to see that American commerce thrived. Before the beginning of 'the war of 1812, the United States had groAvn to be the grestest commercial power in the Avorld except England. 180 You^'a peoi'le's history of Kentucky. 4. On the English theory that ''once a Briton always a Briton," the P^nglish liovernnient had for many years author- ized her armed vessels to search American ships and take therefrom all who were suspected of being British subjects. All who were thus seized were impressed into the English navy, without incjuiry as to their eitizenship. Among these were many who were either native-born or naturalized Ameri- cans. Remonstrances on the part of the United States, d(nnands for reparation, all efforts to bring al)out amicable adjustment, were either disregarded or insolently s})urned. The conduct of the British government was not onl}^ in viola- tion of the law of nations and unjust, l)ut was arrogant and insulting, Notwithstanding the blockade, however, Ameri- cans persisted in trying to carry on trade with the French people, for whom they felt a strong sympathy and attachment ; and about a thousand American vessels were seized by British ships of war, and American seamen were impressed into the Eno;lish naval service. 5. At length, hcnvever, when appeals for justice and remon- strance against open violation of her rights seemed to have no effect but to encourage arrogance, the United States declared war. The president's proclamation was issued June 20th, 1^ understood, and the result was another massacre. The detachment under command of Colonel Dudley, took the bat- teries in the rear and carried them, but, in the excitement and eagerness of the fight, pursued the fleeing enemy instead of returning to the river. When they had gone beyond the sup- port of the remainder of Clay's troops, Indians crossing from GENERAL GREEN CLAY. KENTUCKY IN THE WAR OF 1812. 185 the south side fell upon their rear; Proctor came up with a British force and incepted further advance, and less than two hundred of them escaped into the fort — the greater number of them being killed or captured. The prisoners were taken to an old British fort lower down the river, with but a slight guard, and here, as they were huddled together, the Indians began shooting and scal})ing them. It is to the credit of the great Indian chief, Tecumseh, that he galloped up and with furious indignation compelled his warriors to desist. 15. About the time all this was taking place on the north side of the river, a sally was made from the stock- ade, and a company of Kentuckians made a bril- liant charge on a battery on the south side, intlict- ing some loss but suffer- ing severely. General Clay had some diificulty in reaching the stockade with the remainder of his command by landing on the southern shore and fighting his way through the enemy there. IG. "Dudley's defeat" was another instance of Kentucky dash and valor that ended disastrously, and of sav- age barl)arity perpetrated under the eye, if not with the ap- probation, of a British officer. It is an instance, too, of the better nature that sometimes manifested itself in an In- dian warrior. 17. Proctor's force was jrreater than Harrison's, and his supi)ly of heavy amnumition was abundant ; but on the night of ]\Imv the Sth he abandoned the sicije and marched back TECUMSEH. l.Si; YOITNO TEOPLE'S HISTORY OF KIONTI'fnvY. towaixls Maiden. The American loss was about eight hundred men ; that of the British and Indians about five hundred. 18. In July Proctor besieged Fort Meigs again, with nearly four thousand men. Remaining a few days Avithout effecting anything, he set out on his return by way of Fort Stephenson at Lower Sandusky. This was held by a hundred and sixty men under command of Col. George Croghan (Croan), a young Kentuckian only twenty-one years old. He had one cannon. Proctor summoned him to surrender, and threatened that in case of refusal the garrison would be massacred. The intrepid young officer replied that the fort should 1)6 held as long as there was a man in it left alive. Proctor cannonaded the works for some time with but little effect. On the 2d of August he undertook to carry the place by storm. Croghan heavily loaded his cannon with slugs and grape-shot, and masked it in a position to rake the inter- vening ditch from end to end. The enemy had subjected the little redoubt to a heavy cannonade, and as there was no reply by Croghan' s one gun they seemed to believe that there would be little resistance to direct assault. They crowded into the trench, and were swept away almost to a man, This signal repulse, and the fear that General Harrison would come up on his rear, led Proctor to abandon the siege. He had lost about one hundred and fifty men, while Croghan had but eight killed and wounded. 19. In Commodore Perry's great naval fight, whi(^h drove the British from Lake Erie, Kentucky bore an honorable part. A hundred of her sharp-shooters were on board his ships, plying the deadly Kentuck}^ rifle. 20. The British and Indians withdrew from Detroit into Canada. General Harrison followed, and soon forced Proctor to fight him on the banks of the Thames. The British general had the choice of position, and he chose a good one; but the Americans now had the advantage in numbers. Many of their Indian allies had deserted the British. Proctor had one regi- KENTUCKY IN THE WAR OF 1812. 187 nient of British regulars and aliout fifteen hundred Indians, led ))y the famous Tccumseh. This man was a general. He had })rofited by his association with the trained soldiers of Euro})e and by his confliicts with pioneer Americans, and he had made soldiers of his savages. General Harrison had more than three thousand men; but in battle the choice of position counts for nuioh, and often neutralizes the advantage of numerical odds. 21. The battle of the Thames was, on the part of the Americans, substantially a Kentucky fight. In addition to the trooi)S previously mentioned. Col. Richard M. Johnson had enlisted a regiment of twelve hundred mounted infantry — men armed with rilles or muskets and trained to fight either on horseback or on foot. Aided by Col. James Johnson, his brother, he had brought his command to an excellent state of discipline be- fore it reached the frontier. There were a few regulars and Ohio volun- teers, but nearly the whole force was from Kentucky, and with them was their gallant old governor, Shelby. 22. On the morning of October 5th, 1813, General Harrison attacked the enemy's line. Colonel Johnson leading. The right of his line struck the British regidars and dashed through. Then wheeling about they fired into their broken ranks. Those who could not escape threw down their arms and surrendered. T'he perfidious Proctor fled on horseback and left his men to their fate. That part of Harrison's force that met the Indians encountered more resistance and were temporarily checked ; but the defeat of the regulars made it possible for the Kentuckians to envelop the Indians, and the latter soon found themselves exposed flank and rear, notwith- standing a swamp gave them nmch advantage, and they took to SENATOR RICHARD M. JOHNSON. 188 YOUNG people's IIISTOKY OF KENTl'C'KY. flight. Tecuinseli was killed earl>' in the action, and about the same tinie Colonel Johnson was dangerously wounded. The victory was decisive, and the campaign closed with signal advantage to the American cause. 23. Through many hardships and much suffering, at the cost of many of her dauntless citizen-soldiers, who fell in conflict or were but(^hered in cold blood, Kentuckians had regained all that Hull had lost, relieved Ohio from the danger of invasion, and contributed in a remarkable degree to driving the British army a second time from American soil. A few weeks after this JKittle the volunteers were disbanded. 24. But Kentucky was not yet done with Indians in the northwest. In the summer of 1814, the Potawatann"cs on the shores of Lake Michigan manifested a disposition still to adhere to the British, and were known to be committing dep- redations on the American settlers along the borders. General McArthur was authorized (August 2nd, 1811) by the War Department, to raise a thousand mounted men to operate ag-ainst them. He called on the sjovernors of Ohio and Ken- tucky for five hundred each. Governor Shelby received the call August 20th, one month before the troops were to assemble at Urbana. By the 20th of September seven com- panies under Major Peter Dudley had reported at that place and were read}' for service. A counter-order to dis])and had not been received by Dudley, but the Ohio troops h;id gotten it, and when General McArthur found that existing conditions required him to push on, two-thirds of his little force were Kentuckians. He crossed into Canada; had frequent skir- mishes with the savages ; finally met a considerable force of Canadians and Indians, and routed them Avith a loss of more than one-third of their number (November 4th, 1814). Hav- ing penetrated the enemy's country more than two hundred miles, and rendered the American cause essential service by destroying the resources of the British commandant in that quarter and striking fear into the Indians, McArthur returned KENTUCKY IX THE AVAU OF l'S12. 189 to the border. On tlio 17th of N()veni])er the vohmtcor.s were lionorahly disbandccl. In the g-encnd's report they Avere com- ineiuU'd for the manner in which they had 8U})i)orted him. 25. Before the war closed, however, Kentnelvy was called u})on for iielp in another (jiiarter. (Governor Shelby, ready in an}' enu>rirency to sec-ond the efforts of the general government in repelling an enemy from its territory, sent twenty-tivc hnndred men, in the antunm of 1S14, nnder General Thomas, to re-enforce General Jackson in the defense of New Orleans. In a month after the call Avas made, these troops were on their way down the Mississippi. "When they reported to Jackson they were almost entirely withont arms and amnnmition, having ex- })ected to be fnrnished from ti siq)ply which had ])een shipped from Pitts- burgh. Jackson succeeded by unre- mitting and immense exertions in arming most of his recruits, and Avhen the great day of the battle came (January 8th, 1815), most of the Kentucky troops were armed and ready for action. 2(J. General Thomas was ill, and general and governor the command devolved on Gen. John Adair, then adjutant-general of Kentucky. One hundred and eighty Kentuckians were detached to re-enforce Gen- eral Morgan on the right bank of the Mississippi, to check an anticipated movement of the enemy on that side. The greater part occupied the center of Jackson's line on the left or New Orleans side, against which Packenham advanced with the main body of his army. Morgan was routed, his raw militia, poorly fortified, being unable to stand against the British veterans thrown against them; and, of course, the little Kentucky re-enforcement Avent Avith the rest, but thej^ Avere only about one-tenth of the Avhole force, Jackson, on 190 YOUNG people's history op KENTUCKY. the New Orleans side of the river, won ji great victory, losing but eight men killed and thirteen Avoiinded, and inflicting a loss ui)on the British of seven hundred killed, fourteen hundred wounded, and five hundred captured; and more than one-fifth of the soldiers with which he did this were Kentuck- ians. An impartial United §tates historian says: "Every discharge of the Tennessee and Kentucky rifles told with awful effect upon the exposed veterans of England." 27. A treaty of peace between the United States and Great Britain had been signed at Ghent, Belgium, fifteen days before this battle; but in that period of slow-going ships and no telegraph the news had not reached the opposing armies. y?^o PERSONAL SKETCHES, INCIDENTS, ETC. I. Gov. Isaac Shelby. — This is one of the noblest names on the roll of Kentucky pioneers. He was great as a man, as a soldier, and as a statesman. His i)art in the war of independ- ence will compare favorably with that of Greene and Morgan and Marion — men to whom, in connection with Washington, the country owes so nmch. His father, Gen. Evan Shelby, was a Welshman, who settled near Hagerstown, Maryland, where Isaac Shelby was born December 11th, 1750. He re- ceived a i)lain English education, embracing the art of survey- ing. His practical training included that of arms, as from his early boyhood the colonists were still annoyed by the frontier Indians. His ambition was not to strive for commanding place, but to be honorable and useful, and his usefulness made him one of the first men of his time. With a robust frame, a strong, comprehensive, and practical mind, with military ardor and the instinct of a strategist, he could i)lan movements with the genius of a born general and execute them with the energy, pertinacity, and indomitable courage of a proud soldier fighting under the inmiediate eye of a trusted leader. At the age of twenty-one he went to West Virginia, and began work as a herder of stock; when Dunmore's expe- dition was organized he became a lieutenant in his father's KENTUCKY IN THE WAR OF 1^12. 101 company, in General Lewis' wing of the army; fought at Point Pleasant and helped to execute that flanking movement late in the day when the Indian left was broken ; remained t)n outj)i)st there till July, 177"), when the company was dis- banded; came then to Kentucky, suryej-ed for Henderson & Company, and located land; returned to Virginia in July, 177(i, and took connnand of a company of minute men of which he had been aj)pointed captain; served as such and as commissary for various troops till 1771), during which he showed executive abilit}^ and a determination that overrode obstacles; in the spring of 1779 was elected a member of the A'irginia Assembly ft)r Washington county, and was soon afterward made a major by Governor Jefferson and com- manded an escort for commissioners to extend boundary lines between Virginia and North Carolina. By the extension of this line his home was found to be in the new county of Sul- livan, North Carolina, of which he was shortly afterward appointed colonel . In 1 780 he was again in Ken- tucky, locating and securing lands which five years before he had marked out and im})roved for himself. When news of the fall of Charleston reached him he hastened back to devote him- self to service in the army till inde- pendence should be established. In a few days he joined Colonel McDo^v- ell, with three hundred mounted rifles, and Avith detached troops, in connection with Sevier and Clark, was soon fighting the British and Tories at Moore's Fort, at Cedar Spring, and at Musgrove's Mill, capturing many prisoners. He was the leading spirit among the Americans in that prompt and well-planned movement towards the Blue Kidge mountains, which secured the prisoners, and then planned the attack on Ferguson at King's mountain. With the eye of a general he saw in the heat of action what Avas necessary, at a critical juncture, to insure victory, and did it. The salutary effect of this brilliant achievement on the Conti- nental cause was incalculable, and to Shelby, more than to any GENERAL AND GOVERNOR ISAAC SHELBY. 102 YOUNG people's IILSTORY of KENTUCKY. other, was the honor due. It contributed hirgely to give heart and hope to the Americans who had recently been so cast down by the great disaster at Camden. It was his general- ship, also, that resulted in the battle of the Co\vj)ens and another patriot victory. lie continued in the field, etHciently engaged, till active operations were about over; then served a term in the North Carolina Ijcgislature ; afterward settled pre- emption claims and laid off lands alloted in the Territory of Tennessee to officers and soldiers; returned in the winter of 17.S2-8o to Boonesborough and married Susanna, second daughter of Nathaniel Hart; established himself on first pre- emption granted in Kentucky, and began the work of clear- ing and tilling; but the people had need of him in public capacity, and he became at once prominent in their affairs — taking an active part in their prolonged struggle for separation and statehood. The minor public positions he held need not be enumerated. As Kentucky's first chief magistrate he was sagacious, prudent, and a thorough patriot. He rendered valu- able assistance to General Wayne in his operations in 1794 — his energy and influence contributing materiall}^ to the effi- ciency of the Kentucky volunteers. At the expiration of his first term he retired to his Lincoln county farm ; but he was not allowed to pass the remainder of his life in repose. When the country Avas involved in another war with England (l>il2) he was again chosen governor, and Avith characteristic energy and good judgment seconded the general government in all needful ways. After the disaster of the Raisin, as has been noticed elsewhere, he took the field in person and bore a gal- lant })art in the operations which terminated with the battle of the Thames. In 1.S17, President Madison appointed him Secretary of AVar, but he declined to accept, and spent his few remaining years a ])rivate citizen, dying in his seventy- sixth year, July" 1 St h, 1X20. II. Logan, the Indian Chief. — In 1786, Gen. Benj. Logan captured a young Shawnee-Mingo chief, a nephew of Tecuni- seh's, whom he kept with him for some years. Before he was allowed to return to his people his captor had named him James Logan, Isut he is usually referred to simply as Logan, or Logan, the Indian Chief. He was evidently a man of native ability and possessed of a high sense of soldierly honor. General McAfee says of him that he was "of a bold and gen- KENTUCKY IN THE WAR OF 1812. 193 erous spirit. His features were formed on the best model, and exhibited the strongest marks of courage, intelligence, and ,sincerit3\ Before the treaty of Greenville he had dis- tinguished himself as a Avarrior though still very young." Early in the campaigns of 1812 he attached himself with a few of his warriors, to the Kentucky troops, and was employed as guide and spy, and in reconnoitering the positions of the enemy ; but some suspected his fidelity and reproached him with being friendly to the British and their savage allies. This was unjust, and so stung him that on his next scouting expedition, he and two companions rashly turned upon a British officer and five Ottawas who had captured them, rather than allow them to carry them to the British i)()st and so deprive him of a chance to })rove his fidelity. They killed four of their captors, but he received a fatal wound. He rode back, however, to the American camp, twenty miles, in five hours. McAfee says further: "He had rescued from oblo(|uy his character as a brave and faithful soldier ; but he had preserved his honor at the expense of his life. He lived two days in agony, which he bore with uncommon fortitude, and died with the utmost composure and resignation." Gen- eral Winchester said in a letter to the commanding general: "More firmness and consummate bravery have seldom ap})eared on the military theater." And Major Hardin "wrote to Gov- ernor Shelby: "Logan was buried with all the honors due to his rank, and with sorrow as sincerely and generally chsplayed as I ever witnessed." III. The Militia Pij?. — A comjjany of Kentucky volunteers that marched from Harrodsburgh to join Hai'rison for the campaign of 1812 saw, when a mile or two out of town, a fight between two shoats, and presently discovered that the victorious one was trotting along Avith them towards the seat of war. It kept constantly with them, halting to rest when they did, finding shelter at night and sleeping like a tired soldier, but turning out promptly each morning when the bugle sounded the reveille. It is not recorded that it answered to roll-call, but it is to its credit that no mention is made of its having been reported "sick and unable for duty." AVhen the men reached the Ohio river, the pig either disliked the ferry- boat on which they embarked or was apprehensive of being left, and so plunged into the water and swam over — waiting 33 1J)4 YOUNG people's HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. Oil tlic other side until the march was resumed. It kept up with the troops until they reached Lake Erie, petted by the men and receiving a full share of the rations issued to them; and though often destitute of sutiicient food they seemed ncyer to think of killing their faithful four-legged comrade. In 1818, when the army was to cross into Canada, the pig embarked, and Avent as far as Bass Island. General McAfee says: "She was there offered a ])assage .into Canada, but obstinately refused to embark a second time. Some of the men attributed her conduct to constitutional scruples." [This was said in derision of some Pennsylvanians, who refused to invade Canada because they had constitutional scruples.] "The Kentuckians observed that she knew it was contrary to the constitution to force a militia pig over the line. They therefore gave her leave to stay." When the campaign was over, the Kentuckians recrossed the lake, to the American side, where some had left their horses. When the line of march was formed, there, to their astonishment, was the pig ready to accompany them. Wintry weather had set in and the march homeward was so hard on her that by the time the troops reached Maysville, where they recrossed the Oliio, she gave out, but Governor Shelby took her in hand and had her brought on to Frankfort. At his home she received the con- sideration due to a faithful soldier, broken down in the service of his country, and }iassed the remainder of her days in peace and plenty. General McAfee says that on the cam- paign, "The soldiers called her the governor's pig, and were careful to protect her, as they deemed her conduct an auspi- cious omen." IV. Scene at the Raisin Eight Months After the Mas- sacre. — When Colonel Johnson reached the Eaisin river (September 2 YOUNG TKOTLe's HISTORY OF KKXTl'CKY. boy, the .sou of :i widow Avhosc dwclliiio^ Avas h{ird-l)y the parade ground. lie hx)ked ou with a Ijuruino- heart and tilled with the passion of i)atriotisui, until he could refrain no longer, and, as the volunteers passed again, he leaped into the ranks with the resolve to be a soldier. 'You are a brave boy,' exclaimed the lieutenant, 'and I will take care of you;' and a feeling of admiration ran through the crowd. In a little time the news w^as borne to the widow. It struck a chill to her heart, as he was her oldest son. In a few min- utes she came in breathless haste to my father, Avho was her nearest neighbor and long-tried friend. 'Mr. Bi'own,' said she, 'James has joined the volunteers ! The foolish boy does not know what he is about. I want you to make haste and get him out of the ranks. He is too young — he is weak and sickly. Mr. Brown, he will die on the march. If he does not, he will be killed by the enemy, for he is too small to take care of himself. If he escapes the enemy he will die of fever. O, my friend, go and take him away!' After a few minutes she began again : 'I don't know what has got into the boy — I can't conceive why he wants to go to the army — he can do nothing, he is not able to do anything.' Again she i)aused, and at last, rising from her seat, with her eyes flashing fire, she exclaimed — 'But I should despise him if he didn't want to go !' That noble thought changed the current of her reflections and of her grief — she went home, prepared for him the })lain luiiforni of that day, and sent him forth with a mother's blessing. He went on with the troops ; bore all the trials of the march; was in the battle of Fort Meigs, and fought as bravely and etficiently as the boldest man in the com})any. The widow's son came home safe. Her })atriotisni was not unrewarded. Yesterday I saw the son bending over the sick bed of the aged mother. He is her only surviving child, and has been spared as the prop and stay of her declining years. Is it any wonder that Kentuckians are brave and chivalric? Were they otherwise they Avould 1)0 recreant to the land of their birth and a reproach to their mothers." "VI. General Harrison's Confidence in Kentucky Troops. — General McAfee, s):)eaking of crossing Lake Erie into Brit- ish territory, preceding the battle of the Thames, gives an interesting account of Kentucky spirit and of General Harri- son's reliance on our volunteers: "The preparations for the KENTUCKY IN TIIK WAK OF 1812. ll»7 expedition ])cing nearly completed, it became necessaiy to detail a guard of one out of every twenty men, for the })rotec- tion of the horses which were to be left behind. In furnish- ing the men, many of the colonels had to resort to a draft, as vohmteers to stay on this side of the hike could not be o])tained. The Kentuc^kians had no constitutional scruples al)out crossing the boundary line; and no greater insult could be offered to one of Shelby's men than to insinuate that he did not desire to cross into Canada. This, however, was not the case with all the militia. When the order for embarking; was issued, the gentlemen of the Pennsylvania regimei^ from Erie were unfortunately seized with constitutional scruples. Harrison addressed them personally, and requested the officers for the honor of their state to })revailon their men to embark. After making an attempt to persuade them, one of the cap- tains returned to Harrison and said, in a pusillanimous tone: 'I believe the boys are not willing to go. General.' Harrison eyed him with contempt and replied: 'The hoys, eh! I believe some of the officers, too, are not Avilling to go. Thank God, I have Kentuckians enough to go without you !' " VII. Tlie IiKliaiis Dreaded Kentuckians. — Elias Darnell, in his Journal of the Campaign of 1812-13, tells the following as illustrative of how Kentuckians were regarded by the Indians: "A Frenchman who lived in this village (French- town), said that when word came that the Americans were in sight, an old Indian was smoking at his tireside. He exclaimed : 'Ho! de ']Mericans come; I suppose Ohio men come; we give 'em another chase,' — (alluding to the time they chased Gen- eral Tupper from the Rapids). He walked to the door smoking, apparently unconcerned, and looked at us till we formed line of battle and rushed on them with a mighty shout. Then he called out with an oath, 'Kentuck!' and picking up his gun ran to the woods like a wild beast." VIII. Some of the Kentuckians Who Fought With Perry. — In 18G8 six of the men of Captain Stockton's and Captain Payne's companies who so promptly volunteered to go on board one of Commodore Perry's ships and act as sharp- shooters during the engagement on Lake Erie, September 13th, 1813, were still living. They were James Artus, John Tucker, John Korris, Dr. A\'illiani T. Taliafero, Ezra Young- love, and Samuel Hatfield. The Kentucky Legislature (Feb- 198 YOUNG PEOl'LE S HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. ruiiiy 17tli, 18G0) directed the governor to procure a gold medal for each of the first four named. March i)th, i860, another name had been furnished and a medal was ordered that day f or Younglove ; and in 1868, still another having i been found one was ordered for Hatfield. In the war excitement of 1860-61, the matter was overlooked, but in January', 1867, the medals for the first four were delivered, and subsequently the othex's, THE JACKSON PURCHASE. IDD CHAPTER XII. THE JACKSON PURCHASE. FINANCIAL CONDITIONS IX KEN- TUCKY. OLD COURT AND NEW COURT. 181G-1844. 1. In 1810, George Madison was elected governor, but he died in a few weeks after his inauguration. The hiw was found to be silent, or of uncertain construction, as to whether the lieutenant-governor should succeed him or the leo-islature order a new election. The question was discussed with much warmth, and finally decided in favor of succession by the lieutenant-governor, and, a week after Governor Madison's death, Gabriel Slaughter became governor (October 21st, 1i.sHA. foreigner. 12. The great question of internal improvements began to be much agitated throughout the Union during the year 1817. During the tirst thirty years after Kentucky became a state, laws were enacted for making ordinary roads and keeping them in repair; but in his message to the legislature of 1826-27, Governor Desha urged the importance of providing for certain turnpikes ; and on the 22nd of Janu- ary, 1827, the Maysville and Lexing- ton Tui'npike Company Avas incorpo- rated. After some delay, caused in part by the expectation of national aid, which was not realized, the work was begun and carried on by private enterprise and some appropriation from the state treas- ury. During the next fifteen years, besides private sub- scription, the state expended about $7, 000, 000 in making GOVERNOR AM> .^KVATOll THOMAS METCALFE. 204 YOUNG I'EOrLK S HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. OOVERNOK JAMES CLAUK. those roads, building locks and dams and olhcrwiso ini- [)roving the rivers for navigation, and in l)uilding (1S31- 35 ) the Louisville and Lexington railroad. The state had un- dertaken on her own credit a vast sys- tem of other public improvements, be- sides aiding to construct turnpikes. At present there are in the state more than 3,000 miles of railroad (main track), and at least 7,r)00- miles of turnpike and gravel roads — these roads afford- ing easy and expeditious means for transporting by wagon the various agri- cultural products to commercial and trade centers and to points along the railroad and river routes for sale or shipment. 13. In 1837 the United States experienced another most serious financial panic. In Kentucky the embarrassment was great, and it affected all classes of people. Business was paralyzed, and thousands were rendered bankrupt. At first a prudent course was adopted, and the wild schemes and undue ex- citement of the previous crisis (181S- 27) were not renewed. 14. The banks suspended specie payment, and the legislature met and legalized their action, so that their charters were not forfeited; and these (of which two more had been chartered in 1833 and 1834) re- frained from pressing their cred- itors, but conducted their affairs with such judgment that in the latter part of 1838, they were able to resume specie pay- ment; confidence was restored, and business revived. In GOVERNOR HOBT, P. LETCHER. TIIK .lAC'KSON PURCHASE. 205 iibout a xe'M\ however, specie pajnieiit was again suspended. The scheme of internal improvements in which the state was enffao^ed had to be abandoned for the time. The direct tax had to be douliled to enable Kentucky to meet debts already contracted ; and in 1841-42, the distress was so great and so general that the old cry for relief hy legislation was raised, and entered into the elections of 1842 ; buttlje legislature, wisely refraining from dangerous experi- ments, provided for giving debtors a little more time in which to meet their obligations, and a better state of feelino; soon obtained. During the years 184o-44 the state gradually came back to a settled condition, and entered upon a safe course, that brought renewed prosperity, w^hich had no material interruption formally }ears. 15. At the presidential election 1844, the great issue was the annex- ation of Texas to the United States let us notice the attitude of Kentucky in this matter and during the war which resulted from the policy of which the people declared themselves in favor by the election of Mr. Polk, over Kentucky's great citizen and statesman, Henry Clay, who was the candidate of the A\^hig party. !>ENATOR HENRY CLAY. In the ensuing chapter TEKSONAL SKETCHES, ETC. I. Gen. Simon Kenton. — This man's life, like that of Boone's, is so intimately associated with the first half century of Kentucky's history that to know the latter is in a measure to know Kenton ; but in a succinct sketch may be supplied those ])articulars which are necessary to a clearer view of the incUvidual num. 206 YOUNG people's history of KENTUCKY. Born ill FaiKiuier county, Virghm, April loth, IT;")-'), he grew to l)c ;i stiilwart youth of sixteen, Avitli searcely any edu- cation and httle of noteworthy incident, when he resented the h)ss of his sweetheart by going uninvited to her Avedding and making himself so disagreeable that the groom and his l)rothers beat him severely. Meeting his successful rival alone~ shortly afterward he provoked a fight, at the conclusion of which he thought he had killed his adversary, which so alarmed him that he ran away to hide himself in the wilder- ness west of the mountains, and in Ai)ril, 1771, reached Cheat river, where he changed his name to Butler and engaged him- self to labor. Having earned enough to buy a rifle and accoutrements, ho went to Fort Pitt and was employed to hunt for the garrison. In the autumn of 1771 he made his tirst visit to Kentucky — coming down the Ohio as far as the mouth of the Kentucky. He and his companions, Yager and Strader, soon went back to the mouth of the Big Kanawha and established a camp (winter of 1771-72), where they remained, hunting and tra|)ping in the vicinity till March, 1773, when Indians fired upon them at night and killed Yager. Kenton and Strader fled without guns and almost without clothing, and travelled for six days, hungry, cold, foot-sore and torn by briers, when they reached the Ohio and found a party of hunters who fed and clothed them. Going with this party up to the mouth of the Little Kanawha he again went to work to pay for a rifle and some other articles, and during the summer he accompanied a party down the Ohio in search of Captain Bullitt. Failing to find him, they returned through Kentucky to Virginia, Kenton acting as a guide. During tiie Avinter of 1778-74 he and others hunted on the Big 8andy river; in the spring "of 1774 he volunteered in Dunmore's army, and was engaged as a scout and spy during the expedi- tion of Dunmore and Lewis. When discharged in the autumn he returned with one Williams to his hunting ground on the Big Sandy, where they spent the winter. In the spring of 1775, they came down to the mouth of Cabin creek and thence into the country, and in May encamped within a mile of the present site of Washington, Mason count}-, Avliere they cleared about an acre of ground and planted it with corn which they bought from a French trader. This Avas the first crop planted by white men in Kentucky north of the Kentucky THE JACKSON PURCHASE. 201 river, and though he left the phice in the fall, after Hendricks \vas captured and killed, as noticed elsewhere, he returned after nine years of huntinj^', explorins^, scouting, fighting, etc., and erected a block-house, thus establishing Kenton's Station. He assisted in building a block-house on the present site of Ma^'sville ( 17.S4). Ilis services in behtdf of the settlers were too constant and vari(>d to be given in detail. At Ilinkston's, at McClelland's, at Harrodstown, at Boonesborough, on the expeditions of Clark and Boone — wherever a man wasre(]uircd for special duty, wherever danger was to be encountered — he was in demand and always quick to respond. He was captured in September, 1778, near the mouth of J^agle creek, a few miles below Maysville, while trying to make his way from Old Chillicothe, whither he and two companions had rashly ventured, and was kept a prisoner for more than eight months, during which he was subject to fiendish cruelties and several t i mcs narrowly escaped death . They beat him almost to the limit of endurance; "he was eight times compelled to run the gauntlet, three times tied to the stake, once brought to the brink of the grave by a blow from an ax." Simon Girty once interposed to save him from being burned ; why he was spared on another occasion is not stated; but the third time the Shawnee-]\Iingo chief, Logan, interfered and induced a Ca- nadian trader, Druyer, to buy him. This man turned him over to tlie British at Detroit, from whom he finally escaped, in company with eTohn Cofer and Nathaniel Bullock, through the good otfices of a Mrs. Harvey, the wife of an Indian trader ; and after travelling thirty-three days, suffering almost incredi- ble hardships, reached Louisville in July, 1775). In 17S2, he learned that the man whom he thought he had ]>eaten to death in Virginia was still alive, and he resumed his rightful name, Kenton. After nearly two years more of various adventures and decided usefulness, he went back (1784) to see his father's family and his old friends, and late in the autumn set out to bring the family to a new settlement which he had made on Salt river. His father died on the way, but the rest arrived safe during the winter of 1783-84. In July, 1784, he went back to his old station in Mason county, w^hich was his home henceforth until misfortune drove him from the country. 2()'S YOUNG PKOPLK S HISTORY OF KENTUCKY'. He had noAV acquired some kind of title to many valuable tracts of land, in different localities, and in 1786 he sold or o-ave away one thousand acres, on which the present town of Washington was laid out. As early as 17S*), however, there were suits against his Bourbon county lands for debt; after ward, under the debtor's law then in force, he Avas impris- oned by civil authorities on the very spot where in 1775 he had made the initial clearing in north Kentucky and planted corn; and by 1779 nearly all his possessions had been wrested from him by lawsuits. After twenty-eight years of daiiger, suf- fering, and incalculable service to the new state, he left it in poverty, and settled at Urbana, Ohio. Fitted by nature and circumstance to play a great part in the work of founding a commonwealth, he was a stranger to the ways of the world in business nuitters, and had failed to perfect titles and make to himself "friends of the god of Mammon," and so was set aside when the day of his great usefulness was over. In 1^505 he was elected a brigadier-general of Ohio militia; in IMIO he became amember of the Methodist-Episcopal Church ; in 1813 he joined the Kentucky troops under Gov. Isaac kShelby and fought at the battle of the Thames — a soldier and a patriot still. In 1820 he removed to the head of Mad river, in Logan county, Ohio, "in sight of Wapakoneta, where he had been tied to the stake by the Indians while a prisoner in their hands." Here, still harassed by judgments and executions from Kentucky, he entered lands in the name of his Avife and children. Some mountain tracts Avhich he yet had here were forfeited for taxes, and in 1824 he came to Frankfort to ask the legislature to release the claims on the lands. The slight justice which it was in the power of the state to do him was (juickly done; and the old hero was treated with such distin- guished consideration that he seemed to feel himself compen- sated for all the wrongs he had suffered. His friends soon afterAvard obtained for him by act of Congress a pension of $240 a year. At the age of eighty-one he died at his Ohio home, April 29th, 18o(), and in another state still lie the remains of -one of Kentucky's n()l)lest pioneers. II. Gen. George Rogers Clark. — The services rendered by General Clark to Kentucky, to the Avest, indeed to the United States, have been noted. It Avould be impossible to form any TJIK .JACKSON PURCHASE. 201) just estimate of their far-reaching and remarkable conse- ((uonces. In speaking of the early heroes and statesmen of Kentucky it is idle to undertake by comparison to determine their relative worth. Each had his place, and when he acted well his part he was entitled to a niche in the temple of fame over which no critical tinger has written "this is more worthy than that." The faults and frailties of some may serve as solemn warnings to those who came after them, without dim- ming the luster of their fair deeds as crime would do. Let their failings and their self-imposed misfortunes "be buried with their bones," while their good "lives after them." Clark was born in Allierniarle county, Virginia, November 19th, 1752; grew to numhood without attracting sufficient attention to lead the chroniclers of the time to say much of him or his family, so that Ave know little of his boyhood or his lineage, and little of his education except his showing in ])ublic life that it had by no means l)een wholly neglected. He was a surveyor; could express himself well and forcibly with pen and tongue; and gave other evidences of having been subjected to some early mental discipline. In his twenty-second year he connnanded a comi)any in Dun- more' s cann)aign; was then offered a commission in the British army, which he declined because of unpleasant re- lations between England and the colonies; when little more than twenty-two, he came to Kentucky and so quickly attracted attention and inspired confidence that he was placed in command of the irregular militia. He was evidently distrustful of Henderson's pretensions; and the meeting at Danville (June 6th, 1775), to consider what should be done in view of the rival claims of Virginia and the Tran- sylvania Company, was at his suggestion. Having been chosen in connection with Gabriel John Jones to lay the mat- ter before the Virginia Assembly, it was due to his influence and diplomacy that Iventucky was soon organized as a county and means of defense furnished. From that time till he 14 GENERAL GEO. ROGERS CLARK. 210 YOUNG PEOrLE's HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. retired from public life (IT-SI!), he uuule his impress upon almost every lo;if of the history of Keutuckv and of the west. He attained to the rank of brigadier-oeneral of Kentucky troops. His plans were those of a true military genius as well as statesman; and his ability and energy in executing such as he found means to undertake showed that in a wider tield and with adequate resources he would haye become one of the great historic characters of the world. The expedition against the Indians on the Wabash (17S()), terminated his active career. He was then less than thirty- four years old. Having given his life thus far to his country he had made no provision for himself. Great land bounties had been voted him by the Legislature of Virginia, but they were inadvertently withheld and he found a home with his nephew, Colonel Croghan, about eight miles from Louisville. In 1793, when the French minister Genet undertook to raise troops in Kentucky for a secret expedit ion against the Spanish possessions on the Mississi[)pi, Clark was induced to accept a major-general's commission in the armies of France, and he prepared to enter again into active military life; but Genet was recalled and the plan abandoned, and he withdrew again from the pul^lic gaze. Some years afterward, when the Virginia legislature was mindful to send a delegation to present him a sword which had been yoted him by that body, he listened to the eloquent spokesman who recounted his gallant deeds and great services, and said to him at the close: "Young man, tell Virginia that when she needed a sword, I found one. Now I want bread!" The sword was returned, and the Virginia legislature proceeded to make available for him the lands donated to him and his soldiers ; but his life was well-nigh spent. He had long before fallen into intemperance; had so suffered with rheumatism as to lose the use of his right leg, Avhich was finally amjnitated; and in February, 181.S, he died and was buried at Locust Grove. In 18G9, by act of the legislature, his remains were removed to Cave Hill cemetery, Louisville. In person he was tall and imposing, being about six feet three inches high and of well-proportioned body and limbs. Of dignified demeanor, he was yet so gentle and affable that he made friends as readily as he commanded respect and inspired confidence. TIIK -rACKSOX PURCHASE. 211 III. Capt. BIan'. On the 21st, the Confederates destroyed the locks and dams on Green river to prevent General Grant from moving upon the flank of their position by boats. GENERAL 238 YOUNG people's history of KENTUCKY. 3. Occasional conflicts occurred during the next few weeks. On the 21st of October, General Zollicoifer began, with seven thousand men, an advance towards the central part of the state, but was encountered by Col. (afterward General) T. T. Garrard, at Wild Cat mountain, near London, with the Sev- enth Kentucky Federal Infantry, and a fight with Zollicoffer's advance ensued, which was maintained by the Federal officer until re -enforcements came up. General Schoepif arrived with six regiments of infantry and Wolford's cavalry, and took strong position. After some loss, on both sides, of which the Confederates sustained the greater part, Zollicoffer Avithdrew. 4. Col. John S. Williams, in Novem- ber, then organizing a Confederate reffiment at Prestonbursrh, was threat- ened by Gen. William Nelson who was marchino; ao;ainst him with a strong; force. He sent a detachment to check Nelson's column, that the Confeder- ates might retire by way of Pikeville, with men and supplies, into Virginia. The Federals were encountered at Ivy BRIGADIER-GENERAL . tvt o i t i' THEOPHiLus T. GARRARD, mountam, Novembcr 8th, and atter a ^" ^" ^' spirited engagement of more than an hour, during which loss was inflicted by both combatants, the Confederates retreated. Nelson's advance was so delayed, however, by the attack that Williams was enabled to withdraw from the state Avith all his military stores. 5. On the 18th of November, Kentuckians who were iden- tified with the southern movement in feeling, and were deter- mined to give it active support, met in a Sovereignty conven- tion at Russellville, and during a three days' session, formed a provisional government for Kentucky, with a view to secur- ing representation in the Confederate Congress and ulti- matelv, in case the southern arms should prove triumphant, KENTUCKY IN TIIK CIVIL AVAR. 239 BRIGADIER-GENERAL HUMPHREY MARSHALL, C. S. A. of .securing it.s eudor.scnieiit by the people. Of this, George W. Johnson, of Scott county, was chosen governor. The usual sttite officers were also elected. Under this provisional form the state was admitted to the Confederacy in December; and, on the 22nd of Januar}^ 18(52, the sol- diers in the field elected representa- tives and senators to the Confederate Congress. 6. At Sacramento, in McLean county, a company of Federal sol- diers was attacked (December 27th, 1861) by Colonel (afterward Gen- eral) Forrest, and defeated, losing thirty-three in killed, wounded and captured — Confederate loss not re- l)orted. 7. During this year there were various other small affairs, between isolated bodies of soldiers, of no special conse- quence to either of the belligerents. 8. Early in 1862, more vigorous and effective operations began. On the lOtli of January, Gen. Hum- phrey Marshall, commanding Con- federate troops in eastern Kentucky, became eno-ao^ed with a Federal force under Col. James A. Garfield (aft- // erward president), at the Forks of '^y Middle Creek, near Prestonburgh, Flo3^d county, and was defeated, with a loss of fifty-two killed, wounded, and prisoners, while the Federal loss was but twenty-seven killed and wounded. 9. Before this time General Buell, in command of the Department of the Cumberland since November loth, 1861, had organized at Louisville an army of 60,000 men. In Jan- MAJOU-GENERAL GEO. B. CRITTENDEN, C. S. A. 240 YOUNG people's HISTORY OF KEXTUCHvY. uary the Federal general, George II, Thomas, inart'lu'd aan in earnest. For three days it raged furiously, with occasional hdls in the storm, and \ aricd by a gun-boat attack on the Confederate land batteries. On the night of the 15th, Floyd and Pillow transferred their authority to General Buckner, who had been third in com- mand, and abandoned the field with a few troops. Next morning. General Buckner surrendered the Confederate army to Grant, and the Kentucky line of defense was exposed to attack, front, flank, and rear, and was no longer tenable. 12. General J(dinston, however, had evacuated Bowling Green Feb- ruary 14th, and moved southward in time to pass Nashville before Gen- //^ eral Grant could intercept him there / / ^ or Buell attack him, with his power- ful Federal force, in front. 13. Buell look possession of Nash- ville February 2r)th. On the 27th, Polk evacuated Colum])us and with- drew to Corinth, Mississippi, where his forces were united with those of Johnston. There was no longfer an ors^anization of armed Confederates in Kentucky. 14. At Donelson, two regiments of Kentucky infantry, some companies of cavalry and a batter}' of artillery, fought on the southern side, Avhile two regiments of Kentucky infan- try fought in the army of General Grant. This was repeated, though on a far larger scale, in many subsequent engagements. 15. In Kentucky, the legislature, besides providing a great force for the prosecution of war against the Confederate states, passed a war measure while these stirring events were going on well calculated to deter men who were not enrolled in either army from passing beyond the southern border and IG ~~^^n^ ^ LIEUTENANT-GENERAL SIMON B. BUCKNEIi, C. S. A. 24:2 YOUNO PKOTLK S HISTORY OF KKNTUCKY, MAJOR-GENERAL THO. J. WOOD, U. S. A. identifjMng themselves with the southern movement, though it proved in the end to have little effect. This was the expa- triation act — an official declaration that those who had gone into the Confederate army had for- feited their citizenship, which could not be restored except hy permission of the leo-islature. The governor vetoed this; but it was prompth^ passed by more than the necessary two-thirds vote, the objections of the governor notwithstanding;. 16. During the spring and summer of l'SG2, the respective great armies with which Kentuckians were identi- fied fought on fields removed from tlie state — at Shiloh, Vicksburg, and Baton Eouge. 17. General Bragg in connnand of the Confederate army of the Tennessee, after Ihe death of General Johnston at Shiloh, and the transfer of Beaure- gard to another field, planned an in- vasion of Kentucky ; and from about the last of August till some time in October there were again great armies confronting each other on Kentucky soil. 18. Meanwhile, Gen. John II. Morgan, Avho achieved the distinction of being regarded as a mihtary genius — bold, dashing, full of resources, disconcerting his enemy by swift and unexpected movements — one of the great cavalry leaders of the war — made his first raid into Kentucky. In ISGO-Gl he was the captain of a state guard cavalry company at Lexington, com- posed of spirited young men, well-drilled, and for the most BRIGADIEK-GENEKAL JOHN H. MORGAN, C. S. A. KENTUCKY IN THE CIVIL AVAR. 243 part in .sympathy Avith the south. This company maintained its oriifani/ation while most of those that composed the guard were breaking up and their members allying themselves, as individuals, with one or the other of the contending sections. Early in the autumn of 1861 he eluded the state and Federal troops and joined the southern army at Bowding Green. During the next nine months he did active and ethcient serv- ice in connection with that army, scouting, covering its front as outguard, developing the enemj^, and fighting him to pro- tect the Confederate flanks. The fame of his achievements attracted the young men of Kentucky and Tennessee to his standard ; and by June, 1862, he was in command of about eio-ht hundred darinjr riders. 10. Starting from Knoxville, July 4th, 18(52, he reached Tompkinsville on the ()th and defeated a small Fed- eral force there; passed by way of J' Glasgow to Bear Wallow, where an, expert operator Avhom he kept in his service, employed the new device of using the telegraph to mislead Federal officers and prevent them from over- whelming his comnuind as he moved northward. At New Hope, in Nelson county, he encountered opposition and a temporary check, but on the 12th he captured Lebanon with the small garrison stationed there. Moving through Springfield, llarrodsburgh, Lawrenceburgh, Versailles, and Midway to Georgetown, skirmishing- occasionally and using the telegraph as occasion offered, tearing up the rail- ways, and burning bridges, he captured Georgetowai. Thence his march w^as to Cynthiana, where, on the 17th of July, he encountered a force of home guards and a newly organized regiment, under command of Col. John J. Landrum. After severe fighting, in which each side lost about sixty in killed BRIGADIER-GENERAL GREEN CLAY SMITH, U. S. A. 244 YOUNG PEOI'LE's HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. and wounded, Morgiin captured the j)lac'e and dcf^troyed a large amount of government property. A superior force of Kentucky cavalry under Gen. Green Clay Smith and Col. Frank Wolford now prepared to assail him and he Avas compelled to retreat rapidly into east Tennessee. In twenty-four days he had marched more than a thousand miles, taken seventeen towns, captured and paroled about twelve hundred soldiers, destro3^ed supplies and munitions of war to the amount of a million of dollars, and kept busy in lighting, pursuing anclguard- ing against him more than twenty times as many armed men as he had on the expedition. His loss in killed and wounded was ninety. 20. During the summer General Bragg, at Chattanooga, had organized an army of about 45,000 men for the invasion of Kentucky. Gen. E. Kirby Smith, with headquarters at Knox- ville, Tennessee, was in command of 1"),000 men of this force. General Morgan was sent forward to In'eak up the railroad between Nashville and Bowling Green and otherwise obstruct the advance of the Federal army under General Buell, then between Mur- freesboro and Nashville — deceived as to Bragg' s purpose and expecting an attack in Tennessee. Disposing part of his force under General Stevenson in observation of Cumberland Gap, General Smith entered Kentucky through Big Creek Gap towards the last of August, with about 12,000 men. Leaving 5,000 under General Heth, to move after him more delib- erately, he made a rapid march for Richmond, Kentucky, with the remainder of the army. On the 23rd of August, there Avas a severe cavalry engagement at Big Hill, in Rockcastle countA% resulting in the defeat of the Federal troops. At Richmond was a Federal force of about 8,000 men, under command of MAJOR-GENEKAL WM. NELSON, U. S. A. KENTUCKY IX THE CIVIL WAR. 24r) Gen. William Nelson, who, however, was in Lcxintrton — the eoinmand devolving for the time on Colonel Manson. In the ironoral battle that followed at Eichmond (August 8()th, l.S()2), the Federal forces, after a gallant resistance, were defeated, with a loss in killed, wounded and prisoners, of about 5,000, Smith's killed and wounded were nine hundred and fifty. The Federals who escaped retreated to Lexington, and thence, with about 1,500 men who were stationed there, fell back towards the Ohio. Other detachments of Federal troops, east of Louisville, retreated across the river. 21. On Sunday night, August 31st, /A the legislature met in extraordinary session, transacted someordinarvbusi- ness, and adjourned to meet in Louis- ville September 2nd, carrying the state archives with them, in accord- ance with a previous act providing for such an emergency. 22. September 1st, Kirby Smith's immediate command reached Lexing- ton; General Heth, with his 5,000 men, soon joined him ; and General Morgan, having come from Tennes- see in advance of Bragg* s main army, reported to Smith for duty, September 4th. 2.*$. The Federal general, George Morgan, was at Cumber- land Gap with 8,000 men. Smith, as noted previously, had left General Stevenson south of the Gap to observe Morgan, and attack him in case of his making an effort to fall back and connect with Federal forces northward. Gen, Humphrey ^larshall was at Mt, Sterling with his command of cavalry, in position to strike his flank, but he was without definite orders. General Morgan (George) withdrew from the Gap and had reached Campton, in Wolfe county, unmolested, when he found MAJOR-GENERAL DON CARLOS BUELL, U. S. A. 24() YOUNG people's HISTORY OP KENTUCKY. Gen. John II. Morgan in his front, but without sufficient force to fight him effectively or materially to delay his onward movement. a-l. It had been contemplated that Stevenson would follow closely and that Marshall would attack the Federal left flank, so that his capture would be certain ; but the only opposition came from Morgan's cavalry, and the Federal command suc- ceeded in reaching Greenupsburg with little loss — having marched about two hundred miles in sixteen days, through a mountainous country, and being harassed from Campton to Gra3^son by Confederate cavalry ; but his men had suffered much from hard travel over rough roads, from anxiety and watching and fighting, and from lack of food. When they reached the Ohio they were almost naked and barefoot, as well as worn out. 25. Bragg had left Chattanooga Sep- tember 5th, with 30,000 men. Threat- ening Nashville in order to deceive General Buell as to his real design, he then turned to the right and came into Kentucky by w^ay of Carthage, Ten- nessee. On the 12th of September he was at Glasgow, while Buell was yet below Bowling Green. The only serious obstacle between him and Louisville was a Federal garrison of 3,500 men, under General Wilder, at Munfordville. On the 14th this was attacked, but the Con- federates were 'repulsed. The attack was successfully renewed on the IGth, and General Wilder surrendered. 26. By this time Bragg had been considerably re-enforced by Kentuckians who seized the opportunity of taking service in a campaign which seemed then full of promise. The forces under his inmiediate command were probably equal to those under General Buell. Smith was in central Kentucky with BRIGADIER-GENERAL SAMUEL W. PRICE, U. S. A. KENTUCKY IN THE CIVIL WAR. 247 the men who had won Eichniond, with Generul Heth's 5,000 now up; and Morijan's and Marshall's cavalry commands were within easy reach of the Ohio river or of the point where Bratjg lay between Buell and Louisville; but in a few days BraiTg abandoned his strong position in front of Buell, moved to Bardstown, and allowed the Federal general to march to Louisville without a fight, where he arrived September 2.3th. By this time re-enforcements for the Federal army were rap- idly concentrating, and in a short time Buell had at his dis- l)osition and a\'ailable for the defense of Kentucky about 100,000 men. Bragg's troops were in the main disposed along a line extending from Bardstown to Mt. Sterling. 27. Meanwhile, Smith had sent Ileth along the Kentucky Central to the vicinity of Covington to threaten Cincinnati; but though that city was for a time in imminent danger it was soon put in a fair state of defense, and Bragg was not in })osition to pur- sue advantages or to direct his sub- ordinate judiciously. 28. There were numerous minor engagements during September — for the most part disconnected, and having no relation to a ]:)lan of battle on a conmianding scale. 21>. One ineffectual attempt was made by Confederates to cross the Ohio river forty miles above Cincinnati, to threaten that city in the rear. September 27th, Colonel (afterward General) Basil Duke, of jSIorgan's cavalry, with about four hundred men and some light tield-pieces, attempted to effect a crossing at Augusta. Two extemporized gun-boats were quickly driven off by the tire of Duke's little howitzers; but he was atta!G4. Martial law was in force, and the polls were guarded against all but recognized loyal men ; but McClellan, the Democratic candidate, received a majority of more than 8,(300 over Lincoln. 26. In western Kentucky, one Gen. E. A. Paine, with whom were associated several subordinates of like character, committed such deeds of extreme cru- elty and extortion that Gen. Speed Fry and Col. John Mason Brown were sent to investigate charges. They made such a report of deeds perpetrated by these monsters as to cause their re- moval and expose them to the execration of mankind. 27. When the United States began in Kentuckv the enlist- ment of negro soldiers (early in March, 18(34) there was indignation and protest. Even the Union men in general denounced the measure, and some were so violent in their expression as to provoke arrest on charges of disloyalty and sedition. Among those who made public speeches against this policy and pro- nounced it unconstitutional, unjust, and a usurpation of power, were Gen. Frank Wolford, and Col. Richard T. Jacob (the latter then lieutenant- governor of the state). They were gallant soldiers of the Union army and had fought to main- tain what they believed to be the lawful power of the United States ; but they were now placed under military arrest. BKIGADIEK-GENERAL BEN HAR1>IN HELM, C. S. A. KKXTrCKV IX THK CIVIL AVAR. 2(;3 BUIGADIEK AND BREVET MAJOR-GENERAL W. T. WARD, U. S. A. 28. After two years of harsh and often cruel mihtary ruk' and much antagonism between the eivil authorities, the evi) was in a measure removed hy the ap- pointment of Gen. John M. Pahner as commandant of the department (February, I'Sd:)). 29. When the war ch)sed (April, 18().')) at least thirty thousand of the soldiers of Kentucky hiy dead upon the numy battle-fields of ten or twelve states, and in the buryin_g grounds of prisons and hospitals where they had died of wounds or disease. Thousands more were cri[)pled or injured in health by their long and exacting service. SO. The survivors came back to begin life anew; and in this new life was a manifestation of the Kentucky character which showed that among a pe()i)le of independent and warlike spirit is to s^,<««s?*v, be found the best type of citizen as well as soldier. When the Confed- erate Kentuckians laid down their arms and returned to the state, neither the people nor the Federal soldiers received them with the insolence of ungenerous victors, but with the wel- come accorded to friends come home and kindred restored to their own. Of course, some animosities had been engendered which could not be at once forgotten, and antagonisms cre- ated not readily laid aside, which brought about occasional personal en- counters and acts of violence; but these were the very few disagreeable exceptions to a no])le rule. The men of Kentucky BRIGAIiIEK AND BRKVET MA.IOR-GENERAL WALTER C. WHITTAKER, U. S. A. 2()4 YOUNG PEOPLE S HISTORY OF KENTUCKY who had enlisted under different banners liad served with a de- votion and fought with a vah)r worthy of the name they bore. At Donelson, Shiloh, Vicksburg, Baton Rouge, Richmond, Munfordville, Perryville, Stone River, Chiekaniauga, Mission Ridge, in the hundred and twenty days of ahnost constant fight- ing from Dahon to Jonesboro, on the numerous fields where Wheeler, Forrest, Morgan, and other cavalry leaders had as- sailed the Federal forces front and rear, they had met each other in fierce conflict; but now with them the war was over. They w^ere neighbors and friends again, and went to work to- gether as though the storm that had swept them asunder had but taught them to respect each other the more and give them increased mutual interest in the fame of their native state. 31. The first legislature that met after the return of the Confederate soldiers restored them to all the rights of citizen- ship by repealing the laws which had declared them aliens. NOTES AND COMMENTS. I. The American Citizen-Soldier. — The Hon. Alexander P. IIuni})hrey, in his response to the toast, "Isaac Shelby," at the Cen- tenary banquet, June 1st, 1892, said: "If there is one thing which has done more than an}^ other to make this republic strong, independent, and free, it is the readiness with which the American citizen becomes the American soldier, and the equal readiness with which the American soldier becomes the American citi- zen. To follow the arts of peace; to pursue it ; to shun war ; to make it the last resort ; if it come, to step from the plow to the ranks at a moment's call; when the war is over to have done with it, and to step out of the ranks back to the plow — such must be the conduct of a people who nre long to ])e free. The greatest BKIGADIER-GENEllAL ELI H. MURRAY, U. S. A. KENTUCKY IN THE CIVIL WAR. 205 examples of true trlorv ever _<;iven by the American people consist in the disbaiulment of the army of the revolution and of the army of the Union." II. General Officers Furnished by Kentucky to the Two Armies. — During the civil war, the following Kentuckian.s held or rose to the rank of general, in connnand of troops of their own or other states : In the Federal army — Maj. -Generals Don Carlos Buell, Thomas L. Crittenden, Lovell H. Rosseau, Cassius M. Clay, William Nelson, Thomas J. Wood, John M. Palmer, Ormsby M. Mitchell, and Frank P. Blair; Brigadier and Brevet Maj. -Generals Eobt. Anderson, AV. T. Ward, Richard W. Johnson, Walter C. Whittaker, John T. Croxton, and Eli Long; Brigadier-Generals Samuel W. Price, Speed S. Fry, Jerry T. Boyle, Green Clay Smith, Edward H. Hobson, James S. Jackson, T. T. Garrard, James W. Shackleford, W. P. Sanders, L. P. Watkins, John M. Harlan, Eli H. Murray, and Frank Wolford. In the Confederate army — General Albert Sidney Johnston; Lieut. -Generals Simon B. Buckner, Richard Taylor, and John B. Hood; Maj. -Generals John C. Breckinridge, George B. Crittenden, William Preston, Charles W. Field, and Gustavus W. Smith ; Brigadier-Generals John H. Morgan, Ben Hardin Helm, Humphrey Marshall, Roger W. Hanson, Basil W. Duke, Llovd Tilahman, Geo. B. Hodge, George B. Cosby, John S. Williams, Thomas H. Taylor, H. B. Lyon, Joseph H. Lewis, Richard S. Gano, Abraham Bu- ford, Adam R. Johnson, Stephen B. Maxey, Thomas J. Churchill, Jo. O. Shelby, N. B. Pearce, and Randall L. Gibson. MAJOR-GENERAL CHARLES W. FIELD, C. S. A. 260 YOUNG PEOPLE S HISTORY OF KENTUCKY CHAPTER XVII. AFTER THE CIVIL AVAR, 1. State and Federal action relative to the freedmen after the war closed is noticed in a subsequent chapter. 2. At the August election of 1865 the returned Confederate soldiers did not attempt to vote. The disablino- acts passed by the legislature during the war had been declared unconsti- tutional ; but the men who were re- garded as disfranchised awaited their repeal. Those whose known synipa- thv with the south had led to dis- criminations against them by either the civil or the military power re- frained in some instances from goinof to the polls ; in others they were pre- vented from voting bv guards i)laced for that purpose by the Federal com- mandant, who still exercised authority. 3. Of the two candidates for state treasurer, the one re})resenting the moderate or lil)eral Union party was elected. Of the candidates for Congress (then elected in August instead of November) five of the nine were of the moderate party; and to the General Assembly the liberals elected so many, notwithstanding a majority of the nineteen hold-over senators were extreme men, that they had on joint ballot 80 to f)S. It was made clear that the ])eople resented the interference of the military after the great armies which fought the battles had astonished the civilized world by quietly disbanding and returning to peaceful pursuits. 4. This legislature met December 4th, 1865. On the 9th Governor Bramlette, in a special message, recommended the GOVERNOR THO. E. BRAMLETTE. AFTKR THK mil. WAR. 2G7 iii-!Hiting()f pnrdoii to all iiidictcd in tlio courts for acts of war; and by December 2()th not only was this done, but the expa- triation act, together with other severe measures against southern soldiers and sympathizers, were all repealed by constantly increasing majorities as this work of reconciliation Avent on. 5. The financial affairs of the state had been conducted during the four years of war in such an honest, pru- dent and business-like way that on the return of peace the people were not subjected to the burden of increased ' taxation to meet reckless expenditure. Though the state debt at the begin- senator james guthrie. ning of the war was $3,030,518 (exclusive of $1,(398,716 of school bonds, on which interest was payable), and $4,095,314 was borrowed for war purposes, the state wa« virtually out of debt in 1873. Her credit was good at all times, and her bonds were Avorth their face value even when the United States govern- ment could not procure loans except by greatly discounting its bonds. 6. At the August election of 1867 (the first held for state ofiicers after the war) candidates of three parties were before the people. The state had been freed of military control, and there was no longer any re- striction of the right of white adult citizens to vote. There was the liberal Union party, who opposed the Federal govern- ment's carpet-bag policy as to reconstruction, and had previ- ously opposed all its radical measures. This was now re- enforced by the great body of returned Confederate soldiers SENATOR THO. C. M'CREERY. 268 YOUNG PEOPLE S HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. GOVERNOR JOHN L. HELM. {Hid other citizens who had held southern views. It was sub- stantially the old Democratic party of the state. On the other extreme were the radical Union men, Avho had l)een in sympathy Avith all the war measures of the Washing- ton government, and now stood aloof from a coalition with those lately in arms against the government. Op- posed to these extremes there was a third party, composed of conservative Union men (the Union Democratic party), who organized rather to test the strength of that element of the people who held their moderate views than with any hope of success at the polls. Of 137,331 votes cast, the Democratic candidates re- ceived more than 90,000, and the nine congressmen elected in the previous November were all Democrats. Before the next election for state otficers was held (1871) the Union Democratic party had disap- peared, while the colored men had been accorded the right to vote. The Dem- ocratic majority was reduced aljout 20,000; but that party continued in uninterrupted possession of political power in the state until 1895. 7. It must not be inferred, how- ever, that there was at this time or subsequently any prescriptive or in- tolerant party in the state — one that wished to keep alive the bitterness or perpetuate the ani- mosities engendered by the war. The radical Union or Re- publican state convention, May 17th, 1871, passed resolutions expressive of a desire for a restoration of friendly relations GOVERNOR AND SENATOR JOHN W. STEVENSON. AFTER THE CIVIL WAR. 269 GOVLKNOR PRESTON H. LESLIE. with the peojile hitoly in arms against the national authority, and wishing them all the blessings and prosperity to be en- joyed under a Re])u])lican form of government; favoring also complete amnesty to all their fellow-citizens of every state who were laboring under disabilities by reason of any part taken in the war. 8. A secret society which was or- ganized in the south after the war closed, known as the Ku-Klux Klan, for the protection, as it was claimed, of the people against irregularities and outrages conse<|uent upon the rule of an irresponsible class during the re- construction period, soon extended to Kentucky, and continued for several years to inflict speedy and often excessive pun- ishment upon those who were deemed ^N^^^X^'J^'VV'^ o^^ty of offenses against society ; but s^^^ its acts speedily grew to be more dan- gerous than those of its victims. In 5((5^ ^®j^^^ his message to the legislature of 1871- ~ ' ' 72, Governor Leslie called attention to the character and conduct of the organization, and recommended strong measures for the suppression of all lawless associations. A law for this purpose was enacted, under the op- eration of which, and of public sen- timent strongly condemnatory, the clan soon ceased to exist. 9. In September, 1873, began the most serious financial panic ever known in the United States, and business throughout the country was almost immediately paralyzed. An explanation of the causes and consequences of this remarkable disturbance SLNATOK WILLIS B. MACHEN. 270 YOUNG PEOrLE S HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. GOVERNOR JAMES B. M'CRKARV. belongs appropriately to the history of the United States for the ten or twelve years preceding. In Kentucky, the effect of the shock, which was first felt in the city of New York, was almost instan- taneous, and it continued with some severity for four or five years; but was far less disastrous here than in many other portions of the country. 10. In 1854, provision was made for a geological survey, to ascertain the mineral resources of Kentucky and determine character of soils in the different sections, but this was discontinued in 1851). In 1873, the survey was re-established, and Prof. N. S. Shaler, now of Harvard Uni- versity, was appointed chief of a corps "to undertake and prosecute, with as much dispatch as may be consistent with minuteness and accuracy, a thorough geological, mineralogical, and chemi- cal survey of the state, to discover and examine all beds of ore, coal, clays, and such other mineral sub- stances as may be useful and valua- ble." It was continued until 1892 — under Professor Shaler till May, 1880, when he resigned and was succeeded by Prof. John R. Proctor. When the work was discontinued by act of the legislature, almost the entire surface of the state had been mapped, and the character of soil, timber, and underground deposits de- scribed, revealing a wealth of mineral and other resources hardly surpassed by those of any state in the Union. GOVERNOR LUKE p. BLACKBURN. AFTKK THE CIVIL WAR. 271 11. Further })r()visi()ii for the proiiiolioii of material pros- l)crity was made by the legishiture of lL votes; and on the 2Sth of September, l. Among others were "\V. C^. Allen, a native of Kentucky; Joseph II. Bush, horn and reared in Frankfort; Oliver Frazer, a native of Lexington; Gen. Samuel W. Price, born in Nicholasville, now a citizen of Louisville; Mrs. Eliza Brown, of Lexington ; Thomas Noble, a native of Lcxin'gton ; Aaron II. Corwine, of Mason count}'; Neville Cain, of Louisville; Paul Sawyier, of Frankfort; and Robert Burns Wilson, an ado})ted citizen of Kentucky, famous as the poet-artist — a landscape and portrait painter, who has been for many years resident in Frankfort. 7. Joel T. Hart, the "poet-sculptor," who executed that ex(|uisite piece of work, "The Triumph of Chastity," as well as much other notable sculpture, was born in Clark county, but in early manhood became a citizen of Lexington. A great artist, Iliram Powers, said that this son of Kentucky, Ilart, was "the greatest sculptor in the world;" and the historian Collins, says; "In 1874 the entire art world conceded that he was the greatest of sculi)tors, living or dead." NOTES AND COMMENTS. I. Durrett and the Filson Club. — Every Kentuckian who rightly ai)preciates the importance of preserving the history of his people, in its varied aspects, is under lasting obliga- tions to Col. Reuben T. Durrett, of Louisville, who long ago began and has since steadily prosecuted an effort to collect and file historic and biographic matter, and to gather upon his shelves the productions of Kejituck}^ pens. He had the acumen to perceive the value of "unconsidered trifles" as well of works of specific aim and recognized worth ; and whatever serves to illustrate times, maimers, character of mind, inci- dents and episodes that do not rise in the estimation of the general public to the dignity of historic importance — all these he has held worthy of notice and been studious to rescue 292 YOUNG PEOPLE S HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. from oblivion. It is to bo deplored that Kentucky has not yet a suitably endowed, organized, and working historical -^_j:==s%«-_ _^ society ; but the private collection of Colonel Durrett, accessible through his kindness to all Avho wish to inves- tigate, supplies in a measure this la- mentable defect in our state economy. At his suggestion a number of patri- otic and public-spirited gentlemen organized May 15th, 1884, the Filson Club, "for the purpose of collecting and preserving the history of Ken- tucky." This has been a working body, proceeding upon lines Avhich he adopted as an individual. Manu- scripts, scraps of history and bio- graphy, books, pamphlets, etc., have been collected and stored among its archives, and a number of exceedingly valuable historic and biographic papers have been prepared and published. COLONEL REUBEN T. DURRETT AFRICAN SLAVKRY IN KENTUCKY. 293 CHAPTER XX. AFRICAN SLAVKKY IN KENTUCKY. 1. As most of the earl}" settlers were from slave-hoklin. class may have gained in })ursiung the secondary or su[)plementary study. 308 YOUNG people's history of KENTUCKY. To another niiitter allow luc to call your particular atten- tion. The importance of geogra[)hical knowledge as preliminary to the study of history and in connection therewith is too often overlooked. To study history without the ability to tix in mind definitely the connection between events and the places of their occurrence leaves but vague impressions. It is like sailing the seas without chart and compass. Before studying the history of Kentucky a i)upil ought to be required to describe all the principal water- courses, bounding the state and having their course inland, as well as to locate the state by latitude and longitude and by surrounding states. Next, he should be required to answer the following and similar questions, in order to have clearly in mind the places where historical events occurred: Where is Powell's Valley? Where is the valley of the Holston? Describe the Ilolston river and the Wataga branch of that stream. Where is Cumberland Gap ? Where was Boonesborough ? Where was Harrodstown ? Where was St. Asaph's or Logan's Station? Where is Limestone (now Maysville)? Where is Washington (the site of Kenton's Station)? Where is Frankfort? Where is Lexington? Where was Bryan's Station? Where was Floyd's Station? Where was Painted Stone or Squire Boone's Station? Where was Estill's Station? Where is Little mountain? Where was McAfee's Station? Where is Elkhorn creek? Where is Mul- drauo-h's Hill? Where is Munf ordville ? Where is Perry ville? Where is Wild-Cat mountain? Where is Ivy mountain? Where is Mill Spring or Logan's Cross Roads? Where is Fishing creek? Where is Richmond? Where is Cynthiana? Where is Corn Island? Describe the Wabash river. The Tippecanoe. Where is Kaskaskia? Where is Cahokia? Where is St. Vincent's or Vincennes? Where is Detroit? Where is Maiden ? Where is the Thames river ? Where is the Maumee river? Where are the Maumee rapids? Where is the River Raisin? Where was Frenchtown? Where was Fort Meigs? Where was Fort Stephenson ? Where is Bass Island ? Where NOTK TO TEACHERS. 309 is Mild river? Descrihc the i^rcat Miami river and locate. Old Chillicothe? Where was Fallen Tiinl)er, the site of Wayne's victory? Where is Greenville, Ohio? Where arc the Blue Licks ? Where are the Falls of Ohio ? Where is Royal Spring, the site of McClelland's Station? To find all the places indicated by the preceding questions will recjuire an athis, as well as the small nia}) of Kentucky herein published, as maps of several states will have to be studied, under directions and with the assistance of the teacher ; and a good exercise for a class is for the teacher to encourage the several members to emulate each other in finding for themselves, before applying to him for aid, and by using an atlas in con- nection with this history, the several points named and the historical events with which each is connected. It will be noted that in the Table of Contents and in the following questions the history of the state is divided into six periods. This, though fairly logical, is designed rather for convenience in connecting marked events with special eras than for indicating strictly natural divisions. 310 YOUNG people's HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. SUGGESTIVE QUESTIONS ON THE GENERAL TEXT. (The numerals refer to paragraphs in whicli the answers are to be found.) FIRST period: from the EARLIEST VISIT OF WHITE MEN TILL THE BEGINNING OF THE REVOLUTION. Chapter I. — 1, Define history. 3. Give in your own language the Frencli gentleman's idea of what one's country is. 5. Give the Federal general's explanation of why Kentuekians make faithful soldiers. 10. How besides in war have Kentuekians displayed high qualities? How many Kentuekians have been ambassadors, foreign ministers, etc.? How many have held high command in the United States army and navy? How many were generals of volunteers in the Federal army during the civil war? How many in the Confederate army? How many have been heads of departments and ofiicers of the United States gov- ernment? How many have been judges of the United States Supreme Court? How many have been governors and lieutenant-governors of other states and territories? How many have represented other states in Congress? How many have been presidents of universities and col- leges in other states? How many have been president of the Senate and vice-president of the United States? Of what state were Lincoln and Davis natives? 12. How besides in office-holding has this quality of leadership been manifested? 13. Name some Kentucky traits that indi- cate nobility of character. Give in your own language what you find in Notes and Comments at the end of first chapter. Chapter II. — 1. Why in the study of history is a knowledge of geog- raphy important? 2. What does geography in its larger sense embrace? 3. Between what parallels and meridians does Kentucky lie? Bound Kentucky. Give mean length and breadth; number of square miles; number of acres. 4. Describe the surface. 5. How do Kentucky's water-ways compare in extent with those of other states? 6. Name the principal rivers, and their navigable extent. What rivers lie along the borders? Name the lesser rivers that are navigable in high water and can be made so for two or three thousand miles. 7. To what great river system do the Ohio and its tributaries belong? What is the general di- rection oi Kentucky's water-shed? 8. From what have the soils been mainly derived? Wliich are in general most productive? Where is the great body of blue-grass land? What proportion of Kentucky is unfit for agricultural purposes? 9. Describe the climate. What is the average rainfall? 10. What is said of the comparative size of Kentuekians? 11. What is said of the products? 12. What proportion of the state is still SUGGESTIVE QUESTIONS ON THE GENERAL TEXT. 311 covered with forests? l.J. How many formations or beds does the geo- logical structure embrace? How many coal-fields? Of what extent are they? Where do they lie? Name the principal minerals. 14. What is said of salt licks or springs? 15. What is said of game? 16. What is said of the scenery? 17. Name some of the natural curiosities. 18. Was Kentucky inhabited by the Indians when the white man came? What memorials of a pre-historic race have been found? 19. How many well- defined relics have been found, and in how many counties? 20. What evidences of a gigantic species of animals have been found? 21. What proportion of the land was covered by an almost unbroken forest when the white man came? 22. Name some animals and birds found. 23. Of what descent is the chief part of the population? From what states did the pioneers come? What is said of the Scotch-Irish and the Huguenots? 24. What is the probable oi-igin of the term "Dark and Bloody Ground?" Chapter III. — 1. Who was the first known white visitor to Kentucky, and in what year did he come? 2. In what year did Gist find white men on both sides of the Ohio? Where and by whom was the first cabin built in Kentucky? 3. What is said of Christopher Gist, his surveys, and the first map made? 4. Who were the first white women in Ken- tucky, and when were they here? 5. Who made the first surveys in the Ohio valley southward? 6. Give an account of John Finley's coming. 8,9,10,11. Give some account of how white men acquired a claim to Kentucky. 12. When did Daniel Boone and his five companions come? 13. Give an account of the capture and escape of some of them and the death of the others. Of Squire Boone's finding his brother. Of Stew- art's death. Of the probable fate of -the man who came with Squire Boone. 14, 15. Of Boone's being left alone in the wilderness; of Squire Boone's return; of their travels in central Kentucky; and their return to North Carolina. 10. Give an account of the Knox party — what parts of the state they were in, their trading expedition, etc. 17. Wliat was the result of Boone's first attempt to bring families to Kentucky? 18. What is said of Thomas Bullitt's visit? 19. What places did the McAfee brothers visit in 1773, and what of their work? 21. What of Kenton's first coming? 22, 23. Who led hunters and surveyors into Kentucky in 1774? Give an account of the founding of Harrodstown, and of Indian attack on some of the party. 24. What of Hancock Taylor? 25. Who was sent to warn the settlers to return to Virginia, and why? Give an account of the battle of Point Pleasant. State what you have learned in reading Personal Sketches, etc., at end of Chapter III. Chapter IV. — 1. Who organized the Transylvania Company? 2. Give an account of the company: (a) Of how many members composed; (b) Where and when treaty was made and with what Indian tribe; (c) what price was paid. 3. What was the character of road Boone was 812 YOUNG people's history of KENTUCKY. engaged to mark oiit? 4. Where did Boone and his party l)uild the Boonesborough .stockade? When was the work completed? 5. Give an account of the Boonesborough convention of May 23rd, 1775: (a) What settlements were represented in it; (b) What business was transacted; (c) What supplies the company took upon itself to furnish, etc. 6, 7. What caused the people to become dissatisfied with the agreement with the company"? Did the convention ever re-assemble? What view was taken of the Wataga purchase by the governors of Virginia and North Car- olina? Who influenced the Virginia Assembly to declare it null and void? 7. When was the act passed by the Virginia Assembly formally setting it aside and granting the company a compensation in lands on Green river? 8. When did Kenton return to Kentucky, and where did he and Williams build a cabin? Give an accoixnt of Fitzpatrick and Hen- dricks. 9. When did Harrod come back to Harrodstown? Wliere did Floyd locate? Wliere did Logan locate? Wlien was Lexington named and why so called? 10. Wliat three important settlements had been made by the time the revolutionary war had fairly begun? Give account of what you have learned from reading Personal Sketches, etc., at the end of Chapter IV. SECOND PERIOD : KENTUCKY DURING THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. Chapter V. — 1. What were the Kentucky pioneers doing during the eight years of the revolutionary war? 2. What is said of pioneers who fought under General Lewis at Point Pleasant, and of Lewis' victory? Name some Kentuckians who were with him. 3. Name some surveyors and settlers of 1775 and where stations were established. 4. When did Boone bring his own, with other families, to Boonesborough? 5. Wliat families came to Harrodstown in 1775? Wliat stations were now made homelike by the presence of women and children? 6. Tell of George Rogers Clark's first visit to Kentucky. 7. Wlien did Clark come the second time? Where and when was a meeting held at his suggestion, and for what purpose? Who were chosen by the meeting to act as agents to the Virginia Legislature? 8. Give an account of their journey to Williams- burgh, Virginia. 9. When Clark laid his plan before Governor Henry what view did he take of it? What did Clark apply to the Executive Council for? 10. Tell what action the council took, and why? What did Clark then determine to do? 11. What did the council do after receiving Clark's letter refusing to accept the loan? What was done with the powder? What did Clark and Jones induce the Virginia Legislature to do? 12. Explain how the supply of powder at length reached Harrodstown. Wlien was Kentucky made a county of Virginia? 13. Of what impor- tance was the result of Clark's mission to the Virginia Assembly? Why did the people of Kentucky wisli Virginia to assume control of the ter- ritory? 14. Name some small settlements made in 1770. 15. Tell the story SUGGESTIVE QUESTIONS ON THE GENERAL TEXT. 313 of the I'Mptiire and rescue of the Calloway and Boone girls. IG. What of Indian attacks in the sununer of 1770? What of the adventure of Robert Patterson and others? 17. What of the attack on McClelland's Station? 18. Give an account of the attack on the working party near Shawnee Springs in March, 1777. 19. What is said of the attack on Boonesboi-ou.gh? 20. Tell of the attack on Logan's Station in May, 1777. 21. Of Logan's di'iving the Indians from Flat Lick, and of his being wounded. 22. Of the driving of Indians from the neighborhood of Boonesborough bj'^ Major Smith. Of the attack on Boonesborough, July 4th, 1777. 23. Of the manner in which the Indians annoyed the people of Harrodstown, and how they were driven off by Clark. 24. Who were chosen members of the Virginia Legislature for Kentucky county in 1777? 25. What of the attack on the hemp and tlax breakers at Hink- ston's? 2(3. Of the organized force of spies and scouts, and its purpose? 27. Why did Clark send spies to Detroit and other places, and what did they discover? For what purpose did he make a visit to Virginia? What authority did he receive? 28. When was the fii'st court held in- Kentucky county, and where? Who was made colonel of the militia? How many stations remained at the close of 1777? 30. Tell the story of the salt-makers at Blue Licks in January, 1778. Of Boone's capture. Of the capture of others, and what was done with them. How many escaped, and how ? What was done with Boone ? What made him resolve to escape? What of his journey to Boonesborough? 31. Give an account of Boone's expedition to Paint Creek town. Of the siege of Boones- borough bythe French and Indians under Captain Du Quesne. 32, Give an account of Clark's preparations to take British posts. With how many men did he set out from Corn Island? 33. Give an account of his capture of Kaskaskia. 34. Of the capture of Cahokia. 35. How did he provide for the civil control of the territory by Virginia? 3G. By whose assistance did he get control of St. Vincent's? Who was placed in command at St. Vincent's? Who was sent back to build a fort on the present site of Louisville? 37, When was the territory of which Clark had taken possession organized as a county of Virginia, and who was made govei*nor? 38. What British officer with four hundred men compelled Captain Helm and his one private to surrender St. Vincent's? Tell what you have learned in reading Personal Sketches at the end of Chapter V. Chapter VI.— 1. Tell of Clark's retaking St. Vincent's. 2. Of what city did Robert Patterson lay the foundation in 1779? Who was the first white woman at Lexington? Who established Bryan's Station, and what became of the lea(h'r? Who w^as his wife? 3. Name some other settlements made in 1779, and by whom. 4. Give an account of Bow- man's expedition against Indian towns. 5. Give mi account of the attacks on Indians bv David Rogia-s and his keel-boat crews at the 314 YOUNG people's history of KENTUCKY. mouth of the Licking. 0. What is said of the hard winter, 1779-80? 7. ilow many stations on Beargrass creek in the spring of 1780, and how many persons arrived at the Falls? 8. Give an account of the capt- ure of Ruddle's Station. 9. What retaliation was made by Clark? 10. When was Louisville incorporated by act of the Virginia Legisla- ture? 11, When and by whom was Fort Jefferson on the Mississippi built? 12. When was Kentucky county divided into three counties, and what were the three named? 13. Tell the story of the siege of Fort Jefferson by the Chickasaws. 14. What of troubles on account of the Indians, in what are now Jefferson and Shelby counties? Who made pursuit to punish the savages, and with what result? 15. Give an account of Squire Boone's removal from Painted Stone, and of Floyd's fight with the Indians who had attacked Boone's party. 16. When did Squire Boone re-occupy Painted Stone, and how did the station come to be known as Lynch's? 17. Tell of the killing of Miss Gass at Estill's Station; of the capture of the negro man; and the defenseless condi- tion of the place. 18, 19. Tell the story of the battle of Little Mountain. 20. To which party was the fight most deadly? 21. Wliat of Captain Holder's attack and defeat? 22. Where was Bryan's Station? How were the men there engaged while Girty and his Indians were con- cealing themselves near the fort on the night of August 14th, 1782? Tell of the occurrence next morning, and in what condition the stockade was as to the walls, and where the supply of water was to be had. 23. Give an account of what was immediately done. For what purposes other than drinking and cooking was water necessary? 24. Tell how a supply of water was obtained. 25. Explain how the Indians were drawn from ambush and exposed to the fire of the whites. 26. What befell the men from the Lexington Station before the main body of them got inside the stockade at Bryan's? 27. What of Girty's tj:-ying to frighten the garrison to surrender, and of his retreat? 28. What of arrangements to pursue the savages'? 29. Who commanded the pur- suing force? When did the pursuers come in sight of the Indians at Lower Blue Licks? Why did Todd and others insist on waiting for Colonel Logan? How was the forward movement suddenly brought on*? 30, 31, 32. Describe the battle of Blue Licks. 33. How many of the whites were killed, wounded, and captured? What leading men were among the killed? What effect did the disaster have upon the settle- ments in Kentucky? 35. Give an account of the attack on Samuel Daveiss and the capture and rescue of his wife and children. 36. What of the attack on Kineheloe's? 37. Tell of Clark's expedition against the Indian towns on the Miami. 38. What Indian atrocities other than those already noticed were committed during the year 1782? Give the accounts of men and women which you have learned in Per- sonal Sketches, etc., at the end of Chapter VI. SUGGESTIVE QUESTIONS OK THE GENERAL TEXT. .^15 THIRD period: FROM THE CLOSK OF THE REVOLUTION TILL KENTU(;KY' became a STATE. Chaptkr VII.— 1, When was tlie treaty of peace between the United States and Enjjhmd agreed on and signed? When did the news reach Kentucky? Wliat had Kentucky pioneers accomplished by this time? 2. What is said of increase of popuhxtion, establishing land offices, locating claims, and the trouble that came of having no regular system of surveys? 3. When were the three Kentucky counties made one judicial district? Who were the judges appointed, the clerk, and when and where was the first district court? 4, 5. What matter now became of more consequence to Kentuckians than even courts and county officers? 6, 7, 8. State the conditions prevailing at the time sep- aration was agitated, and show why the people were impatient of restraint and that there was some uncertainty as to their interests and their duty. 9. Who suggested that a preliminary meeting be held to consider the condition of the district, and where and when was it held? 10. When was the first formal convention to consider separation held? What was done? 11. When was the second held? Why did action seem to be urgent? Wliat did Virginia do? What was done by the Kentucky convention? 12. Into what two parties were the people now divided? 13. Wlien did the third convention meet? Why was business delayed? What were the new provisions made by the Virginia Assembly, and what did they cause? 14. What effect did these changes and delays have on the people? What increased their dissatisfaction? 15, 16. Give some account of General Wilkinson's conduct. What is said of the Spanish conspiracy? 17. When was the fourth convention held, and what did it do? 18. How did the Kentucky delegates to the Virginia convention vote on the question of adopting the United States consti- tution? 19. What did the old Congress (that prior to 1789) do with the question of admitting Kentucky to the Union? 20. When did the fifth convention meet? What new occasions of disappointment and anger appear? What did the convention do? 21. What did Virginia's third act of separation require? 22. When did the sixth convention meet? What did it do? 24. When did the eighth convention meet? What did it do? 25. When did Congress pass the act to admit Kentucky? 2G. When did the ninth convention to adopt a state constitution meet? When did Kentucky become a state? 27. Who was president of eight of the conventions to consider separation? Who was clerk of all? 28. What is said of the conduct of the people of Kentucky during Uieii- seven years of disappointment and temptation? 29. Give an account of the Political Club. 30, 31. What were probably the views of the English people as to the result of the revolutionary war? Tell the story of the British agent in Kentucky. Tell what you have learned by reading Personal Sketches, etc., at the end of Chapter VII. 310 YOUNG people's HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. Chapter VIII. -1. Whutissuidof the years 1783, 1784, 1785? 2. What of irruptions of small bodies of savages? 3. What of murders and other outrages by Indians in 1783 and the years immediately following? 4, By whom and when was a block-house l)uilt where ]\Iaysville now is? 5. What instances of conflicts with Indians in 1784-85, in different locali- ties? 6. What of Colonel Christian's fight? 7. ^Hiat of attacks in different places during 1786? 8, 9. Give an account of Clark's last expedition against the Indians. 10. Tell of Col. Ben Logan's expe- dition against the Shawnees. 11. Give an account of the attack on the family of Mrs. Skeggs, in Bourbon county. 12. On John Merrill, in Nelson county, and on settlements elsewhere. What of Col. John Todd's expedition? 13, 14. Tell the story of the Salt river fight near the mouth of the Rolling Fork. 15. Of the killing of tlie Ballard family. 10. "V^nuit is said of Indian raids, etc., in 1787, 1788, and 1789? Of the conduct of the British on the Canada border? 17. Of attacks on small stations and on emigrant boats in 1790? 18. Tell of the expedition made by General Scott in concert with Harmar, in April, 1790. 19, 20. Give an account of Harmar' s disastrous expedition in September, 1790, and of his conduct while in command. 21. What effect did this expe- rience with Harmar have on the minds of Kentuckians? What did they petition for? Wlio were the members of the Board of War provided in 1791 by Congress? 22. Give an account of General Scott's expedition in May, 1791, against Indians on the Wabash. 23. Of the expedition under Wilkinson, Hardin, and McDowell in August, 1791. 24, 25. Who was made governor of the Northwest Territory in March, 1791, and given command of regular troops for a campaign against the Indians? What of attacks by predatory bands? 26, 27, 28. Tell the story of Captain Hubbell's battle on the river above Maysville, March 24th, 1791. 29, 30, 31, 32. Give an account of St. Clair's expedition, defeat, and retreat. Wliy did Kentuckians refuse to enlist vmder him? What was the con- duct of Kentuckians when news reached them that volunteers were needed to relieve the survivors of St. Clair's army. Tell what you have learned by reading Personal Sketches, etc., at the end of Chapter VIII. FOURTH period: SEVEN YEARS UNDER THE FIRST CONSTITUTION. Chapter IX. — 1. Who was the first governor of Kentucky? 2. What was the probable population when Kentucky became a state? 3. When and where did the first legislature meet? How many counties were there then? How many representatives and senators comprised the legisla- ture? Wlio were the members of the committee to locate state capital? Wlio wei'e elected first United States senators? 4. What is said oi In- dian troubles? 5, Tell of Major Adair's expedition across the Ohio. SUGGESTIV?: QUESTIONS ON THE GENERAL TEXT. 317 6. Give an jiccouiit of the murder of Hardin and Truman. 7. Of the attack on Morgan's Station. 8. Of Captain Whitley's expedition in con- nection witli Colonel Orr. 9, 10. What is said of the o('currences of 1793 and the conduct of the French minister Genet? 11, 12. What two causes operated to make Kentuckians anxious to aid the French? 12. What is said of clubs in Kentucky similar to Jacobin clubs iji France? 14. For what purpose did Genet send agents to Kentucky? What put a stop to their work here? 15. Who succeeded St. Clair as governor of the Northwest Territory? How was his call for volunteers treated by Kentuckians, and why? How were the Kentucky troops raised? Who commanded them? Why did the Kentuckians return after going to join Wayne? IG. What impression did they get of Wayne while with him at Fort Jefferson? When General Scott was called on in the siimmer of 1784 to rejoin him, how many men did he have instead of the thousand first called for? What was Wayne's force when he began his move- ment? What Avas the result of the battle of Fallen Timber? What effect did Wayne's victory have on the Indians? Where was the treaty made Avhich put an end foi-ever to Indian raids into Kentucky? 17. "\rMiat two other important events occurred in 1794-95? 18. What further efforts did the Spanish make to induce Kentucky to form 'an alliance with their government? ^Hiat success did Power have in his mission ? 19. Who was elected governor in 1796, and v.diat Avas at that time the condition of the state? 20. Explain the alien and sedition laws, and state how Kentuckians regarded them. 20. What led Con- gress to pass them? 21. TeU what you understand to be meant by the resolutions of 1798. 22. What can you tell of the trouble between France and the United States during the last three years of the last cen- tury? 23. What is said of the "Great Revival"? 24. When were elec- tions held to take the sense of the people on the question of calling a Constitutional convention? When did the convention meet? When was the second constitution reported, and when did it go into effect? Tell what you have learned by reading Personal Sketches, etc., at the end of Chapter IX. FIFTH PERIOD : FIFTY YEARS UNDER THE SECOND CONSTITUTION. Chapter X. — 2. "N^Tiat was the feeling of the people of Kentucky against banking institutions and bank-notes, and why? How did it happen that an institution with a banking feature was chartered by the legislature of ]801-2, notwithstanding the prejudice of the people? Wlu'U was the Bank of Kentucky regularly chartered? 3. What is said of the suspension of the right of deposit at New Orleans in 1802? 4. How was the excitement allayed during the next year? 5, 6. When did Aaron Burr come to Kentucky, and what scheme was he engaged 31.S YOUNG people's HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. in? 7. Give an account of the United States attorney's efforts to bring him to trial. 8, 9. Give the incidents of his trial and acquittal and his standing with the people. 10. How did the people in general regard Daveiss' efforts to bring Burr to justice? How did they celebrate Burr's acquittal? How was the vindication of Daveiss' course soon made to appear? 11. How did Burr deceive his honorable counsel, Clay and Allen? What preparation had been made while he was under trial in Frankfort? 12. What was the probable extent of his schemes? 13, 11. What is said of Keutuckians accused of having been connected with him? What of Burr's arguments and his false pretenses to de- ceive them? 15. What was learned by investigating charges against Judge Sebastian? 16, 17. Give some account of General Harrison's expedition against Indians under The Prophet, and of Kentucky's part in the battle of Tippecanoe. Tell what you have learned in reading Personal Sketches, etc., at the end of Chapter X. Chapter XI. — 1. What was the main cause of a second war with Great Britain? 2. What disposition did the English people manifest towards the United States for a long time after the revolution? How did the enmity of France and England towards each other benefit Amer- ican commerce? 3. What i-auk did the United States hold among com- mercial nations before the war of 1812 began? 6. On what theory did Great Britain claim the right to search American vessels and press the men into the British navy? How many American vessels were seized by British ships of war? 5. When did the president declare war? 6. Wliat was the feeling among Keutuckians? 7. Wlien Kentucky's quota of troops was fixed at fifty-five hundred, how many volunteered? Who commanded the four regiments? Instead of the fifteen hundred who were wanted to re-enforce Hull how many enlisted? Tell of Hull's disgraceful surrender. Wliat effect did it produce in Kentucky? What force volunteai'ed to march against Indians in Illinois? What was the result of this expedition? 8. What step did Governor Scott take to pro- vide against a movement of British and Indians towards the Kentucky border? 9. Tell of the advance on Fort Wayne. Of the destruction of Indian towns and crops by Kentucky troops. Of the difficulty of mov- ing, which prevented important action till January, 1813. 10. Give an account of the fighting at Freuehtown,onthe Raisin river, January 18th. Of the enemy's attack on Mills in his exposed canip, January 21st. Of the gallant conduct of Keutuckians in sallying out and trying to save the regulars, and how they sviffered in conseqi\ence. 12. Of how Major Madison and Major Graves Avere forced to surrender the stockade, and of the massacre of wounded prisoners. Name some of the wounded officers who were murdered there. What feeling did these atrocities awaken in Kentucky? 13. Give the facts as to Governor Shelby's tak- SUGGESTIVE QUESTIONS ON THE GENERAL TEXT. 319 ing the field in person and i-e-enforeing General Harrison at Fort Meigs. 14. Give the facts in connection Avith tlie sending of Colonel Dudley to attack batteries on tlie north shore of the Maumee, and of his defeat. Of the massacre of prisoners and the conduct of Tecumseh in stopping it. IG. ^Miat was illustrated by Dudley's defeat? 17, 18. What of Proctor's second siege of Fort Meigs? Tell the story of Colonel Cro- ghan's defense of Fort Stephenson. 19. What is said of Kentucky sharp- shooters Avith Commodore Perry, during the battle on Lake Erie? 20. "WTien the British and Indians withdrew into Canada, where did Gen- eral Harrison force them to fight? What is said of the numbers of the two armies and tlie advantage of position? What chief commanded the Indians? What is said of his experience and ability? 21. From what state were most of Harrison's troops? What is said of Colonel John- son's mounted regiment? 22, 2:5. Describe the battle of the Thames, and state what the Kentuekians had now achieved. 24. Give an account of Mc Arthur's campaign and of the Kentucky volunteers with him. 26. In what quarter was Kentucky next called iipon for help ? Give the facts as to regiments sent by Governor Shelby to General Andrew Jackson. 26. Who commanded the main body of Kentuekians at the battle of New Orleans? 27. When was the treaty of peace made which was meant to terminate the war of 1812? Why was the battle of New Orleans fought after peace was made? Tell Avhat you have learned by reading Personal Sketches, etc., at the end of Chapter XL Chapter XII. — 1. How long did Governor Madison live after his inauguration? ^\1mt cxuestion was raised after he died ? 2. What impor- tant matter was I'ecommended by Governor Slaughter in his message to the legislature? When was the treaty made with the Chickasaws by which the Purchase became lawfully a part of Kentucky, and why was it called the Jackson Purchase? 3. ^Miat was the condition of Ken- tucky for some years after the close of the war of 1812? 4. What was the effect of adopting the free-banking system? 5, 6. ^lien the people found themselves in financial embarrassment and distress, what actAvas passed to afford relief? 7, 8. \Miat additional legislation was had in 1820-21? 9. What was the decision of two of the Circuit Courts relative to legislative acts which interfered with the collection of debts or pro- vided for payments not in accordance with contract? Wliat was the judgment of the Court of Appeals as to these decisions? What effect did the opinion of the Court of Appeals have on the minds of the peo- ple ? 10. Into Avhat two parties were tlie people now divided ? What party was successful in 1824? How did the legislature dispose of the Couii; of Appeals and organize a new one? What did tlie old court do? "WHiicli party was successful in 1835? Why did not the legislature re- peal the act by Avhich the new court had been created? Which party 320 YOUNG I'EOrLE'S HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. triumphed in 1826? What did the legislature of 1826-27 do with re- spet^t to the old court? How were the decisions of the new court after- ward treated? 11. What is said of LaFayette's visit to Kentucky? 12. What is said of the work of internal improvements, for which pro- vision was made by the legislature in January, 1827? How many miles of railroad now in Kentucky? Of turnpike and gravel roads? 13, 14. (xive an account of the monetary panic of 1837-42. 15. What was the gi-eat issue of the presidential election of 1844? Who was the candidate of the Whig party? Tell what you have learned by reading Personal Sketches, etc., at the end of Chapter XH. Chapter XIII.— 1. What is said of Kentucky's part in the war with Mexico? 2. What was the cause of the war? 3. How were the people of Texas treated by the Mexican government, and what was the result? When was the independence of Texas acknowledged by the United States? 4. When was Texas annexed to the United States? When the president was asked to send troops to protect the new state against Mexico what general was ordered to occupy it with part of the regular army? 5. How and when did the war begin? 6. What was the attitude of Kentuckians in general on the question of annexation and probable war? When war was begun what effect was produced in Kentucky? Tell what preparations were made to furnish men and money. 7. How many volunteers were called for by Governor Owsley, and how long before the requisition was met? How many companies were organized altogether? Howmany in excess of what the governor wanted? 8. What Kentuckians were appointed to high military command, and which ones already held commissions in the regular army? Who were the field officers of the three regiments accepted? How was Williams' company accepted? 10. What additional Kentuckians were enlisted? 11. Who were the field officers of the two additional regiments called for in 1847? Did these regiments reach Mexico in time to take part in the fighting? 12. How many of these volunteer Kentuckians in the Mexican war attained to eminence during the civil war? 13. What of Kentucky troops at the taking of Monterey? 14 and 17, Wliat propor- tion of the American army that won the victory at Buena Vista were Kentuckians? What was Taylor's force? What was Santa Anna's? 15. What is said of the fighting on February 22nd, 1847, and the part taken by Kentuckians in the great battle of the 23rd? 16. Describe the action of the First Kentucky Cavalry. 18. What service was rendered during the war by Williams' company? 19. Who of the Kentuckians were capt- ured and imprisoned? 20. What is said of Kentucky's regard for those Avhofell in Mexico? 21. What is said of cherishing the memoiyof those wlio fall in defeiise of tlieir country? 22. Grive an account of the steps taken to form the third state constitution; of its adoption, and the time SUGGESTIVK QUESTIONS ON THE GENERAL TEXT. 321 of itsgfoing into effect. 23. What was the chief cause of dissatisfaction with the constitution of 1799? What change did the one of 1849-50 make in this particular? Give account of what you have learned by reading Personal Sketches, etc., at the end of Chapter XIII. SIXTH PEKIOD: forty YEARS UNDER THE THIRD CONSTITUTION AND SIX UNDER THE FOURTH. Chapter XIV.— 1. Wliat is said of the slavery question? 2. What of the financial disturbance of 1851-57? 3. What of the manifestation of military ardor in Kentucky during the Utah insurrection? 4. What is said of the attitude of Kentuckians towards each other before the civil war? 5. What of that during the civil war? 6. What was the great underlying cause of the civil war? Explain the different views of the North and the South as to the relation between the general government and the several states. 7. What was the immediate cause of the war? 8. How many candidates for the presidency were before the people iu 18G0? Which party elected its candidate? 9. What is said of the differ- ences between the North and the South on the slavery question? When Lincoln was elected what did eleven of the slave states do? 10. How did the people of Kentucky stand on the question of secession? What position did Kentucky take from the first? What efforts did Senator Crittenden make to restore peace? 11. What did Governor Magoffin rec- ommend to the legislature which met in called session? What did the governor, Senator Breckinridge, and others, believe would avert war? Wliat did the legislature do? . 12. What did Governor Magoffin do when President Lincoln called for troops to maintain the Union by force? How did the people in general regard his action? Were they in favor of making war on the South? 13. What of the adjourned session of March 20th, 1861? 14. What took place after the call for troops? What did the Union men insist that Kentucky should do? 15. What position was adopted by the legislature at the adjourned session of May 6th, 1861? Explain the meaning of "armed neutrality." By what force was the State Guard to be increased? With which section was the State Giiard mostly in sympathy? With which was the Home Guard wholly in sympathy? 16. Give an account of the state of feeling after the neu- trality policy was adopted, and of the action of the men of each party. 17. When was the state invaded] by troops of the respective armies? 18. Which party. Union or Southern, was successful at the August election, 1861? Which had been successful at the election of June, 1861? 19. Give an account of the action of the legislature during the called session of September, 1861. 20. When was the position of neutrality formally abandoned? Who was the commandant of the Department of the Cumberland, of which Kentucky wa;s a part? What volunteer force 21 322 YOUNG people's history of KENTUCKY. was he authorized to call out and requested to place under command of Col. Tlios. L. Crittenden, and for what purpose? 21. How many men did Kentucky contribute to the two armies? What proportion of Ken- tuckians of the military age enlisted during the war? Chapter XV. — 1. What is attempted in this volume as to the history of Kentucky soldiers during the war? 2. Who was placed in command of the (Confederate) Central Army of Kentucky? When was Bowling Green occupied? Describe Johnston's line of opei-ations. What steps were taken to obstruct the advance of the Federal forces? 3. Give an account of the fight at Wild Cat mountain. 4. At Ivy mountain. 5. Of the organization of a provisional government for Kentucky. 6, 7. Of the small affairs at Sacramento and other points. 8. Of the action at Middle creek. 9. What force did General Buell organize at Louisville? Give an account of the battle at Mill Springs. 10. What effect did Crittenden's retreat have on Johnston's line of operations? What is said of the taking of Fort Henry? 11. Of Fort Donelson? Of John- son's evacuation of Bowling Green? 13. Of Buell's occupation of Nashville? Of Polk's withdrawal from Columbus? 14. V/hat Kentucky regiments fought each other at Donelson? 15. What law was enacted against Confederate Kentuckians? What effect did it have? 16, 17. Where did Kentuckians fight during the spring and summer of 1862? What of Bragg' s plan? 18. Give an account of General Morgan and his operations up to June, 1862. 19. Give the incidents and results of Morgan's raid through Kentucky in July, 1862. 20. Of Kirby Smith's and Morgan's invasion of Kentucky in August, 1862, and the battles of Big Hill and Richmond. 21. What action did the legislature take on the niglit of August 31st? 22. Where were Kirby Smith's forces concen- trated early in September? 23, 24. What Confederate troops were in position to interfere with Gen. George Morgan's withdrawal from Cum- berland Gap? Describe George Morgan's retreat from the Gap to Greenupsburgh. 25. Give an account of Bragg' s advance from Chatta- nooga and his capture of Munfordville. 26. Of the condition of the army under his immediate command, and the position of Smith with other co-operating Confederate troops. Of his withdrawal to Bardstown and Buell's march to Louisville. Of the Federal force available by Sep- tember 25th, for operations against Bragg. What line did the Confeder- ates occupy at this time? 27, 28. What is said of General Heth's ad- vance to the vicinity of Covington? Of minor and disconnected en- gagements during September. 29. Give an account of Duke's attempt to cross the Ohio and the attack made upon him by Federal troops under Dr. Bradford. 30, 31, 32. Give the incidents leading up to the battle of Perryville, and an account of the battle — its character — and the results. 33. What is said of the excitement in Kentucky after the bat- tle of Richmond and the capture of Munfordville? Of the hopes and SUGGESTIVE QUESTIONS ON THE GENERAL TEXT. ;523 fears of the Confederate and the Union people? Of the inauguration of the provisional governor? Of the termination of Bragg's campaign? Chapter XVI.— 1. Who was now put in command of the Federal army, with wliich Biu-U had operated in Kentucky, and at what point did he take position? 2, 3. Where did Bragg concentrate his forces? Give the incidents and results of Morgan's raid through Kentucky in December, 1802. 4. Describe Carter's raid from Winchester into the valley of the Holston, December, 1802. 5, 6. Give an account of Cluke's and Pegram's raids, 1863. Of affairs in Lawrence county, Wayne county, and at Morehead. 7, 8. Give an account of Morgan's raid through Kentucky, Indiana, and Ohio, in .June and July, 1803. 9. Of Forrest's attack on Paducah, March 2.jth, 1864. 10. Of Morgan's raid through Kentucky in 1804. 11. Of Morgan's death. 12. Of Lyon's operations in Kentucky and on the border during Hood's Nashville campaign. 13. What is said of the chief cause of suffering in Kentucky during the war? 14. Who were the guerillas, and what of their con- duct in Kentucky? 15 What is said of military interference with the civil authority? 16. Under control of what party were affairs in Kentucky after the early autumn of 1861? 17, 18. State the views of Governor Magoffin. How did he conduct himself as chief executive of the state? When and why did he resign? What is said of the demands made upon Kentucky for men and munitions of war? What of the respect for law and order which was manifested under trjang circumstances? What did the Washington war office do notwithstanding all this? What is said of those placed in military authority? 20. What control were they author- ized to exercise? What penalties were to be inflicted upon Confederates and southern sympathizers? What advantage was taken of the existing state of things by ill-disposed people? What is said of arrests, imprison- ment, banishment, etc.? 22. What is said of Governor Robinson? 23. Wliat assurance had the Was-hington government given Kentuckians before they committed the state to the war policy? How did they expect to be dealth with? How were the promises upon which they relied disregarded in the matter of slavery? 24. When was martial law declared? What is said of the election of 1803? 25. Give some account of the acts of the military commandant who succeeded Boyle. 20. What is said of deeds of cruelty and extortion in western Kentucky, and the result of the investigation made by General Fry and Colonel Brown? 27. On what account were General Wolford and Colonel Jacob arrested by the military authorities? 28. How long did harsh and often cruel mili- tary i-ule continue? How was it in some measure removed? 29. What is the estimated number of Kentuckians who were killed and who died of disease during the war, and of the crippled and otherwise injured? 30. Give an account of the return of the Confederate Kentuckians after the war closed. 31. What action did the legislature take? Tell what you have learned from Notes and Comments at the end of Chapter XVI. 324 YOUNG people's history of ItENTUCKY. Chapter XVIL— 2, What is said of the election of Augaist, 1865? 3. What party elected its candidate for treasurer and five of the nine candidates for Congress? What was the character of the legislature for that year? 4. What was recommended in Governor Bramlette's message? How did the legislature receive the suggestion? 5. How had Kentucky's financial affairs been eondvicted during the war? How did Kentucky's credit compare with that of the United States? 6. State the conditions existing at the election of 1867; the parties having tickets before the people; and the successful party. When did the freedmen vote at an annual election , and to what extent was the Democratic majority reduced? How long did the Democratic party maintain control after 1867? What is said of the absence of an intolerant and proscriptive spirit? What resolutions were adopted by the Republican convention of May 17th, 1871? 8. What was the Ku Klux Klan? What is said of its operations in Kentucky? What was the effect of the law for its sup- pression and of unfriendly public sentiment? 9. What is said of the monetary panic of 1873? 10. Give an account of the Geological Survey, 11. Of the Bureau of Agriculture. 12. Of the Superior Court. 13. What is said of the events of the last ten or twelve years? 14. What of the centenary or hundredth anniversary of Kentucky? 15. State the diffi- culties which for a long time prevented the revision of the Constitution of 1849-50. 16. How many acts had been passed prior to 1885-86 to take the sense of the people as to calling a convention? What was the result of the several elections? How did the legislature of 1885-86 remove the difficulty? When was the first vote taken under this act? When the second? What was the result! 18. "When was the act order- ing an election of delegates approved? When were delegates elected? When was the convention organized'? When was the new constitution submitted to the people for ratification? And with what result? 19. What is said of the changes made by the new constitution? What provision is made against continuing in office? What as to elections? What system of voting is prescribed? 20. What is said of local or spe- cial legislation? 21. How are charters to be obtained? What charters are forbidden and those existing at the time revoked? To what power are charters to be held subject? 22. What provision as to counties, cities, etc.? 23. What is the greatest number of magistrates any county can have? 24. What privileges are granted to corporations? 25. How is unequal and excessive taxation provided against? 26. What is the provision as to voting a tax in aid of railroads? 27. What is the pi'o- vision as to courts? 28. What omission as to slavery? 29. What is said of the provision to quiet land titles? 30. What important offices are made constitutional instead of being left to the will of the legis- lature? How was the common school fund increased? 31. What is said of the provision to revise the constitution? 32. What indication of state growth and changed conditions is furnished by this constitution? SUGGESTIVE QUESTIONS ON THE GENERAL TEXT. 325 33. By what nuijority did tlie people ratify the new constitution? When did it go into effect? 34. When was the entire Republican state ticket elected for the first time in Kentucky? 35. What is said of business depression throughout the Union, from 1890 to 1897? For which party did Kentuckj'^ cast her vote in the presidential election of 189G? 30. What is said of the destitution and suffering of the people In 1894? Chapter XVIII. — 1. What is said of the public-spirited men who from the earliest period of the state sought to promote learning? 2. What is said yf President Jefferson and Col. John Todd in connection with laud grant for educational pm-poses? 3. Name some of Kentucky's earliest teachers and some school-books published in pioneer times. 4. What is said of school-houses and teachers after Indian ti'ovibles ceased? 5. What is said of schools of high grade and the endowing of Transyl- vania Seminary? G. What is said of the gifts made by the legislature for the benefit and support of county seminaries? 7. Give an account of how Kentucky 's permanent school fund was obtained and what it consists of. What are the other resources of the school fund? 8, 9. What is said of the treatment of the public school question for more than thirty years? What of reports made by Judge Bari-y and the Rev. Mr. Peers? 10. ^lio drafted a bill to establish a system of common schools in Kentucky and pi'essed it to a passage? When was this bill introduced? Upon what en-oneous idea was the law based? How long before the people came to entertain right views of common schools? 11. When did the legislature make first provision for educating the colored children? How were these separate schools to be maintained? When was the per capita equalized, so that white and colored children share alike? 12. Wliat is said of the state's provision for her defective classes? 13. What is said of high-class private schools? Name some of the oldest and best known. Wliat of the high order of professional schools in Kentucky? 14. What state institutions having departments for special training of teachers are connected with the school system? State what you have learned by reading Personal Sketches at the end of Chapter XVIII. Chapter XIX. — 2. Name some Kentucky inventors and their inven- tions. 3. Name some Kentuckians who first performed cei'tain remarkable surgical operations. 4. Are you familiar with the productions of any of the persons named in the list of poetical writers? 5. What is said of Ken- tucky's painters and sculptors? Give a sketch of Matt Jouett. G. Give the names of other known portrait painters. 7. What is said of the great Kentucky sculptor, Hart? Chapter XX. — 1. How was the institution of slavery fixed upon Ken- tucky? What is said of those who opposed it from the first? 2. What 326 YOUNG people's history of KENTUCKY. of the sentiment amou^ tlie members of the first constitutional conven- tion? How many of tliem voted for strikiufj out tlie slavery clause? How did the gospel ministers all vote"? What did the first constitution prohibit with respect to slaves? What did it recommend to the legislature? 3. When was the question again prominent? What great Kentucky statesman strongly advocated the principles and plans of the Coloniza- tion Society? 4. When did the Friends of Humanity organize, and what was their object? 5. What was said of Henry Clay's conduct and speech toward slave-holders, and of his connection with the Kentucky Colonization Society? 6. What effect did the radical teachings of north- ern Abolitionists have upon the people of Kentucky? What instance is given of interference with right of free speech and a free press? 7. What was the attitude of northern Al>olitionists for ten years preceding the constitutional convention of 1849? Describe their operations in Kentucky and state how they resulted in disadvantage to the slaves. What persons were arrested in 1844, and tried on the charge of abduct- ing slaves? To what punishment were they condemned? What led to the pardon of Miss Webster? 8. What did the State Emancipation Con- vention of April 25th, 1849, recommend? 9. What is said of the conduct of the majority of the slaves after the emancipation proclamation of January 1st, 1863, was issued, and Ijefore Congress had formally made them free? How many of the men enlisted in the Federal army under the call from the Washington war office? 10. What did the Kentucky Legislature do when the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution came before it for action? What were the grounds of their refusal? 11. What was the effect of interference on the part of the mili- tary commandant in Kentucky? When was the Freedman's Bureau established, and for what purpose? What was the character of the agents sent to Kentucky, and what was the effect of their conduct on both races? When military restrictions were removed what took place? 12. ^Vliat action did the legislature take on the Fourteenth Amendment? 13. What action did it take on the Fifteenth or Suffrage Amendment? How long was it after the war closed till the ex-slaves were invested with all the legal rights held by white citizens? 14, Wlien was the law limiting negro testimony repealed, and the colored witness placed on the same legal footing with the white? 15. When was a uniform system of public schools for colored children provided? Tell how the fund to maintain it was derived — how the schools were controlled— and what proportion of the colored population was returned as pupil children in 1874. 16. What was the colored population in 1890 and what proportion of it was returned as pupil children? When were all the school rev- enues designated as one fund, to be distributed equally per head among both white and colored children? 17. Wlien did the legislature provide for the State Normal School for Colored Persons and make annual SUGGESTIVE QUESTIONS ON THE GENERAL TEXT. 327 appropriation for its luainteiiancof State what other appropriations have been made by the general j^overnnient, by the state, and by the Slater trustees, and what feature lias been added to the schools. 18. What lil^erality has the state manifested in providing for the education of the colored people '? State what you have found under head of Miscellaneous Notes, Com- ments, etc., at the end of Chapter XX. INDBX. Page. Ad.iir, Gen. John, Expedition Ajjainst Indians, , . . 147 Adair, Gen. Jolui, Commands Kentuekians at New Orleans, . 189 Adair, Gen. Jolm, Sketch of, .... . 214 Adventure, a Singular, ...... 142 After the Civil War, 266 Agriculture, Bureau of, ...... 271 Allen, W. C, Kentucky Artist, ..... 55 Allen, Col. John, 145, , 181, 183 American Citizen-Soldier, the, ..... 264 Anderson, Gen. Robert, . . . . . . 235 Animals, Gigantic Species of, . . . . . 28 x\nimals. Wild, Found in Kentucky, .... 29 Anti-Relief Party, 202 Art, Science and Literature, ..... 288 Augusta, Engagement at, .,.,.. 247 Badin, Rev. Stephen Theodore, ..... 159 ^ Ballard, Capt. Bland, . . . . * . . 127 Ballard, Capt Bland, Sketch of, 211 ^ Ballard Family, Attack on, . . . . . . 127 Bank of Kentucky, 164, 200 Banks, Forty-six Chartered, " . . . . . 200 Barbour, Maj. Philip N., ...... 218,220 Barlow, Tho. H., 288 Barry, Wm. T., ,281 Bascom, Rev. Henry B., . . , . . . 101 Beckuer, Wm. M., 280 Benham, Robert, Adventure of, .... . 84 Benham and Watson, Terrible Experience of, . . . 104 Big Knife, 46 Blackfish, Indian Chief, Killed, 84 Blue Licks, Salt-makers Captured at, .... 74 Blue Licks, Battle at the, 94, 95 Blue Licks, Kentuckians Killed at, .... 95 Board of War, 129 Boat on Salt River Attacked, . . . , . 126 Boone, Daniel, First Visit of, .... • 35 Boone, Daniel, Guides Settlers Back to Virginia, . . 42 Boone, Daniel, Employed by Transylvania Company, . . 47 330 INDEX. Boone, Daniel, Founds Boonesljorou^li, Boone, Daniel, Boone, Daniel, Sketch of, Boone's Trace, or Wilderness Road, Boones, the, and Kenton, Treatment of, Boone, Squire, Boone, Squire, Sketch of, Boone, Jemima, Capture of, Boone, George, Boone, Mary, Wife of Capt. Wm. Bryan, Boonesborough, Stockade Built, Boonesborough, Convention at, Boonesborough, Land Offce at, Boonesborough, Attacks on, Boonesborough, Siege of, Boswell, Col. Wm. E., Bowman, Col. John, Bowman, Capt. Joseph, Boyle, Gen. J. T., . Bradford, Dr. Joshua T., Bradley, Gov. Wm. 0., Bragg, Gen. Braxton, Bramlette, Gov. Thomas E,, Brashear, Dr., Breckinridge, John . Breckinridge, Rev. Robt. J., Breckinridge, Gen. John C, Bristow, Col. Frank M., Brown, John, Sketch of, Brown, James, Brown, Orlando, quoted. Brown, John Mason, . Brown, Gov. John Young, . Bryan, Capt. Wm., founds Bryan's Station, Bryan, Capt. Wm., Killed, . Bryan's Station, Siege of Bryan, Wm. Jennings, Bryan's Station, Heroines of, Buckner, Gen. Simon Bolivar, Buell, Gen. Don Carlos, Bulger, Major, Bullitt, Capt. Thomas, Story of, Bullock, Wm. F., Burning at the Stake, BuiT, Aaron, Conspiracy of. 04 and at inti'i :57, Vtds Paoe. 48 to 94 52 48 176 81 , 83, 89 172 69 83 82 48 49 50 71,72 75 184 74, 84 76 258 248, 289 276 242 261, 266 289 155 285 219, 231 253 118 42 195 262 302 82 82 91 277 99 218, 241 239 95 43 281 139 165 INDEX. 331 Page. Burr, Aaron, Sketch of, ..... . 174 Biitk'r, Mann, quoted, ...... 13 Butler, Gen. Rielianl, ...... 133 Butler, Gen. Wm. A., . . . . . . 218 Byrd, Colonel, a British Officer, ..... 85 Calamore, Colonel, Settles on Lulbegmd, ... 64 Caldwell, Colonel, Commands Regiment in 1812, . . 184 Calloway, Richard, ....... 64 Calloway, Misses Betsy and Frances, Captured, . . 69 Callowaj', Betsy, Bravery of, .... . 80 Carter, Gen., Raids Into Tenn., ..... 252 Cartwright, Rev. Peter, ..... 161 Centenary of Kentucky, . ..... 272 Cerro Gordo, Kentucky Troops, in Battle at, . . . 222 Chapman, Capt., ...... 89 Chenoweth, Col. James Q., . . . . . . 256 Cherokee Indians Sell Claim to Kentucky, ... 35 Chickasaw Indians Sell Claim to Lands, . » . 35 Children Knew the Story by Heart, .... 103 Christian, Col. Wm., Killed, ..... 124 Churches, First Ones Organized, ..... 159 Clark, Gov. James, ...... 214 Clark, Gen. Geo. Rogers, Comes to Harrodstown, . . 65 Clark, Gen. Geo, Rogers, Thwarts Henderson, ... 51 Clark, Gen. Geo. Rogers, Obtains Important Concessions from ~l Virginia, . . . . . . . . j Clark, Gen. Geo. Rogers, Drives Indians from Harrodstown, . ^ Clark, 'Gen. Geo. Rogers, Organizes Spies and Scouts, Clark, Gen. Geo. Rogers, Plans Expedition Against British Posts, Clark, Gen. Geo. Rogers, Captures Kaskaskia, Cahokia and St. ) rrr, r,r, Vincent's, | ^»>, 77 Clark, Gen. Geo. Rogers, Retakes St. Vincent's, , . 82 Clark, Gen. Geo. Rogei's, Leads Force Against Indian Towns, 96 Clark, Gen. Geo. Rogers, Sketch of, . . . . 208 Clark, Rev. Francis, . Clay, Henry. Clay, Lieut. -Col. Henry, Clay, Gen. Green, Clay, Gen. Cassius M, Club, the Filson, Club, the Political, . Cluke, Colonel, Attacks Federals at Mt. Sterling, Confederate Troops Invade Kentucky, Congress, Act of, Admitting Kentucky to Statehood, Coomes, Mrs. Wm., ... 161 lOG, 205 294 219 221 184 909 294 291 117 252 234 116 278 .332 INDEX. I'AGE. Connelly, Dr. John, Britisli Snbject, .... 118 Conspicuous Service to Scliool System, .... 285 Constitution of 1891, Provisions of, . . . , 273 Convention at Boonesborough (Transylvania Company's), . 49 Convention to Consider Separation from Virginia, . Ill to 116 Convention to Draft First Constitution, .... 116 Convention to Draft Second Constitution, . . . 156 Convention to Draft Tliird Constitution, .... 223 Convention to Draft Fourth Constitution, . . . 273 Court, Superior, ....... 271 Cowan, Jared, Killed, ...... 42 Cox, Col., Commands Regiment, 1812, . . . ^. 184 Craig, Rev. Lewis, ....... 159 Craig, Capt. Elijah, . . • , . . . . 92 Crawford, Col. Wm., Burnt at Stake, . . . .139 Crepps, Christian, Killed, ...... 136 Crews and Others Settle in Madison Countj-, ... 83 Crist, Henry, ........ 136 Crittenden, John J., . . . . . . . 231 Crittenden, Gen. Geo. B., ...... 240 Crittenden Gen. Thomas L., . . . . 219, 235, 248 Crittenden, Gen. Thomas L., quoted, .... 170, 222 Croghan, George, Surveys in Kentucky, .... 32 Croghan, Col. George. Young Commander at Fort Stephenson, 186 Crow, John, ........ 42 Cumberland, Duke of, ..... . 32 Cut Money, ........ 177 Dark and Bloody Ground, Origin of Term, . . . " 30 Daughters of American Revolution, .... 100 Daveiss, Joseph Hamilton, ...... 165 Daveiss, Samuel, ....... 95 Daveiss, James, ....... 96 Daveiss, Mrs. Samuel, ...... 105, 106 Davis, Jefferson, . . . . . . .16, 230 Denton, Thomas, ....... 65 Desha, Gov. Joseph, ...... 203 District, Judicial, Created, ...... 109 District Court, First One Held, 109 Doniphan, Gen. Alexander W., ..... 226 Doniphan, Mr., Early Teacher, ..... 40 Douglas, James, Surveys in Kentucky, .... 41 Drennon Springs, ....... 40 Dudley, Col. Ambrose, 184, 185 Dudley, Maj. Peter, 188 Dudley, Rev. Thomas P., 159 INDKX. 333 Duke, Gen. Biisil W., Duiimore, Lord, Dii Qiu'sne, Capt., . , Durrett, Col. RL'u))en T., (juoted, Durivtt and the Filson Club, Edwards, John, Edui'ation in Kentucky, Election of 1801, Election of 1803, Elections Interf erred with, . Election of 1804, Election of 1805, Election of 1807, Elector of Senate, Estill, Capt. James, Settles on Little M\u\ Estill, Capt. James, Sketch of, Estill, Monk, . Evans, Lewis, Everett, Capt. Pete, . Ewing, Rev. Finis, Expatriation Act, Fairl)anks, Rev. Calvin, Families, First at Boonesborou^h, Families, First at Harrodstovvn, Federal General, His Opinion of Kentuck Federal Troops Invade Kentucky, Fee, Rev. Jno. G., . Field, Lieut.-Col. E. H., Filson, John, Finley, John, First Preachers and First Churches, Fitch, John, .... Fleming, Miss, Rescued by Lidian Chief, Fletcher, Gen. Thomas, Floyd, Col. John, Surveys in Kentucky, Floyd, Col. John, Sketch of, Forrest, Gen. N. B., Fort Donelson, Fort Henry, .... Fort Jefferson, on tin- Mississippi, Fort Jefferson, in Ohio, Fort Meigs, .... Fort Sandusky, ... Fort Stephenson, Fort Washington, ill, 124: 23! 184 Paob. 247 42 75 102 291 145 278 234 200 200, 201 202 200 207 103 83 102 90, 102 22 253 100 1, 200, 207 295 64 65 12 234 296 219 119, 278 32 158 288 143 175 41 134 I, 254, 204 240 240 88 133 , 185, 186 182 186 128 )U INDEX. Fort Wayne, . Franklin, Dr. Benjamin, qnoted, French Gentlemen, quoted, Frenchtown, Fig'hting' at. Fry, Maj. Gary H., . Fry, Gen. Speed S., Gaines, Maj. John P., Game Still Found in Kentucky, Garrard, Gov. James, Garrard, Gen. T. T., Gass, Miss Jennie, Killed, . General Officers Furnished by Kentucky, Numl)e General Officers Furnished by Kentucky, Names Genet, French Minister, Conduct of, George, Capt., Gibault, Father, Important Service Gilmore, Gen. Q. A., Girty, Simon, Renegade, Gist, Christopher, Givens, Lieut., Gordon, Capt., Governors, Lieutenant-Governors, Governor, the Ancient, Grant, Gen. U. S., . Graves, Maj. Benjamin, Greensburgh, Settlements Near, Greenup, Gov. Christopher, Greenville, Treaty of. Guerillas, Habeas Corpus, Right of, Siispend Hackett, Peter, Hamilton, British Governor, Hancock, Stephen, Hardee, Gen. Wm. J., Hardin, Col. John, Hardin, Col. John, Sketch of, Hardin, Col. Wm., Harlan, Maj., Harlan, Gen. John M.. Harmar, Gen., Harmon, John, Harrison, Gen. Wm. Henry, Harrison, Burr, Harrod, Col. James, Harrod, Col. James, Sketch of. of, ind Secretarie Questions on the General Text, Quinn's Bottom, Indians Attack Settlers Race, Prehistoric, Raisin River, Massacre at. Raisin River, Scene at, Ray, Gen. James, ■il>iiti( Page. 262 263 181 70 82 252 281 248 193 246 46 83 143 64 43 205, 217 234 145 30o 17, 29,30 299, 300 66, 67 103 222. 153 238' 199 199, 200 28 158 41 218 205, 291 270 185 102 24 169 I of, 287 310 139 27 ]S3, 184 194 70. INDEX. 341 Page. Rjiy, Gen. James, Sketch of, .... . 78 Ray, "Williaiii, Killed, ...... 70 Redliawk, Indian Chief, ...... 8-4 Relief Party, ........ 202 Rescued by Indian Chief, ...... 143 Resolutions of 1708, ...... 155 Revolutionary War, Kentucky's Part in, ... 63 Rice, Rev. David, ... .o.. 293 Richmond, Battle of, ...... 244, 245 Right of Deposit granted, ...... 153 Right of Deposit Suspended, ..... Ij64 Rivers, Navigable, ....... 21 Rivers, Principal, ....... 21 River Systems, Principal, ...... 22 Robertson, Chief- Justice George, on Battle of Little Mountain, 103 Robinson, Gov. James F., . . . . . . 259 Rogers, David. Killed, ...... 84 Rogers, Lieutenant., ...... 95 Rogers, Edmund, Sketch of, .... . 173 Rogers, Lieut.- Col. Jason, ..... 219 Royal Spring, First Visit to, . . . . . 64 Ruddle, Isaac, Rebuilds Hinkston's, .... 83 Ruddle's Station, ....... 8G Rumsey, James, ....... 288 St. Asaph's, or Logan's Station, . . . . . 49, 52 St. Clair, Gen. Arthur, ...... 130 St. Clair, Gen. Arthur, Disastrous Expedition of, . . 132, 133 Salt Springs and Wells, ...... 25 Salt River, Fight With Indians, Men Engaged in, . . 136 Sandusky, Jacob, ....... 42 Sandusky, James, ....... 69 Sandusky Station, ....... 69 Scalping an Enemy, ....... 141 Scenery, Natural, in Kentucky-, ..... 26 Schoepff, General, Reinforces GaiTard, .... 238 School Fund, Whence Derived, . . . . . 280 Schools, Common, ....... 281 Schools, Private, ....... 283 Schools, State Charitable, ...... 283 Schools, Colored, ...... 299, 300, 301 Scott, Colonel, ....... 181 Sebastian, Judge Benjamin, ..... 109 Shackle ford. General, Commands Cavahy in Pursuit of Morgan, 253 Shaler, N. S., Geologist, ...... 270 Shaler, N. S., quoted, ...... 17 342 INDEX. Shelby, Gov. Isaac, . . . . . .181, Shelby, Gov. Isaac, Sketch of, .... Shepherd, Maj. John B., . Scott, Gen. Charles ..... Scott, Gen. Charles, Sketch of, . Skeggs, Mrs., Her Family Attacked, Slaughter, Gov. Gabriel, ..... Slavery in Kentucky, ..... Smith, Major, Drives Indians From Boonesborough, Smith, Gen. Green Clay, ..... Smith, Gen. E. Kirby, Operates in Kentucky, Smith, Z. F., Service to School System, . Smith, Elder John, ...... Soil, Varieties of, ...... South Elkhorn, Heroines of, .... South, Samuel, Sent to "Warn Estill, Spalding, Bishop, Martin John, .... Spanish Conspiracy, Secret Agent Sent, . Spanish Treaty, Guarantees Navigation and Right of Deposit Spanish Conspiracy, ...... Spears, Solomon, in Salt River Fight, Speed, Capt. Thomas, ..... Stager, John, , . . . Stay Laws, ....... Stevenson, General, Commands Under Smith in Kentuckj', Stevenson, Rev. Thomas, ..... Stewart, Capture of, ...... Stockton, Maj. Geo., Fleming County Pioneer, . Stockton, Ben., ...... Stone, Elder Barton W., Stoner Ci'eek, Settlement at, . Tanner, John, ...... Taylor, Hancock, Joins Bullitt in Kentucky, Taylor, Hancock, ...... Taylor, Gen. Zachary, ..... Tecumseh Stops Massacre of Dudley's Men, Tecumseh, Killed at Battle of Thames, Texas, Annexation of, Attitiide of Kentuckians, Thames, Battle of the, 18G Thomas, Gen., Commands Kentuckians Sent to Re-enforce Jack Thomas, Gen. George H., Fights Crittenden at Mill Springs, Thomas, Col. Maulius V., . Thompson, Col. Albert P., Killed at Paducah . Tilghman, Gen. Lloyd, ..... Tinsley, Rev. Peter, . . . . Page. 188, 199 190 219 128 170 125 199 293 72 244 244 286 161 22 138 90 161 153 153 153, 169 136 117 64 201, 205 244 159 37 141 141 159 83 83 40 42 217, 218 85 188 217 187, 188 on, 189 240, 256 219 255 240 158 INDEX. 343 Tippecanoe, Battle of, Tipton, Captain, Tobiii, Elias, Settles in Bath County, Todds, Father and Son, Todd, Col. John, Todd, Col. John, Sketch of, Todd Brothers, the, . Todd, Levi, .... Todd, Thomas, Clerk of Conventions to Consider Separ Todd, Thomas, First Kentucky Judge of U. S. Supreme Todd, Robt., .... Tomahawk, .... Transylvania Company, Translyvauia Company, Land Grant to, Translyvania Seminary, Transylvania University, Trace, Boone's, or the Wilderness Road, Tribble, Rev. Andrew, Trigg, Colonel, Truman, Major, Murdered, . Tui'ner, Squire, quoted, Tye, John, Saved By His Dogs, Tyler, Capt. Robt., . Tyler's Station, Ballard Family Killed at, U. S. Senators From Kentucky, Utah, Insurrection in Kentucky, Volunteers, Vaughan, Adj., Edward M., Killed, Virginia Legislature, Acts of. Relative to Separation, Walker, Dr. Thomas, Comes to Kentucky, Walker, Dr. Thomas, Second Visit of, Walker, Colonel, Engages Cluke, . Waller, Edward, .... Waller, John, ..... War, French find Indian, Kentucky Pioneers in, War, Revolutuuionary, Kentucky's Part in, War of 1812, Cause of. War, Mexican, Cause of. War, Mexican, Kentiicky Volunteers in. War, Civil, Causes of. War, Civil, Kentucky in the, War Department, Orders of, Ward, Gen. W. T., . Washington, Gen. George, . Wataga, Fort, Treaty at, Wataga, Purchase Declared Void, . ation. Court 11 217, 233, 234, 235, 258, 259, Page. 169, 170 89 64 212 67 98 97 74 116 112 145 46 47 66 280 280 48 160 95 147 296 106 127 127 306 228 221 113, 115 32 32 252 123 123 63 63 179 216 218, 219 229, 230 236, 237 260, 261 219 128, 150 47 51 344 INDEX. Wayne, Gen, Anthony, Interferes With Genet's Plans, Wayne, Gen. Anthony, Succeeds St. Clair, Wayne, Gen. Anthony, Calls For Kentucky Volunteers Wayne, Gen. Anthony, Decisive Victory of, Webster, Miss Delia A., Wells, Geji. Samuel, .... West, Edward, .... Whelan, Rev. Father, White, Gen., Engages Marshall in Lawrence County Whetley, Col. Wm., . Whittaker, Capt. Aquilla, Pursues Indians, Wieklif¥e, Gov. Chas. A., . Wild Cat Mountain, Engagement at, Wilder, General, in Command at Munfordville, Wiley, James, . Wilkinson, Gen. James, Willis, Capt. Wm. T. - Williams, Thomas, Williams, Gen. John S., Winchester, Gen., Winter 1779-'80, Intensely Cold, Wolford, Gen. Frank, Woman, A Fleet-Footed, Woman, First White in Kentucky, Women, Pioneer, Woods, Mrs., Story of, Works Consulted in Preparing this Book, Zollicoffer, Gen. Felix, Page. 150 152 152 152, 153 295 170, 181 264 159 252 04, 124, 148 89 136 238 264 42 112, 129 221 51 219 182 85 244, 262 161 44 162 161 305 234-240 s p ¥ i J. o -^o. ^\^ 'P V . < % L-e- ^o U ° ^--■" INDIANA • 0° /i:^^ °v