HB72 .G64 c °o o V .u ,v v ,0 "' »** ^"d- >°.* -0^ °C, v : It , V - w* *• ^c "A \3 .0 o o ** •V a V c "Co ** %^ \/ XJ ^•v- .0* °o *<3* THE UNITY OF THE SCIENCES Spiritual and Political BEING A TREATISE BY JULIA GOLDZIER, BAYONNE, N. J., ON THE RELATIONSHIP OF RELIGION AND ECONOMICS DONE INTO A PRINTED BOOK AT THE ROYCROFT SHOP WHICH IS IN EAST AURORA, NEW YORK STATE *...= THE UNITY OF THE SCIENCES Spiritual and Political BEING A TREATISE BY JULIA GOLDZIER, BAYONNE, N. J., ON THE RELATIONSHIP OF RELIGION AND ECONOMICS DONE INTO A PRINTED BOOK AT THE ROYCROFT SHOP WHICH IS IN EAST AURORA, NEW YORK STATE ' op: rigbf, I'M ; U; Julia Goldzier APR 29 1914 >CI.A371634 INTRODUCTION "Great social reforms," says Mazzini," always have been and always will be the result of great religious movements." — Leo Tolstoy, in "A Great Iniquity." JOME wise people, acquainted with the history of religions, involving heinous wars and atrocious oppressions, resent and antagonize the very idea of joining politics with religion. Their attitude is justifiable and justified as regards a State foisting a man-made creed upon a people, or a church foisting some political dogma — necessarily full of graft, discrimination, favoritism, hypocrisy and deception — upon its adherents. But in a Cult, where study and investigation are the object, and practical application is not considered as an immediate issue, it is permissible — it is necessary — to ignore prejudice and to place these two seemingly antagonistic subjects together for estimation and comparison. Then, if investigation reveals that Political Science and Religious Science are part and parcel of the same great Law of Life and Being ; if it is found that they have their commencement and course in the all-embracing Science, it is the duty of the dis- coverer to proclaim his great discovery, even while making further studies and investigations to find the " Way " to harmonize and bring into unity these two hitherto opposing subjects without allowing either to infringe upon the other's domain. Religious creeds and political dogmas are man-made ; but the religious impulse which originally produced the creed, and the sense of justice which was the cause for the creation of political parties, are implanted in the human heart and mind by the creating power of the universe. Creeds and parties are the means by which humanity protests against instituted wrongs — wrongs which are wrongs only because they are institutions which have outlived their usefulness. They (creeds and parties) are the means to abolish the outgrown and establish the ever-developing, ever-receding ideal. Dogmas, political and religious, are justifiable as long as they express the average ideals ; when the average mind has out- grown these ideals, they must be replaced by higher and better ones, else degeneration of the human mind sets in, and death follows. Nations and. religions come ; and these institutions go ; but the religious impulse and the sense of justice remain to push the human race on and on toward the better, the finer, the clearer manifestation of the growing ideal, by another hair's breadth. If any science does violence to the religious training of a man, that man's science or his training, or both, needs correction. Political Science is the exposition of the eternal, indestructible Law of Justice manifested in the " Social Compact " for mutual benefit commonly called "Government " ; it contains a moral principle of eternal and indestructible quality, and therefore belongs to the Spiritual Science. But not for that reason may it be wrenched away from the politics of the practical every-day life ; on the con- trary, for that reason it proves how well, how closely, how fittingly, practical politics belongs to our practical religion. For, when practical politics is governed by Political Science — or the eternal Principle of Government otherwise known by the wise as the " Social Compact " for mutual benefit — then can the injunction of our hearts be joyfully fulfilled to " pray without ceasing." Political Science, or the Principle of Government, includes the proper and just distribution of wealth. Because our practises are so contrary to the Principle, we see this awful cause of every sin and sickness — poverty, that no amount of charity and philanthropy will mitigate — and a wise provision, too, it is, that so it is, else would Justice, the Law of God, be lost sight of, and a mean, insufficient, inefficient, self-inflating generosity take its place. But because, with the increased facility to create wealth, that wealth is becoming more and more concentrated in the hands of a few, while the great masses are left without the bare necessities, are overworked and underfed, man in his extremity must turn to God, Principle, Justice, for relief and sustenance. The God law of the distribution of wealth will be recognized in our practical politics ; then poverty and all its attendant evils of sin, sickness and premature death will be abolished forevermore. The Scientific Statement of Political Economy is : Wealth made by Labor on Land helped by Capital is divided into three parts : One part goes to Land as Rent. The second part goes to Capital as Interest. The third part Labor keeps as Wages. If Wages are taken to meet Municipal Expenses, the Laborer perishes or lives on charity. If Interest is taken, Capital perishes ; and also the capitalist as such, for he swells the ranks of Labor. If rent is taken, the Landlord as such perishes ; but the land remains for the laborer and capitalist. Therefore, Rent is the part of Wealth destined by the divine Mind to pay the public expenses. The Scientific Statement of Spirit is : There is no matter ; all is Mind. What looks like matter is but a finite apprehension of infinite Wisdom, Love and Power. The Scientific Statement of the Unity is : The whole is equal to the sum of all its parts. Science is not perfect until it has embraced within itself all the sciences into a perfect whole. Science is the seed within itself. The student, with a little meditation, will recognize that in these three statements we have morality, arithmetic, religion, spirituality and political economy — all inextricably joined together, not to be separated one from the other without marring the whole, yet each standing perfectly alone. He who leaves his politics out of his religion is an atheist, even if he is too ignorant to know it ; and he who advocates the true politics is religious, though he be too busy to give the matter a thought. SPIRITUAL SCIENCE SPIRITUAL SCIENCE LESSON I ET us in spirit, or imagination, leave this earth and let the incorporeal consciousness roam freely in unobstructed space. Later we will come back to earth and find it a different-looking place ; or better speaking, later we will draw the earth up to us as to an exalted plane. Jesus said, " If I be lifted up I will draw all men unto I float far, far beyond the stars, where there is yet no uni- I look around, and see nothing ; yet I am. And this is the beginning. I contemplate myself. My con- sciousness extends as far as the mind can think. I know that I am infinite. Thus in the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. Heaven is myself; and the earth, what I know of myself. Jesus said, " The kingdom of heaven is within you." Within myself is heaven and earth. me. verse. LESSON II JHERE is no matter. There is only mind. Mind is God and God is all. There is but one Mind, one consciousness, one I. Mind manifests itself in thinking, in impelling, in acting. The result of Mind's thoughts, impulsions and activities is the universe, which is mental, there being no matter. When Mind thinks, it can only think of itself, there being nothing else to think about. The whole universe has three divisions : the Mind, Mind's activities, and the result of Mind's activities. The Mind is I. Its activities consist in knowing. Its results consist of products. Hence the universe is expressed in the three words : KNOW IT For there can be no result without Mind ; and no Mind without activity ; and no activity without result. The three are one ; but the [10] The Unity of the Sciences student of Mind must learn to analyze each thought, and be able quickly to trace it to the creator Mind. In the following lessons are some examples which can be mul- tiplied unendingly from the infinitesimal to the infinite. LESSON III I KNOW IT I Mind Know - - - Mind's activity It Thought resulting from Mind's activity I Substance Know - - - The force of substance in operation j The result of the force in operation on the substance ( LIFE I ] TRUTH (LOVE Know It The act of growing, developing and mani- festing The act of demonstrating, reflecting, transmuting ; the act of bestowing upon, protecting, sustaining, support- ing Manifestation ; birth ; appearance Fact ; Law Gifts ; justice ; provision ; sustenance, protection LESSON IV There is no matter. All things visible, audible and sensible are ideas, resting or disporting in Mind. There is no material universe ; it is mental. Matter is unthinkable and unknowable. Spiritual and Political [11] Wisdom Love Power Know It 1 I Being - Acting ( Maintaining and impelling Manifested existence Good things accomplished Sabbath ; things that have ceased to grow and are preparing, through rest, for renewed action and com- binations There is no matter. " It " can never be physical, for there is nothing physical. Mind is creator ; its ideas are creation. LESSON V I ----- Principle, the seed within itself „ The act of demonstrating ; the seed in the act of growth ; growing and developing It The result ; the fruit Know - It LIFE TRUTH LOVE It is the first Principle of being 1 {Develops Exists passively Intensifies Life, such as trees ; animals ; houses ; truths Truth, such as mathematics ; ethics, natural laws, etc. Love, such as loving deeds and words ; and comfortable social, civic and governmental conditions The reflection of the creator proceeds eternally. Hence the immediate original of some reflection might still be only a reflection. [12] The Unity of the Sciences It is the work of the metaphysician to find out the prime-original God ; so we meet with a process as follows : I MAN KNOW - - CREATES IT ENVIRONMENT LESSON VI jjAN sometimes at the first contemplation appears to be a creator. But upon examination we find that Man's reality is GOD : and the reality of Man's activities is God's activi- ties ; and the apparent results of Man's activities are in reality the results of God's activities. All is God, and there is none else. Evil has no existence, whether of substance or reflection. Evil is a lack. I Father-Mother God Know - - - Commune and create It Son I - - Know It - - Mind Expresses Idea I _____ Consciousness Know - - - Reflects It Itself Man is not different from God. Man is the image of God in the Mind of God. I - - Know It - Mind ; it contains all thoughts Its activity is all force Its product is all creation LIFE ; eternally changes in growth and development TRUTH ; eternally remains unchanged in perfect principle LOVE ; eternally provides, protects and sustains, and must include a perfect civic and a perfect Social Compact. Spiritual and Political [13] LESSON VII ^IND creates by brooding upon itself. The result of its reflections is man, the creation, the image of God. Mind thinks only good. Evil is a lack of thought, for there is no such thing as an evil thought, for all thought belongs to the Divine Mind and must be good. i Wisdom I God Love I Power ( Thinks Know - - Creates ------- Provides ( Makes 1 Ideas It The Universe Man I Image and likeness i Wisdom - - Truth - - Law God - - - i Love - - - - Love - - - Emotion I Power - - - Life - - - Conformity The perfect image will reflect Wisdom, Love and Power in equal proportions. If there is seemingly a lack of any one or two of these qualities, the image will be out of proportion, hence it will appear to be evil ; but evil is not substance, but a lack of it ; and it is cured by putting Substance there. A hole on the sidewalk where people fall and break bones is not cured by taking the hole away, but by filling it up. Evil is a hole, a vacancy, and must be filled up with God, the only substance. LESSON VIII I God Know - - - Creates It - - - - - The Universe I ----- Mind, Consciousness, Life Know - - - Gives, understands, grows It - - - - - Creation, thought, manifestation [14] The Unity of the Sciences ( WISDOM I LOVE I POWER i Knows Know - - - - Feels ( Acts i Thought It ----- - Creation I Reflection I ----- Substance Know - - - Activity It - - - - - Reflection LESSON IX Masculine I ------ Feminine Neuter Attracts Know - — -I Is attracted Reflects passively Development of Race It ----- Development of Family Development of Self I Mind Know - - - Thinks It - - - - - Something, everything T Omnipresent, all-pervading, all- inclusive Mind Know - - - All Power, force, activity, labor It - - - - - All creation, thought, result I I AM THAT I AM „ Ye shall know the truth, and the truth shall make you free j God is all and beside Him there is none else. I Man Know - - - Develops It Himself Spiritual and Political [15] Know It LESSON X Father Mother Child Self-communion, active factor, transmitting life Self-communion, passive factor, nurturing life Self-communion, active and passive factor, festing life. Man Provision Fulfilment mani- I - - - - - Land - Know - - Labor - It Wealth - Passive Factor- - - Mother - Active Factor - - - Father - Product Child I - - _ . . Creator Know - - The act of creating It - - - - The thing created I Eternal Mind Know - - Eternal activity, perpetual motion It - - - - Eternal goal, ever attained and ever receding Know Principle- Develops - It ----- Universe LESSON XI LIFE TRUTH LOVE Grows Reflects Creates Man Truth World Man Animal Plant [16] The Unity of the Sciences To look for food and shelter ; Work - - - - Seek a mate, help another ; To make Know - Eat - - Consume, use, enjoy, develop elax, recr rest ; (the Sabbath) Relax, recreate, sleep, enjoy, Play- - - - -, rest ; (the day of rest is the The thing made It - J The thing utilized The thing enjoyed There is neither matter nor mortal thought. There is only Mind and unending, illimitable thought. What looks like matter is a limited view of the eternal " IT," the creation. And what appears to be mortal thinking is but the arbitrary limitation of activity. Pull down the barrier of " IT " and there will no longer be the appearance of matter. And enlarge the activities, and there will be no mortal thinking ; for mortality will be swallowed up in immor- tality. I i s Truth Know --Is------ To demonstrate It Is The idea I Is - Mind Know --Is ----- The act of consciousness It ----Is ----- The image and likeness reflected in Mind. I - Is not Matter Know - - Is not- - - - To be ignorant It - - - - Is not- - - - Corporeal I----- Is ----- Mind, the actor Know --Is ----- The action of Mind It ----Is ----- The idea in Mind and has no corporeal existence Spiritual and Political [17] I - - - - - Mind, acts only mentally Know - - Mental activity only It - - - - An image in Mind and the image of Mind. I - - - - - God, includes all substance Know - - The meditation of God when brooding upon Himself It - - - - The thought that God has about Him, Her and Itself Mind's cognition of itself is perfect. The Reflection, the image in Mind, is perfect. PRIMER ON POLITICAL SCIENCE PRIMER ON POLITICAL SCIENCE LESSON I LAND is the First and Constant NECESSITY ?NE of the facts hardest for the novice to realize is man's utter dependence on land. Because a bachelor man or maid, having very few wants, occupies a back hall- room on the fifteenth story of an apartment-house, and never gets a glimpse of the bare soil, he or she forgets that that soil is nevertheless constantly underneath as a support and a prop. That the great towering structure has its foundation on land — choice and precious — is not considered. That the food eaten and the clothes worn are literally dug out of the ground is not remembered. Books, newspapers and magazines, occupying so very little room in a home or office, require immense areas of ground for their production ; forests for the wood-pulp, mines for the raw material of the machinery, factories for the making of the machines, and large suites and apartments for the printing-presses, storage and sale. A collar-button, a thimble and a shoe-string require much more ground to be produced than is occupied by the articles. Even the land over which they pass from the place of their production to the place of their ultimate destination must not be left out of the reckon- ing. Everything we have and hold is taken from the ground, yet never — never leaves it. Land is the earth and the fulness thereof before the hand of man makes changes in and on it for his own purposes. It includes water, plants and animals. [22] The Unity of the Sciences LESSON II LABOR ^NOTHER difficulty that the novice encounters in his study of Political Economy is the many and various names he bestows on work, reserving the word " labor " only for such coarse and primitive occupations as are performed by the " man with the hoe," hod, shovel, pickax, etc. And yet a laborer by any other name works just as hard. Engineers, architects, builders, astronomers, orators, writers and doctors are laborers, and their occupations are labor. The great managers and directors of great enterprises are laborers, and their exertions are labor. Inventors, explorers and scientists are laborers, and their efforts are labor. It is confusing and unscientific to divide work and say some is labor and receives wages ; some other is " labor of superintendence " and receives salary ; another brand is a profession and receives fees ; and another is commerce and receives commissions. The scientific economist recognizes that all human effort in the business world is LABOR, and the recompense in every case is WAGES. To understand Political Science, this point must be well learned and well digested. LESSON III WEALTH ;F all the confusions of thought caused by the confusion of the meaning of names, the very worst is that produced by the term " wealth." In Political Science, " wealth " can have but one significance, which may not be confounded with poetical, figurative or allegorical meanings. The sentimental lover may rave about his beloved's wealth of golden hair ; but as long as that hair grows on the lady's head and her only occupation is her own housekeeping, that hair is not wealth, but a point of beauty in the lady. The hair is the lady, and a lady is not wealth. If that hair grows on the lady's head and she goes to business as stenographer, saleslady or telephone-girl, that hair is scientifically recognized by the glorified name of " labor," as the hand of the operator of a typewriter is labor. But if the hair did not grow on her head ; if the lady bought the hair at an emporium, it is wealth; and in that case the lover would not refer to it except under a misapprehension, for the wealth of Spiritual and Political [23] golden locks recognized in Political Science would not at all fit the poetical sense. Political Science will never interfere with the lover and his poetry ; but neither may the lover permit his poetry to play the part of the serpent in Paradise, to deceive the student and bring confusion and disaster to his politically scientific conclusions. Also, when speaking figuratively of a man's wealth being his brains, we can not allow this figure of speech to be accepted as a scientific statement. If a man gets his income by his brains, those brains are classed as labor, and not as wealth. In Political Science, wealth has a specific meaning, which must be adhered to if light is to overrule the darkness, and system is to be brought out of confusion and chaos. Wealth is an object outside of man, that is made by man, on and from the land. It is a piece of the earth segregated from the earth and modified by man. Hence neither man nor land can be included in the term "wealth." The fact that men bought and sold Negroes did not make them wealth, though these human beings were wrongfully used as wealth. The fact that men buy and sell land does not make it wealth, though it is being wrongfully treated as such. Wealth is a piece of matter extracted from the earth and made useful by the efforts of labor. If a man is rich because he owns large tracts of land, he is not a " wealthy " man nor a capitalist, but a landowner. If he is rich because he has a large bank-account, he is neither " wealthy " nor " moneyed " ; but he has a standing credit on the services of the community, and he may get wealth or services with- out the use of money at all by simply relinquishing some of his credit in the shape of a check. He is not " wealthy," according to Political Science, until he cancels some credit and takes in exchange some object. If he is a stock-owner, the directors of the company backed by the Government insure to him a part of the credit for the wealth that the laborers with the aid of the tool called Capital are making, or the services they are performing. He is not " wealthy," but holds the certificates of services rendered by labor and capital. This point will become clearer with the knowledge of the mean- ing of other terms. For the present let it be sufficient to know and remember that " wealth " is nothing more nor less nor different from what labor takes from the land and fashions into shape for the use of man. [24] The Unity of the Sciences LESSON IV CAPITAL jjFTER being able to distinguish between wealth and labor, wealth and land, and labor and land, another confused problem arises for disentanglement. This problem is the difference between the wealth that is capital and the wealth that is for consumption. CONSUMPTION, by the way, means private use. Every living creature, whether plant or animal, needs land for its existence, and fish are not exempt from that law. Every creature, too, must exert itself to maintain its existence. So far, man does not differ from the other living things. The first requisite of life is land and labor ; and the differences between man and animals are those of quantity and not of kind. All plants and animals, including man, exert themselves for their next meal and for the safety of their young. But man requires much more than the other creatures, and the tools wherewith to get his meals and protect his young have grown and are continuing to grow more and more complex and numerous as the cycles of ages pass since the first biped picked up a stone to crack a nut and broke a limb from a tree to fence off an enemy. Wealth, as we studied in a previous lesson, is a piece of matter picked up from land and fashioned to suit man's needs. Out of the wealth that man has made, he sets a certain portion aside for the exclusive purpose of helping him in his business. Such wealth is capital. The house a man lives in is wealth in consumption ; the house he rents out to increase his income is wealth used to make more wealth, and is therefore capital. There is a great difference between the wealth for consumption and the wealth that is capital. The wealth that is capital is for business purposes only. If a man lives in a part of the house that he is renting out, he is using only part of his wealth as capital. The other part he is consuming. Capital is that part of wealth by the help of which man makes more wealth. A private yacht is wealth in consumption ; a ferryboat or ocean steamer is wealth that is capital. Capital is the tool that man makes and uses to help him make wealth. Spiritual and Political [25] LESSON V MONEY j(HE word " money " must not be confounded with capital or with wealth in consumption. Money is no different from a ticket that admits you to your seat in a theater. The ticket is not the seat nor is it a dramatic performance ; the ticket simply permits you, at the right opportunity, to take your seat and enjoy the performance. Money is like the ticket to a steamer or a train. The fact that you hold the ticket does not transport you from one place to another; it simply admits you to the steamer or train which does transport you. Tickets are not wealth, but are the community's system of fluid and itinerant bookkeeping, giving you credit for a certain amount of wealth or services, and acknowledging its indebtedness to you to that same amount. When you are seated in the theater or steamer you have the service ; and the promise contained in the ticket is fulfilled, so the ticket is withdrawn and the indebtedness canceled. Money, too, is a fluid system of bookkeeping. A man did some good service to some one in the community as his money testifies ; he is entitled to some good service from some one as his money indicates. He can take his choice in the great market-place of the business world as to what he will have in return for what he has done. Money simplifies the matter of exchange in services. To a man alone on an inaccessible island, money would have no value or utility, whereas a shovel and a hatchet, a gun and a knife, would be of enormous value, though he could not sell this wealth. As soon as a community arose with complex industries and occupations, some sort of measuring method would have to be invented to measure the value of each man's work in relation to the other men's work. That was why money was invented — to measure and keep track of each man's work, and definitely calculate to how much he is entitled of the services of the community. Mortgages, stocks and bonds, like money, are not wealth. They are promises of the company or government to give to the holders of the stocks such and such a percentage of the wealth to be created in the future by labor on land assisted by the tool called capital. This wealth, before the mortgagee or stockholder gets it, is received by the community, and the receipt called money is given to the stockholder instead of the laborer. [26] The Unity of the Sciences For instance, there is a holder of stocks in a railroad company. His stocks are a certificate stating that the company will give him eight per cent of the money invested. This means that, with the trains run on the rails fastened to ties, and with the assistance of stations, telegraphs and telephones, the laborers are expected to earn a great amount of wealth and to perform a vast amount of valuable services to the community. The laborers are many and their services various ; there are conductors, brakemen, station- masters, engineers, layers of ties and rails, builders, managers, directors and so on. All the wealth earned by a railroad comes from the passengers and freight-users, who pay generously for the services received from the laborers of the road. The stockholder gets the credit for some of the services performed and the wealth created by these laborers. The community is neither richer nor poorer because of the stockholders. The stockholder is richer because of the laborer, and the laborer is poorer because of the stockholder ; but the fact of the existence of stocks, bonds and mortgages puts no more wealth into the world ; their certificates are only promises that the Government will compell the earnings of the laborer to be handed to the holders of stocks, bonds and mort- gages. It is not so necessary to grasp this point at this stage. The student has done very well if he thoroughly understands : first, that land is a universal and omnipresent necessity ; second, that labor is all and every species and kind of human effort in business life ; third, that wealth is that result in matter, or the material object that is produced by human effort, and that it can only be produced on and from land ; fourth, that capital is that part of wealth which is set aside for making more wealth ; fifth, that money is a certificate stating that somebody did some work for somebody, and a ticket entitling the holder to somebody's wealth or somebody's help, but that in itself money is neither wealth nor help. LESSON VI AND is Always Used by Labor in Making Wealth Land can exist without labor ; but as soon as land is employed, labor is in evidence, for it is labor that employs land. A tree grows in a primeval forest. Standing thus it is land ; and as long as it stands thus it is land. Spiritual and Political [27] In the course of due time a man comes along and chops down that tree, which turns it into a log. Political Science expresses this primitive incident as follows : Land is employed by labor to create wealth. And be the product pins or pyramids, cans or canals, and however complicated be the process, the principle is the same and the expression in Political Science is the same. Land is always used by labor in making wealth — " And without him was not anything made that was made," and without land was not any wealth made that was made. Labor is Always Exerted on Land There can be no labor except on land. Even when laborers are dealing with the steel girders of a bridge hundreds of feet above a river's surface, laborers are working on land. The girders must be dug out of the ground ; manufactured by machinery that is dug out of the ground ; transported over the ground by vehicles dug out of and manufactured on land. They must rest on land until ready to be lifted and placed ; they are lifted by machinery that is dug from, manufactured on and transported over land ; and finally, by instru- ments and machines whose raw material comes from and is fashioned into shape on land, are fixed firmly on land for safe leverage. From the first incipient inspiration to the removal of the last scrap of waste material, labor, never for an instant, left land. Wealth Can Not Be Made Without Land Wealth, being a segregated piece of earth, naturally can not be made without the earth from which it is taken. Dust it is, to dust returns. And dust comes from land. Even if it were not so stated in the Bible, we would know that the heavens and the earth were created before the task of forming man was undertaken. The heavens had to be established and settled so that the earth would have a propitious place to revolve in. And the earth had to be formed and finished before man appeared so that he could have a propitious place to labor in. Whatever other grotesque notions we were and are guilty of in reference to God, we never yet imagined Him making man first and holding him in His mouth, or behind His ear, or wedged between His elbow and side, or temporarily stuck into one of His pockets while He created the heavens and the earth for man's permanent abode. Nevertheless there seems to be a general hazy belief that man can do what would not be imputed to God ; that is, to create things without having a place to create in, or having a place to put the things after they are created. [28] The Unity of the Sciences People, even those who consider themselves well educated, are not ashamed to confess that, in their opinion, wealth can be made without land. But just as God took the dust of the earth and formed man out of it, so man takes the dust of the earth and forms wealth out of it. And that which is not made out of dust is not wealth at all, for money is not wealth, and land is not wealth, and bonds and mortgages are not wealth. Wealth is something that the hands of labor made from the earth. LESSON VII ABOR Uses Capital to Make Wealth From Land With a trap a man catches a rabbit in a forest. This is a very simple statement of a very simple occurrence, but when translated into the language of Political Science the phrase covers every phase of the creation of wealth, from the rags of the forlorn and desperate beggar in the last stages of destitution, to the palaces, cars and yachts, the collection of jewels, curios and works of art of the multi- millionaire. With the help of capital, labor extracts wealth from land. First is the land, which, in our illustration, consists of the forest with the rabbit in it ; for, while the rabbit is disporting itself undis- turbed in its native environment, it is classed as land. Second is labor, which, in our case, is a man, though under other circumstances it might consist of any quantities of men, women and children. Third is capital, which in the above example is the trap. Land, Labor and Capital, these three in combination, cause the production of Wealth. The wealth produced in our case was the trapped rabbit. In its natural state, the rabbit was land ; but trapped, it is wealth. And wealth is never anything else than a little piece of land or ground taken from the bulk and so modified as to be usable by man. And the tool whereby the piece is taken and changed is always capital. Labor Hires Capital The popular belief is, that capital employs labor ; but this is another of those errors fostered by a confusion of names and foster- ing a bewilderment and disorder in the Science so simple in itself and so easily comprehended, and certainly most closely connected with Spiritual and Political [29] our well-being and prosperity, and therefore most necessary to be clearly understood. The pseudo-scientists who speak of capital employing labor are really talking of the owners of land who can, because of their advan- tage in owning land, hire landless laborers to do the work for them that the laborers under fair conditions would be doing for them- selves with much greater benefits to all humanity. Under fair conditions the laborers themselves would be the stockholders of our great controlling companies and industries. Mine-owners are so powerful, not because they own the capital of the mines, but because they own the land containing the coal, oil and metal. Railroad magnates are so rich, not because they own the capital of the roads, but because they own the land on which the rails are laid, and the land on which the terminals are built, and the land on each side of the tracks. The pseudo-scientist will declare that land is capital, but the genuine economist must always distinguish between land and capital ; he must remember that capital is wealth and that though this wealth is divided into the two parts, the one being wealth in consumption and the other capital or wealth used for making more wealth, capital still remains wealth ; and wealth is not land any more than it is labor. And it is always labor that uses land, also using capital as its tool. There is no astuteness or depth of wisdom displayed in saying that laborers, even if they had the land, would not use it. Slavery arose just because land was plentiful and easily obtained, though retained with difficulty against invading enemies. This made land almost valueless for selling or renting, and laborers could easily get at it. And they could and did and preferred to employ themselves ; and only by capturing them bodily and subduing them with physical force could they be compelled to work for others. The slave-owner was rich because he took the wages created by the slaves and kept them for himself, instead of distributing them among the enslaved laborers. The slave-owner was not employing the slaves ; he was robbing them. In civilized States slavery no longer obtains ; but labor, never- theless, is not free except on free land. When the laborer, because of his own landlessness, is compelled to labor on another's grounds, he is as truly robbed of his wages as was the slave of the barbarous periods. Not only is the landless laborer robbed of his wages, but he is also mulcted of the capital that should be his, and consequently also of the interest earned by the capital. To determine the relation between labor and capital, the free laborer must be considered ; the man on his own land, or on the land [30] The Unity of the Sciences that has not yet been individually claimed, must be observed. A farmer on his land employs capital, which consists of fences, barns, stables, stalls, dairies, cows, horses and farm-implements. These objects do not employ him ; he employs them. And he does not employ these objects as landowner, but as laborer. The pioneer miner employs capital, which consists of shovels, knives, spades, pickaxes, drilling-machines, etc. ; these implements do not employ him. When a farmer is landless and works on ground belonging to another, the conditions are as unfair and unjust and abnormal as if he were bodily enslaved. When the pioneer miners have taken up all the mining lands and are being enriched by labors other than their own, they are not employing laborers, but robbing them. For landless laborers are not less in bondage than the slave recognized as such. If, through the abundance of land and the scarcity of labor, the employer had to pay the right amount of wages, it would be so expensive for him that he would insist that the laborer supply his own machines and implements which are so perishable. If through adjustments scientifically economic, conditions of fairness could be continued even in thickly populated places where land is scarce and labor plentiful, the employers would insist that the laborers share in the risk of production as they share in the prosperity ; and a system of stockholding among laborers for the renewing of worn-out capital would be evolved. This would induce the laborers to claim their part of the interest of the capital used. And so it would be again demonstrated that the laborer employs capital, and not that capital employs labor. LESSON VIII ABOR Pays Capital For Its Services There is no other possible way of making wealth except by labor on land. And either the Landowners, because of the helplessness due to the landlessness of the laborers, confiscate all the products and make an unscientific distribution according to their own selfish pleasure and ignoble gain, or the laborers, through the force of the opinion of numbers which forbids fraud, deception or chicanery, make a scientific distribution. In this case capital receives its just returns from labor. Spiritual and Political [31] Interest Interest is the name given to that part of wealth created by labor on land which is accorded to capital for the assistance it renders. If this word " interest" is confused in its meaning with theft, graft, confiscation, blackmail, rent, wages or any other scientific or unscien- tific term, Political Science will remain the mystery and " dismal science " it was heretofore regarded. Interest arises from Nature's prolific gifts, whereby a grain of corn in the Spring yields many ears in the Fall ; and a cow multiplies itself many times, even while it furnishes its daily share of milk, before its carcass renders its last services to man in glue, manure, leather, and what not. Nature produced interest ; and Science can not ignore it. Interest begins in the enlargement of capital through growth and development, and it continues through man's comprehension that if one kind of capital receives rewards through Nature, every other kind of capital must receive rewards through Science ; so that its services in all fields are equally advantageous. Rent Adam and Eve, when driven from Eden, paid nothing for the lands they used. And when their offspring felt crowded they did not buy new lots of ground to disburse into, but simply moved farther away from the center of population, where the land was still unoccupied. They paid no rent ; for great expanses of desirable land were free and accessible and of easy communication with civilization. The first immigrant to America neither paid nor received rent, because land could be had for the taking ; and it is notorious that the first immigrants grew rich from their labors, and not because they owned mines and railroads. When pressure of population began to be felt in the East, and the first settler drove his ox-cart into the Western Plains, he had the whole Mississippi Valley to choose from where to halt and build his home and make his farm. Choice of location was difficult with him, for all places were equally desirable and equally accessible ; one place had no possible advantage over the other. In the bewilder- ment of too many choice locations, and in the despair of being able to select one place superior to all others, he blindly settled some- where, anywhere. A second man came along with his ox-cart, household utensils and farm-implements. He was not embarrassed like the first man, for the place for his settlement was clearly, distinctly and unmis- [32] The Unity of the Sciences takably pointed out to him. Tho all places in the Mississippi Valley were very desirable, there was just one small spot that held an advantage which the whole length and breadth of the rest of the fertile pleasant valley lacked. That spot was where the previous settler was located. The presence of the man gave that vicinity a value, which so far outstripped the value of all the rest of the rich plain that the second man did not even investigate other places, but unhesitatingly fixed himself in the immediate vicinity of the first settler. Two men together work much more advantageously and cheerfully than two men separately. Two men together gain spiritually in human companionship and physically in human co-operation. The land received a desirability and an advantage because a MAN was there. It was the Man who bestowed the superior value to that locality. The third man who came to make a home on the plains settled himself with even greater enthusiasm beside the first two ; for the land had gained even higher value, had even a greater advantage because two settlers were there. The advent of each settler that time and conditions added to the number made the vicinity more and more desirable. A community whose nucleus was a village with a named and numbered street and which was surrounded by miles upon miles of farms and pastures had arisen in the place where a few years before our first settler located himself in sheer despair of finding something better where all looked equally excellent. Suppose a man were now to look upon that village, and in it saw a vacant lot in its little street ; and suppose he saw in that lot a fine place and opportunity to build a billiard-parlor or a grocery- store. Could he now get the ground by simply settling himself upon it? It is evident that the prospective user of the lot would have to pay for its use. And he would have to pay not so much because the land belonged to another, for the contrary is true — that other was holding the land, though not using it, because he knew the lot had a financial value. That value was created by the community. And the value grows greater and greater as the community grows larger and larger. AND THAT IS RENT. Rent is the value which accrues to land by the presence of people. The more people are located in a district the higher is the rent of that place. And let not the student ever confuse the value of land with the earnings of capital. The price paid for the use of a house is interest, because the house is capital. If a higher price attaches to a house similar in all respects but situated in a more populous locality, Spiritual and Political [33] the user pays rent for land, which is the ground lot, and interest for the capital, which is the house. The distinction between interest and rent must be clearly maintained if the student is to bring his studies to a successful issue. Wades Land is the indispensable prime necessity of labor in the creation of wealth. Extremely, even overwhelmingly useful, but not absolutely indispensable, is the tool called capital. But labor is the creator of wealth, using the tool and using it on land. When the wealth is created it must be distributed, the land having earned its share, and capital its particular share. Never- theless, labor, because of its efforts, deserves to keep a goodly share for itself. The share which labor deserves to keep is called wages. Wades is labor's share of wealth created by labor on land helped by capital. Profits The word " Profits " has no place in Political Science. It is an unscientific term and is never used by a genuine political economist. For the word, having no definite meaning of its own, is liable to be interpreted differently by speaker and hearer and so cause a repetition in miniature of the disaster described in the Bible, where the work of building the tower of Babel was abruptly interrupted by the confusion of tongues. LESSON IX Distribution jjT is a generally accepted fact that the heinous fault and terrible cause of poverty culminating in that most pitiful, most desolate, and seemingly most hopeless class known as the " submerged tenth " is not in the production of wealth, but in its distribution. It is almost universally acknowledged that there is enough wealth to keep each individual of the ten billions supposed to inhabit the earth, steeped in the princely luxuries of the dreamers of the East, if each male adult worked but two hours a day. A dreamer of the West can dream of even greater wonders without straining probability, simply supposing the equitable — not equal, but equitable — distribution of the wealth produced. [34] The Unity of the Sciences There was a time when the poverty of the masses was attributed to their own laziness, ignorance, indifference, natural viciousness and what not ? or, worse still, to the " inscrutable decree of Providence " ; but people at present are too well educated for such a doctrine to be preached or received. To solve properly the problem of an equitable — I repeat, equitable, not equal — distribution of wealth, many political parties have arisen and many doctrines been preached. But upon analysis these doctrines all resolve themselves into two distinct and opposing classes, whose extremes we find on the one hand in the theories of the anarchists, who advocate individualism, and on the other, those of the socialists, who would promote governmental co-operativeness. All the intervening political theories lean to or have their basis in one or the other of the foundations of these extreme doctrines. Because Government guards and protects the avenues through which the created wealth mechanically flows to the disproportionate few, the anarchist would destroy Government, thereby withdrawing the protection to these avenues and so permitting any individual to deflect the trend of the wealth away from its mechanical tendency, to himself, where, he justly reasons, it justly belongs. The socialist, realizing that, without the protection of Govern- ment, wealth could not even be created, nor even could the liberty gained by the anarchist be long maintained, but that chaos would immediately crystallize itself into some rude, primitive order which would only end again in the wealth flowing through the same chan- nels to another limited few, therefore proposes that the Government, whose official function already it is to protect the laborer and the wealth in its production, distribution and consumption, should itself officially assume the function of producing and distributing wealth. As the trend of civilization is toward an even greater organiza- tion and an ever more far reaching and intimate co-operation, the goal of the political idealist and political scientist must be the same. While the Socialist is dreaming and inspiring others with his glorified vision, the Scientist solves the problem and shows the " way " to work out the ideal into a reality ; and the natural, scientific, spiritual method is plain enough to him who hath the eye to see, the heart to feel, and the courage to do. There is no fault, and few and ignorant are those who find a fault with the present method of production which is effected by labor on land aided by the tool called capital. There is no fault to find with the distribution as long as popula- tion is sparse and the laborer gets the bulk of his wages, and capital Spiritual and Political [35] is enterprising and gets big interest, and the landlord gets nothing or next to nothing. Only as rent for land gets higher and higher do wages and interest decrease and does capital become fearsome. Rent, we find, is produced by population. Where population is sparse rent is low ; it rises with each added member to society. Evidently, then, society creates rent. A shoemaker makes shoes, so the shoes belong to the shoemaker. Society makes rent, so the rent belongs to society. For the sake of justice to society, but chiefly for the sake of stopping up the leak through which the wealth flows away from the vast majority of ever drudging laborers, into the private pouches of a few undeserving, overindulged individuals, society as a whole must take the rent it creates as a whole. This it can do by means of the social machinery already organized for the purpose of collecting the necessary funds for its maintenance. The social machinery is called government, and its method for collecting revenue is called taxation. When a man must hand over to government all the rent he collects for his lands ; when he must give to the government all the rent he would collect for his lands if it were used to its last dollar's worth, he will be scrupulously careful to use it zealously or give it up cheaply, even going to the extent in extreme cases of disowning it altogether. If land is used zealously, laborers are employed ; and unemployed labor disappears in proportion. Whereas, on the other hand, if land is withdrawn from use, the menace of unemployed labor hangs over the nations. If land is disowned it is free, and labor is free to take it and employ itself upon it ; and the landlord is eliminated, which is a very good thing for labor and the prosperity of the community. As free land and cheap land, and land that seeks employment insure an equitable distribution of the created wealth, it is not only just but expedient to withhold from the landlord the rents that are not his, and with that one fell blow transmute the channels that drew from labor its rewards into the way of securing revenue for civic affairs. Scientific Political Statement This was given in the Introduction, but as it is proper to repeat it at this place it is here added again as the culmination of Political Science. t 36 l The Unity of the Sciences Wealth made by Labor on Land helped by Capital is divided into three parts : One part goes to Land as Rent. The second part goes to Capital as Interest. The third part Labor keeps as Wages. If Wages are taken to meet Municipal Expenses, the Laborer perishes or lives on charity. If Interest is taken, Capital perishes ; and also the capitalist as such, for he swells the ranks of Labor. If rent is taken, the Landlord as such perishes ; but the land remains for the laborer and capitalist. Therefore Rent is the part of Wealth destined by the divine Mind to pay the public expenses. The anarchists, exponents of individual action, wish to destroy all discipline, force and regulation in civic affairs. They would find it sufficient to destroy the landlord, which could be done by taking for civic affairs the rents of his lands. The socialists, exponents of governmental co-operation, wish to destroy all private ownership of wealth. They would find it sufficient to destroy the private ownership of land, which could be done by taking the rents thereof for civic purposes. The rent of land is produced by a community, and to the com- munity it belongs for the needs of the community. THE UNITY OF THE SCIENCES THE UNITY OF THE SCIENCES ^ n _, ' * C U . S wT o V "*^ 0* - c, ■S' /", ^ ■■ f\ D08BS BROS. L,.R»»V l>H Dl .C ST AUGUSTINE 'V LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 1 II 011 761 051 2