*VJ \> ,0 ^ A0* * G° . c ^% C A 4? <*%, «►-* •<<> *♦> A <■ f 6? : ; *b>^ ^ u A ***** ,cr V A^ * as*' ** ** ^ ' C- u « ,0' o ,0 ,0 '<$> * „ ' ,- 7 ?• A * v -v v v -j ,-bvP ■»■• ,/ % <^ > A <^ -.\?« ,g* *u .A - ***** 4q, v0 *°V •- *$+ vV " A * V "* ^ ** °oVjC^ ; «? ^ <\ *o . „ * G^ \p *?^7T* A r **0« V ' ^' > v ^°^ .* ^ -0^ G ° " ° « ^O o V 8 .^^ ^^ LITERACY AND ILLITERACY IN ALABAMA INCLUDING THE COMPLETE DATA AND SOME OBSER- VATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS BASED ON THE BIENNIAL CENSUS OF 1914. Issued by DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION, Montgomery, Alabama, Montgomery, Ala. BROWN PRINTING COMPANY, Printers and Binders, 1914. LCl.52. Il.l4 OBSERVATIONS AND COMMENTS ^^ HE law requires that our biennial census shall as- V^ certain the number of children of school age from 82221 seven to twenty-one in the several districts in the several counties of the State. It has been the cus- tom to supplement this requirement and segregate the data both by race and by sex. Before the recent census was taken, the county su- perintendents were called into conference, and after much free and frank discussion it was decided to se- cure in addition to the above, statistics for each county including every rural district and incorporated town therein, showing the number of persons by years and by races who could read and write as well as those who could not read and write, in this way classifying them as literate or illiterate. In continuation of the plan, the State Superintend- ent of Education met the county superintendents in groups and carefully went over the work to be under- taken, acquainting them with the forms that had been prepared and advising with them about the minutest details, especially insisting upon the appointment of competent enumerators to do the work. The execution of the plans was entered upon with a remarkable degree of enthusiasm in the hope that accurate findings and a detailed study of the same might make it possible to devise ways and means for erasing the dark stain of gross ignorance which beclouds many regions and en- shrouds many individuals in Alabama. The chart which follows gives the number of pupils by ages and classifies them as literate and illiterate except the children seven years old, in which case the 4 number only of such children is given. Inasmuch as children eight and nine years of age, even under the most favorable circumstances, have had not more than one or two years of school at the most, it would seem unfair to reckon them as illiterates in any technical sense. They are set down in the columns "Literate and Illiterate," but no account is taken of them in reckon- ing the rank of any county. The ranking of the coun- ties following the census statistics is based altogeth- er on the figures for the ages from ten to twenty, inclip sive. These are the ages upon which the government bases its estimates in similar investigations and will therefore by common consent be considered fair and equitable. Personally I have no doubt that in apportioning our State funds we would better begin with the age of five and conclude with the age of eighteen years. In this way we would be able to have the State put its stamp of approval upon kindergarten training and at the same time avoid the inconsistency of appropriating money for elementary school purposes for pupils who either are no longer in school or are in some higher in- stitution of learning. An examination of the data herein given will show that it is practically impossible to secure complete returns for the ages of nineteen and twenty. The dropping-off in the number for these ages is relatively uniform and may be accounted for largely by the fact that persons of this age are mar- ried or are engaged in such occupations as lead the individuals themselves to misrepresent their ages, or make those who are conducting the census suspect that they are already beyond school age. The several counties of the State are ranked in Table I according to white literacy, in Table II according to negro literacy, and in Table III according to the com- bined literacy. This gives definite information as to the relative standing of each and every county in the State. The superintendents and school officials of the several counties will find it comparatively easy from the compilation sheets and census booklets in their possession to work out the conditions that prevail in any district and, in fact, to secure the names and ad- dresses of every illiterate in every district in the county. To be illiterate, in the sense in which it is used in this census, may not be any reflection upon the indi- vidual who is so unfortunate, but it is a reflection upon somebody, and for him to much longer remain illiter- ate with such data at our command as this pamphlet furnishes, cannot be considered less than culpable on the part of the individual himself and much more so upon the part of those who have the opportunity to minister to these afflicted ones. Illiteracy in Alabama is excessive, alarmingly ex- cessive, and is due largely to lack of adequate school facilities and the presence of an unfortunate race which has made progress very difficult indeed for both races. There are in the State of Alabama 35,495 white per- sons and 29,843 negroes ten years of age; of the for- mer, 6,707, or 19%, and of the latter 14,730, or 49%, can neither read nor write. There are 31,406 white and 22,994 negro children eleven years of age; 4,340, or 14% of the former, and 9,531, or 41% of the latter, can neither read nor write. There are 34,316 white and 31,004 negro children twelve years of age; of the for- mer 3,657, or 11%, and 10,966, or 35% of the latter, can neither read nor write. There are 3.0,519 white and 25,041 negro children thirteen years of age; of the for- mer, 2,595, or 8y 2 %, and 7,405, or 29% of the latter, can neither read nor write. There are 31,202 white and 29,827 negro children fourteen years of age; 2,144, or 6% of the former, and 7,264, or 24% of the latter, can neither read nor write. There are 27,338 white and 19,602 negro children fifteen years of age; 1,572, or 53/4% of the former, and 4,333, or 22% of the latter, can neither read nor write. There are 28,955 white and 24,018 negro children sixteen years of age; of the former, 1,480, or 5%, and of the latter 4,612, or 19%, can neither read nor write. There are 25,979 white and 18,808 negro children seventeen years of age ; 1,199, or 4.6% of the former, and 3,640, or 19% of the latter, can neither read nor write. There are 25,126 white and 17,475 negro children eighteen years of age ; of the former, 1,131, or 4%, and of the latter, 3,427, or 19%, can neither read nor write. In the aggregate there are 306,857 white children in Alabama between the ages of ten and twenty, inclusive. Of this number 280,598 are literate and 26,259 are il- literate. This means that one out of every twelve, al- though he has had the opportunity of public education for three years or even much more, is still unable to read and write. There are 240,814 colored children in the State between the ages of ten and twenty, inclu- sive, of whom 170,567 are literate and 70,247 are illiter- ate. This means that one negro in four, between the aforesaid ages, cannot read and write. For our com- bined population there are 547,671 children between the ages of ten and twenty, inclusive, and of this number 451,165 are literate and 96,506 are illiterate. In other words, one person out of every six of our total popu- lation within the above age limits, despite the fact that he has recently had the opportunity of public educa- tion for a considerable period of years, still remains absolutely helpless and unlearned. When we think of how many avenues of progress are closed and barred to so many near-citizens of Alabama, in this day of op- portunity, we can but realize the magnitude of the well-nigh superhuman task that challenges the most heroic efforts of those who believe in the gospel of free- public education for the masses. Any fair consideration of the figures just quoted will prove conclusively that if we are to progress material- ly under these conditions, we shall have to have more money to provide longer and better schools, better housed and equipped, and with a better teaching force, to which our children shall be required to go. That conditions are gradually improving, no one can deny, but if our number of illiterates decreases in future census decades by the number that it decreased in the last census decade, it will require just sixty- five years to place Alabama and the people of Alabama where they ought to be when educational opportunity is equalized and utilized. With the most favorable legislation that could possibly come, and with the most favorable reception and operation of that legislation, we would still require a profound degree of consecra- tion, self-sacrifice and service on the part of a great many volunteers for the work of bringing light to the districts where the gloom of illiteracy now casts its black pall, and to the benighted individuals who feel its cold clutch; light in carrying home and making real the conviction that equality of educational oppor- tunity is the birthright of every American child and must be given him no matter in what part of our com- monwealth he may chance to have been born or to live; light to those persons of maturer years who for one reason or another have been denied the privilege of at- tending school and have therefore no ability to add to their feeble store of learning except as they may see or hear or be told. A little woman in a backwoods Kentucky county had a vision, set agoing the Moonlight Schools of Rowan county, and in the short space of a very few years practically wiped ou illiteracy in that county. 8 The contagion of her ideals and example spread to other counties, and so rapid the sentiment grew that a. state commission was appointed to completely remove illiteracy from Kentucky. Our Federal Commissioner of Education is formulating a program for a nation- wide campaign against illiteracy as a direct outgrowth of the work which had its inception in the Blue Grass State. It is my belief that there are a number of individuals in this State who are patriotic enough to give them- selves over to the task of making a crusade against illiteracy in their communities, if we only knew how to find them. Here lies the opportunity for the far- sighted county superintendent of education and for any other patriotic citizen who can catch the inspira- tion that actuated Mrs. Cora Wilson Stewart. For such as these this pamphlet is being sent out and in the belief that any soul who gives himself to a task like this, namely, that of bringing light and help and cheer to those who have never learned to know the in- dependence, the self-respect, the information, and the delight that are contained in the written or printed page, is worthy of honorable mention whenever we call to mind those true patriots who serve humanity and glorify the State. This Department invites the closest scrutiny of the figures contained in this pamphlet and stands ready to cooperate to the fullest degree with any individual or group of individuals who may get a vision of the pos- sibilities for service in this field and be willing to do anything for the alleviation of the same. Supt. of Education. 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C 00 IC rH CI CC' 05 05 F" - 15 17 ;\ © © 05 -t" CI T-l © rH T^ © Cl b- 15 '"© rf tH 1(5 © tH 1 10 r-i CM l£l 1 © © 5 51 T-l x -t X 15 05 r-> 55 05 ih 1(5 t-h 1 51 Cl b- Th i T- CO 1 M H C C (C H C5 "t CC i- 1 i- 1 -f b- CO GO X © c: — -+ CD © © i- ;c f. i © l~ 1 X 1- 17 VI I- X 1 ~ Cl © © eo i K2 I-' © © ©* < cm o: o c c C X H io i-i CI I- ic x ■* © CO 15 © »>5 CV t- 4> a 4-< o> 03 U o> u +-> ?> O TO 3 0) OJ TO II 8g Lamar Lowndes _. Shelby Marshall _. Chilton Talladega . Payette Butler Clarke Washington Choctaw Bibb Barbour Dallas -1- — Clay Dale Marengo Crenshaw _. Coffee Covington __ Conecuh Cleburne Sumter Greene Henry Chambers _ Limestone - Wilcox Monroe Geneva Autauga — Totals S2S 7,903 1,620 294 941 4,833 003 5,092 4,641 1,426 3,519 1,895 5,741 11,890 652 1,522 7,413 1,761 1,612 1,965 2,700 156 7,711 4,404 2,500 6,310 2,482 7,275 3,829 1,179 3,180 240,814 573 5,408 1,111 201 643 . 3,268 340 3,410 3,099 948 2,337 1,258 3,804 7,769 416 961 4,657 1,105 1,009 1.224 1,678 96 4,610 2,504 1,418 3,527 1,381 4,021 2,082 625 1,579 170,567 255 2,435 509 93 298 1,565 163 1,682 1,542 478 1,182 637 1,937 4,121 236 561 2,756 656 003 741 1,022 60 3,101 1,900 1,082 2,783 1,101 3,254 1,747 554 1,601 70,247 30.8 30.8 31.4 31.6 31.7 32.4 32.4 33.0 33.2 33.5 33.6 33.6 33.7 34.7 36.2 36.8 37.2 37.2 37.4 37.7 37.9 38.5 40.2 43.1 43.3 44.1 44.3 44.7 45.6 46.9 50.3 29.2 . 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 40 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 50 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 30 TABLE III— WHITE AND COLORED COMBINED COUNTIES. Ch P 1 Jefferson _ DeKalb __ Mobile Morgan Marshall _ Cullman Baldwin Blount Calhoun Marion Chilton ___ Larnar Winston Colbert Franklin _ St. Clair __ Cherokee _ Etowah Clay Lauderdale Shelby Coosa Walker __ Pickens __ Elmore Jackson __ Fayette Tallapoosa Tuscaloosa Escambia _. Lawrence _. Cleburne — Houston __. Pike Bibb 55,682 7,208 17,890 8,322 7,606 7,559 4,906 5,810 10,414 4,750 5,713 4,689 3,166 6,989 4,471 5,621 4,853 8,738 5,178 7,731 6,371 4,368 8,548 7,091 7,349 7,464 4,517 8,470 11,254 5,231 4,966 3,302 8,424 8,020 5,722 53,004 6,625 16,423 7,504 6,841 6,764 4,384 5,190 9,299 4,223 5,046 4,131 2,760 6,083 3,889 4,885 4,212 7,583 4,484 6,670 5,461 3,737 7,316 6,057 6,248 6,348 3,837 7,191 9,549 4,438 4,201 2,782 7#36 6,690 4,732 2,678 583 1,467 818 765 795 522 620 1,115 527 667 558 406 906 582 736 641 1,155 " 694 1,061 910 631 1,232 1,034 1,101 1,116 680 1,279 1,705 793 765 520 1,388 1,330 990 4.8 8.1 8.2 9.8 10.1 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.7 11.1 11.7 11.9 12.8 13.0 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.2 13.4 13.7 14.3 14.4 14.4 14.6 14.9 15.0 15.1 15.1 15.2 15.2 15.4 15.7 16.5 16.6 17.3 31 TABLE III— WHITE AND COLORED COMBINED— Continued COUNTIES. o 1-< ^ a cs & ? 9 £3 0) ^ P-i K Crenshaw _ Dale Washington Lee Covington _ Coffee Perry Madison Macon Talladega _ Montgomery Butler Russell Clarke Geneva Randolph __ Bullock Conecuh Hale Barbour Limestone - Choctaw Henry Lowndes — Chambers _ Dallas Marengo ■Monroe Auta L-ura Sumter _. Greene Wilcox Totals 5,410 5,530 3,487 8,343 9,125 7,228 8,369 11,194 6,508 9,608 21,630 8,802 7,219 7,873 6,984 6,901 8,400 5,506 7,090 8,805 6,701 5,589 4,906 8,735 11,291 14,040 9,472 6,579 5,092 9,110 5,030 «-S,721 547,671 4,446 4,516 2,846 6,801 7,425 5,850 6,722 8,964 5,192 7,594 16,994 6,860 5,626 6,133 5,420 5,297 6,427 4,212 5,402 6,689 5,034 4,163 3,590 6,296 8,027 9,901 6,665 4,551 3,391 5,994 3,122 5,392 45H,165 964 1,014 641 1,542 1,700 1,378 1,647 2,230 1,316 2,014 4,636 1,942 1,593 1,740 1,564 1,604 1,973 1,294 1,688 2,116 1,667 1,426 1,316 2,439 3,264 4,139 2,807 2,028 1,701 3,116 1,908 3,329 96,506 17.8 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6 19.1 19.7 19.9 20.2 21.0 21.4 22.1 22.1 22.1 22.4 23.2 23.5 23.5 23.8 24.0 24.9 25.5 26.8 27.9 28.9 29.5 29.6 30.8 33.4 34.2 37.9 38.2 17.6 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 540 ■A QV a- *~ - ' ■ ., V °^ - • « ° ^ v .*L^Lr* cv a0 o ,c °' * ^ a v * CMtiz% ^ A * jA^r Ai. ° 0"' •>o .0 o *° . * * A <* ^ «y ^ 4 c & tt ^ "^V • ^ A .0 ^ ^ or : V & A J ^ 4?^ ^ c .f L :-- .^ j 1 ^ , - *0 *£ k «