LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. Shelf IBilG UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. V pecKmisefeN s^pe. n«ci>:TO3i"cir.tioci>»*Ti^ "^ PMEI^TISS. Ripens with Concord. ^' ' ^' "^ " P^'""'' '""^''y "<""*• Quality the best. i-;iit(_Ti-(i uc ■onliiig lo Act ot t'ongn's!., in llic year \f^f<\, by 1U"-H \- Son A: Meissm;ij, nushbcry:, Mo., in the oTtif/c <>l tlie I>il)i:n i:tn nf Con^res;? at \Va-?liinj^toii, D. C PRHFACB TO THIRD REVISED EDITION, 1883. The BusHHEiic ('ATAr.ocUK has become a i-ade mecum of .Vnieriean Gi"aiK'-fj:rowers; it lias also been transhited into French* and Italian,! an honor probably never before bestowed on any Nurserymen's Fruit Catalogue. Its reprint has long been demanded, but we could not ■conseut thereto until we had leisure to thoroughly re- vise it. The gi-eat favor with M'hich it was received, made us the more feel our duty to pei-fect it as far as was in our power. The experience and researches of these eight years, since the issue of the second edition, enable us to rectif}' some of its defects, to speak more definitely of the merits and demerits of uiany varieties, then new and untried, and to add a very large number of new GRAPES which have since been i^roduced or introduced. The AJiKificAN Grave has also become of greater and more comprehensive importance by virtue of its now well established Phj'lloxera-resisting qualities, and. though grown in Eurojie chiefly as a grafting stock for their favorite kinds, every variety has been tested there; — some few, as the Lenoir (Jacques), Herbemont, etc., are largely planted for direct production,— thus enabling us to add to our own opinion that of the best foreign connoisseui's. Xor have we neglected to consult the views of other grape-growers, aud to avail our- selves of the many valuable essays on the grape, written by eminent Horticultural authors, and scattei'cd in books, newspai)ers and reports. Dr. Geokue EX(;elmaxn, the celebrated Botanist has ■enhanced the value of our Catalogue by revising for it his Classification op the True GR-vpe-vines ok the United States. He has, in fact, entirely re-written it, and many illustrations, expressly made for this valuable treatise, liave been added thereto. He has also favored us with a short essay on The Diseases of the Grai'e— Mildew aud Jiot, which were but briefly and deficiently treated in the previous edition, and which now occupy *I.ES VioNES .VmekH'AINES, Catalogue illustre et de- scriptive par MM. Bush et fils et Meissner; ouvrage tradviit de I'anglais i)ar Louis Bazille. Revu et annote par J.-E. PlanchoUt Montpellier, C. Coulet. Paris, A'. -A. DcUihaye et Cie. t Le ViTi AMERR'AXE.Catalogo illustrato edescrittivo per Bush & Son i* Meissner, Opera tradofta dallinglese -ila Farina e eomp. Viticoltori in Castellanza, 1881. several pages, entirely devoted to this sad but most im- portant subject. We are well aware that this chapter is still very detective, nor can the subject be satisfaetoiily treated until scientific researches and experiments may have found some practical means of curing or jirotect- ing our vineyards from these pests, not less destructive to our vineyards than tlie Phylloxera to those of Europe. In this revised edition will also be found a far more exhaustive article on Grafting than was presented in the former, wherein we i)romised to publish the results of our experiments which were then but just com- menced. Our experience in this now so important operation, and the excellent work of .\I.ME Cha.mi'IN, on the same subject, enable us to furnish a chapter which to many may be both valuable and interesting. -Vssisted by Prof. C. V. Uilev, Chief V. S. Entomologi- cal Commission, we have been enabled to amplify the chapter on Insects by a brief account of the beneficial species, useful to the gi-ape-gi'ower. At the repeated request of a large number of grape- growers, we have added a few hints on the subject of WiNE-.M.vKiNCi, which may not be quite useless to begin- ners, though we have not changed o>ir opinion (ex- pressed in former edition) as to the impossibility of furnishing a valuable guide in a few images, or as to the necessity of practical knowledge and experience, in order to succeed. But far more than the Grai'E J[ani:al has the De- SCHII'TIVE part of this Catalogue been augmented. Many new varieties and good illustrations of the same have been added, and every line of the Descriptive^ por- tion of the former publication has been carefully re- vised. The favorable and highly comi)li]iientary oi>inions voluntarily expressed by our most inominent Horti- culturists, with regard to the pi-c\ious editii>n (l.s7.'>), pei-mit us to hope that this new one will meet with a still more favorable reception. That it may be useful to our grape-growers and en- hance their love of the noblest fi-uit and its culture, is the wish of BUSH i>i S(»X & MEISSXEB. Busliberg, Mn., October, 18S:!. [FROM FIRST EDITION, 1869.] Our .■iuc-eess ill Ki'iiiie growin;;, and in the propagation of gi-ape vines, has been highly satisfactoiT, in faet, far heyond our expectations. In view of the very gi-eat oompetition of even large, well-known and long-estab- lished nurseries, this success is highly flattering, and has encouraged us to increase our efforts so as to pro- duce, for next season, a large stoclc, not excelled in (lUftlity by any other establishment in the eountiy, and embracing almost evei-y valuable variety-. We do not pretend to fnrnish "better and cheaiier vines than can be afforded by any other establishment." We do not pretend that "money-making is secondary with us," we leave this to others; all we do claim is, that we hope to merit a reasonable share of patronage, the con- tinued conndenee of our customers, and a fair proiit. In this connection, we cannot refi-ain ti-om referring with a certain pride tt) the voluntaiT assurances of sat- isfaction we have received. Desiring to return our thanks to our customers in an appropriate and tangible form, and to respond to a desire often expressed by our concspondents, we concluded to present them with a fine Illustrated and DescrijMre Catalogue, wherein the characteristic and relative merits of our different varie- ties are clearly stated. We leave it to others to judge of its merits. We tried to produce something better than a mere price list, something that will be interesting and useful to pro- gi-essive gi-ape culturists, and have not spared time, laljor or money in preparing it. It has become customary to jirefix to a Descriptive Catalogue of fruits and flowers some brief directions for their cultivation, and we have been urged to do the same. We are aware, however, that some short and vei-y incomplete directions, " a few hints," do more harm than good. They generally serve only to confuse the tyi-o or misrepresent grape growing as a very easy mat- ter, requiring no larger outlay of capital, nor anymore knowledge, skill, and labor than is necessary to produce a crop of corn. This we do not wish to do. But on the other hand we are also aware that the excellent but somewhat costly liof)ks on gi-ape culture, by Fuller, Hus- mann, Strong, and others, are not purchased by every grape gi-ower, and that many of these are somewhat afraid of reading whole books. Moreover, considerable progress has beeu made in gi-ape culture since these books were written; their very authors, indefatigable horticulturists as they are, have by study and experi- ence, modified their views on some points, but have not had time or encouragement enough from their publish- ers to rewrite their works for new editions. Thus we came to the comlusion that a short manual, containing plain but full directions in regard to the planting, culture, and training of gr.ape-vines, and offered for less than its cost, would be welcome. We have availed our- selves of the writings of our friend and teacher, Hus- mann, and of the works of Downing, Fuller, and many others, to whom due credit is given in the proper places ; and while we lay little claim to origiuality, we hope that this Catalogue may afford pleasure and profit to some of those at least into whose hands it may come. INTRODUCTION TO SECOND EDITION, 1875.] six years, embracing the most disastrous and the most favorable seasons to grape culture, have elapsed since the first edition of this Catalogue. (5ur exijerieuce has been enriched, observations have been made on old, and on then untried \-arieties, and some very promising neir varieties have since liecn added to our list, but above all, one circumstance, the discovery of the Grape Root- louse, the Phylloxera, has led to a new, liAiiirAi, study of the American Grape A'ines. Our l)usiness as grape gi-owers and propagators assumed such large dimensions that we discarded the culture and propagation of small fruits, etc., and de- voted all the space of our grounds, all our means, cares and attention to Gkai'e Culture onlv and exclus- ively, for which we have unusual facilities, and a mo.st favorable soil and location. This enables us to raise a superior stock, and to make it more advantageous to the iniblic, and even to the leading nurseries of other branches of Horticulture, to deal with us, whose gi-ape- nursei-y business is now admitted to be the first and most extensive of its kind in the United States of America. We owe our reputation to our determination to give complete sati.sfaetion, and to deserve the entire con- fidence of our customers, furnishing none but good, healthy, genuine plants, unmixed, and true to name, packed in the best manner, at as low prices as possible. We have no seedlings of our own, and impartially recommend such varieties only, new or old, as have real superior merit, and while the demand compels us to disseminate simie inferior varieties (Hartford Prolijic for instance) and untried novelties, over-praised, per- haps, hy their originators, our Descriptive Catalogue shall save the reader from some of the bitter disappoint- ments which giape growers have so often experienced. For the sake of completeness, and in the interest of science, we have added (in smaller type) the description of nearly all the old discarded varieties, and of many new ones not yet tested and not propagated by us; thus adding, we think, to the value of this Catalogue (thougli also lo its cost). We have carefully endeavored to avoid all undue praise, and to mention the shortcomings of even our best varieties; we especially desire to warn again :,t the enor of considering AXV variety fit for universal cultivation. To this end a study of the classifkation of our gi-apes in tiie ilamial, is earnestly recommended. ■ Many failures will thus be avoided which have blasted the hopes, so prevalent ten years ago throughout the country, with regard to grape culture; and its success, now aided bv a higher tariff on imported wines, by in- creased demand tor the fruit and its products, by less sanguine expectations, and, above all, by better knowl- edge as to the selection of varieties, l^ations and proper mode of culture, will be comparatively certain. Finally wo beg to state that we have no agents to solicit orders for our Grape \ines. Persons who desire to obtain plants from us will kindly favor us with then- orders by mail, direct, or througli reliahle Nurseries or dealers wiio get tliciu trnni us. TESTIMONIALS, We could mi a book with voluntary testimonials of prominent Horticulturists, ^;'-«i'^-«"-«'J:"* and Nurserymen, who favored us rvith their commands, and to whnm we may conjldnni, >ej , , tiut we flatter ourselves that our name is so widely known that testimonials are unnecessary. , and our reputation so ivell established. GEAPE MANUAL. CLIMATE, SOIL AND ASPECTS. Whether the Grape-viue is a native of Asia, aud has followed the footsteps of man from the shores of the Caspian Sea, and "intertwined its tendrils with civilization aud refinement in every age," or whether the hundreds of varie- ties that now exist spring from different pri- mordial fijrms or species, certain it is that, al- though the Grape-vine may he found in Europe from the Tropic of Cancer to tUe Baltic Sea, and ill America from the Gulf to the Lakes, the vine is nevertheless peculiarly the growth of defi- nite climatic conditions ; s ) much so that even in its most adapted climate there are often seasons if not of actual failure, at least of an imperfect development of its fruit. From long aud careful observations of temperature and moisture, in years of success and failure, we have finally arrived at some definite conclu- sions respecting the meteorological influences affecting the grape.* 1st. No matter how excellent the soil, if there is a less average than fifty-five degrees of temperature for tlie growing months of April, May and June, and a less average than sixty- five degrees for the nuitarmg months of July, August and September, there can he no hope of success ; and where the temperature aver- ages sixty-five degrees for the former months and seventy-five for the latter, other conditions j being equal, fruit of the greatest excellence | can be raised, and wine of the greatest body and finest quality can be produced. 2d. When there is an average rainfall of six inches for the months of April, May and June, aud an average of 5 inches for the months of July, Augustand September, though other con- ditions were favorable, we cannot succeed in raising grapes. When the average rainfall for the first months is not more than four inches, and the average for the latter is not more than three inches, other conditions favorable, the hardy varieties can be cultivated with suc- cess. But where there is less average rainfall * James S. I^ippincott : Climjitologj' of American Grapes. — Id, Geu^rapliv of Plants — U. S. Agr. Reports, \m-l and 1863— Dr. J. Stayman; TUe MeteorologicaJ Inlln- enees affecting the Grape. than five inches for April, May and June, and a less average than two inches in July, August and Sei^tember, all other conditions being fav- orable, fruit of the best quality can be raised, and wine of the greatest body and excellence can be made. The humidity of the atmosphere in some countries, the dryness of the air in others, will, of course, materially change the proportion of rainfall required for, or injurious to the grape. Here, a clear sky and dry at- mosphere, high temperature and very little rainfall for the latter three months, and a less cliange of temperature than 50 degrees in twenty-four hours, any time of the year, are favorable conditions for success. With regard to the necessity of attention to the most advantageous climatic conditions, says Mr. William 'Saunders (the eminent su- perintendent of the Experimental Gardens of the U. S. Department of Agriculture), " It is enough to remark, that where these are favor- able, good crops of fruit are the rule, and that too, even in the absence of experience in culti- vation ; but in unfavorable locations the ap- plication of the highest attainments in the art and science of grape culture, so far as relates to pruning manipulations or culture and manage- ment of soil, will not insure success. Grape culture has now reached a point from which but little further progress can be made without a close recognition of the requirements of the plant, in connection with local climatic conditions, the most important being that of freedom from heavj' dews (freedom from those oryptogamic diseases — mildew and rot). The topographical configuration of a locality is of far more importance than its geographical formation. Where the atmospheric conditions are favorable, satisfactory results may be ob- tained, even from poor soils, but in ungenial climates the very best soils will not guarantee success." Moreover, with our present and increasing facilities of transportation, grape culture on a large scale cannot be remunerative, except in favorable localities which will produce the best quality abuost every year with certainty. Where the production is low in quality and T) Climate, Soil, etc. BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. Grape Localities. quantity, and often entirely fails, grape culture may exist on a small scale for home use and market, but on a large scale it will not reward the vintner's labor, and would Anally be aban- doned. As California in the West, so does Virginia in the East, and parts of Texas and Arkansas in the South, seem to possess the best localities for grape culture on a very large scale. Tliere are only a few countries where the grape will, in favorable seasons, grow to perfection, and there is no country in the world where a// kinds of grapes would suc- ceed. Species found in the lower latitudes will not flourish if removed further north ; the natives of higher altitudes will not endure the southern heat; the Scuppernong cannot ripen north of Virginia ; the Fox grape of the North will scarcely grow in the lower regions of Car- olina and Georgia; a vine which produces delicious grapes in Missouri m;iy become very inferior in the most favored localities of New Hampshire. Thus the climate, the mean temperature as well as the extremes, the length of the growing season, the relative amount of rain, the ameli- orating influence of lakes and large rivers, the altitude as well as the soil, have an almost incredible influence on various varieties of grapes; and a judicious choice of locations adapted to the grape, and of varieties adapted to our location, its climate and soil, is there- fore of the first importance. " No one grape is suited to all localities ; nei- ther is there any one locality which is suited to all grapes." — O. ]V. Campbell. Notwitlistanding tliat over 1500 varieties are cultivated in Europe, yet the number of Itiuds especially adapted to the diflferent localities is very Umited for each of them, and we sel- dom find more than three or four varieties to form the main bulk of the vineyards of the different sections; each province, county or township even, having its own special favor- ites. This question of adaptability to soil and local climate is one of the greatest importance, and should be closely studied by the intelligent grape grower if he would make its culture a success. No existing variety, and probably none that will ever be produced, is well adapt- ed to general cultivation in more than a limited portion of this vast country. This limitation is not determined by isothermal lines. Success or failure of a variety depends not only on degrees of heat and cold ; not only on earliness or lateness of seasons, however important fac- tors these may also be, but on numerou.s causes, some of which we cannot, .eo far, suffi- ciently understand and explain, We need but remember that the grapes we cultivate in the United States have originated from one or the other of several distinct species, or from crosses between some of their varieties, and that each of those native species is found growing wild in certain limited portions of our country, and not at all in others. Thus the ivilil Labrusca is a stranger to the lower Mississippi Valley and westward. By observing what species grows in a locality, we may safely assume that cultivated varieties of the same spacies will thrive best in that locality or its vicinity uuder otherwise proper conditions. Where the na- tive species does not exist, its cultivated varie- ties may for a time promise excellent success ; but in many localities this promise will prob- ably, sooner or later, end in disappointment. 'J his has been our sad experience even with the Concord, which is generally considered the most reliable, liealthy and hardy Ameri- can grape. On the other liand this proposition seems to conflict with the fact that American vines of different species have been successfully trans- planted even to Europe. But it would be a great mistake to believe that they would suc- ceed in all parts of that continent. It was found, on the contrary, ^lat there also some of our varieties which succeed well in one portion of France, for instance, entirely failed in oth- ers ; and this only proves that we may find in far-off foreign lauds localities which exactly correspond in soil, climate, etc., with certain localities in our own country, and where this is the case, well and good ; but where these are different the results are unsatisfactory. In evidence we quote from the report of the com- mission, composed of some of the best French authorities, to the International Phylloxera Congress, in Bordeaux (Oct., 1882). After giv- ing a detailed report of their observations in the principal vineyards of France M'here American vines have been planted, they say, " But they (these resisting American vines) do by no means succeed equally well in all locations. The na- ture of the terrain and the climate must be taken into serious consideration. But was it not one of the great ditticulties with the French vines to know which variety suited such or such soil or aspect? How many failures were the cousecjuence of bad selection ! It is, of course, the same with American vines, coming from widely difterent conditions of tempera- ture, humidity and altitude.' Unfortunately, this has been and is even now but insulficiently understood. Indigenous wild grapes were found at the discovery of this new world ; the legend tells us that when the Norsemen flrst discovered JTie Muropean Grape. GRAPE MANUAL. lis Failure. this country " Hleif Erickson " called the land Vineland. As early as 1564 wine was made by the first colonists in Florida from tlie native grape. Tlie Pilgrim fathers saw vines in abundance at Plymouth. "Here are grapes, white and red, and very sweet and strong also," wrote Jos. Edward Wiuslow in 1621. Rev. Fr. Higginson, writing in 1629 from the Massachusetts Colony says " Excellent vines are here, up and down in the woodes. Our governor has already planted a vineyard, with great hope of increase." Thus, during the previous centuries grapes were cultivated, and wine has occasionally been made in America from native grapes ; (the French settlers near Kaskaskia, Ills., made, in 1760, one hundred and ten hogsheads of strong wine from wild grapes) — " but neither the quality of the wine nor the price obtained for it offered sufficient inducement to persevere." — Buchanan. The European grape, Vitis Vinifera, was, therefore, considered the only true wine grape. In 1630, a London company sent French vignerons into the Virginia Colony to plant grapevines which they had imported for the purpose; the poor vignerons were blamed for their failure. In 1633 Wm. Penn vainly tried to introduce and cultivate European varie- ties in Pennsylvania. In 1690 a Swiss Colo- ny, grape growers from Lake Geneva, tried to raise grapes and make wine in Jessamine County, Kentucky, but tlieir hopes were soon frustrated ; their labor and fund — S10,000, a large amount in those days — were lost ; and only when they commenced to cultivate an indigenous grape, which, however, they sup- posed to be from the Cape (see description of Alexander), thej' had somewhat better success. The attempts with German, French and Span- ish vines, made again and again, proved failures. Hundreds of thousands (comprising many different sorts) of the best European vines were imported, but they all perished " from the vicissitudes of the climate." Thous- ands of failures are recorded ; not one of dura- ble success; and Downing was fully justified in saying (Horticultarist, Jan., 1851), "The introduction of the foreign grape into this country for open vineyard culture is impossible. Thousands of individuals have tried it — the result in every case has been the same — a sea- son or two of promise, then utter failure."* * Always* excepting Ciiliforiiia. which was then almost jmkiiown.but which is now thegreatest wine-producing •^tato of this country. There, from the counties border- ing the Hay of San Francisco down to Colorado river, several hundred varieties ol' the best European grapes iire successt'nlly cultivated; and even since the appear- ance of the I'hylioxora, evidently introduced from Kurope on imported vines, American 'grapes are not in ls?J. JI. .1. Labians. at Itiil^'wav, Xnrt'h Car- olina, nndi-itiMiU to iilani \ inevuids with t'ii.iiOH cuttings fprineipally Araiii.uis], impurtc-d from southern France. In the same vicinity, Kug. Morel, a pupil of Dr. Jules Guyot (the best autlK.rity on French grape culture), and others, were also <-ultivating several thousands of Euro- pean vines — without success The only satisfactory method of obtaining the fine foreign grapes in this country is under glass, by the use of the grapei-5'. This, however, so far, is done on a very limited scale only, as a luxury for the table; and eveii there the mots ol the vines in the outside border are ex- posed to tlie daiiijcr of being infested bvthe Phylloxera; so that vines ijiafted on American roots should' be used. Those VAlio desire and can afford to enjoy this luxuiT we refer for information to Peter Henderson's excellent cooks on gardening. American vines enjoy a relative immunity from its injuries, the pest thrives on the tender roots of the European vines, which readily succumb. The French Commission, in its report to the Viticultural Congress, held at Montpellier, Oct. 1874, came to the conclusion tliat " In presence of the non-success obtained from all attempts made since 1868, with a view to preserve or cure our vines, and feeling that after six years of efforts in this direction, no process except submersion lias been found effective, many persons are quite discouraged, and sej in the American vines, whether justly so or not, the onlij plank of safety." Since that time, where- soever the most careful, practical grape-grow- ers and most scientific naturalists met and exchanged their views, as at the International Congress held at Lyons, France, and at Sara- gossa, Spain, in 1880 ; at Bordeaux in 1881, the leading principle established has been: "that the Phylloxera cannot be exterminated where it once infests the vineyards, nor can its intro- duction be prevented by any precautionary measures ; but that there are some means whereby, in spite of the insect, we may yet save our vineyards from destruction, and enjoy their richly paying returns ; and that the most practical, the simplest, cheapest and surest means is by planting the resisti'ig American grapes." Already millions of American grape- vines are growing in France, hundreds of thousands in Spain, Italy, Hungary, etc. How much more, then, must we look to spe- cies which we find indigenous here, and to their descendants, for success in grape culture. A knowledge of the distinctive permanent characters of our species, and a proper classifi- cation of our varieties, referable to them, is of far more importance than is generally suj)- posed.* And while many grape-growers may skip over the following pages as useless, we hope that some of them will thank us for em- bodying in thi.s catalogue the valuable treatise on this subject by the best living authority— Dr. G. Engelmann (who has also kindly re- vised — aye, almost entirely re-written it for this new edition). Twenty-five years ago Robert Buchanan wrote in his book on the culture of the grape: "The perfection of a definite ar- rangement of all our varieties must remain for future labors, but it is to be hoped an end so desirable will not be lost sight of." *Even A. S. Fuller, in his excellent Treatise on (irape Culture, written in ISfMi, said " Practically it is of little consequence what view is taken of these unusual forms (of distinct species, or marked varieties of the species), as the cultivator is interested in them only as varieties, and it is of no particular moment to him whether we have one hundred or only one iiati\'e spe- cies." W'e are satisfied that he considers it of tar mon; consequence nov,'. Dr. Engelmann. GBAPE MANUAL. Classification. 9 The True* Grape-vines of the United States. ItV DR. C. EN(iELMANN. The Grape-vines are among the most varia- ble plants, even in their wild state, in which •climate, soil, shade, humidity, and perhaps natural hybridization, have originated such a multiplicity and such an intermixture of forms, that it is often difficult to recognize the original types and to refer the different given forms to tlieir proper alliances. Only by carefully study- ing a large number of forms from all parts of the country, in their peculiar mode of growth and especially their fructiflcation, or rather their seeds, are we enabled to arrive at any tiling like a satisfactory disposition of these plants. (Tabic of Griipe Seeds ; flg. 1-33, page 13.) Before I proceed to the classification of our Grape-vines, I deem it necessary to make a few preliminary remarks : The grape-vines cultivated in that part of the United States lying east of the Rocky Mountains are all natives of the country, most of them picked up in the woods ; some, per- haps, improved by cultivation ; and a few the product of natural or artificial hybridization. In that part of the country the wine grapes of the Old World can only lie cultivated under glass ; but in New Mexico and California they have been successfully introduced by tlie Span- iards, and in the latter State a great many va- rieties are now extensively cultivated, and promise to make one of the great staples of that region ; but eastward and northward they have entirely failed, owing tj the destructive eflfects of that now so well known and dreaded insect, the Phylloxera, of whicli more, further on. All the true Grape-vines bear fertile tlowers on one stock, and st«rile Howers on another separate stock, and are, therefore, called poly- gamous, or, not quite correctly, direcious. The sterile plants do bear male flowers with abor- tive pistils, so that while they never produce fruit themselves, they may assist in fertilizing the others ; the fertile flowers however, are hermaphrodites, containing both organs — sta- mens and pistils — and are capable of ripening fruit without the assistance of the male plants. f Real female flowers, without any stamens, do not seem ever to have been observed Both *We treat here only ot the tru£ grape-vines, with edi- ble berries. In the flowers of these the small green pet- als do not expand, but cohere at tlie top, and separating fi-oui their liase, tall away together as a little five-lobed hood. The tlowers, and consequently the Iruit, are ar- ranged in the well -known clusters (thyrsus). Thus tliey are distinguished from the /a/sc grape -vines (botanieally kno^^^l as Ampelopsis and Cissus)> which often resemble tlie true grape-vines very much, but bear no edible ber- ries. Their flowers expand regularly, opening at top, and are arranged in broad, flat-topped clusters (eorjTnbs). t These fertile plants, however, are of two kinds ; some are per/eel hermaphrodites, with long and straight sta- forms, the male and hermaphrodite, or if pre- ferred, those with sterile and those with com- plete flowers, are found mixed in their native localities of the wild plants, but of course, only the fertile plants have been selected for cultivation, and thus it happens that to the cultivator only these are known ; and as the Grape-vine of the Old World has been in cul- tivation for thousands of years, it has resulted that this hermaphrodite character of its flow- ers has been mistaken for a botanical peculiar- ity, by which it was to be distinguished, not only from our American Grape-vines, but also from the wild grapes of the Old World. But plants raised from the seeds of this, as well as of any other true Grape-vine, generally furnish as many sterile as fertile specimens, while those propagated by layering or by cuttings, of course, only continue the individual charac- ter of the mother-plant or stock.* The peculiar disposition of the tendrils iu the Grape-vines furnishes an important cliar- acteristic for the distinction of one of our most commonly cultivated species, Vitis labrusca, its wild and its cultivated varieties, from all others. In this species — and it is the only true Vitis exhibiting it — the tendrils (or tlieir equiv- alent, an inflorescence), are found opposite each leaf, and this arrangement I designate as con- tinuous tendrils. All the other species known to me exhibit a regular alternation of two leaves, each having a tendril opposite it, with a third leaf without such a tendril, and this arrangement may be named intermittent ten' drils. Like all vegetable characters, this is not an absolute one ; to observe it well it is necessary to examine well-grown canes, and neither sprouts of extraordinary vigor, nor mens around the pistil ; the others bear smaller stamens, shorter than the pistil, which soon bend downward and curve under it; these may be called imperfect hermaphro- dites, approaching females, and they do not seem to be as fruitful as the perfect hermaphrodites, unless other- wise fertilized. It is proper here, to insist on the fact that nature has not produced the male plants without a definite object ; !ind this (ibjeci , without any doubt, is found in tlie more perfect fertilization of the hermaphrodite flowers, as it is a well estulilished fact that such cross fertilization produces niori' aliundant and healthier fruit. Viue growers might take a hint from these observations, and plant a few intde stocks iu their vineyards, say 1 to 40 or 50 of their fertile stocks, and might expect from such a course healthier fruit, which would probably resist rot and other diseases better than fruit grown in the ordi- nary way. I would exjiect such beneticial influence es- pecially In all varieties that have short stamens, such as the Taylor. Male stocks can be easily obtained, either in the woods or from seeds. It is of course understood that the males ought to belong to the same species (or better, to the same variety) as the fertile plants to be benefitted by their pollen. European vine growers may also profit by this suggestion. * Some obseiwations (rather loose, to be sure) seem to point to the possibility ot the sexual characters of the grape-vines becoming ohanged under certain circum- stances ; and, though I have not seen a case of this kind myself, nor heard of an instance where fertile vines i_u cultivation began to bear sterile (male) flowers, there is no absolute impossibility in it, as we know that other plants (willows for example) occasionally sport in this manner. 10 Dr. Engelmann. BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. Ciassijication. stunted autumnal branchlets. The few lowest leaves of a eane have no opposite tendrils, but after the second or third leaf the regularity in the arrangement of the tendrils, as above de- scribed, rarely fails to occur. In weak branches we sometimes find tendrils irregularly placed opposite leaves, or sometimes none at all. It is a remarkable fact, connected with this law of vegetation, that most Grape-vines bear only two inflorescences (consequently two bunches of grapes) upon the same cane, while in the forms belonging to Labrusea there are often three, and sometimes, in vigorous shoots, four or five, or rarely, even more in succession, each opposite a leaf. Whenever in other spe- cies, in rare cases, a third or fourth inflorescence occurs, there will always be found a barren leaf (without an opposite inflorescence) be- tween the second and third bunches. Another valuable character, discovered by Prof. Millardet, of Bordeaux, is found in the structure of the branches ("canes,'' as they are usually called). These contain a large pith, and this pith is transversely separated at each node (point where a leaf is or has been insert- ed), by what is called a diaphragm. These diaphragms consist of harder, solid pith, of the appearance of wood, and are examined best in canes 6 to IL' months old, when the pith has turned brown and the diaphragm is whitish ; A longitudinal section through the eane will best exhibit them. They are, in most species, 1 to 2 lines thick ; but in the Riverbank grape, Vitis riparia, the diaphragm is not more than \ to \ line thick ; and in the Sand, or Rock grape, Vitis rupesfris, it is very little thicker. For us here, the distinction of these species is of no great practical importance ; but, as a con- siderable demand for them has sprung up in Europe, it is well to characterize them accur- ately ; and this character holds good in winter, when all others of foliage or fruit have disap- peared. There is only one American Grape- vine, also in other respects an aberrant form, the Southern Muscadine grape, Fi.tis vulpina, which is entirely destitute of such diaphragms. The cut represents the diaphragms of differ- ent species. Fig. 34, Vitis riparia, with the thinnest, and fig. 36, Vitis cordifolia, with a thick diaphragm ; Vitis cBsfivalis, is similar to this last, and Vitis lahrusca scarcely thinner ; but fig. 35, Vitis rupestris, has a diaphragm not much thicker than the first. Pig. 37 shows Vitis viijjilna without any partition. It is well known that some species of Vitis grow well from cuttings, while others are diffi- cult to propagate in this way. Easy to propagate are Lahrusca, Monticola Siparia. Rupestris and Palmata. Almost im- Fig. 34, Fig. 36. Fig. 37. V. riparia. V. rupestris. V. cordifolia. V. vulpiiia. possible to propagate by cuttings are Candi- cans, JEstivalis, Cinerea, Cordifolia, Vulpina, and probably Californica. Arizonica and Car- ibea I do not know in this respect. That the southern cultivated forms of ^'Estivalis grow more or less readily from cuttings is stated further on (page 10). The structure of the bark of the young canes shows also difTerences in the different species, but as the characters are to some extent of microscopical detail they are here omitted. The bark of the mature canes is ashy gray (V. cordifolia, V. Cinerea), to red or brownish 1\ aestivalis); it peels off after the first season in large flakes, or in narrow strips or shreds ; only in the Muscadine grape the dark gray bark does not peel off at all, at least not for a number of years. Young seedlings of all the Grape-vines are glabrous or only very slightly hairy. The cobwebby or cottony down, so characteristic of some species, makes its appearance only in the more advanced plants ; in some of their varie- ties, and not rarely in the cultivated ones, it is mainly observed in the young growth of spring and is apt to disappear in the mature leaf; but even then such leaves are never shining as they are in the glabrous species, but have a dull or unpolished, or even wrinkled surface. The form of the leaves is extremely variable, and descriptions must necessarily remain vague. They are usually cordate at base, either with an acute and narrow sinus ( V, cor- data, and many other species), or with a broad and wide one ( V, riparia and T". rupestris). Leaves of seedling plants are all entire, i. e. not lobed ; young shoots from toe base of old stems, as a rule, have deeply and variously lobed leaves, even where the mature plant shows no such disposition. Some species {V, riparia), or some forms of other species (forms of T^ labrusea and V, cestivaiis), have all the leaves more or less lobed, while others exhibit, on the mature plant, always entire, or, I should rather say, not lobed leaves ; the leaves of T'. Dr. Engelmann. GRAPE MANUAL. Classification. 11 rupestris and V. vulpvna are never lobed. Only the leaves of flower-bearing canes ought to be considered as the normal ones. The surface of the leaves is glossy and shin- ing, and mostly bright green, or in rupestris pale green ; or it is dull above and more or less glaucous below. The glossy leaves are per- fectly glabrous, or they often bear, especially on the nerves of the lower side, a pubescence of short hair. The dull leaves are cottony or cobwebby, downy on both or only on the under side, and this down usually extends to the young branches and to the peduncles, but, as lias been stated above, often disappears later in the season. On both sides of the insertion of the petiole or leafstalk into the branchlet, we find on very young, just developing shoots, small acces- sory organs, which soon disappear ; they are the stipules. In most species they are thin, membranaceous, rounded, at the top somewhat oblique, smooth in some, downy or woolly in other species. They are most conspicuous and elongated in Vilis riparia, in which I tiud them 2J-3 lines long; in V. rupesti-is they are lj-2i lines in length; in V. eandicans and Cal- ifornica scarcely shorter, in V. labrusea lJ-2 lines lou.g; in V.iTsliralis, cordifolia, and most others, they are only one line long or less ; in very vigorous young shoots they may some- times be larger, just as their leaves are also larger than the normal. Not much of a distinctive character can be made out of the flwwers. It is observed, how- ever, that in some forms the stamens are not longer than the pistil, and very soon bend under it, while in other forms they are much longer than the pistil, and remain straight till they fall off. It is possible that those with short stamens are less fertile than the others.* The time of flowering is quite characteristic of our native species, and it seems that the cultivated varieties retain herein the qualities of their native ancestors. The different forms of Kipariu flower first of all ; soon afterwards comes Rupestris, next Labrusca and its rela- tives, and later ^Estivalis comes 11 bloom. One of the last flowering species is Cordifolia, and still later, Cinerea. Vinifera seems to flower soon after Labrusca, but it is not culti- vated here, uor i.-5 Vulpina, which is probably the latest of all. V. eandicans apparently blooms about the same time that Labrusca does. Riparia begins to open its flowers about St. Louis three to five weeks earlier than the first blossoms of ^Estiimlis are seen in the same * Compare note on page 9. ' locality. In favorable situations and in early seasons they make their appearance in this vicinity as early as April 25th, at other seasons sometimes as late as May 15th, or even 20th, on the average about May lOth, and generally about the time when the Acacias (Black Lo- custs) bloom, both filling the atmosphere with the sweetest prefumes. Cordifolia, and, after this, Cinerea, on the contrary, bloom from the last days in May to (in late seasons) the mid- dle of June, when that weed among trees, the fetid Ailantus (misnamed the tree of Heaven), exhales its nauseous odors and the beautiful Catalpa expands its gorgeous hunches of flow- ers. V. palmata (Vahl), of which we do not yet know much, seems to be the latest flower- ing Grape-vine with us, flowering even after Cinerea. Thus we are not likely to have any Grape-vines in flower here before April 25th or after June 20th. One of the botanical characters of tlie Grape- vine is found in the seeds. The bunches may be larger or smaller, looser or more compact, branched (shouldered) or more simple, condi- tions which, to a great extent, depend on vari- ety, soil and exposure ; the berries may be- larger or smaller, of different color and consist- ency, and contain fewer or more seeds (never more than four), but the seeds, though to som& extent variable, especially on account of their number* and mutual pressure, where more than one is present, exhibit some reliable dif- ferences. The big top of the seed is convex or rounded,- or it is more or less deeply notched. The thin lower end of the seed, the beak, is short and abrupt, or it is more or less elon- gated. On the inner (ventral) side are two shallow, longitudinal irregular depressions. Between them is a ridge, slight where there are one or two seeds, or sharper where the seeds are in threes or fours ; along this ridge the raphe (the attached funiculus or cord) runs from the hilurn, at the beak, over the top of the seed, and ends on its back in an elongated, oval or circular well-marked spot, called by botanists ehalaza. This raphe is on that ridge represented by a slender thread, which on the top and back of the seed is entirely indistinct, or scarcely perceptible, or it is more or less prominent, like a thread or a cord. In our American sjiecies these characters seem pretty reliable, but in the varieties of the Old World Grape-vine ( Vinifera), several thousands of years removed from their native sources, the form of the seed has also undergone Important *A single seed is always tliiokei-, pluniper. more rounded; two seeds are flatli-n.-d c.ii the iiinei-, rounded on tlie outer side; three or four .■seeds are more slender and angular; these different variations mav often he found ill berries of the same bunch. 12 Dr. Engelmnnn. BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. Classification. modifications, and can no longer be considered so safe a guide as in our species. But different as these seeds are among them- selves they have a character in common, which distinguishes them from all our American Grape seeds ; tlieir beak is narrower and usu- ally longer, and their large chalaza (tlie area on the haclt of the seed) occupies the upper half and not the centre of the seed ; in the American species the beak is shorter and more abrupt; the chalaza, usually smaller, and often not circular, but narrower, is placed in the centre of the back. Any one who wishes to satisfy himself of this need only compare a raisin seed with any of our grape seeds, if the following cuts are not plain enough. The size and weight of the seeds varies greatly in the different species, thus Labrusca and Candicans liave the largest, Clnerea and Ri- paria the smallest seeds, but even in the wild state we find variation, e. g., in ^stivalis, still more in Cordifolia, and most in Rvparia. In Vinifera, the European grape, however, the variations are much greater, greater even some times than our figures show. Some have laid stress on the color of the seeds, which varies between brown and yellowish, but that seems to me to go too far for our purposes. The cuts of 33 Grape seeds, here represented, illustrate the different characters which have been mentioned above. The figures are mag- nified four times (four diameters), accompa- nied by an outline of natural size. They all represent the back of the seed. Fig. 1 and 2, Vitis Labrusca, seeds of wild plants ; fig. 1 from the District of Columbia, and fig. 2 from tlie mountains of East Tennessee. The seeds of the cultivated varieties do not differ from these ; they are all large, notched on top ; chalaza generally depressed and no raphe is visible in the groove which e.xtends from the chalaza to the notch. Figs. ■! to .5 represant seeds of cultivated forms, which all show evident sign^ of hybridity and acknowl- edge the parentage o{ Labrusca by the form and size of the seed as well as by the irregular arrangement of the tendrils. Fig. 3 is the seed of the Taylor Grape, which stands near Rlparia. Fig. 4 is the seed of the Clinton, whicli has, perhaps, the same parents. Pig. 5, seed of the Delaware Grape, which possibly may be a hybrid of Labrusca with Vinifera. Kigs. to S, Vitis Candicans ; seed similar to those of Labrusca, but broader, generally with a shorter beak, and less distinctly notched. Figs, ti and 7 are fi-om Texas, the latter broader and with a broader beak; fig. 8 comes from South Florida, and is stiU broader and .shorter. Fig 9, Vitis Oaribxa, similar to the last, but smaller ; seeds short and thiclv, and deeply notched. Figs. 10 and 11, Vitis Californica, seeds often smaller, scarcely or not at all notched, raphe indistinct or quite invisible ; chalaza narrow and long. Fig. 10 represents a single seed (one only in a berry) from near San Fran- cisco ; fig. 11 is one of four seeds from San Bernardino, in Southern California. Fig. 12, Vitis Monticola; seed very similar to those of the last species, thick, notched, without a distinct raphe, and with a long and narrow chalaza. Figs. 13 and 14, Vitis Arizonica, from the Santa Rita Mountains ; seeds small, slightly notcheil, with a more or less distinct but flat raphe. Figs. 15 to 17, Vitis .Estivalis; seeds rather larger, cord-like raphe and more or less circular chalaza strongly developed ; all the seeds are from wild grapes gathered about St. Louis ; the seeds of the cultivated forms. Northern and Southern, are similar. Figs, la and 16 are from berries with only one or two seeds ; fig. 17 is narrower, and from a larger four-seeded berry. Pig. 18, Vitis Cinerea, a seed similar to the last, with the same strong raphe, but smaller in size, and often single. Figs. 19 and 2 >, Vitis CordijoUa ; seeds also similar to the two last, but raphe not quite so prominent, mostly single or in twos, rarely more in a berry ; fig. 19 comes from a larger berry, with more seeds, found near St. Louis; fig. 20 is a single seed, from the District of C olumbia. Pig. 21, Vitis Palmata; seed large, almost globose, with a very short beak, a narrow chalaza, no raphe visible, top slightly depressed. Figs. 22 to 25, Vitis Rlparia; seeds similar to the last, but smaller, though quite variable in size. The seeds all come from wild plants ; figs. 22 and 23, from Goat Island on the Niagara Falls; fig. 22 a single broad seed ; fig. 23 from a three-seeded berry ; fig. 24 from a two-seeded berry from the shores of Lake Champlain, in Vermont ; fig. 25, seed of the June grape from the banks of the Mississippi below St. Louis. The seeds are obtuse, or very slightly de- pressed on top, chalaza rather flat, el ongated and gradually lost in a groove which encloses the scarcely prominent raphe. Figs. 26 and 27, Vitis Rupestris; fig. 26 from a two- seeded berry from Texas, and fig. 27 from a four- seeded one from Missouri. The top of the seed is obtuse, not notched, and the raphe very inconspicu- ous in the Texan seed, or invisible in that from Mis- souri. Figs. 23 to 32, Vitis Vinifera, from tiie Old World. Different forms are introduced here for comparison with thf American species, and to show how much they differ among themselves. Pig. 2S represents a seed out of a lot of grapes (or raisins) found with an Egyptian mummy, and probably now 3,0)0 years old, or older. The specimens are preserved in the Egyptian Museum of Berlin. The berry ol^ligingly donated to me was as large as the larger European cultivated grapes, and enclosed three seeds. It will be seen that it is the largest of the Viyiifera seeds figured here, showing perhaps a slight modification of the seed in the ages that intervened between its and our times. Pig. 29, Brusca, the native species of Tuscany (Northern Italy) , fig. 30, Riesling, cultivated on the banks of the Rhine ; fig. 31, Guledel {Chasselas), {vnui the same region; fig. 32, Black Hamburg, from a grapery near London. All these seeds are easily dis- tinguished from all American grape seeds, by the nar- rower and usually longer beak (or lower part), and TABLE OF GRAPE SEEDS. 13 V. LABra'sr.v. Fi". 1. Fill. 2. TAYLOK. CLINTON'. DELAWARE. V.CAXDICAXS. Fig. 3. Fig. 4. ■ Fig. 5. Fig. (5. V. CAXDICANS. Fig. 7. Fig. 8. Y. CARIBEA. Y.CALIFORNICA. Y.MOXTICOLA. Y. ARIZOXICA. Fig. 9. Fig. 10. Fig. 11. Fig. 12. Fig. 13. (T) UQ Y. ARIZOXICA. Y. iESTIYALIS. CINEREA. Fig. 14. Fig. 15. Fig. 16. Fig. 17. Fig. 18. V. CORDIFOLIA. Fig. 19. Fig. 20. V. PALM AT A. Fig. 21. V. RIPARIA. Fig. 22. Fig. 23. V. RIPARIA. Fig. 24. Fig. 25. Y. RrPESTRIS. Fig. 20. Fig. 27. V. YIXIFERA. YITIS YIXIFERA. V. YULPINA. Fig 2s ■\Iiimnn l.iapc. Fig. 29, Brusca. Fig 30 Rusliiig Fig. 31,Cliasselas Fig 32 Bl Hamb'g. Fig.33. f' 14 Dr. EngHmann. BUSH BERG CATALOGUE. Classification. especially by the large circular, though not very prom- inent, chalaza, which occupies the upper, and not the raidille part of the seed. These Ave specimen seeds represent the principal forms, but not all European grape seeds entirely agree with them. Fig. 33, VUis Valpina (or Rdiindifolia), from the South Carolina Muscadine grape, diflferent from all other grape seeds, just as the plant differs from all the other Grape-vines ; seed very flat, with straight sides, very short beak, wrinkled, or rather folded, on both surfaces, notched on top, with very narrow chalaza and no visible raphe. The North American Grape-vines mxy be systematically arranged in the f jUowing order; I. True Grape-vines, with loose, shreddy bark, climbing by the aid of forked tendrils, or sometimes (in No. 12) almost without tendrils. A. Grape-vines wltti more or less continuous lendi-ils. 1. ViTis L-VBRUSCA. isnn3«s, the northern Fox grape, the mother of a great many cultivated varie- ties and hybrids. B. Grapevines witli intermittent tendrils. a. Leaves pubescent or floccose, especially on the under side and when young, often becoming glabrous with age. * Raphe on seed indistinct. 2. ViTis Candio.\ns, Engelmann. The Mustang grape of Texas. 3. ViTis CARIB.EA, Be Candolle. The West India • grape ; rare in Florida. 4. ViTis Califoknica, Bentham. The California grape. 5. ViTis MoNTicoLA, Buckloj, The Mountain grape of West Texas. 6. ViTis ARizoNroA, Engelmann. The Arizona grape. ** Rjphe on back of seed very conspicuous. 7. ViTis AESTIVALIS, Michaitx. Summer grape of the Middle and Southern States, with several va- rieties. 8. ViTis CiNEEEA, Engelmann. The Downy grape of the Mississippi Valley. /'. Leaves glabrous, or sometimes short, hairy, especially the ribs beneath; mostly shining. * Raphe on b ick of seed conspicuous. 9. ViTis CoRDiFOLiA, Michaut. Frost grape of the Middle and Southern States. *« Raphe indistinct. 10. ViTis Palmata, Vahl. Red grape of the Missis- sippi Valley. 11. ViTis RiPARiA, Michaux. Riverside grape of the United States and Canada. 12. ViTis RuPESTRis, Scheele. Rock or Sand grape of the Western Mississippi Valley and Texas. VlTIS VrNtrEHA, Linn but the two may always be distinguished by the characters indicated. It is also the species which has most gen- erally been used as one of the parents (mostly the mother) in artificial hj'bridization, and as it is the most individualized or specialized of all our (perhaps of all known) Grape-vines, its characters unmistakably prevail in the hy- brids, and rarely leave a doubt as to where to refer the questionable form ; of which I shall have to add a few words below, under the head of Jli/brids. 2. ViTis Candicans, Englemann. ( T'^ mustangcnsin, Buckley.) The Mustang grape of Texas ; a tall climber, with rather large, rounded, almost toothless leaves, white cot- tony on the under side, bearing large berries, which, like those of the wild Labrusca, show different colors, greenish, claret and bluish- black ; and which, in its native country, are made into wine. In young shoots and sprouts the leaves are usually deeply and elegantly many-lobed, which, with the contrast of the deeiJ green upper and pure white under sur- face, would make this species a most elegant vine for arbors, if it could be protected from severe frost. This may be done by laying it down and covering it with soil. In Texas it grows in the lower country, as well as on the calcareous hills, and extends even into the granitic region. It has also been touud in Florida, where many Texas plants are again met with. The Florida form, at one time takeii for Vitis carib;ea, but quite distinct from it, has shorter and comparatively thicker seeds. (Fig. 8.) 3. Vitis Carib^ea, De Candolle, is a West Indian species which has lately found its way, with other tropical plants, into southern Florida. It has a downy, cordate leaf, not lobed, but characterized by the small but very sharp, distantteeth. Its black berries are small and mostly bear but one or two seeds. I And the Florida seeds (fig. 9) which were kindly sent to me by .Mr A. H. Curtiss, the discoverer, larger than those of the West Indian type. 4. Vitis C.4.lifornica, Bentham. The only wild grape of our Pacific coast ; a low bush a foot or two high, in dry beds of streams in southern Oregon ; it becomes a tall climber in southern California, with a stem 3 inches or more in diameter ; ic is distinguished by its cordate, rounded, whitish, downy leaves and small black berries in large bunches ; the ob- tuse bu t scarealy notched seeds (figs. 10 and 11), without or with only a trace of a raphe, and with a narrow, long chalaza. No use is made of this species, but it has lately been recommended as a grafting stock for Eu- ropean vines in California vineyards which have bean attacked by the Phylloxera. For even this Grape-vine, which is a native of a country originally entirely free from the insect, is as proof against it as any of our Mississippi Valley vines. 5. Vitis Monticola, Buckley. Usually a small bushy vine, rarely climbing over higher trees; branchlets angled; young stems, peti- oles and leaves cottony, downy, the down grad- ually disappearing, remaining only here and there in flocose bunches ; stipules very short (J line long); leaves deeply cordate, with a rounded sinus, very shortly three-lobed, edged with small but broad teeth, rather wrinkled on the upper surface, but the older ones very smooth and often conspicuously shining below (especiallj' in the dry specimens); usually small, not more than three inches across, only on vigorous shoots three or four inches wide ; tendrils intermittent, in the smaller, bushy forms, often withering away ; bunches of fruit compact, short ; berries 4, or rarely 5 lines in diameter ; S3eds obtuse or slightly notched, chalaza rather narrow, extendiug upward into a broad groove, but without a visible raphe. This is one of the smaller species and is pe- culiar to the hilly, cretaceous region of western Texas, not extending to the lower country nor to the granitic mountains ; common about San Antonio, New Braunfels, Austin, etc. ; also oc- casionally cultivated about San Antonio, when the bunches, as well as the berries, become larger. This plant has given rise to a great deal of speculation and controversy. About fifty years ago, the Swiss botanist, Berlandier, collected it in West Texas,* but it was not till twenty-five or thirty years later that Prof. Buckley named and published it. Unfortun- ately his description was so insufficient that no botanist could recognize the plant ; only the Texaus of those regions, who well knew " the little mountain grape," understood what he meant. Buckley's mention of a middle sized green, very palatable berry has misled French botanists to look for this plant among the numerous forms of Labrusca, and Prof. Plan- chon therefore changed the name to Vitis Bcr- laiulieri. In justification of Buckley's descrip- tion it is now said that there exists a form of this species, especially about Fredericksburg I and on the borders of the Llano Estacado, with som 5what larger, greeu berries, which I under- I stand Mr. J. Meusebach is trying to find out. * On his specimens I found the first PliyUoxei'a galls, which, thus accidentally prcsinvcd. pvuvc tlie existence ol tlie insect in America i doiil.rcd. iiowevrr, by no one now) lonj; before it became known to science here or in the Old Woi-ld, and al-o prove its existence as fai- south as Texas. 10 Dr. Evgelmann. BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. Classification. and to introduce into cultivation. The species will readily grow from cuttings. 6. ViTis Arizonica, Eugelmann, is closely related to the last, and has similar seeds, but the flat raphe, though rarely prominent, is broad and sometimes inconspicuous ; branch- lets angular; leaves cordate, with a rather open, rounded sinus, not lobed, or with two short latent lobes ; floccose, cottony when young ; glabrous, thick, very rigid, and (espe- cially on the upper surface) rough, when older ; berries small or middle sized, reported to be of luscious taste. 7. ViTis .EsTivALis, Michaux. Climbing over bushes and small trees by the aid of forked, intermittent tendrils; branchlets rounded, bark of the mature ones mostly red, and scaUng oflF in large flakes; leaves large (4 -5 or 6 inches wide), offlrm texture, entire, or often more or less deeply and obtusely 3-5 lobed, with rounded sinus and with short and broad teeth; when young always very woolly or cottony, mostly bright red or rusty; at last smoothish but dull, pale or glaucous beneath, and never shining ; stip- ules very short and rounded, mostly rusty- downy ; berries middle-sized, black, 5-7 lines, in Southwestern forms even 8-9 lines in diame- ter, coated with a bloom, when well grown in compact, often cylindrical bunches; seeds rather large, mostly two or three in each berry, rounded on top, showing a very promi- nent, cord-like raphe, and more gradually at- tenuated into the beak than is common in our species. This is the well known summer grape, com- mon throughout the Middle and Southern States, usually found on uplands and in dry, open woods or thickets, maturing its fruits in September. It is one of the most variable of our Grape-vines, and hence has seduced many into the establishment of numerous nominal species, while others, and among them myself, have assumed too wide limits for the species, and have classed under it forms which now, since we know them better, have to be kept separate. Among the latter I mention T. mon- ticola and V. cinercea, which are described in their proper places. Among the former I must still retain with V. ccsilvalis the form that had been distinguished by Buckley as V. linceeiuai. This latter, often more bushy than climbing, has larger berries, leaves often deeply three-to-five lobed, and coated with a thick rusty down, or toineutum, which is often quite persistent. Forms wilh very large, woolly leaves have often been taken for Labrusca, and this species, abounding in the sandy post- oak (Quercus stellata) woods of Eastern Texas, and there known under the name of Post-oak grape or Sand grape, but extending also to Arkansas and Missouri, has thus been quoted for the Western and Southwestern States, to which the true Lahrusea is an entire stranger. This species is one of the most important ones for us, and in the West at least, has al- ready taken the place once accorded to the La- brusca forms in our cultures, not only for their greater, aye absolute, resistance to the Phyl- loxera, but also for their intrinsic vahie as wine (and even table) grapes, notwithstanding the superior size of the Labrusca berries. Un- fortunately the typical forms cannot be propa- gated by cuttings, and there are a number of varieties which, originating from a Southern home, are not quite hardy here, but, on the other hand, have the advantage of being readily propagattd by slips, in some favor- able localities. Their leaves are thinner than those of our type, and woolly only in the first youth ; the bunches are larger, more shoul- dered ; the berries, though small, are much sweeter and more juicy. They comprise among others the Cimnimjham, with less di- vided and the Herbemont and the Lenotr with deeply lobed leaves, the two former with lighter colored, the latter with deep black berries. Unfortunately no wild plant from which these varieties might have sprung is yet known, but must be looked for in the mountains or hills of the Carolinas and Geor- gia, and only when found in a wild state can we correctly judge of their botanical status. About their vitioultural relations, the body of this work has to be consulted. I will only state here that a slight suspicion exists of their being hybrids between V. wytlvdis and some form of viniferu, though the seeds are entirely those of the former, and also the re- sistance to Phylloxera. The variety Lenoir, often named Jaqucz, and in Texas Black Span- is/i, has been introduced by millions into Southern France, and is there found to furnish not only an excellent stock whereon to graft their own vines, but also to make a superior wine directly, and one very rich in the deep coloring matter so highly prized there. 8. ViTis CiNEREA, Engelm., closely allied to .Estivalis, with which I had formerly united it .as a variety, of pretty much the same size, rarely taller. It is distinguished by its white- ish or grayish pubescence, which, especially on the branchlets, is quite persistent, even into winter; by the angular branchlets, the liair being especially developed on the angles ; the cordate often entire, or slightly three- lobed, more or less gray-downy leaves, which Dr. Engelmann. GRAPE MANUAL. Classification. \'i often resemble a Lindenleaf, with a rounded but usually rather narrow sinus ; by the large loose iuflorespence, which opens its flowers rather later than any other of our species ; by the small black berries, about four lines in diameter, without a bloom, of a pleasantly acid taste, until frost sweetens them, and by the small, plump seed with a short beak. This sjiecies is found in rich soil in the Mis- sissippi Valley from Central Illinois to Louisi- ana and Texas, especially in bottom lands and along the banks of lakes, in situations where we scarcely ever meet with ^EsHvalis. It is liody seems to have knoMni any thinpr- Lately this lilant has been taken up inFraiicc with that zeal so' char- acteristic to that nation, as something jiossiblyof par- ticular interest for their viticultiiral pursuits. It is f Ripaiia. or perliaps of some .Estieali'. It was kiiciwn til the ancients as Labrusca, a name improp- erly apjilicd by science tn an American species, and is called by the natives to this day Brusca. The Grape- vines of the countries south of the Caucasus Moun- tains, (he ancient Colchis, the reputed original home of these plants, greatly resemble the Italian plant just described. The European Grape-vine is characterized by smoothish, and, when young, shining, more or less deeply, five or even seven-lobed leaves ; lobes pointed and sharply toothed; seeds mostly notched .at the upper end ; beak elongated ; raphe indistinct ; chalaza broad, high up the seed. In some varieties the leaves and branclilets are hairy and even downy wlien young ; the seeds vary considerably in thickness and length, less so in the shape of the raphe. It is well known that the plant grows readily from cuttings, and that it easily and almost invariably succumbs to the attacks of the Phylloxera, which, accidentally introduced into France, probably with American vines, has done such immense damage in that country and in the rest of Europe, probably since 1803 (though only discovered as the virulent enemy in tSfiS), and is spreading more and more. In California, where thus far the Vinifera has been successfully cultivated, the insect also begins to make its appearance in some localities. That it was tbe cause of the complete failure in all the efforts to plant the European vine cast of the Rocky Mount- .ains, is now well known. 13. ViTLS VuLPlNA, Linuceus (known also as I', rotundifolia, Michaux), the Southern Fox grape, Bullaoe or Bullit grape, or Muscadine of the Southern States, is entirely diflferent from all our other Grape-vines, and is men- tioned here only to complete the list of our species. It is too tender for our climate, and never flowers or fruits here. It is found in damp thickets or on mountain slopes, so'ue times a low bush, and again climbing very high, with entire, never forked, tendrils; branclilets without any diaphragm (see flg. 37); leaves small (two, or at most, three inches wide), rounded, heart-shaped, firm and glossy, dark green, smooth, or rarely slightly hairy lieueath, with coarse and large or broad and bluntish teeth. The bunches are very small, of few very large berries, which fall off singly, like plums. The peculiar seed has been fig- ured and described above (page 13, 6g. 33). In the South some of the varieties are highly esteemed, especially the White Souppernong. HYBRIDITY. Plants, which are so intimately related among themselves, are apt lo hybridize, and their offspring is usually fertile, not like many hybrid animals (the mule) or plants incapable to propagate. We have a number of artificial hybrids among Grape-vines, whose history is well known, and which bear as well as the true species, and their seeds are fertile. But we also find other vines in the woods or in vineyards, which, from their characters, we must conclude to be spontaneous hybrids. There is, of course, a good deal of experience and judgment necessary to decide what may be 20 Dr. Engelmann. BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. Hyhridity. justly claimed to be a hybrid, and what only a variety within the limits of some variable spe- cies, and the opinions of different persons may honestly vary on these points. But whosver has studied the great variability of many plants will hesitate long before he calls to his aid the often fanciful help of hyhridity in the explanation of doubtful forms. Where species are so well marked as e. g. Lahrusca is, it is not difficult to recognize some of its characters in a hybrid off-spring, though the general looks of the questionable plant otherwise may not conform to our idea of Lahrusea at all ; but in other cases, where species already stand near one another, the matter becomes much more difficult. But there is another way, unfortunately a very tedious one, to assist in such investigations, viz: to sow the seeds of hybrids and study their offspring ; for it is a fact that seedlings of hybrids are apt to revert to, or at least to approach to, one or the other of the parents. One of the most striking examples of both positions here taken is fur- nished by the well-known Taylor or Bulllt grape. The vigorous growth of this form, its thin diaphragms, its glossy, glabrous fol- iage, its small clusters of rather small berries entirely destitute of foxy taste, all seem to point to it as a cultivated variety of Riparia ; but when we come to examine the tendrils we fiud that they are irregular ; sometimes inter- mittent, sometimes more or less coutiauous (I have seen six in succession, which can only point to Labrusca), and just so the seeds differ from Riparia seeds Ijy their great size and their form (see page 13, flg. 3). Now it so happens that Taylor seeds have baen planted by the million in Europe, in order to raise resistant stock for grafting, and the general experience is that one cannot iiad two seedlings in a hund- red alike, and similar to the mother-plant ; some approach the Riparia type, and others show the Labrusca parentage distinctly. Thus, to give only one example, one of such seedlings— the now frequently cultivated El- vira — is a Taylor seedling with a close approach to Labrusca. It would further the study of our Grape- vines coQ-sidera bly if some of those that have the zeal, the leisure and the opportunity, would institute such experiments with doubt- ful forms. Pursuing this interesting subject further, I may add that where nearly allied species grow near together, and bloom about the same time, they are mjre likely to hybridize than such species that are separated by wide space or different period of flowering. With all these considerations we must not forget that with the innumerable opportunities given every where for hybridization we find comparatively so few spontaneous hybrids in the vegetable world. Hybridization is an abnormal, I may say, an unnatural process, which is usually prevented by countless obstacles. If it were not so, we would meet with more hybrids in our woods and prairies than with genuine spe- cies ; but how rare ai-e they, and what a find it is for a. botanist to discover one! And this is the more to be wondered at, because the genital organs of the plants, though mostly united in one flower, are usually so organized that self-fertilization is made difficult, or is excluded, and that cross-fertilization is the rule. We may put it down as a law that honest nature abhors hybridization. BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 21 VITICULTURAL REMARKS ox nri! VMKinCAN species, with USTS IIF THKIli (lI.rnATEI) VARIETIES. The varieties which we cultivate in tliis country, east of tlic RoclsV Mountains, and over in Europe, un- ed in our own soil and climate, would be more hardy, proved fallacious, efforts were made to secure hybrids between the native grapes and Vitis Vinifera, as it was hoped thus to combine the superior excel- lence of the foreign with the health and vigor of our native plants, and in the opinion of some eminent hor- ticulturists this desirable result has already been very nearly or quite accomplished. But for practical grape-culture on a large scale, all hybrids produced by crossing thefrireign on ournative grapes have generally given unsatisfactory results in this country. It is a remarkalile fact that some of these hybrids are very successful in Europe, as the Triumph, a cross between Concord and Chasselas mosquee by Campbell ; the (Othello, a cross between V. Riparia and Black Hamburg by Arnold ; Black Eagle and Black Defiance, crosses between Concord and Black St. Peters by Underbill. » These and some other hv- * Croton, a cross between Delaware and Ckasselas: suffers from Pfiylfo.xera almost a.s IjacUv as its parent the Chasselas de Kontainlilraii 28 Hybrids. BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. Location. brids have evidently inherited from the American pa- rent the Phylloxera-resisting root, l)Ut also from the European parent the non-resistance to our climatic in- fluences and the great sensibility to mildew and rot. In localities of this country where these destructive influences and diseases do not prevail, most of these hybrids will prove highly satisfactory ; they are — A. Hybrids between Labrusca and Vinifera .■ Adelaide, Agawam, Allen's Hybrid, Aminia (R. 39), Barry, Black Defiance, Black Eagle, Burnet, Clover Str. Rlack, Clover Str. Red, Concord Chasselas, Concord Muscat, Diana Hamburg, Don Juan, Downing, Early Dawn, Essex, Excelsior, GARTNER, Goethe, Herbert, Highland, Imperial, Irwing, Lindley. Massasoit, Merrimac, Planet, Eequa, Rogers' Hybrids,' Salem, Senasqua, Triumph, Wilder, and many more, less known. B. Hybrids between Riparia and Vinifera : Advance, Naomi, Ariadne, Newark, August Giant, Othello, AUTUCHON, PiZARRO, Brandt, Quassaic, Canada, Secretary, Cornucopia, Waverley. C. Hybrids between Varieties of American species ami ITybrids, especially Delaware. Alma (Bacchus with Hybr.) Berckmans (Clinton with Del.) Brighton (Concord with Diana Hamb.) Centennial (Eumelau with Del.) Duchess (w. Concord with Del.) El Do'rado (Cone, with Allen's Hybr.) GOLDEN Gem (lona with Del.) Lady- Washington (Cone, with Allen's Hj-br.) Monroe (Concord with Del.) POUGHKEEPSIE (lona with Del. or Walter). Purity ('? on Del.) Raritan (Concord with Del.) Rochester (Diana with Del.) Walter (Del. with Diana), and others ; mostly new. These are considered very promising, and some, as the Brighton, the Duchess, the Lady W.iSHiNOTON, are already highly esteemed ; it is supposed that they will become more successful, their origin being three- fourths native. But for localities where the Delaware, or other hybrid parent, does not succeed, mainly on account of mildew, we cannot share the high expecta- tions for any of them expressed by others. The efforts of hybridizers therefore have been, of late, wisely direc- ted to the ]irodircing of crosses between inirely native * Not named. varieties; most remarkable among the new grapes thus produced arc the .Ieffehson (white Concord with lona) and the Empire State (a seedling of the Hartford Prolific fertilized with the Clinton), both by Ricketts. And it seems that in these, fine quality and beauty of fruit are united with a strong vigorous growth of vine and thick, mildew-resisting foliage. In the former editions of this Catalogue we alrea- dy expressed our conviction that the production of healthy, successful Hybrid grapes from tender, unreli- able natives, such as the lona, with the here still more unhealthy Vinifera, is highly improbable, especially when some glasshouse-grown variety of the latter is used for that purpose. European horticulturists are now largely engaged there in producing new hybiids between American and their own varieties ; but it is doubtful whether even these will prove a great gain for American grape culture here. Its progress depends, we think, on the production of grapes from the seed of our native species, and from cross-breeding their best varieties, carefully selecting those most adapted to our own locality. LOCATION. The only general rules we can give to guide in the selection of a proper, desirable location for vineyards, are : 1. A good wine-growing region is one where the season of growth is of sufficient length to ripen to perfection our best wine grapes, ex- empt from late spring frosts, heavy summer dews, and early frosts in autumn. Do not at- tempt, therefore, to cultivate the grape in low, damj) valleys, along creeks ; high table-lauds and hillsides, with their dry atmosphere and cool breezes, are preferable to rich bottom lands; low situations, where water can collect and stagnate about the roots, will not answer; wher- ever we And the ague an habitual guest with the inhabitants, we need not look for healthy grape-vines; but on the hillsides, gentle slopes, along large rivers and lakes, on the bluffs over- hanging the banks of our large streams, where the fogs arising from the water give sufficient humidity to the atmosphere, even in the hot- test summer days, to refresh the leaf during the night and morning hours, there is the lo- cation for the culture of the grape. Shelter has also an important bearing on the healthy growth of the vines ; some well-located vine- yards have not proven lucrative for the want of proper shelter; where it is not attbrded by woods growing near by, it shoud be provided for by planting trees ; large trees, however, should not be ])lanted so near the vines as to interfere with their roots. Oue of our vine- yards has been thus protected by an arbor vitse fence from the north and west winds. This fence is now 15 years old, over 8 feet high, and is considered one of the finest ornaments to our grounds. There are some locations so ring. GRAPE MANUAL. Planting. 29 favored that no artificial protection is needed. Remenilier, liowever, that no one locality is suited to all kinds of grapes. (See page 6). 2. A good soil for the vineyard should be a dry, calcareous loam, sufficiently deep (say 3 feet), loose and friable, draining itself readily. A sandy, yet moderately rich soil is better adapted to most varieties than heavy clay. New soils, both granitic and limestone, made up by nature of decomposed stone and leaf- mould, are to be preferred to those that have long been in cultivation, unless these have been put in clover and rested a few years. If you have such a location and soil, seek no further, ask no chemist to analyze its ingredients, but go at once to PREPARING THE SOIL. " The preparation of the soil is undoubtedly one of the most important operations in the establishment of a vineyard, and one of its objects sliould be to get the soil of a uniform texture and richness throughout, but not over- rich. This deep stirring of the soil jiuts it very much in the condition of a sponge, which ena- bles it to draw moisture from the soil beneath and from the atmosphere above, and hold it for the wants of the plant ; hence, soils that are drained and deeply stirred, keeping the good soil on the surface, are less suliject to the evils that accompany and follow a drought than those that are not so treated. It is of the first importance, therefore, that vineyards and or- chards at least should be put In the best condi- tion for the reception of the vines and trees, if the best results are aimed at." Pet. Henderson. The old system of trenching is no more prac- ticed, except upon very hard, stony soil, and upon steep hillsides, being too costly and of very little, if of any, advantage. The plow has taken the place of the spade, and has greatly lessened tlie expense. While we «'ould urge a thorough work in the preparation of the soil before planting the vine, and warn against planting in ditches, or, still worse, in square holes, we believe that by careful grubbing (in timber lands), leaving no stumjis, which would only be continual eyesores and hindrances to proper cultivation, and then, using a large breaking plow, followed by the sulisoil plow, the soil will be stirred as deeply (say 20 inches) as is really necessary to insure a good and healthy growth of vines. This will require two to three yoke of oxen to each plow, according to the condition of the soil. For old ground a •common two-liorse plow, with a span of strong horses or cattle, followed in the same furrow by a subsoil stirrer, will be sufficient to stir the soil deeply and thoroughly, and will leave it as mellow and as nearly in its natural position as desirable. This may be done during any time of the year when the ground is open and not too wet. Most soils would be benefited ly under- draining; the manner of doing this is the same as for other farm crops, except that for vines the drains should be placed deeper ; it is less important on our hillsides, and too costly to be here practiced to a great extent ; wet spots, however, must be drained at least by gutters, and, to prevent the ground from washing, small ditches should be made, leading into a main ditch. Steep hillsides, if used at all, should be terraced. PLANTING. The soil being thus thoroughly prepared and in good friable condition, you are ready for planting. The proper season for doing this here, is in the fall, after the 1st of Novemlier, or in the spring, before the 1st of May. Seasons dif- fer and sometimes make later planting advisa- ble, but never during frost nor while the ground is too wet. If you have been delayed witli your work of preparing the soil in spring, the young plants from the nursery sliould be hilled in some cool, dry place and covered, so that their vegetation be retarded ; if they have already made shoots, be specially careful to guard against their roots getting dry. JNIost \iue- yards are planted in spring ; in northern and very cold localities, this may be preferalde. We prefer fall planting ; the ground will gen- erally be in l)etter condition, as we have better weather in the fall, and more time to spare. The ground can settle among the roots in win- ter ; the roots will have healed and calloused over, new rootlets will issue early in spring be- fore the condition of the ground would have permitted planting, and the young plants, commencing to grow as soon as the frost is out of the ground, will start with full vigor in spring. To prevent the roots from being thrown to the surface by alternate freezing and thawing, a mound of earth hoed up around the plants, or a ridge thrown up with a plow so as to elevate the ground somewhat in the rows, will be found to afford all the protection neces- sary. By no means delay planting till late in spring, and, if your ground is not ready in time, you had much better cultivate it with corn or hoed crops oi some kind, and postpone plant- ing until next fall. Planting in rows, six feet apart, is now the usual method ; it gives sufficient space for a horse and man to pass through with plow or cultivator ; the ilistauce 30 Plantinri. BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. Seed Culture. ^/^^ in the rows varies somewhat with the growth of the differeut varieties and the richness of the soil. Most of our strong vigorous, growers, the Concord, Ives, Hartford, Clinton, Taylor, Nor- ton, Herl)emont, will need 8 to 10 ft. in the rows ; Scupperuongs are planted 20 to 80 feet apart ; while tlie Delaware, Catawba, /'""^" '' % Creveling, lona, may have sufH- l_ cieut room when planted G feet apart. The dwarfing treatment practiced with European varieties, especially by German vint- ners, will not do for American vines, which must have ample room to spread and a free cir- culation of air. The number of vines required to set an acre (containing 43,560 square feet) will be — DlHanre, ft-Kt. Metres. Number. 6 ft. by 6 ft Im85byl™85 1,210 6 ft. by 7 ft 1 n> 8.5 by 2 m 15 1,037 6 ft. by 8ft 1 "■ 85 by 2 '" 46 907 6 ft. by 9ft 1 ■" 85 by 2 m 75 807 6 ft. Iiy 10 ft 1 ra 85 by 3 ra 725 7 ft. by 7 ft 2 m 18 by 2 m 15 889 7 ft. by 8ft 2 ni 15 by 2 m 4(; 777 7 ft. by 9ft 2 m 15 by 2 ni 75 690 7ft.liylOrt. .. 2 m 15 by 3 m 622 8 ft. by 8ft 2 '" -to by 2 ni 40 680 8 ft. by 9 ft 2 m 46 Ijy 2 ni 75 605 8 ft. by 10 ft. 2 n. 46 by 3 ni 545 9 ft. by Oft 2 m 75 by 2 ni 75 537 9 ft. by 10 ft 2 ni 75 by 3m 484 10 ft. by 10 ft. 3 m by 3m 435 One acre = 41 ares Freucb measure, or one hectare nearly enual to two and a half acres. Having determined the distance at which you desire to plant the vines, marli off the rows, running them parallel, and with the most level lines of your slope or hillside, so that you may easily plow between the rows and that the ground may not wash. (On an eastern slope the rows will therefore run jn a direction from north to south, which most vine-dressers pre- fer.) Be careful, on sloping ground, to leave spaces for surface drains ; the steeper the hill- sides the more frequent must these surface drains be. Then divide the rows into the de- sired distances by the aid of a stretched line, and put small stakes where each plant is to stand. Now, if the ground is sufficiently dry so as to pulverize easily, make the holes to re- ceive the vines as shown in Fig. 44. The depth of these holes must necessarily vary somewhat with the nature of the soil. On very steep hill- sides, and especially on southern slopes, with naturally warm, dry soil, you must plant deep- er than on gentle slopes with deep, rich soil,, or on bottom land and rich prairies. Eight inches will be deep enough on the latter ; on the former we should plant from twelve to fourteen inches deep. Having made the holes — and it is best not to make too many at a time, as the ground will dry out too quickly — you can go to planting. In planting it is important to give the roots their former position, and to have them each and all firmly surrounded with good fine soil, press- ing it down with the hands or foot ; then fill up the hole with earth, forming a very small hill over the head of the plant, so that no part of it may dry up, yet so as to permit the young ten- der shoot to penetrate easily. Every beginner in if rape culture knows that young rooted vines are used for jilanting, wheth- er it be for wliole vineyards or merely for the garden or arbor, and that such young vines are usually raised in the nursery from cuttings or layers. But the reason why they are mo< grown from seeds is not generally so well known, and even among old experienced grape- growers some erroneous ideas prevail with regard to seed cultureand questions connected with this, now more than ever important and interesting subject. It is scarcely necessary to mention that the wild grape grows and propagates itself from seed only. This wild grape constant- ly reproduces itself; i.e., its seedlings do not materially differ from their parent vines. Transplanted into richer soil, and receiving care and cultivation, its berries may increase in size, and in the course of years may some- what improve and change its character ; if, then, we take the seed of this cultivated vine, especially if it was grown in x>roximity to other different grapes, the seedlings of these will more materially differ. So great is this tend- ency to variation, tiiat of a hundred seedlings of one cultivated vine scarcely two will be found exactly alike ; some will differ widely ; nearly one-half will Ije male plants and will not produce any fruit at all, while most of the others will retrograde to their wild origin, and Planting. GRAPE MANUAL. Seed Culture. 31 scarcely one, perhaps, be an improvement on j the cultivated parent. The layer or the cutting- of a grape-vine will, on the contrary, exactly reproduce the parent vine from which it was taken, and even any , transplanting of the same, into a widely differ- ent locality, cannot change it. The differences in soil and climate may imjjrove or impair the vigor of the vine and its foliage, the size and ' quality of its fruit ; in other words, they may be more or less favorable to the development | of its inherent qualities, to the good or ill suc- cess of the variety ; but they will never materi- ] ally change it in appearance, form, taste, color — ' much less in its botanical characteristics.* The , practical grape-grower, therefore, who desires ! to plant certain varieties, all fruit-bearing, will | not plant seeds, nor young plants raised from seeds — although some theorists pretend that I the long continued propagation and culture of ■ the grape from the wood was the cause of its recent failures to withstand diseases, insects, and other parasites. Careful and unprejudiced investigation and reasoning as well as practical experiments have fully established the facts : that seedlings resist no more successfully than plants from cuttings, nor are they much less sensitive to the vicissitudes of climate ; and that the long continued culture and propagation from wood has nothing to do with the greater or less resistance to diseases, nor has their cel- lular tissue been softened thereby. For practical grape culture we should use none but the best rooted plants of those kinds which we wish to produce. Some vintners, from supposed economy, use only cuttings to plant their vineyards, placing two cuttings where one vine is to grow ; but the result generally is unsatisfactory, especially with American va- rieties, most of which do not root as easily as those of the European Vinifera class, and make much reijlanting necessary ; and where both cuttings do grow, one must be pulled out. Those vintners would do better, by far, by first growing their cuttings one or two years in nursery rows, and afterwards transplanting the best of them to their intended vineyard. But if we desire to obtain new varieties we must plant seed. This is a far more uncertain, * The erroneous opinion that a grape transplanted to other con.^trie8 rasiy become entirely changed l)y in- ' fluences of climate anil soil was often supported by errors i or deceptions in transplantinj^a vineorcntiing, not true to name. Thus the famous Tokav srape w.as supposed to liave been transplanted to the Rhine 130 years ago, and, as it was there found to be a miser.ible crape, quite dif- ferent from tlie noble Tokav. this was ascribed to the influence of the different soil. But lately it has been discovered that the grape transplanted from Tokay (in Hungary), and known in Germany under the nickname { ^* ]*utzsi here" (Snuffers), is the same grape wbicli also | grows at Tokay- and is known there iinder the name '^Oyoni/sznln^^ {\v\utii l)earl) . and that it is tbei'e also of poor quality, and is not the excellent variety '•Frumint" of which the celebrated Tokay wine is made. slow and difficult operation than most people imagine, and but very few have been successful in it. Just as some careful breeders of animals have succeeded in raising improved kinds, on which they engrafted certain qualities by cross- ing, so have horticulturists endeavored to reach the same end by hybridizing the best varieties of grapes and planting their seeds, having due regard to tire characteristics of the parents from which they breed. (See "Hybrids," p. 28.) But of late still another very important func- tion has been assigned to seed planting, name- ly, to produce in Europe (especially where the import of our cuttings and rooted plants has been prohibited) American vines, which resist the Phylloxera, as grafting stocks. For, how- ever great the tendency to variation is in seed- lings, still, under all circumstances and changes of soil and climate, they retain the Phylloxera- resisting root as well as other botanical charac- teristics of their parents.* During the laat few years we have furnished several thousands of pounds of grape-seed to Austria, Italy, Spain, and Portugal. The reports of their germina- tion were generally favorable, while seeds sent by others mostly failed. The following report of V. Babo, kindly furnished us this spring (1883) is certainly both reliable and interesting in this respect : "Of the grape-seeds received from you last year, the Biparin sprouted best ; so well, indeed, that we can scarcely manage the innumerable small seedlings. Alltheother seedlings (frijm cultivated sorts) show great variety in fruit, color, foliage, &c. Most varia- ble are those from Taylor seed ; from ihe 2,500 bearing vines raised from seed of this one va- riety, a hundred distinct sorts can easilj' be selected. The young plants from Riparia seed seem not to vary much, as we can find but very little essential difference in their foliage." We do not intend liere to discuss the vari- ous modes of multiplication or propagation of grape-vines from cuttings, layers or single eyes (buds), still less the methods of producing new varieties from seed and of hyliridizing, as this would far exceed the scope of this brief manual, nor do we desire to say whether plants grown from cuttings, from single eyes or from layers, are preferable. Propagators and nurserymen are not considered disinterested, impartial judges on this question. But we maj* reasona- bly suppose that those who read this catalogue are either our customers or desire to purchase rooted vines from us, and want to get ihe best plants. Vines raised from layers were in for- mer years held to be superior, and are still pre- *For this purpose It is best to use the seed of the wild grape, especially of jEstivalis and of Riparia i the seed of hi/brids should not be used. 32 naming . BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. Grafting. . ferred by mdny, but unprejudiced and observ- ing: cultivators have found tliat tliey only look stroiigeraiid finer, liut are not anf/oo ' as plants properly grown from cuttings or single-eyes, of mature, healthy wood. The disposition to ra- pidly multiply the new varieties of grapes has led to the production of vast numbers of vines from summer layers, or, still worse, from green cuttings. The plants so produced usually prove a disappointment to the planter, and injure the reputation of new varieties. Our German and French vine-dressers gene- rally practiced growing vines from long cut- tings, but short (two or three eyej cuttings will usually make stronger and better ripened roots. Others again have obtained the be.«t results from single-eye plants, and consequently pre- fer them. The celebrated French ampelograph Dr. Jules Guyot praised single-eye cuttings as physically and physiologically most approach- ing to those raised from seed. We have tried all, and find that it makes very little ditt'erence how the vine has been produced and raised, provided it has strong, firm, healthy, well- ripened roots, and wood, with plump and per- fect buJs. (We never found any grown from green or unhealthy wood that had them.) As a general rule, a ivcll grown vine is in its best condition for planting when one year old. Fuller and some other good authorities prefer two-year old transplanted vines ; vines older than two years should not be planted, and so- called extra large layers " for immediate bear- ing" are a humbug. There is, however, one method of propagat- ing the grape, namely, by Grafts, which be- longs more properly to the sphere of the culti- vator, the vineyardist, than the nurseryman or propagator, and which presents itself under aspects almost entirely new. GRAFTING. Grafting the grape-vine is now practiced on a gigantic scale in Europe, where the contin- ued inroads of the Phylloxera have carried devastation and destruction over an immense area of vineyards, once thrifty and 1 'looming. Many methods have been tried ; untold sums of money have been expended In vain attempts to check the march of this terrible enemy of the European grape; but, alas ! these attempts have practically proved to be failures. By the application and continued use of chemical in- secticides some vineyards have been kept up in a state of comparative health and produc- tiveness ; but, unfortunately, the cost of these annual applications is too high for general use, . and can only be afforded by the proprietors of the most renowned vineyards,) the " grand crus," whose products command such extraor- dinary prices as to cover the extraordinary expenses of preserving them by this means. Vineyards which can be entirely submerged in water every winter, for a period of at least fifty days, can also be maintained in spite of the Phylloxera. And, finally, vines planted in soil containing at least 60 per cent, of pure sand (silica) offer also a comparative resistance to the insect. These three means of maintaining the Euro- pean grape in spite of the Phylloxera apply themselves only in such exceptional cases, how- ever, that European grape culture would be doomed to an almost entire destruction were it not for the American vine coming to the aid of its European sister. The American vine, with its strong, robust system, and its tough, vigorous root, resists the Phylloxera, and by lending its root to the European vine makes the reconstruction of the devastated vineyards possible. When the last edition of our catalogue was published (1875) this matter was stil a problem, and man.y then douhtet whether the solution, positively aud practically, would be a satisfac- tory one. To-day this problem is solved, and it is placed beyond all doubt that the use of the American resistant vine as ixgriifting stoc/: for the European grape (V. Vinifera) is the true solution of the Phylloxera question for the Eu- ropean vintner — that solution which alone has so far been found generally applicaljle, gener- ally practical, and generally satisfactory. - Millions upon millions of vines are now grafted in Europe every spring, some on simple cuttings, some on nursery plants, and others in vineyard plantations ; but in all cases the grafting stock is of American descent. The stocks most generally employed for this pur- pose are types of our wild ]'ilis Riparia, which probably constitutes four-fifths of the grafting stocks now employed, having been found to adapt themselves to nearly all kinds of soils and exposures, and uniting the greatest powers of resistance to the insect with a re- markable facility of rooting from cuttings and of receiving the graft of the V. Vinifera. We will be pardoned for mentioning here with a certain degree of pride and satisfaction, that we were the first to recommend and to bring this valuable grafting stock to the notice of the French grape-growers (in Dec, 1875) and to place it in their hands in sufficient quanti- ties to test its merits, which merits they soon learned to appreciate. Since then the French vintners have proisagated and increased the stock in a wonderful degree, and last winter QrafUng. GRAPE MANUAL. Grafting. Z'i the single Department of Herault alone fur- nished not less than twenty millions of plants and cuttings of Itiparia, all to be grafted with the European grape. The results obtained by grafting- the T. Viyii- fera on American roots have generally been found so satisfactory, not only as the means of resisting the Phylloxera, but also as imparting greater vigor and productiveness to the Euro- pean grape, that the practice of grafting on American stocks would probably be continued even if the dreaded Phylloxera were to sud- denly and entirely disappear. Unfortunately, the very reverse, the increase and spread of the insect, is far more probable ; and the sooner those grape-growers of southern Euroi)e whose territory is not yet infested by this scourge reconcile themselves to the idea of reconstruct- ing their precious but doomed vineyards by the means of grafting on American Phylloxera- resisting stocks, the better it will be for them. We hope our American readers will excuse those rather lengthy remarks about " grafting in Europe"; liut some of them, especially our friends in California, where the European grape forms the nxaiu basis of grape culture, may find them of some practical interest. The question of grafting the grape-vine has many other points of interest for us, aside from the object of placing a variety wliieh is subject to the Phylloxera l>eyond the pernicious influ- ence of this insect. Thus another object for which grafting is very desirable is the early testing of new varieties. By grafting on a vig- orously bearing vine we will generally obtain bearing wood, and sometimes even fruit, at the first season. We are also enabled, by graft- ing, to turn old vigorous vines of perhaps some worthless variety to good account, as with a little trouble and care and the loss of only one year we can change them into some choice and valuable variety. Before we enter into the de- tails of the modus ojiercuuU of grafting, we will first sjieak of the conditions generally consid- ered essential to the successful performance of the operation. First. The Stock. Judging from our own experience, we cannot side with those who claim that in all cases the stock and scion should belong to the same class in order to in- sure perfect success. A point which is of far more importance is the perfect health and vigor of the stock. We should never select a sickly or diseased vine, nor one subject to the attacks of the Phyllox- era, as a stock to graft upon. Even if the graft should live it will thrive but poorly, unless in- deed it belongs to some very vigorous variety and is grafted deeply enough below the sur- face, to form its own roots ; these will then sup- port it entirely, and it will soon dissolve its union with the unhealthy stock. But even in this case it will require years to overcome the effects of the uncongenial p irtnership. If the object in grafting is to guard a variety subject to the rhylloxera against the ravages of this insect, we should select for the stock a vine of a strong and vigorous variety, which possesses recognized jjowers of resistance to the insect. The graft should then be inserted as near the surfiace of the ground as possible, and, where practicable, even above it. Some have asserted that the stock and scion should be of varieties as near alike in vigor of growth as possible, but with this we cannot agree. We should invarialily prefer to graft a weak grower on a strong one. Second. The tScioN. This should come from a healthy and short-jointed cane of last sum- mer's growth, and of moderate size (a little stouter than an ordinary lead pencil is the thickness that we prefer). It should be cut from the vine before very hard-freezing weath- er, and kept in a cool cellar, either in damp moss, sand, or sawdust, or buried in the ground. In case the grafting is to be performed late in spring, the scion may be kept dormant in an ice-house. Third. When TO Graft. The best time, as far as days and months are concerned, varies, of course, with the locality and latitude; but, as a rule, we would state that the vine cannot be grafted with good success, either while the sap is running so freely as to cause the vine when cut to bleed heavily, as it is termed, nor yet (except by the process of inarching, of which hereafter) from the time in the spring, or ra- ther in the early summer, when the young shoots begin to turn hard and fibrous ; this pe- riod generally commences about the time of the bloom, and lasts until after the fall of the leaf. This reduces the time for successful grafting to two periods, the first one lying between the fall of the leaf and the rising of active circulation in the spring, and the second one commencing after this exceedingly strong flow of sap has abated and lasting until the full development of the first young growth. In the more southern States grafting may be successfully and ijractically performed during the first period. In fact, the late Dr. A. P. Wy- lie, of Chester, 3. C, considered the fall or early winter, in that latitude, as the proper time for grafting. Farther north, and even in the lati- tude of St. Louis, fall grafting is not quite as certain, for even when protected by a mulch of straw or leaves the graft is in danger of be- ing thrown out bv the heaving of the ground 34 Grafting. BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. Graftiyig. caused by the frost. In this latitude, however, we often liave fine days in February and early in March, when the ground is open and before the active flow of sap has commenced, wliieh should be improved for the operation. Still farther north, where the ground opens late and spring comes in alnniptly, these days are generally so few that they can seldom be made of any use. For these latitudes the best oppor- tunity lies in the second period, or during the time in which the sap has ceased its active flow and exudes from the wound in a gummy state. Some even claim good success in mid-summer with scions of the same season's growth. In describing tlie operation proper, of graft- ing in the several diflerent methods, we do not think that we could give better directions than by following largely an excellent new French work, " Traite thcnriqiie et pratique du Oreffage de la Yigne" by Aime Champin, an eminent and most intelligent practical vine.yardist, and a most spirited and elegant writer, who has treated the subject in an exhaustive work. His book has also been translated into the Ger- man language by Dr. Roesler. (" Der Wein- bau, seine Cultur und Veredlung, von Aime Champin. A. Hartleben & Co.: Wien, 1882.") To Mr. Champin we are also indebted for the cuts relating to grafting, which are part of the seventy excellent illustrations embellishing Mr. Champin's work. These cuts were drawn from Nature, with rare accuracy and skill, by Miss Aimee Champin. To all who are inter- ested in the question of grape grafting, we nan recommend this work as one of the very best on the subject. The method of grafting most generally ap- plied for larger stocks, or for plants which are already estabUshed in the open ground, is "CLEFT GRAFTING." After clearing away the soil around the collar of the stock to be oper- ated upon, to the depth of 3 or 4 inches, select a place below the surface with a smooth exte- rior around the collar ; just above this place cut the vine off' horizontally with a tine-toothed saw, or, in the case of smaller stocks, with a sharp knife; then split the stock with a com- mon grafting chisel, or other sharp instrument, so that the cleft will run down about 1* or 2 inches. Insert the small end of the grafting chisel, or a narrow wedge, in the centre of the cleft in order to keep it open, and then with a very sharp knife cut your scion — wliicli may be 3 to 4 inches long and have one or two eyes — to a long wedge-shape at the lower end, so as to fit the cleft, leaving the outer side a trifle thicker than the inner one ; insert it in the cleft so that the inner bark of both stock and scion may as much as possible make a close fit on each other ; then withdraw the wedge in the centre, and the scion will be held firmly in its place by the pressure of the stock. If the stock is a large one two scions may be inserted, one on each side. This mode of grafting answers for stocks varying from one-half to three inches in diameter. (See Figs. 45 and 46.) Though not absolutely necessary with large stocks, it is best to wind the grafted plant tightly with some strong coarse string, or other suitable material, in order to bind stock and graft together. Tlien cover it with a grafting- clay ; this clay is best made by thoroughly mix- ing one part fresh cowdung with four parts of ordinary tenacious clay. Grafting-wax, such as Fiji. 4ii. Grafting. GRAPE MANUAL. Graftinr). 35 IS generally used for tree and other grafting, cannot be recoinmended for the grape, as the tallow and rosin seem to have a deleterious influence. To complete the operation, replace the soil, filling it up so that tlie upper bud on the scion will be level with the surface. A shade placed so as to protect it from the noonday sun, or a slight mulch, is very desirable. This method of grafting may also be em- ployed for small stocks ; when the stock is nearly the same size as the scion a perfect con- tact of the bark (liber) can be obtained on both sides. (See Fig. 47.) Or two scions may also be inserted in a stock •of a little larger size (see Fig. 48). It can also be employed for grafting cuttings on cuttings (as figured in Fig. 49), though for this, and in fact for all small stocks grafted out of the ground, we would prefer the whip- GKAFT, or, better yet, the " Chajh^in-gbaft," •of which we will speak later. Another mode of eleft-grafting,which, though a little more tedious, is perhaps also that much more certain, is to saw a slit in the stock about one and a half inches deep with a thick-bladed or wide-set saw, instead of using the chisel. The cleft thus made must be spread open suffi- cient only to receive the scion, which must be cut to fit uicely in the slit, with its upper por- tion resting, with a square shoulder each side, on the stock. In this instance we prefer to graft with two buds, the lower one of which should be the point where to cut the shoulders. In other respects the same rules apply to this mode as those given before. The greatest advantage is that we can always make a clean straight cleft, even when the stock is gnarly or twisted. As the slit cut by the saw is always of a uniform thickness, the scions m.ay be prepared beforehand in the house during a rainy day or in the evening, and kept in damp moss until, wanted. We spoke before of the "whii'-graft" and the "Champin -GRAFT" as being preferable for small stocks or for cuttings grafted upon cuttings. The ordinary whip-graft (the greffe anrjlaise of the French) is well known to our lioriculturists, and, probably, to most of our readers ; it is this graft which is most gener- ally employed by our nurserymen in theproi^a- gation of all small fruit trees, in making root- grafts, and it is especially convenient for graft- ing in-doors, for the "graft on the table" "or for the "graft by the hearth-stone," as the French designate it. In France millions of this grape-graft are made every winter, mostly on rooted plants of one year's growth, but very many also on sim- ple cuttings of Phylloxera-resisting varieties. The stocks and scions sliould both be pro- vided in good season and kept well-preserved in sand, sawdust, moss, or other suitable ma- terial, and stowed away in a convenient phice in the cellar. For this method of grafting it is very desirable, though not really es- sential, that the stock and scion should be as nearly as possible of a uniform size. The ordinary whip-graft, as employed for the grape, is best ex- plained by the ac- comjianying Figs. 50 and 51. Fig. 48. Fig. 49. 36 Qrnftinij. BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. Grafting. The improved whip-grafting, or the "Cham- pin-graft" {hi grcffc Chanrpin), we will de- scribe by a free translation of that chapter of his book treating thereon: Let us operate first on a rooted plant or a rooted internode ; with the pruning shears, or better still with the knife, cut ofT the top as close as possible below an eye or joint at the collar. After the top has been taken off there remains but little difference between a plant and a rooted joint.* With a coarse rag wipe off all sand and grit from that portion of the shoot to be grafted. Then with a .urafting- knife, which should be simple and strong, with a very thin, but wide, and not too long blade (see Fig. 52), make a nice, straight and regular Fig. 5?. slit or cleft, from above downwards, and at one- third or one-fourth of the diameter (U to I'J inches in lengtli), a-cordiug to the size of the subject (Fig. 53). Then, holding the stock in your left hand in the manner shown in Fig. 54, with the palm of the h^ind turned up, cut the thickest part of the split end to an exact smooth level, of equal length as the cleft, as shown m Fig. 55. I'ig. .'14. rig. 53. • By ''rooted joints " (ineritballe riicine' Mr. Cham- pin designatc's iiortions of ji cane, layei-cd the previous summer, -which ha?* .«*i*nl out roots Irdm itsdiffei-ent eyes ornodes. ForgraJtin;^ pm poses, it will be seen, these rooted intcrnodes answer all purposes ii ihey have good strong roots, even tliouiih no top j^rowtli has pushed trom the eyes whifli were Ijuried ia the ground. tm Fig. ."». Fli;. .'iii. This operation is not at all difficult ; but, in order to perform it easily, it requires a very sharp knife, ground to a fine edge from the upper side only. The graft or scion, which should be selected as nearly as possible corresponding in size or thickness with the stock, and generally with two eyes, is jarepared, split and cut jireciselj' in the same manner as the stock, except only, of course, that the cleft and level will be at the lower extremity instead of at the upper. (See o. Fig. 55.) Having thus prepared both stock and scion, it is a very easy matter to unite and adjust them, as shown by Fig. 56, taking care that the bark of both fit together exactly and snug- ly, at least on one side. The graft is now ready for the tie, which should be of some strong pliable material. Lin- den-bass is very good, but any small, strong twine will answer. In France, " Eapbia," the product of a palm leaf, is used very extensively for this purpose. The tie should be adjusted, firmly. Grafting. GRAPE MANUAL. Grafting. Fig-. 57 shows a well- made "Champiu-graft." It now remains to be covered with a thiin but well-applied coating of grafting-clay,* and after that will be ready for planting out; or, if the operation is performed in winter, before tlie planting season, it may be stored in the cellar, or some other suitable place, carefully packed away in sand or sawdust. The operation of graft- ing upon simijle cuttings is performed in precisely the same manner. A grafted cutting is shown in Fig. 58. Tlie grafted cutting should be planted out in nursery rows and grown there for one season before they are set out for per- manent vineyard plauta- upon ; in such cases, a thrifty young cane is grafted at some desirable point near its end. The graft may be either an ordinary cleft-graft, a common whip-graft, or a Champin-graft, or, as the illustration Fig. 59 shows, a saddle- graft. The saddle-graft is noth- ing else than an inverted cleft- graft, the cleft being made in the scion, while the tongue or wedge is cut on the stock. Fig. 59 shows the layered cane and graft, and will make the operation plain to the reader. One great advantage of grafting a layered cane is, that the |f(' stock is not sacrificed in case the graft should fail to grow ; it also enables us to obtain a number of such grafts from one vine. In this case tlie layered canes should be separated from the parent stocks in the latter part of summer, and may be taken up in the fall like any other ordinary layers. When the object of grafting is to place a Eurojiean variety or a hybrid, s ubject to the attacks of the Phylloxera, beyond reach of harm by the insect, it is very important to place the graft as near the surface of the soil as possible, so as to prevent the scion from making ts own roots. Dur- ing the first sum- mer, the grafts should be carefully examined about once Fig. .57. tion. This plan is now pursued on a very extensive scale in France. It may sometimes be desirable to graft on a layered cane ; for instance, in filling a vacancy in a vineyard-row, or in cases where no good place can be obtained for inserting a graft at the collar of an old vine to be operated • A naiTOw strip of tin foil, wound arouna the graft, makes an excellent substitute for grafting clay or wa.x If well put on, it will exclude all air and moisture. Narrow strips or bands of elastic india-rubber are also used very extensively in France ; these are wound around the graft and serve at once as tie and mastic. They offer besides the gi-eat ad- vantage that they will expand with the growth of the stock and consei/uently will not strangle the graft, as It is sometimes the case with other ties when not re- moved in time. These rubber bands should be about ';, to >^ inch in width. Fig. 59. a month, and any roots which may have formed from the scion should be cut ofl". Where the 38 Grafting. BUSHBEKG CATALOGUE. Grafting. scion is itself of a phylloxera-resisting variety, this precaution is, of course, unnecessary. It frequently happens that the buds of the grafts swell rapidly within a few days after the operation, and then, after having given great promise for a week or two, they turn brown and apparently die off. Do not let this dis- courage you too quickly, and above all make no rash examinations of the cause of this seem- ing failure, by pulling out the scion or other- wise loosening it. A graft will often remain in this state for a period of five or six weeks, and then start up all at once with a vigor that will push young wood to the length of twenty or more feet the same season. Keep the young growth well tied up, and carefully remove all suckers from the parent stock as soon as they appear. A method of "Green or Herbaceous graft- ing," which is said to give excellent results, and is extensively practiced in some parts of Hungary, especially in the grape regions around Buda-Pesth, is described in the Ampelogra- phische Berichte, January 1S80, as follows: 'In the month of May, when the young shoots have not yet become wood.y but have already well-developed eyes at the base of the leaf, the shoot which is to be grafted is cut oft" close be- low an eye ; it is then split nearly up to the eye below the cut. The scion, which has been taken from a suitable young shoot, is cut to one eye with a long, thin wedge, below which it is fitted nicely into the split. The graft is then wrapped with woolen yarn. After a few days the eye will begin to swell and grow, and after a complete union has taken place will develop shoots of a yard (over 90 centim.) or more in length, the same season. During the first winter the grafted canes should be laid down and covered, to protect them from in- jury by frost. The advantages of this method of grafting are, that fruit may often be ob- tained the first season, that several grafts can be made on the same stock, and that the opera- tion is a very easy one; a skilled hand can easily graft one hundred and fifty or more in a day ; and that it is performed at a time when other work in the vineyard is, comparatively, not very pressing. ' Another method of grafting, above the ground, is by GRAFTING BY APPROACH OR INARCHING. For this method it is desirable that two plants, one each of the variety which is to form the stock, and one of the scion, are plant- ed close together, say about one foot apart. In June (the first year, if the plants make a sufficiently strong growth, if not, the second year), or as soon as the young shoots become sufficiently hard and woody to bear the knife, a shoot is taken from both the stock and the scion vine, and at a convenient place, where they may be brought in contact, a shaving is taken out from each of these, on the side next to the other, for a length of two or three inches. This must be done with a smooth cut of a sharp knife, a little deeper than the inner bark, so as to obtain on each a flat surface. They are then fitted snugly together, so that the inner bark joins as much as possible, and are wrapped securely with some old calico strips, or with soft bass strings. Besides this, it is well to place one tie a little below, and one above the grafted point, and also to tie the united canes to a stake or trellis to insure against all chances of loosen- ing by the swaying of the wind. The rapid swelling of the young growth at this period of tlie year makes it desirable that the grafts be looked over after a few weeks, replacing such ties which may have burst, and loosening others which may bind so as to cut into the wood. A union will generally be made in the course of two or three weeks, which will be further consolidated in the course of six to eight weeks, when the bandages may be re- moved and the grafted portion left exposed to the sun, to thoroughly harden and ripen it. The shoots themselves are to be left to grow undisturbed for the rest of the season. In the fall, if a good union has taken place, the cane forming the scion is cut close brlow its union with the stock cane, which in its turn is cut close above the connection. Bupposing the stock to have been a Concord and the scion a Delaware, we now have a vine of the latter en- tirely on the strong, vigorous root of the former. Of course constant vigilance must be exercised to prevent suckers from starting out of the stock. It is well to protect the grafted joint the first few winters by a slight covering of straw or soil to prevent the frost from split- ting it apart. Another mode of grafting above ground (copied from "The Gardner's Monthly" by W. C. Strong in his valuable work, "The Cul- tivation of the Grape") is not merely interest- ing in itself, but also illustrative of many othe modifications in grafting: (See Fig. 60.) "After the first four or five leaves are formed, and the sap is flowing, you choose the place on the vine where you intend to graft. At that point wrap a twine tightly several times around the vine. This will, in a measure, pre- vent the return sap. Orafting. GRAPE MANUAL. Planting. 39 ^.^ Below the ligature make a slo- ping cut down, as shown at a; also, a similar reversed one above the ligature, as at b, about one inch in length. In selecting a scion prefer one that has naturally a bend. Cut it so that it shall be wedge-shape at both ends, and a little longer than the distance be- tween the cuts in the vine at a and b. Insert the scion, taking care to have the barks in direct contact, securing it with a string, c, bound round both scion and vine sufficiently tight to force the scion-ends into their places. If the work is done well, no tie will >r-^' U!^ ^^ required at a and b, but the ' Fig. i;o. joints should be covered with grafting wax. In a short time, the bud at d will commence its growth, after which you can, by degrees, remove all the growing shoots not belonging to the scion, and in course of the summer j'ou may cut off the wood above 6, and in the fall remove all above « on the stock, and above e on the scion." We refrain from speaking of other methods of grafting, as we believe that the modes of oiiEFT-grafting as well as the WHip-graft and CHAMPiN-graft, which we have described and illustrated by plain figures, are those which give the best results, generally. The extensive grafting operations of France are mostly confined to these methods, and practi- cal experience is the best teacher in such mat- ters. We also deem it unnecessary to speak of the many machines and tools lately invented for grafting ; as a good pruning knife, as de- scribed, is the tool most in use, and quite satis- factory in skilled hands. We should here mention that, generally speaking, our American varieties do not take the graft as readily and surely as the Euro- pean species. A graft of V. vinifera on an American stock will rarely fail to grow if the operation has been proj)erly performed ; while success is not quite as certain when both, stock and scion, consist of American varieties, espe- cially if of the hard wooded kinds. Neverthe- less, when well done, at the proper season and with well conditioned wood, the operation will show a far greater percentage of success than ■of failure. In our former edition we promised to experi- ment more largely with the grafting of Euro- pean A'arieties on our native stocks here. We have made these experiments, and in Septem- ber, 1880, we exhibited in St. Louis, at the meeting of the Mississippi Valley Horti- cultural Society, a number of fine foreign grapes, raised in open air, on grafted vines, in our own vineyards. But while success, in so far as protecting the European grape from the Phylloxera, has been highly satisfac- tory, we have found our climate, in this lati- tude, too unfavorable for the V. vinifera to en- courage us for more extensive operation. Not only are our winters too severe for the V. vini- fera, but the tendency of the latter to mildew makes their success too doubtful in all but the most favorable seasons. For our section of the United States, therefore, we would not recom- mend anything further than limited trials in this direction. But we think that there is a valuable field of operation for the enterpris- ing grape-grower in some sections of the Southern States, where, under more favorable climatic conditions, the V. vinifera, grafted upon Phylloxera-proof native stocks, would most likely give excellent results. PLANTING (Continued). But now let us return to the modus operandi of planting. Take your vines, in a pail with water, or wrapped in a wet cloth, from the place where they were heeled-in,* to the holes ; when planting, let one person shorten the roots, with a sharp knife, then spread them out evenly to all sides, and let another fill in with well pulverized earth. The earth should be worked in among the roots with the fingers, and pressed to them with the foot. Lay the vine in slanting, and let its tojj come out at the stake previously set. Then, with your knife, cut back the top to a bud just above, or even with the surface of the ground. Do not leave more than two buds on any one of the young vines which you are planting, however strong the tops, or however stout and wiry the roots may be. One cane is sufficient to grow, and merely to be prepared for possible accident, both buds are allowed to start. The weaker of the two shoots may afterwards be removed or pinched back. *On receiving your vines from the nursery, they should be taken out of the box, without delay, and heeled-in. which is done as follows: In a diy and well protected situation, a trench is mnilc in the soil 12 to l,"; inches deep, wide enough to receive the roots of the plants, and of any required length, the soil being thrown out upon one side. The plants are then set thickly together in the trench, with the tops in a sloping direc- tion and against the bank of soil thrown out of the trench ; another trench is made parallel to the first, and the soil taken from it is thrown into the first, covering the roots carefully, filling in all of the interstices be- tween them. Press down the soil, and smooth off the surface, so that water shall not lodge thereon. When one trench is finished, set the plants in the next, and proceed as before. When all this is comiUeted, dig a shallow trench around the whole, so as to cany off the water and keep the situation dry. 40 rianting. BUSHBBRG CATALOGUE. Trellii. When planted in the fall, raise a small mound around your vine, so that the water will drain ofl, and throw a handful of straw or any other mulch on the top of the mound, to protect it ; but do not, under any circumstances, cover the vine with manure, either decomposed or fresh. It is a well-authenticated fact that, under the action of nitrogenous agents, the grape grows more luxuriant, its leaves are larger, its product increases in quantity. But the pro- ducts of vineyards so manured have an ac- knowledged defect — they impart to the wine a flavor which recalls the kind of manure ap- plied. What is gained in size of bunch and berry is lost in quaUty and flavor. Overfeed- ing produces a sappy growth of soft and spongy wood, with feeble buds or eyes, which are in far greater danger of being winter- killed. Moreover, nitrogenous substances ex- clusively used hasten the decay of vineyards and the exhaustion of the soil, and even those authorities who favor manures in preparing certain grounds, or long after planting, mean a compost made of old barn-yard manure, leaf mould, brolien bones, etc., laid up to rot and frequently turned ; but do not allow any de- composing organic matter to come in contact with the newly planted vine. During the first summer little else can be done than to keep the ground mellow, loose about the plants and free from weeds ; stirring the ground, especially in dry weather, is the best stimulant, and mulching (spreading over the ground a layer of tan-bark, sawdust, straw, salt-hay, or the like, to maintain a more uni- form state of temperature and moisture for the roots) is far better than watering. Do not tie up your young vines ; do not pinch oflT the lat- erals ; by allowing them to lie on the ground, during the first season, more vigorous stems will be obtained. A fair growth is about four feet the flrst summer. 8ome grape-growers prefer, however, to allow but one shoot, the strongest, to grow, and break the others ofl", then tie this one shoot to a stake, and pinch back the laterals to one or two leaves each. In the fall, after the foliage is all off, cut back to two or three buds. Cover the short cane left with a few inches of earth before the ground freezes. If any vacancies have occurred, flU out, as soon as possible, with extra strong vines, of the same variety. During the following ivinter, tlie tkellis should be built. The plan adopted by most of our experienced grape growers, as possessing some advantages over other plans, especially if grapes are grown in large quantities, is as fol- lows: Posts of some durable timber (red cedar is best) are split 3 inches thick and about 7 feet long, so as to be 5 feet in height after being set ; these posts are set in holes 2 feet deep, 1& to 18 feet apart in the rows (so that either 2 vines 8 feet apart, or 3 vines 6 feet apart, are between two stakes); three wires are then stretched horizontally along the posts, being fastened to each post with a staple n, which is driven in so firmly that the wire is prevented from slipping through. The two end posts should be larger than the others and braced (Fig. 61), so that the contraction of the wire (in Fig. 61.— (Four wires, 15 inches apart.) cold weather) will not loosen them. 'J'he flrst wire is placed about 18 inches from the ground and the others 18 inches apart ; this brings the upper wire about 4 feet 6 inches from the ground. The size of the wire used is No. 10 annealed iron ; No. 12 wii-e is strong enough. At the present prices of wire the cost per acre will be from S40 to §60, according to distance of rows and number of wires used. In place of the wire, slats or laths may serve the same purpose (as seen in Fig. 62), but they Fig. 6-2. Trellis. GRAPE MANUAL. Training. 41 :are not durable, and the posts must then be put in much closer. Another mode of making ■wire trellis (the Fuller plan) is with horizontal bars and perjaendicular wires, as shown in a following illustration (Fig. 63). Posts of good, hard, durable wood, 3 inches in diameter and Fig. 63. 6J to 7 feet long, are placed between the vines, at equal distance from each vine, and in a line with them, 2 feet deep in the ground. When the posts are set, nail on strips about 2i iuclu - wide and 1 inch thick, one strip or bar beiiiL' placed one foot from the ground, and the other C; at the top of the jjosts. Then take No. 16 gal- vanized iron wire and put it on perpendicu- larly, twisting it around the lower and upper bar, at a distance of about 12 inches apart. Oalvanized wire is preferable, and as a pound of No. 16 wire gives 102 feet, the additional ex- pense is but very small. This trellis will prob- ably cost less than one with horizontal wires, and is preferred by some. Practical experience, however, speaks in favor of horizontal wires, and a method with only two horizontal wires, the lower about 3 feet high and the upper about 5i feet high, is gaining "the good opinion of vineyardists. East and West. A good many grape growers train their vines to stakes, believing it to be cheaper; and the decline in the price Of grapes and wine induces many to adopt the least costly plan. This method has also the great advantage of al- lowing us to cultivate, ^J*' plow and cross-plow the ground in all directions, leaving but little to hoe around the vines. Some use one stake only, as shown in Fig. 64, but with our strong growers this mode is apt to crowd foliage and fruit too much ; others therefore use ttvo, and, where timber is plenty, even three stakes, placed around each vine, about ten inches from it, and wind its canes around them spirally until they reach the top. The disadvantage of training on stakes is, that these soon rot in the ground, and must be almost annu- ally taken out, repointed and driven into the soil, consequently require more labor, and are not as durable as trellis, unless cedar poles, or other very durable timber is used. A very simple combination of the trellis and stake sys- tem (as shown in Fig. 65) is also highly recom- mendable, requiring but one wire for the bear- ing canes and much lighter stakes, which need Fig. 65. not be set as deeply into the ground as where no wire is used to hold them, and will consequent- ly last longer ; but this method does not afford the advantage of cross-plowing. To secure this advantage and at the same time to give to our strong growers more space and the benefits of high training, we made a kind of "Arbor Trellis" in one of our A'ineyards (Fig. 66), the construction of which is more ex- pensive on account of the necessary high posts (of which the end-posts only need be quite strong) and of the wire ; but the productiveness and probable exemption from diseases is also greater in proportion. By this method the ground might also be used for grass culture, and summer-pruning and tying is almost entirely dispensed with. The fruit-gathering is, how- ever, less convenient, and none but quite hardy, vigorous varieties should be thus trained. Fig. 66. 42 Training. BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. Training. Some people believe that we could even dis- pense with both trellis and stakes entirely, and urge the adoption of the "Souche" or "Buck Pruning" plan, used in parts of France and Switzerland, but quite impracticable for our strong- growing species in this cliruate. Another mode of cultivation, which our G. E. Meissner liad occasion to see in Italy, seems more applicable to many of our hardy Ameri- can varieties : it is the cultivation of the vine on living trees instead of trellis or stakes. The tree principally employed for this purpose is the Acer campestris, a sijecies of maple. The trees are planted at the age of two to four years, when they are about fvur to five feet high. They are planted in vineyards at a distance of about 12 feet each way, some planting also with a wider space between the rows, and cultivat- ing the intervening space with other crops. At the same time with the trees are planted the vines, which are set in the rows about mid- way between the trees. The vines and trees are both well cultivated, so as to induce a rapid and healthy growth. At the end of the season the vines are cut down to two eyes above the ground, and the second season one or two strong canes are grown from them and care- fully tied up to temporary stakes. At the end of the second season, or as soon as the vine has attained a sufficiently strong growth of cane, it is laid down in a trench, about eight or ten inches deep, to the tree ; the treuch is cov- ered in, and the canes shortened back, so that only two eyes of the vine project at the immediate base of the tree. It is now ready for training up on the tree, the roots of which do not interfere with its growth, as the main feeding-roots of the vine are at a sufficient distance therefrom. The layered cane will also throw out new roots on its entire length and thus induce an extra strong growth. The trees are generally allowed to branch out at a height of five to six feet, and it is at this height, also, that the new head of the vine will be formed on one or more permanent main stems trained up from the bottom. The after-system of pruning and cultivation differs but little from ordinary vineyard culture. The trees also receive an annual cutting back, so as to keep the head open and within bounds, and, if neces- sary, some shoots and leaves are removed in the summer to admit air and light. Once that the vine has reached its hold among the forks of the tree, but Utile tying is necessary afterwards, tlie branches and twigs affording plenty of support and holding to the tendrils. Those who know the cost of grape-stakes and trellis, and the constant expense and trouble of repairs and renewals which their entertainment requires, will appreciate the advantages which sucli a plan would offer, if it can be success- fully applied in this country. The main diffi- culty seems to be in finding the proper kind of tree to use in place of Acer campestris, which we do not find here. The important points to be observed in the selection of the tree seems to us to be a quick growth in the first years, yet not a naturally large grower — a tree that will shed its foliage tolerably early in the fall, and especially one that is not a gross feeder. If you have covered your young vines last fall, remove the earth from over them at the approach of spring, as soon as danger from frost is past; then cultivate the whole ground, plowing between the rows from four to six inches deep, and carefully hoeing around the vines with the two-pronged German hoe or Karst, or Hexamer^s pro7igcd hoc. The ground should thus be broken up, inverted, and kept in a mellow condition COTJreceding our Rot rarely attack the shoots or stems of our grape-vines, and the black Rot of this country never produces mere slits, but always completely destroys those berries which are once touched by it. While the Anthracnose weak- ens the vine and causes the foliage to turn yellow and dry up, the black Rot seoras not to affect the vigorof .the vine nor its foliage in the least. Of late, however, it attacks not rarely from one to three- fourths of all the grapes in the vineyards of the Ohio, Mississippi and lower Missouri valleys, and is there the great obstacle to successful grape- culture. Thirty years ago it was supposed that the Catawba, more than any other grape, was subject to rot, but now nearly all varieties (except Delaware, Cynf hiana, Nortons) are often more or less attacked by this baneful parasite. It infests the most vigorous vines as much, if not more than weak growers. The Concord has of late proved as unresisting to the black Rot as the Catawba. The theory that a plant can be attacked by fungoid diseases only when in a debilitated condition, does not hold good as to Rot ; nor has the exliausfion of the soil any influence upon this scourge. Rot is found as much in vineyards planted on rich soil as in those growing on poor land. The theory that Kofis induced by Phylloxera (root lice) is entirely un- founded. Atmospheric electricity, humidity and dryness, may materially influence the spreading or stopping of the disease. The nature of the soil and the exposure of the vineyard may have something to do with the ap- pearance of this malady, which especially rages on low, damp places, with a cold, compact soil ; but rot sometimes also commenced during very dry weather, and stopped, strangely enough, afler the first rains of the same season, and it was also sometimes foiuid in elevated positions, with a warm, dry soil. As a rule, however, dry seasons and localities, blessed with a purer atmosphere and superior drainage, are more exempt from rot. The late M. B. Bateham (died August 5, 1880), wrote in his last report to the Ohio Hort. Society, re- ferring to an essay read at the Am. Pomol. Society meeting, 1879, as follows ; " As to Grape Rot, my ob- servations of more than twenty years have led me to the same conclusions, in the main, as those of my friend, Mr. Bush. The difficulty is certainly not in soil or cultivation, or in the vine, or in the effect of £ot. GRAPE MANUAL. lioL 5 insect ravages. * * * This disease commenced in Soutliern Ohio more than twenty years ago,* and in a short time ruined the noted Catawba vineyards of Nicholas Longworth and those of a score of other planters. Then, for a time, it was thought that the Ives grape, and especially the Concord, would prove «xempt from tlie destroyer ; hence these were exten- sively planted. But now scarcely any variety is fonnd able to resist attacks of the rot, or if any chance to do so, like the Delaware, they suffer badly from mildew. Many different theories have been held respecting the nature and causes of rot, each pointing to different measures for its prevention, but with little benefit as to results. Not deeming other theories worthy of space, I will say that, after twenty years of careful observation and experiments, the following facts and deductions are the result : 1. The disease is not pe- <-uliar to any variety or class of vines, though some are more liable to it than others, and such as have been some years in bearing are more liable than younger ones. 2. Thekindsof soil and culture have no effect in causing the rot ; but a rich soil, or too much fertilizing, by producing luxuriant growth of the vines, increases their liability to the disease, and wet soil or lack of drainage has a similar effect. 3. Methods of pruning and training, whether long or short, do not cause the rot ; but it is mostly prevented by training against buildings where tbe vine is largely sheltered from rain and dew. 4. The disease is of a fungus na- ture, generating from minute spores which float in the atmosphere, where they are quickened into life and growth by heat and moisture, combined with a plethora of sap, which is at the time in a morbid condition, owing to the stoppage of evaporation and assimilation by the leaves. * * * * * Such being the nature and causes of the disease, it is easy to see that the means of its prevention are not largely within human control. It is found, however, that something can be done in the way of avoiding the malady." Bateliam's suggestions to avoid the rot, however, are partly not very practicable, except on a very small scale, such as training vines against buildings, on poles twenty feet high ; and partly, they need further e.xperi- raents before they can be recommended as remedies. To plant vineyards on as high and open a position as possible, with perfect drainage ; to allow plenty of room on the trellis by planting the vines apart, or cutting out every alternate one when they begin to crowd, are, of course, necessary, in order to keep the soil and roots as dry as possible in summer, and to secure the free access of sun and air, so as to dimin- ish, at least, if not to prevent the disease. Mulching the soil, preventing an excess of heat, is recommended by some, to lessen the liability to rot. Mulching the ground beneath the vines with bitumin- ous coal-slack is said to have been tried with much advantage. We have tried other materials as mulch with no particular results. Some recommend sul- phuring, others a board nailed over the trellis, as protectons from rot; but both are of no avail against this cryptogam. Saunders himself said that he had recommended a coping as a protection against mildew only — not against rot. ♦Should read, "more than thirty ytiars ago,^' KvU dently a typographical error, as Bateham certainly knew that Longworth wrote about it in ISiS. We are still hoping that some more practical mode to prevent rot, or to hinder the development of the disease, may be discovered ; but until that is found we should plant only varieties which are less subject to rot, unless we are fortunate enough to be in localities which are exempt from the disease. Vineyards which are yet free from rot this year, may become infested the next. Who can tell ? We trust, however, that this disease, like other epi- demics, may cease, or at least temporarily disappear, as it has already done in some localities. There are, no doubt, several kinds of grape-rot, variously desig- nated by botanists. For the practical grape grower, the one kind here desi-ribed is the only one of great, sad importance, whether they call it black rot or brown rot. [Those who desire to read more exhaustive descrip- tions and observations on this subject, we refer to Dr. E. C Bidwell's and Col. Pearson's articles in the Vine- land Weekly, and lately, al.so, in the Xew York Sun, copied by various horticultural journals, and deserving to be published in pamphlet form. But after study- ing them all, we arrive at the conclusion that we know- very little, practically, to our advantage about the subject.] For those who desire to grow fine grapes, on a small scale, for table use, for the market, or for exhibition, THE BAG METHOD OF I'ltOTECTING GKAPES should be mentioned. Common manilla paper bags, as used by grocers, about six inches wide and nine inches deep, are put over the bunches before they are half grown, and are fastened by two pins. They should also have a small slit in the bottom, to let water run through it. The cost of bags, pins and labor is about half a cent per bag, and is well repaid by the result. Others found a better protection from insects, birds and diseases, in covering each bunch of grapes with a bag made of cheap crossbar mosquito netting. This kind of bag is slipped over the bunch and tied around the stem with a string ; it interferes less with the nat- ural coloring and perfect ripening of the fruit. In France a specially prepared net bag is made for this purpose, which is stronger than mosquito net. keeps its shape better, and is far more durable— sufficiently open to admit air and partial sunlight, attbrding perfect protection against Ijirds, and with all other ad- vantages, which paper bags could have, without their objections. We used the latter and found them excel- lent, but not a perfect protection against rot. 52 Insects. BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. Insects. INSECTS. [Our limited space only permits ustobrieflj' refer to a tew of those insects which we have found most inju- rious in our own vineyards. These are, however, for the most part unnoticed in any of our standard treati- ses on the Grape-vine, and for the facts regarding them we are indebted to Prof C. V. Riley's valuable " Ento- mological Reports of tlie .State of Missouri.]" The Grate Phylloxera. (Phylloxera vastafrix.) Amongthe insects injurious to the Grape-vine none have ever attracted as much attention as the Phyl- loxera, which, in its essential characteristics, was unknown when the first edition of this little work on American Grape-vines was written. The gall-inhabit- ing type of this insect, it is true, was noticed by our grape-growers many years ago (especially on the Clin- ton), but they knew nothing of its root-inhabiting type. Even Fuller — who informs us that in Mr. Grant's cele- brated grape nurseries (as far back as 185S) the men were in the habit of combing out, with their fingers, the roots of young vinos to be sent off, in order to get rid of the knots — never mentions anything of this, nor of any root-infesting insect, in his excellent Treatise on the Cultivation of the Native Grape, though 16 pages are devoted to its Insects. In the spring of 1869 M. J. Lichtenstein, of Montpcllier, first hazarded the opinion that the Phylloxera, which was attracting so much attention in Europe, was identical with the American Leaf-gall Louse (first described by Dr. Asa Fitch, State Entomologist of New York, by the name of Pemphigus vitifoliie) ; and in 1870 Prof. C. V. Riley succeeded in establishing the identity of their gall insect with ours, and also the identity of the gall and root-inhabiting types. The correctness of his views is confirmed by the subsequent researches of Professor Planchon, Dr. Signoret, Balbiani, Cornu, and other scietjtists in France ; lately also of Prof. Roessler, in Klosterneu- burg in Austria. After visiting France in 187 1, and then extending his observations here, some of which were made in our Bushberg vineyards, Prof. RUey first gave us every reason to believe "that the failure of the European vine ( V. vinifera) when planted here, and the partial failure of many hybrids with the European Vinifera are mainly owing to the injurious work of this insidi- ous little root-louse ; also, that some of our native varieties enjoy relative immunity from the insect's attacks" — M. Laliman, of Bordeaux, having previously noticed the remarkable resistance of certain American vines in the midst of European vines dying from the effects of Phylloxera. The importance of these dis- coveries to grape culture cannot be too highly appre- ciated. The French Minister of Agriculture commis- sioned Professor Planchon to visit this country in order to study the insect here — the harm it does to our vines, or the power of resistance which these pos- sess. His investigations not only corroborated Prof. Riley's conclusions regarding the Phylloxera, but gave him, and through him the people of Europe, a knowledge of the quality of our native grapes and wines, which dispels much of the prejudice against them that has so universally prevailed heretofore. Prof, Riley's recommendations to use certain Amer- ican vines, which he found to resist Phylloxera, as stocks on which to grow the more susceptible Euro- pean vine, has induced us to send a few thousand plants and cuttings, gratis, for testing, to Montpellier, France, and the success of these has resulted in an im- mense demand for the resistant varieties. To discuss this subject as it deserves ; to give a his- tory of the Grape Phylloxera— the progress and extent of its ravages— the exiierhnents made to prevent these ; to review the influence which it had and probably will have on American grape culture, would far exceed the scope of this brief manual. The literature of this sub- ject would fill a respectable library. We can here merely mention a few facts, and give some figures, which may enable the grape-grower to recognize and observe this minute, yet so important insect ; and we refer those who desire full and reliable information to Prof. Riley's Entomological Reports, from which we cull largely. It will be understood that the figures, which are from the same Reports and which were made by Prof. Riley from nature, are generally very highly magnified, and that the natural sizes are indicated by dots within circles, or by lines. The following figure of a grape-leaf shows the galls or excrescences produced by the gall-inhabiting type of the insect. On carefully opening one of the galls, we find the mother louse diligently at work surrounding herself with pale yellow eggs, scarcely (.01) the one- hundredth part of an inch long, and not quite half as Under side of Leaf covered willi fialls, iiaf. size. thick. She is about .04 inch long, of a dull orange color, and does not look unlike an immature seed of the com- mon purslane. The eggs begin to hatch, when 6 or 8 days old, into active little beings, which differ from their mother in their brighter yel- low color, more perfect legs, etc. Issuing from the mouth of the gall, these young lice scatter over the vine, most of them finding their way to the tender terminal leaves, and commence pumping up and appropriating the sap, forming galls and depositing eggs Type Gallicola : c, as their immediate parent had ISfu'enlarK"™:?,*' done before. This process cou- sweiilng of tendril; tjnues during the summer, until the fifth or sixth generation. Every egg brings forth a fertUe female, which soon be- comes wonderfully prolific. Insects. GRAPE MANUAL. Phylloxera. 53 Fig. 74. Newlv hatchkd Gall-Louse: ventral ; i, duraal view. Fig. 75. MOTrreR Gall-T.ouse : ventral anil dorsal views. By the end of Sep- tember the galls are mostly deserted and those which are left ap- pear as if iniected with mildew, and eventu- ally turn brown and decay. The young lice attach themselves to the roots, and thus hi- bernate. It is an im- portant fact that the gall-inhabiting insect occurs only as an agamic and apterous female form. It is but a transient summer state, /^' ' "*X ^^^' 1? -^ "°* ^^ ^^^ essential to &' ' ' A ^'^ -T-'^^ the perpetuation of the species, and does, com- pared with the other or root-inliabiting type, but trifling damage. It flourishes mostly on the Riparia, more especial- ly on t!ie Clinton and Taylor; its galls have also been noticed on many other varieties. In some seasons it is even diflScult to find a few galls on the very vines on which they were very abundant the year before. The root-inhabiting type of tlie Grape Phylloxera hibernates mostly as a young larva, attached to the roots, and so deepened in color generally as to be of a dull brassy brown, and therefore perceived with diffi- culty, as the roots are often of the same color. With the renewal of vine-growth in the spring, this larva moults, rapidly increases in size, and soon commences laying eggs. These eggs, in due time, give birth to young, which soon become virginal, egg-laying moth- ers like the first, and, like them, always remain wing- less, rive or six generations of these egg-bearing mothers follow each other, when, about the middle of July, in the latitude of St. Louis, someof tlie individu- als begin to acquire wings, and continue to issue from the ground until vine-growth ceases in the fall. Hav- ing issued from the ground while in the pupa state, they rise in the air and spread to new vineyards, where they lay from three to five eggs, and then perish. In the course of a fortnight these eggs, which are deposited in the crevices on the surface of the ground, near the ,^__^ I ^^^^ of the vine, and upon the j__LjS^^r\ Y leaves, especially on the under \ If, ^ ^ \«v\ ^''^''' produce the sexual indivi- \" duals, which are born for no other purpose than the repro- duction of their kind, and are without means oi flight or of are, however, quite active and Pig. 76. Male Phylloxera : ventral view. taking food. They couple readily. The female lays a single egg, which has been called the "winter egg," from the fact that it generally passes the winter unhatched. It may, however, hatch the same season that it is laid. It is generally hidden In the crevices and under the loose bark of the older wood, but may also be laid in other situations, and even on old leaves on the ground. There hatches from it the "stem-mother," which either goes directly on to the roots to found a root-feeding colony, or, under favorable circumstances, founds a gall-inhabiting colony on the leaf. PJvery piece of root having rootlets taken from an infected vine during August or September wQl pre- sent a goodly proportion of pup;e, and a glass jar filled with such roots and tightly closed will daily furnish, for some time, a dozen or more winged females, which gather on the side of the jar toward the light. We may gather some idea from this fact, of the immense number that disperse through the air to new fields from a single acre of infected vines, in the course of the Fig. 77. ng I which it is distluguisliea I'rom Ga/licola. late summer and fall months. We liave, therefore, the spectacle of an underground insect possessing the power of continued existence even when confined to its subterranean retreats. It spreads in the wingless state from vine to vine and from vineyard to vineyard, when these are adjacent, either through passages in the ground itself, or over the surface ; at the same time it is able, in the winged condition, to migrate to much more distant points. If to the above account we add that occasionally in- dividuals, under certain conditions, abandon their nor- mal underground habit, and form galls upon the leaves of certain varieties of grape-vines, we have in a general way the natural history of the species. The annexed figure (78) shows the abnormal swelling of the rootlets which follows the puncture of the root- louse ; they eventually rot, and the lice forsake them and betake themselves to fresh ones. As these decom- pose, the lice congregate on the larger parts beyond, until at last the root-system literally wastes awaj'. Duruig the first year of attack there are scarcely any outward manifestations of disease; only the second and third year — when the fibrous roots have vanished, and the lice not only prevent the formation of new ones, but settle on the larger roots, which also eventu- ally become disorganized and rot — do the outward symptoms of the disease become manifest in a sickly, yellowish appearance of the leaf and a reduced growtli of cane; and the vine dies. When the vine is about dying, it is generally impossible to discover the cause of the death, the lice having previously left for fresh pasturage. As is fiequently the case with injurious insects, the Phylloxera shows a jireference for and thrives best on certain species, and even discriminates between varie- ties, or what amounts to the same thing, practically, some species, or varieties, resist its attacks, and enjoy relative immunity f om its injuries. A knowledge ot the relative susceptibility ot different varieties to the attacks and injuries of the insect is therefore of para- mount importance. 54 Insects. BUSHEERG CATALOGUE. Phylloxera. Fig. 78. Type Uadicicola: a, shows a healthy root; 6, one on which the lice are working, representing the knots and swellings caused by their punctures; c, arootthat has been deserted by them, and where the rootlets have commenced to decay ; d, d, d, show how the lice are found on the larger roots ; e, female pupa, dorsal view; g, winged female, dorsal view. The editors of this Catalogue could not help, how- ever, to doubt the theorj* of a relative susceptibility, or a greater or less power of resistance, in various va- rieties of our American vines. The Catawba, the Dela- ware, were among those considered most sensitive to the attacks of the insect. But their very existence after so many years of their cultivation in the home of the Phyllo.\era, and their vigorous and healthy growth in some Phylloxera-infesteil localities in France, con- tradict this assumption. And now most of those who gave special attention to this question, and have had the opportunity to test it both here and in Europe, are firmly of the opinion that all purehj American varie- ties completely resist the Phylloxera, and can succeed in spite of the insect, provided they are placed in loca- tions suitable as to soil and climate. We see in the general rcsistibility of our purely na- tive American vines against the Phylloxera, a remark- able verification of that law which Darwin has so ably established and aphoiistically expressed, as "thk sue- VIV.iL OF THE FITTEST." Prof. Riley, in explaining "why the insect is more injurious in Europe than here," says; " There exists a certain harmony between the indigenous fatma and tlora of a country ; and our native vines are such as, from their inherent peculiarities, have best withstood the attacks of the insect. The European vine, on the contrary, succumbs more readily, not only because of its more tender and delicate nature, but because it has not been accustomed to the disease — there being, doubtless, a parallel between this case and the well- known fact that diseases and parasites which are com- paratively harmless among peoples long accustomed to them, become virulent and often fatal when first introduced among hitherto uncontaminated peoples. Thentheparticularnaturalenemiesof the insect which belong to its own class, and which in this country help to keep it within bounds, are lacking in Europe ; and it will require some time Ijefore the closely allied European predaceous species will prey upon and check it there to the same extent. The Phylloxera will, also, all other things being equal, have an advantage in those countries where the mildness and shortnessof the win- ter allow an increase in the annual number of its gen- erations. Finally, the difl'crences in soil and in modes of culture have no insignificant bearing on the ques- tion in hand. Though Phylloxera, in both types, is found on our wild vines, it is very doubtful if such wild vines in a state of nature are ever killed by it. With their far-reaching arms embracing shrub and tree, their climbing habit unchecked by the pruner's knife, these vines have a corresponding length and depth of root, which render them less susceptible to injur}' from an under-ground enemy. Our own method of growiEg them on trellis approaches more nearly these natural conditions than that cmplojed in the ravaged French districts, where the vines are grown in greater proximity and allowed to trail upon the ground, or are supported to a single stake." Again, after speaking of the large numbers of winged females rising from the ground during late summer and fall, he adds : " The winged female Phylloxera is wafted about, and will lay hereggs, or, in other words, deliver herself of her progeny, wherever she bapjiens to settle. If this be upon the grape-vine, well and good — the young live and propagate; if upon other plants, they perish. We thus have the spectacle of a species annually wasting itself away to a greater or less extent, just as in the vegetable kingdom most species produce a sujierabundance of seed, the larger portion of which is destined to perish. Thus in the thickly planted wine districts of France few winged insects would fail to settle where their issue could sur- vive, while in America an immense number annually perish in the large tracts of other vegetation interven- ing between our vineyards." Under the stimulus of a large reward (300,000 francs) appropriated for the purpose by the French Govern- ment, innumerable plans have been proposed and experiments made, but 710 remedy has yet been discov- ered which gives entire satisfaction, or is applicable to all conditions of soil.* Submersion is an efficacious remedj', btit to be effective the field must be covered with water one foot deep during eight weeks, Novem- ber and December being considered the proper period ; a less complete submersion is useless, and on most and especially on the best hilly vinelands such sub- mersion is impracticable. A large admixture of sand in the soil is also of service, as the root-louse does not thrive on sandy soils. This was first discovered by * La lutte covtre le jiht/Uorera. (The .sti-uggle against the Phyllo.xera) by .1. A. Barral, 1 vol., Paris," 1883, is the latest and most complete work on this subject. Insects. GRAPE MANUAL. Phylloxera. 55 LicHTENSTEiN ; and as a result of this discovery the sandy borders of the Mediterranean coast (Aigues- mortes), where formerly scarcely poor grass grew, are now, in many places, changed into beautiful vineyards, of great value. Sulpho-carbonate of potassa and coal- tar are mentioned as capable of destroying the Phyl- loxera, and Mr. Mares as President of the Ministerial Commission, in his report on the various (140) modes of treatment tried in 1872 to 1874, stated that manures rich in potash and nitrogen, mixed with alkaline or earthy sulphates, refuse of salt-works, soot, wood ashes, ammonia, or fat-lime, have given the best re- sult. Prof Roessler also believed in fighting the insect with manure and phosphates, ammonia and potash, which treatment succeeds in porous soils ; and to ob- tain this porosity he made use of dynamite, raising the soil (rom a great depth without injuring the vines. But the grape-growers seem not to believe in these medicinal insecticides, or considered f hem impractical, too costly, and tlieir application too laborious. Many preferred to resort to planting American vines, mo.stly with a view to graft tliereon their own varieties. And now the American vine has penetrated into all the vineyards of France — notwithstanding its many oppo- nents, both honestly and otherwise; nothwithstanding the ill-favor of tlic Government, where subventions had been reserved for the insecticides and the submer- sion. And tins result is not a passing one, but has gained a stronghold by the exceptional and growing vigorof the American vines themselves, under various ■conditions of soil and in tlie midst of the most intense lavages of the Phylloxera. Tlie Medoc even opens now its doors to the most meritorious grafting stocks, the Rtparia, Solonis, York Madeira, being now con- vinced that their celebrated Medoc wines will not be in the least changed by grafting their varieties on American roots. It is the same in other famous wine districts, and even in tlie regions of the great white wines (Sauterne, Bommes, Barsac, &c.) which are as yet but little attacked by the Phylloxera. It will be the same in other countries, wherever the insect shall make its appearance, in spite of all precautionary mea- sures to protect them from infection. Already it has been discovered in Italy (first in 1879 in the Lomliardy and Porto Mauritzio, then in Sicily) , and is spreading rapidly over all the Mediterranean countries, and over Hungary. Riley and Planchon have established the fact that the insect is indigenous to the Korth American conti- nent east of the Rocky mountains, and there is little •doubt but that it was first imported into Europe on American vines. Yet it must not be supposed that our American vines are all necessarily infested with Pliylloxera, or that the insect has been introduced in every locality where our vines have been planted. On the contrary, there are localities where, from the iso- lated position of the vineyards, or the nature of the soil, it is diflBcult to find the insect, and, like many other indigenous species, it is in some years very nu- merous and injurious, in others, scarcely to be seen. There is comparatively little danger of its being im- ported from one country to another on cuttings. It should be recollected also that vines imported in late winter, or early spring, caimot possibly carry the in- sect, even if infected, in any other f lian tlie egg or larva form, as no winged insects are then in existence, to escape on the way, or upon opening the cases ; and aU danger of importing the insect would be avoided if the plants or cuttings, upon being unpacked, were placed in a bath of strong soapsuds. Prof. V. Matet, of the National Agricultural School at Monfpellier, advises the following precaution : — ( Vignes Am., Dec, 1882.) "1. Never to keep the cut- tings in the soil, in whatever else we may preserve them for exportation ; clear fine sand would be prefer- able. 2. To fumigate the cuttings on arrival with sul- phur smoke, as the sulphuric acid infallilily kills all insects, without injuring the buds or vegetation ; ten minutes are fully sufficient for that. An old large box may serve as a receptacle for the fumigation." In an- swer to inquiries whether this would be sufficient also to destroy the eggs of the Phylloxera, the Professor emphatically declares (Vignes Am., May, 1883), that " we need not trouble ourselves about the eggs — none of these have ever been found on canes of one year's wood. And if ever any live insects were transported with cuttings, less than a quarter of an hour's fumiga- tion with sulphur would kill them on arrival." The greatness of the evil, however, seemed to justify the adoption of extreme measures, and the importation of both American vines and cuttings was strictly pro- hibited by the governments of Europe (except as to cer- tain already invaded districts of France). Thus they excluded — not the insect, but the best remedy. And ■whilst it is now recognized and fully established that Phylloxera-destroyed vineyards can be reconstituted only by replanting with resisting American vines, be it for direct production or for grafting on them other preferred varieties, it is yet very difficult to get the prohibitions and restrictions repealed. Y. Babo, the celebrated Director of the (lenol. Institute of Austria, Klosternenburg, near Vienna, writes us (April, 1883) that " notwithstanding the unanimous declaration of the Commission in favor of American Grape-vines, the Government refuses to listen ; we .shall tarry until the Louse will have spread as a great calamity. Sulpho- carbonates are contiually used — at Government's ex- pense. The moment it shall have to be done at private expense nobody will use it, as the annual cost is out of proportion to the effect. In spite of my own most careful and thorough treatment with sulpho-carbon- ates my success is incomplete. Much as I was at first in favor of sulpho-carbonates, I am now fully convin- ced that our grape-cultnre cannot be carried on except by using proper Phylloxera-resisting stocks." The Revue des Dmx Mondes of June 1, 1883, contains a very interesting article on the Phylloxera question by the Duchess of Fitz-James, in which she says: — "Whilethe Philloxera continues to extend her sinister veil over beautiful France, the American Vine throws over it here and there a ray of hope. Happy the soil which, in receiving it, lays hold of its good fortune. It is this ray before which the desert will vanish. Those who are unconscious of it, try in vain to defend a past which has escaped ; for the chemical remedies, even if they were useful, are only exceptionally practical; and while thus many persevere in their ruin, pursuing a chimera, the American Vine covers with her verdant waves the last tri^ce of our misfortunes." 66 Insects. BUSHBEKG CATALOGUE. Insects. Fig. 79. The Gbape Leaf-hopper. {Erythroneura vitis.) V ery generally but erroneously called Thrips. This is one of the most troublesome insects the grape-grower has to deal with. It is a very active little thing, run- ning sideways like a crab, and dodging round quickly to the otlier side when approached. It jumps with great vigor, and congregates in great crowds upon the under side of the leaf, pumping up the sap, and thus causing numerous brown dead spots, and often killing the leaf entirely. A vine badly infested with these leaf-hoppers wears a speckled, rusty and sickly appear- ance, wiiile the leaves often drop prematurely and the fruit in consequence fails to ripen. There are several species which attack the vine — all belonging to the same genus, however, and only differing in color. The natural history of this insect is not recorded by ento- mologists, but Prof. Riley informs us that the eggs are thrust into the leaf-stems, and particularly along the larger veins of the under side of the leaves. Tobacco- water and soapsuds, to be syringed on the vines, are re- commended in the books as a remedy. Syringing the vines with the following mixture — one gill kerosene, two pounds whale-oil soap, one pound tobacco soap, and eighty gallons water — is said to destroy the green fly and thrip, and to be also a good remedy against the red spider and the mealybug. Fumigations of tobacco stems will also be found effectual for destroying aphis and thrip. But we would recommend passing between the rows with a torch in the evening, smearing the stakes in the spring with soft soap or other sticky sub- stance, and burning the leaves in the fall. The hop- pers fly to the light of the torch ; and as they pass the winter under leaves, loose bark of the stakes, &c., cleanliness in and about the vineyard is of the first importance in checking their ravages. The torch re- medy is most effectual when three persons work in company, one between two rows with the torch, and one on the further side of each of the rows to give the trellis a slight shake and disturb the hoppers. Tobacco stalks or waste thrown on the ground in a grapery effectually protect the vines. The Gkape Lf.af-folder. (Dcsmia maculatis.) This is a worm of grass-green color, very active ; wriggling, jumping and jerking either way at every touch. It folds rather than rolls the leaf, by fasten- ing two portions together by its silken threads. The chrysalis is formed within the fold of the leaf. The moth is conspicuously marked with black and white, all the wings being bordered and spotted aS'in the annexed Grapk Leaf-folder : 1, larva: 2. liead and thoracic joints, enlarged; 3, ciin'salls; 4,5, male and female mollis. figures. The male is distinguished from the female by his elbowed antennar, thickened near the middle, while those of the female are simple and thread-like, The moths appear in early spring, but the worms are not numerous till mid-summer. A good method to destroy the worm is by crushing them suddenly with both hands, within the leaf. The last brood hybernates in the chrysalis state within the fallen leaves, and much may be done towards checking the ravages of this worm, which during some years are very severe, by raking up and burning the dead leaves in the fall. The Grape-vine Fidia. {Fidia viticida.) This beetlCr often miscalled the Rose-bug, is one of the worst foes of the grape-vine in Missouri. It makes its appearance during the month of June, and by the end of July has generally disappeared. When nu- merous, it so riddles the leaves as to reduce them to mere shreds. Luck- ily this beetle drops to the ground upon the slightest disturbance, and thus enables us to keep it in check, by taking a large basin with a little water in it, and holding it under the insect. At the least jar the bugs will fall into the dish. When a quantity have thus been caught, throw them into the fire or pour hot water upon them. M. Poeschel of Hermann, raised a large brood of chickens, and had them so well trained that all he had to do was to start them in the vineyard, with a boy in front to shake the infested vuies, and he himself behmd the chicks. They picked up every beetle that fell to the ground ; and next •season he could scarcely find a single Fidia. The Gigantic Root-borer. {Prionus laticoUis.) Fig. 83. This large borer is often met with in and about the roots of several kinds of plants, such as the Apple, the- Pear, and the Grape, to which it is very destructive. It follows the roots, entirely severing them in many Insects. GRAPE MANUAL. Insects. 57 instances, so that the vines soon die. When fully grown it leaves the roots it was inhabiting, and forms a smooth, oval chamber in the earth, wherein it assumes the pupa form. If the roots are larger, it remains within them to undergo its changes. The perfect insect is a large, dark brown beetle, which first appears towards the end of .Tune, and is very commonly found during the summer and fall months, rushing (often with a heavy, noisy flight) into lighted rooms. Prof. Riley has shown that this borer not only attacks living trees and vines, but that it also breeds in dead oak stumps, and can travel through the ground from one place to another ; from which fact he draws the important corollary that it will not do to leave oak stumps to rot on ground which is intended for a vine- yard — a fact which our experience corroborates. Lit- tle can be done in the way of extirpating these under- ground borers, their presence being only indicated by the death of the vine. Wherever you find vines sud- denly dying from any unknown cause, search for this borer, and upon finding one (in each case we have found but one at each tree or vine), put an end to its existence. The Grape-vine Flea-beetle. {Haltica chalybea.) «, larva, natural size; 6, Fig. 83. do. niagnified; enlarged. cocoon: rf, beetle, Like all Flea-beetles, this insect has very stout swollen high thighs, by means of which it is enabled to jump about very energetically, and is consequently very difficult to capture. The color of the beetle varies from steel-blue to metalic green and purple. The beetles hibernate in a torpid state under any shelter, such as loose bark, crevices of stakes, etc., and they are roused to activite quite early in the spring, doing the greatest damage at this early season by boring into and scooping out the unopened buds. As the leaves expand, they feed on these, and soon pair and deposit their small orange eggs in clusters on the \inder-side of the leaf. These eggs soon hatch into dark colored larva', which may be found of all sizes during the latter part of May and early part of June, generally on the upper-side of the leaf, which they riddle, devo\iring all but the largest ribs. A dusting of dry lime kills the larv.-e, but the beetle has to be caught and killed. The Grape-berry Moth. {Lobesia hotrana.) a, moth; h. worm; c, Fig. B4. hole made in berry: rf, rotting berry, caused by worm. This insect first attracted attention about fifteen years ago. About the first of July, the grapes that are at- tacked by the worm begin to show a discolored spot at the point where the worm entered. Upon opening such a grape, the inmate will be found at the end of a winding channel. It continues to feed on the pulp of the fruit, and upon reaching the seeds generally eats out their interior. As soon as the gr.ipe is touched the worm will wriggle out of it, and rapidly let itself to the ground by means of its ever-ready silken thread, unless care be taken to prevent it from so doing. The cocoon is often formed on the leaves of the vine, in a manner essentially characteristic : the worm cuts out a clean oval flap, leaving it hinged on one side, and, rolling the flap over, fastens it to the leaf, and thus forms for itself a cozy little house, in which it changes to a chrysalis. In about ten days after this last change takes place, the chrysalis works itself out of the cocoon and the little moth represented in the figure (hair-lines showing natural siza) makes its escape. As a remedy we recommend picking up all fallen berries and con- verting them into vinegar, as, upon racking off the juice and water, countless numbers of these worms are found in the sediment. This insect was named Penth- nia vitirorana, by Dr. Packard, in this country ; but Prof. Riley informs us that it is an importation from Europe, where it is known as Lobesia botrana. The Bose-chafer. (Macrodacfyhts subspinosus.) This is the true "Rose-bug," injurious to many plants, but especially hard on grape- vines during some years. In Prof. Rilfty's words : " It is one of those species whose larva develops under ground, and cannot be verj' well dealt with in this stage of its life. We must contend with it in the beetle form, and there is no other effectual means than by hand-picking, or by shaking into vessels and on to sheets. This work can be greatly facilitated by taking advantage of the insect's tastes and preferences. It shows a great predi- lection for the Clinton, and its close allies, of all other 58 Insects. BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. Insects. varieties of the grape-vine, and will gather upon that variety and leave others unmolested, where it has a chance. Those who are troubled with this beetle will no doubt take the hint." The Grape-curculio. (Cseliodes iniequalis. I Figr. 86. a, berry, infested: 6, larva: c, beetle— tlie hair-line showing natural length. The larva of this curculio infests the grapes in June and July, causing a little black hole in the skin, and a discoloration of the berry immediately around it, as seen in the above figure. From the middle to the last of July this larva leaves the berry and buries itself a few inches in the ground, and by the beginning of Sep- tember the perfect insect issues from the ground and doubtless passes the winter in the beetle state, ready to puncture the grapes again the following May or June. This curculio is small and inconspicuous, being of a black color with a grayish tint. It is represented above, the hair-line underneath showing the natural size. This insect is very bad some years, at others scarcely noticed, being doubtless killed by parasites. It is thus that nature works : " Eat and he eaten, kill and be killed," is one of her universal laws; and we never can say with surety, because a particular insect is numerous one year, therefore it will be so the ne.\t. All infested berries should from time to time, as they are noticed, be collected and destroyed, and the beetle may be jarred down on sheets as with the Plum Curculio. There are several Cut-worms which eat the young, tender shoots of the vine, and draw them into the ground below ; they have destroyed, or kept back at least, many a young vine. The little rascals can be easily found and destroyed by digging for them under the loose clods of ground beneath the young vine. There are many other insects injurious to the Grape- vine — large solitary worms — insects which laj' eggs in the canes — others which make curious galls, etc., but the reader who desires an acquaintance with these, must refer to Prof. Rile}''s reports. It will be more useful to the grape-grower to close this chapter on insects with a brief account of some of THE BENEFICIAL SPECIES whicli he will meet with, and wliich he should cherish as his friends. Insects which are beneficial toman by feeding upon other insects that are injurious, may be divided into those whicli simply prey upon such injurious insects, without however being otherwise connected with them — the predaceous insects ; secondly, into those which in their earlier stages live in or on their prey — the true parasites. This last class is represented only b}^ two Orders, viz., the Diptera, or Two-winged flies, and the Hymenoptera (especially the families Ichneumonidse Fig. 88. MiCROGASTEIl. and Chalcididse). The egg is deposited by the mother parasite on or into the body of its victim, which is usually in the larva state, the parasitic larva feeding upon the fatty parts of its victim, and causing its death onlj' after it has itself reached full growth. The most important parasites among the Diptera are the Tachi- na-flies, which in gen- eral appearance are not unlike our com- mon House-fiy. Those among the Hvmenop- tera are by tar more , Fig. 87.— TAcBiNA-FLY. iiumcrous in species and more varied as to general appearance and mode of development. We select for illustration one of the most common forms, viz., a Microg.\stee of the family Ichneumonidie, a small inconspicu- ous insect which is known to prey upon a large number of worms, and among others, also on the Hog-cater- pillar of the vine. By means of her ovipositor the female Microgaster in- serts a number of eggs in the body of the caterpillar while this is still young. The Microgaster larva' develop within tlie caterpillar, and when full grown they pierce the skin of the latter, and work themselves so far out that they are held on only by the last joint of the body. They then commence spinning Shrunken larva ot cho;mocampa, small white cocoons- ■witil MiCKOGASTEK cocoons, . ,. , standing on end, as rep- resented in Fig. 89, the caterpillar having by this time died and greatly shrunk. A week or thereabout later the Ichneumon flies begin to hatch from the cocoons. The Predaceous Insects include numerous species of all Orders, and we can here only select a few of the more important ones which have been observed in connection with the insects injurious to- the grape- vine. Ladybirds.— The Coleopterous faraOy CoccinellidEe, or Ladybirds, comprises in the United States more than a Imndred species, the larger of which may be readily distinguished by their round, convex form,- the upper side being usually red or pink, handsomely variegated by black spots, which greatly vary in number and position ; also a few spe- cies that are black with red spots, while the numerous smaller species are mostly of a more uniform dark color. With the exception of a few species which constitute the genus Epilachna, and a few allied genera, all Lady- birds are insectivorous, and, considering that many species occur in a large number of specimens and that the larva3 are very voracious, an idea may be formed of the great service performed by the Ladybirds in lessening the number of injurious insects. The Lady- bird larva' are especially fond of preying on the plant- lice, but they also feed extensively on the eggs and Fig. 90.— LADYBino. Insects. GRAPE MANUAL. Insecis 59 j'oung larva: of all insects. Whenever other food fails, they will even devour the helpless jiuptc of their own kind. We select for illustration one of our commonest species of Ladybirds, viz., the Convergent Ladybird {Hippodamia convergent), Fig. 90, a representing the larva, h the pupa, and c the beetle itself. The eggs of Ladybirds greatly resemble in appearance those of the Colorado Potato-beetle: they are orange-yellow, and laid in small groups on the under side of leaves. The larv;i' are very active and most of them very hand- somely colored, those of the Convergent Ladybird be- ing blue, orange, and black. When full grown, they hang by the tail to the under side of a stalk or leaf and change to chrysalids. The perfect beetle is orange-red marked with black and white, as represented in the figure. It derives its name from the two convergent lines on the disc of the thorax. The larv;e of some of the smaller Ladybirds excrete a cottony matter, and one of them (belonging to the genus Sci/mnus) has been found to live underground, preying upon the root-inhabiting form of the Grape-phylloxera. Thiups. — These are yellow or black insects, hardly visible to the unpracticed eye, but with the aid of a small magnifying glass at once recognizable by their narrow wings', beautifully frhiged with long, delicate hair. The larvje resemble in general form their pa- rents, but difler not only in lacking wings, but in being of blood-red color. AVe refer to the Thrips and figure herewith given (Fig. HI), a black species with white wings (Tliripii phiilIo.\ Riley), because it is one of the most efficient enemies of the Grape-phyllo-xera, living within the leaf-galls caused by that pest, and doing more than any other species to keep the gall- inhabiting form of the Phylloxera within bounds. According to the recent classification the Thrips form a separate family, Thysanoptera, of the Order PaetKh- neuroptera. Lace-wing Flies. — These play a very important rille in the destruction of injurious insects, liut here it is only the larva which does the beneficial work, the imago not being predaceous. These flies may be easily known by their delicate, greenish or yellowish , wings, their brilliantly colored eyes, as well as bj' the peculiar, offensive odor emitted by them. The species represented herewith (Fig. 92) is the Weeping l.a.ce--wing (t'hri/nopa plui-i/iiimla, Fitch), but there are many other species of this and allied genera which form the family Hemerobiid;c of the Order Xcuroptera. The eggs (Fig. 92, a) are adroitly de]iosited at the tip of long, silk-like stalks fastened to leaves and tw'igs. Sometimes these eggs are deposited singly, sometimes as shown in the figure, in little groups. The larvae (Fig. 92, b) are verj' rapacious and move actively about in search of prey, which consists of soft -bodied insects and eggs of insects. When ready to transform, the larva winds itself up into a wonderfully small cocoon (considering the size of the insect which makes it and issues from it), as shown in Fig. 92, c. The imago issues through a neatly cut circular opening of this cocoon, also represented in the figure. Sykphus- FLIES. — Associated with the Lace-wing larvie we frequently find another class of larvic or mag- gots of quite different appearance. They are blind and without legs, slowly moving about by means of stiff hairs with which they are covered, while others adhere to the leaves by means of a slimy secretion and move by alternately contracting and stretching out their bodies. In coloration these larvic vary greatly, some being dirty-white or brown, while others are green or striped like caterpillars. Their prey is the same as that of the Lace-wing larvie and their work is just as thorough. These are the larva' of a large family of Two-winged flies, called Si/rj)h!il:i\ very numerous in Fig. m. Uont-loiisc Svnpnus-FLY: (I, lavAu: h, pupa; r. fly. species as well as in individuals. When ready to transform the larva becomes rigid, with the outer skin hardening and forming w'hat is called a puparium, while the real pupa lies within this outer covering. In due time the fly issues from this puparium. The spe- cies figured in the accompanying cut (Fig. 93) is Pipisa radi'c""?, WaLsh A'Eiley), a representing the larva, b the puparium from which the imago has escaped, c the fly itself. This species lives, in the larva state, under- ground feeding both on the Apple-tree Root-louse and on the Grape-root-louse. The Insidious Flower-bug. — This insect, of which we represent herewith a highly magnified figure (Fig. 94), is quite commonly met with on all sorts of plants infested by injurious insects ; and anyone who cares to 60 Frnit Gathering. BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. Preservimj Grapes. observe this tiny, handsomely colored liug, or its larva, will have no trouble in convincing himself of its usefulness. It is really amusing to see how this small bug, and its still smaller larva, not only assiduously suck plant-lice and insect eggs of all sorts, but also pounce upon worms much larger than themselves and pierce them with their short, three-jointed beak. They roam about every- iNSiDious FLowER-BtTG. where on the plants in search of prey, and are frequently found within the Phylloxera- galls playing havoc with the lice. Tiie Insidious Flower-bug (Avthocori.i insidnostts, Say) belongs to the Order Heteroptera, or True Bugs, and may be known by its handsome coloration, being black, reddish-brown and white above. Its larva is orange-colored, and closely resembles in general appearance that of the no- torious Chinch-bug. Besides the insects, you will still have other enemies to combat ; foxes and birds, and, worst of all, some two-legged beings in human shape— thieves, who will steal your grapes if you do not watch and threaten to keep them off with powder and shot. We do. GATHERING THE FRUIT. Whether it be for the table or for wine, do not pick the grape before it is fully ripe. Everj' grape will color before ripe ; some do so several weeks before, but when thoroughly ripe the stem turns brown and shrivels somewhat. The finest qualities, the sweetness and aroma of the grape juice are fully developed only in the perfectly matured grape ; and we consider the late ripening varieties as far superior, especially for wine, to the early kinds, but, of course, only in such locali- ties where late grapes will mature. This noble fruit does not ripen, like some other fruit, after being ga- thered. Always gather the grapes in fair weather, and wait till the dew has dried off before commencing in the morning. Cut off the clusters with a knife or grape- scissors, and dip out the unripe or diseased berries, ii any, taking care, however, that the bloom be not rnb- hed off, nor any of the berries broken, if they are to be sent to market, or to be kept into winter. The bunches should be placed in shallow drawers or baskets, in which they are to be taken to the packing-shed, or some place under cover, and there assorted and packed. For packinrj grapes for market, shallow baskets or boxes, holding from three to ten pounds, and especially manufactured for the purpose in all the principal grape regions, costing about one cent per pound, are used. In packing in boxes, the top is first nailed on and a sheet of thin white paper put in ; whole bunches of grapes are first put in ; the vacant places left are filled with parts of bunches, of same kind and quality, so that all the space is occupied and the whole box pack- ed, as closely and full as possible, without jamming. Another sheet of paper is now laid on and the bottom nailed down. By this means, when the boxes are opened, only entire bunches are found at the top. The boxes are put in crates, or light large boxes, for ship- ment. Do not ship mixed inferior fruit— it will never pay ; while uniform, good grapes will establish a repu- tation and command the best prices. Skill in hand- ling and packing is only acquired by practice. Grapes could easily be preserved for months by means of a cool room or cellar, where the teuiperature could be kept between 35° and 40° F. In a warm , damp atmosphere grapes will soon rot. Fuller recom- mends, for preserving grapes, to briiig them first into a cool room, spread them out and let them remain there for a few days until all surplus moisture has passed off; then pack them away in boxes, placing the bunches close together, and thick sheets of paper be- tween each layer. When the boxes are filled, put them away in a cool place; examine them occasionally and take out the decayed berries, from time to time, as they appear. If the place is cool and the fruit ripe and sound, they will keep from three to four months. Another method by which grapes are sometimes successfully preserved till late in March, especially in France, is this : Cut a branch having two bunches of fruit attached and jilace the lower end, through a per- forated cork, in a small bottle of water ; seal the upper cut end of the branch and also the cork with sealing- wax. A little charcoal in the water ]ireserves its pu- rity. The bottles are then placed in a dry, cool room where the temperature is pretty even and never falls below freezing point, and are kept in an erect position (usually by a rack made for the purpose), care being taken that the clusters do not touch each other, and that every imperfect grape be removed as soon as it shows signs of failing. But very few persons, however, can bestow this care, and still less have a fruit room or cellar that can be kept so cool (40"). A simpler method to preserve grapes is the follow- ing, lately recommended by a practical grape-grower, which seems to us well worth trying : — About a week before the grape is fully ripe, the bearing cane with its clusters is bent down to the ground and laid into a ditch, about one foot (.30 cm.) deep, made for this pur- pose, without separating the cane from the vine. The bunches are dusted with flour of sulphur, then covered with soil to protect them from frost, and so made that the rain will run off. Grapes thus preserved were shown in March, which had retained their natural color and freshness, and tasted better than grapes of the same kind preserved in any other manner. We have seen and tasted Concord grapes kept fresh and beautiful in a porous, unglazed earthen jar, manu- factured for this purpose by T. J. Price, Macomb, 111., who says : The clusters are to be laid carefully in them as soon as picked, and then taken to the cellar or base- ment, or some cool place where they can have both ventilation and moisture. The pores of these jars are filled with a salt solution as they come from the kiln, then the inside coated with acommon thick limewash. The salt solution in the pores is intended to absorb the moisture and thus to produce a cool and even tem- perature inside the jar, and the lime is to prevent mould. These jars can be used again from year to year, only they should be first soaked in strong brine, and then whitewashed inside, before they are filled again with grapeS." Various other methods of preserving grapes fresh until late in winter have been recommended, but ex- periments have generally not been as satisfactory as Wine-inaking. GRAPE MANUAL. Wine-makiiuj. 61 <;ould be wished. Some varieties are found to keep better and longer than others, and in our Descriptive Catalogue the superior keeping qualities of our best kinds are always mentioned. In ice-houses, specially constructed for preserving fruit, grapes will keep in apparent good condition nearly all winter ; but the appearance is deceptive — they are almost always unfit to be eaten. The best mode of preserving the delicious juice of the grape, with its delightfully nutritious constituents, in a concentrated and almost imperishable form, is by WINE-MAKING. We have been urged to embody in this manual a chapter upon this subject, and, notwithstanding the assurance that, within the limited scope of this Cata- logue, we think it impossible to furnish anything that would be valuable, either as a guide to the inex- perienced or as a vadc mecum to the wine-maker, we have been called upon, again and again, by many of our customers for some concise information which might aid the intelligent farmer and the amateur grape-grower to transform their surplus fruit into that health-giving lieverage, " wine." The books on wine- making to which we have referred were either not accessible, or too costly, and contained so much that was unnecessary, to say the least, that we finally concluded to write this brief treatise, which, however, should be regarded as a collection of mere hints, being ■onljf intended to give the inexperienced a correct idea of the general principles of wine-making, and to con- tain some plain directions tliat may guard against false theories and wrong practice. Those who intend to make wine, as a business, on a large scale, and who desire full information on all its branches, canjiot expect to find it in this brief manual. Moreover, wine-making is an art which, however sim- ple, cannot be acquired from books only, but must be learned practically ; and we can only repeat our ad- vice, given in the former editions of this Catalogue, viz., to engage some experienced "wine-cooper" who knows how to make and treat wines, who has learned and has been accustomed to attend to wines from his youth, and who will watch over and nurse them with the care and cheerfulness of a mother to her infant, until you or your son may have practically learned from him. Such a man you maj'' have to pay well, and you may think you cannot afford it ; but to learn from sad experience, unless on a very small scale, would prove, by far, more costly and unprofitable. Thus, without presuming to present anything new in this chapter, we hope that the grape-growers of this country may find therein as much information of practical value on so vast a subject as could be con- densed in so limited a space.* I. Wine, its nature and substances, its formation and classification. Wine is the properly fermented juice of the grape ; its unfermented juice is called must. The product of * There are l)ut few books on wine-making written in the Englisli hmjriuige. Haraszthy's " Grape Culture , and Wine-niakiuir" was puhlished (by Harper I't Broju., New York. ls(i2) more tliaii twenty years ago. Among tile many scientilic German works' on this subject, the new " Ilandbuch des Weinbaues und der Kellerwirth- schaft, von Frhr. A. v. Babo, iSc., Berlin, 18S3," is proba- bly the best and most complete. vinous fermentation of other saccharine juices of plants and fruits is also often called wine, but none contain the life-giving, restorative qualities, the exquisite taste, the delicate bouquet, that harmonious combination of substances that we enjoy in the properly fermented juice of the grape. At all events we, as grape-growers, have to deal with the product of grape-juice only, and it is of this alone that we intend to speak. However important it is to fully know the nature and chemical substances of wine and the law of fer- mentation, we must restrict ourselves to tlie aV)solutely necessary; it may also suftice, for most practical pur- poses, to know that the juice of the grape contains, chemically speaking : 1. Sugar, which afterwards, by fermentation, is trans- formed into alcohol. Mo.st of the cellular sub- stances in the unripe grape have transformed themselves, during the process of ripening, into sugar ; the residue of these are thrown out during fermentation and sink to the liottom. The less ripe the grapes, the more of these substances and the less sugar will be contained in the must. 2. Acids, — tartaric, tannic, and other acids, more or less, according to the degree of ripeness and the character of the grapes. ^ 3. Albumen— 3. nitrogenous snljstance, plainly visible in the white scum of the must. Also : some resin- ous substances, gum, affecting the body and taste of the wine ; coloring matter, adhering to the skin, giving the color especially to red wines ; and so-called extractive matter. All the«c sub- stances, and many more, which have been chem- ically analyzed, are combined and dissolved in about three to four times their quantity of water in the juice of the grape. As long as this juice is inclosed in the skin, whicii protects it from contact with the oxygen ofatmospheric air, so long no fermentation can take place. As soon as the grapes are mashed, the influence of the air begins to act thereon. Spores of ferment are contained every- where in our atmosphere and develop themselves under certain conditions ; tlie.v grow and augment in the must (as can be seen by the aid of a microscope), decomposing the sugar, setting the fluid in motion, and forming alcohol ; at the same time the other sub- stances comliine, transform, and form new substances. Thus, however clear the unfermented juice may be, it becomes turbid by fermentation ; the albumen com- mences to oxydize ; the alcohol, while forming, sepa- rates the coloring matter from the skin ; carbonic acid gas is formed in the mass, pushing up the firm parts and forming a dense cover over the liquid : the gas is developed in increasing quantities and escapes with a bubbling noise, and the heat of tlie fermenting mass is augmented. Gradually all these phenomena dis- appear, fermentation becomes less stormy, and the undissolved substances and new-formed matter fall to the bottom. The ««» wine is formed ; by degrees it becomes almost clear, but fermentation still con- tinues, slowly, almost imperceptiljly ; there are still substances of the must, finely distributed, floating in the young wine, and these substances, under an increased temperature, create anew a stronger fer- mentive motion, untU the wine is clear and fully de- veloped. 62 Wiiie-makiini. BU8HBERG CATALOGUE. Wine-making. The more sugar grapes contain, the more alcohol will be developed in the wine under proper fermenta- tion, and the more durable will it be, from the fact that the floating yeast more effectually settles. The dural)ility of a wine depends largely on the quantity of the remaining undissolved substances in the same ; it is therefore necessary to free it from those substances as soon as possible. The more regular, uninterrupted and complete the first fermentation, the more of the dregs or lees will have settled and tlie better the wine will liecome ; particles of the sugar, however, remain floating undecomposed until after the second fermen- tation, usually during the time of the next blooming of the vines. Some of the acids, tannin, and albumen, are also generallj' precipitated and settle only during the second summer ; and not till then can most wines be considered completely developed. Even after that period there is a further change perceptible in most wines ; they become milder, and not only their taste but also their effects change. Old wines are considered less intoxicating and more beneficial ; but there is a limit to this improvement by age, and very old wines become rougher, and less palatable, unless younger wine is added from time to time. It is self-evident that the qualities of wine depend on the combination and proportion of the above mentioned substances in the must, and their proper developnrent during fermentation. From analysis of the best wines we find that a good wine should contain from 10 to VI per cent, of alcohol, from 1 to 3 per cent, extractive substances, and !;< percent (a to 6 pr. mille) acids, bouquet and aroma in proper proportions (which cannot be expressed or measured by any scale) . The alcoholic strength of wines can not be measured by any of the so-called wine-scales ; these show the spe- cific gravity, but never the alcoholic strength. A small distilling apparatus, Alambic SaUeron, would be re- quired for this purpose. ( Instructions in its use accompany this in,strument.) The wine-maker may, however, know in advance, from the sugar percentage of his must, how many per cent, of alcohol his wine will have, after complete fermentation, calculating 1 per cent, of alcohol for every 2 per cent, of sugar, mea- sured by Oechsle's well known must-scale. For a cor- rect examination of the must, it should be clear (filtered), not yet fei'meuting, and its temperature about 65" F. (14" R. or 17^ C.) Tables showing the percentage of sugar for the various degrees of Oechsle's scale may be obtained with the instrument. To determine the acidity of wines, as well as of must, we have now in Twichell's acidometer a safe and practical instrun]cnt. Wines are generally classified (according to their .sac- charine substances) as follows : (1) Dry Wines, in which all the grape sugar has been absorbed or transmuted by fermentation. (2) Sweet Wines, which still contain a considera- ble quantity of sugar. The former might be called the Wines of the North ; the latter, the Wines of the South. The northern wines contain more acidity, and are consequently of a richer perfume, bouquet ; the southern wines lack acidity ; the spirituous element, sweetness, is predominating ; they generally have no bouquet, and even the strong muscadine flavor of some southern grapes disappears- in a few years. With regard to color, wines are classified as White and Red wines, though there are many shades between the two extremes, from the pale greenish-yellow ofthe Kelly Island Catawba to the deep dark red of our Nor- ton's Virginia. The intermediate shades are generally not as well liked. Sometimes wines are also classified as Still and Sparkling wines, a merely artificial classification, as the sparkling is simply the result of a peculiar mode of manipulation (by fermentation in closed bottles, so as to retain and hold the carbonic acid gas)— a manipulation too complicated to be here described, or to be of any practical use to most wine- growers. We shall now endeavor to proceed to the modus oper- 11)1(1! of the grape-grower as a producer of still wines. II. — Gathering the Grapes — Mashinci ami Pressing. Some are impatient to gather their grapes for wine- making as soon as they color, others delay until they are over-ripe. Both are wrong. Not until the grapes have reached their full sweetness, the berries separate easily from the stem, the stems have lost their freshness and have become harder, dryer, Ijrown or woody, are they ripe ; but when they have reached that state of ma- turity gathering should not be delayed. It is impossi- ble to describe or determine with exactness the point of full maturity ; some varieties, csjiecially those deficient in acidity, will reach it sooner than others, and in bad seasons grapes will not reach a perfect degree of ma- turity. In such seasons it would be even more useless than in favorable years to wait for an improvement by "after-ripening," as, aside from the danger of their en- tirely spoiling by late rains and frost, the loss in quan- tity would be far greater than the gain in quality. Grape-growers cannot afford to risk a large portion of their crop for a little better quality, especially as long as the latter is not sulticiently appreciated and paid for in this country. The dangers of loss are, of course, greater in the northern than in the more southern States, and in some localities the fidl season is so con- stantly dry and warm that the above rule is thereby modified ; moreover, some varieties improve more than others by getting over-ripe, and are far better adapted for late gathering. As such, we would especially name the Norton's Virginia. To obtain a wine of superior (juality it is necessary to SELECT the best and most perfectly ripened grapes, of varieties best adapted for wine, and to press them separate from those which are poor in quality or im- perfectly ripe. But, instead of .sorting the gathered grapes, it is generall.v considered more advisable^ especially in seasons when the grapes do not ripen evenly — to sort them while gathering ; that is to say, to pick first the best and ripest grapes, and let the others hang on the vines several days to ripen more fully ; thus making two gatherings from the same vines. We here desire also to caution wine-growers not to plant too many varieties. A few kinds, suited to their locality, will pay best and make better wine. By this we do not wish to discourage the test- ing of different and new varieties, in small quantities, with a view to progress and improvement; but the planting of a great many varieties, each insufficient in Wine-making. GRAPE MANUAL. Wine -making. 63 itself, would necessitate the gathering of their grapes while some are not sufficiently ripened, others over- ripe, and these mixed together, cannot produce good wine. It almost seems unnecessary to say, that white- wine grapes and red-wine grapes should each l)e gather- ed and pressed separately. Grapes sliould be gathered with knives or scissors adapted to the purpose, and not torn from the vines merely by the hand. Some gather in baskets, others in hods, made for the purpose ; but, whatever kind of vessels may be used, it is important that these as well as all vessels used in wine-making should be perfectly cli:.\x. Plenty of fresh water for washing them is, therefore, an essential requirement. Some first use hot water, to which some lime and salt have been added, in order to remove every trace of fungus which may have formed, and, after leaving such water in the vessels about 24 hours, rinse the same with plenty of pure cold water. The grapes being gathered, we now come to — The mashing or crushing, which is generally done in a press-house. For this purpose we use a wine-mim,, consisting of two roughly notched rollers, so arranged as to be moved by a crank and cog-wheels in opposite directions, and having a hopper over them. Its con- struction is so simple tliat no explanation is required. The mashers should be so adjusted as to avoid the laceration of tlie stems and combs of the grapes, yet close enough to break each berry witliout crushing the kernels. Some wine-makers believe that the stems should be removed from the berries before mashing, which is done by the aid of sieves or rasps ; others con- tend that tlie wines are not materially improved there- by, and that for red wines especially it is better not to remove the stems; owing, probably, to the tannin which these contain. But when the grapes liave ripened poorly, and had to be gathered in that con- dition, it is necessary to remove the comb, which, being green, would still more increase the acidity and roughness. Tlie press-house or press-room need not be in or near the vineyard, but should always be close to, and, best, immediately above the wine-cellar. It might be divided into two parfs — one for mashing and pressing, the other for the fermenting-room. The press and mill should be placed in the centre of the press-room, leaving space enough to go all around the press in turning the sci-ew with the press-beam. The pressing, whereby the must ia separated from the mashed grapes, called the marc or pommace, can be done with any kind of a cider-press ; for large quan- tities, however, good screw-presses, specially made for wine, are generally used ; and the principal qualities of a good press are — to require but little force, and to afford abundant means of outflow to the juice. The mode and method of using the press, before and after iermentation, differs widely, according to the kinds of wine we intend to make. Before speaking of these, it is necessary to remark that the temperature of the room, while fermentation is going on, should be kept uniform without interruption : here in Soutliern Missouri at about 70' Fahrenheit (about 17° Reaum.);* in the South, where wine-making commences in Au- gust, it should be so arranged that it can be kept as * In Northern wine regions a lower temperature (about Ou" 1'. = \i° R.) will tavor a slower fermentation. cool as possible, and farther North so as to keep it ■ WARM — by the aid of fire, if necessary. A fireplace and kettle may also otherwise prove very usefid in the Press-house. To the necessary furniture of the press-house fer- menting-vats also belong, and may be ordered of any suitable size (not less than 100 gallons) from any expe- rienced cooper ; these are best made of poplar-wood ; then good pine or cedar tubs and pails, not forgetting the must-scale, heretofore mentioned; and, finally, sufficient hose to run the fermented wine down the cellar. A good common house-cellar, cool in summer and safe against frost in winter, will fully answer the ])urpose. For those, however, who intend to make wine on a large scale, a separate winf-cellak will, of course, be- come a necessity. A good wine-cellar should be dry ; in damp cellars the casks become mouldy the wine gets a bad taste and spoils. The cellar should be well drained, that it may be daDy washed, for which pur- pose it must be amply supplied with water ; it should have a sufficient number of air-Iiolcs to regulate venti- lation and temperature. The temperature of a wine- cellar should not rise above 60"-' F. (12" R.) in summer, nor fall below 50" F. (8" R.) in winter. Such a cellar, with press-house and fer:nenting-room, store-room for casks, pumps and other tools, costs thousands of dol- lars, a'nd the additional expense of having plans and specifications made by an able architect or builder, well informed as to the requirements of a good wine- cellar, will be money well spent; it will protect you from great losses, which are the inevitable result of jioorly and incorrectly constructed wine-cellars. In places where deep cellars are impracticable or too costly, good wine-cellars can also be built above ground, on the system of the American ice-houses, whose double frame walls are tightly stuffed with straw, sawdust, - ashes, or other substances which are non-conductors of heat; the roof should be well projecting and heavily covered with straw. As necessary /«rHi(»rc and ioo/.s of a producer's wine- cellar must be mentioned: supports and layers of sound timber on which the I'asks rest, about IS inches above the floor and at least 1.5 inches from the wall, so as to enable you to examine and to clean the casks at all times. The casks should vary in size from 100 to 500 gallons (the capacity to be distinctly marked on each). Very large establishments will, of course, also use larger casks. They should be made of good, well seasoned white oak wood. The larger sized casks should have so-called '■man-holes," through which a man can slip in and clean them thoroughly ; also, wooden funnels, pails and tubs, which can be obtained from any cooper ; faucets, funnels ; thieves for draw- ing samples out through the bunghole ; rotary pumps with rubber hose, to facilitate the drawing oft' from one cask into another; bunghole-borers, wooden ham- mers, and various kinds oC other tools; sulphur-strips and hooks, candles and candlesticks, gauge sticks and measures, wine-glasses for tasting ; small step-ladders, and other utensils which are demanded in the course of operations, and may be seen in any properly fur- nished wine-cellar. New casks, however, are not ready and fit to receive wine ; they must first be rinsed with boiling hot water "64 Wine-making. BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. Wine-making. — the casks must, however, he emptied again before the water gets cold — they are then filled with fresh water daily during several days, then again a few gal- lons of liot water, in which common salt (two ounces to each gallon) has been dissolved, are to b; poured into the empty cask, the bung firmly put in, and the cask rolled or turned until every part has been in contact with the hot salt water. After this operation (considered unnecessary by some) the cask is treated in like manner with two to four gallons of fermenting or boiling hot young wine. This is called making new casks ifine-green. Another process much in use, is to put in the cask a hot lime-wash, made of unslaked lime and liot water, forming a kind ot milk ; the cask is turned about, so that its entire inside becomes coated with the mixture; after wbich the cask is washed with clean water, and finally rinsed with hot wine, as before. If this last operation is not conven- ient, pour in a pint of pure alcohol, or brandy, and ignite it, leaving the bung .slightly open. The fumes of the burning brandy will free the wood from its un- pleasant taste, which would otherwise taint the wine. In large modern wine-houses steam is used to great advantage in this important operation. ■WTien a wine-cask is emptied, and not at once refilled with other wine, it should be cleaned, and when dry a small piece of sulphur (about 1 inch square) should be burnt in the cask, which is then to be closed tightly by the bung ; when it is again to be used, it must be examined as to tightness, by pouring water into it, and, if leaking, is to be made tight by filling it with water and driving the hoops until it ceases to leak. It must also be examined as to the purity of its air, which can be tested by a small piece of burning sul- phur strip or paper. If extinguished when brought into the cask, this indicates the impurity of its air, from wbii'b it may be freed by the common small bel- lows, and by then washing it thoroughly, as above in- dicated. Old casks and barrels which are to be used for wine must be watered and treated in like manner as new casks to be made wine-green ; but never use a mouldy or sour cask ; better burn it up than to at- tempt its cure. WHITE WINES. The white wine grapes — and as a rule, no black or blue grajjes should be used for white wine— are to be mashed, as soon as they are hauled to the press-house. This is best done in a grape-mill, placed above the fer- menting vat. The vat is covered with a board or cloth, as soon as filled, and the mashed grapes are there allowed to ferment from 24to48hours. Thejuice which may then run off through the faucet inserted in the spigot hole near the lower end of the vat, is put into a well prepared, clean cask ; then the entire balance of the mashed grapes is pressed, and the juice which comes off from the press is added to that obtained without pressing. The cask into which the juice has thus been put should not be completely filled, nor the bung liole closed, as long as violent fermentation lasts. Dur- ing that time the (carbonic acid) gas which rises and fills that space, prevents any access of air, and the old method of closing the bung-hole by a grape leaf over which a small sand-bag is placed, is still preferable to any complicated syphon. Care must he taken that the sand-bags remain clean, for if soaked by the must or by wine, vinegar would form in them ; some, there- fore, use a cork stopper, holding a doubly bent glass- or rubber-pipe leading into a small glass jar, half- filled with water, through which the gas escapes with- out admiting the outer atmosphere. A funnel-shaped bowl with an air tube or chimney in the centre, cover- ed by an inverted cup or tumbler, which forces the escaping gas to pass through the water in the bowl, combines the same advantages and is less apt to break or get out of order. When the principal fermentation has ceased, or is no more perceptible, the cask should be filled up with similar young white wine, and then closed with a tight fitting wooden bung. Mohr re- commends a cork bung perforated by a glass tube filled with cotton, whereby the atmospheric air would be admitted witliout any germs of fungi. Babo re- commends an ordinary wooden bung, perforated by a few small air holes, so arranged that an india-rubber ring will close it against the air, yet permit the escape of any carbonic-gas by the elasticity of the ring. White wine can also be made from black or blue grapes, as the coloring matter is merely in the skin and is dissolved only during fermentation ; conse- quently, by pressing the grapes at once, as soon as mashed (or even without first mashing), and before fermentation commences, thus separating part of the juice of the husks, ^ white or light-colored wine is ob- tained. The pressings, still containing a greal deal of juice, are then thrown into the fermenting-vat, some sugar-water is added to replace the portion of the juice heretofore withdrawn by a light pressing, and, after fermenting for several days, they are pressed again, and a red wine is produced from the same grapes. While we do not recommend this method, and consider both the white wine and red wine thus made as inferior to what could have been produced from the same grapes had their juice been allowed to ferment altogether on the husks, it certainly does not deserve that vituper- ation which has been heaped on our producers, who, in view of the failure of the Catawba and other white- wine grapes, resorted to that method with the Con- cord. Hereafter it will scarcely be practiced by any, since there are a number of productive white-wine grapes planted, and especially since grape-juice is cheaper than sugar-water. After the main or violent fermentation the must will have become clear young wine, provided that fermentation has been uninterrupted and complete ; having become clear, in December or .Tanuary, it is drawn oflT, from its sediment into clean, properly pre- pared wine casks. By this drawing off the young wine again becomes cloudy, only to become clearer in March or April following, when it is again drawn off before its second fermentation. As soon as it is apparent that, with the rise of temperature, in May, this second fermentation approaches, the bungs must be opened, some wine drawn off from the full casks to make room for the inevitable expansion, and the sandbag or other apparatus is placed on the bung-holes until the term- ination of this second fermentation, when the yeast and other impurities will have been precipitated and settled, and the finished wine must be drawn off again into clean, well-prepared casks. The proper and fre- quent c/ra icih;/ q^f is one of the most essential opera- Wine-makin(/. GRAPE MANUAL. Wine-making. Sfr tions in wine-making. The object thereby aimed at is not merely to separate the young wine from its sedi- ment, the dregs or lees, but to bring it in contact with the atmospheric air— while in older wines such contact must be carefully avoided. In drawing off the young wine we use a vulcanized rubber hose, one end of which is placed in the wine, so as not to touch the bot- tom of the cask, and from the other end the air is drawn, by the mouth, until the wine flows through it into wooden pails or tubs below. By a mere pressure of the two fingers the hose is closed and the flow stop- ped at will ; tlie clear wine is filled into fresh casks by the aid of the wooden funnel, heretofore mentioned among the necessary tools. Rotary pumi-is, specially made for wine, are now generally used for drawing off older wines ; but, as long as the wine is not quite and permanently clear, contact with the air during the dravving-oflf process is necessary. Permanent clearness, however, is often reached only after the wine has passed si.x or more times through this process. This slow process of clearing or finishing the wines is accelerated by fining (with isinglass, gelatine, eggs, &c.), by filtering, by aerating, by heating (Pasteuriz- ing), and other artificial methods, which require spe- cial skill and apparatus, and which belong more to the manipulations of the wine-dealer's cellar than to those of the producer. RED WINES diflTer from white wines not merely in color, derived from the black or dark blue grape-skins, but these also contain other valuable ingredients, especially more tanin, which gives to red wines a peculiar char- acter and important hygienic qualities. The red-v/ine grapes need not be crushed as soon after picking as the white-wine grapes. Many author- ities recommend that their stems be first removed, as these contain and impart more acidity than is desira- ble in red wines. The grapes are usually fermented from one to two weeks in upright, firmly closed fer- menting vats, in which a perforated double or false bottom is placed, at about one-fourth the space from the top. This false bottom is to prevent the rising of the husks to the top of the liquid, as they would do in a fermentingtub without such double bottom, when they would have to be pushed down into the liquid several times each day, to prevent the formation of acetic acid in those husks, and to extract from them all the color and other valuable substances. The vat is, of course, first filled with the crushed grapes, then the double bottom is put in, so that it will be covered by about three inches of pure juice, which may be drawn off by the opening or faucet below, and poured in again after the double bottom is placed over the grape-mash. The fermenting bung or funnel is used the same as in white wines, to exclude the air and permit the escape of the carbonic acid gas. In various wine countries somewhat different methods are in use, but in all and every one of them success depends on a rapid, com- plete and uninterrupted fermentation, and this de- pends on the temperature of the fermenting room, which should be kept at about 75° F. (18-20" R.) by artificial heating if necessary. The further treatment of red wines is entirely the same as that of white wines, and red wines are gener- ally much sooner ripe and finished if at first well fer- mented ; but if this has not been well done, its after fermentation and cure will be the more difficult ; such red wines will receive a disagreeable sweetish-sour taste, and all the fining will sooner be harmful than beneficial. All wine-books contain more or less voluninous in- structions upon various methods of improving the must which is to be made from sour grapes, gathered during unfavorable seasons, and of curing wines which have suffered either from defective fermenta- tion, or through errors and neglects in their treatment. We do not pretend to condemn all these meth- ods, as many others do ; but while we consider it justifiable that the producer endeavor to improve his, wine by an addition of pure sugar to the must, if it has been insufficiently developed in the grape, or to add a little pure spirits to the wine, to make it more dura ble ; and while we cannot see anything reprehensible in the fact that wine-producers wUl try to extract from the pressed husk the large portion of wine-making properties which they still contain, to make a very good, wholesome and cheap domestic wine, — especi- ally as the revenue laws make their distillation im- practicable, — we do condemn the use of any and all foreign deleterious substances, and of all others, so- called, cellar mysteries. We would also warn the inex- perienced against the use of any and all other attempt* to improve or to add anything to their wine, as these manipulations require scientific accuracy and practical skill, otherwise the result will surely be no imrovement, aye, will most likely prove ruinous. Moreover, the knowledge of the chemistry of wine is as yet very im- perfect. Quite lately Adolph Reihlen, of Stuttgart, invented a process which upsets former scientific doctrines. He demonstrated that the fermenting properties exist exclusively in the grape-skins, and that old wines can be readily brought to a new fer- mentation and restored by the use of clean and pure grape-skins and by the action of heat, applied to the wine. But his method is patented, and, there- fore, cannot here be described. Neither is the manufacture of sweet wines, cordials or liqueurs, nor that of sparkling wines, within the scope of this brief> manual. A natural wine, the pure juice of the grape, pro- perly fermented and educated, will always be superior to any artificially improved wine, and the only neces- sary conditions to obtain such superior natural wine are : 1. Good ripe grapes. 2. Clean vessels and utensils. 3. A proper, uninterruped high temperature dur- ing fermentation. 4. Drawing oflf, as herein described, in December or January. 5. Drawing off again in March or April. 6. Drawing off after second fermentation. 7. Keeping the casks full, by refilling from time to time with good similar wine. If these essential conditions are strictly complied with — and they are neither many nor very difScult — wine making wUl be a success. •66 Wine-making. BD8HBERG CATALOGUE. Wine-making. Spme, however, say that American wines are veiy inferior, " sean'ely flt to drinls" ! This was the precon- ceived opinion of foreigners and of a great many Amer- icans too; also, most American hotels and restaurants keep none but foreign wines— or else native wines under foreign names and labels; — and we are often asked whether we hoped ever to produce as good wines here as in Europe? Now, while we nre far from presum- ing that '* we can make Avines which will rival and sur- pass the best wines of France, Germany, and Spain,"* we do claim that we are producing some very good wines, and shall before many years, by planting our best varieties and l)y progressing in the art of wine- making, fully equal the average production of the wine- countries of Europe. This is no idle boast, no mere opinion of our own. The ynod qualities of American wines arc how appreciated by the best and most impar- tial judges. Prof. St Pierre, tlie late celelirated Director of the Agi-icultural School of Montpellier,t says in his " Memoir" (Extract from his Rapport) : " The study of wines furnished by .Vmerican varieties has engaged my whole attention since 1875 The The musts of the following varieties — lacqnez, Rulander, Cijnthiana, Jllack July, Elrira, and many others, are found to be sweeter and richer than the musts of our best southern varieties The flue mountain wines of the south of France find their equivalents in the Black July, Jacque-:, Norton., and Cynthiana; color, alcohol, sa- vor, body, and keeping qualities, none are missing, and their products are equal to the good wines of the Pro- vence or of RoussiUon Trade will also find .Vmeri- can wines for blending, similar to those of theNarbonne; the color and richness of the Jacquez, Norton, Clinton, &c., do not yield in the least to the deep-color wines of France. Of those named, none excejit thi' Clinton wines have a disagreeable taste; and even of Ihe Clinton we shall obtain, by blending, age, chiriiication, &c., a wine that is lit to enter into general consumption. In the categoiy of white wines, some American varie- ties offer equally valuable types. The wines of Diana and £?iira remind us of our good Piqneponls ; the Cun- ningham, made as a white wine, presents characteristics approaching our Grenache wine It is thus evident that besides grafting, which enables us to obtain our French wines on American stocks, the direct cultivation of many .\merican varieties can give us wines of true value I hope that the prejudice against these wines by persons wlio never tasted any others than Concord and /saftcita wine, will finally fall before the evi- dence of experience." May we not hope that the iirejudice of our own Amer- ican jieople will finally yield, and will rather trust to their own palates than to foreign labels and high prices? But we are aware that there exists still another pre- judice — one which condemns all wines, both native and foreign, from fear of their intoxicating effects. And we cannot close this chapter witliout a tew words on * Am. Wfue and Fruit <^ rower, Aup^iist. 1882, page 75, t He (lieil December, 1881. THE TEMPERANCE QUESTION. Wine IS itself an apostle of temperance. The best medical authorities, such as Dr. Lunier, Medical Inspec- tor of the Insane Asylums and Prisons of France, and at the same time Secretary of the Temperance Society, has shown by able researches and reliable statistics that the ratio of percentages of disease and crime, attributable to alcoholic excesses, decreased in proportion as in each district the consumption of wine and beer increases; that the evils of intemperance are worse in the districts where wine and beer are scarce; that natural wine and beer cures the thirst for distilled .spirits instead of exciting it. The Fiench Temperance Society aims to repress entirely the circulation and sale of bad spirits- discovering modes of detecting them, punishing adul- terations, and encouraging the use of pure, cheap wine, beer, tea, and coffee, as the best means of curing the thirst for distilled alcohol. .\merican travellers, returning from Southern Europe, who were strong opponents of wine before they visited tliose countries, now testify that where wine is most abundant, cheap, and generally used by the people, drunkenness does not exist. The French Temperance Society receives the hearty support of all the leading physicians, scientists, legislators, and of all intelligent men. Such a Society in America, if lu-ojierly organized, would receive similar support from all intelligent citi- zens of our country ; but our Temperance Societies here, aiming after absolute prohibition, regardless of the principles of personal liberty, injure the very cause which tliey advocate with more zeal than wisdom. From time immemorial the art of making wine and its uses have existed all over the world; and whereso- ever the attempt has been made to suppress it (as in China), the use of enervating opiates has taken the place of invigorating wine. Let wine and beer di'inking be prohibited, and the use of opium, the seci'ct tii>pling of strong drinks, the increase of vice and intemperance, would be the consequence. In all civilized countries there is scarce a festive board without wine. The churcli uses it in her sacred service as the syTubol of (iod's choicest gifts; the physician prescribes it as a health - restoring tonic to the sick and convalescing. We do not deny that wine is intoxicating if used to exces; but *' good wine is a good familiar creature if it be well used." Grape culture extends over hundred.-, of thousands of acres, the annual ]>i'oduction of wine has reached hun- dreds of millions of gallons ; a mere insignillcant pro- portion of the gi-ape i^roduction can be utilized for the table and culinaiy puriioses ; none of our American va- rieties are adapted for maicing raisins: thus, grape cul- ture is and will ever remain inseparable from making Wine— ";/m( makes glad the heart of man." — Ps. civ. 15. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE, :i. i. 5. B. 10. II. 1-2. NUTE TO TIIIO liE.VDER. — The loUowins Descriptive List of American (irapes includes all varieties which have ever received the attention of Viticulturists, and even all novelties of which we could obtain any reliable infor- mation. Tlie descriptions are pi-obably the most complete that have so far appeared, and are the best we could give with the resources at our command We are well aware, however, of their incompleteness, compared with the exact method of European Viticulturists. The international ampelographic formula for such descriptions demands — 1. The name, synonyms, ori^^in, home of the variety, and where mostly cultivated. ■2. History, literature of the variety, and its illustrations. J'ine, its general characteristics ; vigor of gi'owth ; fertility, hardiness ; j'esistanee to frost, to parasitic dis- eases, to insects; requirements of climate, soil, culture, &c. Wood, heavy or light, long or short-jointed ; color of wood ; character of e>'e ov bud. Shoots, pushing early or late, smooth or hairy, color, &c. Leaves — foliage, its size, shape, sinuosity, (lobed), upper and lower surface, (smooth, glossy, hairy, wooly.) Pe(«o/c— stem of the leaf, long or short, hairy or smooth, green or red. Leaf-fail, early or late, change of color, (to yellow or red, preceeding fjill.) &e. Bunch, size, shape, shouldered or not, compact or loose. Stem, peduncles, tendrils, long t>r short, smooth or warty, intennittent or continuous, &c. Berries, size, shape, skin, color, pulp or flesh, taste and use; for table or for wine, or both; keeping quality. Period of ripening, early, medium, late, — and other characteristics. ^\MrELOf American varieties according to this international formula is as yet impossible, and must be left to the future, to abler hands, to Ijotanists. It would require large subventions, such as the Governments of Kurope and her rich patrons of viticulture have bestowed on .Vmpelographie Works, illustrating them with large, tine, colored Plates, which are very costly. We have tried to furnish the best possible at a mere trifling cost, within reach of even the humblest grape grower. Moreover, we consider all description by words inadequate, and even "figures" seem but insuflicient aids. It is only by familiarizing one's self with the CHARAtTERiSTics of the species to which a variety respectively belongs that descriptions become thoroughly intelligible ; knowing the distinct characteristics which, by com- munity of descent, all varieties of a certain class possess, their minu(e description according to the European fomiula becomes almost unnecessaiy, as will be found by studying the excellent treatise of Dr. G. KNciEi.jiANS on the classification of the true Grape-vines of the United States, written for our Catalogue (pages fl-20). \A'e have, therefore, coupled with each Variety the species to which it is (or seems) most closely allied, or from which it orignated. First is given the stanuari) name in FULL-FACE type; then the synonyms in small capitals; then the species in italics, abbreviating them thus : {^Est.) for ,Estivalis, (Labr.) for Labrusea, (,Rip.) forHiparia, stating the parents from whicli it originated, as far as known x>v supposed. Tile description of leading varieties and of the most promising novelties is printed in larger type (Bourgeois) ; the description of varieties which are generally discarded, or planted only in some particular localities, and not very desirable except for amateur culture, also of new varieties but little known and not yet disseminated, are printed in smaller type (Minion). The descriptions of the moi'C impt)rtant varieties contain also some notes on their roots and wood-growth, based on our observations only; undei" different conditions of soil, climate. &c., these may vary materially ; as also the weight of must, which is intended to show the sugar in degrees on Oechsle's scale, and the acid in mills by Twicli ell's acidonteter, in favorable seasons, in our own vineyards. Of neiv varieties not yet sufficiently tested, we have given the descriptions as received from their originators, omit- ting what Tiiay in iuture prove to be undue exaltations, as several years of observation are necessary to deter- mine with accuracy the character and value of a variety ; and even the praises by impartial authorities, which we quote in the description of promising new varieties, must be received with some allowance. In order to bring the Illustrations of Grapes on the same or adjoining pages with their descriptions, slight deviations from the exact alphabetical order were unavoidable. If any viiriety is not immediately found, please refer to the Index. Adirondac, (Labr.) Originated at Port Hen- ry, Essex Co., N. Y. (first noticed 1S52). Prob- ably a seedling of the Isabella, being much like it in growth and foliage. Ripens very ear- ly, about the same time as the Hartford Pro- lific. Bmich large, compact, rarely shouldered; berry roundish-oval, large, oblong, black, cov- ered with a delicate bloom, transparent, with a tender pulp ; thin skin ; juicy and vinous ; quality best "when you can get it." Reports generally unsatisfactory. A slow, tender grower. Young vines have mildewed, and older ones need protection. Blooms early, and fruit destroyed by late frosts. Roots very weak and tender. An amateur grape only. Advance, {tfi/hr.) One of Eiekett's* earlier seed- lings, a cross between Clinton and Black Hamburg. " A superior grape, and at that time (1872), perhaps in advance of all his others. The berry is blaclc, with a slight blue bloom, roundish-oval; bmic/i large, long and shouldered ; flesh too good to describe, except pomologically, and then I thinlc it would read ' best.' " —F. H. Elliult, X. Y. Bunch large, berry medium, thin skin, scarcely any pulp ; sweet and very sprightly— decidedly one of the * See Rtckett's .Seedling Grapes. 68 Adelaide. BUSH BERG CATALOGUE. Alvey. best very early grapes we have yet met with. Vine healthy, vigorous and productive, but the iruit rots badly. Fully ripe .luly 30.— .sVim. 3Iilh'r, Bhifftuii. Mo. FoUufie much inclined to mildew in unfavorable sea- sons, more so even than others of the hybrids. Fruit much inclined to rot; consequently not recommended where these diseases prevail. Adelaide. One of Jas. H. Rickett's new grapes; a hybrid between Concord and Muscat Hamburg. It is described as of medium size ; berry of oval shape, black, with light bine bloom ; of a sweet but sprightly flavor ; purpled red flesh. Alexander. Syns.: C.\pe, Black Cape, Schuyl- kill MUSCADELL, CONSTANTIA, SPEINGMILL - CoN, .STANTiA, Clifton's Constantia, Tasker's Gkape, Vevay, Winne. Rotheock of Prince, York Lisbon. (Lahr.) This grape was first discovered by Alexander, gardener to Gov. Penn, on the banks of the Schuyl- kill, near Philadelphia, before the war of the revolu- tion. It is not unfrequently found, as a seedling from the wild Fox Grape, on the borders of our woods. American grape culture proper began with the plant- ing of this variety, at the beginning of our century, by a Swiss colony, at Vevay, in Switzerland Co., Indiana, on the Ohio River, i'i miles below Cincinnati. It was for some time supposed to be the famous grape of the Constancia colony, on the Cape of Good Hope. Whether John .Tames Dufour, the respected leader of that Swiss colony, shared that error, or whether he deemed it necessary to leave them in this error— while he had the sagacity to discover that their former fail- ures (in .TessamineOo., Ky., 1790-1801) were caused by planting foreign grape-vines, and intentionally substi- tuted a native variety— we do not know ; certain it is that this was the first successful attempt to establish vine-yards in our country. A very good wine, resem- bling claret, was made from the C'a/>e, and it was the favorite of former days until displaced by the Catawba. (The White Cape is similar to the above, diflering only in its color, which is greenish-white.) Downing de- scribes it as follows: " Bunehes rather compact, not shouldered ; berries of medium size, oval ; skin thick, quite black; flesh with a very firm pulp, but juicy; makes a very fair wine, but is quite too pulpy and coarse for taljle use, though quite sweet and musky when fully ripe, which is not tiU the last of October. Leaves much more doivny than those of the Isabella." W. R. Prince, in his Treatise on the Vine (N. Y., 1830), enumerates eighty-eight varieties of American grapes, but " for profit can only recommend the Ca- tawba and the Cape ; one-tenth of the latter variety would be enough. Of the two recommended above, the Catawba is much the most productive, but the Cape is tesssuhject to rot. Both make good wines." Aletba. {Lahr.) A seedling of Catawba, originated at Ottawa, 111. ; said to ripen ten days in advance of Hartford Prolific. "£»7(c/ies medium size, stem long; berries hanging rather loosely ; skin thick, color dark purple ; juice nearly black, staining the hands and mouth. Flesh quite pulpy, with a decided foxy aroma; in foxiness and astringency it is much the same as a well ripened Isabella." Said to promise well as a wine grape for northern localities. Not dis- seminated, which is not to be regretted, judging from the above desription. Albino. Syn : Garber's Albino {Labr.) Raised! by J. B. Garber, Columbia, Pa., (supposed to be a seedling of Isabella). Bunch smaW; 6err_i/ nearly round, slightly oval ; yellowish or amber color. Flesh acid ■ tough ; too late for the north. — Chas. DowniTig. AUen'.s Hybrid. Raised by John Pisk Allen, Salem, Mass.; across between the Golden Chas- selas and the Isabella; the Jfr.^t of American hybrid grapes, exhibited Sept. 9, 1854, at the Massachusetts Horticultural Society meeting. Ripens early, aboutwith theConcord. Bunches large and long, moderately compact ; berries full medium to large; skin thin, semi-trans- parent ; color nearly white, tinged with amber ; flesh tender and delicate, without pulp, juicy and delicious ; has a mild, muscat flavor ; quality best. The leaves have a peculiar appearance, and partly foreign character It is apt to mildew and rot, and can not be recom- mended for general culture, though it is worthy a place in amateur collet-tious. From a union, of Allen's Hybrid with Concord, the Lady Washington was produced. Alvey. Syn: Hagar (ITybr.) Introduced by Dr. Harvey, of Hagerstown, Md. Generally classed with ^-Est., but its characteristics point to a different species. Its erect growth, soft and short jointed wood, rooting very easily from cuttings ; the exquisite quality, pure vinous flavor — all point to the Vinifera, and force us to the conclusion that yl/ye^ originated, from an intermixture of Vinifera and ^Estivalis, crossed by natural hybridization. Bunches medium, loose, shouldered ; berries small, round, black ; sweet, juicy and vinous, without pulp ; a slow grower, making a stout short- jointed wood ; moderately productive ; roots medium thick, more inclined to the wiry character of the iEstivalis class, with a me- dium smooth liber. Canes remarkably straight and upright, gradually tapering, and not in- clined to ramble like most American varieties. Tendrils short and thin, often three-forked; buds covered with sliglit hairy down ; the dark, medium sized foliage has also a slightly downy, whitish lower face ; the tender young leaflets are very thin and almost transparent. Laterals few and feeble ; wood rather soft, with large pith and coarse bark. These char- acteristics, together with its thin skin and total absence of pulp, strongly indicate a foreign character. Excellent in quality, but apt to drop its leaves on southern slopes ; it makes a fine red wine, but too little of it, as it sets its fruit badly ; seems to prefer the deep rich, sandy loam of our nortlieastern or even northern slopes. Reports generally unfavor- able. Agavoam. DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. Sogers'' No. 15. 69 AGAWAM. Agawam. (Rogers' Hybrid No. 15.) Raised by E. S. Rogers, of Salem, Mass., and consid- ered by him as his best variety before the in- troduction of the Salem. It is a brownish- red or maroon grape, of the Hamburg cross ; bunches medium to large, compact, often shoul- dered ; berries very large, somewhat globular; skin thick; pulp soft; sweet, sprightly, of pe- culiarly aromatic flavor and a little of the native aroma; productive, and of great vigor of growth ; prefers long pruning ( " let the (Rogers' No. 15.) branches run as far as they will go"—Iiev. JS. Burnet, of Ontario); roots stout, fleshy and moderately fibrous, with a thick, smooth liber. Canes very stout, moderately long, with com- paratively few but strong laterals. Wood rather long-jointed, of average hardness and medium sized pith. Buds large and prominent. Ripens soon after the Concord. Reports gen- erally satisfactory ; succeeds well. In many localities it is inclined to mildew and rot, in others a decided success. 70 Alma. BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. Aminia. AMBER Alma. [Riparia-Kijbr.) A seedling of the Bacchus fertilized with a hybrid seedling from a cross between a hardy native variety and the "Purple Constantia," from the Cape of Good Hope(?), produced by Jas. H. Bicketts, who says, in presenting this new seedling grape : "I feel confident that it.willmeet the approval of the grape and wine-growers of America, as it is a pleasant dessert grape, and makes a splendid wine, with a rose and wintergreeu flavor most delicately blended. This variety is a fine healthy grower ; foliage large, lobed, slightly tomentose on the under side ; perfectly hardy and has never shown the least trace of disease. The must has stood by the scale 100- 107; acid, 5-7." Ripens^with or soon after the Hartford Prolific. Bunch medium, compact, seldom shouldered ; bernj medium, black with blue bloom ; spicy andvery sweet. Vine vig- orous and healthy. How this will do in other sections and soils remains to be proved ; at Rickett's place it does well and is very fine. Amanda. (Lahr.) Description in our former edi- tion, copied from Catalogue of Bluti'ton Wine Co. (and Hort. Annual, 1868) totally differs from the fruit which we obtained from plants ot^same source. " It is a large black, thick-skinned, liard-pulped grape ; in taste and aroma somewhat similar to Ives and^Rentz ; the hunch is of medium size, compact, quite showy; the vine a most vigorous, healthy Labrusca. Esteemed for red wine by some; — may be the_same>s "August Pioneer." Amber [Riimria X). A sister of the Elvira, raised by Jacob Rommel, of Missouri, seems to be a cross between Riparia and Labrusca, having some characteristics of both species. Vine hardy, vigorous and moderately pro- ductive; Rommel says it should be fruited on spurs from old wood ; a rather long-jointed strong grower; dark brown wood, with large fo- foliage, some-what downy beneath. Bunches long, shouldered, moderately compact ; berry medium, oblong, pale amber when ripe, skin thin; pulp tender ; sweet, juicy and of fine flavor. Ripens later than Concord, and some- what earlier than Catawba. A table grape' combining good quality with attractive appearance, but too tender for shipping to distant markets ; may also make a very good white wine. It seems, however, not to hold its leaves as firmly as other Taylor Seedlings. Amber Queen (Bybr.). Described in EUwanger & Barry's catalogue (by the originator) as follows ; "Bunch large, shoul- dered like the Hamburg; berry large, fre- quently oblong; holds persistently to the bunch; amber colored at tirst, but grows darker till it becomes a purple grape ; flesh tender, rich, and seeds small ; plant a strong grower, with thick leaves, somewhat downy on the under side. Fruit always eatable in August, and with proper care will keep "all winter." (We have never seen this grape. B. &S. &M.) Aminia. (Supposed Rogers' No. 39.) In Fall of 1867 we tried to get those of Rogers' un- named hybrids, which we had not yet tested, and aware of the confusion existing as to their numbers, wo obtained a few of each number from difierent sources at the same time. Of those which we planted as No. 39 three sur- vived, but not two of them were alike. One of them proved especially valuable. To ascer- tain whether this was the true No. 39 we ad- dressed Mr. Rogers, to let us have a plant or a graft of the original No. 39, but were in- formed that the original stock was lost! One of our vines No. 39 proved so valuable, that we determined to propagate it, and planted fifty vines thereof, while we destroyed the other two. From the commendation given to No. 39 at the quarter-centennial session of the Am. Pomol. Society, by its president, the Hon. M. P. Wilder, we have the more reason to suppose that ours is the true No. 39 ; but to avoid confusion with others which may be sent out by other propagators, under this number, and which may or may not be the same, w& gave ours the name Aminia ; Mr. Rogers as- Anna. DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. Autuchon. senting thereto. Bunches medium, slightly shouldered, moderately compact, more even, and better on an average than Rogers' grapes generally make ; berries full medium to large, dark purple, nearly black, with a fine bloom. Flesh melting, with but little pulp, sweet and of fine flavor, ripening very early, about with the Hartford Prolific. We consider it one of our earliest good grapes. Vine moderately vigorous, quite hardy, productive, but fruit inclined to rot. Deserves to be extensively cultivated as a table grape in rot-free localities. Anna. Seedling of Catawba, raised by Eli Has- brouck, Newburgh, N. Y., in 1852. G. W. Campbell, of Delaware, Ohio, describes it as very hardy and healthy and of a moderate growth. Biinc/ws rather loose, of medium size ; berries medium ; color light amber, with small dark specks, covered with thin, white bloom. Rather pulpy. Kipens with the Catawba. Not worth planting here; unhealthy and feeble. Antoinette (Lahr.), one of Miner's seedlings. A handsome, large white grape of the Concord charac- ter, with long, moderately compact bunches ; a strong growing, healthy vine, and very productive ; ripens earlier than Concord ; flavor sweet, rich, with little pulp, few seeds, and but little of the foxy aroma. May prove valuable as a good early white grape. Ariadne (or Areadine, incorrectly spelled.) (Rlpa- ria.) One of Ricketts' Clinton Seedlings, promising for red wine ; vine vigorous and healthy, immensly productive, much inclined to overbear; bunrh com- pact, resembling Clinton, but much better in quality ; very juicy, sweet ; producing a light red, heavy wine of fine flavor. These notes, taken at J. H. Ricketts' Experimental Grouiids several years ago, are some- what modified by his List of March, 1882, wherein he describes it as a Seedling of Clinton and a Newburgh Vinifera ; the wood short-jointed and only moderately vigorous; foliage medium, coarsely serrated; hunch small to medium^ compact ; herry small, round, black, witli a light blue bloom ; flesh soft, tender, juicy and sweet. It makes a very dark and rich wine, of good body, with the old Sherry flavor. Mr. Ricketts is quite confident that this grape will become popular for wine purposes, as soon as known. Arnold's Hybrids.* See Othello (No. 1.) Cor- nucopia (No. 2.) Autuchon (No. 5.) Brant (No. 8.) Canada (No. 16.) Arrot (or Arcott ?) (Lahr.) Philadelphia ; hunch and berries medium, white ; resembling the Cassady in appearance, but not as good. " Sweet and good, with a thick skin, good grower, and productive." — Hvsmann. * Chai-Ics Arnold, of Pari.s, Canada, h:iy been sncee.ss- tul in liis exiirriiiients in hybridizing the native Clinton witli tlie pollen of foreign varieties. His seedlings seem to be of decided promise in some localities. The Com- mittee of tlie Paris Hortieultural Society say in their report: "We tind tlie most prominent clianicteristics of them as a class are: first, pcrfcrt luudincss and vig- orous growth; second, early ripiMiin^- liotliof the fruit and wood, and as yet remariculjle freedom from disease, wjtli large, lianclsome foliage of a very distinct char- acter and not wooly; feMnc/*es lar^^e on the average; the berries larger than 'medium : skin thin, and in all the imnihcrs we tested, free-from pulp, witli a full, pleasant, sprightly flavor; our judgment being based not on a cursory examination, but trom having known them for the hist two seasons." AUTUCHON. Autuclton. (Arnold's Hybrid No. 5.) A seedling of Clinton, crossed with Golden Chasselas. Leaves dark green, very deep lobed and sharp pointed serra- tures; the unripe wood is very dark purple, nearly black. Bunches very long, not heavily shouldered, rather loose ; berries medium size, round, white (green), with a moderately firm, but readily melting flesh, and an agreeable, sprightly flavor, resembling the White Chasselas. Skin thin, without astringency. Ripens with the Delaware. Sam. Miller, the originator of the Martha, bestowed the following high encomium upon the new grape in 1869 : "I have always considered Martha the best white native grape, but since seeing and tasting the Autu- chon, I haul down my colors. If it will ripen like this in Canada, and I'f it improves by coming here like Rogers' and other Northern grapes, then it seems to me we have all that can be desired. It alone is a treasure." It is well that friend Miller qvuilificd his encomiums by " ifs," for the Autuchon did not come up to those expectations ; it proved tender and unreliable, in the 72 Aufjhvoick. BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. Berks. West at least ; its fniit subject to rot and mildew, and notwithstanding its fine qualities, it will remain but an amateur variety and cannot be recommended for profitable culture in vineyards. We append an illustration which gives a truthful view of the bunch as grown with us, for we have never seen any so large as represented by the cut used in our first edition, and which was obtained from the originator. In localities and soUs favorable to this variety it may, however, attain more than twice the size of the bunch here figured. Aughwiclt. (ffi>.) Introduced by Wm. A. Fra- ker, .Shirleysburg, Pa. Bunches shouldered, similar to Clinton; hcrries larger than Clinton, black, juice very dark, of spicy flavor : said to make a very dark red wine, of superior quality, and to be entirely free from rot or mildew ; very hardy and healthy. We found it not as good as Clinton, and less productive. Should be discarded. August Giant (Hybr.) A cross between Black Hamburg and Marion, owned by Geo. A. Stone's estate, and described as follows: bunches very large with rather long and very strong stem; when shouldered the shoulders are very short and double ; berric! very large, somewhat oblong, often measuring U inch in diameter. Placed in a basket beside Black Hamburg, the August Giant can hardly be distinguished from it. Fruit when well grown has a decided Hamburg flavor ; quite tender to the centre, very rich and fine ; leaf strong and thick, and vine an enormous grower and bearer. Fruit ripe in August ; vine perfectly hardy. August Pi»neer, {Lahr.) Origin unknown ; one of the coarsest of native sorts; large, black, with a firm, hard, pulpy flesh ; fit only for stewing. Middle of AufT^st.— Downing. Baldwin I^enoir. {JEst.) Originated at West Chester, Pa. ; said to be a seedling of the Lenoir ; bunch small, rather loose; berries small, quite dark, almost black ; flesh somewhat rough, acid, brisk. Re- ported tlie richest in grape-sugar of t\venty-.six varie- ties tested by the chemist of the Agr. Department at Washington. In foliage and habit of growth, it is much like Lincoln. Bunch and berry similar to Nor- ton's, but less harsh and sweeter, when well ripened ; valuable for red wine. Barnes'. (Labr.) Originated with Parker Barnes, Boston. Mass. Bunches shouldered; berries medium, oval, black, sweet and good ; nearly as early as Hart- ford.— Sfrojij. We have not seen the grape. Bacchus. {Riparia.) A Seedling of the Clin- ton, produced by James H. Ricketts, of Kew- burgh, N. Y. Resembles the parent in leaf, bunch and berry, but is superior to it in qual- ity and productiveness. Buwh medium, com- pact, shouldered ; berry round, below medium, black with blue bloom, juicy and sprightly. Ricketts says : " With me it has stood all pos- sible tests for the last fourteen years, as to hardiness of wood, leaf and fruit. Its roots also have proved Phylloxera proof and reliable in every particular. Wherever tested, all agree in ascribing to it the peculiar qualities necessary in a perfect wine grape." The Bac- chus makes a dark brownish-red wine of great body. Must registered 95" to 110° for a num- ber of years. Some regard the Bacchus, as a wine-grape, with greater favor than any of Ricketts' many other valuable seedlings ; it grows well, and is free from mildew, even in most unfavorable seasons. The annexed cut of the Bacchus, specially engraved for our Catalogue, shows this grape, reduced to nearly one-half its natural size. Beauty. (Labr. x) One of Jacob Rommel's Seedlings ; a cross between Delaware and Max- atawney ; a vigorous healthy grower ; foliage heavy and healthy, yet subject to sunscald ; resembling Catawba (and we suppose it to be a cross between Catmvba and Maxatawney rather, than between Delaware and Maxataw- ney) ; bunch small to medium, well filled, but not too compact; berri/ in size and color be- tween Catawba and Delaware, oblong, cov- ered with lilac bloom ; thick skinned, and will carry well ; ripens between Delaware and Ca- tawba, and is of very fine quaUty, having ten- der pulp, sweet, with delicate flavor. A promising market and table grape, making also an excellent wine. In fact a sample of " Beauty " wine, at the Bordeaux Exposition, in Bept-ember, 1880, was pronounced by the French Commissioners " the best American white-wine on exhibition; having a very marked and agreeable bouquet." M. LespiatM. Its parentage, however, justifies the fear that it may be subject to mildew in seasons and locaUties not exempt from this disease ; it is also inclined to rot in wet seasons. Bclvidere. (Labr.) Originated by Dr. Lake, of Belvidere, 111. Was expected to be a valuable market variety, on account of extreme earliness; large size and fine appearance. In some localities was claimed to be an improvement in bunch and berry upon Hart- ford Prolific, but in quality is not much, if any better ; like Hartlord, it shows a tendency to fall from the bunch, especiallv if a little over-ripe. Being in ap- pearance much like Hartford Prolific, only not as large, a description is unnecessary. It is a vme of very vigorous growth, perfectly hardy and healthy, very early and productive; but so is the Hart- ford also, and, we think, we have more than enough in one variety of such poor quality. Berks, or lehigH. {Labr.) Bunch large, shoul- dered, compact; berry large, round, red, little pulp, good qualitv ; vine vigorous grower, similar to Cataw- ba of which it is a seedling, and perhaps an improve- ment in size and quality ; but also more subject to disease. Bacchus. BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. Bacchus. 73 74 Barry. BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. Black July. Barry. (Rogers' No. 43.) One of the most at- tractive of Rogers' Hybrids, "as handsome as the Black Hamhaig." Bunch large, rather broad and compact, short ; often larger than repre- sented on the annexed engraving ; berrij large, roundish ; color black ; flesh tender, of a sweet, pleasant flavor; skin thin, somewhat astrin- gent. Vine as vigorous, healthy and hardy as any one of Rogers' Hybrids. Very suc- cessful in western New York and some other localities. Very productive and early, earlier than the Concord, and keeps remarkably well. In this respect as well as in quality the Rogers' Hybrids possess a great advantage over the Concord. Baxter. (.Est.) Bunch large and long; hemj below medium, black; very late in ripening, hardy BARliV. (Rogers' No. 43.) and productive ; not fit for table, but may be valuable for wme. —Bliiffton Wiiie Co.'s Catalogue. BeautF of Minnesota. (Labr X) Originated (or introduced only) by J. C. Kramer, of La Crescent, Slinn. Described by him as a Seedling of Delaware crossed with Concord ; a good grower and healthy ; biiiir/i equal to Concord, but more compact; bcrri/ greenish yellow when ripe and of rich flavor ; recom- mended Ijy liim, and endorsed by many testimonials as the Ijest grape for the climate of Minnesota, ripen- ing there by the 1st of September. Not sufficiently tried elsewhere. Bird's Egg. (Labr.) Probably a seedling of Ca- taba, somewhat similar to Anna. Bunch long, pointed ; hernj oval, whitish, with brown specks ; flesh pulpy ; only good ; a curiosity. — Downing. Black July. See Bevereaux. Berckmans. DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. Black Pearl. 75 Berckmans. A cross between Clinton and Dela- ware, originated by the late Dr. A. P. Wyiie, Chester, S. C. Vine very vigorous and prolific ; growth and foliage almost siniUar to Clinton. Bunches and berries larger than Delaware, of same color and quite equal in quality to this favorite variety. We were growing it under restrictions, not to propagate nor to sell or give any wood of same. It proved healthier, freer from mildew, than Delaware, and deserves dissemination. We are happy to learn that P. J. Berkmans, in whose honor it was named, has propagated it, and vines are now growing and fruiting in several localities North and South, fully sustaining our good opinion of it. Black Defiance. (Underbill's 8-8 Hybr.) A splendid, late table grape, about tbe best black table grape we have, with us more desirable than Senasqua. If we are rightly informed, it is a cross between Black St. Peters and Con- cord. Bunch and berries large, black, with a line bloom; three weeks later than Concord, and much better in quality. Succeeds well, and pleases also in France. Black Eag'le. (Underbill's 8-12.) A Hybrid of Labr. and Vinifera. A fine, early table grape, of best quality. The leaf is one of the most beautiful we know of, very firm, dark green, deeply lobed, of the shape of the foreign. The vine is of very erect and vigorous growth, hardy .ind healthy, yet subject to rot, as all other Hybrids of Labr. and Vin., in unfavor- able seasons and localities; roots straight and smooth, almost tough, with a medium liber; canes remarkably straight and upright, with numerous, but small laterals ; wood firm with medium pith ; bunch large, moderately com- pact; berries large, oval, black, with blue bloom ; flesh rich and melting, with little pulp. With Unclerhill the fruit set imperfectly, but it does not always show that fault, and may have been due to unfavorable weather during its florescence at Croton Point. "We consider it one of the most promising varieties. Camp- bell, of Delaware, considers it as "among the best of the hybrid varieties." Berckmans, of Georgia, Chairman of Fruit Committee, said : "Black Eagle we find to be unsurpassed in quality, productiveness and vigor. I have seen bunches that weighed a pound and three- quarters, grown at Macon, Georgia, three years ago." We give on the following page a full size figure of its bunch and leaf (the ribs of the latter incorrectly drawn, as usual). Black Hawk. A seedling from the Concord, raised by Samuel Miller. Bunch large, rather loose ; berry large, black, round, juicy, sweet ; pulp very tender ; ripens full as early as the Concord, and seems to be healthy and hardy. We find it sometimes a little earlier than Con- cord. It has the remarkable peculiarity that its leaf is of so dark a green as to appear almost black. Black Kin^. (Labr.) A hardy and vigorous early grape, of medium size ; sweet but foxy. — Strong. Black Pearl. (Rrparia.) Syn. Schraidt's Seedling. Originator, Caspar Schraidt, of Put-in-Bay, O. Probably from seed of Clinton or Taylor. Vine a vigorous, healthy grower, similar in appearance of growth and foliage to Elvira and Noah. It succeeds admirably on the islands and shores of Lake Erie, where it is very productive. In our lieavier clay soils and warmer climate it is less satisfactory both in quality and productiveness ; the bunch is not as large and handsome as on the islands and on the lake shore, where it far surpasses the Clinton in appearance, and makes a valuable DARK-RED u'ine. Dr. Warder considered it "an exceedingly promising grape, of the Clinton class." (Am. Pom. S. 1877.) So did we also consider it, after examining it for several seasons in Schraidt's vineyard ; and after transplanting a few vines, obtained from him, into our Bushberg vine- yard, and admiring its luxurious, healthy growth there, we secured from Mr. Schraidt a thousand cuttings, and disseminated this new variety, in 1877, with his consent, under the name of Black Pearl. (He first intended to call it "Biirgundi/" or " ScfiraidV sBnTguudy ," and claimed it to be a seedling from the Dela- ware.) Geo. W. Campbell, of Ohio, who is good authoritj' and had opportunities to ob- serve this grape in his own State, says : " It is a strong growing and very productive ^^ne, and is probably a valuable addition to the quite limited number of red-wine grapes." And as such only we recommend it for certain localities. In August, 1882, a season of unparalled de- struction through mildew and rot in the Miss- issippi Valley region, E. Baxter, of Nauvoo, reports the Black Pearl grape as exceptionably fine, leaf extra good.— A. Wehrle, of Middle Bass, the leading wine producer of Oliio, wrote to us last fall that he finds this wine grape un- surpassed in color ; must of good saccharine weight and proper degree of acidity ; but adds : " It suflers with us sometimes during the flow- ering season, otherwise it is a most valuable grape, and pays well to the producer." Black Taylor. (Riparia X or Rommels No. 19.) In many respects similar to his No. 14, or Montefioee, has not been sufficiently tried, and should not be dis- seminated unless it should prove sufficiently distinct or superior to this valuable novelty. 76 BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. BLACK EAGLE. (Underhill's 8-12.) Bland. DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. Brant. 77 Bland. (Lahr.f) Syn. Bland's Vikginia, Bland's Madeira, Bland's Pale Red, Powell. It is said to have been found on the eastern shore of Virginia, by Col. Bland, of that State, who presented scions to Bar- tram, the botanist, by whom it was first cultivated. Bunches rather long, loose, and often with small, im- perfect berries ; berries round, on long stalks, hanging rather thinly ; skin thin, at first pale green, but pale red when ripe; flesh slightly pulpy, of a pleasant, sprightly, delicate flavor, and with little or no musk scent, but a slight astringency ; ripens late ; foliage lighter green than that of Catawba, smoother and more delicate. This vine is quite diflicult of propaga- tion by cuttings. The above description of this old variety is from " Downing's Fruits of America." The Bland did not succeed or ripen well in the North, and has been lost and abandoned South. Blood's Black. (Labr.) Bunch medium, com- pact; berry medium, round, black, somewhat harsh and_ foxy, but sweet. Very early and productive. (Resembling Mary Ann, and has often been con- founded with it. Blue Dyer. (Rip.) Bunch medium ; berries small black, very dark juice, promises well for wine. — Mus- mcmn. (One of many unfulfilled promises!) Blue Favorite. {jEst.) A Southern grape. Vine vigorous, productive ; bunch above medium ; berries medium, round, blue-black, sweet, vinous ; much coloring matter; ripe South in September (does not ripen well North) ; said to be esteemed for wine making. — Downing. Blue Imperial. (Labr.) Origin uncertain. Vine vigorous, free from mildew, not productive. Bunches medium, short ; berry large, round, black ; flesh with a hard acid centre or pulp ; ripens with Hartford. In- ferior. — Downing. Braut. (Arnold's Hybrid No. 8.) Seedling of Clinton crossed with Black St. Peters. The young leaves and shoots dark blood-red ; leaves very deeply lobed, smooth on both sides. Bunch and berry resembling the Clinton in ap- pearance, but greatly superior in flavor when perfectly ripe; skin thin, free from pulp, all juice, sweet and vinous; seeds small and few ; perfectly hardy ; vine a strong, healthy grower and sufficiently productive. The bunch hangs firmly to the vine till fall, and the ber ries adhere well to the bunch. Our illustration of this variety la from a specimen of average size and shape. A very early and desirable grape, in fact the earliest of all with us, and it would be the most profitable if the birds would not destroy the bunches as soon as they ripen. For localities where grapes ripen later than with us, and where birds are less destructive, it is worthy of the attention of grape-growers. Our friend Champin gives us a very favora- ble report of this variety in Northern France (Drome), where the Brant and its sister the Canada deserve to be cultivated extensively. They resist so far the Phylloxera, although one of their parents is undoubtedly of the Vi- nifera class, and during the six years that he cultivated them they have increased from year to year in vigor and fruitfuluess. These two varieties have often been confounded with each other, and the following may serve to distin- BRANT. guish them : The Brant has the most sinuous, deeply-cut and indented-lobed foliage of any American variety, while that of the Canada is mostly but little indented and lobed, while 78 Brant. BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. Brighton. BRIGHTON, _young. But the form of leaves is very varia- ble, and uo reliable distinctive character can be made of them ; a more reliable characteristic is their color : that of the Brant is of a deeper green with a reddish tinge, while that of the Canada is a lighter green with a whitish tinge ; and so are the tendrils of the latter of a paler green and only two-forked, while those of the Brant are darker, longer, and often doubly bi- forked. The Brant has long-jointed red-wood ; the Canada's wood is rather short jointed, of less vigorous growth, green, brownish towards the sun. The bunches of the Canada are usu- ally shorter and more compact ; those of the Brant are not loose either, but not so very com- pact as to flatten the berries. The seeds of the Brant are very small, and rarely more than two in a berry. Both ripen very early, and give a wine of excellent quality and of very handsome red color. Brighton. {Labr.X). This handsome and fine grape, raised by Jacob Moore, of Brighton, N. York, is a cross of the Concord and Diana- Hamburg. Vine hardy, a rapid and vigorous grower, with ^medium to long-jointed shoots, which ripen early ; leaves large, thick, dark Bottsi. DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. Canada. green, glossy, coarsely serrated, occasiona lobed. Very productive, and, if tbie small bunches were taken off early in the season, it would be a great benefit to the others. '^ Bunch medium to large, shouldered, moder- ately compact ; berries medium to large, round, light red at first, changing to a dark crimson or maroon when fully matured, sometimes almost black, and covered with a thick lilac bloom. The berries adhere well to the pedun- cle; skin thin but tough; flesh tender, very slight pulp, sweet, juicy, slightly aromatic, very slightly vinous, and of very good quality for an early grape. It has its best flavor when it is first ripe, but becomes pasty and loses its spriglitly flavor when fully ripe. Ripens nearly as early as the Hartford Prolific and before the Delaware." — A. J. Downing. One of the most promising and successful new varieties, largely cultivated in the Eastern States, where it is now the leauin*; table GRAPE. It is worthy of extensive planting wherever any of the hybrid grapes can be grown successfully and early grapes for table or market are desired ; requires protection in severe winters. The cut is a faithful copy of a photograph from a medium size bunch of the Brighton grape. In general beautiful appear- ance the'Brighton closely resembles tlie Ca- tawba, which ripens a month later. Bottsi. (^Est.) The local name for a very remark- able grape, grown in the garden of a gentleman of that name, in Natchez, Miss. It is said to tlirow all otlier grapes ever grown there (including the Jacquez) com- pletely in the background, and is claimed to be the true Herbcmont brought some fifty years ago from South Carolina. It differs from our Herbcmont in color, being of a light pink in the shade, a dark pink in the full sun. The impartial, trustworthy testimony of H. Y. Child, an amateur horticulturist, as to its ex- cellent quality and rapid growth, enormous fruitful- ness and freedom from rot, made us procure and plant some wood of this variety. — After several years' test- ing we found it unsuited to our locality, too tender and liable to mildew. In Texas it is found " a splen- did thing," but, as Mr. Onderdonk assures us, "just like the Herbcmont." Burnet. (Hybr,) The Burnet grape, raised by P. C. Dempscy, of Albany, Prince Edwards Co., Ont., from seed of the Hartford Prolific, fertilized by Black Hamburg. The vine is vigorous and healthy, hardy and productive ; leaves deeply lobed, thick, downy be- neath ; bunches large, well shouldered and well filled ; the ftemes large, oval,paTplish-6/acfc; flesh and flavor reseml)}inf; Black Hamburg, witliout any trace of fox- iness ; ripening earlier than Concord. — Burnet. Burrougbs'. (Rip.) From Vermont. Vine allied to the Clinton. Bxmeh small ; herry round, black, thick bloom ; flesh harsh, acid, austere. — Downing. Burton's Early. (Labr.) A large, early, poor Fox grape Unworthy of culture. — Downing. CANADA. Canada. (Arnold's Hybrid No. 16.) Raised from seed of Clinton, crossed with pollen of Black St. Peters. Resembles the Brant (No. 3) in appearance. [For characteristic difterences see Brant, p. 77.] Itis justly praised for its rich aromatic flavor and delightful bouquet by all who taste it. Bunch and berry above medium ; color black, with a fine bloom ; skin thin, free from harshness and from the acidity common to other native grapes. A moderate grower, with peculiar foliage; hardy, and matures its wood well. Valuable for wine in some localities. Like all of Arnold's Hybrids, it proves ten- der and unreliable in the United States, in most localities, while in France it is very suc- cessfully grown and proves Phylloxera-resist- ing. But this is not to be construed as a gen- eral and absolute condemnation for all parts of our country, nor as a recommendation for all 80 Cambridrje. BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. Catawba. the different regions of viticulture in France. Thie Cornucopia and the Canada have perished at Nlmes, while they have been growing and succeeding finely during the last eight years in the valley of the Sa6ne. The principle of adap- tability to certain soils, aspects and localities, and not to others, appUes to hybrids in a greater degree even than to varieties of our native species. Cambridge. (Lahr.) Originated in the gar- den of Francis Houghton, Cambridge, Mass., CATAWBA. and introduced by Hovey & Co., of Boston, as "of the highest merit." They described it as follows : " It is a black grape, somewhat resem- bling Concord, but with more oval berries. Bunches large and shouldered ; berries large, with a very thin skin, covered with a delicate bloom, and adhering firmly to the bunch ; flesh rich, brisk, and refreshing; without pulp, and more nearly approaching the Adirondac in quality than any other native grape. Period of ripening a few days before the Concord. The vine has the luxuriance of growth and handsome foliage of the Concord, while it is quite as hardy, if not hardier, than that grape. • In some favorable seasons, as in 1880, the Cambridge produced in our vineyards much finer, larger bunches than tlie Concord ; gener- ally, however, it is nearly identical in taste and appearance with this popular variety. Camden. (Lahr.) Bunch medium : herrii large, greenish-white ; flesh with a hard centre ; acid ; poor. Caitby's August. See York Ma- deira. Catawba. Syn. : Bed Mtjncy, Catawba, Tokay, Singleton. {Lahr.) This old and well-known variety is a native of North Caro- lina, and has its name from the Catawba river. It was transplanted to a garden at Clarksburg, Md., and introduced to notice sixty years ago by Major John Adlum, of Georg- etown, D. C. It has been for many years the standard wine grape of the country, and thousands of acres have been planted with it ; but owing to its uncertainty, on account of the mildew and blight, and its too late ripening in the Eastern and Northern States (in October), it is now discarded in many sec- tions, and other reliable kinds are planted instead. In localities where it will fully mature, and where it seems less subject to disease, there are very few better varieties. Contrary to the heretofore pre- vaihng belief that the Phylloxera was tlie main cause of the failure of the Catawba in many sections, and contrary to the opinion of some eminent scientists who still hold this view, we have now come Catawba. DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. Centennial. 81 to the conclusion, based upon careful ob- servation, that the diseased and enfeeb'led roots of the Catawba are caused by the disturbed development of the mildewed tops, and not by the Phylloxera. Where mildew does not pre- vail, as ou the islands of Lake Erie, on the lake shore, &c., the Catawba is still and will de- servedly remain for years to come the leading variety for market and for wine. The late Dr. Warder truly said, that the beautiful banks of the Ohio might again be covered with vineyards, if we could onlj' dis- cover a grape, equal in quality to the Catawba, that would not be subject to mildew or rot.* Bunches large, moderately compact, shoul- dered ; berries above medium, round, deep red, covered with lilac bloom. Skin moderately thick ; flesh shghtly pulpy, sweet, juicy, with a rich, vinous, and somewhat musky flavor. Vine a vigorous grower ; in favorable seasons and localities very productive. Clay-shale soil, also gravelly or sandy soils seem best adapted. Hoots light, in comparison to the naturally strong growth of the vine, when in a perfectly healthy state, with a texture below average hardness ; thick liber, and not inclined to push young fibers as rapidly as other varieties ; canes straight and long, with few laterals ; wood of average hardness, with a pith a little more than the average size. 3fvst ranges from 86° to 9.'")° by CEchsle's scale. The Catawba has quite a number of seedlings ; of 7o«a and Diana, its two best, and oi Alctha, Anna, Mine, ilottlcd, etc., we give descriptions in their alpha- betic order ; but some are actually the same as Ca- tau'ha, and only pretended seedlings, to sell under a new name ; others are so nearly identical as not to re- quire description. To this class belong: Fancher, claimed to be an early Catawba. Keller's White; IfeacVs Seedling ; Mereernn. Mammoth Cataivba of Hermann, very large in bunch and berry, but otherwise inferior to the parent. Omega, exhibited in 1S67 at the Indiana State Fair. ■Saratoga, the same as Fancher. Tekmyiah, a Missouri seedling of Cataioba. White Catau'ba, raised by John E. Mottier, and aban- doned by himself as being inferior to its parent. Cassady . (Labr. ) Originated in the yard of H. P- Cassady, Philadelphia, as a chance seedling. Bunch medium, very compact, sometimes shouldered ; berry medium, round, pale green, covered with white bloom ; * At the raoment that we are reading the proof of this, we notice in the Messager Agricole (Aug., 1883), the fol- lowing, which we translate: Certain Remeity against the Mitdete (Peronospora) . Jeau Gazotti, a im iciest Italian grape-grower, had the happy idea to sininkli- the foliajje of mildew infected vines with a solution of soda (2 kilos of soda in one hectolitre of water = 4i pounds dissolved in 26 gallons of water), and he had the good fortune to find, on the day after "such treatment, that the filaments of the peronspora were consumed. Wliile we scarcely venture to hope that this will be a certain remedy, it i.s well worth trying. May the results ht satisfactory! when very ripe its color changes to light yellow : skin thick and leathery, pulpy, but with a peculiar honeyed sweetness which no other grape posseses in the same degree. Ripens with the Catawba. Vine a moderate grower; a true Labrusca in habit and foliage ; immensely productive, so mucli so that nearly every fruit-bud will push out several branches, with from three to five bunches each. But after thus over-bearing it becomes exhausted for several seasons, the leaves drop prematurely, and the fruit will not ripen. This grape is now generally discarded, being re- placed by new and better varieties. It is said to be the parent of the "Niagara" grape. The "Arrott" resembles the Cassady very much. Catawissa. See CrevcHng. Centennial.'-' — .\. promising new grape, raised by D. .S. Mai-win, Watertown, N. Y., l>y him supposed to belong to the northern tj-pe of Vitis .Ustivalis (a seed- ling of the Eumelan. fertilized hy pollen from some La- brusca grape, probably lona or Delaware, certainly from NO foreign grape), and kindly .sent to us for testing. Xo plants of this variety were as yet offered for sale. (First figured in Rural New Yorker, 1S,S2.) Viiie described as a vigorous gi-ower, with heavy, durable foliage ; veiy fertile, inclining to overbear; has sometimes mildew on its leaf, but no signs of rot in the berries. The clusters are large, of tine conical shape, always compact; the berries are above medium, round ; sHn fii-m, of a peculiar handsome color, almost white with a light pink shade; flesli juicy, very sweet, vinous, resembling the Delaware in fl.avor. It ripens about the same lime with or a few days later than Con- cord and keeps veil for u-infer use. The Centennial prom- ises to be valuable both as a table grape and also for wine, its only apparent fault being that the seeds are rather large and numerous. When first introducing the Centennial (in fall of 1882) Marwin said: "I do not approve of multiplying varieties unless "they are improvements. During my many experi- " ments I have thrown away many seedlings superior to " many of ourold sorts. » * * I do not claim that the Cen- " tennial is perfect, * • * but for a winter grape I deem it " superior to all others*** The vine is about as vigorous " here as the Concord, and seems about as exempt " from mildew, sutfering much less than the Delaware. " * * * The reproductive organs seem perfect, there " being no emasculated clusters, so the vines bear " heavy crops. * *" * Persons who desire a higher ■' quality ot fruit, will be gratified with the Centen- " nial ; and if, upon trial, it be found to succeed generally *' as well as it does in Northern New York, real progress " in grape culture will follow its introduction. " The grape was awarded silver medals, certificates, " money -prizes, and favorable mention, at many " fairs. » * * At the end of the season I shall be " able to give further proofs, but I feel like protesting " against this kind of proofs. Each new grape should " stand upon its own merits and the character of the " introducer. Horticulturists should be exempted " from giving certificates as to fruits that, from the na- " ture of the circumstances, they know little about." These remarks of the originator, so modest and un- assuming, give us greater confidence than we usually have in new varieties, and we recommend the Centen- * Not Co7i(inen(a?. as it Is erroneously named in the Am. Po- mol. Society-Report on new fruits, IfcSl. 82 Challenge. BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. Clinton. nial, with our best wishes for its success, for trial in localities where its parent, the Eumelan, does not suf- fer from mildew. Challenge. Supposed cross between Concord and Royal Muscadine, grown by Rev. Asher Moore, N. Jersey. Very early and prolific; short compact hunches, shouldered; large, round berries, pale red, with flesh slightly pulpy; very sweet and juicy. Extra hardy wood and leaf. We consider it purely native, yet an excellent dessert and wine grape. Champion. Syn. : Early Champion, Talmax's Seedling, Beaconsfield. (Labr.) Ten years ago (1.S73) President Wilder asked, '-Does anyone know anything about the Champion?" And the late Dr. Swasey of Louisiana then informed us that it was a new grape, extra early, and one of the best in cultivation (Am. Pom. Soc. 1873, page B6), just sent out for the first time by some New Orleans nurserymen. In our Catalogue, edition 1875, we gave tlie best description we could then obtain, and said, -'We shall try to obtain this new, ex- traordinary grape for testing," &c. But while it W'as said that the Cliampion had originated in one of the city gardens of New Orleans, La., an accidental seed- ling, " where it has so magnificently llourislied and borue its splendid fruit," and "evaded the notice of our grape-growers for a number of years," we found that this was not so ; that R. J. Donnelly at Rochester, N. Y., and J. I. Stone at Charlotte, Monroe Co., N. Y., propagated and disseminated the "Early Champion," apparently the same grape, before 1873, and that un- der the name of Talman's Seedling, or Talmak, this identical variety had been grown for many years around Syracuse and other N.Y. localities. It has now been fully and largely tested, and, while it has actually proven the earlit-st market grape, and has been a very sure and profitable one to some growers, it is so poor in quality, that, the better known it is, the less saleable docs it become ; and it should be, and probably soon will be, discarded for better varieties. A few years' ago it was shipped to Montreal and other Canada mar- kets, commanding there high prices, and, as the vine was found to succeed well and to bear abundantly in the neighborhood of Montreal, young Donnelly, who was then manager of the Beaconsfield vineyards, plant- ed there several thousand of his father's Champion vines, and caused them to be planted quite e.xtensively in the vicinity. Thus it became known* as the Bea- consfield yrape. It was decidedly a profitable grape, selling at high prices on account of its earliness, before other grapes could be had — and until people became more appreciative oiqualUy. The Vine is a strong grower, thrifty, and perfectly liardy, with healthy foliage, entirely free from mildew, and very productive. Bunches large, handsome, com- pact, and shouldered. Berry round, bluish-black, near- ly as large as Hartford Prolific; skin thick, firm, and adhering well to the stem. Ripens nearly one week earlier than Hartford, but is as poor, if not poorer, in quality. This grape does the best on a warm, sandy, not very fertile soil. • (Irwas so named by the proprietors of tluit vineyard against Donnelly's protest. Under the name of Champion, as also the Golden Champion, another grape was introduced in California, which proves there a miserable failure. Charlotte. Identical with Diana. Charter OaR. (Labr.) A very large, coarse, na. five Fox grape, quite worthless, except for size, which makes its appearance as attractive as its musk}' flavor is repulsive. Christine. (Telegraph.) Claret. (?) A seedling of Chas. Carpenter, Kelly Island, (J. Biineh and bcrri/ medium ; claret red ; acid ;, vine vigorous; not valuable. — IJowniiiff. Clara. Supposed to be from foreign seed. A white (or pale amber) grape ; veiy tine for the ta- bic ; somewhat like Allen's Hybrid. Bunch long, loose; berrt/ medium round, yellowish green, transparent, without pulp, sweet and deli- cious, but verj' un- certain. Rather ten- der and requires pro- tection in the winter. Not worthy of culti- vation since we have so many superior va- rieties. Nevertheless we hear it praised in France as one of the American varieties doing remarkably well there, being vig- orous and produc- tive, appareDtly Phyl- loxenf-proot in tlie midst of badly infec- ted vines (in the vineyard of JI. Borty, at Roqueinarc). "Wo are inclined to be- lieve that the name is incorrect. The above figure of the Clara grape is reduced to one-fourth of natural size (one-half diameter). Clinton. Syn., Wobthington. {Riparia.) Strong says that, in the year 1821, the Hon. Hugh White, then in Hamilton College, N. Y., planted a seedling vine iu the grounds of Prof. Noye§, on College Hill, which is still remain- ing, and is the original Clinton. Bunches me- dium or small, compact, not shouldered ; berry round, below medium size, black with a blue bloom; skin thin, tough; flesh juicy, with lit- tle pulp, brisk and vinous; somewhat acid; sweeter the farther south it grows ; colors early, but should hang late (until after the first frost) to become thoroughly ripe. Vigorous, hardy, and productive; healthy, but an exceedingly rank, straggling grower, and one of the hard- CLAUA. ('4 SIZE.) Clinton. DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. Concord. 83 est vines to keep under control ; it requires a great deal of room and spur-pruning on old wood to bring forth its best results. Being one of the first to bloom in spring, it suffers some- times from late frosts. The leaf of the Clinton is in some seasons quite infested by the gall-louse (the Gallicola form of the Phylloxera), but its root enjoys a remarkable immunity from the puncture of this dreaded insect. The root-lice are found thereon, sometimes abundantly, but the vine does not suffer therefrom, while European vines by their side are quite destroyed. The Clinton was therefore recommended by us to Phylloxera-invaded France, and has been largely used there for several years, until the Taylor and, even more so, certain types of wild Riparia were found better adapted. L. Giraud, Pres't of the Syndicat Pomerol. (Gironde), writes May 4, 1883: "My grafts of 1876, on the poor decried Clinton, give promise this year also of the most satisfactory returns. I have abandoned the grafting on Clinton, and prefer now the Riparia, on account of the large quantity of root-lice on the former, which makes it a bad neighbor for our French vines." The fact that Clintons, even when teeming with Phylloxera, are comparatively free from mildew and rot, while other varieties much less infected by the insect suffer either by rot or mildew, and some even by both, refutes the theory that these diseases might be caused by the Phylloxera. Roots thin and wiry, but very tough, with a hard, smooth liber, rapidly forming new fibers, or spongioles, and, though much infested by the Phylloxera, the insect seems to have little effect on the hard texture of the main roots. Canes rather slender, but long and rambling, with a full complement of laterals and strong tendrils. Wood rather soft and with a large pith. Makes a fair, dark red wine, resembling claret, but of somewhat disagreeable taste, which, however, improves with age ; must 93° to 98° and sometimes exceeding 100°. Clinton-Vialla. (Rip.) By some supposed to be iileuticalwith Frunklln; others say that the foliage of the N'ialla is larger auil darker, ami that it is more produc- tive aud of a somewhat better quality. It is not known heri! at all, but it is esteemed in France as a superior {^rafting stock. Clover-street Black. A Hybrid raised by Ja- cob Moore, from Diana, crossed by Black Hamburg. Bunches large, compact, shouldered ; berries large, roundish, black, with a dark violet bloom ; Hash ten- der, sweet. Vine moderately vigorous. Ripens with Concord. — Horei/'s Mag. Clover-street Red. Same origin as the preced- ing. Bunches larger than the Diana, loose, occasion- ally with a similar long stalk or shoulder appended to the top; berries large, roundish oval, crimson when fully ripe, with a slight Diana flavor. Vine a strong grower. Ripens with Diana. — Hovey's Mag. Coe. The Coe grape originated in Washington Co., Iowa. G. B. Brackett, chairman fruit committee, con- siders it as belonging to the Labrusra type, and kindly describes it for this Catalogue as follows: "Vine a strong and free grower; withstands the vicissitudes of our climate well ; it may be called an iron-clad ; canes rather short-jointed, with healthy, durable leaf. Bunches small, compact, rarely shoul- dered; icr/'ies small to medium, black, rather fleshy than juicy. Ripens a week to ten days before Concord. While berry and bunch are smaller than Hartford, the berries of the Coe are sweeter, and do not crack nor drop prematurely. Brackett considers it valuable mainly for a northern climate. Columbia. (Rip.) This grape is said to have been found by Maj. Adlum on his farm at Georgetow'n, D. C. A vigorous grower, productive ; bunch small, com- pact; berri/ small, black with a thin bloom, with very little hardness or acidity in its pulp ; not high-flavored, but plea.«ant and vinous ; ripe last of September. — Downinff. Concord. (Lahr.) This most popular Ameri- can grape originated with E. W. Bull, Con- cord, Mass., who exhibited it for the first time on the 20th of Sept., 1853, at the 25th annual exhibition of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, on Boston Common. Bunch large, shouldtred, rather compact ; berries large, globular, black, thickly covered with a beautiful blue bloom; skin thin, tender, cracks easily; flesh sweet, pulpy, tender; col- ors about two weeks before the Catawba, but should be allowed to hang late, to develop all its good qualities, none too good at best. Not a good keeper, becoming insipid soon after being gathered. In some localities, however, espe- cially in East Tennessee and parts of Virginia, the Concord becomes so very sweet and rich as scarcely to be recognized. Hoots numerous, stout, above average hardness in texture, with medium liber, readily pushing new fiber.s un- der the attacks of Phylloxera. One of the best resistants among the Labrusca class, and was therefore exported as a grafting stock to South- ern France, but proving ill-suited to some lo- calities in that climate it was soon generally rejected ; the Taylor and other liiparia varieties being much preferred as stocks for grafting. Canes of average thickness, long, rambling, with numerous and well developed laterals. Wood of medium hardness aud pith. Vines very strong, rampant growers ; coarse, strong foliage, dark green above, rusty beneath ; has proved very hardy and healthy, and is im- mensely productive. This is well illustrated -84 Concord. BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. Concord Seedlings. CONCORD. in the above engraving, from a pliotograph of a Concord grape-vine (cut from Jordan's vine- yard and exhibited at the St. Louis Fair). In some localities, however, the Concord is often subject to rot on old vines. Its beautiful ap- pearance makes it one of the most attractive market grapes; and, although its quality is not first rate, the popular taste has become so used to this variety that it is very much liked, and sells better than superior grapes of less attrac- tive appearance. More vines of this one variety are planted than of all other varieties together. The fruit catalogue of the Am. Pomol. Society says of the Concord, "successful over a wider range of soil and climate than any other varie- ty" (in 35 States of this Union) ; but it is now generally discarded in the southern central STATES, being found " unsuited to hot and dry climates." The Concord makes a light red wine, which is effectually becoming the laboring man's drink ; can be produced cheap enough, is very j)alatable, and has a peculiar, refreshing effect upon the system. A white wine may also be made of it by pressing the grapes without mashing them. Specific gravity of must varies from about 70° to 80°, according to location and soil, and in the S. A. S. its peculiar character (foxy taste) seems vastly improved. M. Lespiault, in a report on American wines at the Bor- deaux Congres, 1881, says, "the Concord makes a popular wine which in France also, at M. Guiraud's, has the approbation of the working men. By sep- arating the juice from the resi- duum (marc) before fermenta- tion, neuter (less foxy) wines can be obtained which resemble some French white wines." The hardiness, productiveness and popularity of the Concord induced many attempts to r.aise seedlings therefrom with a view to further improvements. Among those which have been named, some will remain almost unknown, except to their origin- ators, being neither sufficiently distinct, nor yet superior in quality to their parent. But it is the duty of a comjjlete Catalogue to mention the fol- lowing : The Black Hawk and Cot- tage are both earlier. {See their description.) Burr's Seedling Concord, orignated with John Burr, of Leavenworth, Kans. Balsigeb's Concord Seedling No. 2 resem- bles the best Concords and ripens later. The Eaton's Seedling, originated by the late Galvin Eaton, of Concord, Mass., ; attracts much attention at the northern fruit limits, producing very large, handsome bunches re- sembling Concord, but with much larger 6er- ries and less of the native odor. The Linden, by T. B. Minor, of Linden, N. J., is said to be better in quality, and keeping longer than the Concord, but smaller in berry and cluster. The Main grape was claimed to be earlier, but proved to be a Concord, only under another name. The MoDENA, raised by A. J. Caywood, of Poughkeepsie, N. Y., known to us by name only. Moore's Early, raised in 1872 by John B. Moore, of Concord, Mass., has taken the §60 prize of the Mass. Horticult. Society as the best new early seedling in fall of 1877 ; it is from one to two weeks earlier than Concord, bunches not as large nor as well shaped, ber- ries larger but quality no better than Con- cord, nor as strong a grower. {See descr.) Concord Seedlings. DESCRIPTION OP VARIETIES. Concord Chasselas. 85 McDonald's Ann Akbob, originated with A. McDonald, Ann Arbor, Mich., in 1877, from Concord seed ; is also black, and ripens with Hartford Prolific. Vine said to be an extra strong grower, perfectly hardy and healthy. Bunch very large, shouldered ; ' berry extra large. New Haven, by J. Valle, of New Haven, Mo., resembling Concord in wood and foliage, ripens a week earlier. Bunch and berry medium, of very good quality. Deserves to be better known. The Paxton, by F. F. Merceron, of Catawissa, Penn., is said to be quite similar to Concord. Rockland Favorite, mentioned in Elwanger & Barry's Catalogue as a new seedling of the Concord ; claimed to be earlier and better than its parent, and a splendid bearer. Storm King, originated by E. P. Roe, Corn- wall, on the Hudson, N. Y. ; is a sport of a Concord vine, said to bear since many years large, heavy-shouldered bunches resembling Concord in every respect, but with berries nearly twice as la. ge, black, round, with but little foxiness. Woki)en"s Seedling (see description). Young America, by Sam. Miller, of Bluffton, quite resembles Concord. See also Cottage (page 86) and Una (ivhite), raised by E. M. Bull, himself, from Seedlings of his Concord — its grandchildren, as it were. By these experiments it was found that the Concord shows a strong tendency to produce white seedUngs, of which Martha was the ear- liest, and became one of the leading varieties. Eva and Macedonia, both raised by Sam. Miller from Concord seed, were similar to Mar- tha, and therefore abandoned by him ; though in some locaUties, as about Louisville, the Eva is considered much superior to Martha. Golden Concord, by John Valle, of New Haven, Mo., is a poor grower, inferior to Mar- tha ; we do not think that it deserves propa- gation as a distinct variety. Mason's Seedling is of far greater merit (see description). F. Muench, F. J. Langendorfer, J. Balsiger, and many others, have raised white Concord seedlings ; some of them may prove superior to Martha in quality. Balsiger's No. 32 has hardly any foxiness about it ; its must, weigh, ing 84°, was ripe on the 15th of August in our latitude, and hanging freely to the vine in good condition till October. The bunches and berries of these white Con- cord seedUngs are smaller in size, about like rsiartha ; but less subject to rot, it seems. The Lady (see description) is an improve- ment on the Martha in quality, and is recom- mended as such by good authority. Among the many pure Concord seedlings claimed to have better qualities than the pa- rent and to prove of great value, is also that large and showy neiv ivhite grape named PocKLiNGTON (see this variety). Also, the White Ann Arbor, raised from Concord seed by C. H. WoodrufT, of Ann Arbor, Mich., in 1870. It is said to come nearest to the Pock- lington in size and to be a very fine white grape, perfectly hardy, and earlier than Con- cord ; but it has the fault of dropping from the stem, and tbe committee on new native fruits of the Am. Pomol. Society, 1881, pronounced it too acid. The sample then exhibited may not have been fully ripe. Greater improvements, however, have been achieved by hybridizing the Concord with Eu- I'opean varieties ; but, while grapes of superior quality were thus produced, their hardiness, health and productiveness is generally doubt- ed. See "Hybrids," in Manual ; see, also, "Triumph" and "Lady Washington," in description of these varieties. Conqueror. A seedling raised by Rev. Archer Moore, N. J., and by him supposed to be a cross between Concord and Royal Muscadine. Very early ; bunches long, loose, shouldered ; ber- ries medium, glossy black with a bloom ; flesh slightly pulpy, juicy, sweet. Vine a free grow- er, hardy, healthy, and prolific. With us the Conqueror is doing remarkably well, proves less subject to rot than any other hybrid ; nor can we see any trace of foreign blood in either foliage, growth, or appearance ; it seems to be rather a cross between Concord and some Ri- paria variety, and is worthy of more extended cultivation. Corporal. (Hybr.) A new grape, originated by D. S. Marwiu, Watertown, N. Y. Bunch and berry medi- um; loose; color black; a showy, good grape. (Amer. Pomol. Society, Report on New Fruits, 1881.) Concord Chasselas. — A Hybrid grown from Concord seed, by Geo. W. Campbell, of Delaware, 0., who described it as follows : " Bunch rather long, usually shouldered, handsomely compact without being crowded; berries large, round; skin very thin but tenacious and semi-transparent; seeds few and vei-y small ; color, when tuUy ripe, a rich amber with a thin white bloom, almost identical in ap- pearance with the foreign Golden Chasselas ; flesh per- fectly tender and melting, just enough vinous acid to prevent cloying tbe most delicate palate ; wholly free from any vestige of foxiness, and a grape that will sat- isfj' the most fastidious taste formed upon the foreign standard. Ripens same time as the Concord. The vine is very vigorous iu gi'owth; large foliage, thick and abundant, resisting mildew in fully exposed locations here as well as the Concord. 86 Cornucopia. BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. Cottage. Concord Muscat. (Hybr.) Also grown from Concord sei'J by Geo. W. Ciunpbell, of Deliiwarc, O., who gives the following description of it: " Bunch long, moderately compact, sometimes shouldered; berries very large, oval; skin thin, rather opaque ; seeds few and small; color light gi-eenish- white with delicate bloom ; liesh entire- Ij' tender and melting, with no pulp or astrin- gency next to the seeds; flavor rich, sugary, slightly sub-acid, witli tlie peculiar liigh flavor which is tlie distinguishingcliiirm and excellence of the foreign Sluscats and Frontignans. There are really tew grapes among tlie most admired foreign liinds which equal tliis variety in pure flavor and high quality. Vine veiy vigorous; foliage large and moderately thick; resists mil- dew, except in very unf avoraljle seasons . In this respect it is better than Eumelan, Delawai-e, or Rogers' Hyljrids, but not equal to Concord." Cornucopia. (Arnold's Hybrid No. 2.) A seedling of Clinton crossed with Black St. Peters. Vine much resembling the Clinton in appearance, but superior in size of berry and buuch, and greatly su- perior in flavor ; a healthy grape and a great bearer. The Paris (Canada) Hor- ticultural Society reported on it as fol- lows : "This is undoubtedly one of the best grapes in the whole collection of Arnold's hybrid grapes — a very promising grape." Bunch large, shouldered, very compact; berry above medium size, black with a beautiful bloom, flavor excellent, very sprightly and pleasant ; skin thin ; seeds large, bearing nearly the same proportion to size of berry as in Clinton ; flesh melt- ing, with very little, if any, pulp — seems to burst in the mouth ; all juice, with a little acid and astringency ; very produc- tive. Ripens with Concord. A good mar- ket grape and "a good keeper"; also valuable for wine. Cottag'C. [Labr.) A seedling of the Concord raised by E. W. Bull, the origi- nator of that variety. A strong, vigorous grower, with remarkably large and leathery leaves, and abundant strong, branching roots ; bunch and berries about the size of Concord, but of a somewhat darker shade ; ripens before Concord ; quality better than the parent, with less of the foxiness peculiar to the other, but also less suited to some soils and localities than the Concord. In the Bush berg vineyards it is giving better sat- isfaction than Tnost oth er Labrusca varieties while in some other localities it is not as strong a grower nor as heavy a bearer as Concord, and in some places even does poorly. Ml-. Bull, in his successful efforts to improve our na- tive gi'apes, began by sowing the seeds of a wild grape CORNUCOPIA. (V. Labrusca), from which he raised seedlings. He then sowed tlie seed raised from these and obtained others, among which was the Concord. He then raised 2,000 seedlings before he got any tliat surjjassed the Concord. In the fourth generation, or grandchildren of the Con- cord, he obtained seedlings far superior to tlie Concord and nearly equal to the European grape (V. Vinifera). There seems to be no reasonaljle doubt that, as Jlr. Bull thinks, the wild gi-apecan,in a few generations, be made equal in quality to the European vine. — U. S. Agr. Report for 1867. Jlr. BuU's experimental garden is a sandy hiUside, soil poor in organic matter but rich in iron. He uses no rich manures ; his vines get a little ashes and bonedust, and good culture. Mr. Bull has not succeeded iu rais- Croton. DESCRIPTION OP VARIETIES. Cunningham. 87 THE CROTON GRAPE. iug another seeilling which would fultill his sanguine hopes, tliough tliirty years liave elapsed since he raised the Concord. But to have raised this one is sufficient cause for satisfaction ; and it is sh'. — Doicning. Croton. Hybrid cross between Delaware aud Ohasselas de Fontainbleau, originated by S. W. Underbill, of Croton Point, N. Y.; bore its first fruit in 1865. In 1868 and following years it obtained prizes at the New York, Pennsylva- nia and Massachusetts Horticultural Societies and other grape exhibitions, attracting marked attention. The late H.E.Hooker, of New York, said: "The Croton succeeds very well indeed in some localities, and it is certainly one of the most delightful grapes, when well grown, that I have ever raised." Buncli often 8 to 9 inches long, moderately compact, and shoul- dered ; the shoulder often nearly as large as the bunch, and the clusters frequently winged ; berries of me- dium size, of light yellowish-green color, translucent, and remarkably delicate In appearance ; flesh melt- ing and sweet throughout ; quality best, with much of the flavor and character of the Chasselas. Ripens earlj'. Some very prominent pomol- ogists say that it is one of the best hardy grapes they have tasted, and report the vine as hardy, vigorous, and productive ; others, that it does not succeed at all ; — even grafted on strong roots, it remained unpro- ductive and worthless with western growers. Our own experience has been very unfavorable, as the vine is very tender, a weak grower, with a tendency to mildew and rot. We cannot recommend it for general cultivation, but only as a valuable amateur fruit, oneof the most beauti- ful in appearance and exquisite in flavor. Cunningham. Syu., Long, (^st.) A southern grape, of the Herbemont class ; it originated in the garden of Jacob Cunningham, Prince Edward Co.,Va. Dr. D.N. Norton, the same who introduced to notice our in- valuable Norton's Virginia grape, made wine from the Cunningham in 1855, and furnished to the Elder Prince, of Flushing, Long Island, the stock from which this grape has been disseminated. In this latitude and farther south, the Cun- ningham is VERY valuable for southern slopes with poor, light limestone soils. Transplanted to southern France, it was there considered as one of the most valuable American grapes, the quality of which was admitted to be equal to that of some of their own favorite varieties. Bunch very compact and heavy, medium, long, not always shouldered ; berries small, purple- brownish black, juicy, and vinous. Vine a very strong grower, healthy, and productive ; to be so, however, it needs spur-pruning on later- als, and light winter protection. It should be planted only in favorable locations, where the Herbemont succeeds best. Boots of medium 88 Cunningham. BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. Cynthiana. THE CUKKINGHAM GRAPE. thickness, inclined to be wiry, straight, tough, with a smooth, hard liber. The Cunningham is one of the best resistants to the Phylloxera. Canes not numerous, but very stout and vigor- ous, often attaining a length of 30 or 40 feet in one season ; wood hard with a medium sized pith, and a hard, thick outer bark adher- ing closely even on the ripe wood, a character- istic common to all the iEstivalis class. Ripens its fruit very late, and makes one of the most aromatic and delightful wine.-, of dark yellow color. i)/MS< 95° to 112°. Cynthiaua, Syn., Keu River, Arkansas. (^t^st.) Received by Husmann, in 1858, from William R. Prince, Flushing, Long Island, N. Y. Origin, Arkansas, where it was proba- bly found growing wild. It is a true ^stivalis in all its habits, and resembles Norton's Vir- ginia so closely that it is ixnpossible to distin- guish the wood or leaf, although the bunch is Cynthiana. DESCRIPTION OP VARIETIES. Cynthiana. 89 THE CYNTHIANA GRAPE. perhaps somewhat more shouldered, the berry more juicy and somewhat sweeter, and the season for its ripening- earlier. This difference, however, and other points hereinafter men- tioned, are attributed by many viticulturists to difference of location, soil, and aspect, and are not deemed sufficient by them to justify its being considered a separate and distinct variety from Norton's Virginia Seedling. We are not fully prepared to decide, but are inclined to side with those who consider the Ch/nthiana different from and superior to Norton's. Suiwh of medium size, moderately compact, shouldered ; herry below medium, round, black with blue bloom, sweet, spicy, moderately juicy. Juice very dark red ; weighs very heavy on the must scale, even higher than Norton's Virginia, and, so far, makes our best red wine. It has as much body as Norton's Virginia, is of exquisite flavor, more delicate than Norton's, and can safely enter the lists with Burgundy wines. The Norton's, however, seems to pos- sess medicinal ingredients (tannin) in a higher degree. Vine vigorous and healthy, free from 90 Creveling. BU8HBERG CATALOGUE. Diana Hambury. rot, productive, and as sure Aere in its crops of well ripened fruit as any variety we know, but very difficult to propagate, as its wood is very hard, with a small pith and closely adhering- outer bark. The fruit ripens some few days earlier than Norton's. Speciflcgravity of must from 98° to 112°, according to the season. We can confidently recommend the true Cynthiana as the best grape for red tvine which we have tried. Our Cynthiana wine was awarded the First Medal of Merit at the World-Exposition, Vi- enna, 1873, and is gaining the "blue ribbon'' at every test. The commission at the Con- grfes de Moutpellier, France, 1874, reported : "Cynthiana of Mr. Bush, a red wine of fine color, rich in body and alcohol, reminding us of old Roussillon wine." It says the same of Cynthiana exhibited by Poschel & Sherer. Nuesch, formerly of Dr. Lawrence's Ouachita vineyard, near Hot Spring, Ark., who got his plants from us, says : "We find the Cynthiana hardier than the Norton, and a few days ear- lier in ripening." Muench wrote us: "Too much cannot he said in praise of the Cynthi- ana ; its wine, two or three years old, cannot be excelled by the best red wines of the old world." We look upon it as our best and MOST VALUABLE grape for red wine, and have bestowed special attention on its propagation. CrcTeling. Syn., Catawissa, Bloom. {La- brusca, X) Columbia County, Pennsylvania. Bunches long, loose on young vines, but on old ones sometimes as compact as Concords ; at other times very loose, by imperfectly setting its fruit. Berries medium to large, slightly oval, black with blue bloom ; flesh tender, juicy, and sweet ; quality best. Ripens early, a few days later than Hartford, and before Con- cord. Vine a fair grower, healthy, and hardy, but not free from rot and mildew ; may be planted 6 by 6 feet apart, on northern and northeastern hillsides. Boots thick and warty, and comparatively few ; texture soft, with a thick liber, forming young fibers rather slow- ly; canes long and rambling, slender, long- jointed, and with few laterals; wood soft, of a reddish color, with a large pith. In all these characteristics there is scarce a trace of the .^Estivalis, for which class some would claim the Creveling. This grape for a time was rapidly growing in favor ; this it has not deserved, as it is often very unproductive, setting its fruit imper- fectly. Mr. Knight, proprietor of a vineyard of fifty acres near Philadelphia, is reported to have lately dug up five acres of the Creveling, be- cause he has found it unsatisfactory as a mar- ket grape; it would be still more unprofitable as a wine grape, and can only maintain its place as a fine family grape tor garden culture. Rev. Burnet, of Ontario, who has planted and cultivated the Crereling intermingled with Concord, says that he found it "everything that could be desired, both in regard to the bunch and the berry" — ascribing it to impreg- nation by the Concord. Cuj'nhoga. Syn., Wemple. (Labr.) A chiiin:e seedling loiintl jtnd grown by Weinple, of C'OUunier, Cuyalioga Co., Oliio. Vine a .'Dtroiig grower; require? a warm, sandy soil, and exposure, to make it desirable at the north; but when well grown it is of line nuality. South it casts its foliage and is not valuable. Bunch medium, compact; fterri/ medium, dull greenish-amber when full>- ripe; flesh tender, juicy, rich, vinous, sweet. Ripens with the Catawba or a little later. Dana. A seedling grown by the late Francis Dana, of Roxbury, Mas?., anil described in the " Massachu- setts Horticultural Transactions." Bunch medium, shouldered, compact, with a peculiar red .stem ; berries rather large, round, red with a rich, heavy bloom, so that when fully ripe tbey appear almost black ; Hesh as free from pulp as Delaware ; not so sweet, but more spirited and vinous, yet not an acid grape. John B. Moore & Son, Concord, Mass., who own the parent vine, say further of this grape, that the vine is a strong grower and perfectly hardy, the foliage clean(?) and healthy. Bunch as large as the Concord at its best ; similar to the Red Chasselas in quality and color, and supposed to be a imre native seedling. Ri- pens with Concord. Deinpsey's Seedlings, see Burnet (p. 79.) There are others designated by numbers only, and very little known outside of Ontario. Detroit. {Labr ) This variety is supposed to be a seedling of Catawba. It was found in a garden in Detroit, Mich. Not having seen the fruit, we copy from description in the Horticulturist; ' ' Vine very vigorous and hardy. Foliage resembling Catawba ; wood short- jointed ; bunches large, compact ; berries very dark rich brown claret with a light bloom, round and regu- lar ; flesh with very little pulp, rich and sugary. Ri- pens earlier than the Catawba." Diana Hamburg:, (Hi/br.) Said to be a cross between the Diana and Black Hamburg, originated by Jacob Moore, of Rochester, N. Y. ; bunches gener- ally large, sutKciently compact, well shouldered ; ber- ries above medium, slightly oval, of a rich fiery-red color when fully ripe ; flesh tender, of very sweet fla- vor, equal to some of the finer foreign sorts. Vine a weak grower, with short-jointed, firm wood, very ten- der; leaves of medium size, crimped, and sometimes rolled in ; subject to mildew. Its fruit ripens after the Concord, but before its parent the Diana. We may as well state that at least three independent parties are reputed to have made this hybrid, and several crosses of the foreign Black Hamburg on the Diana may e.xist. Ours is from J. Charlton, Rochester, N. Y., but it proved worthless. We might as well attempt to grow the Black Hamburg in open air. Its propagation should be given up — at least we have done so. Delaware. DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. Delaware. 91 Delaware. Origin unknown. It was 'found many years since in the garden of Paul H. Provost, Frenchtown, Hun- terdon Co., N. J., wtio had immigrated from Switzerland, and brought with him many varieties of foreign grapes, which he cultivated in his garden. It was first known as the "Italian Wine Grape," then it was supposed to be the "Red Traminer," or a seedling from this variety. We have strong reasons to believe it a hybrid between the Vitis Labnisea and V. Vint/era. This variety, first brought to notice* by A. Thompson, Delaware, O., is con- sidered to be one of the best, if not f/ie best, of all American grapes. It seems ENTIRELY FREE FROM ROT in all SCaSOUS, and its perfect hardiness and unsur- passed quality and popularity, both as a table fruit and for wine, places this variety at the head of American grapes. Unfortunately and from various causes, it does not, succeed well in many locali- ties; it should be planted in deep, rich soil, open and well-drained, here on northeast and eastern slopes, and re- quires good cultivation (thinning the crop) and pruning to short laterals. Its roots are slender, and not inclined to branch out much ; of medium tough- ness, with a rather soft liber. Canes proportionate, in length and thickness, with an average number of laterals. Wood hard, with a small pith. It is a slow grower Fourteen hundred and fifty vines may well be planted to the acre, 5 to 6 feet being a sufficient dis- tance. The Delaware is exceedingly hardy, enduring uninjured the sever- est winters, if the vines are healthy. In some localities it yields a sure and abundant crop, and is entirely without a rival for the production of a fine white wine. In some parts of Michigan (St. Joseph, Benton Harbor), for instance, it annually produces (since 1864 to this day) as many pounds to the vine as the Concord, and is even more certain. In Maine also it is considered "altogether the best grape we have." In other localities, how- ever, it has been found subject to mildew or leaf-blight, and this tendency is greatly aggra- vated by allowing the vines to overbear, which the Delaware, if permitted, is sure to do. Good authorities recommend a slight coping over the vines as a protection against mildew. Its root * Am. Pomol. Society, 18.55. DELAWARE. was supposed to be sensitive to Phylloxera, and its leaves are often covered with galls pro- duced by this insect ; but Reich of Armeillfere, the eminent grape-grower of the Rhone-Delta, has furnished proof that this variety also is successfully resisting the attacks of Phyllox- era. He artificially infected them with the insect, three times each year, without doing them any harm. Bvnch small to medium, compact ; clus- ters usually shouldered ; berries below medi- um, round ; skin thin, but tenacious ; pulp sweet and tender; juice abundant, rich, vinous and sugary, sprightly and refreshing ; color a 92 Delaware. BU8HBERG CATALOGUE. Downing. beautiful light red or purplish-maroon, covered with a thin whitish bloom, and very translu- cent. It is without harshness or acidity ^n its pulp, exceedingly sweet, but sprightly, vinous and aroiiiatic. Ripens early, about eight days later than Hartford Prolific. Quality best, for the table as well as for wiue. Must 100°- 118°. Acid 5 to 6 per mill. When the former editions of this Catalogue were published, seedlings from Delaware and its crosses with other varieties were but little known, though Innumerable attempts had been made to raise them. Expectations to pro- duce therefrom a grape of superior value, larger only in size of bunch and berries, yet of the qua- lity of tiie Delaware, seemed doomed to disap- pointment. Most of its seedlings showed more or less of the '^Fox grajie." This fact and other characteristics (see Manual — Table of Grape Seeds, &o.) convince us of its origin, in jiart, from this sjaecies, although many eminent hor- ticulturists and botanists class the Delaware with ^Kstivalts (others with Riparia). It is true that the Delaware leaf seems more closely allied to .aestivalis ; its wood is harder, more diflicult to propagate, and the tendrils are not continuous (nor are they regularly intermit- tent) ; but we find a remarkable parallel case in '^ &lhcp2iarcVs Delaware," raised from seed of Catawba by J. N. Sheppard, in 1852. From him Charles Downing received it, with its history, and says, "the vine and fruit are simi- lar in all res2^ects to Delaware." The "White Delaware," raised by G. W. Campbell from seed of Delaware, has large, thick foliage ^^ resembling Catawba more than Delaware." Another White Delaware seedling raised by H. Jaeger, of Neosho, shows the same charac- teristics, and the fruit has a musky flavor ; probably it has not proved valuable, or else more would have been heard of it. Of late, however, several very promising hybrids of Delaware crossed with Concord and other Labrusciis have been produced, especially the Duchess. (L:i;i. Elvira. DESCRIPTION OP VARIETIES. Elvira. ElTira, a seedling of the Taylor, raised by Jacob Rommel, of Morrison, Mo., flrst intro- duced and disseminated by us in 1874-75, is now one of the leading white-wine grapes. The accompanying illustration was made for this Catalogue from a photograph of a medi- um cluster. Bunches small to medium, shoul- dered, very compact ; herry medium, considera- bly larger than Taylor, its parent, round, pale green with whitebloom, sometimes tinged with red streaks when fully ripe ; sliin very thin, almost transparent ; it sets so very closely and the skin is so thin as to cause some of the ber- ries to crack ; pulp sweet; very tender and juicy, fine flavor. Ripens about ten days later than Concord. Vine a most vigorous, stocky grower, emi- nently productive, often bearing four to six consecutive bunches from one eye ; exceeding- ly healthy and hardy, liaving stood the hard winter of 1872-73, and even that of 1880-81, without protection. No rot to speak of, so far; foliage free from mildew in most unfavorable seasons. Roots like those of Clinton and Tay- lor, with the same immunity from attacks of the Phylloxera. Canes stout and long with well-developed laterals. Wood harder than the Taylor, with a medium pith. Foliage large Etta. BU8HBERG CATALOGUE. Eureka, and strong, somewhat rusty and woolly on the lower side. Since it has been established that the Taylor is itself a cross between Riparia and Labrusca, the characteristics of the Elvira are fully explained by its parent- age. (See page 20.) The Elvira makes a very good white wine, and is now extensively grown for this pur- pose, but is unfit for marketing on account of its thin, easily-bursting skin. This dis- position to crack and a tendency to over- bear, thereby injuring the health and vigor of the vine for future years, made its origin- ator wish to produce some still better grape, without these faults ; and he may have suc- ceeded in his "Utta." F,tta< (Rip-) Understood to be a descendant from Taylor in the third generation, a daughter of Elvira, raised by Jacob Eommell (first exhibited in 1879 as Elvira Seedling No. 3); resembles Elvira, but has larger berries with firmer skin, not disposed to crack, and is superior in quality. It ripens later. The vine is of very vigor- ous growth with strong, healthy foliage, hardy, and productive. This grape was awarded the premium "for the best bearing Cane of New Seedlings for TVine, quality and productiveness to rule," at the Mississippi Valley Horticultural Society meeting in St. Louis, September, 1880. We consider this the best of Rommel's white grapes, a great improvement over Elvira. The annexed illustration, copy of a photograph of this variety, may not do it full justice, as it was selected only for the peculiarity of often producing dou- ble bunches, or rather small bunches with shoulders equal in size with the main bunch ; the natural size is also fully one-third larger than in the en- graving. Eureka. (Labr.) A seedling of Isabella, originated by S. Folsom. of Attica, Wyoming Co., N. York, similar to its parent hi appearance, but claimed to be earlier, hardier and healthier, also of better tlavor, and to keep better than Isabella. Folsom has since raised eight seed- lings of the Eureka, which are said to be remarkable for earliness, few. ness of seeds, and other good qualities. Unknown in the West. Eva. (See Concord Seed- lings, page 85.) Empire State. DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. Eumelan. 99 Empire State. (Lnbr. X Eip-) A new Seedling originated by James H. Rick- ETTS from seed of the Hartford Prolific, fertilized with the Clinton. We have seen and admired botli its beauty and excellence of quality at the Am. Pomol. Society's Exhibition at Boston, in 1881. The following letter of the originator to Geo. A. Stone, who bought the entire stock of this grape gives its description, and will otherwise be found interesting: Georce a. Stoxe, Nurseryman, Rochester, N. Y. Dear Sir : In regard to the Empire State, I will say tliat I believe it will satisfy a want which has long been felt — that of a good, very early white grape for home use as well as for market. The Empire State is a seetl- ling of the Hartford Prolific fertilized with the Clinton : fruited .'or the first time in 1879, and its first crop was 38 bundles, which it carried tlirough in fine order. Its crop of 1880 was 48 bunchesof most magnificent fruit. Grafts inserted in two-year old vines in 1880 produced in 1881 from 20 to 30 bunches jier vine, ripening with the Hartford Prolific and Moore's Early. Nearly all of the bunches shipuldered, and the finest shade of white ever seen in fruit. A good grower and fruiter in every respect. Bunches large, from 6 to 10 inches long, shouldered ; berry medium to large, roundish- oval ; color white with a very light tinge of yellow, covered with a thiclc white bloom ; leaf thick, smooth underside ; flesh tender, juicy, rich, sweet and sprightly, with a slight trace of native aroma, continuing a long time in use; vine very hardy. Its great pro- ductiveness, beautiful color, tine quality, extreme hardiness, vigor and healtlifulness of vine and foliage, size and compactness of cluster, and good shipping qualities, make it the best grape, all thmffs considered, that I have yet produced. None of these vines have been disseminated, and consequently in making the purchase you have secured the control of the entire stock ; and although it is true as you state, so far as I know, that $4,000, the price 3'ou have paid for it, is the highest price I have ever heard being paid for a new grape in this country, I consider it cheap at that price, and believe you wUl find it a profitable investment. Very respectfully, James H. Ricketts. Vines, young plants, of the Empire State will not be ready for distribution until the spring of 1884. Essex. (Rogers' Hybrid No. 41.) B(mc/t of me- dium size, compact, shouldered ; herry reddish black with blue bloom, round, somewhat flat- tened, in this respect resembling its native pa- rent ; llesh tender and sweet, with a high aro- matic flavor. Ripens early, with Concord. Vine vigorous, healthy, and prolific. EUMELAN. EnDielan. ("(Jood black" grape.) {JSst.)* This variety was found as a chance seedling at Fishkill, N. Y., where it has been in cultiva- tion (in the garden of Messrs. Thome) for many years, yielding abundant crops of grapes, re- markable both for goodness and earliness. The original vines were purchased by Dr. C. W. Grant in 1866 (now Hasbrouck & Bushuell, lona Island), from whom we obtained plants of this valuable variety. We give the descrip- tion from the circular of its propagator, Dr. Grant, leaving out, however, all excessive praise, which, in our opinion, has damaged his success more than all his opponents. Bunches of good size, elegant form, and proper degree of compactness; berries large medium size, • round, black with fine bloom, adhering firmly to the bunch long after ripening ; flesh tender, melting, all going to wine-like juice under slight pressure of the tongue; ripening very * By a mere typofjravliioal error in onr first edition (1869) the Eumelan was tlesiguated as Labr., and to our regi'et this error has ever since been copied and repeated by many otlier.s who ouglit to have known better. 100 Excelsior. BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. Flower of Missovri, early (even before the Hartford Prolific) and evenly to the center. Flavor very pure and refined, very sugary, rich and vinous, with a large degree of that refreshing quality that be- longs distinctively to the best foreign wine grapes. Boots abundant, thick, spreading, and of medium toughness ; liber thicli but firm. Vine a strong grower, producing remarliably short-jointed wood, with numerous and strong laterals ; buds large and prominent ; wood hard with a small pith ; leaves large, thicli, dark colored, firm in texture (it strikingly resembles Elsinburg), and, though subject to mildew in unfavorable seasons, we can recommend it as a very fine early grape. The Americau Horticultural Annual for 18C9 says of the Eumelan : "This variety has been tested in several localities. It has proved with us, near New York, remarkably healthy in fo- liage, and has taken several premiums as the best black (j rape at several exhibitions. " Then again reports came from many localities, that it had failed to meet pubUc exjiectatious. In our vineyards at Bushberg, it has proved, in favorable seasons, all that was claimed for it, being early, productive, and of very flue quality; but, alas, unfavorable seasons came, and the Eumelans suflered severely from mildew, and since then they have not fully recuperated. Perhaps with no other variety is it su import- ant to set out only good and strony plants in the first place, as with this one; and we think that the great diversity .).A seedling from the Clinton closely resembling it, but with this difference, that its berries are greenish-irhi/e, and that it is far less productive. Campbell is perfectly correct in saying: "It does not sustain the character given by those who first introduced it. Bunches small, scanty, and irregular ; fterrtes small and of inferior quality. Xot desirable." Golden Drop. (Hybr.) A grape of recent intro- duction, described as an early white grape, raised by Pringle in 1869, from the Adirondac, fertilized by the Delaware. In size of bunch and berry it re- sembles Dela- ware. Col. yel- lowish-white, with a tinge of red when in the sun; bunch 'cylindrical, seldom shoul- dered, small, close ; berry smallish, round ; flesh tender, though slightly p u I- py, juicy, very sweet and pure flavored, with- out the slight- est foxiness. The vine is a good grower, yearly loaded with fruit; leaves small, obscurely lob- ed, tomentose beneath, show- in g superior capacity to resist mildew and thrips. This purely native and hardy variety is admired by such as are fond of the sweet and deli- cate flavor of some of tlie foreign sorts. Its surpassing earliness makes it valuable for planting in our north- ern districts where none of the varieties in cultivation are sure to ripen thoroughly every year.— Bliss d Son.. GOLDEN DROP. (ActiKil size.) GoMen Gem. DESCBIPTION OF VARIETIES. HaskelVs Seedlings. 103 Golden Berry. (Hybr.) A white seedling of the Martford Prolific and Gen. 3IarmoTa, originated by Dr. Culbert, Newburg, N. Y. ; hardy and a free bearer. Exhibited 1877. Not disseminated. Golden Gem. (Hybr.) A seedling of the Dela- ware and lona, a superb table grape, of golden color, produced by J. H. Ricketts ; first exhibited at the Am. Pomological Society meeting in 1881, and first offered for sale in the autumn of 1882. Vine moderately vig- orous ; wood short-jointed ; leaf small to medium, slightly serrated ; bunch small and sometimes shoul- dered ; berry small and of a rich golden color ; flesh tender, juicy and rich, with a fine rose flavor ; quality Tjest. The fruit ripens very early, even before Hartford Prolific, and continues a long time in use without losing any of its good qualities. Wherever either of its parents, the Delaware or the lona, can be successfully grown, this superior novelty deserves special attention and trial. Graham (?). An accidental seedling, introduced by Wm. Graham, of Philadelphia; bunch of medium size, not compact ; berry half an inch in diameter, round, purple, thickly covered with a blue bloom, con- tains little or no pulp, and abounds in juice of agrea- ble flavor. A poor grower and bearer. — Downing. Grein's Seedlings. A lot of Taylor Seedlings raised by Nicholas Grein, near Hermann, Mo., and by him supposed to have been pro- duced from seed of the European Riesling •which he had sown : No. 1— Missouri Riesling.* Vine hardy and very healthy; a moderate grower, compara- tively short-jointed ; with healthy, thick leaves ; very productive. Bunch medium, moderately compact, slightly shouldered ; ■herry medium, round, greenish-white, but light red when fully ripe ; very Itender pulp, juicy, sweet, of fine quaUty, making an exquisite white wine ; and on this ac- count it is now largely planted by the wine- growers of Missouri and Illinois. Ripens ten days after the Concord. Subject to rot in wet seasons. No. 2— Grein's Golden. Somewhat similar to the former, but a stronger grower; bunch medium, not very compact, handsomely shouldered ; berries larger than most other Taylor seedlings, of a deep yellow golden color, bronzy toward the sun; sweet, juicy, with little pulp. Ripens with Concord. A very promising grape for family use, table, and market. No. 3 — much resembles his Missouri Ries- ling in bunch and berry; said to contain more sugar and to make a still better wine. No. 4 — also resembling the former, and said to make a very fine wine of a deep golden color and delightful flavor. * rronouiice: Ueesling. No. 7, or Grein's extra early. Vine a vigor- ous grower, moderately productive; bunch and berry resembling Delaware in size and shape but not in color, which herein is a beautiful greenish-yellow, with a distinct star-like speck on each berry. Ripening about same time as Concord. Hartford Prolific. (Lahr.) The standard for earliness among grapes. Raised by Steel, of Hartford, Conn., over thirty years ago. It is well-known, and generally planted as a very prolific early market variety ; ripens here early in August, about ten days in advance of the Concord ; but as soon as ripe it generally drops its fruit, and is of poor quality. The vine is very healthy and hardy, and produces im- mense crops. BimcAcs large, shouldered, rather compact; berries round, full medium, black; flesh pulpy, juicy, with a perceptible foxy fla- vor ; roots very abundant, branching and fibrous, of average thickness and toughness, and tolerably firm liber. Canes stout, with strong crooks at the joints, laterals well devel- oped, and having considerable down on the young growth. Wood hard, with a small pith. Wine has also been made from it, but it could not be recommended by us for that purpose. Only as a market grape is it considered valu- able by some, on account of its earliness and great productiveness, but even as such it is inferior to several others. Fbaminghaji and Seneca are almost iden- tical with Hartford ; the Pioneer is also similar to it, but considered as a better grape in all respects. N. H. Lindley, of Bridgeport, Conn., says, " we have discarded the Harttbrd and grow the Pioneer in its place." Let all grape-growers discard the Hartford, which only destroys the appetite for grapes, and thus injures the sale and price of all sorts ; while a really good very early market grape would in- crease the demand for all later varieties. Haskell's Seedlings. Of the very large number of hybrids produced by thelong-continuedand expen- sive labors of George Haskell, of Ipswich, Mass., he has selected forty varieties, designated by numbers only, which he offered for sale in 1877 ; but as he would not sell less than thirty vines to any one grape-grower or nurseryman at a price which, though low, consider- ing their cost to the originator, yet exceeds the ability of most grape-growers, —and as they are all hybrids between the foreiqn (Black", Hamburg, White Fron- tignan and White Chasselas) and native (the Black- fox, Amber-fox and Pigeon), and had not been tested in other localities, very few oi them have been distrib- uted. Our proposition to take five of these varieties, two plants of each kind, for trial, and to pay for them at the rate asked for the 30 vines, was declined, although Haskell savs himself in his very interesting "Account 104 Sanoood. BU8HBERG CATALOGUE. Herhemont. of various Experiments for the Production of new and desirable Grapes," pnblislied by himself, that it cannot be desirable to propagate so many varieties in any locality. Thus the results of his long and meri- torious labors will probably forever remain in obscu- rity ; and while a pecuniary recompense was not, for- tunately for Haskell, "by any means a matter of ne- cessity" with him, it is to be regretted that the results he obtained, which might have been a benefit to the public and of value to this country, were thus lost. The fruit committee of the Amer. Pomological Society, and other authorities to whom Haskell sent some of these grapes for judgment, pronounced several of ex- cellent quality. 0arAvood. (JEst.) Syn,, Improved Warren; ob- tained from Major Harwood, of Gonzales. Tex. ; simi- lar to Herbemont in every respect except size of berry, which is nearly double the size of that of Herbemont ; it also varies in color, sometimes being no darker tlian Diana ; ripens four or five days earlier than the Warren or Herbemont. It originated in the garden of Colonel Harwood, at Gonzales, Texas. This grape has short- jointed heavy canes, is not as rank a grower as Herbe- mont, and does not grow readily from cuttings. Hattic or Hcttle. There are three grapes under this name, or under conflicting descriptions. One originated with Mrs. N. R. Haskel, Monroe, Mich.; de- scribed as a bright, clear red, translucent grape; the other, introduced by E. Y. Teas, of Richmond, Ind., as a large, oval, black grape — "earlier, larger and bet- .ter than Concord and Isabella' ' ; and another of un- known origm. Bunch small ; berry black ; flesh some- what pulpy; a poor grower and bearer, but ripens early. All three are here unknown. Herbeiiioiit. Syn: Wabren, Hebbemont's Madeib.\, Wabrenton, Neil Gbape. {JEst.) Origin unknown ; as early as 1798 it was pro- pagated from an old vine growing on the plan- tation of Judge Huger, Columbia, S. C. Nicho- las Herbemont, an enterprising and enthusi- astic cultivator of the grape, found it there, and from its vigorous growth and perfect ac- climation at first correctly supposed it to be a native; he afterwards, in 1834, was informed that it had been received from France, and he believed this. But the same grape was also found growing wild (?) in Warren County, Ga., and is there known as the Warren grape. The best authorities now class it as a member of the ^Estivalis family of the south — a native grape, truly called by Downing, "Bags of Wine." One of the very best and most reli- able grapes for both table and wine, especially adapted for hill-sides on limestone soil. It flourishes in Texas, Georgia, South Carolina, and Florida, but generly only on poor hill-land Should not be planted further north than the Ohio and lower Missouri river, and even there should be covered in winter. For those who have gone to this trouble it has nearly always produced a splendid crop, and has been so enormously productive that it richly repaid the little additional labor, except where rot destroyed the crops, and it may be mentioned that the rot on the Herbemont and its family is different from the rot which attacks the La- brusca. To some of our Southern States this grape will be a mine of wealth. In southern Texas, where the Herbemont is a perfect suc- cess, grape culture is gradually but steadily extending, so that, at no distant future, vine- culture will become one of the leading in- dustries of its people. M. Lespiault reports: " Le vin de I'Herbemont fait en bhmc est excel- lent et peut rivaliser avec les vius blancs de nos meilleurs crds." At the exposition of the international Congress at Bordeaux, Oct., 1881, M. Lepine exhibited a Herbemont vine, whose two arms had forty bunches on the one and sixty bunches on the other, all perfectly ripened. The sight of this superb and im- mensely productive samjale made many con- verts of former opponents of the American vine. Bunches very large, long, shouldered and compact; berries small, black, witli a beautiful blue bloom; skin thin, flesh sweet, without pulp, juicy and high-flavored ; ripens late, a few days after Catawba. Moots of me- dium thicknes, with a smooth, hard Jiber, re- sisting to the Phylloxera in France as well as here. Canes stout, heavy and long ; laterals well-developed. Wood hard, with a medium- sized pith, and Arm outer bark. Vine a very vigorous grower, with the most beautiful foli- age; not subject to mildew, and but little to rot ; in rich soil it is somewhat tender, makes too much wood, and seems less productive, while in warm and rather poor limestone soil, with southern exposure, it is generally healthy, and enormously productive, except in very un- favorable seasons, when all half-tender va- rieties fail. Werth, of Richmond, Virginia, says : I have found the most uniformly abundant, healthy, and thoroughly ripened crop, for successive seasons, on low, imper- fectly drained, and rather compact soil. Eisen- nieyer, of Mascoutah, 111., finds summer prun- ing, promptly performed at the close of the flowering season, very eftective in preventing rot and in securing a fine crop of Herbemont grapes. The accompanying illustration gives an idea of the beauty and richness of the bunch. Specific gravity of must about 90°. The pure juice pressed, without mashing the grapes,, makes a ivhife wine, resembling delicate Rhen- ish wines ; if fermented on the husks about forty-eight hours, it will make a very fine pale red wine. The French wine-judges at Montpel- lier, pronounced it "assez agreable, rappellant le gout des vins de I'est de la France." Herbemonl- DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. -Seedlings. 105 '^St'l^' THE HERBEMONT GRAPE. It seems that but very few seedlings of the Herbeuiout have been raised ; at least we know of none that were disseminated. One Herbe- niont seedling- is mentioned by Dr. Warder in his description of the "Long-worth School of Vines." The Pauline (see description) may by a seedling of Herbemont, as also the Kay's Seedling, from Kentucky, and the Muskogee, but little is positively known of these varieties. The MrKcr was looked upon as a Herbemont seed- Jing, with fruit larger than Herbemont and bearing about a week earlier, but now, after careful compari- son, it is pronounced as identical in every point with Herbemont. Onderdonk does not pronounce it to be the Herbemont itself, sliowing some difference bet-ween the two, such as by starting later in spring ; but even if this difference were permanent, and not produced by local circumstances or conditions of soil, it would not be sufficient to make it a distinct variety. If WE intended to raise new seedlings (which we do not), we would select the Herbemont as one parent in preference to almost any other variety. 106 Hayes. BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. Hayes. Hayes. Syn., Francis B. Hayes — formerly Moore's No. 31. (Lahr.) This is out of the same lot of seedlings as the Moore's Early. It is a very early white grape, raised by John B. Moore, of Concord, Mass.; smaller than Martha, but better in quality; was awarded a first-class certificate of merit by the Mass. Hort. Society ,'.Sept. 14, 1880. Vine claimed to be hardy and a vigorous grower, prolific, free from mildew: "wood short-jointed; bunch longer than Prentiss, moderately compact, partly shouldered ; berry medium, globular, with a fine amber-yellow color ; skin very firm ; flesh tender, juicy, of a delicate texture~and fine flavor, free from all foxiness. Ripens from 7 to 8 days before Concord, yet holds its leaves after those of most other varieties arc killed with frost." This new white grape wOl be offered for sale for the first time in the fall of 1884, al- though it was first fruited in 1872, and was first exhibited in 1874 at Boston, where it lias attracted special notice for excellent quality and earliness. The originator now introduces it with the following remarks: "It is our endeavor to place before the fruit growers of the country, a grape of quality, possessing certain desirable and distinct characteristics which are rare exceptions in grapes of this class. This grape is a pure native, pos- sessing hardiness and vigor to a degree seldom attained by other white varieties, and especially adapting it for cul- tivation in northern and east- ern sections..'' " It seems proper at this time to offer a word of warn- ing to purchasers of new va- rieties of fruits, etc. Since 1876 thousands of vines of the Concord have been sold throughout the country for the Moore's Early. "Thelikething was done at the time of the introduction of the Worden, and .such has been the case with other new '«\j ' V varieties of fruits, and un- ^jj^^ doulitedly will occur here- T t after. " Therefore it is absolutely necessary that purchasers, to avoid disappointment, should send directly to the introducer for new fruits, or else to long-established and reliable nurserymen." THE HAYES (or FRANCIS B. HAYES). Hermann. DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. Hermann. 107 Hei-mann. (.jEsf.) A seedling of Nor- ton's Virginia, rais- ed by P. Langen- doerfer, near Her- mann, Missori. In 1863 the original vine fruited abund- antly with its origi- nator, and grafts of it bore a large crop in 18t)4. It has been fully tested in vari- ous places & proved as to growth, foliage and fruit. On trying the must on Oech- sle's scale it showed 94° to 10o°. Bunch long and narrow, seldom shouldered, compact, often nine'\ inches long; the shoulders, if there are any, having the appearauce of a secc oud bunch ; berrij small, about same size as Norton's, round, black with blue bloom, moder- ately juicy, rarely rots or mildews, and ripens very late, several days later than the Norton's. The juice is of a brownish -y e 1 1 o w, making a wine of the color of Brown Sherry or Madeira, of great body, and of fine flavor; satis- factory in the south central States. Our friend Sam. Miller says : There is a pe- culiar fragrance about the wine of the Hermann that no other American grape possesses; and, were I a teeto- taler in drinking, I should like to have wine of it just for the pleasure of smelling it." The French judges at the Congres Montpellier pronounce the Her- mann " bien droit de gofit, particulierement bon et corse." THE HERMANN GRAPE. Vine a strong grower and very productive, resembling the Norton's in foliage ; but the leaves are of a lighter color, the stems covered with peculiar silvery-white hair-like threads, and the leaves somewhat more deeply lobed. 108 Highland. BU8HBERG CATALOGUE. II rjhlmifl. 1 A'-V Highland. Hermann. DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. Highland. 109 It is, like its parent, very difficult to propa- gate from cuttiugs in the open ground. Roots wiry, very tougli, with a smooth, hard liber, defying all attacks of the Phylloxera. Canes of medium thickness, great length and vigor, and a moderate number of laterals ; the canes often branch off with a fork, having a double bud at the base — a freak of more frequent oc- currence with this, than any other variety we know of. Wood very hard, with a small pith. The Hermann was considered an important addition to our list of wine grapes. If produc- tiveness, general hardihood and health, can entitle a variety to consideration, this variety certainly deserves it at the hands of our vint- ners. Its wine is entirely different and distinct from anything else we have ; but the predic- tion " that it will produce a true American sherry, equal if not superior to anything the old world can produce," has proven idle talk and bombast. So far the Hermann has not grown in favor or popularity, and it will never be extensively planted. For our locality and farther south it may be desirable, but much farther north it will hard- ly attain the perfection requisite to make a superior wine, as it ripens so very late. It will be found specially adapted, we think, to south- ern slopes and limestone-soil. It is a true jEs- tivalis in leaf and habit. Lungendoerfer has also raised a a xohite feed- linfl of the Hermann, which is very vigorous and productive, resembling its parent in growth, and in form of bunch and leaf ; the latter, how- ever, is of lighter green. It is one of the Jirst of that class (^Estivalis) with white berries. The wine made from this variety is as excellent in quality as the grape is remarkable for its color. Some good judges who tasted the wine said, "it is exceedingly smootli and fine, in bouquet plainly showing Hermann origin." The originator does not intend to disseminate this new variety, and has not decided upon a name for this grape, as the very small size and very late ripening of its berries would be unfavorable to its introduction. In south-west Missouri and Arkansas, however, it seems to have given satisfactory results, and H. Jaeger, of Neosho, is now propagating it. Herbert. (Rogers' No. 44.) Labrusca impreg- nated by Black Hamburg. This is probably ihe. best of the black varieties of Rogers. Among all the hybrids none proved of greater merit than this one. The vine is very vigorous, healthy, and hardy ; bunch large, beautifully shouldered, rather long, and moderately com- pact ; 6err^ large size, round, sometimes a lit- tle flattened, black ; flesh very sweet and ten- der, purely flavored and free from coarseness or foxiness either as to the taste or smell. Early and productive. Campbell says : " It has so many good qual- ities, it should be better known and more ex- tensively planted both for home use and for a showy and excellent market grape. If I were asked to name another black grape, hybrid or native, that I consider equal in all respects to the Herbert, I could not do it !" Highland. (Ricketts' No. 37.) One of the largest and finest looking of Ricketts' Seedling Grapes; a hybrid produced by fertilizing the Concord with Jura-lNIuscat ; resembling the Concord in vine and foliage. A vigorous grow- er, with short-jointed, dark brown wood ; large, thick, coarsely serrated leaves, and very pro- ductive. Bunch large, long, moderately com- pact and heavily shouldered ; well-grown clus- ters sometimes weigh one pound. Berry large, round, black with a thick blue bloom ; flesh soft, slight pulp, juicy, sweet, slightly vinous, and very good. ^1 promising market grape. Ripens between Concord and Catawba. Its foliage has so far been free from mildew, and, considering the superior quality and beauty of this grape, it is justly regarded as one of the most promising hybrids. nine. Labr.) A seedling of the Catawba, raised by .Tason Brown (son of John Brown, the abolitionist), at Put-in-Bay, Ohio. It maizes a good sized, compact, slightly shouldered bimch ; berry medium, of a dark rich claret brown with a purplish bloom ; skin of me- dium tliickness ; flesh juicy, sweet, and almost without pulp; leaf large, thick, and whitish underneath ; canes reddish-brown, sliort-jointed ; buds prominent. Ri- pens with the Delaware, which it somewhat resembles. It took the first premium as the best new seedling at the Ohio State Fair, 18(!8. We cannot recommend it except as an interesting grape to amateurs. Holmes. A new chance seedling (Hybr.) which appeared in a garden in Galveston, Texas. Onder- donk kindly furnished us with the following descrip- tion of this grape for the Bushberg Catalogue : "The Holmes combines, in its growth and appearance, both JSstivalis and Labrusca blood. Its fruit is about the size and color of Lindley. I believe it to be a cross between the Southern ^Estivalis of the Ilerbemont Division and a Labrusca, and that it will, possibly, combine the hardiness of our iEstivalis with the pulp of the Labrusca" — just the combination we have been looking for. The original vine is enormously produc- tive and has been so for many years. It has not, so far, been propagated. Uonrell. (Labr.) Origin unknown. Bunch and berry medium ; oval, black ; skin thick ; fiesh with firm pulp, pleasant. Good. Middle of Septenber. — Downing, Hnber's Seedlings. T. Huber, at Rock Island, 111., an amateur grape-grower, has sent 110 Iluviholdt. BU8HBERG CATALOGUE. Isabella. us a number of new grapes, of fair quality, said to be perfectly hardy and good bearers ; heijamed them Margerith (No. 6), Illinois City (No. 8), and Braendly (No. 14). Humboldt. (Rip.X) A very interesting seed- ling of the Louisiana, raised by Fr. Mueuch, who observed himself that it has no resem- blance to Louisiana; it has much more of the Riparia character, and most probably is an accidental cross between a Louisiana and some belated Riparia blossom. Vine of very vigor- ous growth, healthy and hardy, free from rot or leaf blight ; bunch below medium; berries medium, of light green color, changing to a rose- tint, almost lilabe(?). Bunch rather small, short, oblong; berries medium, loosely set, black; flesh; half tender, pulpy, sharp, sweet. — Downing. I^ama. A cross between Eumelan and some va- riety of the Labrusca, lately originated by 1). S. Mar- vin, Watertown, N. Y. Berries lilack ; clusters small ; of tine high flavor, vinous. A vigorous grower, with strong, healthy foliage ; ripens about same time as Delaware. Not vet disseminatetl. 114 Lady, BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. Lady. ' LADY "Lady." (Labr.) A fine early white grape, purchased by Geo. W. Campbell from a Mr. Imlay, of Muskingum county, O. ; first offered to the public in the fall of 1874, and now de- servedly popular as a grape to be planted for family use and for near markets. It is unsuited for distant shipping or rough handling. It is a pure Concord seedling, and has almost the vigor, health and hardiness of its parent ; is like it free from mildew, but also subject to rot. The vine, in its habit of growth, foliage, and general appearance, is verj' similar to the Con- cord. It is unquestionably an improvement on the Martha grape, being larger in size, ear- lier, more productive, and better in quality, having less of that foxiness which renders the Martha objectionable to many. It will succeed perfectly in all localities where the Concord can be grown with good success. By reason of its early ripening it will be found specially adap- ted to northern localities where Concord does not always mature.* In size of bei-ry it is some- * The vines endured without injury the severe fold ol' the winter of 1872-7:i, IJ2** below zero. Lenoir, DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. or Jacques. 115 LENOIR. (Syn., Black-Spanish, Jaeijues, etc.) times even larjier than Concord ; in size of clus- ter, rather small. In quality it is better flavored and more delicate than Concord. In color, light greenish-yellow, covered with white bloom. Seeds few and small ; skin thin ; pulp tender ; flavor sweet and rich, slightly vinous, and the foxy aroma of its class considerably chastened down. Although very early in ripening, it is late in starting its buds in spring, and thereby escapes the evil effects of late spring frosts. Lenoir. Syn., Black Spanish, El Paso, Bub- gundy, Jack or Jacques. (jEst.) A southern grape of the Herbemont class, from Lenoir Co., N. C. Bunch me- dium to large, shouldered ; under unfavorable circum- stances, or on badly pruned, overloaded vines the bunch- es are loose and not shoul- dered ; berries small, round, dark bluish-purple, nearly black, covered with light bloom; flesh tender, no pulp, juicy, sweet and vinous ; very rich in coloring matter ; a magnificent grape for the south, but too tender and too late in ripening for the north. In favorable locali- ties it will be found desira- ble for wine and table. Vine a fine grower, but a tardy bearer; foliage deeply lobed. This variety is mainly cultivated in Texas under different names, as Black Spanish, El Paso. Burgun- dy. Many years ago (about 1859), some few vines, under the name of J a c q u e z or Jacques, were sent to France by Berckmans, of Georgia. In 1869 and following years, when the Phylloxera com- menced to devastate the vineyards of south'n France, these few Jacques viues con- tinued in luxuriant growth and perfect health. This caused a great demand for Jacques vines, the more so as its grape, on account of its pure vinous taste and deep rich color, pleased very much the French vignerons. But in vain did they apply to American grape-growers and nurseries for vines of this variety. Berck- mans himself stated (in 1871) that he had none, and that, so far as he knew, the culture of this variety had been entirely abandoned in this country. No one then knew that the Lenoir and the Black Spanish, cultivated in Texas, were identical with the Jacques. After considerable research for this variety, WE found thatG. Onderdonk, describing in his Catalogue the Lenoir, made the following re- 116 Lf-.noir. BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. Lady Charlotte. mark: "the leaf and habit exactly resemble those of the Black Spanish." From this re- mark, and from the description of the " Ohio" in Doioninc/'s "Fruits and Fruit-trees of Amer- ica," we were strongly inclined to believe "Le- noir," "Black Spanish," "Ohio," "Jacques" identical, and the very variety which our friends in France were looking for. We so de- clared in the former edition of our Catalogue (1874-5, p. 70), although even Bercknians and Onderdonk then considered them distinct va- rieties, as may be seen from the following, written to us in August, 1876, by Onderdonk: "I had been diligently collecting every ^Esti- I'alis grape of promise I could find or hear of, believing tliat from this family nnist come our grapes in Texas. I had a grape called Lenoir. I found that Berckmans had a different grape uuder the same name, and that he insisted upon iiifj Lenoir being the "Black July" (or Devereux) ; so I sent for his Lenoir, and found that it resembled in growth and habit the Black 6'jKtyiish— so much so, that X supposed a mistake must have been made and that he had sent me the Black Spanish instead of the Lenoir." . "I had somehow got the idea that the Lenoir originated in Lenoir county, S. C. I wrote to Berckmans for further information and re- ceived his reply uuder date of Aug. 17, 1875, in which he says : 'The Lenoir and Black Spau- ' ish are both native seedlings of the -^slivalis 'type; both have colored juice. The Xenoir ' has its bunches compact and shouldered ; the * Black Spanish, on the coutrary, has the bunch ' very loose, cylindrical, growing to a length of ' 18 inches. Of the two, it makes the darkest ' colored wine. Both are, perhaps, the best ' rod-wine grapes we have. * * » The Lenoir ' originated in South Carolina, the Black Span- ' ish in Natchez, Miss.' "I would say," continues Mr. Onderdonk, " that here (in S.W. Texas) the bunches of the Black Spanish, though remarkably long, have never yet reached a length of more than 10 or II inches. I also found that, uuder a care- ful system of summer pruning, the bunches became shouldered and grew as compact as the Lenoir ; and I have sometimes thought whether the difference in the fruit between these two varieties, on my premises, is, after all, any greater than even my Black Spanish differs from itself, or rather that the crops of ■different years differ as nuieh from each other as they do from the Lenoir itself." But while we announced theidentity of these varieties as a probability only, a well-known French importer, less cautious and merely on the strength of our supposition, at once ordered thousands of cuttings from the Black Spanish, and offered them in France, at an exhorbitant price, as the Jacques, claiming its discovery for himself. Hundreds of thousands of cuttings of this variety were then sent to France and planted there since 1876, and their success, their immunity from Phylloxera, productive- ness, and quality, gave great satisfaction. The identity of the ./acryues. Black Spanish and Lenoir was there also fully established by Prof. Plan- chon, Pulliat, and other eminent ampelographs. As this variety cannot be successfully grown in our vineyards on account of its non-resist- ance to mildew and to frost, we requested our friend Onderdonk to test and observe it, and he now writes us (August, 1883), "lam solid on this Lenoir matter now, and have at last be- come settled in the belief that Jacques, Lenoir and Black Spanish are identical beyond doubt: this vai'iety is capable of very great variations under various special conditions." In France, also, the success and especiallj' the productiveness of the Jacques varies very much ; in dry soils it j'ields far less wine, un- less irrigation is resorted to. Of late years, the Jacques (as it is there still called) has suffered in some sections from theanthracnose. France has now more bearing-vines of this variety than can be fouud growing in the United States, and there is no more demand for cuttings of this variety from that country. Jacques wine now sells in France at 60 to 70 francs per hectolitre, while their Aramon wine brings only 30 francs at the same places. It is very rich in alcohol and in color. Of late, however, California grape-growers have directed their attention to this remarkable grape, and are now planting thousands of the same variety, under its projjer name " Lenoir." It succeeds there very well, and is much liked both on account of the flue dark color of its vinous juice' and for its Phylloxera-resisting roots. This old, almost abandoned grape seems destined to become one of the leading varieties of both hemispheres. The annexed engraving represents a medium sized bunch of the Lenoir, rather smaller than usual, especially much shorter. I.ady Cliarlotte. This promising white grape was raised by Pringle, of Vermont, in 1S69, from the Delaware fertilized by the lona. It is described by the originator as follows: ■'Color light green, becoming amber or golden, with a reddish tinge in the sun ; bunch large, very broadly shouldered, narrow and pointed below, compact ; 6«rj-^of medium size, globular. Flesh with some pulp, but juicy and very sweet, without the least acidity in the centre or iiarshness or foxiness iu its flavor. Vine a rampant grower and a great I Lady Washington. DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. Lindley. 117 bearer, healthy: leaves very large, bearing much re- semblance to those of the lona. Time of maturity about with the lona." Lady Dunlap. One of Ricketts' new Seedlings, first exhibited in 1881. Berry mediviin, amber, vinous, quality very good. (Report on New Fruits, Am. Pom. Society, 1881.) Lady Wa.shington. (Hybr.) One of Ricketts' choicest and most promising seedlings ( '4 for- eign), produced by crossing Concord (/) with Allen's hybrid (m). Fine very vigorous, short- jouited; feat'es large, roundish, coarsely ser- rated, occasionally lobed, thick and downy, luxuriant and healthy. Bunches very large, shouldered, often double- shouldered, moder- ately compact; berries fully medium in size. round ; skin pale amber, yellowish with a deli- cate rosy tint where exposed to the sun, having a thin whitish bloom ; flesh tender, juicy, sweet, of very good quality and delicate aroma. The berries adhere well to the peduncle, and the fruit continues a long time in use. Ripens about the same time as Concord, or soon after. A most beautiful and promising variety. We have some vines of the Lady Washing- ton fruiting for the first time this season. We found it a strong grower, hardy, the foliage very g^od ; but tlie fruiting season was very unfavorable for all varieties. I^aiira. (Hybr,) One of Marvin's new grapes, hardly as good as most of his other seedlings. Bunch small, not very compact ; berry small, light amber, pulpy. (Am. Pomol. Society, New Fruit Rep., 1881.) Lindley. {Rogers' No. 9.) This beautiful and valuable grape originated by hybridizing the wild Mammoth-grape of New England witli the Golden Chas- selas. Bunch medium, long, shouldered, somewhat loose; berries medium to large, round ; color quite peculiar, and distinct from any other variety, rather more of a brick-ied than Cataw- ba color ; flesh tender, sweet, with scarcely a trace of pulp, I'lssessing a peculiar, rich, aro- matic flavor. Pres't Wilder de- I nominates this and the Jefferson grape the Muscats of America. It resembles the Grizzly Frontig- nan in appearance of bunch, and is regarded by some as fully equal to the Delaware in quality. The engraving represents a me- dium sized bunch of this variety. Boots long and straight, with a smooth liber of medium firm- ness ; canes slender for their length, with few laterals, and large, prominent buds ; vine of very vigorous growth, making rather long-jointed wood, medi- um in hardness and size of pith. The foliage when young is of a reddish color ; the fruit ripens very early and drops from the bunch. It makes, a splendid white wine. Specific gravity of must 80°. We recommend it as a fine table grape — one of the best of the red Hybrids. LINDLEY. {Rogers' No. 9.) 118 Lincoln. BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. Marine's Seedlings. liincoln. Syn., HART-(iRAPE. Has been supposed to be identical with Devekeix, but J. F. Hoke, of Lincolnton, N. C, where it has been largely grown for many years, emphatically states that it is not the Dev- ereux or Black-grape (Le Noir), but was formerly known as the Hart-grape. Sam. Miller, who got cut- tings of this variety from Col. Hoke, tried it and re- ported that it is ditterent from Devereux, and, to his taste, superior. We could not get a proper description sufficiently clear to distinguish it from Lenoir, of which see description and tigure. r.inden. (Labr.) One of Miner's Seedlings (see page 121), described as a black grape ripening several days before Concord, with very large bunches, which hang on the vine a month after ripening. Lo^aii. {Labr.) A wilding of Ohio. Supposed to be a great acquisition, on its introduction, and recommended by the Am. Pomological Society as promising well ; but it has sadly failed to meet public expectation, and is now more generally discarded than the Isabella, to which it was deemed preferable. Bunches medium, .shouldered, compact ; berries large, oval, black ; flesh juicy, pulpy, insipid in flavor. Vine a slender grower, early and productive. Lous'. See Cunningham. Loiiisiaiiii. Introduced here by that eminent pioneer of western grape culture, Fredericli Miiiich, of Missouri. He received it from M. Theard, of New Orleans, who asserts that it was imported from France by his father, and planted on the banks of Pontchartrain, near New Orleans, where for thirty years it has yielded abundant and delicious fruit. Munch "firmly believed it to be of European origin. Fr. Hecker was just as positive that it was nothing else than the Clavner-grape of his native coun- try, Baden, Germany. Husmann and others hold that it is a true native American, belong- ing to the southern division of the ..Estivalis class, of which tlie Herbemont and Cuhning- ham may serve as types, and of whicli tliey consider it a valuable variety, yielding a most delicious fruit, and making a very fine wine. After many years' experience witli this va- riety, we feel unable to form a decided opinion as to its proper classification. It may be an accidental cross between an imported and a native grape ; between ^stivalis and Vinifera. Hunch medium size, shouldered, compact, very fine; berry small, round, black; flesli with- out pulp, juicy, sweet and vinous ; quality best. Vine a good grower, moderatelj' productive ; canes very stout, of moderate length, short- jointed, having few large laterals, with heart- shaped (not lobed) foliage; recjuires winter protection. Ripens late. Boots wiry and very tough, with a hard liber ; wood very hard, with a small pith and firm outer bark. The Louisiana and Eulander (or rather what we here call Rulander) so closely resemble each other in general appearance, growth, and foli- age, tliat we are unable to distinguisli them. If not identical, they are undoubtedly closely related to each other. It is claimed tliat there is a difference in the wine of these two varie- ties ; that Louisiana makes the better of the two — in fact, the finest wliite wine, of Hock character, that we have. Roheson's Si:edling so closely resembles Louisiana as to consider it identical. Casper, said to be a new Seedling, raised by Caspar Wild, of New Orleans, also resembles Louisiana, and if not identical, belongs certainly to the Rulander division of the Southern .iEstivalis class. L.ydia. (Labr.) Originated by Carpenter, uf Kel- ley's Island, Lake Krie; supposed to be an Isabella seedling. Bunch short, compact ; berries large, oral, light green, with salmon tint where exposed to the sun ; skin thick ; pulp tender, sweet, of tine flavor, slightly vinous. In habit of growth the vine is not unlike the Isabella, but is much less productive. Ri- pens a few days later than the Delaware. Lyman. (Rip.) Origin unknown. A northern va- riety, said to have been brought froiu Quebec upwards of 40 years ago; hardy and productive. Bunch smaU, rather compact; berri/ round, medium, or below; black, covered with a thick bloom ; similar in flavor to Clinton, and ripens about the same time. Sherman and McNeil are varieties grown from the above, but hardly to be distinguished from it.-Douming. I.una. (Labr.) One of Jlarine's beautiful seed- lings; probably lost by the decease of its originator. It was the largest hardy white grape we had seen be- fore the appearance of the Pocklington and Niagara. maguire is like Hartford, but more foxy. — Strang. inanUattan. (Labr.) Originated near New York. A poor bearer. Bunches small; icn-tes medium, round, greenish-«'/i ite with a bloom ; flesh sweet, rather pulpy. — Downing. manst'ield. (Labr. X). Raised in 1869 by C. (t. Pringle, of Vermont, a well-known and successful hy- bridizer, from seed of Concord fertilized by pollen of the lona ; said to combine the more valuable charac- ters of both these popular sorts. Vine a rampant grow- er, with broad and thick leaves, densely woolly be- neath ; bunch large, often shouldered, sufficiently <-oinpact; 6err)/ of purplish-black color under a slight bloom ; large, somewhat oval ; flesh tender, with but little pulp of a remarkably rich flavor. Season earlier than Concord. It is predicted that this will prove a valuable acquisition to the northern parts of our coun- try as a very early variety. marine's Seedtlugs. These grapes are crosses be- tween purely native varieties claimed to be produced by a new and very simple process : diluting the pollen of the male flower with rain water and then applying it to the pistils of the variety which he selects as the female parent. Among the seedlings thus raised there are some which are quite peculiar and very interest- ing ; some are of the JSstivalis family, but with berries of quite a large size: \. Xcrlutun—bne large bunch; berries above medium, black ; leaf very large and leathery, strong, i. Greencastle— same as the former. Martha. DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. Martha. 119 THE MARTHA GRAPE. berries even larger. 3. Luna — white, in appearance al- most like Martha, but the gain in size seems to be cou- pled with a loss in qualitj', compared to our delicious, juicy, small -Estivalis grapes. A larger number of his seedlings are of the Labrusca type, and among these his " U. B.," black ; Mianna and King Willinin, white, seemed to us well worthy of trial. In fall of 1874, a year or two before his death, Marine wrote : "Now that I have reached my three score years and ten, lam admonished to yield tlie further prosecu- tion of this branch of progress to others, more skilled, and to those coming after our time, believing as I do that much greater results are looked for in the future." His seedlings were not disseminated. Jlartha. {Lahr.) A white seedling of the <'onoord, raised by our friend Samuel Miller, formerly of Lebanon, Pa., now of Bluffton, Mo. ■One of the most popular among the white varieties. Bunch medium, smaller than the Concord, moderately compact, shouldered ; berry medi- um, round, greeuish-white — when fully ripe pale yellow covered with white bloom; skin thin ; flesh very tender, and of a remarkable sweetness unmixed with acidity and without vinous flavor; somewhat pulpy, often contain- ing but a single seed. Odor decidedly foxy, but this character is much more apparent in the fruit than in its wine. The vine is very healthy and hardy, resem- bling the Concord, but not quite as vigorous a grower, and the leaf is of a somewhat lighter green, yet quite as healthy and the fruit less liable to rot than the Concord. Roots of aver- age texture and liber, throwing out young spongioles readily. Canes generally more up- 120 Marion. BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. Maxatawney. right than Concord, with fewer laterals, but not so much inclined to ramble. Wood firm, with a medium pith. Very productive, and the ber- ries hang well to the bunch. Ripens earlier than the Concord and will therefore suit even northern localities. In New York, New Jer- sey, Pennsylvania and Connecticut it is grown largely for market, succeeds well, is profita- ble, though not very good in quality, and is far surpassed in appearance by some new va- rieties. Must 85° to 90°, at least 10° higher than Concord. The wine is of a light straw color, of delicate flavor. The French commission at the Exposition of Amer. wines at Montpellier, 1874, pronounced the Martha as "approaching the wines of Pique- poul, produced in the H^rault." Seedlings have of late been raised from the Martha, but are not disseminated, (See also "ia'iy.") Marion. (Rij).) A variety brought to us from Pennsylvania by that indefatigable horticul- turist, Saiu'l Miller, who got it from Dr. C. W. Grant. It probably came from "Long worth's famous school of vines"; valuable for a dark red wine. Bunch medium, compact ; berry me- dium, but considerably larger than Clinton, round, black, juicy, sweet when fully ripe; ri- pens late, long after coloring, but hangs firmly to the bunch. Blooms early, with Clinton, which variety it resembles, yet, in our opin- ion, far surpasses — so much so, that it almost appears a transition from the Riparia to the ^stivalis species. Vine a very vigorous grower, rambling but not so straggling as the Clinton. Wood firm with a medium pith. Foliage large, strong and abundant ; when young, of a pecu- liar golden hue, and the branches of a beauti- ful red color. Boots wiry and firm, with a smooth, hard liber, enjoying in the fullest de- gree the immunity from Phylloxera belonging to its species. Our recommendation of this variety for the French wine-grower had been long overlooked. The Vigne Americaineof March, 1883, contains the following : " With regard to intense color- ing, without any foxy taste, nothing equals the wine made of the Marion grape ; one-twentieth part is sufficient to give to water even a su- perior wine color ; the somewhat violet shade is easily transformed into a lively red by add- ing some acid wine or a very small quantity of tartaric acid. This grape is a loyal Fuohsin." One vine-grower of Bordeaux reports that he is about to plant 500 Marion vines this year. Mary(?), raised by Chas. Carpenter, Kelly Island. Vine hardy, strong grower. Fruit ripens too late for the north. i?wncA medium, moderately compact; ber- ries medium, round, greenish-white with a bloom. Flesh tender, slight pulp, juicy, sweet, brisk flavor. — Doimiing. Another 3Iari/, an early grape, is described by Fuller. Mary Ann. (Labr.) Raised by J. B. Garber, Co- lumbia, Pa. Bunch medium, moderately compact, shouldered; berry medium, oval, black, pulpy, foxy, resembling the Isabella. Very early, ripening a day or two before the Hartford Prolific, and therefore for- merly esteemed as an early market grape, though of an inferior quality. Now superseded. Mason Seedling. {Labr.) A new white grape raised by B. Mason, of Mascoutah, Ills., from Concord seed. i?j(ncA medium to large ; berry nearly as large as Concord, round, greenish- white, becoming yellowish when fully ripe, with a fine white bloom ; skin thin ; flesh melt- ing, with little pulp ; sweet with just sufficient acid to give it a sprightly, vinous, refreshing taste ; almost entirely free from foxiness. In quality this is one of the best of all the White Concord seedlings. Vine a moderately vigor- ous grower, perfectly hardy, with heavy and healthy foliage; not subject to mildew. While it has not proved free from rot, this variety has sulFered less from this disease than Concord itself, proving decidedly more healthy and of better quality than Martha, which is gener- ally taken as a standard of the White Concord varieties. The Mason grape ripens a few days before Concord ; it hangs a long time and keeps remarkably well on the vine. The foliage of the Mason resembles that of its parent, but is of a lighter green and has a more whitish down on the under side of the mature leaves. We confi- dently recommend this grape for testing in all regions where the Concord succeeds. Massasoit. (Rogers' Hybrid No. 3.) A fine early grape for table and market. We copy the following description by Mr. Wilder, our cele- brated veteran of American pomology : Bunch rather short, medium size, shouldered; berry medium to large, color brownish -red. Flesh tender and sweet, with a little of the na- tive flavor when fully ripe. Season very early, same as the Hartford Prolific. Sufficiently vig- orous and productive. In favorable localities (free from rot) this is a very profitable grape. Maxatawney. {Labr.) A chance seedling, originated in Montgomery Co., Pa., in 1844. First brought into notice in 18.58. Bunch me- dium, long, occasionally compact, not usually shouldered ; berry above medium, oblong, pale yellow with slight amber tint on the sunny side. Flesh tender, not pulpy, sweet and deli- cious, with fine aroma, few seeds ; qualitj' best both for table and wine. Ripens rather latft Maxatawney. DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. Missouri. 121 MAXATAWNEY {half diameter). for northern localities ; but where it fully ri- pens, as here in Missouri, it is one of the finest of our native white grapes, much like the Eu- ropean wliite C'hasselas. Jfoots slender, soft in •texture and liber. Canes light and of moder- ate length, with average number of laterals. Wood soft with a large pith. Vine healthy and hardy, needs no protection in winter, but not a. strong grower nor very productive, and in bad seasons subject to mildew and rot ; foliage large, deeply lobed. We recommend it only for garden culture, in good rich ground. ITIedora. (..Est.) Aseedlingof the imoir probably crossed with the Croton, as the clusters from which the seed was taken came from a Lenoir vine interlaced with the branches of a Croton vnie in Onderdonk's experimental vineyard. Dr. Thomas R. Cocke, an old esteemed amateur horticulturist and friend of Onder- donk, living about twenty miles below Victoria, Tex. , towards the Gulf, carefully planted that seed, and se- lected this one as the most promising of those seed- Imgs. The foliage is like the Lenoir, except that its young terminals show little or no pink tinge, which is almost characteristic in the Lenoir ; the berries are white, medium, round, translucent enough to see the seed, and of delicious flavor — pronounced by good judges " the nicest and sweetest grape they had ever tasted"; the bimches are medium to large, about the same as the Warren ; the vine not a very vigorous grower and inclined to over-production. Onderdonk thinks this will prove the happiest acquisition to the grapes of the Gulf States since the Herbemont and Lenoir ; he is now propagating it, and suggested the name Medor.\, being that of a daughter of Dr. Cocke. Merrimack, f Rogers' No. 19.) Regarded by some as the finest grape in the collection of Rogers' hybrids. M. P. Wilder says: It is one of the most reliable varieties in all seasons. Vine very vigorous, free from disease ; bunch usually smaller than his other black sorts ; berry large, sweet, tolerably rich. Season about the 20th September (in Massachusetts). We prefer his No. 4, the "Wilder"; it is like it in quality, with by far larger and heavier bunches, and more profitable. miles. {Labr.) Origin Westchester Co., Pa. Vine a moderate grower, hardy and productive ; bunch small, rather compact; berrt/ small, round, black. Flesh tender, slight pulp at centre ; brisk, vinous, pleasant. Ripens among the earliest, but does not hang long. We cannot recommend it for vineyard culture as a profitable market grape, but rather for family use as a good early table grape, especially for the North. minor's Seedling. (See Venango.) Miner's Seedlings. (Not to be confounded with Minor's Seedling or Venango.) Produced by the late T. B. Miner, at Linden, Union Co., N. .T. The follow- ing have been selected out of 1500 seedlings grown by him in central New York : Adeline, Antoinette, Augus- ta, Belinda, Carlotta, Eugenia, Ma, Lexington, Linden, Luna, Rockingham, and Victoria, Most of them are white grapes. ininnesota ITIaninioth. Origin unknown ; in- troduced in fall of 1879 by L. W. Stratton, E.xcelsior, Minn. ; said to be a very prolific and hardy native grape, the berries of which are as large as pigeons' eggs, and to have a fine delicate flavor. We have been unable to obtain any definite information about it. Mrs. McLnre. One of Dr. Wylie's hybrids ; a cross between Clinton and Peter Wylie. Bunch medium, not very compact, shouldered ; berries medium, white, very vigorous, Ciuality good as a table variety, and probably valuable also as a white-wine grape. Foliage resembling Clin- ton, growth very rampant. — Bercknians. missouri. Syn., Missouri Seedling. Mentioned by Buchanan and Downing, but now unknown even in Missouri. According to Downing: Probably a seed- ling from one of the Pineau or Burgundy grapes, which — about forty years ago— was considerably cultivated in the vineyards of Cincinnati. It was received there from the East under this name. It has short-jointed, grayish wood, spotted with dark brown specks; buds in clusters, double and triple; leaves deep-cut, tri- lobed. Bunches loose and of moderate size ; berries small, round; skin thin, almost black, with little bloom; flesh tender with little pulp, sweet and pleasant; not very productive nor of vigorous growth. It certainly never came from Missouri. Mi-ssonri Riesling. (See Grein's Seedlings, page 103.) 122 Monroe. BUSHBEKG CATALOGUE. Mottled. Monroe. A cross between the Delaware and the Cunconl; raised by Elwauger and Barry and described by them as fol- lows: " Bunch medium to large, shouldered, — something like Concord : berries large, round ; skin rather thick ; black cover- ed with a white bloom ; very handsome. Flesh juicy, sweet (sub-acid), vinous, sprightly ; a pleasant, refreshing table grape. The vine is vigorous, with firm, short-jointed, hardy wood, wliich always ripens well; fine, healtliy foliage, which has never shown a trace of mildew. Ripens with Hart- fordProlific." "TheMoNROEis likely to prove one of our best table sorts, prolific and excel- lent." — I'. J. Berckinans. Moore's Early. [Labr.) Ori- ginated at Concord, Mass., by John B. Moore, from Concord seed. The illustration is an exact copy from a photograph of the bunch, and it could not be better described than by calling it an Early Concord. (See "Concord," page 68.) Bunc}i. smaller and rare ly shouldered, but berries some- what larger. It is, in similar soils and localities, as healthy and hardy as its parent ; it is equal to the Concord in qual- ity, but ripens about two weeks earlier. Being better than "Hartford," "Champi- on," or " Talmau,"' and quite as early, it is recommended to supersede these undesirable varieties. It has been awarded first premiums at many horti- cultural exhibitions. inottled. OriyinateJ with Clias. Carpenter, Kelly's Island. A seed- ling of the Catawba. Earlier in ripening and less disposed to mil- dew and rot than its parent. Charles Downing says : "A profnse bearer, ripening with Delaware. It will hang a long time after ripe, and keeps unusually well." Bunch medium size, very compact, slightly shoul- dered ; berries medium to large, round, distinctly mot- tled when held to the light, with different shades of red or maroon wliile ripening, but nearly a uniform dark Catawba color when fully ripe. Flesh sweet, juicy, vinous: of brisk, sprightly flavor, always rather pulp^- and acid at the centre. Skin thick. Season late, ripen- MOORE'S EARLY. ing with Norton's Virginia. Hangs well to the bunch, and improves by being left long on the vine ; more desirable as a wine than as a table grape. Vines healthy, hardy, moderately vigorous, and productive ; foliage abundant ; wood short-jointed. It is recorded by three competent judges, George- Leick being one, that its must weighed 94°, with acid 4 per mille. We, in Missouri, as well as Dr. E. Van Kewren, at Hammondport, found it a jioor grower and l:iearer. Montefiore. DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. Neosho. 123 Montefiore, Rommers Taylor-Seedling No. 14. The most promising red-wine grape of this class. Vine moderately vig- orous in growth, but very healthy and hardy ; sufficiently productive. Both wood and foliage show considerable ad- mixtureof Labruscawith Riparia. Bunch small to medium, compact, sometimes shouldered as in annexed engraving ; fterr/e.s of small medium size, round ; skin thin but firm, black with a delicate blue bloom, and rich in coloring matter ; flesh melting, vinous, sweet, with a delicate aroma and a delicious flavor; ripening (a few days) after Concord, and before Nor- ton's Va. Seedling. This unostentatious grape attracted the attention of our senior when Rommel first exhibited it at Rochester, New York, where the Am. Pomol. Society met, Aug. 1870, and we at once secured the wood of the original vine for the next three years. With consent of the originator, we have given it the name of the great Jewish phi- lanthropist Montefiore, which name denotes at the same time a " Jfoantam- ftower." It has fruited for several years, in various localities, with quite satisfac- tory results. The demand for vines of this new variety is far in advance of the supply. At the Hermann fair, 1882, this grape was awarded an extra premium as the best new Seedling for Red Wine. Must 80°. mount liebanon. (Lahr.) Originateil by George Curtis, of the United Society of Mount Lebanon, Columbia Co., N. Y. ; supposed to be a cross of Spanish Amber and Isabella. Bunch larger than Xorthern lluscadine ; burri/ round, reddish. Flesh pulpy, tough, thougli sweet, perhaps a little better than Xorthern ^luscailine. A^ot tried here. Neosho. (.Es(.) Found growing wild on the farm of E. Schoenborn, near Neosho, S.W. Missouri. In ISliS, Herman .Taeger sent grafts of this (and other va- rieties of wild summer grapes) to that pioneer of Mis- souri vintners, Hon. Fred. Milncli, who, finding it to be of superior quality, recommended it, and called it the " Neosho." Cultivated since that time in Warren and Newton counties, it never failed at either place to produce large and healthy crops, and gained in Papa Jlilnch's favor every year. S. Miller wrote in 1873 : "The fragrance of tlie Xeoslio grape is unsurpassed by any grape that ever tickled my olfactory nerves. Neosho is a treasure to the land," So also thought our enthusiastic, now lamented, friend Miincli ; but in other localities it produced unsatis- factorily, and the flavor and bouquet of its wine found no favor. Jlilnch described it as follows : MONTEFIORE. Bunch and berries are of the same size as Norton's — the bunches compact, shouldered, heart-shaped. The skin of the berries is thin, black with blue- bloom, very dark, yet contains but very little coloring matter and less tannin ; the pulp is meaty, very sweet and spicy, with but little acidity. Seeds rather large. The wood of the Neosho is extremely hard and tough ; it cannot be propagated from cuttings. The vine is a most vig- orous grower when qnce established on its own roots, or successfully grafted ; requires plenty of room, and prefers spur-pruning on old wood. It is so hardy that it may be said to resist all the extremes of our cliangeable climate in Jlissouri. The roots are strong, wiry, and exempt from injury by Phyllo.xera. The foliage is coarse, but of beautiful color^dark and glossy green — and retains its freshness till frost sets in. The must, though fermented on the husk for two days, produces a wine of a beautiful greenish-yellow color, and has a most peculiar aroma. It ripens with Norton's Virginia. 124 Nnnmi. BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. Niagara. Naomi, ,a'^ hybrid of Clinton and one of the Muscats produced by J. H. Eicketts. Down- ing describes it as fol- lows : Vine very vigorous, very productive, long- jointed ; leaves very large, deeply lobed, coarsely serrated ; bunch large, shouldered ; berry me- dium, roundisii-oval, pale green, often with a tinge of red in the sun, covered with a thii: whitish bloom ; flesh juicy, melting, ratlier crisp, sweet and spright- ly, and with a trace of muscat flavor ; quality very good. Ripens with Concord. Bicketts pronounces it one of the most mag- nificent grapes for tlie table that ever grew. With us it does not suc- ceed, suffering, as most liybrids do, from mildew { Peronospora) \ where this disease is unknown, or but seldom prevails, this grape is certainly most desirable. The annexed illustra- tion is reduced to two- thirds its natural size. Neft. {Labr.) Syn., Keu- KA. Origin on the farm of one Mr. Neff, nearKeuka, on Crooked Lake, N. Y. Bunch medium ; berry me- dium, dark copper-red. Flesli pulpy and somewhat fo.xy. Good native, early. JWc-n^ark. A hybrid of Clinton and Vinifera. raised in Newark, N. J. Vine of vigorous growth, hardy and very productive. Bunches long, loose, shouldered ; berries medium, dark, almost black, sweet, juicy and vinous, of pleasant taste; but, however promising for a few years, it becomes soon diseased, its fruit subject to rot, and perishes, like its European parent. It can not be recommended. KTewrport. (^st.) Said to be a seedling from and simiiar to Hcrbemont. ]Vlag:ara. {Labr. X| This new grape, "heralded like Niagara herself as one of the wonders of the world, " originated in 1868-72 with Hoag & Clark, of Lockport, N. Y., who gave the following description of it : Vine a cross of Concord andCassady, hardy, healthy, very vigorous and very productive ; wood rather long- THE NAOMI GRAPE. Reduced W. jointed; leaves large, thick, leathery, downy, lobed, sometimes double-lobed, much like Hartford Prolific. Bunch medium to large, from 8 to flounces in weight, compact, occasionally shouldered ; berrij large, round- ish slightly inclining to oval, quite uniform in size ; skin thin but tough, pale green at first, but changing to pale yellow when fully ripe, with a thin whitish bloom; flesh soft, tender, sweet, pleasant, and in qual- ity about the same .as Concord, ripening with it or soon after ; it has quite a foxy odor when first gath- ered, but loses much of this when fully ripe, and has then a flavor and aroma much liked by those who have tasted this grape. The proprietors of this new grape refused, until lately, to sell any vines thereof, and still jealously guard against its being propagated by others. They expect that, from the fine appearance of its fruit at Xiai/ara.' DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. Noah. 125 Exhibitions and on the markets of great cities, a desire T\'ill spring up to grow the same, and thus enable them to introduce it on a large scale, at a high price, with far greater success. For this purpose, and to still further test this grape, the proprietors now propose to furnish vines for vineyard planting on special terms, "payment for 95 per cent, of the cost of such vines made contingent on one-half tlie net sales of fruit therefrom, and all the wood to be returned to them up to and including 188S." While these terms are, in one point of view, very liberal, we doubt that they will have the desired result. We believe that the Poclcling- ton, which equals the X^iarjara in quality, size and beauty, and is now liberally disseminated without restrictions, promises to become a more popular grape and to make the introduction of the Niagara hereafter less called for. Noah. (Rip.X) Raised from Taylor seed by Otto Wasserzieher, Nauvoo, Ills., in 1869; then twice transplanted, sent to us for testing, and fruited first in 1S73. Bunch medium, shouldered, compact (yet not too closely compact, >vell-filled, liut not over- crowded) ; berry medium to aliove medium in size, being but slightly smaller than Uon- cord ; of green color, turning yellowish when fully ripe; skin thin but firm, transparent; not very juicy, pulp firm yet melting, and of excellent quality. Its «iw.?<-weiglit is 10° above that of Concord grown and pressed in same lo- cality ; time of ripening about ten days after the Concord. Foliage large and firm, glossy, 126 Noah. BUSHBEBG CATALOGUE. Norton. with a very slight down underneath and ad- hering' well to the vine until frost. From this description it will be seen that it resembles Elvira in many respects, which is quite natural, beingof same parentage (but is not a seedling of Elvira, as incorrectlj- stated in several Nursery Catalogues). It is quite dis- tinct even in appearance, and there is no diffi- culty in distinguishing the two in foliage and fruit. The originator of the Noah claims for his seedling greater firmness of the bud or eye, which enables it the better to resist severe cold in winter; a firmer skin, which will not crack as that of the Elvira. These character- istics may be inherent, or may be modified by growing in a more southern latitude. Both grapes are excellent for white-wine. The Xoah was first disseminated by us in 1S7G, and has now already gained great popu- larity and a place on the Catalogue of the Am. Pomol. .Society. At a test of the must, made by impartial experts, the Noah stood 100° on Oechsle's scale with 7.50 per mille acid, whilst at the same time the Elvira weighed 88° with 5 per mille acid. Reports from most parts of this country, in regard to growth, health, &c., are very favora- ble, while in some localities the fruit mildews in unfavorable seasons ; it is, so far, less liable to rot than other varieties. In the fall of 1881, E. A. Jiiehl, of Alton, 111., after along tramp among the vineyards of Illi- nois and Missouri, wrote: "Of the Noah, I predict that it will grow well, bear well, keep well on the vines, ship well, sell well, and make lots of money for its growers. In fact, it will be a white grape for tlie million.'' ,1. Balsiger, of Highland, Ills., gladdens us with the following lines: "I am very thank- ful to you for having sent me this valuable variety. Too much cannot be said of its good qualities, according to my observations." In France, also, the Noah has become a fa- vorite, and is largely planted. Louis Reich, the eminent viticulturist at Arnieillier, liouche du Rhone, who has cultivated the "Noah" since 1878, finds it more vigorous and productive than Elvira, but thinks that the strawberry- taste of its grapes is not very pleasant, and that it makes no good wine ; others find that most of the toxiness disappears soon aod the wine improves, and that its strawberry-taste is quite acceptable. Theaccompanying illustration is copied from a photograph taken during the very unfavora- ble fruiting season of 1882, and represents two bunches, below average size, of this valua- ble variety. The size is reduced ; the single berrv shows the full natural size. Norfolk. (Labr.) A new grape, originated by Khite, of Norwood, Mass. It so nearly resembles the Catawba that it would be taken for nothing else, if it did not ripen even before the Concord. At least, the originator showed to a committee of the Mass. Horti- cultural Society that the Norfolk was fully ripe on his place while his Catawbas had barely begun to color. The vine is said to be an abundant bearer of remarka- bly showy fruit, heavily covered with lilac bloom, and to have withstood a temperature of 18 degrees below zero without protection and without injury. Nortli America. (Labr.) Bunch medium, shoul- dered ; herri/ round, black, juicy but fo.xy. Ripens about with Hartford Prolific. Vine vigorous, unpro- ductive. IVortliera inuscadine. (Labr.) A seedling raised by the Shakers of New Lebanon, N. Y. Opinions dif- fer widely about its value. Papa Milnch (as we called our venerable friend, the Hon. Fred'k Milnch). placed it as atable grape next to the Diana, and asa wine grape far above the Venango. Bunch medium, very com- pact, almost round ; berry medium to large, dark am- ber-colored or brownish-red, flesh pulpy and foxy,, sweet, skin thick. Berries apt to drop from the bunch when ripe. Ripens early, about two weeks before Ca- tawba. Vine of luxuriant growth, hardy and produc- tive. Its must will probably be found valuable fo- rnix, in small proportion, with some other variety, to which it would impart, we believe, a fine Muscat flavor. North Carolina. (Labr.) This seedling origina- ted with that veteran pomologist, J. B. Ciarber, of Co- lumbia, I'a.; it belongs to the Isabella type, and is a showy market grape of poor quality ; not recommend- ed. Bunch medium to large, occasionally shouldered, moderately compact ; berries large, with a slight blue bloom ; flesh pulpy but sweet ; skin very thick ; hangs well to the buncli, and will keep well and carry to mar- ket in good condition. Ripens early, coloring a few days before the Concord. Vine a rambling grower, hardy and very productive ; requires long pruning and " plenty to do." Roots abundant, thick, firm, with a tolerably hard liber ; is a good resistant to Phyl- loxera, but much subject to rot. Canes of medium thickness, long and rambling, with an average com- plement of laterals. Wood firm with a medium pith. The initiated can also make a good Muscatel wine of it. Must 84": Norton or Norton's Virginia. A native wild grape found on Cedar Island, James river, about four miles above Richmond ; discovered there in 1835 by Dr. F. A. Lemosq and recom- mended as a wine grape by Dr. I). N. Norton, an amateur horticulturist, and one of the pio- neers in horticulture near Richmond, Va., who transplanted layers from the original vine to his garden and introduced it to public notice. It made but little progress until about thirty years ago, when Mr. Heinrichs and Dr. Kehr brought it (each a few sprigs) to our Hermann vine-dressers. This little insignificant-looking grape, pro- nounced worthless by Longworth, the father of American grape culture, has, nevertheless. Norton. DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. Ohio. 127' become the great and leading- variety for red wine not merely in Missouri, where its superior qualities were first appreciated and brought out in full splendor, and in its native State, Virginia, where it is of late receiving great at- tention, hundreds of acres being planted in the years 1880-83, with this most valuable va- riety for wine, — but, far and near, in many sec- tions of this country, and even in some parts of France where American vines are planted. The Norton, with its twin-sister, the Cynthi- ana, is now recognized by all experienced grape-growers as the most reliable and best red wine grape of America. It is also found excel- lent in some parts of France ; in others it does not succeed as well, and its yield is considered insufficient. Except in size of berry, it has also most (jualities of a very good table grape ; it is sweet and spicy, and is unexcelled as a long keeper. The illustration of the Cynthiana, page 89, equally serves as a good representation of the Norton-grape. The bunch of the Norton is long, compact, and shouldered ; hemj small, black, with dark bluish-red juice, almost without pulp when fully ripe; sweet and brisk. Ripens late, in October. Vine vigorous, healthy, hardy, and productive when well-established, but very impatient of transplanting, and exceedingly difficult to propagate. Soots tough and wiry. Liber thin and hard, of great resistance to the Phylloxera, Canes vigorous, of medium thickness and good length. Wood very hard, with a small pith and firm outer bark. Whenever the season will admit of a thor- ough and perfect ripening of its fruit, the Nor- ton will succeed here in almost any soil ; but, when the wood and buds have not fully riisened in the fall, the vine is liable to suffer from se- vere cold during the succeeding winter. In rich bottoms it comes early into bearing and is enormously productive ; on high hills with rather poor soil and southern aspects it is tardy in coming into bearing, but produces there the richest wine, of great body and superior medi- cal qualities.* It has quite a peculiar coffeine flavor, which at first seems unpleasant to many, but which, like coffee, endears itself to our taste. Must 105°-110°. From Norton's seed two promising white grapes have been raised almost simultaneous- ly : one by Langendorfer, sen., at Hermann, Mo.; the other by J. Balsiger,of Highland, 111. These and the white Hermann seedling (see Hermann) are the first white ^-Estivalis we know of ; Balsiger's seems a cross with La- * It is tl>e j' hero for dy>^entei'y jiiul dis- eases ol the bowels. brusca. They are very late, ripening even later than Norton's, and thus will not be adapted to locations north of St. Louis, but may be the more valuable for the south. Norvrood. (Labr.) A new grape, owned by Rev. J. W. Tai.bot, of Norwood, Mass., but originated, we believe, by Mr. White, of same place ; first exhibited in the fall of 1880, before the Mass. Horticul. Society; it received a first-class certificate of merit for some very fine bunches. It is said to make a larger cluster and larger berry and to ripen a little earlier than Concord ; is claimed to be a strong grower, more hardy than any of Rogei-s' hybrids, and in quality from good to best, much superior to the (.'oncord. Not yet tested by us. Oliio. Syn., Segak-Box, Longworth's Ohio,- (Black Spakisu Alabama?), is now supposed to be identical with the "Jacques" or " Jack " introduced and cultivated near Natchez, Miss., by an old Span- iard of the name of Jacques. It used to \>f grown in Ohio, where the stock originated from a few cuttings left in a segar-box, by some unknown person, at the residence of Longworth, of Cincinnati, Ohio. This va- riety attracted a good deal of attention for some time on account of its large, long bunches (often ten to fif- teen Inches long, rather loose, tapering, shouldered), and its good quality ; its frcrries are small, round ; skin thin ; purple with a bkie bloom ; Hesh tender, melting, without pulp, brisk and vinous. The wood is strong, long-jointed, lighter red than that of the Norton's Virginia, and smooth, with peculiarly pointed buds. Leaves large, tri-lobed. At first it was also a good bearer, but soon mildew and rot affected it so badly that it was of no use, even when grown upon walls with protection. Downing (" Fruit & Fruit-trees of Am.") said, " it is most likely a foreign sort, and, ex- cept in a few locations, a sandy .wil. and a mild cli- mate, it is not likely to succeed." Geo. W. Camp- bell, whom we have to tliank for valuable information on this and many other varieties, says, "I always con- sidered the Ohio or Segar-Box, from its fruit, habit of growth, and foliage, as of the same family as Herbe- mont, Lenvir, Elsinburgh, and that class of small, black, southern grapes." Samuel Miller, of Blufrton,. Mo., writes us: "The Segar-box, or Longworth's Oluo, I had in the East for years, but never grew a perfect bunch. It was not hardy in vine, and the fruit both mildewed and rotted.'' When ripe it is an e.\cellent grape. A few vines sent years ago, under the names of " ./acvywci or Ohio," to France, by P. J. Berckmans, of Georgia, proved very fine and valuable, perfectly resisting Phylloxera, having remained healthy in the midst of vineyards destroyed by the root-louse. (See Lenoir.) In Aug., 1876, G. Onderdouk gave us the subjoined information concerning tlie supposed identity of the Black Spanish. Ohio, and Jacquez : " Tliere lived at Natchez, in Mississippi, an old Spaniard by the name of Jacquez. He originated a grape to which he gave no name. Some persons got hold of it and called it the Jacquez grape, not as a name but simply to designate it as old Jacquez's nameless grape; others called it the Spanish or Blark iS/ianish grape, as it came from the old Spaniard's garden. Then 128 Ohio. BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. Othello. a traveler, whose name was never obtained, carried some cuttings of this grape to Cincinnati, where he lett them with a nurseryman (Mr. Longworth !) there, packed in a cigar-box ; thus it came that they were de- signated as the ' Cigar-box grape,' not as a name, but to designate it till its true narae'would be known. This nameless variety circulated about Ohio, and, car- ried from that State without yet a name, took the name of Ohio with those thus obtaining it. Finally, as no authoritative name appeared, each called it the Black Spanish. Jacquez, Cigar-box, or Ohio, according to the several temporary designations. " I at first got it from a neighbor, who obtained it from Berckmans, in Georgia, as the Cigar-box. I af- terwards heard of the Black Spanish as a wonderful grape, and procured it from Gonzales, Texas, and sev- eral other Texan sources. I soon found it identical with the Cigar-box. I got afterwards information from different sources that these four names represented the same grape. I cannot now remember from whom I got the history of the old Spaniard Jacquez and of the various names having originated as I have stated ; but I am altogether satisfied (from examining the matter for several years) of the identity of Black Spanish, Jacquez, Cigar-box, and Ohio. " If there is any valuable difference between the Black Spanish and Lenoir, it is in favor of the latter. " In August, 1882, however, Onderdonk wrote us that, having obtained from Campbell a plant of the "Ohio" or " Cigar-box," he can testify that Ibis " Ohio" is dis- tinct from the variety cultivated in Texas under the names of Black Spanish, El Paso, Jacquez, etc. Oneida, Said to be ahybr. seedling of Merrimack (Rogers' No. 19), raised by Thacker, of Oneida Co., N. Y., who states that the vine bore its first fruit in the fall of 1875, when four years old, and is a strong, healthy grower, free from disease of any kind thus far ; wood short-jointed, and ripens well ; a good bearer; bunches medium size, evenly shouldered, sufficiently compact ; berries large, twice the size of Delaware, which it re- sembles in color; skin brittle, with a delicate bloom. It ripens on the original vine gradually from the 10th to the 2.'ith September. Keeps well and does not drop from the stem. A. M. Purdy, Palmyra, N. Y., who in- troducesthis new sort on subscription, to be delivered in the spring of 1884, thinks that the Oneida will prove the best and longest iv inter-keeping grape yet introduced. Onondag-a. A seedling originated in Fayette- ville, Onondaga Co.. N. Y. ; a cross between the Diana and the Delaware ; said to combine in some degree the flavor of both, ripening at the same time as Delaware, and to be a late keeper. Its appearance is certainly very fine, resembling Diana. Should it. prove as good and healthy as its originator claims, it would indeed be a valuable acquisition as a market grape. Not dis- seminated. Oporto. {Rip.) Of the same character as Clinton; a true native with aforeign name. Bunches small, usu- ally very imperfect ; berries small, black, harsh, and very acid. Considered a very poor variety by Fuller. "Of no value, a complete humbug."— ifttsmarm. Regarded as a valuable wine grape by Gov. fl. W. Furnas of Nebraska, who says (Report to Am. Pomol. Society, 1871), "My vines (of Oporto) have never failed to give a fine crop ; last year I picked eleven hundred good bunches from one vine five years old. It is an exceedingly rampant grower, and, as a rule, the bunch not compact, bearing the fruit on until after first frost* in fall. I have found the Oporto to give a first-class yield of very good wine — greatly improved by age." The difference of opinion is attributable, no doubt, to differences in soil, itc; in a granitic, shistose (slaty) soil the Oporto flourishes best, while in alluvial soil it loses its foliage. In some parts of France it is used as a Phylloxera-resisting grafting stock. Othello. (Arnold's Hybrid No. 1.) A cross from Clinton, or what is called Cliuton in Ca- nada, fertilized by the pollen of Black Ham- burg. Described as follows : " Bunch a.nd berry very large, much resembling the Black Ham- burg in appearance. Black with a fine bloom. Skin thin, the flesh very solid but not pulpy; flavor pure and sprightly, but in the specimens we have seen rather acid. Ripening with the Delaware." The " Arapelographie Americaine," of which we have just received the first number, describes the Othello as follows : (Translation.) Vine vigorous, of half-erect growth. Cane of medium length, somewhat slender, round, shining, and but lit^ tie wrinkled ; of yellowish-brown color when the wood is ripe, darker on the nodes and portions exposed to the sun ; with elongated internodes, heavily striated ; intermittent 2-forked tendrils. Buds covered with rus- set hair, not numerous and falling early. In ojiening the buds become whitish and show the flower-bunches fringed by a fine wooly down with a carmine border on the surrounding foliage, which opens and expands rapidly ; these leaves are distinctly three-lobed, some- times five-lobed, whitish on their lower face with iso- lated rosy points on their outline, deeply dentate and glandular. Foliage large when full grown, tln-ee-lobed with a narrow bay at the leaf-stalk (sinus petiolaire), the borders of the lobes overlapping; with two series of very sharp teeth ; upper face dark green, lower face of a wliitish-green with a wooly down arranged in small tufts on the lower veins. Leaf-stalk very short, robust, and forming an obtuse angle with the plane of its limb or cane. Then follows a description of the/oicers or blossoms in terms which we are scarcely able to translate ; then of the bunch with its peduncles and pedicels; of the berries, their size, shape, color, skin, pulp, juice, taste, aroma, etc., with a minuteness and exactness which may interest the scientific specialist, but for which we have not the space, nor, as practical grape-growers, the time to study them. To us it would be more im- portant to know tlie conditions of soil and climate which the variety demands, whether it inclines to or resists diseases, where and how it succeeds, ifcc. Our experience with it has not been as favor- able as we expected. The vines proved good growers, with beautiful, large, deeply-lobed smooth foliage, but not very productive, and what fruit it produced was often destroyed by rot. Here the bunches by no means resemble the Black Hamburg in appearance, nor are Othello. DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. Foughkeepsie. 129 they with us as good in quality as Arnold's other hybrids. In France, however, the Othello does exceedingly well, is enormously productive, and pleases so well in quality and appearance that it is larj^^ely propagated and in demand; at Nimes, with M. Guiraud, it has resisted for the last eight years in the midst of a Phyl- loxera-infested district, and wherever tried it has so far proved sufficiently resistent to the insect. At a meeting of the Agricultural Society of the He- rault, held on the 5th, 6th and 7th of March, 1*3, at Montpellier, M. Sabatiek stated, that eight years pre- viously he had received from Bush & Meissner one dozen Othello plants (for $5) ; his neighbors had taken some, whicli also had succeeded admirably, and of those which he kept for himself he was offered last year 1500 francs per 1 ,t)CH;i cuttings ; such offers he could not well refuse, and the purchasers thanked him be- sides ! M. PioLA also stated that his Othellos were prosper- pering ; 300 vines, the third summer, gave him 200 litres wine. Some consider the Othello wine the most remarkable of American wines ; that it is destined to take the place of the jI/aMec in the Bordelais; others say that the wine made of Othello, though at first too acid, becomes very refreshing and agreeable, equal to the best ordinary wines of the lowlands of France. SI. Gaillard states' the Othello succeeds well not- withstanding a little mildew ; the great wine mer- chants compare its wine to the mountain wines. As soon as the young plants could be obtained at 50 fr. the mille, our vintners would not plant anything but Othello. M. FoEX and Iji Thurn think this variety not yet sufficiently tested ; it commences to fail at the experimental gardens of the former and are weaken- ing at Guiraud's. The very high piice paid for them is not justifiable, and caution is advisable. O-wasso. {Lair.) A chance seedling, supposed to be from the Catawba. Goodhue, the originator of this grape, claims that it combines the following desirable qualities, viz.: hardiness, size, beauty, quality, produc- tiveness, and adaptation to the climate of the northern States. Fruit clusters large and compact ; quality ex- cellent ; has a sprightly taste. A good keeper. Color dark amber. Ripens with the Delaware.— J/oJiroe Co. Nurseries. Pauline. (^Est.) Syn., Burgundy of Georgia, Red Lenoir. A southern grape, of the Lenoir family. Said to be superior for both wine and the table. Of little value here and at the north, where it does not ripen or grow well. Bunch large, long, tapering, shoul- dered; berries below medium, compact, pale amber or violet with a lilac bloom ; flesh brisk, vinous, sweet and aromatic. " The most delicious grape we have seen." — Onderdonk. Growth moderate and peculiar ; comes late into bearing ; sometimes sheds a part of its leaves too early. Onderdonk believes it to be a hybrid and not a pure .Slstivalis. (See also Bottsi.) Pearl. (Rommel's Taylor Seedling No. 10.) A promising new variety both as a table and a wine grape. Bunch larger than his Elvira, shouldered, compact; berry medium, round, pale yellow covered with a delicate bloom ; skin thin and transparent ; pulp soft and melt- ing, juicy, sweet and high-flavored. Vine a very strong grower, of short-jointed, grayish wood, with bright green leaves ; very produc- tive, healthy and hardy. Ripens immediately after Hartford. Peabody, a seedling of Clinton, fruited by Jas. H. Ricketts for about 12 years, but not offered for distri- bution until lately. He says, " it is hardy in vine and fruit ; bunch medium to large and quite com- pact ; berry the size and shape of lona, black with blue bloom ; flesh tender, juicy, rich, and sprightly. The fruit is unlike that of any other grape now cultivated ;. first-class in every respect." Peter "VVylie. See Dr. WyUe's New Grapes. Pizarro. (Uybr.) One of Ricketts' Clinton seed- lings crossed with foreign (Vinifera) ; foliage resem- bling the Clinton ; productive. Bunch long, rather loose ; berry medium, oblong, black, very juicy and spicy, with a very fine aroma. J. H. Ricketts says : " I have fruited the Pizarro many years and thoroughly tested it for wine-making. 4 purposes. It makes a light red summer wine of great richness." Planet. (Sybr.) Mentioned by Prof. Husmauni as one of the foremost of Ricketts' seedlings, otherwise entirely unknown to us. Described in his " Amer. Grape-growing" as follows : Concord and Black Mus- cat of Alexandria — healthy and productive ; bunch large, loose, shouldered ; berry large intermixed with, smaller ones which have no seed, oblong, very tender pulp, juicy, sweet, fine flavor with slight taste of the Muscat. Pouglikeepsie-Red. This grape originated by A. J. Caywood & Son, from lona crossed with mixed pollen of Delaware & Walter. It is an admirable grape both for its beauty and fine quality ; and those whO' have seen it growing at Caywoods' place at Marlboro',. N. Y., testify to its vigorous growth. Cluster above; medium, compact and well -shouldered ; resembles- Delaware more than any other variety, but is about one-third larger, rather darker red with less bloom ; quality best ; no pulp, melting like lona. Claimed to be very valuable as a wine grape. It ripens very early, with Hartford Prolific, and keeps a long time after being removed from the vine, tasting like raisins when shrivelled. As a dessert fruit, it is considered by good judges as equal to fine European grapes. Although known on the Hudson for over twenty years, and exhibited at New York State fairs, it has- been but little tested and not disseminated outside. Its parentage does not give confidence of success except where the Delaware and lona can be success- fully grown, and that is — in localities few and far' between. Putnam, or Ricketts' Delaware Seedling No. 2. Cross between Delaware and Cimcord ; very early, sweet, rich and good. Must stood 80" saccbarometer ;. 4>-2 per mille acid. Not disseminated, we believe. 130 Perkins. BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. Pocklington, Perkins. (Labr.) Origin, Massa- chusetts. A valuable, very early market grape, as it is showy, which is more important for our markets than fine quality ; besides, tastes differ, and to many tastes its strong fox or musk flavor is not disagree- able. Bunch medium to large, shouldered ; berries medium, ob- long, often flattened by their com- pactness ; greenish-white at first, then of a fine, pale lilac or reddish color when fully ripe, with a thin, white bloom; flesh rather pulpy, sweet, juicy; skin thick; ripens a few days after Hartford Prolific and before Delaware ; vine a vigor- ous grower, with thick leathery leaves, healthy and productive. It is one of the surest grapes we cultivate, succeeding remarkably well south as well as north, and is more.A-ee from rot than most other Labrusca varieties. It is also not without value as a wine grape ; its foxy taste and odor grow less the older the wine becomes, and can be improved by gallizing, or, better still, by blending with other white wines. Pollock. (Lnbr.) Raised by Mr. Pol- lock, Tremont, N. Y. Bunches large as Concord, compact ; berries large, dark purple or black ; flesh free of pulp, vi- nous, not too sweet. — Strong. Purple Bloom, a seedling of i?art- ford Prolific crossed with Gen. Marmora, raised by Dr. Culbert, Newburgh, N.Y. Vine hardy and vigorous, a prolific bear- er ; its bunches are large and showy : ber- ries of fair size and good quality. Well adapted to become a good market grape. Exliibited 1877. Not disseminated. Pocklington. [Labr.) A seedUng from Con- cord, originated by Juo. Pocklington, at Sandy Hill, Washington Co., N. Y.; the largest and most attractive white grape of purely native origin yet introduced. Fine a strong grower and very hardy, with large, leathery, pubes- cent foliage similar to Concord ; free from mil- dew. Clusters large and showy, weighing sometimes as much as oue pound each. Ber- rie.'y large, pale green with yellow tinge, round and thickly set on the bunch; flesh tender, juicy and sweet, with very little pulp. Seeds small for so large a grape. Ripens with the Concord, and when fully ripe is better than Concord. It has less of the Labrusca charac- •ter (foxiness) in the taste than in the smell. PERKINS. and seems to have better keeping and ship- ping qualities than the parent. Being consid- erably larger in bunch and berry than Martha, mpre attractive to the eye and better in quality (though not best), and very productive, this is one of Vie most promising new varieties for vine- jjard culture; a splendid grape fob market. Samuel Miller says : "It will also make good wine without doubt ; it will, however, be some years before much wine will be made out of Pocklington, for it will be in too great demand for the table." He adds : " While the Martha has done nobly — thousands of acres are jilanted with it, and I need not be ashamed of having originated it — I now resign and give the palm to Mr. Pocklington." Prentiss. DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. Puritij. 131 ^^r' r- ,-'V% "".O- ^7^^^V H ■V.^^-^^ijrf**^ Branch 20 inches. Weighing 7 pounds. Exhibited at meeting of Am. Pom. Society, Rochester, N, Y. THE PRENTISS. From a Photograph by G. W, Godfrey, Rochester, N. Y P. J. Berckmans, on the other hand, consid- ers it wortliless In liis locality. He writes us : "It may do well nortli, but is sofar of novalue here" (in Augusta, Ga.) It was first exliibited at tlie New York State fair held in Rochester in 1877, and has been justly awarded first premiums at various exliibitious everij year since. From what we have seen and heard of this new grape, we are satisfied that it will rapidly become a fa- vorite among grape-growers, for market and family use, wherever the Concord is success- fully grown. "The Pockliugton, in size and beauty, is an approacli to the Canon Hall or other Mus- cats. — Marshall P. Wilder. (See the chromo-lithograph illustration op- iposite the title page.) Prentiss. (Labr.) One of the best native white grapes, where it succeeds ; raised about 16 years ago, by J. W. Prentiss, Pultney, N. Y., from seed of Isabella. Vine hardy, endur- ing uninjured down to 20° below zero, and a good grower, very productive, inclined to over- bear; wood ratlier short-jointed, ieaces large, yet tender here ; slightly downy ; as healthy as those of Catawba, Isabelhx, or Diana, re- sembling tlie latter. Bunch medium, not often shouldered, compact. Berry medium round, inclined to oval ; skin not very tliin, but very firm; greenisli-white, pale yellow when fully mature, sometimes with a slight rosy tint on . side most exposed to the sun, with a tliin whi- tish bloom ; seeds few, small, dark ; flesh with a slight pulp, tender, juicy, sweet and pleasant; a musky aroma, free from coarse foxiness ; fruit I'ery similar 1o Rebecca, and Hubbard himself "thought it had traces of Rebecca blood in it." The berries adhere well to tlie pe- duncle and keep well. Ripens at same time as Concord. A valuable and profitable market grape where it succeeds. Selling in large quan- tities at 1-5 cents per pound in New York mar- kets when Concords were selling at 4 to 6 cts. T. S. Hubbard, Fredonia, N. Y., wlio intro- duced this grape, says : " We do not expect it will succeed everywhere, nor do we claim it to be a grape that will succeed over as wide a range of territory as the Concord, but we re- commend it as a VERY peopitable market grape for good grape localities." How it will succeed in vineyards of the lower Missouri and Mississippi valleys we cannot tell, as it lias not been sufticientl.y tested, and its parentage does not encourage extensive tri- als in this section. Testimonials as to the growth and health of this variety are, so far, favorable. The annexed beautiful chromo-litliograph of the Prentiss was furnished us for this Illustra- ted Catalogue by Mr. Hubbard. Purity — a cross upon Delaware, produced by Geo. W. (.'ainpbell, is a small white grape of the finest quality. It is claimed to be a stronger grower and to have healthier foliage than the Delaware. It ripens its fruit a few daj's earlier than that variety. Camp- bell gave it that name on airount of the purity of its 132 QuciKsaick: BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. Rkuling. flavor, which he prpiioupces as even more exquisite than that of the Delaware. He says : so far as quality is concerned it is probably unexcelled by any variety grown, its only fault being its small size. The vine seems to have inherited from its parent, the Delaware, its remarkable exemption from rot. We recommend this new variety for trial to all who plant f.^r their own use and pleasure, and are willing to compromise size for tine quality. Quassaick. A hybrid of Clinton and Muscat- Hamburg, by J. H. Ricketts, of Newburgh, N. Y. It has a large 6u»ic/i shouldered; berries above medium, oval, black with a blue bloom ; flesh very sweet, juicy and rich ; vine healthy and productive. — F. R. Elliott. One of the prettiest vines ever seen, filled witli large bunches. — Husmann. Raabe. Some say it is a hybrid between Labrusca and ^Estivalis or Vinifera, but Stroiig describes it as a cross between Elsinburg and Bland, which is probably correct. Kaised by Peter Raabe, near Philadelphia; thought to be hardy, but was only moderately vigor- ous, and proved quite unprofitable. Bunches small, compact, rarely shouldered ; berry below medium size, round, dark red, thickly covered with bloom ; flesh very juicy, with scarcely any pulp; flavor saccharine with a good deal of the Catawba aroma ; quality "best."— .■!(;. Int. Rep. Racine. (JSst.) Of similar origin as iN'eos/io, and at first suppo>ed to be the same grape, but afterwards recognized as distinct. We cannot admire either of these two varieties. They are both healthy and hardy, and have a beautiful durable foliage which makes them desirable for arbors, but we find neither of them very productive or desirable in quality. Its wine has a me- dicinal taste and flavor ; the small berries are pulpy and full of seeds. They may be better in quality and sufiBciently productive in some other localities. Raritan. Ricketts" Delaware Seedling No. 1. A cross of Concord and Delaware. Plant moderately vig- orous, hardy, short -jointed ; bunch medium, shoulder- ed, nearly the same form as Delaware ; berry small me- dium, round, black; leaves of medium size, lobed, veined or corrugated ; flesh juicy and vinous ; ri- pens al)out the time of Delaware, and commences to shrivel as soon as ripe. Its originator, J. H. Ricketts, of Newburg, N.Y., claims that this is asuperior wine- grape, its must coming up to 120'^ on Oechsle's scale in 1881, and 7i mille by Twichell's acidometer. In 1871 Ricketts reported to the Am. Pomol. Society, 105° saccharometer, 9;-2 acid ; "of course, too much acid." The vine does not grow vigorously on its own roots, and, according to Ricketts' experience, it grows best when grafteil on the Clinton ; but, according to our experience, the inrigoratimj effect of tlie stock is not of many summers' duration (see Manual, page .57) unless care is taken to prevent the graft from making its own . roots. Bay's Victoria. See Victoria. Rebecca. (Lab.) An accidental seedling, found (1856) in the garden of E. M. Peake, of Hudson, N. Y. It is a very fine white grape, but unfortunately very tender in winter and subject to mildew in summer, of weak growth, deficient foliage, not productive. On south walls, in well protected situations, with dry soil and good culture, it succeeds very well, and produces most deUcious white grapes iu some localities. Bunches medium, compact, not shoulder- ed ; berries medium, obovate ; skin thin, pale green, tinged with yellow or pale amber color at full maturity, covered with a thin white bloom, considerably translucent. Flesh tender, juicy, free from pulp, sweet with a peculiar musky and luscious aroma distinct from any other grape ; seeds small ; leaves of scarcely medium size, very deeply lobed, and sharply serrated. Suited to amateur culture, but, wliea tried on a large scale, iu ordinary vineyard culture, as a hardy profitable grape, great dis- appointment followed and produced a decline in grape-growing. Reliance. Parentage unknown. Exhibited in fall of 1881 by J. G. Burrows, Fishkill, N. Y. Resem- bles Delaware in size and color. Rentz. (Labr.) A Cincinnati seedling, produced by the late Sebastian Rentz, a most successful vintner. Chiimed to be equal, if not superior, to Ives. A large, rather coarse black grape, very vigorous and healthy in vine and foliage, free from mildew, and very produc- tive. Bunch large, compact, often shouldered ; berry large, round, black; flesh rather pulpy and musky, with abundant sweet juice. Ripens earlier than Ives Seedling, but is not good enough to be recommended. Berries drop from stem when ripe. Valuable as a stock for grafting. Roots thick, with a smooth, firm liber, readily pushing young rootlets, of .strong resistance to Phylloxera; canes thick, but not very long, nor ram- bling. Requa. (Rogers' No. 28.) A fine table grape. M. P. Wilder, who had a better opportunity than most men to form an accurate opinion of the merits of these hybrids, described it in the Grape Culturist as follows : " Vine tolerably vigorous and quite productive ; bunch large, shouldered; berry mediunx size, roundish ; skin thin ; flesh tender and sweet with a trace of the native flavor; color bronzy-green, assuming a dull brown rgd at maturity ; season middle of September. A grape of fine quality, but subject to rot in unfavora- seasons." Riesenblatt. (Giant-leaf) A chance seedling of some vEstivalis grape that grows on M. Poeschel's vineyard at Hermann, Mo. The vine is hardy, healthy and productive ; a strong grower, with a truly gigantic leaf. A small quantity of wine made from its grapes by Poeschel & Sherer has a Madeira character resem- bling Hermann ; color dark brown. This variety has not been disseminated, and conse- quently has not been extensively tried outside of Her- mann, Mo. Biesliug or Missouri Riesling (,not Eeissling, as some incorrectly spell it). See Grein's Seed- lings. Page 103. I Bicketts'. DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. Bommel's. 133 Ricketts' Hybrids. Our Index contains a list of the very remarkable seedlings raised by J. H.Ricketts at Newburg, N. Y,, as far as nameil and disseminated by bini. He has given his attention, for nearly twenty years, to raising new varieties by crossing, and by his long-continued, carefully and skillfully conducted labors has produced the most wonderful collection of hybrid grapes, embracing many hundred different sorts, mostly as yet unnamed and designated only by numbers. The American Pomological Society repeat- edly awarded him its " Wilder silver medal." At the Centennial Exhibition, 1870, he was awarded me- dal and diploma with a most flattering report of the judges; and hundreds of premiums, from Horticultu- ral Societies all over the country, have been awarded to Mr. Ricketts for his seedling grapes. There is no question about the beauty or the excel- lence of many of these grapes, and, though some have proved entire failures with us and others, especially in the Mississippi valley, the very fact that he brings for exhibition every year his magnificent specimens is evidence that they can be grown successfully in great perfection. His location may be specially favorable, but there must be other places equally so, where the same care and attention will produce the same splen- did results. The soil of his vineyard is a medium loam, possessing a moderate degree of fertility, facing the east, sloping towards north-east, and sheltered by hills on the west. His vines are not pampered nor covered with glass, as some suppose, but merely laid down without covering for winter, pruned long and cultivated with but ordinary care. We have therefore, no reason to doubt that some of these excellent new varieties will become valuable acquisitions to our finest and most useful grapes, especially those which have the Concord for the pistillate parent, as the Lady Washington, El Dorado, Jefekesox, for the Atlantic and north central States ; and those which are crosses on the Clinton, as the Bacchus and Empire State, for the middle and south central States, usually (though wrongfully) called the " western States." Geo. W. Campbell justly remarks : " While much improved over the purely native varieties and suc- ceeding well in some places — as Mr, Ricketts has abundantly demonstrated — in other and less favored localities they were injured by severe winter-freezing and suffered, in common with many of our natives, by mildew and rot in variable and unfavorable seasons. I have always hoped and believed that some of these remarkable grapes, or their successors, would be found adapted to general cultivation ; and, even if they re- quire a little more careful treatment than our hardiest natives of coarser mould, they are well worth the extra trouble, and their greater value will abundantly pay for it. A judicious selection of soil and situation, and perhaps protection during winter, and care as to train- ing and pruning adapted to the habits of diflerent va- rieties, may be necessary for complete success. Mr. Ricketts claims that his later productions are crosses between hardy natives, leaving out the foreign ele- ment." Rochester. (Labr.) One of Ellwanger & Bar- ry's seedlings. Not having as yet any vines in bearing of this new variety, we give their description of it : " Vine a remarkably vigorous grower ; wood short-jointed and hardy ; foli- age large, yetresenil)les that of Delaware ; the habits of the vine are similar to those of the Diana, and it requires ample room and rather long pruning. Bunch large to very large, shouldered, frequently double -shouldered, very compact; berries medium to large size, round, dark purple or purplish-lilac ; peculiar, with thin white bloom ; tlesh very sweet, vi- nous, rich, and aromatic. Ripens usually the first week in September; has never failed to ripen well in the worst of seasons since it first bore." This description refers, of course, to the locality of Rochester, N. Y., where it was raised. We admired tlie fruit there, and con- sider this variety a valuable addition to the grapes of tlie Labrusea class. Ronaiiiel'si Seedlings*. No person lias been more successful in the production of valuable hardy and healthy seedling-grapes, adapted to general cultiva- tion in a very large section of this country, than Jacob Rommel, of Morrison, Mo. His grapes cannot rival those of Rogers or Ricketts in beauty and in tine qual- ity as a fruit for the table or for family use, but they far surpass them in vigor and productiveness, and are of fair to very good quality, especially for wine and brandy. Those named and disseminated are described in this Catalogue. See Amher, Beavty, Black Dela- ware, Elvira, Etta, Faith, Montefii>re, Pearl, Transparent, Wildini:. But, besides these, lie has raised and fruited for sev- eral seasons quite a large number of seedlings, from which he selects and recommends the following as fully tested and worthy of cultivation and dissemina- tion : (a) Taylor Seedli.m; No. 9— Vine vigorous, healthy and hardy, moderately productive, free from mildew and rot; bunc.i medium, shouldered; berry medium to above medium, round; color black; rii)ens early, before Concord ; quality excellent for a dark red wine. (B) TaylorSeedlino No. 18— Vine vigorous, healthy and hardy, very productive ; bunch medium ; berry above medium, amber color ; quality ex- cellent ; ripens at same time as Catawba. (c) Taylor Seedling No. 16— Vine a moderate grower, but healthy and sufficiently produc- tive; bunch small; berry medium, very firm, of cream color; quality very good ; ripens ear- ly, before Concord. (d) Elvira Seedling No. 5— Vine vigorous, healthy and hardy, very productive ; bunch above medium ; berry medium, straw-color ; ijuality good ; ripens later, soon alter Concord. (e) Elvira Seedling, No. 6— Vine healthy and har- dy, very productive ; bmich medium to large ; berry medium, color yellowish tinctured with red ; of very fine quality. (f) Elvira Seedling No.8— Vine vigorous, healthy and productive ; 6unc/i large ; berry milium; red, transparent, and of good quality ; ripens just after Concord. 13-1 Bofffrs' Hijhr. BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. Bulander. (g) Delaware Seedling No. 3— Vine very healthy, tree from mildew and rot, perfectly hardy ; bunch above medium, very compact; berry very firm, round, above medium in size, black ; quality very good ; promises to be a valuable early market grape, ripening before Hartford. (h) Delaware Seedling No. 4— Vine a moderate grower, quite healthy and hardy ; bunch and berry medium in size ; in color like Delaware ; quality very good ; ripens before Hartford. Rutland. Probably a cross between Eumelan and Adirondac. A new grape originated by D. S. Mar- vin, Watertown, N. Y. Berry and bunch medium, com- pact, not shouldered ; color blue-black ; Heshy, spright- ly, vinous ; skin thin ; very good. — Am. Pomol. Society Reports on New Fruits, 18S1. Rogers' Hybrids. These were produced in a small garden in Roxbury, near Boston, Mass. When first fruited (in 1856), and long afterwards, they were designated by numbers only. Those of Rogers' valuable seedlings to which he has given names in place of num- bers, by which they have hitherto been desig- nated, have been placed, in alphabetical or- der, in their appropriate places,* but there are some remaining numbers yet unnamed which deserve a name. No. 2, One of the largest of all his hy- brids. Bunch and berry very large, dark purple, nearly black ; thick-skinned and somewhat acid (ripening imperfectly with us, from loss of foliage, before maturing its fruit) ; late in ripening, and in flavor somewhat like the Ca- tawba. Vine a vigorous grower and very pro- ductive, but here subject to rot. No. 5. One of the finest of Rogers' hybrids, and deserving to be better known. Bunch me- dium to large, moderately compact ; berries large, round, red, sweet and rich ; free from foxiness, ripens early, and in quality one of the very best. Vine hardy and healthy, hardier and healthier than Salem, which it resembles, but not as strong a grower as some others. No. 8. (Considered by us as one of Rogers' best, and valuable for wine-making purposes. Bunch and berry large ; color pale red, but the fully matured berries a coppery-red with fine light gray bloom ; flesh sweet, juicy, with pleasant flavor, and almost entirely free from pulp. Skin about the same thickness as Ca- tawba. Vine a strong, vigorous grower, with broad, thick and coarse foliage ; hardy and productive. Its fruit is ripening later than most of his other varieties, and its foliage, un- der good culture, less inclined to mildew ; for these reasons it is the more appreciated and largely planted by some experienced wine- growers in Illinois, directly east of St. Louis. No. 30. Light red; bunch and berry very large ; flavor very fine, much like the foreign Chasselas ; pulp very tender. Vine vigorous and healthy. One of the best flavored of all the Rogers' grapes. Ripens early. — Geo. W. Campbell. Roenbeck. {Bybrid.) Parentage unknown. A chance seedling, originated on the grounds of Jas. W. Trask at Bergen Point, N. J. First fruited in 1870. Bunches long, compact, well - shouldered ; berries medium size ; color pale green ; skin thin and trans- parent; fiesh melting and very sweet, no pulp. — Ripens about same time as the Concord. Wood short- jointed and light-colored ; large fruit-buds. Vine hardy and prolific ; fruit needs thinning out, as the vine, like Delaware, has a tendency to overliear. The foliage as well as other characteristics indicate Vinifera parentage, but its roots have, so far, not been attacked by the Phylloxera. Fred. Roenbeck, of Centerville, Hudson Co., N. J., is propagating this variety, to sell after it may have been tried and proven satisfactory. ■ No. 1, Goethe; Xo. 3, Massasoit: Xo. 4, Wilder; Xo. 9, Liudley; No. 14, Gaertner; No. 15, Apawam: No. 19, Merrimac: No. 28, Retiua; No. 39, Aminla; No. 41, Kssex; No, 43, Karrv; No. 44, Herbert; No. 53, Salem. ROGERS' HYBRID. (No. 8.) RiiLimler or St. Genevieve. Syn., Amoureix, Red Ei.ben. {jEst. X) What we call here the Rulander is not the same vine known by that name in Germany, but is claimed to be a seed- ling from a foreign grajie (Pineau) brought by the early Frencli settlers to the western bank Mulander. DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. Salem. 135 of the lower Mississippi (Ste. Genevieve). Others consider it as a native belonging: to the southern division of the ^Estivalis class; and, while we ourselves incline to this view, we must admit that its short-jointed growth, ten- derness, and liability to suffer from diseases and Phylloxera, support the claim of its hav- ing originated from foreign ( Viuifera) seed. Bunch rather small, very compact, slioulder- ed ; berry small, darlv purplish-blacl?, witliout pulp, juicy, sweet and delicious. Vine a strong, vigorous, short -jointed grower, with heart- shaped, light green, smooth leaves, hanging 1 THE SECRETARY GRAPE. on till late in November ; very healthy, but re- quires covering in winter. It has very tough, strong roots, with a firm, smooth liber, but seems nevertheless subject to injury by Phyl- loxera ; wood hard, with a small pith and firm outer bark ; and although it will not bear big crops, it makes up in quality as a wine grape what it may lack in quantity. It makes an excellent pale red or ratlier brownish wine closely resembling sherry, which was repeat- edly awarded a first premium as the best light colored wine. Must 100°-110°. (See also Louisiana, page 118.) St. Catherine. {Lair.) Raised by Jas. W. Clark, Framinghaiu, Mass. Bunch large, rather compact ; berries large, chocolate col- or, rather sweet, tough, foxy. Kot of much value. — Dounihfff. Secretary. Obtained by J. H. Ricketts, Newburgh, X. Y., by crossing the Clinton with Muscat-Hamburg. It was considered the finest new grape at the Massachusetts Horticultural Exhibition of 187'i, and pro- nounced by Downing to be one of Ricketts' best in quality : but, being very much in- chned to mildew, it will remain a superb amateur variety only. Vine vigorotis, hardy ; bunch large, mod- erately compact, shouldered, with a large, roundish-oval berri/, black with handsome bloom ; its peduncle red at the base when drawn from the berry ; flesh juicy, sweet, meaty, slightly vinous. Must 03^' sacchar- ometer ; 7J^ per mille acid. J'oliage like Clinton but thicker, and of about the same size. Salem. (Rogers' No. 53.) Like Agawam (No. 15) and Wilder (No. 4), this is a hybrid between a native (Wild Mammoth), the female, and the Black Hamburg, the male pa- rent. This is the most extensively planted and probably one of the finest among the Rogers hybrids ; it has proven satisfactory where the hybrid grapes succeed, and, under favorable circumstances, produces a fine grape of excellent quality. Bunch full medium to large, compact, and shouldered ; berry large as Ham- burg, I inch in diameter, of a dark chestnut or catawba color; flesh toler- ably tender, sweet, with rich aroma- tic flavor ; a little foxiness to the smell, which is not perceptible to the taste; considered in quality one of the best ; skin ratlier thick ; seed.s large ; ripens nearly as early as Concord ; 136 Salem. BUSHBEEG CATALOGUE. Scuppernong. scuppernong: it also keeps well. Vine very vigorous and healthy ; foliage large, strong, and abundant ; wood of lighter color than most of the Rogers grapes. The roots are of medium thickness, branching, with smooth, firm liber, and have more of the native character thaji most other hybrids ; they seem to resist the Phylloxera as well as most Labrusca varieties. The Salem can be propagated from cuttings with remark- able ease, and its vigor of growth in the shoots has hardly a parallel among hybrids ; it, nev- ertheless, generally fails in the valley of the Mississippi and wherever mildew prevails. The Sale.m grape was originally numbered 22; a spurious sort having been put into mar- ket under that number, it was changed by the originator to No. 53. But this did not help the confusion, and, to make it worse, he was report- ted to describe it once as of black color (Journal of Hort. vol. .5, page 264), and at another time as of chestnut or Catawba color, the latter generally adopted as the color of the true Salem. Scbiller. One of Muench's seedlings of the Louisiana. Vine hardy, a vigorous grower, healthy, and productive. Fruit of a purplish-blue color, but liglit juice ; otherwise quite similar to his Humboldt. Not disseminated. Seneca. Very similar to Hartford, if not identical with it. First exhibited at Hammondsport, N. Y., in October, 1867, by R. Simpson, of Geneva, N. Y. Kot recommended. Scuppernoug-. Syn., Yellow Muscadine, White Muscadine,* Bull, Bullace or Bul- let, RoAXOKE {Vitis Rotundifolia). This is purely and exclusively a southern grape ; in South Carolina, Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and in parts of Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas, it is quite a favorite, producing annually large and sure crops, requiring scarcely any care or labor. It is entirely exempt from mildew, rot, or any of the diseases so disastrous to the northern species — entirely exempt also from Phylloxera ; but it cannot be grown north of the Carolinas, Tennessee, and Arkansas, nor even in Te.xas. ^^--_V G. Onderdonk, whose nurseries are farther / south than any other in the United States, says \^\ about the Scuppernong grape, "we haverepeat- ^ -^edly tried it, and as frequently failed." In California also the Scuppernong refused to respond favorably. There " the vine makes a good growth, blossoms abundantly in June and July without setting a berry, and late in the season the leaves get rusty." — ./. Strenr.el. We are aware that southerners deem it unjust partiality, if not an insult, to say any- thing against their favorite, the Scuppernong^ "a Divine gift," "8enL In the nlglit time of sorrow aud care To bring b.ick tlie Joj' that the South use«l to wear/* Most heartOy wishing that joy be brought back to our afflicted South, we would therefore refrain from any remarks in derogation of this Divine gift, and shall quote none but southern authorities and cultivators of the Scuppernong. P. J. Berckmans, of Georgia : " I could not say too much in praise of the Scuppernong as a wine- grape. Jt is one of tho.se things that never fad. Of course I do not compare it with the Delaware and other fine flarored grapes ; but the question is — where, where shall we find a grape that wUl give us a profit ? We have it in the Scuppernong. It cannot be grown as far north as Norfolk." J. H. Carleton, El Dorado, Ark.: "The fruit is so healthy that it has never been known to make anyone sick, unless he swallowed the hulls, which are very indigestible. I made some Scuppernong wine last year with very little sugar {\}{ lbs. to the gallon must), and although the grapes were not near so ripe as they should have been, it has a fine body, a » « It is called by some the 'lazy man's grape.' I admit the charge, and prize it the more on that account." JohnR.Eakin, Washington, Ark.: "I scarcely know what to say of this nondescript which is called a grape. It is a coarse, tough-skinned berry., with a sweetish, musky flavor. The vine takes care of itself ; does not require and will not suflfer pruning ; bears abundantly and has no diseases. I scarcely think it a grape, but still a most useful fruit sui generis, and I hope will be cultivated by those who have no inclination for the more troublesome, and, I must say, the more exqui- site ' bunch grapes,' as it is the habit of its friends to * The black or purple gi'apes of tliis class are often incorrectly called "Black Soupporuong." Southern hor- ticulturists designate tliem by different names: Flowers, Mish, Thomas, etc. Scvppernong. DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. ScujipernoiKj Hijhr. 137 call the Herbemont, the Catawba, and others. Each to his taste." The Scuppernong grape was d^^^covered by the col- ony of 8u- Walter Raleigh, in 1554, on the Island of Koanoke. N. C, and the original vine is said still to exist there, being over 3ilO years of age. In appear- ance, wood, fruit, and habit, it is entirely distinct, or '■ uiiu/ue " as Mr. Van Buren calls it, saying: " There is a resemblance between the V. Vinifera, Labrusca, -Estivalis, Cordifolia: they will all intermingle, pro- ducing hybrids, but none of them can ever(?) be crossed with the V. Rotundifolia, which blooms two months later than either of the foregoing varieties. The odor of the Scuppernong when ripening is delicious, and en- tirely distinct from the nigger-stink of the Fox-grape family." The growth of the vine, or rather the space over which its branches extend in a series of years, is almost fabulous. The bark of the Scuppernong is smootli, of a grayish-ashy color, variegated with many small, dot-like specks of lighter hue ; the wood is hard, close-te.xtured, firm ; the roots white or creamy. The leaves, before dropping in autumn, become of a bril- liant yellow. Bunch or cluster consisting usually of only about i to (!, rarely more, large, thick-.skinned, pulpy berries; these are ripening in August and September, not all at the same time, but fall off successively, when ripe, by shaking the vine, and they are thus gathered from the ground. Color yellowish, somewhat bronzed when fully ripe. The pulp is sweet, juicy, vinous, with a mu.sky scent and flavor — a delicate perfume to some tastes, repugnant to others. The French wine judges at the Congres held in lST4at Montpellier, pronounced all the Scuppernong wines there "fort peu agreable," some even •' d'un goi\t desagreable." It has, however, its warm advocates among American grape-growers, as will be seen by the following, from a letter of S. I. Matthews, of Monticello, Ark., written for this Cata- logue : '■The Scuppernong makes a splendid white wine; its fruit, though ordinarily deficient in sugar, is very sweet to the taste, owing to its having but very little acid. The saccharine deficiency may also be accounted for, in a measure, by the fact that this grape has been hitherto, for the most part, grown upon arbors, a plan of training that more effectually than any other ex- cludes the sunlight and heat fj'om the fruit, which it is the practice to gather by shaking down from the vines, whereby a considerable proportion of but par- tially ripe fruit is obtained. And yet, according to some tests, the Scuppernong has registered 8.S'' on the (Occhsle) must scale, which would give 9 per cent, of alcohol. '• A. C. Cook, who was quoted in your Catalogue (ed. 1875) as saying that ' the Scuppernong is deficient in both sugar and acid, as it rates at about 10 percent, of the first and 4 mills of the latter,' wishes to correct this, as he found since that time its saccharine proper- ties to range occasionally as high as 18 per cent., and now thinks ' the Scuppernong is einphaticnlly the (jrape for the South.' Its juice is capable of being converted into the finest of Muscatelle sweet wines, or in supe- rior light dry wines." Mr. Matthews writes: "When it shall be planted on dry south hill-sides instead of on low moist bot- toms ; when it shall be trained on trellises, where the sun-heat, both direct and reflected from the ground, shall batlie the fruit and foliage, instead of upon tall umbrageiius arbors through which the sun's rays can scarcely penetrate ; and when onlj' the perfectly ripe fruit shall be carefully hand-picked, instead of being rudely shaken and all berries that will tall gathered and pressed together, there will be little, if any, lack of sugar." " But, even admitting this deficiency, it is the only demerit of this variety, and can be remedied either by adding pure sugar to the must, or by evaporating the water from a portion of the must and adding so much of the resulting syrup to the other as is needed to bring it up to the proper standard. Jloreover, the true Scuppernong is the most productive and reliable grape for the south, and its cultivators plant therefore ■mainly of the Scuppernong and its class (the Thom.'IS, FiowEEs, MisH, Tekdekpulp), and of other grapes only a few, for variety or as an experiment." Mr. Van Buren was evidentlj' mistaken in suppos- ing that Rotundifolia could not be hybridized with any of the other species, as the experiments of Dr. Wy- lie, of South Carolina, have proved. And it is an- other, though an oft repeated mistake, that the Scup- pernong will not unite with grafts of other species. Tfc is true that the Rotundifolia, imported to Southern France as a grafting-stock, on account of its phyllox- era-free roots, did not succeed there ; but several at- tempts to graft French vines on the Scuppernong (also on rertdcr^j?!?/) and rAom as) were successful. The union may not be quite as perfect nor of as long durability as in other species with more atHnity ; but the legend of the anti-union character is dispelled— as many other viticultural and political legends. Scuppernong: Hybrids. (Sec Willie's Seedlings.) At tlic meeting of the Am. Pom. Society held in Balti- more, 1877, Dr. A. P. Wylie exhibited his remarkable hybrids for the last time before his death ; among them, the fruit committee — consisting of Chas. Down- ing of N.Y., Robert Manning of Mass., Dr. John A. Warder of 0., Josiah Iloopes of Pa., P. J. Berckmans of Georgia, &c. — noticed "a most promising and pro- lific Scuppernong -hyhr'ul (No. 4), from whose seedlings valuable results may derive." Its originator. Dr. A. P. Wylie, Chester, S. C, made of same the following note, Aug. 10, 1877 : "Prolific Scuppernong Hybrid No. 4. Grows in pipe-clay soil. Wood peculiarly slender, bears in clus- ters at each of itsjoints, never rots or mildews. Bunches medium, compact; produced in wonderful profusion ; berry round, greenish -white, pulp half- dissolving ; much juice, sprightly vinous with a peculiar musky aroma, unlike the .S'CH^)7)er«on^,- quality good. Matu- rity middle of August." Solonis. A peculiar form of Riparia, somewhat distinguished from the ordinary form by the longer, sharply incised teeth of its foliage. Its home is proba- bly in Arkansas ; it is not and never was known or cultivated in this country, but is highly esteemed in France as an excellent grafting-stock for the reconsti- tution of their phylloxera-destroyed vineyards. (See the foot note on page IS.) Of late it seems much sub- ject to that French rot, the anthracnose. It is mainly adapted for a moist sandy soil. 138 Senasqua. BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. Taylor. Senasqua. A hybrid raised by Stephen Underhill, C'roton Point, N. Y., from Concord and Black Prince. Seed was planted in 1863 and the vine bore its first fruit 1865. Bunch and berry varying from medium to large ; the bunch is very compact, so much so as to cause the berries to crack ; color black with blue bloom; quality best. The fruit has the peculiar tleshy character of certain foreign grapes, with a brisk, vinous flavor. The vine is vigorous and productive in rich soil ; moderately hardy. It is one of the latest to open its buds in spring, and thereby less subject to injury from late frosts ; it nevertheless ripens early enough (here a few days later than Concord). The leaf is very large and firm, and shows no trace of foreign origin, except when it ripens, at which time, instead of the yellow of the Con- cord it takes on the crimson color of the mature leaf of the Black Prince. With us, at Bushberg, it did not suc- ceed so well, and is not near as desira- ble as Underbill's other grapes, the Black Eagle and Black Defiance. Clay soil is not the best for Senasqua; it requires a light, deep soil. The origi- nator himself does not recommend the Senasqua as a profitable grape for market purposes, but only as a fine and valuable amateur fruit. As such it is of first rank, "of the highest quality to those who appreciate life and brilliancy in a grape." In France (Drome and Lot-et-Garonne) this variety is considered one of the most recommendable of American Hybrids, provided it be planted in the right soil and that it continues to resist the Phylloxera. We give in annexed figure, the likeness of a medium-sized cluster. Sharon. A fine new grape, originated with D. S. Marvin, Watertown, N. Y. Probably also a cross be- tween Eumelan and Adirondac. 8aid to be unsur- passed for a table-grape. Not yet disseminated nor known outside of its originator's place. Silver-DaMTii. (Hybr.) A seedling of Israella fertilized by pollen of JIuscat-Haraburg, a brother of the Early Dawn out of the same bunch raised by Dr. "W. A. M. Culbert, Newburgh, N. Y. A fine white grape of best quality ; vine hardy and vigorQUS. Not disseminated. Stelton. (Rybr.) Raised by Thompson, of New Brunswick, and referred to in Gardeners' Monthly of Nov., 1SS2, as one of the many late brilliant appear- ances in the viticultural sky. The bunches are about eight inches long, well-shouldered, rather loose; ber- ries white, about the size ol Croton, and " not hard to SEXASQUA. take"; in flavorcomparing favorably willi Lady Wash- ington. We have never seen it. Xaliiiaii's Seedlings, or Tolinaii, Syn : Cu.vM- pioN. (Labr.) Grown in Western New York, as an early market grape. Bunch medium to large, com- pact, shouldered ; berry large, black, adliores to the stem. Skin thick and firm; fiesh sweet, juicy, some- what pulpy, with foxy fiavor; vine a very rank vigor- ous grower, perfectly hardy and healtliy, and very productive ; .said to ripen a week earlier than Hart- ford ; quality not good. The same variety was sent out under the name of- Champion," as a new variety, but the two are identical. (See Champion, page 82.) Taylor or Biillit, often called Taylor's Bullit. {Riparia, accidentally crossed with Labr.) The often continuous tendrils, or rather irregular alternation of inoi-e than two leaves with tendrils, with often only a third or fourth leaf without such a ten- dril — further, the more prominent Labrusca character in many of the Taylor seedlings — make it almost cer- tain that the Taylor is a cross between Riparia and Labrusca. This old variety was first introduced to Taylor. DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. Ti'insparent. 139 notice by Judge Taylor, of Jericho, Henry County, Ky. It is generally considered very unproductive ; it seems tl>at the vines require age, and spur pruning on old wood, to make them produce well. Samuel Miller suggests to plant the Clinton among Taylor to fertihze them, but we lind the benefits resulting from this system also in- sufficient to balance its many inconveniences ; and yet we have seen Taylor vines grown by themselves on the "Souche" plan (trained in the shape of a small weeping-willow tree, al- lowing the canes to grow from tlie short top of tlie main trunk, spur pruning in winter hut not suppressing the growth by summer pruning) produce from 5 to 10 lbs. per vine. The bunches are small but compact, and sometimes shoul- dered ; berri/ small, white to pale amber, turn- ing even to pale red, like Delaware when per- fectly ripe, round, sweet and without pulp. Skin translucent, very thin but tough. Vine a very strong, rampant grower, healthy and very hardy. It is now largely and most success- fully used, in France, as grafting-stock for Eu- ropean vines, as a protection against the phyl- loxera ; lately also in California. The Duchess of Fitz-James has 200 hectares (about 500 acres) in Taylor grafted with different varieties, all doing well. In some clayish limestone soils it seems not to do as well as in sandy clay, and especially in cool, moist grounds. Eootx com- paratively few, wiry and very tough, with a thin, hard liber. The young spongioles will push as rapidly as the Phylloxera can destroy them ; hence this variety possesses great power of resistance to the insect. Its wine is of good body and fine flavor, reseml)ling the celebrated Riesling of the Rhine. Some very valuable and promising seedlings of the Tay- lor are now introduced. See Elvira, Noah, OrcMs (folden, Amber, Pearl, Tranaj)areni, Monlefiorn, Missouri Riesling, Uhland, &c. Tclegnii))!. (Lahr.) A seedling raised by a Mr. Christine, near Westchester, Chester Co., Pa., named and introduced about 1865 by P. R. Freas, editor of the Germantown Telegraph (then one of the best agricultural papers in the East). An attempt was afterwards made to change its name to Christine, but did not prevail. Sam. Miller, of Blufi'ton, once con- sidered it one of the most promising of all the new EARLY grapes, and we still consider it as far better than Hartford Prolific. Bunch medium, very compact, shouldered; berry medium, round to oval, black with blue bloom; flesh juicy, with verj' little pulp, spicy and of good quality ; ripens almost as early as Hartford Prolific. A constant and reliable bearer, but often lost by rot, especially in the southwest ; and when the rot spares our crop, the birds destroy it in preference to other varieties ripening at same time. Vine a healthy, vigorous grower in rich soil, and very hardy. Deserves more extensive planting in northern States, where rot is less destructive. Boots very abundant, heavy, with tliick but rather firm liber. Canes stout, of average length, crooked at the joint, with the usual number of laterals. Wood hard with medium pith. Xlieodosia. A chance seedling in the grounds of E. S. Salisbury, Adams, X. Y., said to be an ^Estivalls. According to Mr. S. the bunch is very compact ; berries black, in size between Delaware and Creveling, quite tart, very early, and claimed to be a good wine grape. But at a grape test held at Hammondsport, October 12, 1870, the report showed for Theodosla the lowest amount of sugar, 63)^° by Oechsle's scale, with over 11 per mill. acid. Thomas. (Rotund.) A variety of the. S'cup/^ernonj species, discovered and introduced by Drury Thomas, of South Carolina, and thus described: "In color it varies from reddish purple 1o deep black ; has a thin skin ; sweet and tender flesh ; is less in size than the Scuppernong, makes a fine wine, and is superior for the table. Ripens with tlie Scuppernong." Berckmans, of Augusta, Ga., describes it as follows: "Bunches from six to ten berries ; berries slightly oblong, large, of a slight violet color, quite transparent; pulp tender, sweet, of a peculiar vinous Havor, (piality superior to any of the type. Maturity middle to end of August. Has but little musky aroma and makes a stipcrior red wine. A spurious variety is sold under the name of Thomas ; this is inferior in quality and produces a deep black colored fruit of no merit whatever." To-Kaloii. Syn.: Wyman. Spofford Sdlg., C.A.K- Ti'E. (Lnhr.) Originated at Lansingburg, N. Y., by Ur. Spolford, and was at first supposed to be identical with the Catawba. C. Downing showed that it was entirely distinct and at first highly recommended it for general cultivation, but soon afterwards found that it drops its fruit, is inclined to rot, does not ripen well, and mildews badly, and so stated ; admitting, liow- ever, that " this grape is very fine, when you can get it." Bunch medium to large, shouldered, compact ; berries varying in form from oval to oblate, nearly black in color, and jirofusely covered with bloom ; flesh sweet, buttery and luscious, without foxiness in its aroma and with but little toughness or acidity in its pulp. An early but a shy bearer. Transparent. One of Rommel's Taylor Seed- lings. Bunch small, compact and shouldered. Berry same size as Taylor, round, pale, green- ish-yellow, transjxu-ent, gray spotted ; skin thin, no pulp, very juicy, sweet and of fine flavor. Vine a very strong, rather long-jointed grower, resembling its parent iu leaf and growth, but sets its fruit well ; supposed to be free from mildew and rot, and promises to become a wine-grape of high character. 140 Trinmph. BUSH BERG CATALOGUE. Triumph. Triumph. DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. I'nn. ^Al Triumph. (Campbell's Concord Hybrid No. •6.) Was justly pronounced by Samuel Miller, to whom Campbell confided this new variety for testing and propagation in Missouri, as the most 2^romising of all the tch it e grapes. It is a cross between Concord and Chasselas Musque. (Syu., Joslyn's St. Albans.) It has retained, the vigor and general habit of foliage and growth of its parent; its fruit, however, is wholly free from any vestige of coarseness or fox flavor, or smell. Bunch and berry are very large; color white, or, more correctly, pale green to golden -yellow, nearly transparent with delicate bloom ; skin thin, no pulp ; flesh sweet, meaty; in unfavorable weather the berries are apt to crack (like Elvira) ; small seeds and few of them ; ripens later than Con- cord, nearly as late as Catawba, and on that account not recommended for tlie North or for any locality where the season is too short to ripen the Catawba or Herbemout, but the more valuable farther South ; quality first rate ; vine healthy and hardy, very productive and free from disease, showing no rot when even Concord rotted more or less. Unfortu- nately the vines of this variety proved some- what tender with us, suffering during severe winters if left unprotected. In tlie favorable season of 1880 the "Triumish" fully justified its name in our vineyards ; it is by far the most attractive of all our white table grapes. Its bunches, grown by us in oj^en air, with ordi- nary vineyard culture, are very heavy, and those exhibited at the great Miss. Valley Fruit Exhibition, held in Sept. ISSO, at the St. Louis Merchants' Exchange, were so much admired as to be honored with the prenuum for " the best plate of grapes for the table," and there were over 200 varieties on exhibition ! This created such a demand for plants of this splendid variety that it was impossible for several seasons to fill the orders. Samuel Miller, of Bluffton, Mo., writes that it is the finest table g'rape we have for open air cultiva- tion, and his vines of " Triumph " stood the hard winter 1880-81 without injury. Yet we cannot recommend it for general cultivation in niir variable climate, but only for those who will give it proper care and attention. We know of no grape more worthy of it than the " Triumph." P. J. Berckm.ans, Augusta, Ga., writes us: " Triumph is truly well named ; for four years past it has proven to be the handsomest white grape we have, and of very good quality." T. V. Munson, of Denison, Texas, pronounces it a great acquisition to the grapes of the south. "Had bunches weighing one-and-a-half pounds each, fine as Golden Chasselas in qual- ity, vigorous and productive." One of these bunches was drawn from nature and painted by his sister. Miss M. T. Munson, an excel- lent amateur artist, and kindly presented to us. The annexed illustration is an exact copy, slightly reduced in size, showing also partly two leaves, one upper and the other lower face. But, excellent as the engraving is (which we had made for this Catalogue in the celebrated art estalilishment of A. Blanc, at Philadelphia), it can give but a faint idea of the beauty of this most beautiful American grape. The Triumph has lately also been tested in France ; it succeeds there and pleases very much, while the Concord, one of its parents, does not succeed at all, and displeases the French taste. T. V. Munsou has a number of yenrling hybrids between Triumjjh and Iferbeniont, of which he expects to get something fine for the south. Uhland. (Riparia X) A seedling of Taylor, grown by William Weidomeyer at Hermann, Mo. Vine a strong grower ; long-jointed, gray- ish wood, with foliage resembling Tayli.r. but less vigorous ; in some seasons of defective in- florescence, in others abundantly productive of excellent fruit, richer in sugar and flavor than most other Taylor peedlings, thus making a superior wine ; but also considered more delicate, less robust, and requiring better soil and culture to obtain best results. Hunch medium, compact, sometimes shouldered ; berry medium, slightly oblong, greenish-yel- low in the shade, pale amber in the sun ; skin thin, almost transparent, i)ulp tender, juicy, very sweet, of flne flavor. Ripens a few days after Concord. Ulster Prolific. {Labr. X) A new grape, origin- ated by A. .T . Caywood, of Marlboro, Ulster Co., N. Y.. which attracted a great deal of attention at the meet- ing of the Am. Pomol. Society just held (Sept. 1883) at Philadelphia. The one branch there exhibited held fifty bunches and weighed twenty-two pounds. We received no description from the originator, and he does not offer any plants for sale. Una. {Labr.) A white seedling, raiseil by E. W. Bull, the originator of the Concord. Not as good nor as productive as Martha. Bunch and berri/ small, of a very foxy flavor ; not desirable. But the more desirable is the irno or .Tuna, anew grape which Geo. W. Camp- bell has just favored us with. It is not yet to be sent out, and we do not know whether we are permitted to say more than, th.at "it is really unii/ue, richer in sweetness and better than any grape i/ou know"; and that it seems to us a most valuable addition to our fine table grapesanda tiew tiuimi'U for friend Campbell. 142 UnderhiU. BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. Vergennes. UnderhiU. Syn: Undeehill's Seedling, Un- derhill's Celestial. (Labr.) Originated at Charl- ton, Saratoga Co., N. Y., by Dr. A. K. Underbill ; pro- nounced as " of no more value tban many other Fox- grapes '' by Fuller, but considered by G. W. Camp- bell to be "of more value than the lona for general cultivation." Now discarded by him also. Bunch medium to large, moderately compact ; berries full medium, round, of Catawlja color; pulp tender, sweet, rich and vinous, slightly fo.vy ; ripens early, about with the Concord ; vine a strong grower, hardy, healthy and productive. Not recommended by us. Union Village. Syn., Shaker, Ontario. {Labr.) Originated among- the Shakers at Un- ion Village, O. One of the largest of the native grapes we have, and one of the strongest grow- ing vines. It is said to be a seedling of the Isabella, scarcely better in quality, but the buuclies and berries are of the size of the Black Haniburgs. Bunches large, compact, shoulder- ed ; berries very large, black, oblong; skin thin, covered with bloom ; flesh quite sweet when fully ripe, and of tolerably good quality. Ripens late and unevenly. Should be used as parent for new varieties in preference to Isa- bella. Vine is a coarse grower but tender; requires protection in severe winters ; often unhealthy. Urbana. (Labr.) i?(mc/i medium, .short, shoulder- ed ; birry medium to large, round, white-yellowish in the sun, .juicy, vinous acid, hard centre, aromatic skin. Ripens about with Isabella. — Downing. Vergennes. {Labr.) A chance seedling, originat- ed in the garden of Wm. E. Green, Vergennes, Vt.; fruited for the first time in 1874. Cluaters large ; berries large, round, hold- ing flrmly to the stem ; color light amber, covered with a beautiful bloom ; flavor rich, free from hard pulp ; ripening vcrij early and possessing superior keeping qualities. A most promising New England grape. General Wm. H. Noble gives the following recom- mendation to the Ver- gennes: — "For hardiness, vigor of growth, large bounteous fruitage, a fruit of richest tint of blended pink and purple bloom ; for its yield of wine with the most delicate aroma; for its early maturity of wood and fruit ; for its long-keeping quality, I think this the equal of any American grape yet grown." The Vergennes grape was exhibited at various horticultural meetings in Dec. and Jan., 1S80 and 1881, and was yet in good condition and highly com- mended as possessing valu- able qualities, an excellent keeper, and well worthy of further attention. THE VERGENNES GRAPE. Venango. DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. mute. 14a This variety is, so far, untried and unknown in tlie West. It seems worthy of a trial, as it is very early, of good quality ; the vine, a hardy, strong grower ; the leaf large, downy, and free from mildew. The accompanying engraving is a true copy from a photograph of a medium sized bunch. Veuaugfo, or Minor's Seedling. (Labr.) An old variety, said to have been cultivated by the French at Fort Venango, on Alleghany river, more than 80 years since, but should be discarded now, when so many superior grapes can be grown. Bunch medium, compact ; berries medium, round, often flattened by their compactness ; color pale red, a fine white bloom ; slcin thiclv and tough ; flesh sweet but piulpy and foxy. Vine a vigorous grower, very hardy, healthy and pro- ductive. Vialla. {Rip.) A Franco-American variety, recommended as a grafting-stock ; resembles the Franklin, and is by some supposed to be the same variety ; others contend that it is dis- tinct from and superior to Franklin, as also to C'iinfon- Vialla, the foliage of which is smaller, not as dark green, and that the Vialla produces more and better fruit. We incline to ascribe these diflferences to the effects of location, soil, &c. The president of the Agricultural Society of the Herault, in whose honor M. Laliman gave it that (his) name, does by no means claim the Vialla nor the Clinton- Vialla as his pro- ductions. Victor. See Early Victor. Victoria, Ray's. [Labr.) This variety has been introduced (1872) by M. M. Samuels, of Clinton, Ky., who describes it as follows : -Bunches and berries me- dium size, round, light amber color; skin thin ; pulp tender, sweet, and highly flavored ; vine perfectly healthy, an abundant bearer, and a good but not ram- pant grower." This grape has now been tested for a number of years in different parts of the south, and has, even under adverse circumstances, been free from both mildew and rot ; it ripens there about the mid- dle of August, and has been pronounced by some an excellent table grape, making also a good wine. It resembles Venango, and belongs to the same form of Labrusca as that variety and Perkins. Vivie's Hybrid, produced by M. Vivie in France, and by some called Vivie's Hartford ; said to be of very vigorous growth, very productive, and its grape of good quality, making a very good wine. VVarrcu. See Herbemont. Watertown. (Hybr,.) Originated at Watertown, N. Y., by D. S. Marvin ; a very good new white grape, of medium size in bunch and berry ; slightly oblong ; flesh breaking, sweet. — Am. Pom. Socictij Report, 1881. ■Waverley. (Hi/br.) One of Ricketts' first efforts in the production of seedling grapes ; he has fruited it for twelve years, but has not propagated it, and now offers only grafts of same, wishing it tried in different localities. It is a seedling of the Clinton and one of the Muscats. Vine very vigorous, hardy, healthy and very productive ; leaves moderately large, rather thick, slightly lobed, coarsely serrated ; wood short-jointed ; bunch medium, long, shouldered, compact; berry me- dium to large, oval, black with thin blue bloom ; flesh crisp, juicy, sweet, vinous, refreshing. The bunches want thinning out consideraldy. Ricketts considers it one of the best black grapes for amateur and family use. Weetaawkeu. Raised by Dr. Charles Siedhof, of North Hoboken, N. J., from a seed of a grape from the Crimea, V. Vinifera. A white grape of fine quality. Its foliage is very handsome, and decidedly foreign in character ; its fruit fine ; but only by grafting it on native roots, and careful nursing and covering in win- ter, can we obtain some of it in favorable seasons. Welcome. (Vinifera Hybrid.) An exotic grape, raised by James H. Ricketts, being a cross between Pope's Hamburg and Canon Hall-Muscat. Here it can be grown in a cold or hot grapery only ; for southern California, however, it may prove very successful. A vine planted at San Saba for testing sliows a very vig- orous growth, and the fruit is pronounced the very best ; the bunch large, compact ; the berry large, round- ish-oval, black with a thick grayish bloom ; flesh very tender, juicy, sweet, refreshing, vinous, rich, aroma- tic. A first-class grape in every respect. It'liite Dela«rare. A pure Delaware seedling, originated with George W. Campbell, of Delaware, O. The vine is in some localities more vigorous and ro- bust in habit than the Delaware under the same condi- tions and circumstances ; its foliage is large, thick and heavy, resembling that of Catawba more than Dela- ware. In flavor it seems equal to the old Delaware. Its main fault is want of size and productiveness; the berries and bwiclies will both rather fall .below than go above the size of Delaware. In /or»! of bunch and berry it is like the Delaware, compact and shouldered ; color greenish-white with thin white Ijloom. Ripeus early. Not verj' productive. Another "Wliite Delaware" seedliiighas been raised by Herman .Taeger, of Neosho ; while the bunch and berries closely resemble the Delaware in shape and size, it has otherwise every characteristic of a iafcntsca. 'n-hitehall. (Labr.) An early black grape, sup- posed to be a chance seedling, originated on the grounds of Geo. Goodale, in Washington Co., N. Y., and said to be nearly three weeks ahead of tlie Hart- ford Prolific. Merrell & Coleman, who have intro- duced this grape, describe the fruit to be of the size of the Isabella ; bunch large and moderately compact, color dark purple ; berries thin-skinned and adhering well to the stem ; pulp tender, melting, and sweet. The vine is a good grower and hardy. This variety may be worthy the attention of grape- growers in search of very early sorts. With us, here, it has proved neither very productive nor as early as was claimed for it. White Muscat of Newburg. (Labr. X) A seed- ling of Hartford Prolijic fertilized by pollen from lona, raised and exhibited in 1877 by Dr. W. A.M. Culbert, Newburg, N. Y. Vine hardy and a vigorous grower ; bunch and berry of fair size. It has a fine Muscat aro- ma, or, rather, a toned-down foxiness. 144 Walter. BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. Walter. THE WALTER GRAPE. Walter. DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. Woodriver. 145 Walter. (Labr. X) Raised by that enthusi- astic horticulturist, A. J. Caywood, of Pough- keepsie, N. Y., crossing- the Delaware with the Diana. From tlie many premiums awarded to this grape, from the favorable reports by all who have seen or tested it for wine, it might well claim to be a flrst-class grape, and to merit a trial. It labors yet under the disad- vantage of having been represented as the cli- max of perfection by its originator. In justice to the latter, however, it must be admitted that he honestly believed all he claimed for his seedling, and has distributed the same with a liberality and a disinterestedness scarcely ever equaled by any originator of a new va- riety. It is now growing in almost every soil and location of this Union, and the opinions on its true merits and adaptability for general cultivation widely differ according to localities. In those where vines are much subject to mil- dew, the Walter cannot flourish, it drops its foliage, and is far from desirable ; but in favor- able localities, espeiialltj where, the Delaware succeeds well, there the Walter may also prove desirable — a fair grower and a good bearer. Even in less favored localities it proved healthy and gave, for a few seasons, splendid results when grown on Concord or other vigorous roots, while on its own roots it failed. In general appearance the characters of both parents, the Diana and Delaware, are discerni- ble. The bunch and berry are in shape and color similar to Delaware, somewhat larger in size. The illustration was made after a perfet bunch, rarely equaled, exhibited by the origin- ator. Flesh tender, rich, and sweet, with an agreeable spicy flavor, strongly reminding one of the Diana. The fruit is possessed of a most exquisite and delicate aroma, and a bouquet equaled by no other American grape that we know of. Quality best, both for table and for wine. Ripens very early, about the same time as Delaware. Vine, in moderately rich sandy soil, where free from mildew, a very fair grow- er, with dark brown short-jointed wood ; large tough leaves, green on tlie upper and lower surface, not perceptibly woolly. Must 99° to 105° ; acid 5 to 8 per mill. Wilding. {Rip. X Labr.) One of Rommel's new seedlings, quite different from all his other grapes. Vine of a vigorous growth, hardy and healthy ; bunch small to medium in size, loose, shouldered ; berries very pale green, almost white, transparent, round, of full mediuzn size, juicy, very sweet, no pulp ; skin very thin and tender. Ripens with Concord. It is an exqui- site grape for family use, yet unfit for market- ing; it makes a very good wine. 'Willis. Claimed to be from Delaware seed by its originator. W. W. .Tones, Camargo, Ills., who sent this new grape to the 13th Ann. Meeting of the Ohio State Hortitul. Society, Dec. 187n. The bunches of fair to good size, very compact, often conspicuously shoul- dered, and the Iierrii of full medium proportions, round, and from pale green to am))er yellow ; flavor good ; flesh very tender, no pulp, rich and sweet. It was con- sidered ]iromising, though as yet nothing is known, experimentally, of its behavior as to growth and pro- ductiveness in different soils. On the fruit farm of the originator it has now yield- ed the tenth crop without rot or mildew, and went through the severe winter of 188(>-81 unprotected ; and in September, 1881, Prof. T. J. Burrill testified that not the least appearance of injury could be found. He de- scribed the Willis, as there seen : " of vigorous growth, not so rampant as Concord but producing about an equal amount of fruit ; wood hard, joints inclined to be short; leaves remarkably thick and leathery, with a dense, dark-colored tomentum beneath. The vine has nothing of the appearance of foreign parentage — the fruit certainly has.'' WilniingtonC?). A white grape, originated near Wilmington, Del. Vine very vigorous, hardy ; bimches large, loose, shouldered ; berries large, round inclining to oval, greenish- white, or, when fully ripe, yellowish ; flesh acid, pungent. Not desirable at the north ; maj' be better south. Ripens late. — Downing. 'Wllniing'toa, Red. Syn., 'Wyoming, red. (La- brusca.) Raised and disseminated by Dr. S. ,T. I'arker, Ithaca, N. Y., and, according to Fuller, ' nothing more than an early red Fox-grape, but little better than the old Northern Muscadine." Tlie Horticultu- rist, of Nov. 1874, speaks of the Wyoming Red (probably the more correct name of Dr. Parker's red Fox-grape seedling) as being rapidly difl'used and much in de- mand there as an early profitable grape. Said to be double the size of Delaware, which it resembles in ap- pearance. Bunch small, compact, and liandsome. Berry small to medium, bright red ; skin thin and firm; flesh sweet, a little foxy, but not enough to be objec- tionable. Vine good grower, and very healthy and hardy. Unknown in the west. Winsloiv. i^p.) Originated in the garden of Charles Winslow, Cleveland, 0. The vine resembles Clinton, is hardy and productive ; the fruit matures very early, and is less acid than Clinton ; bunch medi- um, compact; berry small, round, black. Flesh red- dish tinge, some pulp, vinous, juicj'. — Downing. 'Woodriver Grape. Said to have originated near Woodriver, in Washington Co., R. I., by Mr. Brown. (See letter of Chas. A.Hoxie, Carolina, R. I., Sept, 13, 1880.) White, very early, fine quality. Woodruff's Bed. (Labr. X) Originated with C. H.Woodruff", Ann Arbor, Mich., in 1874; a chance seedling, supposed to be a cross between Catawba and Concord. Ripens a little ahead of Concord. Vine a very strong grower, healthy and hardy ; leaf as large as that of any known variety!'?), leathery ; free from disease in its original location ; but little tried outside ; bunch large, shouldered ; berry In color and size similar to Salem. Said to be very promising. 146 Wilder. BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. Wilder. WILDER. (Rogers' Hybrid No. 4.) Wilder. (Rogers' Hybrid No. 4.) This is one of tlie most profitable and popular varieties for the marltet, its size and beauty being equaled by its vigor, hardiness and productiveness, — where rot and mildew are yet unknown, and admit of the successful culture of any hy- brids. Bunch large, often shouldered, sometimes weighing a pound ; berry l&r^e, globular ; color dark purple, nearly black, slight bloom. Flesh tolerably tender, with a slight pulp, juicy, rich, pleasant and sweet. Ripens with and some- times earlier than the Concord, keeping for a long time. The vine is vigorous, healthy, hardy and productive; roots abundant, of medium thickness, straight, with a smooth, moderately firm liber. Canes heavy and long, with well- developed laterals. Wood firm, with a me- dium pith. The character of the cluster and leaf is shown in the annexed figure. Many seedlings of the Wilder were raised and exhibited in 1879 by Hulkerson & Co., Oriel, Mich., which showed considerable vari- ation in size and color of berries, ranging from deep blue-black to red; but none were consid- ered improvements upon the parent. Warden. DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. ll'i/h'e's Seedlings. 147 Worden. 8yn.,WoRDEN's Seedling. {Lab--.) Raised by 8. Worden, Minetta, N. Y., from Concord seed. In character and appearance like its parent, only a few days earlier in ripen- ing, and in quality distinct from Concord, with a peculiar flavor; bunch large, shouldered; berry large, black ; skin thin, flesh sweet, much like Concord, but generally regarded as a better grape. It is doing poorly in the south, but desirable in the north-eastern or north At- lantic States, where it seems less subject to rot than the Concord. It is now increasing in popularity. (See Concord, p. 83.) AVylie's IVeTw Grapes. " Too much can scarcely be said in praise of Ur. Wylie's persevering ett'orts in the improvement of the grape." — P. J . Bcrckmans, Chas. Downing, Thomas lleehan, W. C. Flugg, P. T. Quinn, Committee on Kative Fruits, of the Am. Pom. Society. (Proceedings ISTl, p. 54.) This testimony, and the excellent character of these liybrids as regards flavor and general appearance, enti- tle them to special attention, and, although they have not been sufficiently tested, we give them a place in our Catalogue ; most of them may never be dis- seminated, as their originator died in the fall of 1877. Few persons can appreciate the immense labor and perseverance which his experiments have cost. As early as 1859 he had raised many seedlings of Delaware and foreign ; all have proven failures. Other hy- brids which he produced by crossing Catawba, Isa- bella, Halifax, Union Village, Lenoir, Herbemont, with foreign, have nearly all failed — most of them from mildew and rot. In 18G3 he had over one liundred promising seedlings; gave Rob't Guthrie, of York ( 0., S. C, about 65, mostly hybrids of Halifax and Delaware. These flourished, and never missed a full crop ; but during the war, owing to the quartering of troops adjoining his lot, his vines were ruined. Thus thi-re exist now butafewof thosei/aZ7/a.rand Delaware hybrids, saved again by Mr. Guthrie. In 181)8 Dr. Wylie planted again one hundred seed- lings, and, after many failures to produce seedlings of liybrid Scuppernongs, he finally succeeded ; but, ow- ing to a little hot-house being over-heated, he again lost nearly all of them. He commenced anew with his experiments and had hundreds of new seedlings grow- ing, when they were cut down by a severe frost on the 27th of April, 1872 — a frost which killed all kinds of grape-vines in that section. Again, in November, 1873, his residence was burned (no insurance), and con- sequently he had to leave his place to depredations from broken feiJCes, &c. But it was soon rebuUt, and Dr. Wylie went back again to his old place, experi- menting and working with the same zeal and enthu- siasm as ever, wishing ''if I were only young again — with the experience I have!" We extract the following Description of some of his Hybrids from Mr. Wylie's letters to us : Jane "IVylic. (Parentage, Clinton and Foreign.) Bunch and berry very large ; berries nearlj^ one inch in diameter ; quality best, resembling foreign in tex- ture and flavor; ripens early and hangs long ; might require winter covering in your climate and farther north. Mary W^ylle. (Hybr.) (Parentage, Clinton and Foreign.) (Red Frontignac) White, slightly red on cheek ; resembles White Chasselas; hunch large ■ berries above medium; not as early as .lane Wylie; wood and foliage native ; seems quite hardy, and is of highest quality. No. 4. A cross between two hybrids. Bunch somewhat larger than Lenoir; ien-;/ medium, of a clear transparent golden color ; finest texture and flavor, resembling White Frontignac ; ripens as early as Concord; native foliage, but ahead of all Ameri- can grapes in quality ; considered of the highest e.x- cellence by Downing, Saunders, Meehan, and others. IVo. 5. (See "Berckmans," page 7.').) Garnet. (Red Frontignac and Clinton.) Bunch axiA ftern/ larger than Clinton; of a beautiful deep garnet color ; flavor and texture foreign, but native foliage. Concord and Foreign (Bowood Muscat) No. 8. — Black; hunch and berries very large and loose ; skin thick ; texture foreign ; flavor slightly musky. A strong grower, with large Labrusca foliage. Ripens as late as Catawba. Halifax and Hamburg No. 11. Black ; Sujic/iand berry medium size ; skin thick ; only valuable on ac- count of its extreme productiveness and health; has never rotted in ten years. Peter Wylte No. 1. (Parentage,/. Halifax and For- eign, 7n. Delaware and Foreign.) White; transpa- rent, becoming golden-yellow when fully ripe; hunch- es and berries above medium size, between Delaware and Concord, excellent in quality and meaty, with a peculiar delicate Muscat flavor. A vigorous, short- jointed, rapid- growing vine, with thick native leaves ; holds its leaves until fall and ripens its wood thoroughly. (Also Peter Wylie No. i, produced from seed of P. W. No. 1.) Robert Wylie. Blue; iuncA large and long ; berry large; skin thin; rich and juicy ; ripens as late as Catawba. A great bearer, one of my best ; but it may not be cjuite hardy, as the wood is not very hard. Gill Wylie. (Concord and Foreign.) Blue; bunch large, loose, and much shouldered ; berry large, ob- long; texture soft and rich. Ripens with Concord, but altogether superior. Intensely Labrusca in fo- liage, which has much red pubescence, is laciniated, and clear of all disease. Considered of great promise. Delaware and Concord No. 1. Dark red ; bunch and berry medium ; skin tolerably thick ; juice ri'Oi and sweet, slightly musky. Vine very hardj*, with Labrusca foliage : a great bearer, never fails, and may make a fine wine grape. Hybrid Scuppernong- No. 4. (See Scuppernony.) Hybrid Scuppernong No. 5. (Parentage,/. Bland Madeira and Foreign No. 1, m. Staminate Hybrid Scuppernong ; produced by impregnating Black Hamburg with Scuppernong.) So, you see, it is only a quarter-blood Scuppernong. I have never yet had a half-breed Scuppernong to bear perfect fruit. The vine is healthy and hardy here ; . it bears a white, transparent fruit. Bunch medium ; berries large ; skin thin but tough; almost pulpless, rich, sweet, 143 Wylie's Hijhr. BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. York Madeira. with a peculiar flavor ; appears to ripen its berries together (as early as Concord) and adhere well, which some of the hybrid Scuppernong do not. I think it may suit your climate; it is certainly wor- thy of a full trial. Halifax and Delaware No. 30. Color of Dela- ware; bunch about same size ; terries one-half larger ; texture and flavor also much like Delaware, but holds (here) its leaves better, and is healthier gener- ally, with leaves somewhat hoary underneath. A great bearer. Halifax and Dela^vare IVo. 38. Of deeper red color than the former and of superior flavor, but not as strong a grower as No. 30. Wood hard, leaves hoary, and ferruginous (rusty) underneath. Mr. Guthrie tells me that this variety was the most pre- ferred among about 8U Hyl)rids he had liearing. Halifax and Hybrid No. 55. Blue, like Halifa.x, but high-flavored, tender and very sweet ; himchani berry larger than Nos. 30 and 38. I think it will prove a great acquisition. I have sent you nearly all of my hybrids that may be sufficiently hardy for your climate. I still con- tinue to hybridize, more or less, every year. A. P. WVI.IE. Wyoining-Refl. See Wilmixgton-Red. York ITIadeira. Syn., Black German, Large Ger- man, Small German, Marion Port, Wolke, JIox- TEiTH, Tryok. An old variety, generally supposed to be a seedling of Isabella ; originated at York, Pa. French viticulturists classify it as a hybrid. Mar^s linds in the structure of its roots great analogy with • the ^Estivalis, and that it is difficult to classify. Bunch medium sized, compact, and generally has a small sliouliler; ftcrri/ of medium size, roundisli-oval, black thickly covered with a light bloom ; juice slightly reddened, sweet, vinous, not very rich ; skin some- what pungent, and not much toughness in its pulp when fully ripe, which is about same time with Isa- bella. The vine is not verj' hardy, sliort-jointed, moderately vigorous and productive, but often losing its leaves, and consequently failing to ripen its crop. Charles Canby, of Wilmington, Del., introduced the same variety as Canby's August. Hyde's Eliza (Catskill, N. Y.) is probably also the same grape. The "York Madeira" is now almost entirely dis- carded and but rarely found in its native land, Amer- ica, but in France it has obtained a certain import- ance and celebrity. M. Laliman, of Bordeaux, first recommended it as remarkably free from phylloxera and worthy of propagation, and it was found to adapt itself very well to various soils. Though its fructifi- cation is not satisfactory in quantity, its grapes gain under that climate in richness of color and sweet- ness, and its vigorous growth recommends it as a grafting-stock; but as such also it is inferior to the- Riparia. .CONTENTS..^ =F^T©— i 1. GRAPE MANUAL. Page. Climate, Soil and Aspect; Atmospheric Conditions and other influences affecting tlie Grape .'> Historical Notes. Attempts to Cultivate the European Grape ; tlieir failure. The I'liylloxera 7,8 Classitication cif the True Grape-vines of the United States, by Dr. G. Engelmann, of St. Louis, Mo., with a table of Grape-seeds and figure of diaphragms (1—19 Hybridity, Ijy Di". G. Engelnianu 1'.* — -0 Viticiiltural Remarks on our American .Species, with Hst.s of their Cullivatcd Varieties 21— 2G on Hybrids '27, 28 Location. Preparing the Soil; Planting; Number of \'ines per Acre 28 — ?X) Seed Culture. Tendency to A'ai-iation, ,V:c :iO, :il Grafting. \ aiious Mctliods, with nuiny Illustrations :i2 — :W Planting. (Continued.) Training. Treatment during first year. Trellis or .Stakes. Cultivating :!il — 11 Treatment diu-ing See<»n(l and Third Seasons. Tying * i- I'runing; spring or Summer -pruning; Fall or AVinter- pruning, &c 4:? — Wi Diseases of the Grape, l^y Dr. Vx. Kugelmann -17, 48 Viticultural Remarks on Mildew (Peronospora) and Kot (I'homa uvicola) 49— ."il Insects Injurious to the Grape, after Pr(»f. f '. V. Riley's Reports .V2— .i7 '■ lienetlcial, by feeding upon Injurious Insects, by same fis- (10 Gathering. Packing, Preserving, ..K:c '»0 Wine Making fil— (ifi BUSHBERG CATALOGUE— TABLE OF CONTENTS. 149 II. INDEX TO DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. Tlie Standard names are in small capitals, (the most pronMnent or leading varieties in LABGE CAPIT.VLS) ; the >ynonynious names in ItaUca; Disearded old varieties and tindisseminated novelties are in ordinaiy Koman tyjie. \'avieties marked by a * are illustrated. The colniuns exphiin as follows: 1st. SEA.soN and Tse: e., early; v. e., very early; m., medium; l.,late; v. l.,vei-y late;— T., table; M., market; W.,wiae. o, tor amateur-eultnre; jrr., for graltiilg stock ; rf., discarded; «.,ne\v; §, not disseminated or but little Iniown; X, EXTK.\. reeomniended for its proper location and soil. •M, ;sizp; and Color, with reference to the berry, are designated as folhiw s : • • black, or nearly so, when full>- ripe. I (UK # reddish, or coppery brownish; amber. | O O ° gi'eenish white, or yellowish. I :;d. N.\>IES of Varieties \\'ith their classification, reiorring to their siiecies, or whetlier they are crosses or hyhrids. The size of these signs being large, medium or sinall. to denote the size of the berry. season, rse. e. T. n. V. e. T. a. V. e. T. a. in. T. M. 1. M. 1% V. e. T. « 1. W. d. m. T. a. e. T. VV. re. 111. T. W. 1. r. W. m. T. n. V. e. T. re. V. e. T. M. 1. T. d. V. e. T. re. e. T. 11. e. T. re. in. W. re. 1. ? a. 111. w. d. e. T. n. 1. M. d. e. T. a. 111. W. n. 1. W. § 1. T. S e. T. W. § V. e. T. § e. T. a. V. 1. W. d. lu.T.AV. re. Size, Color. Class or Refer. Page. :Vdel.41DE Hybr. . . 08 Adeline, see Miners Seedl 121 Adikondac Labr... 67 Advance Ilybr. .. 67 .VGAWAM Hybr. . . *6!l Aiken . .see Isabella Ill 68 08 68 68 70 68 70 Season, Use, Si2e. I Color .\lbino Labr Aletha Alexander Allen's Hybk. Alma Alvey Amanda Amber , . • Labr . . . . . Labr. . . 7 . • Labr. X . . Hvbr. . . . . Hvbr. . . . . Labr . . . ■ Rip. X 70 Amber Queen Hybr. . . 70 Aminia Hybr. . . 70 Amoureux, see Rnlander 134 Anna Labr... 71 Ann Arbor, black . .Labr ... So Ann Arbor, white ..Labr. .. 85 Antoinette Labr. 71, 121 Ariadne Rip. X- 71 Arkansas, see Cyntliiana. . .88*89 Arnolds' Hijbr. ,1^0. \ 128 No. 2. No. 5 No. 8 No. 16 Arret Labr . . Augliwicli Rip . . . August Giant Hybr. . August Pioneer Labr. . Augusta, see Miner's Seedl. AUTUCHON Hybr. . *86 *71 *77 *79 71 72 72 72 121 *71 BACCHUS Rip. 72»-73 Baker, see Isabella Ill Baldwin Lenoir ^Est. . . . Balsiger's Concord Seedling No. 2 Labr. .. Balsiger's Concord Seedling No. 32 Labr. .. Barnes Labr. . . Barry Hybr. . . Baxter ^Est Beauty Labr. X 72 84 8,5 72 *74 74 72 m. T. § ! O V. e. M. m. T. a. 1. T. a. 1. T. § I. T. X. V. e. T. M. in. T. x. e. T. M e. M. § m. W. X. ni. W. n. 1. § d. V. e. M. d. 1. W. d. I. W. d. V. e. d. 1. W. a. V. e. T. X. e. T. X. e. T. n. m. ?§ e. d. O Class or Refer. Page. BeautyofMinnesotaLabr. X Belinda, see Miner's Seedl . . Belvidere Labr. . . Behckmans.. .Clint. X Del. Beiiis Labr. . . 74 121 72 75 72 74 68 75 92 Black Cape, see Alexander . Black Defiance . .Hybr. . . Black Delaware. Del. Sdl. BLACK EAGLE. ..Hybr.. 75*76 Black (ierman, see York Mad. 148 Black Hawk Labr. .. 75 Black Julij, see Devereux. . . 92 {Black King Labr. . . 75 Blak Muscadine, see Flowers 100 Black Pearl Rip — 75 Black .S/j'ui.s/i, see Lenoir. 115*116 Black Taylor — Rip. X ■ 75 Bland Labr. ? 77 iBlcind's Madeira, see Bland. 77 " Pale lied, " . 77 " Virginia, " . 77 Blood'sBlack Labr... 77 Bloom, see Creveling 90 Blue Dyer Rip 77 Blue Favorite ^5Dst. ... 77 Blue G' ape, see Devereux . . 92 Blue Imperial Labr... 77 B rjue's Eureka, see Isabella. Ill BOTTSI JE&t. ... 79 Bra' di/ioine Vin. Seedl. 7 Brant. - Hybr. . Clint. X Vin. *77 BRIGHTON Labr. X *78 Brinkle Vin. Seedl. 7 Brown, see Isabella Ill Btillace, see Scuppernong ..*136 Bullit, see Taylor 138 Buniundy SchraidCs see Black Pearl 76 Burgundy, see Lenoir *115 Burgundy of Ga., see Pauline 129 Buknkt.." Hybr... 79 Bin-roughs Rip 79 Burr's Seedl., see Concord Seedl 84 Burton's Early Labr ... 79 150 BUSHBERG CATALOGUE— TABLE OF CONTENTS. Season, Use. e. T. M. m. § e. T. W. 1. T. W. d. 1. T. W. m. T. n. V. e. T. a. V. e. M. m. T. a. m. a. § m. W. m. ijrjt. n. m. T. 1. T. e. T. 1. W. m. T. W. .r. m. T. a. m. T. a. V. e. T. m. T. W. a V. e T. T. § M. e 1. T. § ni. T. a. V. 1 W. X. 1. 1. T. W. § X m. T. n. e. T . W , X m. T. § 1. T. W." 1. T. W. m. T. a. m. T. a. m. T. a. e. M. m. T. M. n. § V. e. T. e. a. size, color. o o O m. M. d. § Q Xame. Class or Refer. Page. o Cambridge Labr. . . 80 Camdeu Labr. . . SO Canada Hybr. . . *79 Canby's Aiig't-sae York Jlad. 148 Cape see Alexander 68 Carlotta-.see Miner's Seedl. 121 Carter see Isabella. Ill Cassady Labr. . . 81 Casper see Louisiana 118 Catawba Labr. so*si (The lllustratiou is not very accurate; the bunches ol Catawba are jreuerallv shouldered as sliuwii lu Brighton^ p. 78.'l Catawba Seedlings 81 Catawba Tokay. see Catawba 80 Catawissa see Creveling 90 Centennial JE,i-:t. X 81 Challenge Labr. x 82 Champion Labr... 82 Chas. Downing. see Downing 92 Charlotte see Liana 82*93 Charter Oak Labr. 82 Christie's Jmpv'd..see Isabella 110 Christine see Telegraph 139 Cigar-box see Ohio 127 Clara Vinif. Seedl. 7*82 Claret (?) 82 Clifton^ s Constantia..see Al- exander 68 CLINTON Kip... 82-83 Clinton Vialla . .Kip. 83 Cltjanthe see Isabella 111 Clover-street BFk. .Hybr. . . S3 Clover-street Ked . . Hybr. . . S3 COE Labr. . . 83 Columbia Kip. . . 83 CONCOKD Labr. 83*84 Concord Seedlings 84-85 CONCORD-CHASSELAS.Hybr. 85 Concord-Muscat Hybr. 86 Conqueror Hybr. .'. 85 Cunstanda .. .see Alexander 68 Cornucopia Hybr. .. *86 Corporal H'ybr. . . 85 COITAGE Labr. 86-87 Cowan Rip. .. %^ Creveling Labr. x 90 Croton Hybr. .. *87 CUNNINGHAM . . ..Lst. . 87*88 Cuyahoga Labr. . . 90 C YNTHIAN A .Est. 88*89 Dana Labr. ? . 90 DELAWAKE Hybr. 91*92 Delaware Seedl ..92, 134, 143 DEL.4WARE Hybrids, see VVylie's Grapes 147 iJempsey's Seedl. .seeBnrnet 79, 90 Detroit Labr... 90 Devereux .^Est. .. 92 DIANA Labr. .. *93 Diana-Hamburg.. Hybr. . 90 Don Juan Hybr. . . 02 Downing Hybr. . . 92 Draeut Amber .. . .Labr... 93 Duchess Hybr. 94*95 Dunlup Hybr... 93 Dunn .Est. .. 94 .BaWt/^niter.seeDracutAmb. 93 Early Champion, .see Champ. 82 Early Dawn Hybr... 94 Early Hudson ( i) 94 Season, Use. V. e. T.M. n. e. T. o. n. § e. T. W. m. W. X. V. e. T. n. X. m. T. a. m. T. W. re. V. e. T.W. a, m. 1. T. § e. M. m. T. n. V. e. T.W. n. 1. W. § m. a. § d. V. 1. M. W. m. W. § V. e. M. § m. (jr. d. e. T. o. a. § T. n. m. 1. T.W. X. § , d. e. d. e. T. n. V. e. T. re. Size, Color. Name. Class or Refer. Page. a. § X. m. W. m. T. M. m. W. e. T. W. a. § V. e. M. 1. W. T. M. e. T. M. re. 1. W. T. e. T. M, X. V. 1. W. V. 1. M\ m. T. M. re. e. a. 1. § re. O O O o o o o o o o o o EARLY VICTOR.. Labr. .. 'ge Eaton's Seedl, see Conccod Seedl ,si4 El Dorado Hybr... 94 Elizabeth Labr. . . 94 Elsinburg .Est. .. 94 Elsinboro, same as Elsinourg 94 ELVIRA Rip. X *97 Elvira Seedl. see Rom. Seedl. 133 Emily Viuifera Seedl. 7 E M PI RE State Labr. x 99 Essex Hybr. . . 99 Etta Rip. x *98 Eugenia, see iUner's Seedl. 121 EUMELAN J^st. 99*100 Eureka Labr. .. 98 Eva Labr. .85,98 Excelsior Hybr... 100 Faith Rip. x 100 Fancher, see Catawba 81 Far West .Est 100 Flora Labr. 100 Florence Labr. X I'lO Flowers Rotund. MO Flower of Mo. .. Del. Seedl. 100 Framingham Labr. .. 102 Francis B. Mayes, see Hayes *106 Franklin Rip. ... 102 Gaertner Hybr. . . 102 Garber's Albitio, see Albino. 68 Garnet, see VVylie's Hybr. . . 147 Gazelle Hy br. . . 102 'German, see Y'ork Madeira. . 148 Giant Leaf, see Riesenblatt. 132 GOETHE Hybr. 101 * 102 Golden Berry Hybr. . . 103 Golden Clinton Rip. ... ]02 Golden Concord Labr... 85 Golden Drop Del. X *102 Golden Gem Hybr... 103 Golden Pucklington, see Pock- lington *130 Graham ( .?) .... 108 Green Castle, see Marine's Seedl lis Grein's Seedl Rip. x 7,103 ■' No. 1 Mo. Riesling. " No. 2 Golden. " Nos. 3 & 4, not named " No. 7, extra early. Hagar, see Alvey (J8 Halifax Hybrid, see Wylie's Seedl ijts Hart or Hart Grape, see Lin- coln and Devereux 92, 118 HARTFORD PROL.. Labr. 103 Harwood .Est. .. 104 Haskell's Seedl Hybr. . . 103 jHattie or Hettle (?j i04 'Hayes Labr. . . *106 iHERBEMONT .. ...Est. 104*105 Herbemont Mad., see Herb't. 104 Herbemont tieedl ^Est. . . 105 Herbert Hybr. . . 109 IHermann .Est. 107*109 Hermann Seedl. ....Est. .. 109 Highland Hybr. 108*109 Hlne Labr. .. 109 Holmes JEst. X 109 BUSHBERG CATALOGUE— TABLE OF CONTENTS. 151 Season, Use. § n. m.T. W. e W. d. 1. T. a. m. T. W. a. e. n. § 1. T. 1. M. W. e. T. M. d. V. e. n. § e. M. W. e. M. d. m. T. M. n. V. e. n. § § n. X. l.§ e. n- § d. § n. e. T. M. X. e. T. n. a. ?T. a. m. T. M. X. 11. § m. a. § 1. W. X. 1. W. e. M. § V. e. T. X. e. M. d. 1. W. T. § Size, Color. O Class or Refer. Page. o Howell Labr. . . 109 Huber's Seecll Lab. 109-110 Hudson, see Isabella Ill Humboldt Rip. X HO Huntingdon Rip. •• 110 Huss'in. see Devereiix 92 Hyde^s Eliza, see York Mad. 148 Ida. see Miner's Seedl .Labr. 121 Imperial Hybr. .. 110 Improved Warren, s. Harwood 104 Ion A Labr. Ill m *110 110 111 111 . 91 111 O Iowa Excelsior ( .') Irvinr Hvbr. . ISABELLA [.abr. .. Isabella Seedl. . .Labr. .. Israella I>abr. . . Italian ]Vine Grape, see Del Ithaca Hybr. . . IVES Labr.lll*112 Ives'' Madeira, see Ives Ill Ives' Seedling, see Ives Ill JoQk, see Lenoir 115*116 Jacquos or Jaequez 115*116 Jaegers' Varieties of ^Eslivalis. " Nos. 9, 12. 13, 17, 32, 42, 43. m 112 .Janesville Labr. XRip- 11"2 .JEFFERSON Labr. X*n3 Jessica CO 113 Juno Hybr. . . 141 Kalamazoo Labr. . . 113 Kalista Del. Seedl 92 Katarka Vinifera Seedl . . 7 Kaips Seedlinq, see Herbem't Seedl '. 105 Keller's White, see Catawba- Seedls 81 Keuka, see Neff. 124 Kilvington (?) 113 Kintj, see Golden Clinton . . . 102 Kingsessing Labr. . . 113 King William, see Marine's Seedls. 119 Kitchen Rip 113 Kittredge, see Ives *111 Labe (?) 113 Lacrissa, Del. Seedl 92 LADY Labr. 114*115 Ladv Charlotte. .Del. X-- 116 Lady DuNLAP Hybr... 117 Lady Washington. Hybr. .. 117 Lama ^Est.X- 113 Large German, see York Madeira 148 Laura Hybr... 117 Lee's Isabella, see Isabella -. 110 Lehhili, see Berks 72 LENOIR .Est. 115*116 Lexington, see Miner's Seedls 121 Lincoln (Devereux) . .E.st. 92,118 Linden Labr. 118, 121 LINDLEY Ilybr. . . *117 Logan Labr... 118 Long, .see Cunningham *S7 Louisa, see Isabella 110 Louisiana .Est. X . US Luna Labr. 118, 119 heason, I'se. m. o. m. W. e. T. a. e. M. d. (1. e. T. « 1. W. e. M. .-•. e. M. n. .X. V. e. T. M. 1. T a. 1. T. a. V. e. M. d. m. T. a. 1. W. T. n. m. T. X. V. e. T. a. ? 1. W. X. e. T. n. m. W. n. X. V. e. M. T. 1. W. M. a. § m. r. a. e. M. 1. W. § V. e. M. 1. W. § m. M. n. m. W. T. X. e. M. § 1. W. .r. e. d. m M. W. e. W. T. e. T. re. 1. W. m. T. n. e. M. § m. W. gr. O O o o o o o X.\MF.. Class or Refer. Page. Ltdia Labr. Lyman Rip .. 118 118 O Macedonia Labi . . 85 Maguire Labr... 118 Mammiitli. Catawha. see Catb. SI Ma nhattau Labr. . . 118 Mansfield Labr. X 118 Marine's Seedlings, Labr. & Aest lis, 119 Marion Rip. X- 120 Marlon Port, see York Mad. 148 MARTHA Labr. ..*119 Mason's Seedling. Labr. .. 120 (Massasoit Hybr. . . 120 IMaxatawnet L.ibr. ..*120 Mary Labr.(?) 120 Mary Ann Labr. . . 120 iWcCoioare. see Cowan 87 McDonald's Ann Arbor, see Ann Arbor, black 85 McKee, see Herbem't Seedl.. 105 McLean, see Devereux 92 McLure. Mrs Hybr. . . 121 Mead's Seedl., see Catawba- Seedls 81 Medora Aest 121 Merceron, see Catawba 81 MERRIMAC Ilybr... 121 Merritt's - Seedling, Vinif. I Seedl 7 Mianna, see Marine's Seedl.. 119 Miles Labr... 121 Miner's Seedlings. . .Labr. .. 121 Minor's b'ee'll., see Venango. 143 Minnesota Mam. ..Labr.(?) 121 MiSH, Rotundifolia 27, 137 Missouri Rip 121 Missouri Eiesling, seeGrein's Seedl 7,103 Modena. see Concord Seedl.. 84 Monroe Labr... 122 MONTEFIORE ....Rip.X.*123 Monteith. see York Madeira. 148 Montgomerv, Vinif. Seedl... 7 MOORE'S EARLY.Labr..S4*122 Mottled Labr. . . 122 Mount Lebanon Labr. X l'^3 Muscogee, see Herbem. Seedl 105 Naomi Hybr. . . *124 Neff Labr. . . 124 Neosho .Est 123 Xerluton. see Marine's Seedl 118 Newark Ilylir. . . 124 New Haven, see Con. Seedl 85 Newport .Est.... 124 Niagara Labr. X 124 NOAH Rip. X 125,*126 Norfolk Labr ... 126 NORTON'S Va . . . . .Est. 126. 127 North .America Labr. .. 126 North Carolina. Labr. .. 126 North'n Muscadine. Labr. 126 Norwood Labr. . . 127 Ohio .Est 127 Ome(/o, see Catawba 81 Oneida Hybr. Seedl. 1 28 Onondaga Hybr. . . 1 28 Ontario, see Union Village. . 142 Oporto Rip. ... 12S 152 BUSHBERG CATALOGUE— TABLE OF CONTENTS. Season, Use. e. W. T. e. M. W. n. 1. W. T. m. T. W. n. e. W. T. n. V. e. M. m. T. a. m. W. a. § m. M. n X. m. W. T. V. e. W. T. m. T. M. e. T. a. M. § V. e. § m. T. o. d. 1. W. e. W. a. m. T. a. ^ n. e. M. gr. 111. T. a. size, Color. o 1. w. § Name. Class or Refer. Page. Othello Hybr. 128,129 O WASso Labr. . . 129 Pauline ^E.st 12!) Paxton, see Concord Soedl . . 85 Payne's Isabella, see Isabellii 110 iPeabody Rip. X • 129 Pearl Rip- X • 129 PERKINS Labr. ..*i3n Peter Wylie Hybr... 147 'Pioneer (Ihirtford ?), see Isa- bella Seedl 103. Ill PiZARRO Hybr. . . 129 Planet Hybr. . . 129 POCKLINGTON ..Labr. ..*I30 <'lir(iiti(i-lillnigr. opposite title page. Pollock Labr... 130 Poughkeepfie-Red .Del. X- 129 Powell, see Bland 77 PRENTISS Labr. ..*131 Also rhroiiio-Iithogr. with title page. Purity Del. X 131-132 Purple Bloom Hybr. .. 130 Putnam Labr. . . 129 Quassaick Hybr... 132 Raabe .Est. X • 132 Racine JKs,i 132 Raritan Hybr. . . 132 Bay's Victoria, see Victoria. 143 Rebecca Labr. . . 132 JSecZ JPifisH, see Rulander 134 Bed Lenoir, see Pauline 129 Red Muney, see Catawba *S0 Bed Biver, see Cynthiana. .. *S8 Reliance (?) 132 Rentz Labr. . . 132 Requa Hvbr. .. 132 RICKETTS' Seedl .Hybr. .. 133 See Adelaide , 68 Advance 67 Alma 70 Ariadne 71 Bacchus 9'2 Dun .Ti'an 1)2 UoWNINi; 92 DUNLAP i)3 El Dorado 94 Empire State SO Excelsior . 100 Gazelle .... . , 102 Golden Gem 103 Highland «109 Imperial 110 Jefferson •siia Lady Uunlap 117 Lady W.\shington 117 Naomi — »124 Peabody 129 Pizarro 129 Planet 129 PiTXAM 129 Quassaick 132 Raritan . I'M Secretary' »13o Waverly 143 Welcome 143 Riesenblatt ^5:st 132 Bieslina of Mo., see Grein's Riesling ... 103 Boanoke,"see Scupperuong .*136 Robeson''s b'eedl., see Louisi- ana 118 Bockinaham see Miner's Seedl 121 .Season, Use. in. § n. 1. W. e. § n. m. T. M. m. a. § 1. M. W. m. § a. m. W. a. m. T. a. V. e. M. d. T. n. § a. § m. gr. § ni. a. d. a. T. « 111. T. M. V. e. M. ni. W. f/r. Size, Color o o Xajie. Class or Refer. Page. Rnrklnnd Favorite, see Con- cord Seedl So Rnenbeck Hybr. . . 134 ROGERS Hybrids, Nos. 2, 5,s!. 30 *134 See No. 1, Goethe *101 No. 3, Massasoit 120 No. 4, Wilder ••146 No. 9, Lindley *117 No. 14, Gaertner 102 No. 15, Agaw.\m «69 No. 111. Merrimac 121 No. 2S, RETS. iBarTRAiiE r^iSTs Maii,ei> TO Nurserymen ani> Dealers oni.v. = S:EIsri3 IFOE, OTTK-: ILLUSTRATED DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. Price, 25 Cents. Library Edition (cloth) $1. sent by Mail, postpaid, on receipt nf price. J^p^We make the Export of Phylloxera-resisting Rooted Vines, Grape Cuttings and Grape Seeds a Specialty. Is FK^VXCE, EUROPE, Representeii by: Orders Solu ited. Address MM E. BI.OUQUIER et Fils et LEENHARDT, BUSH & SOU & MEISSNEB, Montpellier (Herault) Bl'SHBERG, MO. ^^ATIVE ~^- ilNEb, aivoLsy s co. isiiDOK. btjsh: & oo. -wholesale de.ilers in- American Still and Sparkling Wines, Brandies, &c. The Largest Stock of Best Missouri, Ohio and California Wines. Also, FRUIT BRANDIES, CORDIALS, Etc., ALWATS ON HAND. A-GBNCIES: NEW YORK orncE, 235 w. 35th s^-^t^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ WiNE CELLARS AND DEPOT: CHICAGO OFFICE, 266 Division street ■ gj^ j,,^ g^ g ^ ^^^^ j,^,,^^^ g^ J.. HEIDELBEEUEli, Agent. ' ' New Orleans Office. :i4 Natcliez Street, orn T/-^riro h/i/-n F. S. LYON, Agent. b i . LU U lo, MvJ. CTT^ On receipt of 6 Cents for Postage, 1500 ENGRAVINGS Of the Most Beautiful things in ^rt, ^mth <^^ .A-iDHDieESS aruB pm I jACCAi Jewelry Qo. 401, 403 & 405 N. Fourth Street, Cor. Locust, ST. LOUIS, MO. ■ This magniflcent Catalogue is a grand educator, aud you will be delighted to inspect the beautiful objects it contains, aud you will also be surprised to observe at what LOW PRICES these exquisite goods are sold. Before imichaslng a WEUDINt;, ANNIVERSARY, CHRISTMAS or NKW YEAR'S PRESENT, be certain to send for this grand Catalogue. DIAMONDS, WATCHES, CLOCKS, BRONZES, JEWELRY, MUSIC BOXES, VASES, SILK UMBRELLAS, COMBS, SOLID SILVER and SILVER-PLATED WARE, ALBUMS. JEWEL BOXES, all are beautifully shown. DO NOT FAIL TO SEND FOR ONE.^% BUSHBERG CATALOGUE- ADVERTISEMENTS. GOLMAN'S RuralWorld -THE LI';.\DIX<-> Agricultural and Horticultural Weekly OF THE WEST. 36 Years Established! Successor to tlie " Gu.vi'E CTi.ti hist." Tho.se growing fruit of any kind will timl tliis Weekly Papor almcst inrtispensalMe. Conducted by NORMAN .1. COLMAX. E.r- President MissonH Stale Horticultural Socieli/. Terms, only ONE DOLLAR per Year. COLMAN'S RUBAD WOKLD, BIKl Olive Street, ST. LOUIS, MO. Mklisl M d M Co. IMPORTERS, GROAVERS AND DEALERS IN FIRST QUALITY - .\NI) — FLORISTS' SUPPLIES. OFFICE AM) STORE, No. 107 North Kifth Street, GARDES, Magnolia and Tower Grove Ave., ST. LOUIS, MO. THE Gardeners Monthly AND HORTICULTURIST, Edited by - - - THOMAS MEEHAN. $2.00 per Year. Giveo full instruction in the science and practice of every liranoh of gardening. It will pay anv one to subscribe for it. Our friends and customers may send their subscriptions through us, and we will forw ard tbem to publisher. Address, BUSH & SON & MEISSNEK, Bushberg, Mo. La Vigne Araericaine et la viticulture en Europe, Bevue pul)liee par MM. J.-E. Robin et V. Pulliat Sous la direction lie M. J.-E. PLANCHON, Profes.senr a la Faculty des sciences, Directeiir de TEcole de pharmacie de Montpellier, AVEC LA COLLAHOK.VTION BE NOMBHEUX VITICULTEUK.S. L''abonuement est de Six francs pr. an. Die gcutsclu ^Husttittt J.t\m' unit Snrbnfom pdung, f,.r Landwirthschaft, Vieli7Aicht, Oljstbau, Blumen- unrl Bieneuziicht und den Familienkreis erscheint zweiraal monatlich. Preis $1.25 per Jahr. Bestellimgen sind zu Addressiren an W. W. COLBMAN, Milwaukee, Wis. Vol. 20. 1884. The Best FAMILY MAGAZINE Two Dollars. Deniorest's Ilhistratcd Monthly. Sold by all Newsdealers and Postmas- ters. Send twenty cents for one copy ; it will satisfy you that you can subscribe Two Dollars for a year and get ten times its value. W. JENNINGS DEMOREST, Publisher, 17 E. 14tli St., New York. BUSHBERG- CATALOGUE— ADVERTISEMENTS. BONKORT'S Hum mnh -A. SE]vti-3!vfl:03srTPa:L~sr JOURNAL AND PRICE CURRENT FOR THE UNITED STATES. Published at 46 Beaver Street, _ _ _ NEW YORK. SLLbscTtpttoTL per l^eccr, $5.00. l^Cy^TT -ECE.A.-D-^. BONKORT'S \m^ mtt^ ^pirf FOR THE UNITED STATES. rr'ice, ------ $5.00. % ^ .^ a Published by PHILIP BONFORT and CHARLES McK. LEOSER, No. 46 BEAVER STREET, NEW YORK. WINE SCALES, THERMOMETERS, SACCHAROMETERS, BAROMETERS, &c, ALOE, HERNSTEIN & CO., 300 North Fourth Srteet, ST. LOUIS. The S Fountain Gold Pen Co. ■ Pateiilod Oct. i4, ls8-.>. Puti-ntea .Um. ;',I1, Issit. SEND FOR ILLUSTRATED CIRCULAR. Principal Office, 314 Olive Street, ST. LOUIS, MO. BUSHBERG CATALOGUE— ADVERTISEMENTS. BLATTNER & ADAM, KEEP CONSTANTLY IN STOCK THE MOST APPROVED INSTRU- MENTS IN WINE MAKING, VIZ: OECHSLE'S MUST and WINE SCALES TWITCHELL'S ACIDIMETEKS, (of Glass and Silver), THERMOMETERS, HYDROMETERS MINIATURE STILLS (for ascertaining and BAROMETERS (reliable weather the Alcohol in Wines), I indicators), 220 North Fourth Street, ST. LOUIS. JAMES VICK STRAWBERRY. (FROM LIFE.) Another test proves that the Jamen Vick Stran'berrtj is the most productive and profitahle of all Srawberries. .)ohn J. Thomas says it outblossomed and outgrew anything he has, and that he picked at the rate of 80 bushels per acre at one pirkhui. after two-thirds of them "had been destroyed by continuous storms, and more greenberries remaine 1838. PEDIGME BLACKBERRY, WILSON JUNIOR, The hrgest, test, and most produiti^e Earl7 Blicilierry, 3)4 inches around, from seed of :D;c:'.:d WILSON'S EASL7. HKAIUJUARTEUS l-'Olt KFEFFEli'S HYBRID PEAK TREES; 1(10,000 )lutl