LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 
 
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 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
THE 
 
 PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE 
 
 NEW TESTAMENT, 
 
 CONSIDERED IN EIGHT LECTURES DELIVERED BEFORE THE 
 UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD 
 
 by y 
 
 THOMAS DEHANY BEKNAED, M.A., 
 
 OP EXETEE COLLEGE, AND EECTOE OF WALCOT. 
 
 WITH AN INTRODUCTORY NOTE BY 
 REV. T. W. CHAMBERS, D. D. 
 
 
 AMERICAN TRACT S-OCIETY, 
 
 10 EAST 23d STREET, NEW YORK. 
 

 COPYRIGHT, 1896, 
 BY AMERICAN TRACT SOCIETY. 
 
INTRODUCTORY NOTE. 
 
 The Bampton Lectures of Mr. Bernard were first issued in 
 1864, and since that time have been continuously before the public, 
 the work having been often reprinted both in Great Britain and 
 America. 
 
 Its one theme, the " Progress of Doctrine in the New Testa- 
 ment," was by no means a novelty, but never before had it been 
 presented in a popular yet lucid and convincing form. Hence the 
 wide acceptance and great usefulness of the book. The present 
 prominence of Biblical theology in the church's view has rather 
 deepened than lessened the general interest in the subject. The 
 Bible has more and more come to be regarded as the historical 
 record of God's self-revelation to the children of men. As progress 
 undeniably characterized the various stages of this revelation in the 
 Old Testament, it was natural to expect the same in the New. And 
 the fact of such progress has been generally admitted. It is true 
 that the Lord Jesus Christ is the great revealer of God, and his life 
 and teachings are faithfully recorded in the Gospels. But very much 
 of the truth wrapped up in his person and work could not be fully 
 explained and understood until after his death and resurrection, and 
 especially after the outpouring of the Holy Spirit on Pentecost. The 
 germs of the whole system were indeed uttered by him in the course 
 of his ministry, but the disciples, even the Twelve, were slow of 
 heart to comprehend. And the Master himself, as Mr. Bernard 
 reminds us (p. 97), told them, " I have yet many things to say unto 
 you, but ye cannot bear them now." Therefore he made provision, 
 by sending the Paraclete, that these " many things " should not be 
 lost, but subsequently put on record for the guidance and comfort 
 of his people. The Acts, Epistles and Apocalypse contain this fur- 
 ther disclosure of the Saviour's work and will, and so make the vol- 
 ume of revelation a complete, rounded whole, in which nothing is 
 lacking. The agency of the Holy Spirit guarantees the accuracy of 
 the writings of the Apostles, so that what they say is of equal valid- 
 
4 INTRODUCTORY NOTE. 
 
 ity with any utterances of the Lord Jesus. Oftentimes, indeed, it is 
 of greater value, because it fully unfolds what could be given by 
 him only in outline, or what was entirely withheld in view of the in- 
 competency of the disciples to bear it. 
 
 It is the more important to have this point unfolded in the lucid 
 discourses of Mr. Bernard, because in our day there is a pronounced 
 tendency to overlook the Apostolic development of truth under the 
 pretext of a return to Christ. But it may well be questioned if any 
 man, no matter how endowed by nature or matured by grace, can 
 get nearer to the heart of Jesus or be a more faithful mouthpiece of 
 his views than Saul of Tarsus. It is true there are traces of his 
 Rabbinical education in his writings, and these have sometimes 
 been objected to as deteriorating the excellence and usefulness of 
 what he says. But there is no possibility of separating these fea- 
 tures from the rest of the Apostle's writings, and the inspiring 
 Spirit must certainly have preserved him from any undue use of 
 what he had learned before his conversion. On this point it is well 
 to quote the words of the veteran scholar of Neuchatel, the acute 
 and learned Prof. Godet, as given in his latest work, " Introduction 
 to the New Testament " (p. 16). After referring to Pfleiderer's view 
 of the rabbinical character of Paul's exegesis, both liberal and alle- 
 gorical, and citing the cases alleged, he says, " I believe that in sev- 
 eral of these cases Paul's explanation is fully justified (as Gal. 3:16; 
 Rom. 4:17 and 10 : 6, et seq.), and that in other cases the typology 
 of the Apostle entirely differs from the rabbinical allegories in this, 
 that the two things compared by Paul always rest upon a common 
 moral law that warrants the putting them together (1 Cor. 9:9; 
 Gal. 4:21), while in the ordinary allegorical explanation the things 
 brought together are so artificially, and only touch by an accidental 
 feature. But I do not mean to say, notwithstanding, that a man 
 who had not passed through the rabbinical gymnastics would have 
 always argued as Paul does. Only it must be well observed that 
 this was for him only a process of demonstration and not the means 
 by which he had reached the very basis of his ideas. That basis he 
 possessed before writing, and he the more willingly employed the 
 Old Testament to defend it, that that was the authority his adver- 
 
INTRODUCTORY NOTE. 5 
 
 saries invoked against him : * Ye that desire to be under the law, do 
 ye not hear the law?' (Gal. 4:21.) It was a kind of argument 
 ad homine?n." To the same effect speaks Bishop Lightfoot (Galat. 
 196-7) concerning Paul and Philo's use of Hagar and Sarah : " Both 
 allegorize and touch upon the same points in the narrative. Yet in 
 their whole tone and method they stand in direct contrast, and their 
 results have nothing in common. Philo is wholly unhistorical. 
 With St. Paul, on the other hand, Hagar's career is an allegory, be- 
 cause it is a history. The symbol and the thing symbolized are the 
 same in kind. This simple passage of patriarchal life represents in 
 miniature the workings of God's providence hereafter to be exhibited 
 in greater proportions in the history of the Christian church . . . 
 With Philo, the .allegory is the whole substance of his teaching ; 
 with Paul, it is but an accessory. He uses it rather as an illustra- 
 tion than an argument, as a means of representing in a lively form 
 the lessons before enforced on other grounds. It is, to use Luther's 
 comparison, the painting which decorates the house already built." 
 
 In Fairbairn's " The Place of Christ in Modern Theology " 
 occurs the following passage (p. 450) : " We cannot accept Luther's 
 article of a standing or a falling Church as our principium essendi. 
 It is Paul's rather than Christ's ; it may be true, but it still remains 
 what it was at first — a deduction by a disciple, not a principle enun- 
 ciated by the Master." Here there is a reversal of the view held by 
 the historic church from the beginning, that the entire New Testa- 
 ment is the norm of faith, and that a distinct utterance by an in- 
 spired Apostle is as authoritative as one of our Lord's own sayings. 
 Under the pretext of doing honor to Christ his own express teach- 
 ing is denied, and his gracious promise of the Comforter to lead 
 the disciples into " all the truth " is emptied of its meaning. 
 
 The same able writer in another place (p. 293) gives utterance 
 to very remarkable views. After saying that we can now trace the 
 degree in which the Master transcends the disciples, not the way 
 they develop his teaching, but how they fail to do it, he proceeds : 
 " Where Paul is greatest is where he is most directly under the 
 influence or in the hands of Jesus, evolving the content of what he 
 had received concerning him ; where he is weakest is where his old 
 
6 INTRODUCTORY NOTE. 
 
 scholasticism or his new antagonism dominates alike the form and 
 substance of his thought. So with John : what in him is perma- 
 nent and persuasive is of Christ ; what is local and even trivial is of 
 himself. To exhibit in full the falling off in the apostles cannot be 
 attempted here ; enough to say their conception of God is, if not 
 lower, more outward, less intimate, or, as it were, from within ; nor 
 does it, with all its significance as to the absolute paternity, penetrate 
 like a subtle yet genial spirit their whole mind, all their thought and 
 all their being." The necessary result of such teachings is to create 
 an impassable gulf between the gospels and the epistles, to darken 
 the whole subject of inspiration, and to do grievous dishonor to the 
 Holy Ghost. It takes a large part of the New Testament away from 
 the rule of faith and subjects it to the judgment of the reader how 
 far it represents the consciousness of Christ. It exaggerates the 
 human element in the epistles so as to obscure and abridge the di- 
 vine, and in fact leaves us with a mutilated standard of belief and 
 practice. 
 
 It is, therefore, peculiarly appropriate to issue anew a work 
 such as Mr. Bernard's, which is written without any tinge of a con- 
 troversial spirit, and yet presents the common judgment of the 
 church with clearness and accuracy. One might prefer that in ana- 
 lyzing the Pauline writings he had followed the chronological order, 
 yet the author gives (pp. 166-7) satisfactory reasons for following the 
 arrangement which occurs in the common English Bible, his object 
 being not to show the relations of each one to the others, but rather 
 their common characteristic as containing the fullness and maturity 
 of Christian doctrine. He describes progress in its natural way as 
 not a correction of what had gone before, but a further unfolding of 
 the words and work of the blessed Master, and thus presents a com- 
 plete statement of religious truth, in which every doctrine and pre- 
 cept finds its appropriate place, and ample materials are furnished 
 for constructing a full-orbed and symmetrical system of theology 
 
 and ethics. 
 
 TALBOT W. CHAMBERS. 
 
 Nov. 20, 1894. 
 
EXTRACT 
 
 FROM 
 
 THE LAST WILL AND TESTAMENT 
 
 OF THE LATE 
 
 REV. JOHN BAMPTON, 
 
 CANON OF SALISBURY. 
 
 ..." I give and bequeath my Lands and Estates to the Chan- 
 cellor, Masters, and Scholars of the University of Oxford for- 
 ever, to have and to hold all and singular the said Lands or Es- 
 tates upon trust, and to the intents and purposes hereinafter men- 
 tioned ; that is to say, I will and appoint iaat the Vice-Chancellor 
 of the University of Oxford for the time, being shall take and re- 
 ceive all the rents, issues, and profits thereof, and (after all taxes, 
 reparations, and necessary deductions made) that he pay all the 
 remainder to the endowment of Eight Divinity Lecture Sermon3, 
 to be established forever in the said University, and to be per- 
 formed in the manner following : 
 
 44 1 direct and appoint, that, upon the first Tuesday in Easter 
 Term, a Lecturer be yearly chosen by the Heads of Colleges 
 only, and by no others, in the room adjoining to the Printing- 
 House, between the hours of ten in the morning and two in the 
 afternoon, to preach eight Divinity Lecture Sermons, the year 
 following, at St. Mary 1 s in Oxford, between the commencemeia 
 
of the last month in Lent Term, and the end of the third week in 
 Act Term. 
 
 " Also I direct and appoint, that the eight Divinity Lecture 
 Sermons shall be preached upon either of the following subjects 
 — to confirm and establish the Christian Faith, and to confute all 
 heretics and schismatics — upon the divine authority of the holy 
 Scriptures — upon the authority of the writings of the primitive 
 Fathers, as to the faith and practice of the primitive Church — 
 upon the Divinity of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ — upon 
 the Divinity of the Holy Ghost — upon the Articles of the Chris- 
 tian Faith, as comprehended in the Apostles' and Nicene Creeds. 
 
 " Also I direct, that thirty copies of the eight Divinity Lecture 
 Sermons shall always be printed, within two months after they 
 are preached ; and one copy shall be given to the Chancellor of 
 the University, and one copy to the Head of every College, and 
 one copy to the Mayor of the city of Oxford, and one copy to be 
 put into the Bodleian Library ; and the expense of printing them 
 shall be paid out of the revenue of the* Land or Estates given for 
 establishing the Divinity Lecture Sermons ; and the preacher shall 
 flot be paid, nor be entitled to the revenue, before they are 
 printed. 
 
 '* Also I direct and appoint, that no person phall be qualified to 
 preach the Divinity Lecture Sermons, unless ho hath taken the 
 degree of Master of Arts at least, in one of the two Universities 
 of Oxford or Cambridge; and that the same person sha)J neve/ 
 preach the Divinity Lecture Sermons twice." 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The title given to these Lectures may perhaps suggest differ 
 ent expectations as to their scope. It may appear to some to 
 announce an intention of drawing from the New Testament 
 materials for a historical inquiry into the growth of christian doc- 
 trine, as it took place in the minds and under the hands of the 
 Apostles. To others it may indicate a purpose of showing that 
 the New Testament itself exhibits a scheme of progressive doc- 
 trine, fashioned for permanent and universal use. The Lectures 
 will be found to address themselves not to the first, but to the 
 second of these attempts; not examining the New Testament 
 collection in order to ascertain the chronological sequence of 
 fact, but contemplating it, as it is, for the purpose of observing 
 the actual sequence of thought. In so doing, we are concerned, 
 not only with the component parts of the New Testament, b.it 
 with the order in which they are placed. On this subject soma 
 prefatory words are needed, lest it should seem that the order 
 here followed has been adopted merely because it comes natu- 
 rally to us, as that with which we are familiar in our own Bibles. 
 
 When this particular arrangement of books, which may be, 
 and often have been, otherwise arranged, is treated as involving 
 a course of progressive teaching, it may seem that an unwarrant- 
 able stress is laid on an accidental order, which some may regard 
 as litlle more than a habit of the pi inter and the binder. The 
 
XU PREFACE. 
 
 Lectures themselves ought to give the answer to this idea ; for if 
 the familiar order does exhibit a sequence of thought and a sus- 
 tained advance of doctrine, then the several documents are in 
 their right places, according to the highest kind of relation which 
 they can bear to each other ; and if they had come into our handa 
 vaiiously and promiscuously arranged, it would yet be incumbent 
 on one who would study them as a whole, to place them before 
 him in the same, or nearly the same, order as that which they 
 have actually assumed. 
 
 It will be seen that the importance here ascribed to the order 
 of the books is ascribed strongly to its chief divisions, and more 
 faintly to its details. The four Gospels, the Book of Acts, the 
 collection of Epistles, and the Apocalypse, are regarded as sev- 
 erally exhibiting definite stages in the course of divine teaching, 
 which have a natural fitness to succeed each other. Within these 
 several divisions, the order of the four Gospels is treated as hav- 
 ing an evident doctrinal significance (Lecture II.), and a certain 
 measure of propriety and fitness is attributed to the relative po- 
 sitions of the Pauline and the Catholic Epistles, and again in a 
 less degree to that of the several Pauline Epistles themselves. 
 (Lecture VI.) 
 
 But while it belongs to the scope of the Lectures to point out 
 reasons of internal fitness for a certain arrangement of the books 
 of the New Testament, it does not enter into their design to dis- 
 cuss the subject on its other side, and to treat of the custom of 
 the Church in regard to the order of the canon. Yet this is a 
 point on which, in some minds, inquiry will naturally arise, and 
 to them some short account of the state of the case is due. 
 
 ]n speaking of the custom of the Church, it must first be re- 
 membered, that the New Testament was not given and received 
 
PREFACE. X1U 
 
 as one volume, but that it grew together by recognition and use. 
 As the several books gradually coalesced into unity, it might be 
 expected that there would be many varieties of arrangement, but 
 that they would on the whole tend to assume their relative places, 
 according to the law of internal fitness, rather than on any othei 
 principle which might exercise a transient influence, as, for in- 
 stance, that of the relative dignity of the names of their authors, 
 or that of their chronological production or recognition. In fact, 
 this tendency shows itself at once, in the earliest period to which 
 our inquiries are carried back by extant manuscripts, by cata- 
 logues of the sacred books given by ancient writers, and by the 
 habitual arrangement of the oldest versions. A short summary 
 of the testimony derived from these sources is given in the first 
 Note in the Appendix, by reference to two writers whose works 
 have laid the Church under no common obligations. (') From 
 that review of the case, it will be apparent that the order in 
 which we now read the books of the New Testament is that 
 which, on the whole, they have tended to assume ; and that the 
 general internal arrangement, by which the entire collection 
 forms for us a consecutive course of teaching, has been suffi- 
 ciently recognized by the instinct, and fixed by the habit, of 
 the Church. 
 
 It remains to add a word of explanation as to the method in 
 which the Progress of Doctrine in the New Testament has been 
 here treated. Two ways of handling the subject may suggest 
 themselves : one, that of exhibiting the gradual development of 
 particular doctrines, through successive stages of the divine course 
 of instruction ; the other, that of marking the characteristics and 
 functions of those stages themselves as parts of a progressive 
 
 (l)Xumbeis within parentheses, in the text, refer to Notes at the close of ttu 
 volume; those urithout parentheses, to foot-notes. 
 
XIV PREFACE. 
 
 scheme. The first method would be suited to the purpose of 
 proving the fact of the progress of doctrine ; the second, to the 
 purpose of showing that that fact involves the unity of a divine plan, 
 and therefore the continuity of a divine authority. The latter 
 purpose appeared the more likely to be practically useful, at least 
 in the present day. The advanced character of the doctrine in 
 some books, as compared with others, is indeed sufficiently obvi- 
 ous, and is not only admitted, but sometimes exaggerated into a 
 supposed incongruity, or even inconsistency, in the views of the 
 sacred writers. It was, then, not the reality of the progress of 
 doctrine, but the true character of it, which seemed especially to 
 solicit attention ; and in this point of view the subject is here 
 considered. 
 
 It was in fact originally suggested by the strong disposition, 
 evinced by some eminent writers and preachers, to'make a broad 
 separation between the words of the Lord and the teaching of 
 his Apostles, and to treat the definite statements of doctrine in 
 the Epistles, rather as individual varieties of opinion on the reve- 
 lation recorded in the Gospels, than as the form in which the 
 Lord Jesus has perfected for us the one revelation of himself. 
 
 Such a habit of thought must frustrate the provision which our 
 great Teacher has made for enduing those that believe on his 
 name with the vigor of a distinct and the repose of a settled 
 faith. One of the most effectual safeguards against that danger 
 will be found in an intelligent appreciation of the progressive 
 plan on which God has taught us in his written Word : and if the 
 view which is taken in these Lectures of the range of New Testa- 
 ment teaching should, in an} T quarter and in any measure, con- 
 tribute to that end, the prayer which has been associated with 
 their preparation will have received its answer. In all our works 
 the first and the last resort is the thought of that mercy which 
 
PREFACE. X* 
 
 aiwvtra prayer. I h^ve need to revert to it now. One who has 
 taken up a subject connected with the Holy Word, under a strong 
 sense of the usefulness which may belong to a due exposition of 
 it, must lesl a proportionate sorrow in the review of an inade- 
 quate treatment. But it is enough. The desires and the regrets 
 which attend our ministrations in the Lord's household are better 
 ottered to God than to man. 
 
 For one defect only it seems right to offer an excuse. I think 
 that many of the points, which in the Lectures are necessarily 
 touched in a cursory manner, ought to have been more fully 
 worked out and illustrated in Notes and References; and it 
 would certainly have been a satisfaction, in rapidly skirting the 
 confines of so many fields of recent and laborious study, to bor- 
 row contributions from writers by whom they have been thor- 
 oughly explored. Only a few such additions have been made, 
 as they occurred at the moment. I may be allowed to plead that 
 the circumstances in which I was placed during the preparation 
 of these Lectures have made it impossible for me to do more. 
 Scarcely had this office been confided to me, before I was called 
 to enter on the care of a parish of fifteen thousand souls, the 
 affairs of which required immediate, and have compelled almost 
 incessant attention. Of the effect of this pressure of duties it 
 will not be proper for me to say more, than that it has caused tlta 
 omission which is here acknowledged. 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE LECTURES. 
 
 LECTURE I. 
 
 THE NEW TESTAMENT. 
 {page 25.) 
 
 St. John xvii. 8. 
 
 Subject proposed. Its connection with the ministry of the word, and with tlM 
 present tendencies of thought. 
 I. Preliminary positions. 
 
 1. There is divine teaching in the New Testament— doctrine given by th« 
 
 Father to the Son— by the Son to men. 
 
 2. The divine teaching coincides in extent with the New Testament. Not tc 
 be restricted to words of the Lord in the flesh. Effect of such restrio 
 tion. Forbidden by the Lord's words. Not to be extended through the 
 whole Christian age. Progress of doctrine through all Church history— 
 is a progress of apprehension by man, not of communication by God. Nc 
 advance in divine teaching after the apostolic age ever admitted by thfc 
 Church. 
 
 8. The plan of the divine teaching ia represented In the New Testament. Is 
 what sense it can be said that it exhibits a scheme of doctrine progres- 
 sively developed. 
 EL Outlines of the subject. 
 
 1. Reality of the progress of doctrine. Visible in the Old Testament— in the 
 
 New Testament. 
 
 2. Stages in the progress of doctrine in the New Testament — marked by Gos- 
 
 pels, Acts, Epistles, Apocalypse. 
 
 8. Principles of the progress of doctrine In the New Testament --constituted 
 by the relations of the doctrine (a) to its Author, (6) to the facts on whicfc 
 
 xv li 
 
XV111 CONTENTS. 
 
 it Is founded, [c) to the human mind, (d) of the several parts of the 
 trine to each other. 
 garvey of the New Testament as a progressive scheme. 
 
 LECTURE H. 
 
 THE GOSPELS. 
 
 (PAGE 63.) 
 
 St. Mark i. 1. 
 
 The beginning of the Gospel. The whole life and ministry of Christ on earth 
 may be thus described— represented in the New Testament by the four Gospels 
 
 I. The Gospel. Collection in its relation to the whole New Testa- 
 
 ment forms the initiatory stage of a progressive plan. Fitted to this place 
 and function, as presenting the person of Christ. Effect of the transparent 
 style — of the fourfold repetition — of the fourfold variation. Communica- 
 tion of personal knowledge of Jesus Christ is the beginning of the Gospel. 
 
 II. The Gospel Collection in itself exhibits a progressive plan— (1) in the 
 
 division of two distinct stages ; (2) in the character of the synoptic Gospels 
 relatively to each other; (3) in the character of St. John's Gospel relatively 
 to the others. Unity of the whole representation — one Lord Jesus Christ. 
 Unity and progress in the parts imply design in the whole — the Holy Ghosl 
 the designer. 
 The Gospel Collection, in its general effect, prepares us for further teaching bj 
 
 creating the want, giving the pledge, depositing the material, and providing th< 
 
 safeguard. 
 
 LECTURE in. 
 
 THE GOSPELS. 
 
 (page 77.) 
 
 Heb. iii. 3. 
 
 The Lord himself the first Teacher. Hie personal teaching in the Gospels fie 
 taitl&tory. 
 
CONTENTS. XIX 
 
 L 1. Includes the substance of all Christian doctrine. Its occasional character— bul 
 the occasions pre-ordained. Instances of pregnant sayings. 
 2. Yet does not bear the character of finality— a. in its form— b. in its method— 
 c. in its substance— as moral teaching, full and open, as revelation of a 
 mystery, reserved and anticipatory. The mystery being fundamental to 
 the ethic, this reserve creates the need of further teaching. Instances in 
 the doctrine of Forgiveness of sin and Acceptance in prayer. 
 
 II. 1. 7s a visibly progressive system. Comparison of the first and the last discourses, 
 Matt, v.-vii. and John xiv.-xvii. 
 2, Yet declares itself incomplete, and refers us to a subsequent stage of teaching. 
 Transitional character of the last discourse. Plain assertions of incomplete- 
 ness. Promises of things to be spoken after. The personal teachings of 
 Christ to be completed in the dispensation of the Spirit. 
 Saving purpose of the whole testimony, which only attains its end in those who 
 
 ' have life through his name." 
 
 LECTUEE IV. 
 
 THE ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 
 
 {page 102.) 
 
 Acts i. 1-4. 
 
 The Gospels and the Acts linked together as parts of one scheme— the obi 
 commencing, the other continuing, the teaching of Jesus Christ. Two points tc 
 be observed in the second stage of divine teaching in the New Testament. 
 I. The Teacher is the same. Evidence of this. The Book of Acts is a record 
 of the personal action of the Lord Jesus in the perfecting of his word and 
 the formation of his Church. The method of this action : — 
 1. Special interventions. Survey of the*-;. Given at critical moments, and at 
 the steps of progress — particularly in the history of St. Paul. Relations 
 of the course of action to the course of doctrine, — as the pledge of its 
 authority— as the means of its completion. Testimony of the Epistles 
 to this personal action of the Lord in the progress of doctrine. St. Paul'? 
 statements as to the sources of his doctrine. 
 & EaUtutd guidance of the Apostles bv the Holy Ghost. Nature of tru gift 
 &t Pentecost — shown, from tne promise, irom the facts, and from the 
 
XX CONTENT 8. 
 
 testimony of the Apostles, to have involved the Gospel l*3elf. Hence i 
 
 divine authority attaches to the whole Apostolic teaching, in its interpret 
 
 tations and inferences as well as in its witness of facts. 
 
 II. The method is changed. Reason for the change. The change is a siioi 
 
 and means of progress. The history of salvation being finished, must be 
 
 followed by the interpretation of it, and by the exhibition of its effects in 
 
 human consciousness. This is achieved by the change in the method :f 
 
 divine teaching, signified by the words, " He dwelleth loith you and Bhi Jl 
 
 be in you." Action of the indwelling Spirit to be distinguished according 
 
 to its purpose — in the founders of the Church to communicate truth — la 
 
 the members of the Church to receive it. 
 
 LECTURE V. 
 
 THE ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 
 
 (pa OB 127.) 
 
 Acts v. 42. 
 
 Further questions to be answered by the Book of Acts. Its purpose to answer 
 tLem. Character and scheme of the Book. Its place and function in the evolu- 
 tion of doctrine. 
 
 L It gives the general character of the christian doctrine in its second 
 stage. 
 
 1. A Preaching of Christ. Comparison of the preaching recorded in the 
 
 Gospels and that recorded in the Acts — the one of the kingdom, the other 
 of the person. The difference in the preaching accounts for the difference 
 in the effect. 
 
 2. A preaching of the work of Christ, in its main features and theb 
 
 results — of his death as the source of forgiveness, of his resurrection as 
 the source of life. Progress of doctrine in the iumming up and expoai- 
 tion of the past. 
 
 II. It gives the course of events through which the doctrine was matured. 
 Outlines of the history in this point of view. The doctrine cleared and 
 formed in the course of this history, chiefly in respect of two principles : o. 
 The Gospel is the substitute for the jjaw — Jewish theory of the Law— 
 Judaking attempts negatived ana superseded; b. The Gospel is the he* 
 
CONTENTS. XXI 
 
 of the Lata— inheriting its ideas and its Scriptures. St. Paul's conflict foi 
 these positions. Largeness of the results deduced from them in the Epistles. 
 Value of a divine summing up of the meaning and effects of the manifestatioi 
 of Christ. 
 
 LECTURE VI, 
 
 THE EPISTLES. 
 
 {PAGE 151.) 
 
 Rom. i. 17. 
 
 Marks of the continuity of doctrine, in passing from the Acts to the Epistles. 
 The point at which the Book of Acts leaves us— it has presented the Gospel as a 
 system, but, 1, in its external aspect — all the discourses in the Book are addressed 
 to those who are not yet Christians; 2, as a doctrine in outline— coextensive 
 with the Apostles' Creed. 
 
 Need of further divine teaching. The Epistles are the voice of the Spirit within 
 the Church to those who are within it— presenting the internal aspect of the 
 Gospel, and filling up its outlines by perfecting the christian faith and educating 
 the christian life. 
 
 The Epistles are fitted for this work by their 
 
 I. Form. The Epistolary form peculiar to the New Testament— indicates fel- 
 
 lowship—addresses itself to actual life, and various conditions of mind. 
 
 II. Method. One of reasoning, interpretation of Old Testament Scriptures, 
 
 utterance of personal feelings and convictions— is a method ot association 
 rather than of authority, of education rather than of information, yet per- 
 vaded by authority, and blended with direct revelation. 
 
 HI. Authorship. Chiefly that of St. Paul, who had not been with Jesus and 
 was born out of due time. Inference, that these writings form a stage of 
 doctrine in advance of that in the Gospels, as showing the results of ma 
 manifestation of Christ. The same kind of teaching in the Catfcalic Epistles, 
 by four other authors, chosen representatives of the Twelve. 
 
 Z\. Relative characters. (1) St. Paul's Epistles, grouped and character* 
 ized, form a body of doctrine. (2) Need and effect of the Epistle to th« 
 Hebrews. (3) The Catholic Epistles confirmatory and supplementary. 
 The Epistles a provision for the exigencies of the christian life. The exigenciei 
 
 Bast be known— the provision must to umo. 
 
XX11 CONTENTS. 
 
 LECTURE VH. 
 
 THE EPISTLES. 
 (PAGE 177.) 
 
 1 Cor. i. 30. 
 
 The doctrine in the Epistles, as a stage in advance of the doctrine in the pre 
 seding books, is distinguished by 
 
 I. Its General Character — -a doctrine of the life in Christ— shows the ful 
 
 filment, and gives the interpretation, of the promise, " At that day ye shaii 
 know that I am in the Father, and ye in me, and I in you." Discrimina- 
 tion of the points in the promise. In the Epistles all things are " in Christ 
 Jesus." Need of a correspondence with this character in our own habit of 
 mind. 
 
 II. Particular doctrines A3 affected by this general character. 
 
 Examples. (1) Doctrine of salvation— in the Gospels— in the Epistles. 
 Ineneased definiteness, especially as to the consciousness of atonement and 
 redemption. (2) Doctrine of adoption— in the Gospels — in the Epistles. 
 The form of it fuller — the ground of it clearer. A new sense of it from the 
 gift of the Spirit. (3) Doctrine of worship— In the Gospels — in the Epistles. 
 Plainer revelation of access by sacrifice — by mediation — in the Iloly Ghost. 
 (4) Ethical doctrine — in the Gospels— in the Epistles. Advanced to a 
 higher point by the knowledge of higher relations, motives, and powers 
 found " in Christ Jesus." 
 Retrospect of the course of doctrine— its unity and progress. Our personal 
 daty in regard to It. 
 
 LECTURE VIII. 
 
 THE APOCALYPSE. 
 
 (page 200.) 
 
 Rev. x x i. 2. 
 
 The Apocalypse fulfils the promise, " lie shall show you things to come "—and 
 completes the line of history and prophecy. Is related to the last discourse in St. 
 Matthew, as the Epistles are to that in St. John. The Lord himself is still the 
 revealer. 
 
CONTENTS. XX111 
 
 Connection between the progress of prophecy and the progress of doctrine. 
 Doctrinal bearing of the book in 
 
 I. The want which it supposes— concerned witli the destinies of the body, 
 
 the Church. The corporate life distinguished from the individual life in the 
 Epistles. Contrast between the ideal character of the Church and the indi- 
 cations of its actual history. In the later epistles the tokens and revela- 
 tions of the future grow darker. Thus a want has been created which de- 
 mands a further word of God. State of mind to which the Book is ad- 
 dressed. 
 
 II. The satisfaction which it provides— as being a doctrine of consumma- 
 
 tion. 
 
 1. A doctrine of the Cause of the consummation. The personal salvation 
 
 of the individual and the general salvation of the Church have the same 
 ground, namely, the Atoning Sacrifice,— implied by "the Lamb," as the 
 Apocalyptic name of Christ, 
 
 2. A doctrine of the History of the consummation— showing the inner nature of 
 
 events— by connecting things seen with things not seen— by presenting the 
 eaTth as the battle-field of spiritual powers. 
 
 3. A doctrine of the Coming of the Lord— the announcement of this is the key- 
 
 note of the Book— all else a part of this. In the Epistles the coming is con- 
 nected chiefly with the personal life— here with the corporate life — as the 
 close of the world's history. 
 
 4. A doctrine of Victory— completes the teaching of the Epistles on the Victory 
 
 of the Lord— and of his people. 
 
 5. A doctrine of Judgment. "The Prince of this world is judged." Judgment 
 
 of the usurping Power— of the world— of nations— of persons. 
 
 6. A doctrine of Restoration. There is to be a perfect humanity. Humanity 
 
 only perfect in society. The city a type of society in its maturity. Failure 
 of earthly societies to realize the ideal. Realization promised in the Bible. 
 Need of the final vision to complete the teaching of God. The Bible an 
 account of the preparation of the City of God— by expectation, prophecy, 
 and type— by the reconstitution of men's relations to God and to each 
 other— both effected by the Gospel. Other systems have despaired of 
 human society. Completeness of the Bible in providing for the perfection 
 of man in a corporate as well as a personal life. 
 Final survey of the progressive teaching of the New Testament in its several 
 stages, represented by the— Gospels— Acts— Epistles— Apocalypse. Fitness of this 
 survey to increase the sense that the doctrine is not of the world— and the conn 
 dence that it is of God. 
 
THB 
 
 PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE 
 
 IN THE 
 
 NEW TESTAMENT 
 
 LECTURE I. 
 
 THE NEW TESTAMENT. 
 
 I HAVB GIVEN UNTO THEM THE WORDS WHICH THOU GAVEST XI.< 
 
 St. John xvii. 8. 
 
 On the truth of this saying stands the whole fabric cf 
 creeds and doctrines. It is the ground of authority to the 
 preacher, of assurance to the believer, of existence to the 
 Church. It is the source from which the perpetual stream 
 of Christian teaching flows. All our testimonies, instruc- 
 tions, exhortations, derive their first origin and continuous 
 power from the fact that the Father has given to the Son, 
 the Son has given to his servants, the words of truth and 
 life. 
 
 I am now called, not so much to preach the words thus 
 given to us, as to inquire concerning them. It is a sec- 
 ondary and subsidiary ministry. 
 
 Our first charge is, " Go stand and speak in the temple 
 to the people all the words of this life." We go ; and our 
 words not only meet the wants of conscience, but stir the 
 activities of thought ; and a cloud of questions rises rounc 
 ns, which must be dissipated while it is gathering, but 
 *\ Inch will still gather while it is being dissipated. Thus 
 Ihe preaching of the words of life to the people is evermore 
 2 35 
 
26 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT. I 
 
 attended by an incidental necessity for extensive and va* 
 nous discussion. 
 
 The institution of these lectures is a testimony to that 
 necessity, and a testimony also to the relation which such 
 discussion bears to the main object for which the Word 
 was given. For if this pulpit is devoted on these occasions 
 to the deliberate treatment of some particular question, 
 that is only on account of the bearing which such questions 
 may have on the work which the Church fulfils in testifying 
 the Gospel of the grace of God. More especially is it 
 fitting that one, who is habitually engaged in the work of 
 preaching and teaching, should keep as near as he can to 
 this ultimate practical aim. Therefore, invoking the guid- 
 ance of God, I shall submit to you some considerations on 
 the progress of doctrine in the New Testament, a subject 
 which on the one side touches the living ministry of the 
 Church at its very heart, and on the other is specially 
 affected by the present tendencies of sacred criticism. 
 
 Into all our parishes and all our missions the thousands 
 of evangelists, pastors, and teachers are sent forth with the 
 Bible placed in their hands, and with solemn charges to 
 draw from its pages the Gospel which they preach. But 
 Tv hen those pages are opened, they present, not the exposi- 
 tion of a revelation completed, but the records of a revela- 
 tion in progress. Its parts and features are seen, not as 
 arranged after their development, but as arranging them- 
 selves in the course of their development, and growing, 
 through stages which can be marked, and by accessions 
 which can be measured, into the perfect form which they 
 attain at last. Thus the Bible includes within itself a 
 world v>l* anticipation and retrospection, of preparation and 
 completion, whereby various and vital relations are consti 
 
LECT. I. THE NEW TESTAMENT. 27 
 
 tuted between its several parts. These relations enter as 
 really into the scheme of Scripture as do the several parts 
 themselves ; and must be rightly understood and duly ap- 
 preciated, if the doctrine, which the Book yields upon the 
 whole, is to be firmly grasped by the student or fairly \ re- 
 sented by the preacher. 
 
 In this wa} r the subject of progressive teaching in Scrip- 
 ture is implicated with the living ministry of the Church. 
 How it is affected by the present tendencies of sacred criti- 
 cism there is no need to explain, for it is known to all that 
 the studies of our day are directed to a minute and la- 
 borious examination of the internal characteristics of the 
 books of Scripture, and more particularly of their mutual 
 relations, and of the differences of doctrine both in amount 
 and form which they exhibit on comparison with each 
 other. Notwithstanding all reasons for anxiety, sometimes 
 even for grief and indignation, which we may find in the 
 actual handling of the subject, we have cause to be thank 
 ful that the progressive character of revelation is thus 
 coming more distinctly before the mind of the Church. In 
 regard to any subject the observation of successive stages 
 of design must be expected ultimately to conduce to a more 
 thorough comprehension of the thing designed, and will 
 also naturally tend to place the observer in closer contact 
 with the mind of the designer. So will it be with the writ- 
 ten word. 
 
 Only a part of the general subject is before us now. We 
 shall be occupied with the last stage through which the 
 revelation of God was perfected, as exhibited in the canoni- 
 cal books of the New Testament. But though only a part 
 of a larger subject, this is itself one of great extent and 
 various aspect, and on this account some preliminary 
 
28 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT. I 
 
 words are necessary, in order to fix the point of view from 
 which it will be regarded. I shall therefore devote the 
 chief part of this introductory lecture to secure for myself 
 the following positions. 
 
 1 . That by doctrine shall be here meant divine teaching, 
 or truth as communicated by God. 
 
 2. That the course of divine teaching under the Chris- 
 tian dispensation shall be considered to coincide in extent 
 with the New Testament Scriptures. 
 
 3. That the relative character and actual order of the 
 parts of the New Testament shall be taken, as adequately 
 representing the progressive plan on which this course of 
 divine teaching was perfected. 
 
 When I have strengthened these positions by such ex- 
 planations as time will allow, I will close this introduction 
 ,. f the subject, by pointing out that the progressive system 
 ■•if teaching in the New Testament is an obvious fact, that 
 it is marked by distinct stages, and that it is determined by 
 natural principles. 
 
 I. 1. First, then, I assume that the doctrine here spoken 
 of is divine teaching, and that by its progress is meant a 
 systematic advance in its communication from God. 
 
 That some doctrine contained in the New Testament must 
 be thus characterized, we are assured by the assertion of 
 the Lord Jesus in the text: "I have given unto them the 
 words which thou gavest me." Words then have been given 
 to men, which, not only in their original source, but in their 
 intermediate channel, are absolutely and incontestably di- 
 vine. Over and above these discoveries of the mind of God 
 which are contained in the natural order of things, and 
 which we may discern by an intuitive faculty or infer by a 
 reasoning process, we have that, which, in the clearest, 
 
i^ECT. I. THE NEW TESTAMENT. 29 
 
 fullest, strongest sense, must be called the "word of God." 
 Nay, he has not only given us a word; he has clone more, 
 he has given us ivords, 1 separate, articulate, definite com- 
 munications, each as truly divine as is the whole word 
 which they compose. Such words of God were spoken of 
 in old time as "coming to" particular persons, who were 
 to he the messengers of those words to others. The Proph- 
 ets testified, when they spoke, that " the word of the Lord 
 came to them ; " and the testimony was authenticated of 
 God and accepted of men. But the communications made 
 through them were only introductory. " In sundry parts 
 and in divers ways God having spoken of old to the Fathers 
 in the Prophets, at the end of these days spake to us in his 
 Son." Those to whom the word of God came were suc- 
 ceeded by him who is himself the " Word of God." He 
 became man, and stood forth as the one real and eternal 
 Prophet, the medium of communication between the mind 
 of God and the mind of man. Then he was in the world, 
 but he "was in heaven," in the concourse of men but " in 
 the bosom of his Father." His flesh was as a veil between 
 the two worlds, and he who dwelt in it read on the one side 
 the secrets of the Most Holy, and on the other presented 
 them to the apprehensions of mankind. On the one side he 
 received, on the other he gave. He showed to the world tho 
 works which he "had seen with his Father ; he spoke to the 
 wccld the words which he had heard with his Father ; and 
 in closing his pergonal teaching in the flesh, he lifted up his 
 eyes to heaven and said, "I have given unto them the 
 words which thou gavest me." Imagination itself can go 
 no farther. If we asked for assurance that men had realty 
 
 1 pTipara, 
 
30 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT. I 
 
 received the words of God, it would be impossil /e to con- 
 ceive a higher authority, a more plain assertion, or a more 
 unqualified statement. On this point I need say no more. 
 My only purpose in touching it has been to refresh in your 
 minds the remembrance, that the doctrine about which we 
 inquire is, in some part of it at least, truly and incontesta- 
 bly divine. 
 
 2. More perhaps needs to be said in order to justify the 
 next step which I would take, in the assumption that the 
 course of divine teaching coincides in extent with the Scrip- 
 tures of the New Testament. Have I the right to extend 
 the course of divine teaching so far ? If so, have I the right 
 to refuse to extend it farther ? At first sight the text might 
 suggest that the character of doctrine, which has been just 
 asserted, should be limited to the words spoken by the lips of 
 the Lord Jesus when on earth. If we pass beyond this, and 
 include words spoken by the lips of men, we may seem com- 
 pelled to extend our thoughts to a progress of doctrine car- 
 ried on to the end of time. In neither of these cases wih 
 the course of the divine communication of Christian truth 
 coincide with the extent of the New Testament. In the 
 one case it will be comprised in the Gospels alone, which 
 leave us some of their most peculiar doctrines only in short 
 summaries or pregnant germs ; in the other case it may be 
 prolonged through an indefinite series of Accessions, which 
 will always leave the Church in doubt, as to what the faith 
 delivered to it is, and still more in doubt as to what it n>ay 
 hereafter turn out to be. 
 
 What then are the words to which the description in the 
 text applies? or rather, within what limits shall we se^k 
 them ? 
 
 Undoubtedly the Loid speaks of all the words which he 
 
LECT. I. THE NEW TESTAMENT. 31 
 
 had already uttered to those disciples as theii teacher in 
 the days of his flesh. But is the saying true only of those 
 words? Is it to be restricted to that stage of teaching 
 which had then reached its conclusion, and of which at the 
 time the assertion might seem to be made? Or is it also 
 true of other words ? words for instance which he gave after 
 he was risen? or, again, words which he gave after he was 
 glorified ? 
 
 To those who would study the evolution of doctrine in 
 the New Testament this question is of vital importance, for 
 if, after we have passed the first stage of teaching, the au- 
 thority which we recognized there is withdrawn, our treat- 
 ment of the subsequent teaching must be conducted in an 
 altered spirit and on other principles. Having bowed in 
 silence before the Divine Teacher, we shall recover our free- 
 dom of opinion when we are left with his followers. Only 
 at first shall we tread securely on the rock : we must then 
 look well to our steps, and be free to choose our path among 
 the irregularities and uncertainties of a more shifting soil ; 
 for we shall pass from words which the Son of God gave to 
 men, to the expansions of those words and the deductions 
 from them which the men who first received them have 
 given to us. Our study of the progress of doctrine within 
 the limits of the New Testament would thus be entirely 
 changed in its character, as we passed from the Gospels to 
 the subsequent books. Only in the first stage would the 
 progress of doctrine bear the meaning of the progress of its 
 communication by God. In the second stage it could but 
 signify the progress of its apprehension by men. The Acts 
 and Epistles would thus form only the first chapter of the 
 history of the Church, separated from its subsequent chap- 
 ters by a much narrower interval than that which marks 
 
32 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LeCT. I 
 
 them off from the Gospels which precede them. They would 
 in fact be simply specimens of human apprehensions of 
 divine truth ; specimens of singular value, because produced 
 under peculiar advantages, but yet, like any other indi- 
 vidual apprehensions, modified by the personal character 
 and historical position of those who formed them. They 
 would therefore be liable to such deductions on these ac- 
 counts as historical criticism might suggest, and would re- 
 main rather as warrants for various explications by other 
 minds and in other ages, than as fixed canons of the truth 
 forever. 
 
 I ask, then, whether the giving of the words of God was 
 completed when the text was uttered, or whether there was 
 a distinct part of the process yet to come ? 
 
 The discourse in which the saying occurs has supplied the 
 answer. Its distinctive character is that of transition, 
 closing the past but opening the future, representing a later 
 stage of teaching as the predestined completion of the 
 earlier, and cementing both into one, by asserting for both 
 the same source, and diffusing over both the same authority. 
 This function in the progress of divine teaching, which be- 
 longs to the discourse in the 14th, 15th, and 16th chapters 
 of St. John, must come more distinctly into view at a later 
 stage of our inquiry. It is now sufficient to refer to it in 
 passing, as an evidence that the very words, of which the 
 text specifically and indubitably speaks, include the asser- 
 tion of the same divine gift and authority for other teach- 
 ing which was j T et to come. 
 
 Thus we stand on the declaration of the giver of the word 
 himself, when we consider the progress of Christian doc- 
 trine in its communication from God as extending, not only 
 over one stage in which it was delivered b}* the Lord in the 
 
LECT. I. THE NEW TESTAMENT. 33 
 
 flesh, but through a second stage in which it was delivered 
 by the same Lord through the Spirit. It might indeed have 
 seemed natural, at the point where the voice of Jesus 
 ceases to draw the line which should terminate the words 
 which were given by the Father to the Son, and by the Son 
 were given to men, a line of broad demarcation, separating 
 those words from all others whatever. But that very voice 
 forbade the act, and admonished us that, when it should 
 seem to have ceased, it must yet be recognized as cariying 
 on the course of communications which were not then com 
 plete. I now say no more on this important point, because 
 a clear understanding upon it ought to be one of the chief 
 results of the inquiry which lies before me. 
 
 But a second question is waiting for me now. If I see 
 that the proposal to restrict the divine authority to the com- 
 munications of the Lord's own lips has been negatived by 
 himself, I am left to extend that authority to communica- 
 tions from the lips of men. Then where am I to stop ? Am 
 I any longer within the limits of the New Testament ? 1 
 have looked forth on the ocean. Am I, or am I not, actu- 
 ally launched upon it? I am compelled to turn towards the 
 vast and confusing prospect, in order to mark the limits 
 within which I claim the right to remain. 
 
 Now if the second part of the New Testament simply re- 
 hearsed to us certain definite revelations, which the writers 
 alleged that they had received, no difficulty would exist. 
 Their testimony to these would be on the same footing (or 
 nearly so) with the testimony of the Evangelists as to the 
 discourses of our Lord. But this is not their method. We 
 have the revealed truth presented to us in the Epistles, not 
 only as a communication from God, but also as an appre- 
 hension by man. The great transition from the one stage 
 
 2* 
 
34 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT f, 
 
 to the other is exhibited before our eyes as already effected. 
 We have the gospel as it existed in the mind of Peter and 
 of Paul, of James and of John. It is thus presented to us 
 In combination with the processes of human thought and 
 the variations of human feelings, in association with pecu» 
 iiaritics of individual character, and in the course of its 
 more perfect elaboration through the exigencies of events 
 and controversies. 
 
 But is not this account of the second part of the New 
 Testament also the account of the whole subsequent history 
 of doctrine in the world, that is, of Church history, in its 
 essential and inward character ? Certainly it is so ; and 
 therefore the Acts and the Epistles stand to the ecclesiasti- 
 cal historian as the first chapters of his work, for there he 
 alreacty finds the aspects which the revealed truth bears to 
 human minds and assumes in human hands, and the manner 
 in which its parts and proportions come to be distinctly ex- 
 hibited through the agency ol men and the instrumentality 
 of facts. And this is a process which goes on through de- 
 scending ages, and in which every generation bears its part. 
 It has gained accessions from all those varieties of the hu- 
 man mind which have been placed in contact with revealed 
 truth, from the idiosyncracies of persons, of nations, of 
 ages, from Fathers and Councils, from controversies and 
 heresies, from Hellenist, Alexandrian, and Roman forms of 
 thought, from the mind of the East and the mind of the 
 West, from corruptions and reformations of religion, from 
 Italy and England, from Germany and Geneva, from au- 
 thority and inquiry, from Church and Dissent. These words 
 and others like them represent the varying measures of ap- 
 prehension, and the varying kinds of expression, which the 
 Gospel revelation has found among men. The " Develop* 
 
LECT. I. THE NEW TESTAMENT. 35 
 
 ments of doctrine " (to use a word which some time since 
 was very familiar to many of us) — the developments of 
 doctrine thus originated were the joint product of the re- 
 vealed truth and the condition of the mind which received 
 it. The revealed truth was one, but the conditions of the 
 human mind are infinitely various, and hence an endless 
 variety in the developments themselves, — a variety which 
 sometimes melts into a higher harmony, but more often jan 
 on our ears in irreconcilable discord. 
 
 I am not here concerned with the degrees in which differ ■ 
 ent developments have represented or perverted truth, and 
 in which they have more conspicuously exhibited the ele- 
 ment of the divine truth or that of the human infirmity. 1 
 would only observe that through all this confusion there is 
 in some sense a progress of doctrine. Even by misappre- 
 hensions and perversions the relations of the "Word to the 
 human mind are more perfectly disclosed. In partial sys- 
 tems of religion those parts of the entire scheme which they 
 have more particularly adopted often come to be seen under 
 a stronger light. But especially it is evident that certain 
 great features of truth emerge from periods of conflict and 
 the driving mists of controversy, and swell upon the sight 
 with outlines more defined and a power more recognized 
 than had seemed to belong to them before. The names of 
 Athanasius, Augustine, and Luther, recall in a moment 
 some of the most obvious examples of this fact, in regard to 
 the doctrines of the Nature of Christ, of Original Sin, and 
 of Justification by Faith. 
 
 There were periods then at which these doctrines stood 
 forth with a vividness, precision, and force, which gave 
 them as it were a new place in the apprehensions of men, 
 affecting of course by their increased definiteness and ex« 
 
36 TIIE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT. I. 
 
 pansion the proportions of the whole body of truth. These 
 however are only prominent instances of a general and 
 continuous fact. Every age, every Church, every sect, 
 every controversy, in some "way or other contributes some- 
 thing to the working out, the testing, or the illustrating of 
 some part of the revelation of God. Our English mind hat 
 Iwrne its part, and the religious movements of our own day 
 "will deposit some residuum of materials for future thought 
 and knowledge. Our missionary efforts will, in this respect 
 also, have results of their own, and Christianity in India 
 or in China, when it has in some degree lost its English 
 type, and entered into full relations with the peculiar minds 
 of those peculiar races, will perhaps make as distinct addi- 
 tions to the history of doctrine, as we recognize in passing 
 from the theology of the Eastern to that of the Western 
 Church. The history upon the whole both has been and 
 will be a long disclosure of the perverse tendencies and in- 
 firm capacities of man. Yet a special providence over the 
 Church and the Living Spirit in it has been proved as well 
 as promised : and he who looks back upon the tortuous 
 and agitated course of thought, perceives that the truth is 
 not only preserved, but in some sense advanced, the defini- 
 tions of it becoming more exact, the construction of it more 
 systematic, and the deductions from it more numerous. 
 
 Thus the history of the apprehension of Christian truth 
 by man, which commences within the New Testament, is 
 continued in the history of the Church to the end of time ; 
 and still, while it is continued, it is in some sort a history 
 of progress, and one in which the Spirit of God mingles, 
 and which the providence of God moulds. 
 
 What then is it which draws the line of separation 
 between the apostolic period and all the subsequent periods 
 
LECT. I. THE NEW TESTAMENT. 37 
 
 of this history? It is this — That the apostolic period ig 
 not only a part of the history of the apprehension of truth by 
 man: it is also a part of the history of the communication 
 of truth by God. It is the first stage of the one, and the 
 last stage of the other. The aspect which the Gospel boars 
 in the writings of the Apostles is a communication from 
 God of what it really is, a revelation of what he intende 1 
 that it should be in the minds of men forever. This char- 
 acter of the apostolic writings has, without variation cf 
 testimony, been acknowledged by the Church from the 
 beginning ; but this acknowledgment has been confined to 
 these writiugs, and has never been extended to subsequent 
 expositions or decrees. Councils and doctors have claimed 
 a right to be heard, only as asserters and witnesses of apos- 
 tolic teaching. No later communications from heaven are 
 supposed or alleged. What has been handed down, — 
 what is collected out of the writings of the Apostles — is 
 the professed authority for all definitions and decrees ; ano 
 all reference to (what may appear to be) other authority \r 
 based upon the fact, asserted or implied, that in the quar 
 ters appealed to there was reason to recognize some special 
 connection with the apostolic teaching. This fact, more- 
 over, comes out most elearl}' at those moments in which 
 (what might be called) an advance of doctrine is seen most 
 evidently to take place. If the doctrine of the Nature of 
 Christ shows a new distinctness and firmness of outline 
 after Nice and Constantinople, }'et that form of the doc- 
 trine professes to be, and when examined proves to be, 
 only a formal definition of the original truth. Nothing 
 new has been imported into it ; only fresh verbal barriers 
 have excluded importations which were really new. If the 
 doctrine of Justification by Faith seems, at the era of the 
 
38 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT. I. 
 
 Reformation, like a new apparition on the scene, yet it is 
 advanced, and is received, only as the old Pauline doctrine 
 reasserting its forgotten claims. 
 
 Even palpable innovations have supported their preten- 
 sion3 by the plea of an imaginary tradition, descending 
 from the days when it was confessed that the communica- 
 tions of God had been completed. Our own days have 
 seen fresh evidence of the tenacity with which the Romish 
 Church holds to this theory, while making that last addition 
 to the articles of the faith which seemed to imply that it 
 was abandoned. Then, when the pretence of a tradition 
 appeared to have finally given way under the ever accumu- 
 lating mass of novelties, minds accustomed to the logic of 
 facts began to cast about for some other theory, which 
 should admit of being reconciled with them. The exposi- 
 tion of such a theory began in this pulpit, and was com- 
 pleted in the communion into which its author speedily 
 passed. It was a theory which virtually claimed for the 
 Church the power to create new doctrine, instead of a mere 
 authority to determine what was old. But the claim could 
 not secure adoption, though it had been boldly acted upon, 
 and seemed necessary to the controversial position of 
 Rome. The settled sense of Christendom as to the revela- 
 tion of the truth was not to be violated. Newly-" defined " 
 doctrines were still to be pronounced true and necessary 
 on the ground that they had been held by the Apostles, 
 though no evidence of that fact survived, and that they had 
 been handed down by tradition, though no trace of the tradi • 
 tion could be found. The gift thus ascribed to the " Infallible 
 Authority " was not an inspiration to know the truth of new 
 doctrines, but a revelation of the fact that they were old. 
 The new position has been in fact abandoned by those who 
 
LECT. 1. THE NEW TESTAMENT. 39 
 
 offered, but have not been suffered to hold it (2) ; and we 
 are still able to say, that only in transient jnoments of en- 
 thusiasm, and by some insignificant and eccentric sects* 
 has there been any definite allegation, that doctrinal com> 
 munications from God have been received since the last 
 Apostle died. 
 
 The sum of what has been said is this. (First) , There 
 are words (definite doctrinal communications) of which it 
 is sai \ by the Lord Jesus, "The words which thou gavest 
 me I have given them." (Secondly), These words are not 
 only those which he spake with his lips in the days of his 
 flesh ; they include other words, afterwards given through 
 men in the Spirit, during a period of time which is repre- 
 sented to us by the books of the New Testament. (Thirdly) , 
 Those words were finished in that period, and have received 
 no subsequent additions. The description in the text not 
 only cannot be shown to belong, but has never been sup- 
 posed to belong, to any words which have been spoken 
 since. 
 
 On these three points the judgment of the Church has 
 been all but universal and unchanging. In speaking there- 
 fore of progress of doctrine in the New Testament, I speak 
 of a course of communication from God which reaches its 
 completion within those limits, constituting a perfected 
 scheme of divine teaching, open to new elucidations and 
 deductions, but not to the addition of new materials. 
 
 3. The books of the New Testament are the form into 
 which this divine teaching has been thrown for permanent 
 and universal purposes, and by the will of God they con- 
 stitute the only representation of it for all men and for- 
 ever. I have now to add that they give the representation, 
 
40 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT. I. 
 
 not only of its substance, but also of the plan on which it 
 was progressively matured. 
 
 It must here be remarked that there are two ways in which 
 we may exhibit the progressive development of any system 
 of things, whether it be a scheme of religious doctrine, a 
 science, a political constitution, or anything else which has 
 completed itself by degrees — one of which may be charac- 
 terized as the historical, the other as the constructive method. 
 In the one case we inquire after the exact succession of 
 events through which the result was reached ; in the other 
 we discriminate the stages of advance in the result itself. 
 The representation of progress made in the one case would 
 be regulated simply by the order of fact, while that which 
 would be produced in the other would be rather governed 
 by the order of thought. Now if we consider the New Tes- 
 tament as representing a progressive development of doc- 
 trine, it is so in the latter sense more than in the former. 
 It is rather a constructive than a simply historical represen- 
 tation. For instance, in the development of the manifesta- 
 tation of Christ in the flesh, the words and deeds recorded 
 by St. John must be restored, on the historic principle, to 
 their proper places in the actual order of events ; on the 
 constructive principle, they properly coalesce into a sepa- 
 rate whole, as bringing out a view of that manifestation, 
 which is an advance in the order of thought upon the view 
 which the synoptic Gospels present. So in a historic rep- 
 resentation of the formation of apostolical doctrine we 
 should have to trace the successive steps and occasions of 
 its advance, to secure the exact chronological arrangement 
 of St. Paul's Epistles, and to insert them in their several 
 places in the narrative of his labors. On the other hand, 
 the purposes of a constructive representation may be tetter 
 
LECT. f. THE NEW TESTAMENT. 41 
 
 served by keeping the records of the external activity of the 
 Church separate from its directly doctrinal writings, or by 
 placing those doctrinal writings in a different order from 
 that of iheir chronological production. Thus the New Tes- 
 tament, as a whole, presents to us a course of teaching on 
 lli« constructive rather than on the historic principle ; and 
 it is in this sense that I propose to take the book as an ade- 
 quate representation, not only of the substance of the divine 
 teaching, but of the plan and order of its progress. 
 
 It may be said, that there is a difference between the prog- 
 ress of doctrine as it actually was during the time which 
 the New Testament covers, and the representation of it 
 which we have in those particular writings. Yes ! and 
 there would be a difference between the actual course of 
 some important enterprise, — say of a military campaign 
 for instance, — and the abbreviated narrative, the selected 
 documents, and the well-considered arrangement, by which 
 its conductor might make the plan and execution of it clear 
 to others. In such a case the man who read would have a 
 more perfect understanding of the mind of the actor and the 
 author than the man who saw ; he would have the whole 
 course of things mapped out for him on the true principles 
 of order. Such is the position of every reader of the New 
 Testament, who accounts that the Lord, by whom the his- 
 torical development of truth was guided, is also the virtual 
 &uthor of that representation of it which lies before hira. 
 
 We have not, then, to make out a chart from materials 
 given to us, but to study one which is alread} r made. Trac- 
 ing the course of doctrine as it is seen to advance through 
 those pages, we shall have no need to reconstruct for our« 
 selves the actual oider in which the truth was historically 
 deve'oped. Whatever were the measures and gradation? 
 
42 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LeCT- I 
 
 by which it was opened out to the Church at first, here are 
 the measures and gradations by which it is opened out to 
 the Church forever. Indeed, the plan on which the Lord 
 perfected his promised teaching was one which could only 
 be seen in retrospect. Conducted through the medium of 
 persons and events, and by the use of local occasions, the 
 method of procedure must at the time have very imperfectly 
 disclosed its real system and coherence. Parts of the 
 truth, for instance, were being cleared and settled in some 
 Churches, which perhaps were scarcely inquired for in oth- 
 ers, yet the decision was of the Lord, and destined for the 
 whole body. A transient occasion demanded the interfer- 
 ence of a particular Apostle, and through his sentence was 
 given some fundamental and eternal principle. Among all 
 that was clone and written and said, in that scene of in- 
 tense activity and incessant movement which the apostolic 
 writings open to us, it would have been hard indeed at the 
 time to follow with steady eye the great lines of advancing 
 doctrine, and to single out the acts and documents which 
 Would adequately represent the results secured. Only 
 when these results had been firmly deposited in the Church, 
 could the successive contributions of the divine teaching be 
 recognized, and their relative order discerned. To exhibit 
 this plan of things there was need, not of a mass of acci- 
 dentar records, but of a body of records selected and ar- 
 ranged. It might seem that we had no right to attribute 
 such a character as this to a collection of writings which 
 are upon the face of them independent and occasional. 
 Yet it is certain that, when taken as a whole, this i3 its 
 effect, and that it makes upon the mind the impression of 
 unity and design. He who reads through the Koran 
 (albeit the work of a single ai thor) finds himself oppressed^ 
 
LECT. I. THE NEW TESTAMENT. 43 
 
 as by a shapeless mass of accidental accretions. He who 
 reads through the New Testament finds himself educated 
 as by an orderly scheme of advancing doctrine. The sev- 
 eral books seem to have grown into their places as compo- 
 nent parts of an organic whole ; and " the New Testament 
 of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ" lies before us as an 
 account of a perfected revelation, and a course of dhine 
 teaching designed and prepared by one presiding mind. 
 
 II. Having now accomplished the preliminary steps, I 
 will close this introductory Lecture by pointing out the 
 reality of the progress of which I speak, the stages through 
 which it is perfected, and the principles by which it is regu- 
 lated. 
 
 1. The reality of this progress is very visible ; and more 
 especially so when we regard the New Testament as the 
 last stage of that progressive teaching which is carried on 
 through the Scriptures as a whole. Glance from the first 
 words to the last, "In the beginning God created the heav- 
 ens and the earth " — " Even so, come, Lord Jesus." How 
 much lies between these two ! The one the first rudiment 
 of revelation addressed to the earliest and simplest con- 
 sciousness of man, that, namely, which comes to him through 
 his senses, the consciousness of the material world which 
 lies in its grandeur round him : the other the last cry from 
 within, the voice of the heart of man, such as the interven- 
 ing teaching has made'it ; the expression of the definite 
 faith which has been found, and of the certain hope which 
 has been left by the whole revelation of God. The course 
 of teaching which carries us from the one to the other is 
 progressive throughout, but with different rates of progress 
 in the two stages which divide it. In the Old Testament 
 the progress is protracted, interrupted, often languid, some* 
 
44 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT. 1. 
 
 times so dubious as to seem like retrogression. Accessions 
 take place in sundry parts, in divers manners, at times un- 
 der disguises of earthly forms, seeming to suggest mistakes, 
 which have to be themselves corrected. Yet through it all 
 the doctrine grows, and the revelation draws nearer to the 
 great disclosure. Then there is entire suspension. Wfi 
 turn the vacant page which represents the silence of 400 
 years, — and we are in the New Testament. 
 
 Now again there is progress, but rapid and unbroken. 
 Our steps before were centuries ; now they are but years. 
 From the manger of Bethlehem on earth to the city of God 
 coming down from heaven the great scheme of things 
 unrolls before us, without a check, without a break. It is in 
 harmony with processes of nature and with human feelings, 
 that preparations should be slowly matured, but that final 
 results should rapidly unfold. AVhen life becomes intense 
 it can no more endure delays, or develop itself by languid 
 progression. The root was long before it showed the token 
 of its presence, the stem and leaves grew slowly, but yes- 
 terday the bud emerged from its sheath, and to-day it is 
 expanded in the flower. A swift course of events, the period 
 of one human life, a few contemporary writers have given 
 us all the gospel that we need to kuow under our present 
 dispensation, all that we shall ever know till Jesus comes 
 again. 
 
 But there is, as has been observed, a plan of progress 
 though its course is swift, and I would take note first of its 
 stages and then of its principles. 
 
 2. Its stages I do not now examine ; but just mark them 
 off as they catch the eye. First we are conducted through 
 the manifestation of Christ in the flesh : we see and hear 
 and learn to know the li ing person, who is at once the 
 
Le CT. I THE NEW TESTAMENT. 45 
 
 source and the subject of all the doctrine of whuh we speak. 
 He is presented as the source of doctrine, delivering with 
 his own lips the first Christian instructions, the first 
 preaching of a present gospel and the pregnant principles 
 of truth. He is presented as the subject of doctrine, for 
 it is himself that he offers to us by word and deed as the 
 object of our faith, and the events which we see accom- 
 plished in his earthly history are the predestined substance 
 of all subsequent instruction. But within this stage of 
 learning there is not only continuous development by the 
 course of events and accumulation of facts, but at a certain 
 point a great change occurs, which is visible to every eye. 
 It is the point where we pass from the sjmoptic Gospels 
 and come under the teaching of St. John. Now we rise 
 to heaven, and go back to " the beginning," and set forth 
 from "the bosom of the Father." Now we are taught to 
 recognize the glory of the person of Christ, with a con- 
 sciousness not changed but more distinct, with acknowl- 
 edgments not new but more articulate. In the former Gos- 
 pels we have walked with him in the common paths of life ; 
 in this we seem to have joined him on "the holy mount." 
 It is almost like the change which was witnessed by the 
 three disciples, who had walked conversing by his side, and 
 then suddenly saw his countenance altered and his raiment 
 white and glistering. Such is the effect upon our minds, 
 not merely of the last Evangelist's own expressions, but of 
 that selection of words and acts which it was his commia* 
 sion to make and to leave. 
 
 We close the Gospels and open the books which follow 
 We have passed a great landmark and are farther on our 
 way; yet the line of doctrine whnh we pursue seems to 
 have sunk to a lower level, for we cease to be taught by 
 
46 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT. L 
 
 the lips of the Incarnate Word, and are remitted to the 
 discourses and writings of men. Is this progress? He 
 assured us that it would be ; and we find that it is. 
 
 We are under the dispensation of the Spirit ; and in the 
 book of Acts are borne, by seeming accident but by invis- 
 ible guidance, straight along that line of fact and of 
 thought in which we are to find the full developments of 
 the truth which was given in the Gospels. 
 
 In matter of doctrine the book of Acts is our introduc- 
 tion to the Epistles. Here if the authority of the teacher 
 seems lowered from what it was in the Gospels, the fulness 
 of the doctrine is visibly increased. Its more mysterious 
 parts are seen expanded and defined. Statements which 
 might seem of doubtful meaning in the former stage have 
 found a fixed interpretation in the latter. Suggestions of 
 thought in the one have become habits of thought in the 
 other. What were only facts there have become doctrines 
 here ; and truths, which just gleamed from a parable, or 
 startled us in some sudden saying, are now deliberately 
 expanded into manifold and recognized relations with the 
 feelings and necessities of man. The nature and conse- 
 quences of the work of Christ on earth, the offices for men 
 Which he now fulfils in heaven, the living relations which 
 ne bears to his people in the Spirit, the discoveries of his 
 majesty and communication of his glory which are ready to 
 be revealed in the last time, all these are seen in the apos- 
 tolic writings, sometimes asserted as perspicuous doctrine, 
 more oilen blending and kindling together in the inward | 
 life of the Spirit, giving the form to the character and the 
 motives to the life. 
 
 Yet a further change takes place as we reach the close 01" 
 the Scriptures. This inwa;d and personal life in the Spirit 
 
LeCT. I. THE NEW TESTAMENT. 47 
 
 is not all. There is a kingdom of Christ, which has its 
 form, its history, its destinies. In the later Epistles wo 
 see a constituted societ}^, and hear the sounds of a coming 
 conflict : the Church appears on the defensive, and the 
 steps of invisible powers are moving round her. The pro- 
 phetic book which follows transports us into the unseen 
 world, and opens the temple of God in hea\en, and shows 
 u-{j the connection of the history of the Church with things 
 above and things below ; and guides through the dim con- 
 fusion of the conflict to the last victory of the Lamb, 
 leaving us at last among the full effects of redemption, in 
 a new heaven and a new earth, and in a holy society and 
 City of God. 
 
 3. Having cast our eye along the stages of advance, we 
 next inquire after the principles by which it is governed ; 
 and we find them in the relations which the doctrine bears 
 to its author, which it bears to the facts on which it is 
 founded, which it bears to the human mind to which it is 
 addressed, and which its component parts bear to each 
 other. 
 
 a. The relation of the doctrine to its author is the ground 
 of its continuous unity, and unless there be unity we have 
 no right to speak of progress : for succession is of many, 
 but progress is of one. The unity of the New Testament 
 doctrine lies in this, that it is the teaching of one mind, the 
 mind of Christ. The security for this is given tc us in two 
 ways: first by the fact that there is no part rf the later 
 and larger doctrine which has not its germs and principles 
 in the words which he spoke with his own lips in the days 
 of his flesh. It is pro /ided that all which is to be spoken 
 after shall find support and proof from his own pregnant and 
 forecasting sayings. Secondly, it is made clear by .his own 
 
48 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT L 
 
 promises beforehand, by facts which evidence his personal 
 administration, and by the distinct assertions of the men 
 tfhorn he employs, that, when his own voice has ceased on 
 earth, it is nevertheless he who teaches still. The testimo- 
 nies of this are scattered along our whole path, till we 
 come to the last vision itself, in which he personally reap- 
 pears, " to show unto his servants the Revelation which 
 God gave unto him, ' renewing thereby for the last time the 
 assertion of our text, " I have given unto them the words 
 which thou gavest me." 
 
 b. The relation of the doctrine to the facts on which it 
 is founded is a principle by which a certain measure of prog- 
 ress is necessarily constituted. Christian doctrine does 
 not ground itself on speculation. It begins from the 
 region and the testimony of the senses. Its materials are 
 facts, and it is itself the interpretation and application of 
 them. It is therefore reasonable that the facts should be 
 completed, before they are clearly interpreted and fully 
 applied. Jesus must have died and risen again before the 
 doctrine concerning his death and resurrection can be 
 brought to light. Not till the Son of Man is glorified can 
 we expect to arrive at a stage of doctrine which shall give 
 all the meaning and the virtue of facts which till then were 
 cot completed. Up to that time we are in the midst of a 
 hisiory of which his own saying is true, " What I do thou 
 knowest not now, but thou shalt know hereafter." 
 
 c. The relation of the doctrine to the human mind does 
 *Iso plainly necessitate a particulai kind of progress in the 
 as.ethod of its communication. The doctrine was net 
 meant to be an opinion but a power : " The v r ords that I 
 speak unto you, they are spirit and they are life." It 
 therefore had to pass from the form of a divine announce- 
 
LECT. I. THE NEW TESTAMENT. 49 
 
 ment into the form of a human experience. It had to es- 
 tablish its own connection with the world of human 
 thoughts and feelings. Once spoken by the mouth of the 
 Lord, it might perhaps have been left to make this transition 
 according to the natural laws of the human mind. But the 
 transition in itself was too great, the consequences of error 
 in the first stage of it would be too momentous, for the 
 Author and Finisher of our faith to leave the Church to her 
 ordinary resources at so critical a moment. He would give 
 a divine certainty and authority to the first human appre- 
 hensions of his truth. He would make it sure that he had 
 himself conducted those first experiences and applications 
 of the word, by which future experiences and applications 
 might be guided and tried forever. Therefore the word 
 spoken to men by the voice of Jesus changed into a word 
 spoken in men by his Spirit, creating thus a kind of teach- 
 ing which carried his word into more intimate connection 
 with human thought and more varied application to human 
 life. 
 
 cZ. Lastly, the relation of the several parts of doctrine to 
 each other would call for a certain orderly course of devel- 
 opment. There is a natural fitness that the knowledge of 
 the Lord himself should precede the knowledge of his work, 
 and that we should wait on his ministry on earth before we 
 apprehend his ministry in heaven, and that we should see 
 that we are reconciled by his death before we understand 
 how we are saved by his life ; embracing the meritorious 
 means before we expatiate among the glorious issues. It 
 is reasonable that an acquaintance with Christ himself, and 
 a knowledge of his work and grace, should be given first, 
 and that, from the source thus piovided, the rules and mo- 
 tives of conduct should afterwards be elicited. It is right 
 3 
 
50 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT. 1. 
 
 that we should be fully and clearly instructed in the things 
 of our present dispensation, and in the life of faith through 
 which we are passing now. and in the kingdom of an inward 
 and spiritual grace, and then that we should be subse 
 {[iiently informed, and more dimly and briefly too, of the 
 great history of the unseen; conflict with which we are more 
 remotely concerned, and of its final issues when the former 
 things will have passed away and God shall make all things 
 new. These various parts of the doctrine, though in seme 
 degree commingling and interfused, do } T et on the whole 
 sort themselves out in Gospels, Epistles, and Apocalypse 
 
 Lift up now 3*our eyes on this monument of a distant age 
 which you call the New Testament. Behold these remains 
 of the original literature of a busy Jewish sect ; these occa 
 sional writings of its leaders, emanating from different hands 
 and gathered from different localities. They are delivered 
 to you collected and arranged, though by means which }'ou 
 cannot ascertain. They are before you now, not as acci 
 dentally collected writings, but as one book ; a design com 
 pleted, a body organized, and pervaded by one inward life 
 The several parts grow out of and into each other witb 
 mutual support, correlative functions, and an orderly devel 
 opment. It is a M whole body fitly joined together and com 
 pacted by that which every joint supplies, according to the 
 effectual working in the measure of every part, making in- 
 crease of the bocty to the building itself up" in truth. 
 
 It begins with the person of Christ, and the facts of his 
 manifestation iji the flesh, and the words which he gave 
 from his Father; and accustoms us by degrees to beheld 
 his glory, and to discern the drift of his teaching and to 
 expect the consequences of his work. It passes on to his 
 body the Church, and open-? the dispensation of his Spirit, 
 
LECT. I. THE NEW TESTAMENT. 51 
 
 and carries us into the life of his people, yea down into the 
 secret places of their hearts ; and there translates the an- 
 nouncements of God into the experiences of man, and discov- 
 ers a conversation in heaven and a life which is hid with 
 Christ in God. It works out practical applications, and is 
 careful in the details of duty, and provides for difficulties 
 and perplexities, and suggests the order of Churches, and 
 throws up barriers against the wiles of the devil. It shows 
 us things to come, the course of the spiritual conflict, and 
 the close of this transient scene, and the coming of the 
 Lord, and the resurrection of the dead, and the eternal 
 judgment, and the new creation, and the life everlasting. 
 
 Thus it is furnisbed for all emergencies and prepared for 
 perpetual use. It dominates tbe restless course of thought, 
 and is ever being interpreted by experience and events. It 
 is an authority which survives when others perish, and a 
 light which waxes when others wane. By it, as the instru- 
 ment of God for the education of men, nations are human- 
 ized and churches sanctified. And yul more real and last- 
 ing than these are the ultimate results which it secures. 
 An elect nation is being gathered from among us, and an 
 eternal Church prepared, which shall supplant all transient 
 and provisional societies in that day for which the whole 
 creation waits. Here is the final scope of the Book of our 
 covenant, in its combination with that older volume which 
 it continues and completes. 
 
 Then is it not to each of us a matter of the deepest per- 
 sonal concern, that the truth which it teaches and the spirit 
 which it breathes should have entered into his own soul ; 
 and that he should thus become a partaker in the life which 
 it reveals, an example of the character which it demands, 
 and an inheritor of the portion which it promises? But 
 
52 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT. I. 
 
 this cannot be, unless he yield to the Written Word the 
 confidence which it claims. Oh ! deal worthily, deal tmst- 
 fulty with such a guide as this ! Venture your souls on the 
 words of which the Lord has said, U I have given unto them 
 the words which thou gavest me." Receive the message, 
 receive the form in which it is left to you, " not as the word 
 of man, but as it is in truth, the word of God," and then 
 you will find that it "effectually worketh also in them that 
 believe" ; for he who " obeys from the heart that form of 
 doctrine into which he is delivered," finds that a course of 
 progressive teaching is opened in his own soul, to which the 
 Eloly Scripture will never cease to minister, and which 
 che Holy Spirit will never cease to guide. 
 
LECTURE II. 
 
 THE GOSPELS. 
 
 VBB BEGINNING OF THE GOSPEL OF JESUS CHRIST, THE SON OF IK)D.' 
 St. Mark i. 1. 
 
 With reverential and affectionate interest we look back 
 to the beginnings of those things which possess our alle- 
 giance as established powers, or are daily enjoyed as familiar 
 blessings. The thought that they had a beginning, that 
 there was once a time when they were not, gives a fresh- 
 ness to the feelings with which we regard them ; while the 
 comparison of the state of commencement with the state of 
 perfection brings with it a natural pleasure, in marking the 
 tendencies and the tokens of all that has happened since. 
 No words can open the heart to these impressions so 
 powerfully as those which have just been uttered. The 
 beginning of the Gospel of Jesus Christ, the Son of God, 
 places us at the opening of the mystery of godliness, of the 
 salvation of the world, of the glory which fills the heavens, 
 and of the kingdom which endures forever. 
 
 The expression with which St. Mark opens his narrative 
 implies that the Gospel is then an established fact and a 
 completed scheme, and that he here returns to the moment 
 when the fact began to assert itself before the world as 
 already present, and the scheme to show itself as in actual 
 progress. The beginning of the Gospel (according to this 
 Evangelist) is not found at the birth of Jesus, when the 
 communications of Heaven were made but to few, and died 
 
54 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LeCT. IL 
 
 suddenly into silence ; but from the time when John did 
 baptize in the wilderness, and when Jesus began to show 
 himself, and "the word of the beginning of Christ" was 
 publicly proclaimed, never to be again suspended till it 
 should have become the word of a completed Gospel. It 
 is indeed the habit of the Apostles to represent the publica- 
 tion of the Gospel as historically commencing at the same 
 point of time. " The word," says St. Peter, "which God 
 sent unto the children of Israel, preaching peace by Jesus 
 Christ, — that word began from Galilee, after the baptism 
 which John preached ; x ar d St. Paul, in presenting to the 
 Jews "the word of this salvation," dates its proclamation 
 from the time " when John had first preached before his 
 coming the baptism of repentance to all the people of 
 Israel." 2 
 
 But the expression which is used in the text of the open- 
 ing of the public life of Jesus may also be truly applied to 
 the whole period of that life. The Gospel, considered as 
 fact, began from the Incarnation, and was completed at the 
 Resurrection ; but the Gospel, considered as doctrine, 
 began from the first preaching of Jesus, and was completed 
 in the dispensation of the Spirit. When the Lord quitted 
 the world, he left the material of the Gospel already per- 
 fect, but the exposition of the Gospel only begun ; and in 
 the subsequent consciousness of his disciples, the period of 
 the commencement of the word and the period of its per- 
 fection must have been strongly discriminated from each 
 other. 
 
 When living in the perfect dispensation of the Spirit, 
 and going to others in the fulness of the blessing of the 
 
 * Acts x. 86, 87. 2 Ibid. xii 24. 
 
Lect - il the gospels. 55 
 
 Gospel of Christ, they would remember how that Gospel 
 dawned gradually on their minds during the few years in 
 which its facts had been passing before their eyes, how im- 
 perfectly the} T had understood those facts, how inadequately 
 the} r had apprehended the teaching by which the facts were 
 accompanied, how true it was that what their Lord did 
 they knew not then, but that they were to know it after- 
 wards. To them that whole period of time must hare 
 seemed but an initiatory stage, a " beginning of the Gospel 
 of Jesus Christ the Son of God.'' 
 
 And so it was. The Gospel which Jesus preached was 
 a Gospel which in its main particulars had yet to be ful- 
 filled, and which could not be fully opened till it had been 
 fulfilled. While the facts were still incomplete, the doc- 
 trine was yet in its commencement ; and we have on this 
 account the right to describe by the words of the text, not 
 only the first steps but the whole of the manifestation of 
 Christ in the flesh. The beginning of the Gospel is a name 
 which in one sense comprehends " all that Jesus began both 
 to do and teach until the day when he was taken up/' 
 
 To us this stage of the divine teaching is represented u ~ 
 the writings of the four Evangelists ; and I would now con- 
 sider this collection, first relatively, as the beginning of the 
 orderly development of the Christian doctrine in the whole 
 New Testament, and then separately, as a course of teach- 
 ing which bears within its own limits a certain character 
 of systematic advance. 
 
 Two such topics, included in a single Lecture, can 
 receive little more than a suggestive treatment ; but I pray 
 that this may not occasion any defect of that careful rever- 
 ence with which thi fourfold Gospel must be ever touched 
 
56 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT. II 
 
 by thos3 who see in it the very ark of the covenant, where 
 Mie cherubim of ^lory overshadow the mercy-seat. 
 
 I. First, then-, we have to observe how the Gospel collec- 
 tion is fitted to its place and fulfils Us function, as the com* 
 mencement of the Christian doctrine in the Neiv Testament. 
 
 Now the Christian doctrine is a doctrine concerning facts 
 which have occurred and a pet son who has been manifested 
 within the sphere of human observation. The foundations 
 of all that is to be known of the word of life are laid in 
 " that which was seen with the eyes, and heard with the 
 ears, and handled with the hands" of men. Then it is 
 necessar3 T for every learner that, before all inferences or ap- 
 plications, the facts themselves as mere phenomena should 
 first be rendered in the clearest light. Hence our elemen- 
 tary lessons are narratives of the simplest form. A plain 
 report of words and deeds, easy and inartificial in the ex- 
 treme, in which the most stupendous events elicit no articu- 
 late expression of feeling, without appearance of plan or 
 sj^stem, with scarcely a comment or reflection, and in which 
 a word of explanation almost startles us — such is the char- 
 acter of the three first of those writings which form the 
 ground and contain the material of all subsequent Christian 
 doctrine. No literary fact is more remarkable than that 
 men, knowing what these writers knew, and feeling what 
 they felt, should have given us chronicles so plain and 
 calm. They have nothing to say as from themselves. Their 
 narratives place us without preface, and keep us without 
 comment, among external scenes, in full view of facts, and 
 in contact with the living person whom they teach us to 
 know. The style of simple recital, unclouded and scarcely 
 colored by any perceptible contribution from the mind of 
 the writers, gives us the scenes, the facts, and the person, 
 
f'ECT. II. THE GOSPELS. 57 
 
 as seen in the clearest light and through the most transpa- 
 rent atmosphere. Who can fail to recognize a divine pro- 
 vision for placing the disciples of all future ages as nearly 
 as possible in the position of those who had been personally 
 present at kt the beginning of the Gospel of Jesus Christ 
 the Son of God?" 
 
 The importance, in the whole course of instruction, of 
 first fixing on the mind both the objective reality of the facts 
 and the living portrait of the person, is further intimated by 
 the fourfold repetition of the history. Four times docs the 
 Lord walk before us in the glory of grace and truth, and, 
 whatever correspondences or variations the Gospels may 
 exhibit in other parts of their narratives, four times are the 
 great facts of the death and resurrection of Christ rehearsed 
 to us in the minuteness of circumstantial detail. We do 
 not go forward to further disclosures, till the historical facts 
 have been insured to us hy testimony upon testimon} T , and 
 the portrait has grown familiar to us by line upon line. 
 
 Far on in the holy books, when the scriptural structure is 
 nearly- perfected, our eyes are turned back to the ground of 
 visible, audible, tangible realities from which we started. 
 
 " That which was from the beginning, which we have 
 heard, which we have seen with our e} T es, which we have 
 looked upon, and our hands have handled of the Word of 
 life (for the life wac r-anifestcd, and we have seen it, and 
 bear witness, and sro'tf unto you that eternal life, which 
 was with the lather and was manifested to us), that which 
 we have seen and heard declare we unto you, that je also 
 may have fellowship with us." 1 
 
 Yes, it is trie. We have fellowship with those that 
 
 1 1 John i. 1-3. 
 
58 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT. II. 
 
 speak, not only in their spiritual relations with their Lord 
 (which they fully understood only after he was gone;, but 
 in their remembrances of him in that earlier time when ho 
 was yet with them. Their witness is effectual for this end. 
 For us also it is all real. He dwelt among us. We beheld 
 his glory. "VVe caught the gracious words that proceeded 
 out of his mouth. So things went with him. So he looked 
 and moved and spoke. So he wrought and suffered and 
 died. We have stood by the cross of Jesus. We have 
 entered the empty sepulchre. We have seen him alive after 
 his passion. He has shown us his hands and his feet. We 
 have been led out as far as to Bethanj^, have seen the hands 
 lifted up to bless, and watched the ascending form. 
 
 Open these pages where we will, the sense of reality re- 
 vives within us. We feel afresh that we have not followed 
 cunningly devised fables, have not loved an idea, or trusted 
 in an abstraction. We know in whom we have believed, 
 and feel that our Redeemer is our friend. We are sol- 
 emnized as in a holy sanctuary, and secure as in a familiar 
 home. We have escaped from doubt and debate, and no 
 longer criticise or reason. We have recovered the mind 
 of little children. We sit at the feet of Jesus : and tho 
 faith which came into his presence languid and disconcerted, 
 departs invigorated and refreshed. 
 
 Brethren, let me urge upon you the habitual study of the 
 holy Gospels for this revival of the realit} 7 - and simplicity 
 of faith. Let me urge it more especially upon those who 
 converse in the region of abstract ideas, whether they fre- 
 quent the ordered paths of systematic divinity, or wander 
 in. the free excursions of speculative thought. Dear as the 
 Gospel stories arc to the simple peasant, they are j T et more 
 necessary to the student and the divine ; for there are influ- 
 
LECT II. THE GOSPELS. 59 
 
 ences in abstract thought and in dogmatic discussion which 
 will drain the soul of life unless fitting antidotes be used : 
 and there is no antidote so effectual, as is found in a con. 
 tinual return to those scenes of historic fact in which tha 
 word of God has given us our first lessons in Christ. 
 
 This necessity for habitual converse with the evangelical 
 narratives is a sufficient proof of the wisdom which assigned 
 them the place and the space which they actually fill, and 
 especially which ordained that the picture of our Lord's 
 earthly life should be given to us not in one Gospel, but in 
 four. 
 
 I suppose we all feel how different would have been the 
 effect of possessing one " Life of Christ," however full and 
 systematic. We spend more time, and (if I may use the 
 expression) feel more at home, in the four successive cham- 
 bers than we should have done in one long gallery ; and the 
 impression of all that is there shown to us sinks deeper into 
 the heart, from the repetition of many passages of the story 
 under slightly varying lights and in different relative con- 
 nections. Lively attention, minute observation, careful 
 comparison, and inquiry which is never fully satisfied, are 
 awakened at every step by that singular combination of 
 resemblances and differences ; and the mind is thus engaged 
 to dwell longer on the scenes, conversing among them in a 
 more animated spirit, and with an interest which is per- 
 petually refreshed. We know the immense expenditure of 
 labor in our own day on the comparative characteristics of 
 the Gospels j and the manifold attempts to harmonize or U 
 reconstruct them, to ascertain the point of view of th< 
 writers, and to account for the variations in their selection 
 and position of incidents and in the turn which they give to 
 discourses. Whatever be the spirit in which such attempts 
 
60 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT. II. 
 
 are made, they at least afford an incidental witness to the 
 care which divine wisdom has taken to detain and occupy 
 our minds at the outset in those scenes in which alone we 
 can learn to know Jesus Christ himself. 
 
 It is plain that the four histories are modified by theii 
 own instinctive principles of selection and arrangement, 
 which do not indeed announce themselves, and almost elude 
 our attempts to ascertain them, but yet result in giving 
 four discriminated aspects of their common subject, as the 
 Royal Lawgiver, the Mighty Worker, the Friend of Man, 
 and the Son of God — four aspects, but one portrait ; for if 
 the attitude and the accessories vary, the features and the 
 expression are the same. (3) 
 
 Who does not perceive the immense assistance hereby 
 given to us for receiving the knowledge of Christ ? One 
 representation, however full, would still have suggested 
 the thought, " This is the impression made upon a single 
 mind. Who can say what part of it is due to the 
 idiosyncrasies of the witness? If we had the impressions 
 of another mind, perhaps we should have a different image." 
 As it is, we derive the impression from four different quar- 
 ters, and the image is still the same. It is represented 
 from four different points of view ; but, however repre- 
 sented, it is the same Jesus. The conception is one, and 
 its unity attests its truth. We feel that we see him as he 
 was. No human being that ever trod the earth has left 
 behind a representation of himself more clear and living, 
 and more certain in its truthfulness, than is that which we 
 possess of the Prophet of Nazareth in Galilee. 
 
 From time to time some fresh portrait may appear. 
 Some adventurous imagination, charmed and yet perplexed 
 by the Gospel story, may attempt to reconstruct it in ac- 
 
LECT. II. THE GOSPELS. 61 
 
 cordance with the spirit of the world. Unable to receive 
 as real the sole example of sinless humanit}', 4 t ni^y intro- 
 duce into the picture touches of the error and infirmity 
 which are not there ; and .may mistake the awful gleams of 
 the indwelling Godhead fo^ the glimmer of an enthusiasm 
 which deludes and is deludud. The world may read the 
 boll romance, and half comiirend the creation of fancy. 
 Bat the creations of fancy pensh as they rise, and the 
 Jesus of the Gospels remains ; not only as a perfect ideal, 
 but as a vivid reality, a representation which appears, after 
 every fresh attempt to change it, more glorious in majesty 
 and beauty, and more conspicuous also for truthfulness 
 and life. 
 
 In placing the statement of the person of Christ as the 
 first work of the Gospel histories, and as the beginning of 
 the Gospel itself, I speak in accordance with the spirit of 
 those books and of the whole ensuing system of doctrine. 
 Jesus Christ created the Gospel by his work ; he preaches 
 the Gospel by his words ; but he is the Gospel in himself. 
 The expression is but the condensation of a hundred 
 passages of Scripture which declare him to be that, which, 
 in more timid but less adequate language, we might say 
 that he wrouglit^ or that he taught, or that he gave. " I am 
 the resurrection and the life." 1 He ' ; is our peace," 2 he 
 " is our life," 3 he is "the hope of glory." 4 " He of God 
 is made unto us wisdom, and righteousness, and sanctifica- 
 tion, and redemption." 5 and they who are saved "are 
 made partakers of Christ," 6 not merely of his gifts, 
 whether they be gifts of grace or glory. Is it not indeed 
 
 * John xi. 25. 2 Eph. li. 4. 3 Col. iii. 4. 
 
 • Col. i. 27. « 1 Cor. i. 30. 6 Heb. iii. 14, 
 
 6 
 
62 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT. II. 
 
 the distinguishing feature of the Christian system, that it 
 places the foundation of salvation in living relations with a 
 living person, rather than in the adoption of opinions or of 
 habits? that under it the believer is, not the man who 
 mail] tains the doctrine of the Trinit} T , or holds "justifica* 
 lion by faith," but the man who has " come to " Christ and 
 " abides in" him? 
 
 These are the Lord's own words : they are fundamental 
 words in relation to all that is added afterwards : they are, 
 in matter of doctrine, the beginning of the Gospel. The 
 writings of the Evangelists do not present to us a scheme 
 of doctrine as to the nature of Christ or as to the work 
 which he does. They present to us the Lord Jesus himself, 
 as he showed himself to men in order to win their confi- 
 dence and fix their trust. Men learned to know him and 
 to trust him before they fully understood who he was and 
 what he did. 
 
 The faith which, in the Gospel stories, we see asked for 
 and given, secured and educated, is a faith that fastens 
 itself on a living Saviour, though it can yet but little com- 
 prehend the method or even the nature of the salvation. 
 Thus the New Testament, in giving us these narratives for 
 our first lessons in Christian faith, teaches us that the 
 essential and original nature of that faith lies, not in ac- 
 ceptance of truths which are revealed, but in confidence in 
 a person who is manifested. " He that cometh to me," 
 " He that believeth on me," is the Lord's own account of 
 the child of the new covenant who is the fit recipient of ad- 
 vancing doctrine. Faith, as seen in the Gospels, results 
 not in the first place from the miracles which justify and 
 Bustain it, but from the personal impression which appeals 
 to the conscience and the spirit in man. The first disciplea 
 
LECT. II. THE GOSPELS. 63 
 
 believed before a miracle had been shown. It was imputed 
 as a fault, " Except ye see signs and wonders 3^e will not 
 believe :" x and it was a condescension to inferior spiritual 
 sensibilities when the simple words "Believe me" 2 were 
 changed to " Or else believe me for the very works' sake." 
 As it was with those disciples, so also is it with oui selves. 
 X\i<e evidential works have their own most important, most 
 necessary office : but the Lord himself is his own evidence, 
 and secures our confidence, love, and adoration, by what 
 he is more than what he does. 
 
 We pass on from the Gospel histories into a dispensation 
 of invisible offices and spiritual relations, and we carry 
 with us the personal knowledge of him by whom these 
 offices and relations are sustained. It is this which secures 
 that the}' should not be to us a sy stem of ideas and abstrac- 
 tions, of words and names. The Mediator between God 
 and man, the High Priest in the spiritual temple, the King 
 on the unseen throne, is this same Jesus who went in and 
 out among us, whom we have seen sitting in the house at 
 Bethan3 T , or by the well at Sj'diem, receiving sinners, 
 preaching to the poor, comforting his friends, and suffering 
 little children to come to him. With an acqaintance 
 already formed, a confidence already secured, and a love 
 already awakened, we can pass with a prepared heart to 
 more abstruse revelations of the same Lord, when he is 
 presented as the righteousness of the sinful in the Epistle 
 to (he Romans, as the predestined source of life in the 
 Epistle to the Ephesians, as the sacrifice and priest of the 
 new covenant in the Epistle to the Hebrews. Having first 
 
 ijohniv. 48. 2 Ibid. xiv. U 
 
64 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT. II 
 
 known himself, we are ready for the Spirit to tak* of the 
 things which are his and show them to us. 
 
 II. Our reflections hitherto have turned upon the relation 
 which the Gospel collection bears to the whole Ne^v Testa- 
 ment, and we have looked at it as the beginning of a course 
 of doctrine extending through the books which follow. It 
 is now further to be noted, that its own separate work is 
 itself fulfilled on an apparent plan of progressive develop- 
 ment, which is constituted by the relative characters of the 
 Gospels viewed in the order which they have habitually 
 assumed. 
 
 (1.) The collection is divided into two parts by a line of 
 demarcation perceptible to every eye and recognized in 
 every age ; the first three Gospels forming the one part and 
 the fourth Gospel the other. The former naturally pre- 
 cedes, and in its effect prepares us for the latter. We are 
 to learn the great lesson of the manifestation of Christ : 
 and here, as in most other subjects, the order of fact is not 
 the order of knowledge. In the order of fact the glory of 
 the divine nature precedes the phenomena of the earthly 
 manifestation ; but in the order of knowledge the reverse 
 is true. Events occurring in time, a place in human 
 history, and the external aspect of a life, must supply the 
 antecedent conditions for the higher disclosures. Thus the 
 triple Gospel, which educates us among scenes of earth, 
 prepares us for that which follows. Our minds are led 
 along that very course of thought over which they would 
 have moved if we had been eye-witnesses of the manifesta- 
 tion of Christ, in that we are familiarized with its ordinary 
 aspect and most frequent characteristics, before our 
 thoughts are riveted on those peculiar passages in which 
 the revelation of glory is most concentrated, and which 
 
LECT. II. THE GOSPELS. 65 
 
 serve to interpret all that we had before felt to be im- 
 plied. 
 
 (2.) Again, if the synoptic Gospels are taken by them- 
 selves, we observe, even within the limits of this division, 
 certain orderly steps of advance. Each of these narratives 
 has its own prevailing character, whereby it makes its 
 proper contribution to the complete portrait of the Lord: 
 each also has its own historical associations, whereby it 
 represents a separate stage in the presentation of Christ 
 to the world. Both the internal characters and the his- 
 torical associations of the several Gospels have been fully 
 wrought out by recent writers, and are now generally 
 understood. Yet they must be shortly noticed here, for 
 the due elucidation of the statement that the books in 
 combination constitute a progressive course. 
 
 The record of St. Matthew, ever recognized as the 
 Hebrew Gospel, is the true commencement of the New 
 Testament, showing how it grows out of the Old, and pre- 
 senting the manifestation of the Son of God not as a de- 
 tached phenomenon, but as the predestined completion of 
 the long course of historic dispensations. It is the Book 
 of the Generation of Jesus Christ, the Son of David, the 
 son of Abraham. It founds itself on the ideas of the old 
 covenant. It refers at every step, especially in its earlier 
 chapters, to the former Scriptures, noting how that was 
 fulfilled which was spoken by the prophets. It is a history 
 of fulfilment, presenting the Lord as the fulfiller of all 
 righteousness, the fulfiller of the Law and the Prophets, 
 not come to destroy, but to fulfil. It sets him forth as a 
 King and Lawgiver in that kingdom of heaven for which 
 a birthplace and a home had been prepared in Israel: and 
 thus corresponds to that period in the historical course of 
 
66 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT. H 
 
 events when the word was preached to none but to the 
 Jews only. (4) 
 
 The Gospel of St. Mark is traditionally connected with 
 St. Peter, who first opened the door of Faith to Gentiles, 
 and has the appearance of being addressed to such a class 
 of converts as it was given to that Apostle to gather, men 
 like the devout soldiers of Csesarea, in whom the Roman 
 habit of mind was colored by contact with Judaism. It is 
 the Gospel of action, rapid, vigorous, vivid. Entering at 
 once on the Lord's official and public career, it bears us on 
 from one mighty deed to another with a peculiar swiftness 
 of movement, and yet with the life of picturesque detail. 
 Power over the visible and invisible worlds, especially as 
 shown in the casting out of devils, is the prominent char- 
 acteristic of the picture. St. Peter's saying to Cornelius 
 has been well noticed as a fit motto for this Gospel, " God 
 anointed Jesus of Nazareth with the Holy Ghost and with 
 power, who went about doing good and healing all those 
 who were oppressed of the devil." In relation to the ex- 
 pansion of the word from its first home in Jewry to its 
 ultimate prevalence in the whole earth, this Gospel occupies 
 an intermediate position between those of St. Matthew and 
 St, Luke. Its representation of the Lord is disengaged 
 from those close connections with Jewish life and thought 
 which the first Gospel is studious to exhibit, while it is 
 wanting in that breadth of human s}^mpathy and special 
 fitness for the Gentile mind at large which we recognize in 
 the treatise of St. Luke. 
 
 This latter Gospel intimates its character in this respect 
 by a genealogy which presents to us not the son of Abra- 
 ham, but the son of Adam; and it carries out the intima- 
 tion by special notice of our Lord's familiar intercourse 
 
LECT. II. THE GOSPELS. 67 
 
 with human life, his tender sympathies with human feelings, 
 nis large compassion for human woes. The preface, ad- 
 dressed to a Gentile convert, indicating the position of the 
 writer in regard to the facts which he will relate, and speak- 
 ing in the language of classical composition, shows us at 
 the outset that we have passed from Jewish associations to 
 a stage in the history of the world when its purpose of 
 expansion has been proved, and its character of universality 
 established. The whole tone of this Gospel constitutes it 
 pre-eminently a Gospel for the Gentiles, specialty adapted 
 to a Greek mind, then, in some sense, the mind of the world. 
 Its internal character thus accords with its historical posi- 
 tion, as the Gospel of St. Paul, written by his close com- 
 panion, and circulated, we cannot doubt, in the Churches 
 which he founded. 
 
 As the book of Acts shows us three stages in the outward 
 progress of the Gospel, first within the bounds of Judaism, 
 then in the work of St. Peter, spreading beyond those limits 
 in the Roman direction, and finally in the ministry of St. 
 Paul, delivered freely and fully to the world ; so do the 
 synoptic Gospels, as they stand in the canon, correspond 
 with a singular fitness to those three periods. We are going 
 forward as we pass through them, and are completing the 
 representation of Christ, not by mere repetition or fortu- 
 itous variation in our point of view, but in a certain orderly 
 sequence, corresponding to that in which the knowledge of 
 him was historically opened to the world. The evangelical 
 narratives are the proper monuments of a Gospel, which 
 first asserted itself as the true form of Judaism and the 
 legitimate consummation of the old covenant, and then 
 nnfolded its relations with the whole race of mankind, and 
 passed into the keeping of a Catholic Church. 
 
68 THE PROGRESS OJF DOCTRINE. LECT. II. 
 
 (3.) If in traversing the synoptic Gospels we march in the 
 line of a historical advance, it is still more plain that we 
 do so when we pass to the teaching of St. John. 
 
 The Gospel of Christ had no sooner completed the con- 
 flicts through which it established its relations to Judaism 
 and to the world, than it entered on those profound and 
 subtile, those various and protracted controversies, which 
 turned on the person of Christ. This was the natural course 
 of events, whether we regard the tendencies of human 
 thought, the wiles of the devil, or the government of God. 
 If ;.he revelation of Christ himself (as distinguished from 
 what he taught and what he wrought) is the foundation of 
 the whole Gospel, it would be first to explore this mystery 
 that the activities and subtleties of thought would address 
 themselves ; it would be first to destroy this mystery that 
 the assaults of the enemy would be directed ; it would be 
 first in securing this mystery that the divine guidance of 
 the Church would be made manifest. One Apostle, the first 
 and the last of the " glorious company," was chosen as the 
 chief instrument for settling human thought, defeating the 
 wiles of the devil, and certifying the witness of God. There 
 was but one moment in which the conditions for such a pro- 
 duction could co-exist. It must be after a speculative the- 
 osophy had begun to form its language and manifest its. 
 aberrations. Yet it must be while the voice of an eye-wit- 
 ness could still be lifted up, to tell what eyes had seen, and 
 ears had heard, and hands had handled of the Word of 
 Life ; so that the clearest intuitions of the diviaity of Jesus 
 might be forever bbnded with the plainest testimony of the 
 senses concerning him. Such a moment was secured by the 
 providence which ordained that John should live till the 
 first heresies had shaped themselves. The disciple who 
 
LECT. II. THE GOSPELS. 69 
 
 first came to Jesus, who followed him most closely, who lay 
 in his bosom, who stood by his cross, who believed when 
 others were confounded, who saw with more penetrating eye 
 the glory which they all beheld, was reserved to complete 
 the written statement of the person of Christ, in a record 
 which has been designated from ancient days as " the Gos- 
 pel according to the Spirit." 
 
 As the other Gospels respectively make prominent the 
 ideas of law, of power, and of grace, so does this present 
 the glory of Christ. " We beheld his gloiy, the glory as 
 of the Onty-begotten of the Father." 1 All the disciples 
 beheld it, but there was one whose pure, lofty, and con- 
 templative spirit fitted him to be the best recipient, and 
 therefore the best exponent, of the sublime disclosure. To 
 him, therefore, the office was assigned, and his Gospel is its 
 fulfilment. He begins, not like his predecessors from an 
 earthly starting-point, from the birth of the son of Adair, 
 or the son of Abraham, or the opening of the human minis- 
 tr} T , but in the depths of unmeasured eternity and the re- 
 cesses of the nature of God ; and then, bringing the First- 
 begotten into the world, traces with adoring eye the course 
 of word and deed by which he manifested forth his glory, 
 and at last delivers his record to others, " that they may 
 believe that Jesus is the Son of God, and that believing 
 they may have life through his name." 2 
 
 We have now seen that in the three synoptic Gospels the 
 representation of Christ, as he lived and conversed amongst 
 men, is carried on by three successive stages, from its first 
 Jewish aspect and fundamental connection with the old 
 covenant to its most catholic character and adaptation to 
 
 1 John i. li. * Ibid. xx. 31 
 
70 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. hECT. U. 
 
 the Gentile mind ; and that these steps correspond to and 
 are connected with the historical stages of advance, by 
 which the Word of God passed from its first home to its 
 destined sphere of influence. We have seen that in the 
 fourth Gospel we rise to a more distinct apprehension of 
 the spiritual mystery involved in the picture which has been 
 presented ; and, further, that this advance also is connected 
 with historical conditions, subsequent in time to those un- 
 der which the preceding books originated. Tfre course of 
 teaching thus produced is according to that principle which 
 places the earthly things as the introduction to the heavenly, 
 aud keeps everything in "its own order, first that which is 
 natural, and afterwards that which is spiritual." 
 
 And yet these stages of progress are constituted only by 
 differences of degree. There is nothing expanded in one 
 book which has not been asserted in another. Take what- 
 ever may seem to you the distinguishing idea of any one of 
 them, and you find a strong expression of it in all the oth- 
 ers. The Judaism of St. Matthew reaches out to the call- 
 ing of the Gentiles ; and the catholic spirit of St. Luke falls 
 back upon his Jewish origin. St. John, in exhibiting the 
 divine nature of Christ, exhibits only what the others have 
 everywhere implied and frequently affirmed. " The Johan 
 nean conception of Christ," as it has been termed by some 
 who would place it in opposition to preceding representa- 
 tions, is in fact their explication and conCmation. In the 
 former Gospels we behold the Son of God, proclaimed by 
 angels, confessed by devils, acknowledged b} r the voice of 
 the Father ; with authority and power commanding the 
 visible and invisible worlds, and at the central moment of 
 the history transfigured on the holy mount before the eye- 
 witnesses of his majesty. The first word in the Temple 
 
LECT. II. THE GOSPELS. 71 
 
 declares to his earthly parent his conscious relation to his 
 Father ; the last cha: ge to the Apostles founds the Church 
 in the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost; 
 while, in the intervening period, some voice of seif-revela- 
 tion more deep than usual is from time to time suffered tc 
 fall upon our ears ; like that which so many commentators 
 have noticed as a kind of anticipation of the language of 
 St. John, " All things are delivered to me of my Father ; 
 and no man knoweth who the Son is but the Father, nei- 
 ther knoweth any man the Father save the Son, and he to 
 whomsoever the Son will reveal him." * 
 
 On the other hand, it is in the record of St. John that we 
 read words which, if found in another Gospel, would have 
 been eagerly urged as antagonistic to "the Johannean con- 
 ception." We can imagine what use would then have been 
 made of the argument (John x. 34-36) founded on the text, 
 " I have said ye are gods," or of the assertions, " The 
 words which 3'e hear are not mine," and " The Father is 
 greater than I." Now, standing in connection with the 
 claim to the incommunicable Name, and with the state- 
 ments, " All things that the Father hath are mine," and " I 
 and the Father are one," that argument and those assertions 
 cannot be mistaken ; but they serve to confirm the unity of 
 that revelation of God manifest in the flesh, of which one 
 aspect is more fully exhibited in one part, and the other 
 aspect in the other part of the Evangelical record. (5) 
 
 Asserting then the peculiar development which the last 
 Gospel gives to the doctrine of the person of Christ, we 
 also assert that there is no. variation from the original con- 
 ception. The exposition is continuous ; the picture is one. 
 
 1 Matt. xi. 27, and Luke x. 22. 
 
72 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT. II. 
 
 From the beginning of St. Matthew to the end of St. John 
 it is one Lord Jesus Christ, as really the Son of Man in 
 the last Gospel as in the first, as really the Son of God 
 in the first Gospel as in the last. Only we find, in passing 
 under the teaching of St. John, that here the great mystery 
 shows more vivid and mature ; that the intuitions of it have 
 become more conscious and clear, and the assertions of it 
 more definite and indisputable ; that we have advanced from 
 the simple observation of facts to the state of retrospection 
 and reflection, and that we have attained to the formation 
 of a language fitted to the highest conceptions of him who 
 is the Only -begotten of the Father, the Life, and the Light, 
 and the Truth, and the Word Eternal. 
 
 Such is the character of the Gospel collection, regarded 
 as an exposition of the doctrine of the person of Christ. 
 As a scheme characterized b}^ unity and progress it has 
 obviously the appearance of design : and the appearance of 
 design is an argument for its reality. 
 
 But whose design is this, which appears not in the sepa- 
 rate books, but in the collection taken as a whole? The 
 agents were severed from each other, and wrote as their 
 respective turns of mind and historical circumstances deter- 
 mined. Where then was the presiding mind which planned 
 the whole, and, in qualifying and employing the chosen 
 agents, divided to every man severally as he would? By 
 the voice of the Church as a body, by the ever-accumulating 
 consent of her several members, an unchanging answer 
 comes down from age to age. The Spirit of the Lord is 
 here. 
 
 Yes ! the Spirit was to testify of Jesus, and the fourfold 
 Gospel is his permanent testimony. In it he has provided 
 that the foundations of our faith should be laid in the region 
 
LE'JT. II. THE GOSPELS. 73 
 
 wbeie the foundations of all human knowledge lie, namely, 
 in the evidence of the senses, in that which " eyes have 
 seen, ears have heard, and hands have handled of the Word 
 of Life." He has provided that the object of our faith 
 should be known to us as he was known to those who saw 
 him, that he should be clearly known by the simplicity, 
 Cully known by the variety, and certainly known by the 
 unit}', of the narratives which give to the world the per- 
 petual and only representation of its Redeemer. Finally, 
 he has provided that the representation should be com- 
 pleted by a progressive course of teaching, which first fa- 
 miliarizes us with the conversation of our Lord among men 
 in its general and ordinary aspect, and then admits us to 
 the more concentrated study of the gloiy and the mystery, 
 which had already made themselves felt at every step. 
 
 I have only to add, that the divine teaching thus given, 
 even when viewed separately, has the appearance of being 
 not a whole scheme ending in itself, but a part of a larger 
 scheme. I mean that the general effect of the manifestation 
 which is made in the Gospels is such as almost necessitates 
 farther disclosures. 
 
 One shining with the glory of the Onlv-begotten of the 
 Father, but clothed in the poverties and infirmities of man, 
 has walked before us in power and weakness, in majesty 
 and woe. He has come close to us, and drawn us close to 
 him ; has touched every chord of our hearts : has secured 
 our implicit trust, and become the object of adoration and 
 love : then he has hung upon a cross, has sunk into a grave, 
 has risen, has ascended, and is gone. It was a brief dispen- 
 sation, and is finished once for all. What did it mean? 
 What has it done ? What are our relations with him now ? 
 and in what way has this brief appearance affected our 
 4 
 
74 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LKCT. II. 
 
 position before God and the state and destiny of the soul? 
 What is the nature of the redemption which he has wrought, 
 of the salvation which he has brought, of the kingdom of 
 God which he has opened to all believers? 
 
 These were questions left for the Disciples when Jesus 
 was gone ; and, when the reader of the Gospel story reaches 
 its close, these questions remain for him. The Disciples 
 would recall what their Master had spoken, in order to 
 gather the whole result of the words of his lips. The reader 
 also will review that personal teaching of Christ which is 
 interwoven with his visible manifestation, and will ask 
 whether it gives an answer to the questions which the mani- 
 festation suggests ; whether it does so fully or partially, as 
 a final communication, or as the commencement of informa- 
 tion to be completed afterwards. .This is the subject which 
 will next claim our attention, as the first step in the inquiry, 
 how the Christian doctrine was added to the Christian facts 
 — the divine interpretation to the divine intervention. 
 
 The relations between these two parts of the Gospel have 
 now in some measure come into view. We have seen that 
 the evangelical narrative creates the want and gives the 
 pledge of an evangelical doctrine ; that it also deposits its 
 material and provides its safeguard. 
 
 a. The narrative creates the ivant, in that it leaves the 
 mind of the reader in a state of desire and expectation, 
 uince the stupendous facts which it recites cannot but sug- 
 gest anxious inquiries which wait for clear replies, and vast 
 speculations which demand a firm direction. 
 
 b. And this want seems to carry with it the •pledge that 
 it is raised in order to be satisfied. We feel sure tint God 
 has not given us the external manifestation of Ilia Son, 
 and then left the questions which arise out of it unanswered 
 
LECT. II. THE GOSPELS. 75 
 
 and the hopes which it suggests undefined. In the fulness 
 and vividness of the record of the facts we find an implied 
 assurance, that their purposes and results shall also be 
 made clear, and receive in their proper place their own 
 proper exposition. 
 
 c. Again, the history deposits the material of the doc- 
 trine ; for that material is nothing else than Christ mai J f est 
 in the flesh — his incarnation, his obedience, his holiness, 
 love, grace, and truth, his death and passion, his resurrec- 
 tion and ascension, and then, be}~ond these, his glorified 
 life, and his coming and his kingdom, in which the past 
 history finds its necessary and predicted issues. These, 
 brethren, are the topics of the evangelical teaching, and 
 the constituent elements of the truth, seeing that in this 
 manifestation of the Son of God all that men had known 
 before has received its full illustration and its final seal, 
 and that which they had not known has been once for all 
 revealed. All that is to be learned is comprised within 
 this circle. The deep mine of truth lies beneath this spot. 
 " In him (as the mystery of God) are hid all the treasures 
 of wisdom and knowledge." x 
 
 d. Lastly, the narrative provides the safeguard of the 
 doctrine. B3fore we arrive at the latter form of teaching, 
 we have been secured against its possible dangers, having 
 been already taught lii t^e most effective way to feel that 
 our trust is not in a name which we learn, but in a person 
 whom we know; not in a scheme of salvation, btfc in a 
 living Saviour. I cannot say how strongly I feel the value 
 af the Gospel narrative in this last point of view ; and I 
 feel it most when I observe the effect of other methods, 
 
 iCol. ii. 3. 
 
1$ THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT. II 
 
 which have trained the minds of disciples mainly by 
 schemes of doctrine without the admixture in its due 
 proportion of the ever fresh and healthful element of his- 
 tory. Blessed be the wisdom of God, which has ordered 
 the teaching of the New Testament upon its actual plan, 
 laying first the living knowledge of the Lord Jesus as the 
 broadest and safest basis for doctrine and instruction in 
 righteousness. The order thus observed in the written 
 word teaches how the knowledge of Christ will best be 
 opened out to every single soul. He only is duly prepared 
 for more abstract revelations of the nature of the redeeming 
 work and of its present and future issues, in whose heart 
 the past manifestation in the flesh is clearly reflected, and 
 who thus has worthily received into his own soul " the 
 beginning of the Gospel of Jesus Christ the Soii of God." 
 
LECTUKE III. 
 
 THE GOSPELS. 
 
 BOW SHALL WE ESCAPE, IF WE NEGLECT SO GREAT SALVATION, WHICH 
 AT THE FIRST BEGAN TO BE SPOKEN BY THE LORD? — Heb. U. 3. 
 
 From age to age this question has fulfilled its office. 
 Men, trusting in their immunity from criminal acts, have 
 found themselves confronted by an accusation which /,hey 
 could not answer, and convicted of guilt of which they had 
 never thought. Still may this question reach one heart 
 after another amongst ourselves, and flash the sense of sin 
 and ruin on those who even now, and even here, are practi- 
 cally neglecting so great salvation ! 
 
 Not, however, on this question, but on the following 
 words, have I now to fix your attention ; words which are 
 added to aggravate the sin of that neglect, and to illustrate 
 the certainty of a corresponding retribution ; but which do 
 so by the mention of a fact which falls into our present 
 line of thought at the point which we have now reached. 
 This " so great salvation began to be spoken by the Lord, 
 and was confirmed unto us by them that heard him ; God 
 also bearing them witness by signs and wonders, and gifts 
 of the Holy Ghost, according to his own will." 
 
 It began to be spoken by the Lord. The word of the old 
 covenant is repeatedly declared to have been " received by 
 the disposition of angels" 1 — "ordained by angels" 2 — 
 "spoken by angels." 3 The ministering spirits, the mea- 
 
 * Acts vii. 53. *Gal. iii. 19. »Ileb. 11. 2 
 
 77 
 
78 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LeCT. Ill 
 
 sengers and servants of the Lord, were employed to intro- 
 duce the preparatory system. On the other hand, the 
 salvation of the new covenant is introduced, not by the 
 servants, but by the Lord in person. His introduction of 
 it was not confined to providing its conditions and founda- 
 tions, by the manifestation of himself, and by the redemp- 
 tion which he wrought. He was the messenger and teacher 
 of this salvation, as well as its author and giver. It was 
 fully wrought by the Lord ; but, besides that, it began to 
 be " spoken" by the Lord, its announ3ement coming first 
 from his own lips. Yet this personal speaking was only a 
 certain stage in the course of its publication. " It began 
 to be spoken by the Lord," 1 and when he ceased to speak 
 the word was not yet completed. It was to be cleared and 
 assured to the world by those that heard him ; who, having 
 been educated and commissioned by him for the purpose, 
 proceeded to preach the Gospel with the Holy Ghost sent 
 down from heaven, and with adequate proofs of the co- 
 attestation of God. 
 
 This account of the personal ministry of the Lord Jesus, 
 as an initiatory stage of the word of salvation, gives me 
 the subject of which I have now to treat. Evidently it is 
 one of the very highest importance in its bearings on the 
 subsequent stages of doctrine ; on which we shall enter in 
 a very different spirit, if we consider the word spoken by 
 the Lord in person as a finished word, or if we regard it as « 
 a word begun. 
 
 As steps which may be of use towards attaining a true 
 view of the case, I would lay down the following propo 
 sitions. 
 
 1 'Apx'jv Aa£So jua. laKelcrftai. Sid TOU Kvpiov. 
 
L^CT. III. THE GOSPELS. 79 
 
 First, The teaching of the Lord in the Gospels includes 
 the substance of all christian doctrine, but does not bear the 
 character of finality. Secondly, The teaching of the Lord 
 in the Gospels is a visibly progressive coicrse, but on reach- 
 ing its highest point announces its oivn incompleteness, and 
 opens another stage of instruction. 
 
 I. 1. The teaching of the Lord in the Gospels includes 
 the substance of all christian doctrine. Never was teaching 
 more natural than his. It was drawn forth by occasions as 
 they arose. It shaped itself to the character, the words, 
 and the acts of those whom he met in the highway of the 
 world. It borrowed its imagery from the circumstances 
 and scenery of the moment. Such teaching as this would 
 not seem likety to embrace the whole circle of truth. We 
 should expect to find it partial and fragmentary ; full in 
 some points, deficient in others, according as the occasions 
 for evoking it had or had not arisen. 
 
 Yet surely the whole course of the manifestation of the 
 Son of God would be governed not by accident, but by a 
 special divine predestination : and there must have been a 
 providential appointment of the fittest occasions and the 
 most perfect conditions, in order that Le who came from 
 God to speak the words of God might adequately accom- 
 plish his mission. Then the general state of the religious 
 atmosphere at the time of his appearing, the strongly dis- 
 criminated developments of opinion in Pharisees and 
 Sadducees, the condition of individuals who came across 
 his path, the scenes and circumstances in which he met 
 them, were all prepared by divine governance, to further 
 the effectual fulfilment of his mission as the teacher of men. 
 Thus it came to pass, that not only in set discourses (which 
 6eldom occur), but in transient conversations and sudden 
 
80 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT. III. 
 
 replies, in words drawn forth by the appeals of the 
 wretched, by the temptations of enemies or by the errors 
 of disciples, in strong denunciations of the wicked or in 
 tender consolations of the weak, the mind of Christ has 
 been expressed on all points, and the store of divine sen- 
 tences is ML 
 
 Shall 1 enter into detail, and begin to show how the 
 whole argument on justification in the Epistle to the 
 Romans is involved in the assertion, that " the Son of 
 Man was lifted up, that he that belioveth on him should 
 not perish but have everlasting life " ? 1 — how the exposi- 
 tion of the Christian standing in the Epistle to the Gala- 
 tians is comprehended in the words, " The servant abideth 
 not in the house forever, but the son abideth ever. If the 
 son make you free ye shall be free indeed"? 2 — how the 
 sacrificial doctrine of the Epistle to the Hebrews is implied 
 in all its parts by the words, " This is my blood of the new 
 covenant, which is shed for you and for many for the re- 
 mission of sins"? 3 Though such proof in detail is here 
 impossible, it would yet be easy to show that every doctrine 
 expanded in the Epistles roots itself in some pregnant say- 
 ing in the Gospels ; and that the first intimation of every 
 truth, revealed to the holy Apostles by the Spirit, came 
 first from the lips of the Son of Man. In each case the 
 later revelation may enlarge the earlier, may show its 
 meaning and define its application, but the earlier revela- 
 tion stands behind it still, and we owe our first knowledge 
 of every part of the new covenant to those personal com- 
 municatior.s in which the salvation began to be spoken 07 
 the Lord. 
 
 1 John iii. 14, 15. 'John viii. a5, 36. *Matt. xxvi. 29. 
 
LECT. III. THE GOSPELS. 81 
 
 "In all things he was to have the pre-eminence," 1 in 
 (speaking as well as in acting, not only as the Life, but 
 also as the Light of men. The more we study the records 
 of that short ministry in the flesh, the more we are im- 
 pressed with the fact that all the past and all the future 
 arc gathered up in it. Past inspired teaching here finds 
 its meaning interpreted and its authority sealed, whilst (so 
 to speak) the several chapters of future inspired teaching 
 are opened by pregnant summaries and certified by antici- 
 patory sanctions. That is indeed a time " of large dis- 
 course, looking before and after," and the words of 
 Prophets on the one side, and of Apostles on the other, are 
 forever justified and maintained by the words of him who 
 came between them. 
 
 There was nothing then on the lips of the preachers of 
 the Gospel, but what had been " begun to be spoken " by 
 its first preacher ; and in following to their utmost the 
 words of the Apostles we are still within the compass of 
 the words of the Lord Jesus. 
 
 2. Yet those words do not bear the character of finality. 
 The doctrine delivered in the Gospels appears to need, 
 and to promise, further explanations, combinations, and 
 developments. The character of that ministry on the 
 whole is introductory. It is so in its form, in its method, 
 and in its substance. 
 
 a. Our Lord's general teaching, in regard to its form, is 
 cast in the mould of parable or proverb. So it appears 
 more especiall} T in the first three Gospels as compared with 
 the fourth : and it is agreed on all hands that the former 
 represent the ordinary course of the teaching of Jesus ; and 
 
 4 
 
 1 &v napiv avrbs irptarevmv. 
 
82 THE PROGRESS Oi DOCTRINE. LECT. Ill 
 
 that the latter purposely collects into one view those 
 stronger assertions of divine nrysteries, which were made 
 on particular occasions, and which, when thus combined, 
 form for us a more advanced stage of revelation. Yet in 
 Sj, John also the characteristic form of parable continues, 
 though its visible diminution corresponds with the in- 
 creased intensity of revealing light. 
 
 There can be no need to exhibit the fact of this prevail- 
 ing character of our Lord's discourse. It is to be noticed, 
 not only in the large amount of professed parables, but in 
 the general habit of proverbial sayings, that is, sayings 
 which glance by us, as condensed and momentary parables, 
 suggesting much that it would take long to tell, or, at 
 least, sayings which have more or less the shape and air of 
 proverbs, complete in themselves, terse and pointed, 
 fashioned for common memory and common use, meaning 
 more than they say, and, by strong antithesis or seeming 
 paradox, fitted to arouse rejection, and to fix on the mind 
 some principle of thought or conduct. This characteristic 
 of our Lord's teaching does not exist in that of his ser- 
 vants. It is peculiar and distinctive ; and not without 
 reason, for it falls in with that character of germinating 
 fulness which has been already ascribed to the personal 
 ministry of Christ ; and not less plainly with that character 
 of initiation which is now to be asserted. 
 
 It is of the essence of proverbial speech that it detaches 
 itself from particular occasions, that it has a capacity for 
 various applications, and a fitness for permanent use, and 
 embraces large meaning within narrow limits. It therefore 
 fitted well the lips which were to utter the great principles 
 of Christian thought, and to leave them amongst men foi 
 all times and occasions. Yet this form of teaching belongs 
 
LECT. III. THE GOSPELS. 83 
 
 to the introduction of knowledge. It seems intended to set 
 the mind working, and to rouse the spirit of inquiry by 
 partial or disguised discoveries of truth. u To them that 
 are without," said our Lord, " all these things are done in 
 parables ; " ! intimating that the use of that form of instruc- 
 tion is appropriate to the preliminary and probationary 
 stage. In its fullest degree it belongs originally to those 
 that are without, though, by means of light afterwards 
 afforded, it continues to minister large instruction to 
 those that are within. To the multitude our Lord's 
 teaching was mainly of this character : to his disciples it 
 was obviously less so. To them " it was given to know 
 the mysteries of the kingdom of God, but to others in par- 
 ables." 2 Yet to them also, through all their time of train- 
 ing, we see that this mode of speech is largely used, and 
 when the personal intercourse is about to close they 
 receive the assurance that the teaching of the future 
 will herein differ from that of the past: "These things 
 have I spoken unto you in proverbs, but the time cometh 
 when I shall no more speak unto you in proverbs, but I 
 shall show you plainly of the Father." 3 The words remain 
 as a sullicient testimony that the peculiar character of 
 language, in which the salvation began to be spoken by 
 the Lord, is a mark of an introductory stage, and, so far as 
 it prevails, is both a sign that the time for showing plainly 
 is net yet come, and a pledge that it is to follow. 
 
 6. As the form of the teaching leads to this conclusion, 
 so also does its method. It is seemingly to a great degree 
 
 i Mark iv. 11. Utivois rot? l& — yet certainly not to keep them 
 Without, but as the appropriate means to draw them within. 
 2 Luke viii. 10. 8 John xvi. 25. 
 
84 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT. Ill 
 
 a method of chances and occasions ; carried on by words 
 suited to the moment, by separate addresses, or replies to 
 particular persons, and by explanations added to particu- 
 lar acts. It is morec ver in these communications, rather 
 than in the deliberate discourses, that the higher revelations 
 of his Gospel are for the most part contained. When u ho 
 opened his mouth and taught" in the Sermon on the Mount, 
 he delivered to those who were entering his kingdom the 
 great principles of moral righteousness. But it is from words 
 dropped as it were in a private conversation by night, or in 
 collision with the provocations of unbelievers, or amid sighs 
 and sorrows by the grave of a friend, that we derive our 
 plainest assurances of the mysteries of Ids salvation. While 
 we gather up the precious things of his ordinary discourses, 
 we are made sensible that other truths are implied, deeper 
 than those which are announced, and from time to time the 
 words which assert those deeper truths break with a kind of 
 suddenness on our ears. It would hardly appear likely that 
 such a mode of teaching was intended to be final ; rather we 
 should expect it to prove (as in fact it did) the prefatory 
 announcement of a coming system of truth, in which the 
 several sayings would discover their cohesion and the con- 
 densed assertions would expand into their fulness. 
 
 c. If the form and method of the personal teaching cf 
 Jesus suggest the conclusion, that it was meant to be, not 
 the whole of his teaching to men, but only the initiatory 
 stage of it, that conclusion becomes more sure when we 
 come to consider the substance of the doctrine itself. 
 
 The doctrine bears a double character. It is, first, the 
 clearing, restoring, and perfecting of truth alreacty known ; 
 and it is, secondly, the revealing of a nrysterious economv 
 *.rhich had not yet been divulged. It is, I suppose, obvious 
 
LECT. III. THE GOSPELS. 85 
 
 to every reader of the Gospels, that the doctrine contained 
 in them is much more full and explicit in the first of these 
 characters than it is in the second ; that all which belongs 
 to human duty and character comes out habitually to view 
 in the clearest light, while the discoveries of that secret 
 scheme of things, by which the divine purposes are worked 
 out, are cither made by implication, or are marked by a cer- 
 tain brevity and reserve. This fact is general^ recognized, 
 and especialty by those minds which shrink from the more 
 mysterious parts of revelation. These fall back upon the 
 Lord's own teaching in the Gospels, as containing more to 
 which they can cordially assent, or at least less which trou- 
 bles and perplexes them, than they find in the writings of 
 his followers. All that troubles and perplexes them is in- 
 deed there ; but the restricted measure of its exposition 
 allows them more easily to ignore its presence. Such men 
 fly to the Sermon on the Mount, and linger over parables 
 and discourses, which instruct us in the great original truths 
 of the fatherhood of God, of heartfelt prayer, of love and 
 forgiveness, of lowliness and truth, of obedience and self- 
 sacrifice, of confidence in pardoning mercy, and of faith 
 (yet only general and preliminary) in him whom God hath 
 sent. 
 
 It is indeed true that in passing through the synoptic 
 Gospels we meet with few express and definite assertions 
 of the real nature and effects of the mediatorial work of 
 Christ ; and if we drop out of notice those few strong 
 s ayings, andare content to take the lowest meaning of 
 every expression that sounds ambiguous, and are resolutely 
 insensible to the suggestion of typical miracles and to the 
 implications contained in the whole history, we may per- 
 haps arrive at the Gospel of St. John with no higher con* 
 
86 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT. Ill 
 
 victions tlian were expressed by the inquirer, whom we 
 there find uttering the dubious acknowledgment, "Master, 
 we know that thou art a teacher come from God." ■ 
 
 But having acknowledged this much, we must from thh 
 point acknowledge much more. We find that the Gospel 
 on \vhich we have entered has collected for us the scattered 
 sayings, in which, from time to time, our Lord asserted hi3 
 highest offices, and opened the mystery of his work. One 
 after another the great testimonies concerning himself fall 
 on our ears : yet, in regard to every one of them, we are 
 made to feel that the intimations given are at the time 
 beyond the apprehensions of the hearers, and this not only 
 on account of the dulness of the particular persons, but 
 because the testimonies imply events which have not yei 
 happened, and are fragments of a revelation for which the 
 hour is not yet come. Glance through a few of these say- 
 ings : The heavens open, and the angels ascending and 
 descending on the Son of Man ; 2 the Temple destroyed and 
 raised up again in three days ; 3 the birth of water and the 
 Spirit ; 4 the Sou of Man who came from heaven, who goes 
 to heaven, and who is in heaven ; 5 the lifting up like the 
 serpent in the wilderness, that men may net perish ; 6 the 
 water which he will give, springing up into everlasting 
 life ; 7 the eating the flesh and drinking the blood as the 
 means of everlasting life and of being raised up at the last 
 day. 8 These saj'ings, and nuury others like them, are ut« 
 tered to hearers whose perplexity is made apparent) and ar« 
 
 1 Zti ai:6 Otoi) ilrjXvQas hibdoKalos. 
 
 2 John i. 51. 3 Ibid. ii. 19. * Ibid. iii. 5. 
 
 6 Ibid. iii. 13. 6 Ibid. iii. 14. ' Ibid. iv. 14. 
 
 8 Ibid. vi. 54. 
 
LECT. III. THE GOSPELS. 87 
 
 at the time left unexplained, to await the light which they 
 are to receive from future events and later discoveries. This 
 (if I may so call it) anticipatory character of our Lord's 
 teaching, with regard to the work which he came to fulfil, 
 strikes us most forcibly, when w r e compare his mode of 
 speaking on the subject with the full and explicit language 
 which becomes familiar to us in the writings of his Apostlea. 
 
 And if this account of one part of his teaching be true, 
 an evident consequence follows in regard to the other part. 
 Grant that the discoveries of the redeeming work of Christ 
 are in any measure restricted and deferred, and it follows 
 that a large part of the teaching on human duty must be 
 restricted and deferred in proportion. Instructions in faith 
 in hiirself must wait for their perfecting, until the things to 
 be believed concerning him have grown clear. Instructions 
 in our relations to God (whether bearing on the hope of a 
 penitent or on the confidence of a child) have not obtained 
 their completion while the grounds of forgiveness and ac- 
 ceptance are in any manner obscure. Finally, instructions 
 on duty and character must be deficient in some of their 
 most important elements, while the motives which flow from 
 redemption cannot be assumed as recognized, because Jesus 
 has not yet died ; while the life in the Spirit, and the power 
 of the resurrection, and the citizenship in heaven, cannot 
 be realized, because Jesus has not yet revived, risen, and 
 ascended. 
 
 In illustration of these assertions I will instance the treat- 
 ment of the two doctrines of the forgiveness of sins and the 
 success of prayer. We know how intimately in the evangel- 
 ical system these two doctrines are associated with the 
 personal agency T of our Redeemer, the one with his atoning 
 sacrifice, the other with his priestly mediation. But it is 
 
88 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT. III. 
 
 certain that in his own teaching on earth they are not so 
 treatel. Other truths concerning them are brought forward 
 when these are absent. 
 
 Take the first example. "Forgive, and ye shall be for- 
 given ; " 1 " Her sins, which are many, are forgiven, for s\e 
 loved much ;" 2 a I forgave thee all that debt because tliou 
 desiredst me;" 3 u He smote upon his breast, saying, God 
 be merciful to me a sinner" 4 and then " went dow: to his 
 house justified rather than the other." Lastly, in the great 
 parable of forgiveness the erring son simply returns, and the 
 father falls on his neck and kisses him. " Father," sa}-s 
 he, " I have sinned against heaven and before thee," and 
 straightway he is clothed with the best robe, and has the 
 ring on his hand, and the shoes on his feet. " He was 
 dead and is alive again : he was lost, and is found." There 
 is no mention of any intercessor, no typical hint of sacrifice 
 or other atonement, no condition anywhere supposed, but 
 what is included in " because thou desiredst me," or in the 
 presence of penitence and tenderness of heart, and the ab- 
 sence of an unforgiving spirit towards others. Yet at other 
 times there fall from the Lord's own lips some few words at 
 least which reveal Jdmself as the channel, and his blood as 
 the purchase, of the forgiveness which he preaches so freely. 
 " The Son of Man has power on earth to forgive sirs ;"* 
 " My blood shed for many for the remission of sins." 6 These 
 sayings give a momentary insight into the depths of the 
 subject, and disclose something of the mysterious means by 
 which forgiveness has been procured, and through which, 
 when once revealed, it must be sought. It is evident that 
 
 i Luke vi. 37. * Ibid. vii. 47. « Matt, xviii. 32. 
 * Luke xviii. 13. « Matt. ix. 6. « Ibid. xxvl. 28. 
 
LECT. Ill THE GOSPELS. 89 
 
 such a revelation cannot remain as a mere associated idea, 
 that it must become fundamental, and give a peculiar and 
 distinctive character to the Christian doctrine of the for- 
 giveness of sins. But we see that it is not wrought out in 
 the Gospels. Must we not then expect that this will yet 
 be done ? and that, in some future stage of divine teaching, 
 we shall find the word "Forgive and ye shall be forgiven" 
 elevated and opened into "Forgiving one another as God 
 for Christ's sake hath forgiven you," 1 and the hope of for- 
 giveness placed forever on its true basis of faith in him, 
 " in whom we have redemption through his blood, even the 
 forgiveness of sins." 2 
 
 Again, take the doctrine of acceptance and success in 
 prayer. How earnest and how strong are our Lord'e dec- 
 larations on this subject ! It is needless to rehearse them, 
 but these precious assurances are here connected only with 
 the earnestness, importunitj^, and simplicity of the worship- 
 pers, and with a general faith in the Father's will to give 
 good things to those that ask him. We might be ready to 
 say, "The whole instruction amounts to this, — Dismiss 
 all heathen and all Pharisaic notions on this subject. Go 
 simply to God as your Father. Ask, and ye shall receive." 
 ret he who has taught us, before he ceases to speak, adds 
 something more. At the highest point of his teaching we 
 hear him say, " No man cometh unto the Father but by 
 me; 3 "If ye shall ask anything in my name /will do it.' M 
 Here is an immense accession of revelation, which, when 
 fully comprehended, must give its character to the whol« 
 Christian doctrine and to the whole Christian ha^it of 
 
 i Eph. iv. 32. 2 ibid. i. 7. 
 
 8 John xtv. 6. * Ibid. xvi. 23. 
 
90 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LeCT. Ill 
 
 prayei . But if we are ever to see this consequence wrought 
 out by divine teaching, we must find it in some future stage 
 of instruction in which the access to the Father by the 
 Son, and the new and living way which he has consecrated 
 for us, and the offices of the High Priest over the house 
 of God, shall be recognized as the true grounds of the 
 full assurance of faith, for him who draws near to God in 
 prayer. 
 
 The argument then stands thus. The doctrine of the 
 Gospel includes special revelations which must from their 
 nature become the foundations of moral and spiritual life. 
 But in the doctrine of the Gospels they are not so treated, 
 nor indeed could they be, since the revelations themselves 
 are chiefly anticipatory allusions to facts which have not 
 yet taken place. In these revelations the teaching culmi- 
 nates rather than commences. They are the point at which 
 it arrives, not that from which it starts. The doctrine doe? 
 not therefore bear the character of finality. We expect 
 another stage, in which these special revelations shall be 
 not only cleared and combined, but shall hold that funda- 
 mental place in the whole system of instruction which they 
 tend inevitably to assume. And thus, from the considera- 
 tion of the substance and proportions of the doctrine in the 
 Gospels, as well as from the observation of its form and 
 method, I conclude that I am here only in an initiatory 
 stage of divine teaching, and that another part of the course 
 must lie before me. 
 
 II. But I am not left to draw this conclusion. The doc- 
 trine of the Gospels not only looks as if it were to be fol- 
 lowed by another stage of teaching, but declares that such 
 is the fact. I come to my second proposition, that the 
 personal teaching of the Lord is a visibly progressive system, 
 
LECT. III. THE GOSrELS. 91 
 
 which, on reaching its highest point, declares its own inconi' 
 pleteness, and refers us to another stage of instruction. 
 
 1. Place side by side the first discourse in St. Matthew 
 and the last in St. John, and the truth of the first part of 
 this proposition is at once apparent, namely, that the per- 
 sonal teaching of the Lord is a visibly progressive system, 
 The Sermon on the Mount at the opening cf the ministry, 
 and the address in the upper room delivered at its close, 
 are separated from each other, not only by difference of cir- 
 cumstance and feeling, but as implying on the part of the 
 hearers wholly different stages in the knowledge of truth. 
 There is a greater interval between these two discourses 
 than there is between the teaching of the Gospels as a 
 whole and that of the Epistles. 
 
 The first discourse is the voice of a minister of the cir- 
 cumcision, clearing and conJrming the divine teaching given 
 to the fathers. Blessings, laws, and promises are alike 
 founded on the Old Testament language, which the speaker 
 at the same time adopts and interprets. He keeps in a line 
 with the past, while he makes a clear step in advance. He 
 gives, not so much a new code, as a new edition of the old 
 one. The word of authority, "J say unto 3 T ou," is directed 
 not to destroy but to fulfil. It is the authority of the origi- 
 nal lawgiver, clearing up his own intentions, and disallowing 
 the perversions of men. As plainly as the first discourse 
 links itself to the past, so plainly does the last discourse 
 reach on to the future. If the one reverts to what was said 
 in old time, the other casts the mind forward on a day of 
 knowledge which is dawning and a new teacher who is com* 
 ing. In passing from the one point to the other, we have 
 left behind us the language and associations of the Old Tes- 
 tament : we have entered a new world of thought, and hear 
 
92 THE PHOGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT. III. 
 
 a new language which is being created for its exigencies. 
 What makes the thought and the langn age new ? One sin- 
 gle fact ; namely, that the true relation of the Lord Jesua 
 to the spiritual life of his people is now in a measure re* 
 vealcd. " Ye believe in God, believe also in me : " — this la 
 -he kc}-note of the whole address. And in the same strain 
 it continues, u No man cometh unto the Father but by me ; " 
 "Abide in me and I in you;" "Without me ye can do 
 nothing." How foreign would such words have been in the 
 Sermon on the Mount ! We are not unprepared for them 
 here, though even here they mean more than can be j T et 
 understood. I do not speak of single expressions, but of 
 the whole doctrine on faith and prayer, and love, and ser- 
 vice, and hope, and life. All subjects have here assumed 
 their distinctively Christian character: they are "m Christ 
 Jesus." The faith fixes itself on him, and on the Father 
 through him. The prayer is " in his name" The love is 
 a response to his love, The service is the fruit of union 
 with him. The hope is that of being with him where he is ; 
 to abide in him is the secret of life, safety, fruitfulness, and 
 joy ; and the guiding power of this new state is not the 
 explanation of a law, but the gift of the Hoty Ghost the 
 Comforter. Compare these ideas with those which charac- 
 terize the first Gospel teaching, and you see how far j'ou 
 have been carried from the point at which 3-011 started. You 
 see how much must have intervened in the gradual revela- 
 tion of Christ, and in the gradual advance of his teaching, 
 before such a stage of doctrine could be reached. 
 
 And much had intervened. To show liow much, it would 
 be necessary to trace through all the Gospel record the 
 unfolding of the salvation, as it began to be spoken by the 
 Lord, and the steps by which it was brought about, that the 
 
LECT. IH. THE G0SPEL8. 93 
 
 Master and the disciples should become the Saviour and the 
 believers, and that the external hearing and following should 
 pass into the mysterious relations of an inward and spiritual 
 union. It is enough to recall the fact that, through all the 
 works of mercy, the corrections of error, and the instruc- 
 tions in righteousness, a deeper lesson j T et is sinking into 
 the minds of his hearers, in the growing sense of a profound 
 and ineffable relation borne by him to the human race and 
 to every human soul. He makes it felt, that he stands 
 before men as the one object on which faith must fasten, as 
 the one who has power on earth to forgive sins, who is come 
 to seek and to save that which is lost, who gives rest to the 
 heavy laden, as the giver of eternal life, as the quickener of 
 whom he will, as the bread which came down from heaven 
 that a man may eat thereof and not die, as giving his flesh 
 for the life of the world, his life a ransom for many, his 
 blood as the blood of the new covenant shed for many for 
 the remission of sins. Testimonies like these gather as we 
 advance ; and while the Lord in his ordinary teaching ful- 
 fils his mission as the expounder of the laws, and the exam- 
 ple of the character, and the prophet of the destinies of the 
 kingdom of God, he discloses at the same time by these 
 scattered sayings a far deeper and more fundamental rela- 
 tion to that kingdom and to all its several members. 
 
 But while these disclosures are yet in progress they are 
 suddenly cut off. The ministry must end : the hour is 
 come. We enter the upper room, and attend the last dis' 
 course, which is the close and the consummation of the 
 teaching of the Lord on earth. 
 
 2. We turn, then, to that portion of the word of God 
 which extends from the beginning of the 14th to the end of 
 Uie 17th chapter of St, Jotn. There, in words most simple 
 
94 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT. III. 
 
 but unfathoraably deep, addressed first to men and then to 
 God, there flow forth the thoughts which belong to that 
 hour. Oh tender, solemn words ! 'yh words of majesty and 
 love, of divine sorrow and joy ! words for the saddest 
 moments, the loftiest moments, the last moments of life I 
 Not in the cold spirit of one who would prove a point do I 
 turn to them now, though it be indeed to decide a question. 
 But what a question ! Not one affecting some single doc- 
 trine which some text in the discourse ma}^ touch, but one 
 affecting all the doctrine before and after, all that began to 
 be spoken by the Lord and was confirmed to us by then? 
 that heard him. It is the question whether the point which 
 we have reached is final or central : whether the true teach- 
 ing of God here reaches a close or effects a transition. 
 There is no uncertaint}' in the answer, for to give that 
 answer is one main purpose of the discourse. The Lord 
 speaks to the occasion. He would have it understood to 
 what point in the progress of his teaching we are come, 
 and what is the relation between that which is now ending 
 and that which is about to begin. 
 
 At the first glance it is plain that the character of the 
 discourse is distinctly transitional ; that it announces not 
 an end, but a change; and that, in closing one course of 
 teaching, it at the same time opens another. As the first 
 discourse linked the personal teaching of Christ to the Law 
 and the Prophets which went before it, so the last discourse 
 links that teaching to the dispensation of the Spirit, which 
 is to come after it. The fact on which the first is founded 
 is that the Law of God has been given to men as the guide 
 to righteousness; the fact on which the last is founded i? 
 that Jesus himself has now been presented to men as the 
 object ol' fait h. And as it was intimated in the one oa.se 
 
LECT. III. THE GOSPELS. 95 
 
 that the lesson of righteousness was } T et incomplete, and 
 was to be perfected by Jesus himself, so it is intimated in 
 the other that the lesson of faith is yet incomplete, and is 
 to be perfected by the Hoty Ghost whom he will send. 
 
 First, the narrative is careful to show us that this lessee 
 of faith hai been imperfectly learned. The auditors are 
 1h8 men whom the Lord had chosen and trained, and who 
 had watched most closely the whole course of his manifesta- 
 tion. Yet, as he proceeds, what do we hear? " Lord, we 
 know not whither thou goest, and how can we know the 
 way? " " Show us the Father and it sufficeth us." " How 
 is it that thou wilt manifest thyself unto us and not unto 
 the world? " " What is this that he saith? we cannot tell 
 what he saith." By such voices of faint and partial appre- 
 hension or of sore perplexity, we learn how far the teaching 
 of the past had gone with them, in regard to those truths 
 which were being then set forth. 
 
 But it might be, notwithstanding, that the course oi 
 divine instruction ivas complete, and that events yet to 
 come and reflection on the past would be sufficient to open 
 to them its meaning. Not thus does the Lord reply. 
 Mingled with sad reflections, that he has been so long time 
 with them and that yet they have not known him, he gives 
 the consoling assurance that their instruction in the truth 
 is not yet ended. A part of it is over, but only a part ; 
 and a part which had its hindrances as well as its helps. 
 7'he presence of Christ in the flesh had been a help to 
 what they had already learned ; it was a hindrance to what 
 they had now to learn. (6) While he sat there before them 
 in the body, it was hard to understand the nrystery of a 
 spiritual union. That hindrance is to be removed ; 4 ' It is 
 expedient for you that I go away " 
 
9<* THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT. ITT 
 
 Then the teaching which he had given them must close. 
 Yes, but another teaching shall be substituted ; which 
 shall be also his, though suited to the new relations which 
 he shall bear to them in his glorified state. " It is ex- 
 pedient for you that I go away, for if I go not away the 
 Comforter will not come unto you, but if I depart I will 
 send him unto you." Then follow those precious promises 
 of the coming and office and work of the Holy Ghost, which 
 expand their fulfilment over the whole Church and through- 
 out all ages. But while it is clear that, in the way of ex- 
 tension and of inference, many of the words allow and 
 invite this wider application, it is far more v evident that 
 in their first intention they are directly addressed to those 
 who heard them, and meant to meet the question of the 
 particular crisis which had then arrived. 1 
 
 1 " I will pray the Father, and he shall give you another Com- 
 forter, that he may abide with you forever; even the Spirit ? 
 truth; whom the world cannot receive, because it seeth him 
 not, neither knoweth him : but ye know him, for he dwelleth 
 with you, and shall he in you. I will not leave you comfortless, 
 I will come unto you." John xiv. 1G-18. " At that day ye shall 
 know that I am in the Father, and ye in me, and I in you." Ver. 
 20. " These things have I spoken to you, while abiding with you ; 
 but the Comforter, which is the Holy Ghost, whom the Father 
 will send in my name, he shall teach you all things, and bring all 
 things to your remembrance, whatsoever I have said unto 3 r ou." 
 Vcr. 25, 26. " When the Comforter is come, he shall testify of 
 me." xv. 2G. " He shall reprove the world of sin, and of righteous- 
 ness, and of judgment: of sin, because they believe not on me; of 
 righteousness, because I go to my Father, and ye see me no more ; 
 of judgment, because the prince of this world is judged. I have 
 yet many things to say unto you, but ye cannot bear them now. 
 Howbeit, when he, the Spirit of truth, is come, he shall guide you 
 
L.EC7 III. TEE GOSPELS. 97 
 
 No more distinct assurance could have been given that 
 those future teachers of the world -were not then at the end, 
 but only at a certain point in the progress of their educa- 
 tion, and that a teaching remained for them, which should 
 Vioth continue and surpass that which the}' had already 
 received. 
 
 But had they not heard the truth from their Lord ! Yes ; 
 and it was to be the office of the Spirit to recall to their 
 minds the truth which they had heard, as the text and 
 substance of their future knowledge. " He shall bring all 
 things to your remembrance, whatsoever I have said unto 
 you." But though in the teaching oi Jesus all the truth 
 might be implied, it was not all opened; therefore the 
 Holy Ghost was to add that which had not been delivered, 
 as well as to recall that which had been already spoken. 
 There is an evident contrast intended, with regard to ex- 
 tent of knowledge, between "these things which I have 
 spoken while yet present with 3'ou," and " all things which 
 he shall teach you." Na} r , there is the plainest assertion 
 which could be made, that things were to be said after- 
 wards which had not been said then ; and those not few 
 but many — (" I have yet many things to say unto you") 
 — not of secondary importance but of the highest moment 
 (" Ye cannot bear them now." l ) They are thiLgs of such a 
 kind as would now weigh down and oppress your minds, 
 seeing that they surpass your present powers of spiritual 
 apprehension. But these many and weighty things shall 
 
 Into all truth; for he shall not speak of himself, hit whatsoever 
 he shall hear that shall he speak; and he shall show you things to 
 come. He shall glorify me, for he shall receive of mine, and shall 
 <how it unto you " xvi. 8-14. 
 
 1 ail 6 jvac 8< /Saorafeir. 
 
98 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT. III. 
 
 not be left untold : " When he, the Spirit of truth, is come, 
 he shall guide you into all the truth." lie shall guido 
 you, 1 as by successive steps and continuous direction, into 
 the whole of that cruth 2 of which the commencements have 
 now been given ; and especially into the highest and cen- 
 tral part of it. For it is also made plain on what subject 
 this light shall be poured, and into what mysteries this 
 guidance shall lead. " He shall testify of me;" " he shall 
 glorify me;" "he shall take of mine and show it i.nto 
 you ; " "at that day ye shall know that / am in the Father. 
 and ye in me, and I in you" Not then for some secondary 
 matters (details of Church order or relations of Jews and 
 Gentiles) was this light and witness of the Hoty Ghost 
 reserved (though to these questions also the divine guid- 
 ance extended), but rather for the groat and central mys- 
 tery of godliness, embracing the nature, work, and offices 
 of Jesus Christ, his mediatorial relations to the Father and 
 to the Church, the redemption of men by his blood, and the 
 salvation of men by his life. But instead of attempting to 
 enumerate these .great ideas, it were better to comprehend 
 them all in his own vast and unexplained expression, " He 
 shall take of mine, 3 and shall show it unto you." 
 
 We ha\e now reviewed the teaching of our Lord in the 
 flesh, in order to draw from it an answer to this question, 
 " Is the revelation of the great salvation given to us in 
 that teaching to be considered as final and complete?" 
 The answer has been, " No ! It has not the appearance 
 of being final, and it explicitly declares that it is not com* 
 plete. When it was ended, it was to be followed by a ne\t 
 
LECT. HE. THE GOSPELS. 99 
 
 testimony from God, in order that many things might be 
 spoken which had not been spoken then." 
 
 The testimony came ; the things were spoken ; a/id in 
 the apostolic writings we have their enduring record. 
 Tn those writings we find the fulfilment of an expectation 
 which the Gospels raised, and recognize the performance 
 of a promise which the Gospels gave. If we do not, the 
 word of salvation, which began to be spoken by the Lord, 
 has never been finished for us. Then, not only would the 
 end be wanting, but the beginning would become obscure. 
 The lessons of holiness would still shine in their own 
 pure light, and the rebukes of human error would show ic 
 their severe outlines ; but the words which open by antici- 
 pation the mystery of the great salvation, flashing some- 
 times on its deep foundations, sometimes on its lofty 
 summits, would but dazzle and confuse our sight ; and we 
 should be tempted to turn from their discoveries, as from 
 visions which had no substance, or from enigmas which we 
 could not interpret. 
 
 And so in fact they treat the personal teaching of Christ 
 who give not its due honor to the subsequent witness of his 
 Spirit, regarding the apostolic writings as only Petri ne, 
 Pauline, or Alexandrian versions of the Christian doctrine, 
 interesting records of the views of individuals or schools of 
 opinion concerning the salvation which Jesus began to 
 speak. No! the words of our Lord are not honored (as 
 these men seem to think) by beiug thus isolated ; for it is 
 an isolation which separates them from other words which 
 also are his own, words given by him in that day when he 
 no longer spake in proverbs, but showed his servants 
 plainly of the Father. The brief communications in which 
 the salvation began to be spoken by the Lord must loss 
 
100 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT. III. 
 
 half their glory, if a mist and darkness be cast over that 
 later teaching which was ordained to throw its reflex light 
 npon them. 
 
 Our thoughts have now arrived at the point where the 
 day of " speaking in proverbs " changes into the day of 
 " showing plainly." It is a critical moment ; for, whatever 
 progress of doctrine the change may involve, all our satis- 
 faction in its increased distinctness of outline and accumu- 
 lated fulness of detail must depend on our assurance that 
 the teacher is still the same. My next duty will therefore 
 be that of noting the care which he himself has taken to fix 
 that assurance on our minds. His care is never wanting 
 where it is needed, and we have cause to praise his holy 
 name that in this, as well as in so many other wa} r s, he has 
 knit together the one body of his written word by living 
 and indissoluble bands, so that its interdependent parts 
 fulul effectually their several functions, in commencing or 
 completing the one testimony of the great salvation. 
 
 It is of the testimony that I now speak. More happy is 
 that common ministry in which we present the salvation 
 itself. Only for the sake of the salvation does the testi- 
 mony exist. There is a deep interest for every considerate 
 mind in the form, the plan, the character, of the sacred 
 writings ; but it is not a mcrclj T literary or intellectual 
 interest : it is one created bj r the object for which the 
 writings are given. The reader of the Gospels is not 
 suffered to close the volume without a solemn admonition 
 of the purpose for which it has been placed in his hands. 
 " These things are written that ye may believe that Jesus 
 is the Son of God, and that believing ye may have life 
 through his name." Does it wound our hearts to sec this 
 wondrous record misapprehended, its unity denied, its glory 
 
LECT. III. THE GOSPELS. 101 
 
 darkened? Perhaps it is a sadder sight in the eye of 
 heaven when its inspiration is vindicated, its perfection 
 appreciated, its majesty asserted, by on** who at the same 
 time for himself neglects the great salvation. Such a 
 case is not impossible — perhaps is not uncommon. The 
 Day will declare it. At least let it be remembered, that 
 the study of the testimony is one thing, and the enjo} r ment 
 of the salvation is another, and that the record of the 
 things which Jesus did and said has attained its end with 
 those only, who, " believing, have life through his name." 
 
LECTURE TV. 
 
 THE ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 
 
 *HB FORMER TREATISE HAVE I MADE, O THEOnilLUS, OF ALL THAT JESttf 
 BEGAN BOTH TO DO AND TO TEACH, UNTIL THE DAY IN WHICH HE WAS 
 TAKEN UP, AFTER THAT HE THROUGH THE HOLY GHOST HAD GIVEN COM- 
 MANDMENTS UNTO THE APOSTLES WHOM HE HAD CHOSEN : TO WHOM ALSO 
 HE SHEWED HIMSELF ALIVE AFTER HIS PASSION BY MANY INFALLIBLE 
 PROOFS, BEING SEEN OF THEM FORTY DAYS, AND SPEAKING OF THE THINGS 
 PERTAINING TO THE KINGDOM OF GOD: AND, BEING ASSEMBLED TO- 
 GETHER WITH THEM, COMMANDED THEM THAT THEY SHOULD NOT DEPART 
 FROM JERUSALEM, BUT WAIT FOR THE PROMISE OF THE FATHER, WHICH, 
 SAITH HE, YE HAVE HEARD OF ME. — Acts i. 1-4. 
 
 With these words we enter on a new stage of history and 
 of doctrine, and they are words which connect it with the 
 past. The links of Scripture (if I may so call them) unit- 
 ing one part to another, and assisting our sense of the con- 
 tinuity of the whole, are worthy of especial notice. Thus 
 the Gospels have been brought to a lit and (as it seems 
 from the final words) an intended conclusion, at the end of 
 the twentieth chapter of St. John ; but } T et another chapter 
 is added, as if dictated by some afterthought, which in its 
 effect links the whole Gospel record to the book which suc- 
 ceeds it. The miracle which had alreacty foreshadowed the 
 work of the fishers of men is repeated, but with altered cir- 
 cumstances, tj^ical of the change which was at hand. For 
 now the Lord is no longer with them in the ship, but stands 
 dimly seen upon the shore ; }~et from thence issues his direc- 
 tions, and shows the presence of his power working with 
 them in their seemingly lonely toil. Then the charge is 
 
 102 
 
LECT. IV. T n E ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 103 
 
 left to "feed his sheep," and lastty the future destinies of 
 the two chief Apostles are suffered to be faintly seen. 
 
 In like manner does the book of Acts at its opening at- 
 tach itself to the preceding record ; throwing back our 
 thoughts on " the former treatise of all that Jesus began 
 both to do and teach,'* and then passing rapidly in review 
 the last circumstances which connect the Apostles with 
 their Lord, as the instruments which he had chosen and 
 prepared for the work which he had j r et to do. Thus the 
 histoiy which follows is linked to, or (may I not rather say) 
 welded with, the past ; and the founding of the Church in 
 the earth is presented as one continuous work, begun by 
 the Lord in person, and perfected by the same Lord through 
 the ministry of men. This is the point on which I have 
 now to insist. " The former treatise " delivered to us, not 
 all that Jesus did and taught, but " all that Jesus began 
 both to do and teach, until the clay when he was taken up/' 
 The following writings appear intended to give us, and do 
 in fact profess to give us, that w r hich Jesus continued to do 
 and teach after the day in which he was taken up. (7) 
 
 There are then two points which claim our attention when 
 we pass beyond that day, and enter on the second stage of 
 New Testament doctrine. One is that the authority is con- 
 Hnued; the other is that the method is changed. Our in- 
 quiries will naturally be directed (1) to the evidence for tho 
 first fact, and (3) to the reasons for the second. 
 
 I. First, then, I turn to the books which lie before us, to 
 ask what evidence they give, that the divine authority, which 
 was self-evident in the first stage of teaching, is continued 
 also in the second, or, in other words, that this is as really 
 as the other a part of revelation, and a period of divine com- 
 munication of truth to man. The fundamental part of this 
 
/04 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. IrtCI. IV 
 
 evidence consists in the words, which were cited in the last 
 lecture, from the mouth of the Lord himself: for in the 
 words of his lips is centred the evidence for all teaching 
 which he has given us through the lips of men. But we are 
 now to see how these intimations are supported in the hooks 
 which follow. 
 
 1. We find, then, that the doctrinal writings of the Apos- 
 tles are prefaced by the book of Acts, some account of that 
 which was done being given as an introduction to the record 
 of that which was taught. The function of this book in the 
 scheme of Scripture is of very high importance, in other 
 respects, to which we must advert hereafter, and especially 
 in that which concerns us now. It is a record of the per- 
 sonal action of the Lord Jesus Christ in the first evolution of 
 his gospel and formation of his Church. 
 
 With him and with his last words on earth the book be- 
 gins, reminding us of his commission and commands to the 
 Apostles whom he had chosen. Then we see him depart, 
 and they are left to their work. Yet they do not begin it 
 till the promised Spirit is come ; they wait for the promise 
 of the Father, which they have heard of him. One trans- 
 action in the interval shows their own assurance that he 
 who directed them so lately intends to direct them still : 
 "Thou, Lord, which knowest the hearts of all men, show 
 whether of these two thou hast chosen, that he may take 
 part in this ministry and apostleship." l Such language in- 
 timates the relation in which they still felt themselves to 
 their now unseen Master. But soon the promised gift is 
 bestowed, and the dispensation of the Spirit has begun. 
 And wbftt in their view is the dispensation of the Spirit! 
 
 * Acts 1. 24. 
 
mZCT. IV. THE ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 105 
 
 It is the agency and gift of Jesus. "Being by the right 
 hand of God exalted, and having received of the Father the 
 promise of the Holy Ghost, he hath shed forth this, which 
 ye now see and hear." l 
 
 This view of the operation of the Spirit, as the medium 
 through which the Lord Jesus wrought and taught, is car- 
 ried through the whole course of the history which follows. 
 As in the promise, so in the history, " The Comforter will 
 come unto you " — "J will come unto you," — are but two 
 sides of one and the same fact. On critical occasions and 
 at each onward step the hand of the Master is made dis- 
 tinctly visible. The first martyr dies for a testimony, which 
 is felt to be an advance on what had been given before, 
 being understood to imply that "this Jesus of Nazareth 
 shall destroy this place, and change the customs which 
 Moses delivered us ; " and his words are sealed by the vis- 
 ion of his Lord in glor}^. The consignment of the Gospel 
 to the Ethiopian proselyte was another step in advance, 
 and for this " the angel of the Lord spake unto Philip." 
 The preaching of the word to Gentiles, and their admission 
 into the Church, was a greater step ; and for this the Lord 
 intervenes by the mission of an angel to Cornelius, by a 
 vision and a voice of the Spirit to Peter, and by a kind of 
 second Pentecost to the converts themselves. But when 
 the greatest step of all is to be taken in the onward course 
 of the Gospel, then most visibly does the great Head of the 
 Church make manifest his personal administration. Anew 
 Apostle appears ; not like him whe was added before Pen- 
 tecost, completing the number of the original college, and 
 losing his individuality in its ranks ; bm one standing apart 
 
 1 Acts ii. 83. 
 
f06 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRE^E. LecT. IV 
 
 and in advance, under whose hand both the doctrines and 
 the destinies of the Gospel receive a development so exten- 
 sive and so distinct that it seemed almost another Gospel 
 to many who witnessed it, and to some who study it seema 
 so still. How striking is the special authentication appro* 
 priatecl to this stage of teaching ! This man's conversion, 
 education, commission, direction, the Lord Jesus under- 
 takes himself. Suddenly he meets him in the way, shines 
 forth upon him in a light above the brightness of the sun, 
 speaks to him by a voice from heaven, calls him by name, 
 convinces, adopts, directs him, commands Ananias con- 
 cerning him, and (apparently on repeated occasions) an- 
 nounces the use which he has decreed to make of " the 
 chosen vessel." The subsequent history is marked by con- 
 tinual testimonies of the same divine intervention, given at 
 every step which might involve the doubt whether it were 
 of Paul or of Christ. When his soul clave to the ministry 
 among his own people, he was forced from it by immediate 
 command : ■" It came to pass that, while I prayed in the 
 Temple, I was in a trance, and saw him sajdng unto me, 
 Make haste and get thee quickly out of Jerusalem, for they 
 will not receive thy testimony concerning me : depart, for I 
 will send thee far hence unto the Gentiles." * When he had 
 fixed himself as a settled teacher in Antioch, " the Spirit 
 said, Separate me Barnabas and Saul for the work where- 
 unto I have called them." When he would have confined 
 himself to the Eastern Continent, and turned, in his con- 
 templated circuit, first to Asia, and then to Bithynia, " the 
 Spirit suffered him not," and a divine message enabled him 
 to "gather assuredly that the Lord had called him" to carry 
 
 lActsxxii. 17, 18,21. 
 
UECT. IV. THE ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 10'< 
 
 his Gospel into Europe. Again, in Corinth, the Lord's own 
 voice directed him to remain, as in the head-quarters of the 
 Grecian world. In Jerusalem, when disheartened and per- 
 haps doubtful of the course he had taken, his Master came 
 to assure him of the acceptance of his past testimony ; and 
 announce the purpose that he should bear witness also at 
 Rome ; and finally in the shipwreck itself, when all hope 
 of being saved was taken away, the declaration of the di- 
 vine purpose was made yet more distinct : " Fear not, Paul, 
 thou must be brought before Caesar." 
 
 Thus does he, who at the commencemeut of the history 
 was seen to pass into the heavens, continue to appear in 
 person on the scene. His Apostles act, not only on his past 
 commission, but under his present direction. He is not 
 wholly concealed by the cloud which had received him out 
 of their sight. Now his voice is heard ; now his hand put 
 forth ; and now through a sudden rift the brightness of his 
 presence shines. And these appearances, voices, and vis- 
 ions are not merely incidental favors ; they are, as we have 
 seen, apportioned to the moments when they are wanted, 
 moments which determine the course which the Gospel 
 takes, and in which a manifestation of divine guidance 
 proves the divine guidance of the whole. The ship rushes 
 on its way, shunning the breakers, dashing through the bil- 
 lows, certain of its track. The crew work it, but do not 
 guide it. We can see the strong movements of the helm, 
 and from time to time discern a firm hand which holds it* 
 No chances, no winds or currents, bear it along at their will, 
 but he who has launched it guides it, and he knows the 
 course which it takes. 
 
 The divine direction, which is thus exhibited in the book 
 ©f the Acts, is indeed the direction of a course of action 
 
108 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT W 
 
 rather than a course of teaching. It seems to be the gui£, 
 ance of the movements of the Gospel, rather than of the for- 
 mation of the Gospel ; and our present inquiry is concerned 
 with the progress of its formation, not with the progress of 
 its extension. Yet in the apostolic period these two kinds 
 of progress co-exist, and, as it were, cohere ; and the out- 
 ward divine direction of the one is offered as surety for the 
 inward divine direction of the other. In the earlier period, 
 the things which Jesus began to do were the proof and sup« 
 port of the things which he began to teach; and in the later 
 period, that which he continued to do, in the acts of his 
 Apostles, is the pledge that in their doctrine also it was he 
 who continued to teach. The inference is natural and is 
 plainly intended, — If the introductory historical booh mani- 
 fests the direction of the Lord in the acts of these men, then 
 in the subsequent doctrinal boohs we must own his direction 
 in their teaching. Such an inference would be reasonable, 
 if we regarded the teaching as simply an accompaniment of 
 the acting ; such an inference is inevitable, when we see 
 that the delivery of the truth to the world is the one end 
 and object of what is done. 
 
 I must further observe, that the facts recorded in the book 
 of Acts are not only a pledge of the divine authority of the 
 doctrine in the Epistles, but are also the means through 
 which that doctrine was perfected. As the Gospel was 
 guided through its conflict with the contemporaneous Juda- 
 ism ; as it spread from the Hebrews to the Grecians, to the 
 dispersion, to the devout persons, to the heathen beyond ; 
 as it passed from Jerusalem to Antioch, to Corinth, to 
 Rome ; as it was presented to men first through Feter, and 
 then through Paul, — its doctrines were gaining at every 
 step in definiteness and fulness. Questions arose which 
 
LfcOT. IV. THE ACTS OF THE APOSTLES 109 
 
 compelled decision ; new states of mind in receivers of truth 
 called out, not new principles of truth, but new applications 
 of it ; and the growth of Churches and the advance cf 
 Christian life led to the settlement of points which could 
 not have been raised till such a state of things had arisen. 
 Under these circumstances, a divine guidance of events was 
 only a means for the divine guidance of doctrine. If tha 
 Lord himself sensibly interfere, to send Peter to Caesarea, 
 and to call Taul to bear his name before Gentiles and kings, 
 then not only those steps, but the doctrinal results of them, 
 are visibly included in the purpose of God and marked with 
 the seal of heaven. 
 
 More than this we can hardly ask for from the book of 
 Acts, seeing that its province is in the outward scene, and 
 its office is to record the march of events. We pass from 
 it to the Epistles with the fullest assurance which such evi- 
 dence can afford, that the doctrine which they contain is 
 given by the Lord Jesus, and that, if it appear an advance 
 upon that which he spake with his lips in the days of his 
 flesh, that advance has been matured by himself. 
 
 In the Epistles which have for their province, not history 
 but doctrine, some direct statements on this subject might 
 perhaps be expected. Whether expected or not, they are 
 certainly found. The great body of the Epistles are the 
 writings of St. Paul. The change in the aspect of their 
 doctrine as compared with the Gospel type bears chiefly the 
 impress of his mind. It has been called, and may be prop- 
 erly called, the Pauline doctrine. Is it also absolutely the 
 doctrine of Christ? or is it an individual variety of that 
 doctrine, to be regarded (so far as it seems peculiar) as one 
 allowable form of the original truth? a token that there 
 shall be, a warrant that there may be, various systems of 
 
110 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LlCT. IT. 
 
 opinion in the Church? The question in fact is (his, Is the 
 voice of Paul speaking in the Scriptures to be taken by the 
 Church as the voice of Jesus? This question has been an- 
 swered by the history in the Acts. We have already recalled 
 to our minds the special choice, and call, and commission, 
 and direction, which were assigned to the Apostle born out 
 of due time ; the confirmation of his proceedings when they 
 were most questioned, the divine fellowship in his course 
 when it seemed most lonely. But there is yet a more direct 
 answer than this ; one which his own words supply. 
 
 In his writings in general he is careful to assert the 
 reality of his apostleship, as conferred by immediate ap- 
 pointment and bearing the seal of God ; and it is observa- 
 ble, that the strength of these expressions is proportioned 
 to the occasions when the authority of the office involves 
 the authority of the doctrine. In the Epistle to the Gala- 
 tians, when he has to maintain his gospel as being the gos- 
 pel, we find the precision which marks the language of one 
 who knows what insinuations he has to negative : " Paul, 
 an Apostle, not of men, 1 neither by men, 2 but by s Jesus 
 CJirist, and God the Father, who raised him from the dead." 
 He declares himself to have been placed, not originally 
 from men, nor mediately by any man's ministry, but by the 
 very hand of Christ, in the chair from which his instruc- 
 tions are delivered, and thus he attaches the authority of 
 the commission to the instructions which are given under 
 it. But he goes farther, and affirms that those instructions 
 themselves were no less immediately received from the 
 Lord Jesus, than was the commission under wlich they 
 were delivered. 
 
 * !>' ivOpunuv. * ii' &v8pii*9V. * iti. 
 
LECT. IV. THE ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. Ill 
 
 Let me ask your attention to the language which thia 
 Apostle uses, when speaking of the sources whenco th« 
 matter of his preaching was derived. Take first two 
 passages from the First Epistle to the Corinthians. He 
 says (ch. xi. 23-25), "I have received of the Lord that 
 which also I delivered unto you, that the Lord Jesus in the 
 night in which he was betrayed took bread ; and having 
 given thanks, he brake it, and said, Take, eat : this is 
 my body, which is broken for you : this do in remembrance 
 of me. Likewise also he took the cup, when he had supped, 
 saving, This cup is the New Testament in my blood : this 
 do ye, as oft as ye drink it, in remembrance of me." 
 Again (ch. xv. 1-7), the same expression, though less full, 
 is used in reference to another class of facts : " Brethren, 
 I declare unto you the gospel which I preached unto you, 
 which also ye have received. . . . For I delivered unto 
 you first of all that which I also received, how that Christ 
 died for our sins according to the Scriptures ; and that he 
 was buried, and that he rose again the third day according 
 to the Scriptures ; and that he was seen of Cephas, and 
 then of the twelve ; after that, he was seen of above five 
 hundred brethren at once ; . • • after that, he was seen 
 of James ; then of all the Apostles." Now place by the 
 side of these statements two others, taken from the Epistles 
 which follow. To the Galatians he says (ch. i. 2, 12), "I 
 certify you, brethren, that the gospel which was preached 
 of me is not after man ; for / neither received it of man, 1 
 neither teas I taught it, but by revelation 9 ' of Jesus Christ;" 
 ard to the Ephesians (iii. 2, 3) he speaks in the same 
 strain, though with less emphatic precision : u Ye have 
 
 v vapi ivOpuvov iraptkapov. * 6C ivtxaXi^tvs, 
 
112 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT. IV. 
 
 heard of the dispensation of the grace of God, given to me 
 to you- ward : how that by revelation he made known unto 
 me the mystery." 1 
 
 Between the first and the second of these pairs of texts a 
 very remarkable difference appears. In the first, St. Paul 
 seems to represent his own preaching as a link in the chain 
 of tradition, " I received," " I delivered," 2 : nor yet as the 
 first link, for even the fuller expression, rendered "I re- 
 ceived of the Lord," 3 does not so fitly import an immediate 
 communication, as a reception of that which had originated 
 from the Lord, and was handed down by his command- 
 ment. (8) St. Paul, therefore, here appears to stand, in 
 respect to the sources of his information, on the same foot- 
 ing as the Evangelist who was associated with him, and to 
 speak of the facts of the manifestation of Christ, " even as 
 they delivered them unto us, 4 who from the beginning were 
 eye-witnesses and ministers of the word." On the other 
 hand, in the second pair of statements, the contrary asser- 
 tion is made, namely, that his gospel was not received 
 from man, nor taught by man, but communicated imme- 
 diately by revelation of the Lord Jesus. 
 
 The state of the case thus brought to light is in exact 
 accordance with the view which is here taken of the manner 
 in which the Lord perfected his word. The Gospel which 
 the Apostles preached was a combination of historic facts 
 with their spiritual interpretations ; and the expression, 
 " Gospel which I preached," is used by St. Paul in defer- 
 ent places with more immediate reference to the one or the 
 other of these elements. In the passages from the Epistle 
 
 1 Kara o'kok&Xv^iv iyvupioi pot ri ftvrr'/piov. 2 naplXa^ov,irapiiwca. 
 
 * iwb row gvplov. 4 gaOmt rraplioaav {p?r. 
 
LECT. IV. THE ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 113 
 
 to the Corinthians he speaks of the first and fundamental 
 part of his preaching, referring expressly to the publication 
 of historic facts : — Christ died — he was buried — he rose 
 again — he was seen of Cephas, &c. On the same night 
 that he was betrayed he took bread — he gave thanks, and 
 brake it — .he said, Take, eat, &c. ; and we learn that the 
 Gospel, as a body of historic fact, was received by the 
 Apostle Paul, as by all others who had not seen the Lord 
 in the flesh, from those who were the appointed witnesses 
 of his visible manifestation. In the two latter passages it 
 is otherwise. Not the historic facts, but " the nrystery " 
 connected with them, is spoken of (in the address to the 
 Ephesians) as the subject of the revelation received. And 
 the Gospel of which he writes to the Galatians is plainly 
 not thought of on its historical, but on its doctrinal side. 
 The " other Gospel" into which the converts were " being 
 removed" was not another account of the life of Jesus, but 
 another set of inferences connected with it. When he 
 went up to Jerusalem by revelation, and privately commu- 
 nicated to those of reputation "the Gospel which he 
 preached among the Gentiles," we are sure that he laid 
 before them, not the substance of the history which we 
 read in St. Luke's narrative, but the substance of the doc- 
 trine which is embodied in his own Epistles. The whole 
 argument to the Galatians turns upon the doctrinal element 
 of the Gospel. It is of this, therefore, that he so solemnly 
 affirms that he was not taught it by agency of man, but re- 
 ceived it a3 direct revelation from the Lord ; and this 
 affirmation is made, not merely in respect of the general 
 doctrine, but specifically of those parts of it which it was 
 given to him to develop and defend: "the Gospel which 
 was preached by me," — " my Gospel" as he elsewhere 
 
114 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT. IV. 
 
 calls it, the Gospel under that particular aspect which he 
 admits to be the subject of extensive doubt and complaint. 
 The part in the progress of doctrine committed to St. Paul 
 was to define, to settle, and to carry out to its practical 
 consequences the principle of free justification in Christ, 
 which (as a principle) was acknowledged and held before 
 his voice was heard ; and we learn from his own state- 
 ments, that, for this special work, not only a special com- 
 mission, but a special revelation was given him by the 
 Lord Jesus, so as to clear and settle his own mind on 
 those points on which he was sent to clear and settle the 
 minds of others. In this way he was a minister and a wit- 
 ness, not of those things which he had heard from others, 
 nor of those things which he had only thought out for him- 
 self, but of those things which his Lord had showed him in 
 personal visits and distinct communications, according to 
 the announcement made at the first commencement of this 
 peculiar intercourse, " I have appeared unto thee for this 
 purpose, to make thee a minister and a witness, both of 
 those things which thou hast seen, and of those things in 
 the which / will appear unto thee." * No ! he was not only 
 an inspired teacher adorned with the title of Apostle ; he 
 was an Apostle in the strictest sense of the word, a com- 
 missioned witness to others of direct communications of 
 Jesus Christ to himself; one appointed to confirm to others 
 the salvation which, in his own hearing, had begun to be 
 spoken b} T the Lord. 
 
 The appearances and revelations vouchsafed to the 
 Apostle of the Gentiles are thus conspicuously seen to con- 
 nect themselves with the agency assigned to him in the 
 
 1 Acts XXVi. 16. !iv rt tlhii wv rs dtpOrioofiai rw, 
 
LECT. IV. , THE ACTS OF THE ArOSTLES. 115 
 
 progress of doctrine ; and the more carefully we examine 
 his history and weigh his language, the more sensibly do 
 we feel ourselves in the presence of that great fact, on the 
 reality of which the faith of succeeding ages has reposed, 
 namely, the continued personal administration of the Lord 
 Jesus in founding his Church and perfecting his word. 
 
 This administration was manifested, as we have seen, b^ 
 selection of agents, direction of events, angelic messages, 
 visits in visions, special instructions, and distinct revela 
 tions ; yet these numerous interventions do not constitute 
 the entire system of divine guidance, or even the chief part 
 of it, but are rather to be regarded as additions to the nor- 
 mal method of administration which they serve both to 
 assist and authenticate. 
 
 2. The normal guidance of the Apostles by their Lord 
 was not occasional, but habitual, not through separate in- 
 terventions, but through the Holy Ghost dwelling in them. 
 So the promise ran that it should be ; and so in fact 
 it was. 
 
 The Day of Pentecost is the opening of the second period 
 of the New Testament dispensation. It stands alone, as 
 does the da} 7 which now we call Christmas : the one the 
 birthday of the Lord, the other the birthday of his Church ; 
 the one proclaimed by praises sung by hosts in heaven, 
 the other by praises uttered in the various tongues of 
 earth. That change is significant: for now the Spirit 
 conveys the true knowledge of the wonderful works of God 
 into the recesses of the human heart. A dispensation is 
 begun, in which the mind of God has entered into myste- 
 rious combination with the mind of man, and henceforth 
 the revealing light shines, not from without, but from 
 within. 
 
116 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT. IV. 
 
 " O God, who at this time didst teach the hearts of thy 
 faithful people by the sending to them the light of thy 
 Holy Spirit ! " So speaks the Collect for Whitsunday ; 
 and, in so speaking, seizes at once the central idea of the 
 event. That idea is often imperfectly apprehended : for in 
 the dispensation of the Spirit there is so much that is 
 visible on its surface, that our thoughts are apt to be 
 arrested before they penetrate to its centre. Tongues and 
 prophecies, and signs and wonders, gifts of the Holy Ghost 
 dispensed according to his will, are visible results of the 
 event, and they witness to the Gospel and clear its way. 
 Below these superadded faculties, we are conscious of a 
 mighty influence in the region of the emotions. "We feel 
 the presence of that comfort and strength, of that glow and 
 fervor and joy, by which we see the men animated in the 
 exercise of their new powers, and hear them speak with 
 tongues and magnify God. But we must go further. The 
 new powers seem as it were born from the new impulses ; 
 but whence do the new impulses proceed? Is there not a 
 cause for these? Does the Holy Spirit limit his entrance 
 into man to the region of emotion, which is but the surface 
 of our nature, without reaching those inner springs from 
 which, according to the laws of that nature, the emotions 
 should themselves be quickened! No! be sure that the 
 Holy Ghost has occupied the heart and centre of our being, 
 and that, as the tongues are given as a vent for the fervor 
 of emotion, so the fervor of emotion has its own origin in 
 a sudden access of intellectual light. New apprehensions 
 of truth, new views of things, which those thus visited had 
 seen but had not understood, now burst in a moment on 
 their minds, and from that moment continued to grow more 
 distinct and more extended before their now enlightened 
 
LECT IV. THE ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 117 
 
 eye. God at that time not only stirred, but taught, the 
 Hearts of his faithful people, and sent to them not only the 
 warmth but " the light" of his Holy Spirit. 
 
 If this had not been so, what fulfilment would there have 
 been of those promises of the Lord which we lately recalled 
 to mind, respecting the nature and effect of the gift which 
 was to follow his departure : He told his Apostles that 
 thej r should " receive power," and he told them that they 
 should receive " comfort," but we have seen that that on 
 which he chiefly dwelt was the light of knowledge which 
 should rise upon their minds. " In that day ye shall 
 know ; " " he shall bring all things to your remembrance ; " 
 " he shall teach you all things ; " "he shall guide you into 
 all truth ; " "he shall receive of mine and shall show it unto 
 you." These are plain assertions. It is enough that they 
 were made by him who gave the gift, and certainly knew 
 how to describe it. The rehearsal of these assertions be- 
 longed to the last stage of our inquiry ; the evidence of 
 their fulfilment is the thing before us now. 
 
 Those to whom these promises are given exhibit at the 
 time a dimness of apprehension, a perplexity and disorder 
 of thought, an incapacity to understand the things which 
 they hear and see, which we, enlightened from the light 
 which they afterwards obtained, most unreasonably count 
 to be wonderful. It could not have been otherwise with 
 the strongest and most penetrating intellects. But the fact 
 of their condition of mind is undoubted, whether we ascribe 
 it to personal deficiency or to the necessity of the case. 
 
 They were dealt with accordingly. From the moment 
 when they saw their Lord ascend, they were in full posses- 
 sion of all the external facts of which they were appointed 
 to bear witness. But they were not in possession of the 
 
118 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT. IV, 
 
 spiritual meaning, relations, and consequences of those 
 facts, and therefore the hour of their testimony was not 
 eome, and the interval was passed not in preaching but in 
 prayer. As soon as the promise is fulfilled they lift up 
 iheir voice and speak. Never were men so -changed. Who 
 does not note the accession of boldness, faithfulness, and 
 fervor ! But these are not separated and unsupported gifts. 
 They manifestly have their origin in the certainty of assur- 
 ance and intensity of conviction. The " boldness " * pro 
 ceeds from " a full assurance ;" 2 according as it is written 
 44 1 believed and therefore have I spoken, these also believe 
 and therefore speak." Their clear, firm testimony rises in a 
 moment before the world, never hesitating or wavering, 
 never to sink or change again, only manifesting more fully, 
 as time advances, the largeness of its compass and the defi- 
 niteness of its announcements. Ever after they speak as 
 men would do who were conscious of a ground of certainty 
 which could not be questioned, who could say that things 
 44 seemed good to the Holy Ghost and to them ; " 3 that their 
 word was " not the word of man but the word of God ;" 4 
 that it was 44 the Spirit that bore witness;" 5 that they 
 44 preached the Gospel with the Holy Ghost sent down from 
 heaven;" 6 that " things which eye had not seen nor ear 
 heard, and which had not entered into the heart of man, had 
 been revealed to them by the Spirit, which searchcth the 
 deep things of God;" that they 4 'had received, not the 
 spirit which is of the world, but the Spirit which is of God, 
 that they might know ,he things which are freely given of 
 
 1 napprjola. * izArjpotpopla. 
 
 8 Acts xv. 28. 4 1 Tliess. ii. 13. 
 
 • 1 John v. 6. • 1 Pet. i 12. 
 
LECT. IV. THE ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 119 
 
 God ;" that they "spoke these things, not in words which 
 man's wisdom taught, but which the Holy Ghost taught ; " 
 and that they " could be judged of no man," because " nono 
 knew the mind of the Lord so as to instruct him, and they 
 had the mind of Christ." 1 It is enough. The three testi- 
 monies concur — the testimony of him who gave the Spirit, 
 the testimony of those who received it, and the testimony 
 of the facts which ensued on its reception. 
 
 Are we then at a loss to know what was the nature of the 
 gift which the Holy Spirit brought for the purposes of the 
 apostolic work? Certainly it was vast and various — u a 
 sevenfold gift ; " but its most essential part lay not in 
 tongues and powers which witnessed to the Gospel, not iu 
 the fervor and boldness which preached it, rather it was the 
 Gospel itself. 
 
 The Gospel which the Apostles preached consisted of two 
 elements, a testimony of external facts which fell within the 
 region of the senses, and a testimony of the virtue of those 
 facts in the predestined government of God, and of the con- 
 sequences of them in the spiritual history of men, neither 
 of which was it possible for the senses to certify. For the 
 first testimony they needed but a clear and faithful memory. 
 For the second also the same faculty would suffice, but only 
 up to a certain point ; namely, as far as they had received 
 and understood the exposition of transcendental truth from 
 the lips of the Lord Jesus. But we have seen that the sal* 
 vation only began to be spoken by the Lord, and that he 
 himself asserted that it would not be fully revealed byhirn, 
 or understood by them, until the Spirit came. If the Spirit 
 on his coming did rot complete that revelation, then thi 
 
 1 1 Cor. ii. 9-16. 
 
1 20 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT. IV. 
 
 Gospel which the Apostles preached must have been, in 
 som« of its most important features, partly a word of God 
 and partly a word of man. Their witness of the death, and 
 resurrection, and ascension of jesus would demand an un- 
 qualified acceptance, but their representation of the sacrifi- 
 cial character and atoning merits of the death, of the lifr- 
 giving power of the resurrection, and of the meditorial office 
 in heaven, would be the result of their own inferences from 
 the words which they had gleaned from their Lord ; and, 
 instead of being judged of no man, they would be judged of 
 every man who could take a different view of the words 
 which they repeated from that which they had taken them- 
 selves. (9) Thus the whole system of their doctrine would 
 stand (like the image in the dream) on feet part of iron 
 and part of clay, and would not wait long for the hour of 
 its overthrow. But he who, in the face of all which has been 
 now recalled to mind, should still treat their doctrine In this 
 light, would plainly accuse of falsehood, not only the men, 
 but their Lord himself; who, if he spoke true when he gave 
 them the Spirit, led them thereby "into all the truth." Thy 
 guarantees for this fact could hardly have been plainer or 
 stronger than they are. We thank God that he has pro- 
 vided them, and we pass into the second stage of New 1 es- 
 tanient teaching with adequate assurances that he who be- 
 fore taught us on earth, now teaches us from heaven, and 
 that we still "hear him and are taught in 7dm." 
 
 II. We have not then changed our teacher, but he has 
 changed his method : and I have now to point out the rca* 
 sons of the change, by showing that it was fitted to conduct 
 the advance of doctrine from the point at which it had tiieu 
 arrived. 
 
 It may be said that the change was simply a matter of 
 
LECT. IV. THE ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 121 
 
 necessity , because he who had spoken "with his lips was now 
 to be received up into gloiy, and could no longer talk with 
 ais servants on earth. But though the change might ba 
 necessary, it was also "expedient" — expedient for them. 
 So he represents it to his mourning and perplexed disciples, 
 and adds the support of a strong asseveration. " Never- 
 theless I tell you the truth, it is good for you that I go 
 away ; for if I go not away the Comforter will not come 
 unto you." * The change then takes place as an advantage 
 to those who are subjected to it. For them a stage of reve- 
 lation Ires come which demands a method of teaching more 
 penetrating and internal than that which they had till then 
 enjoyed. 
 
 It is in this character that the superiority of the later 
 method consists, as is pointed out by the plain distinction, 
 " He dwelleth with you, and shall be in you." Here are 
 two methods appropriated to the two stages of New Testa- 
 ment teaching : and it is clear as day that the second is an 
 advance upon the first. In the one, the teaching power is 
 separated from, and external to, the mind which is being 
 taught ; in the other, it is interfused and commingled with 
 it. The words, in the one, are divine announcements fitted 
 to form the apprehensions of man ; the words, in the other, 
 are expressions of human apprehensions already formed 
 under the divine agency. The teaching power has thus 
 changed its method, in order to meet the exigencies of a 
 more difficult stage of instruction. 
 
 The facts are finished when Jesus is glorified ; the mani- 
 festation of the Son of God is perfect, the redemption u 
 
 1 John xvi. 7. 
 
122 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT. IV, 
 
 accomplished, and the conditions of human salvation are 
 complete. 
 
 The history must now be treated as a whole, of which the 
 plan and purpose have become apparent. The time is come 
 for the full interpretation of the facts, of their effects in the 
 world of spirit, and of their results in human consciousness. 
 
 A doctrine then is needed, which shall s lm up the whole 
 bearing of the manifestation of Christ, which shall throw a 
 full light on its spiritual effects, and which shall guide tbo 
 minds of men in their application of it to themselves. Such 
 a doctrine might be given from God in one of two ways : 
 by voices from heaven, declaring what view men ought to 
 take of the history which had passed before them, and who* 
 their faith and feelings ought to be concerning it ; or by 
 voices from men themselves, expressing the view which they 
 did take, and the faith and feelings which were actually in 
 their hearts. In the one case, we should have Apostles, who 
 would be to us the messengers of God, only while they tes- 
 tified that they had received such and such revelations, and 
 while they recited those revelations to us word for word ; 
 but all their other words would come to us on their own 
 merits, as simply the words of holy and enlightened men. 
 In the other case, we should have Apostles, whose represen- 
 tations of their own view of all which they had heard and 
 seen, whose expositions of their own convictions and feel- 
 ings, and of the processes of their own thoughts concerning 
 the things of Christ, would be to us so many revelations 
 from God of what he intended to be the result of the mani- 
 festation of his Son in human hearts. 
 
 Who does not see that this kind of teaching would ex- 
 ceed the other in completeness and effectiveness? It would 
 be more complete ; for we should tins have the word pro- 
 
LECT. TV. the ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 123 
 
 sentecl to us in the final form which it was meant to take, 
 that, namely, of a zoord dwelling in us — a divine announce- 
 ment changed already into a human experience. It would 
 be more effective ; inasmuch as example is more so than 
 precept, and the same voice, being to us both the voice 
 of God and the voice of man, would affect our hearts with 
 the double power of certainty and sympathy. Such a 
 method of teaching could only be possible under some 
 system of divine action which should fuse into one the 
 thoughts of God and the thoughts of man ; and this was 
 effected by the gift of the Holy Ghost to the Apostles for 
 the work whereto they were called. 
 
 I say for the work whereto they ivere called, for the same 
 Spirit is diverse in operation, and divides to every man 
 severally as he will. When the Church was anointed 
 from above, the manifestation of the Spirit pervaded her 
 whole frame, "like the precious ointment on the head, 
 which ran down upon the beard, even upon Aaron's beard, 
 and went down to the skirts of his garments." Even " on 
 the servants and on the handmaids " did the Lord pour out 
 of his Spirit, and the supernatural presence was disclosed 
 in a vast scale of various gifts, ranging from that which 
 was intense and supreme to that which was superficial and 
 ancillary. But we speak now of that which was supreme. 
 "First Apostles." The ointment is poured first upon the 
 head ; and from thence the glittering drops descend upon 
 the raiment. All the members have not the same office : — 
 Are all apostles? No! the authorities, standards, and 
 types of truth are so b}' direct commission, and the gift 
 which they receive is one which makes them so indeed. 
 As the office, so is the gift. An incommunicable office has 
 an incommunicable gift. An office which is to be solitary 
 
124 TIIE PROGRESS OF doctrine. Lect. IV. 
 
 and supreme in the Church forever has a gift adequate to 
 Eecure the implicit confidence of long-descending ages. 
 
 Voices ma} T be heard among us now which tend to im- 
 pair that confidence ; complaints of the distinctive use of 
 the word " inspiration,'' as applied to the Scripture writers, 
 assertions that " the Scriptures are before, and above all 
 things, the voice of the congregation." 
 
 On what do these complaints and assertions rest? On 
 the true conviction, that, in all the Church, and in all ages, 
 there is the presence of the same Spirit. Yes ! and on the 
 false assumption, that the gifts of the Spirit are to all the 
 same gifts. There is no principle in the Bible more clear, 
 than that the gifts of the Spirit are diverse, and are, in 
 character and proportion, adapted to the works which God 
 assigns, and appropriated to the offices which he creates. 
 Now it is certainly one thing to be a member, and another 
 thing to be a founder, of the church. It is one thing to 
 receive or to propagate the truth, and another to deliver it 
 with the authority of God, and to certify it to the world 
 forever- 
 
 The same clear view of the way of salvation, and of the 
 unsearchable riches of Christ, which gladdened the soul of 
 St. Paul, might gladden the soul of one who heard his 
 words, and raa} T now gladden the soul of one who reads 
 ♦.horn. For both there is the same Spirit and the same 
 testimony ; but the Spirit is given to the one, that he may 
 originate that testimony ; to the other, that he may receive 
 it. There is a difference between being builded into the 
 holy temple, which is the habitation of God through the 
 Spirit, and being constituted a foundation, on which the 
 future building is to rise at first and to rest forever. Such 
 rras the separate function of the Apostles of the Lord and 
 
LECT. IV. THE ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 125 
 
 Saviour, a function which they shared with the special 
 messengers of God who went before them, and even with 
 their Lord himself. "Ye are built," said they to their 
 brethren, — " Ye are built on the foundation of the Apos- 
 tles and Propnets, Jesus Christ himself being the chief 
 corner-stone." * The corner-stone is but part of the founda- 
 tion, though it be the first and the chief part ; and this 
 consolidation of the comer-stone with the adjacent founda- 
 tions, as one basement to sustain the building, exhibits in 
 the plainest manner the fact, that the Church, in respect of 
 its faith, rests upon a testimony which was delivered, parti}' 
 by Jesus Christ in person, and partly by the agents whom 
 for that purpose he ordained. Their inspiration as be- 
 lievers associates them with the whole Church ; their 
 inspiration as teachers unites them only with their Lord. 
 
 The consciousness of this position appears in the records 
 of their preaching, and breathes through all their writings 
 a lofty and un3 T ielding authority. They speak as men 
 having the Spirit to those to whom it is also given, yet as 
 men empowered to deliver the truth which the others were 
 only enabled to receive. St. Paul addresses himself to 
 " those that are spiritual," but he shows them that it is he, 
 and not they, who is " put in trust with the Gospel," and 
 that the word which he utters is one to which they can add 
 nothing, and in which they can change nothing. St. John 
 exhorts those " who have an unction from the Holy One," 
 but as having himself a kind of anointing in which they 
 do not share, whereby he delivers the " message," and the 
 " witness," and the "commandment," which they on their 
 part recognize and accept. No ! the voice that sounds 
 
 lEph. ii. 20. 
 
126 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT- IV. 
 
 from these pages is not the voice of the congregation, but 
 the voice of those who founded it by the will of God ; and 
 that character the congregation itself has asserted for the 
 word in all ages. The written word has been the canon of 
 the Church, because it was a voice which came to it, not 
 because it was a voice which proceeded /rem it. (10) 
 
 To us at this day this word has come ; and to us at thia 
 day the anointing from the Holy One flows down. For 
 you, for me (thank God ! ) the teaching of the Spirit 
 remains. It remains for the servants and the handmaids : 
 and many an obscure and lowly brother in the streets 
 around us can say for himself, as truly as St. Paul could 
 say, " I have received the Spirit that is of God, that I may 
 know the things which are freely given to me of God." 
 But one who thus speaks can know that his convictions are 
 really the teaching of the Spirit of God only in so far as 
 they correspond with the eternal types of truth, which 
 ascertain to us what the teaching of the Spirit is. Now, 
 as in those apostolic days, he which is spiritual can show 
 that he is so only " by acknowledging that the things 
 which " those appointed teachers " wrote to us are the 
 commandments of the Lord ; " for the gift of the Holy 
 Ghost to others is not a gift whereby they originate the 
 knowledge of new truths, but a gift whereby they recog- 
 nize and apprehend the old unchanging mystery, still 
 receiving afresh the one revelation of Christ, ever approach- 
 ing, never surpassing the comprehensive but immovable 
 boundaries of the faith once delivered to the saints. This 
 is the gift, the only gift, which we desire for our Church 
 and for ourselves ; for it is one which makes the written 
 word a living word, which fills a Church with joy, arid seals 
 a soul for glory. 
 
LECTURE V. 
 
 THE ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 
 
 THET CEASED NOT TO TEACH AND PREACH JESUS CHRIST. — AcU 9. 42. 
 
 Jesus Christ is gone up into glory, and the Holy Ghost 
 has come down into men : and we have seen that these 
 events are represented to us, not as closing the course of 
 revelation, but as opening a new stage of it. The ques- 
 tions which met us on the threshold have been answered, 
 and we go forward with the full assurance that our first 
 teacher is our teacher still, and that his second method of 
 instruction is an advance upon the first. 
 
 We have now to ask, first, What change appears in the 
 aspect of the doctrine? and then, What is the plan on which 
 it continues to advance ? 
 
 For a reply to these questions I address myself to that 
 introductory book which gives us the external historj' of 
 this part of the dispensation of truth. It is not the func- 
 tion of a historical record to work out expositions of doc- 
 trine, but such a book may be expected to present the 
 general character which the doctrine bore, and to clear to 
 our view the agencies and the stages by which it was matured. 
 This is precisely what is done in the book of Acts. It is 
 the purpose of the book to do it ; a purpose which ought to 
 be more fully recognized than it is. 
 
 There are works which are done with so natural and 
 graceful a facility, that it seems to the superficial observer 
 as if any one could have done them, or as if he who dii 
 
 127 
 
128 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT. V. 
 
 them was only guided by, casual impulse, while a more 
 careful student will perceive that singular gifts were neces- 
 sary to produce the results which seem so easy, and that a 
 comprehensive design and an accurate judgment presided 
 over arrangements which appear fortuitous. Such a work 
 is the Acts of the Apostles. In a narrative all alive with 
 graphic details, and written in a style of animated sira« 
 plicity and natural ease, it carries us through a period of 
 human history of incalculable interest and importance: 
 one in which the effects of the manifestation of the Son of 
 God were developed and tested ; in which the life which he 
 had introduced among men disclosed its nature and power, 
 and the truth which he had left commenced its struggles 
 and conquests ; in which the Christian Church was consti- 
 tuted, gradually detached from its Jewish integuments, 
 and brought to the consciousness of its freedom and catho- 
 licity ; in which it verified its credentials, proved its arms, 
 recognized its destinies, and commenced its victories ; in 
 which impulses were given which would never cease to 
 vibrate and precedents were established to which distant 
 ages would refer ; in which solemn and exciting scenes, 
 marvels and miracles, saintly and heroic characters, their 
 labors, their conflicts, their sufferings, their journeyings, 
 their collisions with all classes of men, seem to force upon 
 the historian a confusing multiplicity of materials. Yet 
 through all this he makes his way straight in one direction, 
 as a man guided by that instinct of selection which belongs 
 to the ruling presence of a definite purpose. It is just this 
 definiteness of purpose which is apt to pass unobserved 
 it is nowhere announced, and the unconstrained freedom cf 
 manner and easy inartificial style suggest no thought of it. 
 We seem sometimes to be reading a collection of anecdotes 
 
LKCT. V. THE ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 129 
 
 or personal memoirs of certain Apostles, and some critiea 
 have dealt with the book as if indeed it were but a chance 
 collection of stories with which the author had happened to 
 become acquainted, or as if a fragment of the acts of St 
 Peter had been prefixed to a journal of the travels of 
 St. Paul. 
 
 But we know St. Luke's intelligent, inquiring mind, his 
 opportunities of information, his " perfect understanding 
 of all things from the very first," his personal intercourse 
 with those " who from the beginning had been eye-witnesses 
 and ministers of the word." We cannot for a moment 
 suppose that his acquaintance with the " Acts of the Apos- 
 tles " was limited to the facts recorded in the book ; that 
 he knew nothing of the proceedings of John or James, or 
 of the manifold movements and events which were going 
 on by the side of those which he has related. In fact, there 
 is not a book upon earth in which the principle of inten- 
 tional selection is more evident to a careful observer. 
 There is indeed no reason given why one speech is re- 
 ported and one event related at length, in, preference to 
 others which are passed over or slightly touched ; } T et 
 when we reach the conclusion we see the reasons in tha 
 result. We find that by an undeviating course we have 
 followed the development of the true idea of the Church of 
 Christ, in its relations first to the Jewish system, out of 
 which it emerges, and then to the great world, to which it 
 opens itself. When the words and deeds of Philip or 
 Stephen, of Peter or Paul, are implicated with this progress 
 of filings, we find ourselves in their company, but when we 
 part from St. Peter without notice of his after-course, when 
 we leave St. Paul abruptly at the commencement of his two 
 years in Rome, we are given to understand that we have be'Mj 
 6* 
 
130 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT. V. 
 
 reading, not their personal memoirs, but a higher history, 
 which certain portions of their careers serve to embody of 
 to illustrate. Even when the book is considered by itself, 
 the unity and completeness of the result is plain ; but 
 when we look at it in its place in Scripture, observe its 
 function ther*, and its relation to the books which follow, 
 we see most clearly the definite purpose with which it 
 places us and keeps us in that particular line of historical 
 fact which involves the progress of doctrine. 
 
 It may be said that this is claiming too much ; for that, 
 whatever amount of design may be attributed to the author 
 of the u Acts," we cannot ascribe to him the prophetic pur- 
 pose of fitting his book to its present place in Scripture. 
 No, certainly not to him ; but the Church has ever held 
 that another Mind presided over what was written in 
 these pages, a Mind which purposed that we should have a 
 Bible, and which, guiding the production of its component 
 parts, has made it what it is. 
 
 I speak in accordance witli this view of Scripture when 
 I ask, What is the office which the book of Acts fulfils in 
 the evolution of doctrine in the New Testament? 
 
 For a reply to this question I would point to three results 
 which the book unquestionably yields. 
 
 1. It places in the clearest light the divine authority of 
 the doctrine given during the period which it covers, as a 
 doctrine delivered by those who, for that particular pur- 
 pose, were filled with the Holy Ghost, and were agents of 
 the personal administration of the Lord Jesus Christ. 
 This, the first and most important part of the office of tb« 
 book, has been considered in the last Lecture. 
 
 2. It represents the general character of the doctrine 
 delivered by the Apostles to the world. 
 
LECT. V. THE ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 131 
 
 3. It traces the steps of external history through which th* 
 doctrine was matured. 
 
 These are the parts of its office on which I have now to 
 dwell. 
 
 I. The general character of the doctrine as it appears in 
 the Acts of the Apostles is presented in the words of the 
 text, " They ceased not to teach and preach Jesus the 
 Christ." 1 Similar expressions continually recur: ft he 
 preached Christ unto them ; " 2 " he preached unto him 
 Jesus;" 3 " he preached Christ in the synagogues;" 4 
 they " spake unto the Grecians preaching the Lord Jesus ; " 5 
 " he preached unto them Jesus and the resurrection." 6 No 
 such announcements as these are heard in the Gospels, 
 The preaching spoken of there is not of the person but of 
 the kingdom. Jesus comes "preaching the kingdom of 
 God ; " 7 " preaching the Gospel of the kingdom ; " 8 and 
 his parables and common teaching are not prominently 
 about himself, but about " the kingdom of heaven." So 
 also his disciples are sent out " to preach the kingdom of 
 God," and are even charged to " tell no man that he was 
 Jesus the Christ," 9 and are forbidden to publish the mani- 
 festation of the fact " until the Son of Man be risen again 
 from the dead." 10 And because of the absence of this per- 
 sonal proclamation by himself or his servants, we find John 
 the Baptist troubled and perplexed, and sending a deputa- 
 tion of his followers in the hope of extracting such a pub- 
 lic declaration ; and the multitude at a later time complain 
 
 1 obn knavovro diSdOKOVTes nal evayyeh^ofievoi 'Ir/oovv rbv Xpiffrw, 
 9 Acts viii. 5. 3 Ibid. 35. 4 Ibid. ix. 20. 
 
 • Acts xi. 20. 6 Ibid. xvii. 18. 7 Luke ix. 2. 
 
 « Matt. iv. 23, and Mark i. 14. • Matt. xvi. 20. 
 
 »• Matt. xvii. 9. 
 
132 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LeCT. V. 
 
 " How long dost thou make us to doubt? If thou bo the. 
 Christ, tell us plainly ; " * and the High Priest, at the very 
 last, unable to obtain testimony to such a public claim, id 
 compelled to resort to adjuration — "Art thou the Christy 
 the Son of the Blessed?" 2 
 
 The change in the key-note of the preaching is very sig- 
 nificant. Things had been tending towards it. The pre- 
 sentation of Christ to men had been going forward, and the 
 scheme on which it is set before us in the Gospel collection 
 marks the gradual manner in which the eye, looking for the 
 kingdom, had come to be fixed upon the person. In the 
 teaching of the first Gospel the idea of the kingdom, in that 
 of the last the idea of the person, is predominant. In the 
 Acts the two expressions are sometimes united, as when the 
 Samaritans " believed Philip preaching the things concern- 
 ing the kingdom of God and the name of the Lord Jesus : " 3 
 and yet again, with more evident purpose, in the end of the 
 book, where Paul's exposition to the Jews at Pome stands 
 as the last appeal to that people — "To whom he ex- 
 pounded, testifying the kingdom of God and persuading 
 them concerning Jesus : " and yet again in the closing verse, 
 which describes the two years' continuous ministry by the 
 words "preaching the kingdom of God, and teaching those 
 things which concern the Lord Jesus Christ." 4 Evidently 
 
 1 John x. 24. 2 Mark xiv. 61. 3 Acts viii. 12. 
 
 4 Acts xxviii. 23, 31. Aia/j-aprvpo/xEvog ttjv fiaoLleiav tov Qeov y neidov 
 re ai}Toi>Q tu nepl tov "Irjaov. (ver 23.) Ktjpvccjcjv tt}v fiaoiXeiav tov Oeov, 
 koI Mhenuv tu TTspl tov Kvpiov 'lijaov. (ver. 31.) Compare this sum- 
 mary of the apostolic teaching at the end of the book with the 
 summary of the last teaching of Jesus at its beginning : 6i' ijfiepuv 
 naaapaKOVTa bnTavofievoq avTolc ical "keyov tu. irepl r^f fiao&tiac tov Qeoi 
 
LECT. V. THE ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 133 
 
 on purpose are the two expressions combined in this final 
 summary, in order to show that the preaching of the king- 
 dom and the preaching of Christ are one : that the original 
 proclamation has not ceased, but that in Christ Jesus the 
 thing proclaimed is no longer a vague and future hope, but 
 a distinct and present fact. In the conjunction of these 
 words the progress of doctrine appears. All is founded 
 upon the old Jewish expectation of a kingdom of God ; but 
 it is now explained how that expectation is fulfilled in the 
 person of Jesus ; and the account of its realization con- 
 sists in the unfolding of the truth concerning him, " the 
 things concerning Jesus." 1 The manifestation of Christ 
 being finished, the kingdom is already begun. Those who 
 receive Mm enter into it. Having overcome the sharpness 
 of death, he has opened the kingdom of heaven to all be- 
 lievers. Those, therefore, who were once to " tell no man 
 that he was Christ," are now to make " all the house of 
 Israel know assuredly that God hath made that same Jesus, 
 whom they had crucified, both Lord and Christ ; " yea, they 
 are to proclaim that fact to every nation under heaven. 
 
 It is, I apprehend, by this change in the character of the 
 preaching, that we are to explain the surprising difference 
 in the effect of the preaching, as seen in the Gospels and in 
 the Acts. For some three years, probably, did Jesus preach 
 in the Temple, in synagogues, in houses, on the seashore, 
 and by the wayside ; yet it is obviously but a scanty band 
 of professed believers whom he leaves upon the earth, and 
 these too appear possessed but with a dubious and uncer- 
 
 " during forty days appearing to them and speaking the thing! 
 toncerning the kingdom of God." 
 1 rd, nepl tov y \vaov. 
 
134 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT. V 
 
 tain faith. On occasion of an important gathering in Jeru- 
 salem, " the number of names together were about an hun- 
 dred and twenty." * The largest number we ever hear of 
 is that mentioned by St. Paul — "above five hundred breth- 
 ren at once ; " 2 and of these, according to St. Matthew, 
 45 some doubted." 3 But a few days later Peter lifts up his 
 voice, and " the same day there were added unto them 
 about three thousand souls." 4 And so the word grows and 
 multiplies, till we hear of " a great company of priests 
 obedient to the faith," 6 and "many thousands 8 of Jews 
 which believe ; " 7 besides the suddenly-rising, rapidly-grow- 
 ing Churches in all parts of the Gentile world. Men have 
 sometimes expressed their wonder at this difference in the 
 effect of the Lord's own preaching and of that of his disci- 
 ples ; and they have been fain to ascribe it to the outpour- 
 ing of the Spirit, which wrought a sudden change in the 
 hearts of the hearers. But we have no encouragement to 
 suppose that the three thousand who believed on the day of 
 Pentecost received airy special gift of the Spirit (such as 
 originated on that day) until after they believed. This was 
 promised by the Apostle as a gift, not preceding, but ensu- 
 ing on their baptism. u Repent," said he, " and be bap- 
 tized ever}' one of you for the remission of sins, and ye 
 shall receive the gift of the Holy Ghost." No ! It is not 
 on the hearers, but on the preachers that the mighty influ- 
 ence is said to have come. The true reason for the change 
 in the effect of the doctrine is found in the change which 
 had passed upon the doctrine itself, when " the Spirit of 
 truth was come" to fulfil the prediction, " He shall glorifj 
 
 1 Acts i. 15. * 1 Cor. xv. (?. 8 Matt, xxviii. 17. 
 4 Acts ii. 41. 6 Ibid. vi. 7. 6 Literally, myriads. 
 
 1 Acts xxi. 20. 
 
LECT. V. THE ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 135 
 
 me." Christ was not preached before he suffered ; after he 
 was glorified he was. In the former period, he and his fol- 
 lowers " preached the kingdom of God ; " in the latter, 
 " they ceased not to teach and preach Jesus Christ." Thus 
 the great change in the effect of the preaching, which might 
 seem at first sight to derogate from his glory, is, on further 
 consideration, seen to enhance it. Only when it is possible 
 freely and fully to publish the one " name under heaven 
 given among men, whereby they must be saved," are theii 
 consciences thoroughly roused and their trust decisively 
 secured. So has it been, and so shall it be in the Church 
 forever. Oh, that the apostolic lesson may still have its 
 fruit amongst ourselves ! that our evangelists may stiii 
 know where their power lies ! and especially that it may be 
 said of all who go forth to the work from this place, "They 
 ceased not to teach and preach Jesus Christ ! " 
 
 2. But now comes the question, What was this preaching 
 of Christ? Some have paraphrased it as the preaching of 
 his doctrine, of the holy lessons which he taught. Some, 
 again, as the setting forth of his holy character, the beauty 
 of his life, and the attraction of his love. Bat if this were 
 the main idea of preachiDg Christ, then certainly the rela- 
 tive effect of his own teaching and of that of his disciples 
 ought to have been jast the reverse of what it was ; for the 
 actual hearing of the gracious words which proceeded out 
 of his mouth, and the actual sight of his holiness and love, 
 must be supposed more effectual than the mere account of 
 them by others. Then Jesus Christ ought to have gathered 
 the thousands and his disciples the hundreds ; and the faith 
 inspired in the first period ought to have been more decided 
 and intense than that awakened in the second. But the 
 contrary was the case. There was then something in ths 
 
136 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT. V 
 
 later preaching which was not present in the earlier. Wag 
 it that the Messiahship of Jesus was then openly proclaimed, 
 which men had before been left to infer from the thing? 
 which they heard and saw? It was this — but more than 
 this. Not only was the fact of the Messiahship proclaimed, 
 but the nature of it was explained. The Christ who wag 
 now proclaimed was one who had died and risen again, and 
 whom the heavens had received till the time of the restitu- 
 tion of all things. In these three fact* the manifestation 
 of the Son of God had culminated, ano in them the true 
 character of his mission had appeared. The old carnal 
 thoughts of it had been left in his grave, and could never 
 rise from it asrain. It was the " Prince of life " who had 
 risen from the dead ; it was the " King of glory" who had 
 passed into the heavens. And no less did these facts de- 
 clare the spiritual consequences of his manifestation ; since 
 they carried with them the implication of those three cor- 
 responding gifts, which we celebrate forevermore, saying 
 with solemn joy, " I believe . . . the forgiveness of sins, 
 the resurrection of the body, and the life everlasting." 
 
 Towards these topics the preaching of Christ in the Acts 
 of the Apostles continually turns. Observe how the first 
 and present blessing (the forgiveness of sins) is ever ad- 
 duced, as the result of the wondrous history v?hich the 
 chosen witnesses rehearse. When they have told of the 
 cross and passion, it is in this consequence flowing from it 
 unto men that their sermons culminate and close. "Dim 
 hath God exalted to be a Prince and a Saviour, to give re- 
 pentance to Israel and forgiveness of sins ;" l " Repent and 
 be baptized every one of you in the name of Jesus Christ, 
 
 1 Acts v. 81. 
 
LfOT. V. THE ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 131 
 
 for the remission of sins ; " ' " Repent ye thereiore and be 
 converted, that yonr sins maybe blotted out;" 2 " Be it 
 known unto you therefore, men and brethren, that through 
 this man is preached unto }'ou the forgiveness of sins ; and by 
 him all that believe are justified from all things from which 
 ye could not be justified b}^ the law of Moses ; " 3 "To him 
 give all the prophets witness, that through his name whoso- 
 eier believeth on him shall receive. remission of sins." 4 
 
 Such is the burden of the apostolical preaching, as ex- 
 hibited in the rapid sketches and brief summaries given in 
 this book. It is a doctrine of "redemption by his blood, 
 even the forgiveness of sins," conveying, through the sim- 
 ple act of faith, a present cleansing to the conscience, as 
 the necessary qualification for the glory which is to follow. 
 
 Then, in the next place, that glory is shown to arise 
 frorn the resurrection of Jesus, as the preparation for it does 
 from his sufferings. I need not remind you of the " great 
 power" with which, from one end of the book to the other, 
 " the Apostles give witness of the resurrection of the Lord 
 Jesus." Everywhere they preach a " Christ that died, yea, 
 rather, that is risen again." This event is presented by 
 them not simply as the seal of his teaching, or more gener- 
 ally (to use the poor and shrunken phrase of later times) as 
 the proof of his divine mission, but as itself the cause and 
 the commencement of that new world and eternal life which 
 was consciously " the hope of Israel," and unconsciously 
 the hope of man. Turn especially to the latter part of the 
 book, and study the position taken by St. Paul in the last 
 crisis of hi3 controversy with the Jews. See how he fallr 
 
 1 Acts ii. 38. s Ibid. iii. 19. 
 
 « Ibid. xiii. 38, 39. « Ibid. x. 43. 
 
138 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT. V, 
 
 back upon the resurrection of Christ as involving the reali« 
 zation of the hopes of his people and the fulfilment of all 
 the promises of God. Some have treated as a mere expe- 
 dient for his own deliverance at the moment that one voice 
 which he cried in the Council, " Men and brethren, I am a 
 Pharisee, the son of a Pharisee ; of the hope and resurrec' 
 Hon of the dead I am called in question." But he needed 
 no expedient, for he was then in Roman hands and under 
 Roman protection. It was no pretence to serve a turn ; it 
 was the genuine language of his heart. In all his other 
 speeches at this crisis the same idea reigns predominant. 
 *' I stand and am judged for the hope of the promise made 
 of God unto our fathers : unto which promise our twelve 
 tribes, instantly serving God day and night, hope to come : 
 for which hope's sake, King Agrippa, I am accused of the 
 Jews. Why is it judged by you a thing incredible if God 
 raises the dead ? " It is the self-same sound which we heard 
 in the first discourse given us from his lips, when he cried 
 to the Jews of the Pisidian Antioch, "Now we declare unto 
 you glad tidings, how that the promise which was made unto 
 the fathers, God hath fulfilled the same unto us their chil- 
 dren, in that he hath raised up Jesus again" 
 
 And when we read his mind upon this subject more fully 
 in 1 Cor. xv., and indeed in the whole of his writings, we 
 see how truly the resurrection of Christ did, in his view, 
 include the realization of all the hopes with which the old 
 covenant was pregnant ; how entirely it was to him the 
 cause and actual commencement, as well as the pledge and 
 promise, of the resurrection and the life to man. 
 
 But I must not go further into this subject. I had only 
 to indicate that the general character of the doctrine which 
 appears in the Acts of the Apostles is an advance upon that 
 
LECT. V. THE ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 139 
 
 delivered in the Gospels. I say that it is so, inasmuch as 
 it does more than merely testify to the facts of the mani- 
 festation of Christ, as (to use an imperfect illustration) the 
 summing up of a judge is an advance upon the evidence on 
 which it is founded, since it adds to the rehearsal of that 
 evidence the selection of its critical points, the representa- 
 tion of their force and bearing, and the intimation of the 
 conclusions to which the}' lead. Thus does the preaching 
 of the Apostles sum up the result of all that the Gospels 
 have disclosed, by the direct preaching of Jesus to men's 
 souls, and by preaching him especially as the Christ who 
 has been perfected by death and resurrection ; by death 
 which provides for the present necessities of conscience in 
 the forgiveness of sins, and by resurrection which provides 
 for the longings and hopes of the soul in the life everlast- 
 ing. The messengers of God in this book cease not to 
 teach and preach Jesus the Christ, as a Saviour by these 
 means and in this sense. 
 
 II. It is, however, the book not of the words, but of the 
 acts of the Apostles, and we accordingly find in it the inti- 
 mations rather than the expositions of doctrine. It assists 
 our present inquiry in a manner more appropriate to its 
 historical character, by laying down for us the course of 
 external events through ivhich the doctrine was matured. 
 
 I have already adverted to the systematic plan of the 
 book, as following out this course of events with the instinct 
 of an undeviating purpose. It carries us straight from the 
 Gospels to the Epistles, as the span of some great bridge 
 continues the road between dissevered regions. Take it 
 away and what a chasm appears ! " Paul, an Apostle of 
 Jesus Christ, to saints that are in Rome, in Corinth, Thes« 
 Balonica, Philippi, Galatia, Ephesus, Colossae." Who is this 
 
140 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT. V. 
 
 Paul, and in what sense is he an Apostle? "We knew him 
 not when the twelve were ordained. We saw him not 
 among the witnesses of the resurrection. How came the 
 Gospel to these places? and is it the same Gospel for these 
 Gentiles as it was for the Jews? As for James, and Peter, 
 and John, and Jude, we know and revere their commission : 
 but we saw them last in partial ignorance and error, and 
 we hardly know what the value of their words may be. 
 
 We have noted on a former occasion the answers to these 
 questions which the book of Acts supplies — the anointing 
 of the Holy Ghost qualifying the men to fulfil the commis- 
 sion which they had received, the guidance of Christ given 
 to their steps and his attestations to their words and works, 
 the call and commission of St. Paul and his special appoint- 
 ment to a special work, and the spread of the Gospel in the 
 world, and the rise of the Gentile Churches. By means of 
 this information we are brought to the point at which we 
 can open the apostolic writings, first with a due sense of 
 their divine authority, and then with a sufficient acquaint- 
 ance with the persons, scenes, and facts with which they 
 are connected, and (I may further add) with effective sup- 
 ports to our conviction of their genuineness and authentic- 
 ity. But neither of these functions of the book is precisely 
 that for which we now inquire. Between Gospels and Epis- 
 tles there is need for a connection of a more internal kind. 
 During the intervening time the doctrine was not only 
 spreading, it was clearing and forming itself, or rather was 
 being cleared and formed by the hand of its Divine Au- 
 thor. This was effected through a certain line of events 
 and through the agency of particular persons. With these 
 rvents and persons the Book of Acts is occupied. 
 
 It begins at Jerusalem, it ends at Rome. Between these 
 
LEOT. V. THE ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 141 
 
 two points questions have been settled, principles carried 
 out, and divinely implanted tendencies disclosed. Espe 
 cially have the relations of the Gospel to Jew and Gentile 
 been fixed forever. We see how all the story progressively 
 ministers to this result. 
 
 First Peter presents the Gospel as the fulfilment of 
 prophecy and completion of the covenant made with the 
 fathers. Then the Hellenist element seems to eclipse the 
 Hebrew, and Stephen rises to reason and to die. A large 
 space is therefore given to the speech, which sets forth the 
 progressive nature of the dealings of God with Israel, and 
 shows the drift of that current of thought ou which we arp 
 launched. The death of Stephen is not only an individual 
 martyrdom, like that of James, so briefty mentioned after- 
 wards ; it is a great crisis, and stands as such in the narra- 
 tive, with a clear intimation of the position which waa 
 assumed on the one side and rejected on the other. 
 Straightway the Gospel spreads. First Hebrew, then 
 Hellenist, by the ministry of Philip it soon becomes 
 Samaritan, and at the next step by that of Peter goes in 
 to men uncircumcised. In the story of Cornelius we have 
 a detailed statement of the means b}^ which the Lord mani- 
 fested his will, that the Gentiles should hear the word and 
 believe. Then we pass from the side of Peter to that of 
 the new Apostle, to whom the carrying out of this principle 
 is committed. Antioch becomes our starting-point, where 
 the disciples are first called Christians. We follow the 
 steps of the traveller, and see far and wide that God hath 
 also to the Gentiles granted repentance unto life. Then 
 an opposing power is felt within the Church, and Christian 
 Judaism asserts that there is departure from the original 
 scheme. The Council meets, and by testimonies of Scrip* 
 
142 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT V. 
 
 ture and of fact infers the verdict of God, and issues the 
 high decision, " It seemed good to the Holy Ghost and to 
 us." Then, and not till then, Europe is entered, and th8 
 great centres of Greek life are occupied ; but still in every 
 place does the Apostle address himself first to the Jews., 
 and everywhere they reject and persecute him. Finally, he 
 returns to the head-quarters of the nation, and presents 
 himself there with every circumstance of conciliation, but 
 claiming his place in the covenant and as a preacher of the 
 hope of Israel. The scenes and speeches of that crisis are 
 given with fulness, because they define the position of the 
 Christianity which St. Paul represents towards the Jewish 
 system, and its final and furious rejection by the Jewish 
 people. l " Believing all things which are written in 
 the Law and in the Prophets, and having committed 
 nothing against the people or customs of his fathers," 2 
 he and his creed are forced from their proper home. 
 On it as well as him the Temple doors are shut. Last- 
 ly, before the Jews at Rome he closes the long struggle 
 with the peroration furnished him by prophecy : — "Well 
 spake the Holy Ghost by Esaias the prophet unto our 
 fathers, saying, Go unto this people and say, Hearing ye 
 shall hear, and shall not understand ; and seeing ye shall 
 see, and not perceive. For the heart of this people is 
 waxed gross, and their ears are dull of hearing, and their 
 eyes have they closed ; lest they should see with their 
 eyes, and hear with their ears, and understand with their 
 
 1 Not, as some have put it, because Luke happened to be pres- 
 ent. Rather, Luke was present because the scenes npd speeche* 
 were to be reported. 
 
 2 Acts xxiv. 14; xxviii. 17. 
 
LECT. V. THE ACTS OF THE APOSTLES, 143 
 
 heart, and should be converted, and I should heal them. 
 Be it known therefore unto you, that the salvation of God 
 is sent unto the Gentiles, and that they will hear it." * 
 
 Now let no man think that the rejection of Jews and ad- 
 mission of Gentiles were the only result of this long history. 
 Another result has been involved in it : Christianity itself 
 has been finally drawn out of Judaism, the delicate and 
 intricate relations of the two systems being dealt with in 
 such a way, that (so to speak) the texture of living fibre 
 has been lifted unimpaired out of its former covering, 
 leaving behind only a residuum of what was temporary, 
 preparatory, and carnal. In fact, the doctrine of the Gos- 
 pel has been cleared and formed ; cleared of the false 
 element which the existing Judaism would have infused 
 into it, and formed of the true elements which the old 
 covenant had been intended to prepare for its use. 
 
 Two great principles, it seems to me, were fought for and 
 secured, which may be expressed (though not with strict 
 accuracy) by saying that the Gospel is the substitute for the 
 Law, and that the Gospel is the heir of the Law. 
 
 a. In sa} T ing that the Gospel is the substitute for the Law t 
 I do not mean that it is so, as doing what the Law had 
 done before it came, nor yet as doing what the Law had 
 been meant, but had failed, to do ; but only as doing that 
 winch the Law had been supposed to do. The Gospel pro- 
 vides for individual souls the means of justification and the 
 title to eternal life. This the Law had not done, had not 
 been meant to do, and by Prophets and Psalmists had been 
 asserted not to do. Yet it had sunk deep into the mind 
 of those who were under it, that this was the very thing 
 
 i Acts xxviii. 25-28. 
 
144 THE PROGRESS OF DOC1RINE. LECT. Y. 
 
 which it did. Scribes taught distinctly, and the people 
 were possessed with the idea, that there had been a law 
 given which could give life, and that righteousness was by 
 that Law. Here was the conviction which had entwined 
 itself Tiiih their patriotism and their religion. Here was 
 \heir pride and boast, and the prerogative which severed 
 them from all mankind. Then, as now, they looked for a 
 Messiah, who was to perfect the keeping of the Law, and 
 (in some sense) to save other nations by reducing them to 
 its obedience, and (as appeared in the sequel) many re- 
 ceived Jesus himself as the Messiah, without any material 
 change in that idea. But when the death of Jesus was 
 preached as procuring, and the resurrection of Jesus as 
 originating eternal life, and when the simple act of faith in 
 him was proclaimed as the means of sharing it, the antago- 
 nism of the two doctrines appeared. 
 
 It was first in the arguments of Stephen, and afterwards 
 in the preaching of Paul, that this particular feature of the 
 Christian system made itself felt in its bearing on the great 
 Jewish error. Hence the passion, the virulence, and the 
 rancor with which the two men were pursued. " This 
 man ceaseth not to speak blasphemous words against this 
 holy place and the law" * — so ran the accusation against 
 the first martyr : and years afterwards the superintendent 
 of his execution heard the same words shrieked out against 
 himself, " Men of Israel, help ! This is the man who 
 teacheth all men everywhere against the people, and the 
 law, and this place." 2 False aud odious allegations ! Yet 
 the doctrine of which the two men were the great exponents 
 did really involve a flat contradiction of the prevailing 
 
 i Act* vi. 13. * Ibid. xxl. 28c 
 
LECT. V. THE ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 145 
 
 Jewish theory about the people, and the law, and that place. 
 Within the Christian Church the same theory held its 
 ground, and in that quarter cost the Apostle a still closer 
 and keener conflict, in order to vindicate and establish for 
 Jew as well as Gentile the great principle, " By grace are 
 ye saved through faith," l or, as St. Peter expressed the 
 same truth, " Through the grace of the Lord Jesus Christ 
 we shall be saved, even as they." 2 
 
 Still the anxious pastor in his parish, still the self-obser- 
 vant Christian in his own heart, learns how deep-seated 
 and how stubborn is that principle in human nature, which 
 seeks the starting-point of salvation in self rather than in 
 God, in doing rather than in receiving, in work rather than 
 in grace. By the common Jewish theory of the Law, that 
 principle has fortified itself strongly, and clothed itself 
 gloriously, with the usurped sanctions of God. The Juda- 
 izing doctrine would have perpetuated that usurpation in 
 the Christian Church, and, in so doing, would have neutral- 
 ized the Gospel itself. The keen eye of the selected 
 champion saw in a moment the fatal consequences of cus- 
 toms turned into doctrines, which others, who believed as 
 he did, were perhaps inclined to regard with indulgence T 
 as signs of an affectionate veneration for ancient ordi- 
 nances. 
 
 In his writings we see how his penetrating eye discerned 
 the danger, and how his unsparing hand averted it : we see 
 also that the intuitive discernment and the impulsive vigor 
 were the result of a deep personal experience, both of the 
 error which he resisted, and of the truth which he defended. 
 In the Acts we are carried through the period of this eon- 
 
 lEph. 11. 8. • Acts xv. 11. 
 
 7 
 
146 THE PHOGRESS OF DOCTKINE. LECT. V, 
 
 test in the outward course of events, and when the history 
 ceases in the hired house at Rome, the Gospel has fought 
 itself free, and severed itself from Judaism, not merely in 
 its form, but in its essence, proclaiming salvation by the 
 grace of the Lord Jesus Christ, and not by the works of the 
 Law. 
 
 b. The other principle which is contended for and 
 secured is, that the Gospel is the heir of the Law; that it 
 inherits what the Law had prepared. The Law, on its 
 national and ceremonial side, had created a vast and 
 closely-woven system of ideas. These were wrought out 
 and exhibited by it in forms according to the flesh — an 
 elect nation, a miraculous history, a special covenant, a 
 worldly sanctuary, a perpetual service, an anointed priest- 
 hood, a ceremonial sanctity, a scheme of sacrifice and 
 atonement, a purchased possession, a holy cit} r , a throne 
 of David, a destiny of dominion. Were these ideas to be 
 lost, and the language which expressed them to be dropped, 
 when the Gospel came ? No ! It was the heir of the Law. 
 The Law had prepared these riches, and now bequeathed 
 them to a successor able to unlock and to diffuse them. 
 The Gospel claimed them all, and developed in them a 
 value unknown before. It asserted itself as the proper 
 and predestined continuation of the covenant made of God 
 with the fathers, the real and only fulfilment of all which 
 was typified and prophesied ; presenting the same ideas, 
 which bad been before embodied in the narrow but distinct 
 limits of carnal forms, in their spiritual, universal, and 
 eternal character. The body of t3 T pes according to the 
 flesh died with Christ, and with Christ it rose again a body 
 of antit} r pes according to the Spirit. Those who were after 
 the flesh could not recognize its identity : those who were 
 
LECT. V. THE ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 147 
 
 after the Spirit felt and proclaimed it. The change was as 
 great, the identity was as real, as in that mystery of the 
 resurrection jf the body which the same preachers showed : 
 in which the earthly frame must lay aside the flesh and 
 blood which cannot inherit the kingdom of God, and must 
 reappear, dead and raised again, another and yet the same, 
 " sown in weakness and raised in power, sown in dishonor 
 and raised in glory, sown a natural body and raised a 
 spiritual body." 
 
 But I should speak amiss if I left it to appear that the 
 Gospel inherited the ideas only of the preceding dispensa- 
 tion, and not, in one sense, their form also. Their written 
 form it did inherit, unchanged and unchangeable. The 
 Law and the Prophets, as scriptures, as a book, were stili 
 under the new dispensation what the} 7 had been under the 
 old — the voice of the Spirit and the word of God. Nay ! 
 this written word belonged to the new dispensation more 
 truly than to the old, for these scriptures also were now 
 raised to newness of life, and were recognized as prepared 
 for the uses to which they were now applied, and written 
 less for the immediate than for the ulterior purposes , as 
 St. Peter has expressed it, " Not unto themselves, but unto 
 us they did minister the things which are now reported 
 unto you by them that have preached the Gospel unto you 
 with the Holy Ghost sent down from heaven." * This is 
 ever the position of St. Paul, for, as one has truly said, 
 " None of the Apostles has laid such stress upon the Holy 
 Scripture as the Apostle of the Spirit and liberty." 2 And 
 as this appears in his writings, so does it also in the hi* 
 
 1 1 Peter i. 12. 
 
 * Bauingarten on the Acts, vol. iiL 78 (Clarke'* Tr.). 
 
148 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT. V. 
 
 tory. From his first reported speech at the Pisidian 
 Antioch, 1 which bases all upon the Scriptures, still he goes 
 on with the Scriptures in his hand, till he stands and is 
 judged, " believing all things which arc written in the Law 
 and in the Prophets ; " 2 and finally parts from the Roman 
 Jews after "persuading them concerning Jesus, both out 
 of the Law of Moses and out of the Prophets, from morn- 
 ing till evening." 3 This then is the position taken at the 
 beginning and fought for to the end ; and it is a striking 
 sight to see how resolutely St. Paul insists tha£ he and his 
 doctrine are the true representatives of th* T <aw and the 
 Prophets, while he is being persecuted and ca;;t out, as 
 having betra3 7 ed and blasphemed them. 
 
 These two principles — what the Gospel does without 
 the Law, and what the Gospel derives from the Law — do 
 in fact contain the main substance of apostolic teaching. 
 On the one side, the principle that men are "justified 
 freely by God's grace through the redemption that is in 
 Christ Jesus" 4 is laid as the deep foundation of all the 
 various forms and applications of evangelical truth. On 
 the other, the principle that the 6ame things which were 
 done under the old covenant in the region of the flesh* are 
 done under the new covenant in the region of the spirit, 
 opens out into the doctrine of the mediatorial work of 
 Christ in the true tabernacle, the sacrificial character of 
 his death, the atoning virtue of his blood, the sanctification 
 of believers as a kingdom of priests and an holy nation, 
 and their destined inheritance in a promised land and a 
 holy city of their God. The expansion of these doctrines 
 
 i Acts xv. 13, 41. 2 Ibid. xxiv. II- 
 
 •Acts xxviii. 23. 4 Rom. iii. 24. 
 
LECT. V. THE ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 149 
 
 fills and forms all the Epistles, and each is distinctly 
 wrought out by itself, the one in the Epistle to the Romans 
 at the beginning, the other in the Epistle to the Hebrews 
 at the end, of the course of the Pauline writings. 
 
 It is in the Epistles themselves that we behold this ex- 
 pansion and formation of doctrine. In the Book of Acts 
 we are conversant rather with the providential circum- 
 stances through which the result was obtained. Great 
 principles are wrought out and settled in men's minds only 
 through some such process as is here disclosed ; namely, 
 by persons raised up to represent them, by consultations, 
 reasonings, debates concerning them, by events which com- 
 pel their more distinct assertion and test their hidden 
 strength, and by the action of opposing principles, firmly 
 resisted in their fierce assaults, or instinctively rejected in 
 their subtle approaches. This, the common course of the 
 development and establishment of all principles, is here 
 presented to us as carried on under the manifested guid- 
 ance of the Lord himself; who, by special interventions, 
 raises up the persons, guides the events, and certifies the 
 issues with his own signature and seal. 
 
 Blessing and praise be unto his holy name, because he 
 has done this ! For he has thus added to the manifestation 
 of himself his own direction as to the way in which it is to 
 be used. On what a sea of uncertainties we should else 
 have been launched ! Observe the vague and wavering 
 doctrine which ensues whenever the divine attestation of 
 the apostolical teaching meets with discredit or mistrust. 
 Now the Gospel is nothing but a re-publication, pure and 
 perfect, of the Law of God ; now it is a proclamation of 
 his universal father] lood ; now an exhibition of the beauty 
 !>f holiness and the attraction of love; now the revelation 
 
150 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT. V 
 
 of a righteous King and Head of the human race ; now it 
 seems little else than a negati ;>n, a sweeping away of all 
 the ideas which a teaching supposed to be divine had 
 fashioned through preceding ages. So it is when men pro- 
 ceed, as if the summing up of the manifestation of Christ 
 had not been done for them, but was left for them to do. 
 From all partial or perverted representations our refuge is 
 with those who were actually commissioned to do it, and 
 who, under a divine guidance adequate to the exigencies of 
 that commission, ceased not to teach and preach Jesus Christ. 
 Through the blessed ordinance of a written word they have 
 not ceased to do so now. To us, even to us who are here 
 alive this day, they preach him still ; a Christ " who died 
 for our sins and rose again for our justification ; " a Christ 
 who saves without the Law, yet one who is witnessed by 
 the Law and the Prophets. So they preach, and so we 
 believe. This was the beginning of the confidence and the 
 rejoicing of the hope to the Church at its birth, and this 
 beginning it will hold firm unto the end. It is for us to 
 see that we bear our part in the long history of the faith, 
 finding its reality in the joy of our own salvation, and 
 transmitting its testimony to the generation to come. 
 
LECTURE VI. 
 
 THE EPISTLES. 
 
 r AUL, A SERVANT OF JESUS CHRIST, CALLED TC BE AN APOSTLE, SEPARATED 
 UNTO THE GOSPEL OF GOD ... TO ALL THAT BE IN ROME, BELOVED OF 
 GOD, CALLED TO BE SAINTS: GRACE TO YOU AND PEACE FROM GOD OUR 
 FATHER, AND THE LORD JESUS CHRIST. — Rom. %. 1, 7. 
 
 These words are the beginning and end of the long super- 
 scription which opens the series of Apostolic Epistles. That 
 superscription forms a close and living union with the pre- 
 ceding book, in which we have known Paul the servant of 
 Jesus Christ, his calling to be an Apostle, his separation to 
 the gospel of God, and have left him at its close testifying 
 to that gospel in Rome itself. A still more intimate union 
 will disclose itself to any one who studies the position 
 which he takes up for his gospel and himself in the book of 
 Acts, and then considers the succinct and explicit assertion 
 of the same position in the intervening verses of this super- 
 scription, where he characterizes the gospel to which he 
 was separated as that which " God had promised afore by 
 his prophets in the Holy Scriptures, concerning his Son 
 Jesus Christ our Lord, who was made of the seed of David 
 according to the flesh ; and declared to be the Son of God 
 with power, according to the spirit of holiness, by the res- 
 urrection from the dead : by whom," he adds, " we have 
 received grace and apostleship for obedience to the faith 
 among all nations, for his name : among whom are } T e also 
 the called of Jesus Christ." Here the Apostle seems to 
 
 151 
 
152 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT. VI. 
 
 stand before us as he did in the previous history, firmly 
 holding his ground in the prophetic and historic line of the 
 old covenant, and from that standing-point opening the dis- 
 pensation of the Spirit, which has its source and its pledge 
 in the resurrection, and claiming " aL nations " for the 
 " obedience of faith" 
 
 This witness of continuity is especially important in pass- 
 ing from the apostolic history to the apostolic writings, 
 si:\ce the history gains significance from the doctrine, and 
 the doctrine derives authority from the historj'. The per- 
 sons and events in the Book of Acts are important because 
 they were ordained for the working out of the truth of the 
 Gospel. But what is that truth which they worked out? 
 
 Summaries of its general character occur in that book 
 continually, and the points which are being cleared and 
 established are strongly indicated ; but we have only sum- 
 maries and indications, and the sketches of doctrines pre- 
 sented to us are taken rather from without than from within. 
 If we except the debate in the council of Jerusalem and the 
 charge to the elders of Miletus, all the discourses reported 
 in this book are addressed to those who are not yet Chris- 
 tians. So Christ was preached to the world : but how was 
 he taught to the Church? 
 
 This element is wanting in the history : yet it is one 
 which we should have naturally looked to find ; and, as we 
 are brought into contact with so many Churches, on whose 
 incipient and unsettled Christianity the labor of St. Faul 
 was spent, its absence is really remarkable. We are told 
 now he passed two } r ears at Ephesus, and a 3-ear and a half 
 at Corinth, " teaching the word of God among them," how, 
 revi siting his Churches, " he gave them much exhortation,'' 
 and how he " was long preaching" in one assembly or an 
 
LECT. Yl. ( THE EPISTLES. 153 
 
 other of the brethren : but no particulars of these preach- 
 ings, teachings, and exhortations are given : and, consider- 
 ing that we have specimens of every kind of address to thoss 
 that are without, we might well ask why there is no exam* 
 pie to show how men were taught after they had believed. 
 But they who hold that the scheme of Scripture as a whole 
 is of the Hoty Ghost will not ask that question ; for they 
 see that this omission is part of a plan, which provides 
 this information for us in d more worthy and perfect way ; 
 namel} T , by placing in our hands the collection of Apostolic 
 Epistles. 
 
 These writings are addressed to those who are already 
 Christians ; as our text describes them, " called of Christ 
 Jesus — beloved of God — called saints." Such high titles, 
 repeated in the successive superscriptions, warn us that we 
 are here in the esoteric circle of doctrine. Whatever prog- 
 ress of doctrine these writings exhibit, that fact is the key 
 to it. It must be a distinctly subjective progress, working 
 out the results of the manifestation of Christ in the con- 
 sciousness of men. 
 
 Observe the point at which we have arrived, by the time 
 that we finish the Book of Acts, and open the Epistle to the 
 Romans. The facts of the manifestation of Christ have been 
 completed, and have been testified in all fulness and cer- 
 tainty by the witnesses chosen of God. They have not only 
 testified of the facts, they have summed them up ; have an- 
 nounced their scope and purpose in the counsels of God, as 
 effecting the redemption of the world, and have called men 
 to partake in the fruits of that redemption by believing and 
 being baptized. They have given this testimony, not as of 
 themselves, but with the Holy Ghost sent down from heaven, 
 whose witness is united with their own, and whose indweii' 
 7* 
 
154 THE PROGRESS OP DOCTRINE. LECT. VL 
 
 ing presence is given also to those who receive the testi* 
 inony, in order to open its meaning and to seal its truth, 
 Thus a holy Church is formed, which gradually proves itself 
 catholic, and shows at once its power of expansion and its 
 spirit of unity ; and within its protecting framework there 
 exists a communion of saints, a common participation in the 
 same spiritual possessions by all whom a union with Christ 
 has separated and sanctified to God ; and thus men are 
 joined to the Lord and united with each other, and rest in 
 the consciousness that they have found the forgiveness of 
 sins, the resurrection of the body, and the life everlasting. In 
 its fundamental articles the Creed is now complete. 
 
 To this point the book of Acts conducts us, and at this 
 point it leaves us. 
 
 It may be said, what more should follow? Christians 
 exist. Christian communities are formed. Let them now 
 be left to their ordinary and permanent resources. 
 So it might have been. — bo in God's mercy it was not. 
 A new life had begun, intellectual, moral, and social, 
 teeming with elements which could not but work and ex- 
 pand. It would have been hard to say with what force they 
 would do so, or in what direction. Noiv the great ideas of 
 the Gospel are old and familiar ; and the very words which 
 represent them have been sorely battered by controversy, 
 and worn thin by use. But then the revelation of Christ 
 had just broken, like an unexpected morning, on a weary 
 and hopeless world. The stupendous events which had so 
 lately passed on earth, the present actual relations with 
 heaven which were witnessed to men by proofs within and 
 around them, the prospect of things awful and glorious 
 hastening on, and perhaps alread} r near at hand, must havo 
 given a stimulus to thought and feeling, the first sensations 
 
LECT. VTL THE EPISTLES. 155 
 
 of which it is not easy for us now to estimate. The Father 
 revealed, the Son incarnate, the Holy Ghost set\ down from 
 heaven — redemption wrought, salvation given, the resur- 
 rection of the bod3 r , the eternal judgment, the second death, 
 the life eternal — new principles of thought, new standards 
 of character, new grounds of duty, new motives, new pow« 
 ers, new bonds between man and man, new forms of human 
 society, new language for human lips — all coming at once 
 upon men's minds, placed them, as it were, in a different 
 world from that in which they had lived before. At the 
 same time they carried into that world of thought all the 
 tendencies, infirmities, and perversities of our nature, and 
 revealed truth had to settle itself into lasting forms, to find 
 its adequate expression, and to have its moral and social 
 consequences deduced, under a variety of influences uncon- 
 genial to itself. So critical a period, on which the whole 
 future of the Gospel hung, would seem to cry aloud for a 
 continued action of the living word of God ; such as might, 
 with supreme authority, both judge and guide the thoughts 
 of men, and translate the principles which they had received 
 into life and practice. 
 
 The Lord recognized this necessit}\ He met it by the 
 living voice of his Apostles ; and their Epistles remain as 
 the permanent record of this part of their work. They are 
 the voice of the Spirit, speaking within the Church to those 
 who are themselves within it, certifying to them the true 
 interpretations and applications of the principles of thought 
 and life which as believers in Jesus they have received. 
 This is the function in the scheme of divine instruction 
 which belongs to these writings ; and I propose now to note 
 some particular aspe3ts in which their designation an<3 
 adaptation to it will appear. Without entering yet into 
 
156 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT. Yl 
 
 the examinatioi7 of their actual doctrine, we shall see that 
 the Epistles are fitted to form a course of teaching of the 
 kind described, by their form, their method, their author- 
 ship, and their relative character. 
 
 I. The form in which this teaching is given to us is very 
 significant. " The epistolary form," says Bengel, " is a pre- 
 eminence of the Scriptures of the New Testament as com' 
 pared with those of the Old." {U) It is a suggestive remark, 
 reminding us of that open communication and equal partici- 
 pation of revealed truth, which is the prerogative of the 
 later above the former dispensation ; indicating too that the 
 teacher and the taught are placed on one common level in 
 the fellowship of truth. The Prophets delivered oracles to 
 the people, but the Apostles wrote letters to the brethren, let- 
 ters characterized by all that fulness of unreserved expla- 
 nation, and that play of various feeling, which are proper 
 to that form of intercourse. It is in its nature a more fa- 
 miliar communication, as between those who are, or should 
 be, equals. That character may less obviously force upon 
 us the sense, that the light which is thrown on all subjects 
 is that of a divine inspiration ; but this is only the natural 
 effect of the greater fulness of that light ; for so the moon- 
 beams fix the eye upon themselves, as they burst through 
 the rifts of rolling clouds, catching the edges of objects and 
 falling on patches of the landscape ; while, under the settled 
 brightness of the universal and genial da}-, it is not so much 
 the light that we think of, as the varied scene which it 
 shows. 
 
 But the fact that the teaching of the Apostles is repre- 
 sented by their letters, is a peculiarity, not only in compari- 
 son with the teaching of the Prophets, but with ancient 
 teaching in general, which is perpetuated either in regula/ 
 
LECT. VI. THE EPISTLES. 157 
 
 treatises or in discourses or conversations preserved in 
 writing. The form adopted in the New Testament combines 
 the advantages of the treatise and the conversation. The 
 letter may treat important suhjects with accuracy and ful- 
 ness, but it will do so in immediate connection with actual 
 life. It is written to meet an occasion. It is iddressed to 
 particular states of mind. It breathes of the heart of the 
 writer. It takes its aim from the exigencies and its tone 
 from the feelings of the moment. In these respects it suits 
 well with a period of instruction, in which the word of God 
 is to be given to men, not so much in the way of informa- 
 tion, as in the way of education; or, in other words, in which 
 the truth is to be delivered, not abstractedly, but with a 
 close relation to the condition of mind of its recipients. 
 
 Thus it is delivered in the Epistles. Christ has been 
 received ; Christian life has commenced ; Christian commu- 
 nities have been formed ; and men's minds have been at 
 work on the great principles which they have embraced. 
 Some of these principles in one place, and others of them in 
 another, have been imperfectly grasped, or positively per- 
 verted, or practically misapplied, so as to call for explana- 
 tion or correction ; or else the} 7 have been both apprehended 
 and applied so worthily, that the teacher, filled with joy and 
 praise, feels able to open out the mysteries of God, as one 
 speaking wisdom among them that are perfect. These con- 
 ditions of mind were not individual accidents. Rome, Cor- 
 inth, Galatia, Ephesus, supplied examples of different ten- 
 dencies of the human mind in connection with the principles 
 of the Gospel — tendencies which would ever recur, and on 
 which it was requisite for the future guidance of the Church 
 that the word of God should pronounce. It did pronounce 
 in the most effectual way, by those letters which are ad< 
 
158 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT. VI, 
 
 dressed by the commissioners of Christ, not to possible but 
 to actual cases, with that largeness of view which belongs 
 to spectators at a certain distance from the scene, and with 
 that closeness of application which personal acquaintance 
 dictates and personal affection inspires. 
 
 Thus the fuller expositions of truth contained in the 
 Epistles are based on what the first principles of the Gospel 
 had already wrought in human hearts ; and its doctrines 
 are cleared and settled, developed and combined, in corre- 
 spondence with the ascertained capacities and necessities 
 of believers. 
 
 II. From the adaptation of the form I pass to that of the 
 method which the apostolic writings employ in the comple- 
 tion of evangelical doctrine. The one is in perfect harmony 
 with the other. It is a method of companionship rather 
 than of dictation. The writer does not announce a succes- 
 sion of revelations, or arrest the inquiries which he encoun- 
 ters in men's hearts by the unanswerable formula, "Thus 
 eaith the Lord." He rouses, he animates, he goes along 
 with the working of men's minds, by showing them the 
 workings of his own. He utters his own convictions, he 
 pours forth his own experience, he appeals to others to 
 "judge what he says," and commends his words "to their 
 conscience in the sight of God." He confutes by argument 
 rather than by authority, deduces his conclusions b} T pro- 
 cesses of reasoning, and establishes his points by interpre- 
 tations and applications of the former Scriptures. Such u 
 method necessarily creates a multitude of occasions for hesi- 
 tation or objection, and it has been proposed to meet these 
 difficulties by the principle, that we are bound to accept the 
 conclusions as matter of revelation, but not to assent to the 
 validity of the arguments or the applicability of the quota* 
 
LECT. VI. THE EPISTLES. 159 
 
 tions. The more we enter .nto the spirit of the particular 
 passages which have been 1 nought to require that qualifica- 
 tion, the more we feel that it can only have seemed neces- 
 sar} T , from a want of real and deep harmony with the mind 
 of Scripture. But I have no call to enter on that subject ; 
 aiy purpose is simply to draw attention to the fact, that not 
 only in the conclusions given, but in the methods enipk^ed 
 in reaching them, there is an outward guidance of the 
 Christian mind and a visible purpose to provide such 
 guidance. 
 
 Consider, for instance, the argument on justification in 
 the early part of the Epistle to the Romans, which accom- 
 plishes every step by the aid of the former Scriptures. Why 
 all this labor in proving what might have been decided by 
 a simple announcement from one entrusted with the word 
 of God ? Would not the apostolic declaration that such a 
 statement was error, and that such another was truth, have 
 sufficed for the settlement of that particular question? 
 Doubtless ! but it would not have sufficed to train men'? 
 minds to that thoughtfulness whereby truth becomes their 
 own, or to educate them to the living use of the Scriptures 
 as the constituted guide of inquiry. 
 
 It is the same with those records of personal experience, 
 and those effusions of personal feeling, which teach us how 
 the revelation of Christ tells upon the believer's heart. We 
 see, for instance, in the seventh and eighth chapters of the 
 same Epistle, the writer's own heart thrown open ; first in 
 its passage from the law of sin and death to the law of the 
 spirit of life in Christ Jesus ; and then in the assured con- 
 sciousness of the vast and various blessings, present and 
 future, which belong to the children of God, and the heirs 
 together with Christ, whom nothing shall be able to separ 
 
160 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT. VI. 
 
 rate from the love of God which is in Christ Jesus their 
 Lord. This is not only definite information, it is alsceffect- 
 ive education, showing the revelation of God as wrought 
 into its ultimate and subjective form ; and assisting by sym- 
 pathy, and ratifying by example, the same processes in other 
 hearts. 
 
 Yet we should speak amiss, if we represented the educa- 
 tion of Christian thought as carried on in the Epistles only 
 by methods which seem to place the Apostle on the same 
 level with his readers. No ! there is everywhere present, in 
 the lofty and unwavering testimony, the sense of an authority 
 which makes all things sure; and whenever occasions arise, 
 as from Galatian perverseness or Corinthian disorder, it as- 
 serts its unhesitating and uncompromising claims. Again, 
 when need so requires, there is a change in the common 
 method ; and the progress of doctrine is effected in the pro- 
 phetic manner, by definite additions to former revelations : 
 as when St. Paul informs the Thessalonians, "in the word 
 of the Lord," 1 of some particulars not before made known, 
 as to the manner in which the dead and the living will meet 
 the Lord at his appearing. Thus apostolical authority and 
 direct revelation diffuse over the Epistles their certainty 
 and their majesty ; but yet the presence of these more com- 
 manding elements is not suffered to overpower that general 
 character of doctrine, which is proper for those who are of 
 full age, and who have themselves " an unction from the 
 Holy One, that they may know all things." 8 The mind of 
 the teacher still enters into a free companionship with the 
 mind that is taught, so as to exercise and educate the spir- 
 itual faculties, at the same time conducting them with de» 
 
 1 1 Thess. iv. 13-17. » 1 John ii. 30 
 
LECT. VI. THE EPISTLES. 16] 
 
 cisive authority to conclusions which they might else have 
 failed to reach. 
 
 III. Turn now to the auViorship of these writings. If 
 the form and method of this scheme of Christian education 
 are important features of it, so also is the selection of ita 
 agonts ; for here, as in other departments of education, wc 
 may say that " the master is the school." 
 
 Who are the appointed teachers of the Church ? Peter and 
 John, the two chief Apostles ; James and Jude, the breth- 
 ren of the Lord. We take knowledge of them that they 
 have been with Jesus, and own the highest authority which 
 association with him can give. But the chief place in this 
 s} T stem of teaching does not belong to any one of them, nor 
 to all of them together. Their united writings form but a 
 second volume, and that a very thin one, just one-fifth of 
 the bulk of the first, to which moreover it bears in some 
 degree a kind of supplementary relation. The office of 
 working out the principles of Christian faith into full pro- 
 portions and clearly defined forms was assigned to another, 
 to " Paul, the servant of Jesus Christ, called to be an 
 Apostle, separated unto the Gospel of God, which he had 
 promised afore by his Prophets in his hoi} 7 Scriptures." 
 
 Xow is it not a remarkable and almost a startling fact, 
 that this great office should have been assigned to one who 
 had not been a witness of the Lord's life on earth, and had 
 nothing to tell of things which b« had seen with his eyes, 
 and heard with his ears, and his hands had handled of the 
 word of life? We remember the indispensable importance 
 of this qualification for the original apostleship, as ex« 
 pressed on the appointment of Matthias : u Of these men 
 which have companied with us ail the time that the Lord 
 Jesus went in and out among us, beginning from the bap. 
 
162 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT. VI 
 
 tism of John unto that same day in which he was taken up 
 from us, must one be oidainecl to be a witness with us of 
 his resurrection." Yet on him who had never companied 
 with him, or even with them, for one single day, the most 
 important, or, at least, the most extensive and enduring 
 part of the apostolic work devolved. The peculiar quali- 
 fications, which in other respects fitted St. Paul for the 
 work whereto he was called, have ever received a just ap- 
 preciation and ample treatment. We can all perceive the 
 active habit, the fervent spirit, the strong will, the warm 
 affections, the tender sensibility, the exercised intellect, 
 the subjective tendencies of thought, the vivid conscious- 
 ness of his own inward history, the combination of Greek 
 and Hebrew training, the thorough grounding of the mind 
 in the Law and the Prophets, the profound experience of 
 the false theory of Judaism, in its effects on his own heart, 
 and in the practical consequences to which it once carried 
 him ; finally, the suddenness with which the Gospel came 
 upon him, making him to know with a singular distinctness 
 what is the contrast between salvation sought by law 
 through works, and salvation found by grace through faith, 
 and what is the change in the whole world within, when 
 the law of the Spirit of life in Christ Jesus makes a man 
 free from the law of sin and death. 
 
 Perhaps it is commonly felt that these qualifications out- 
 weighed the disadvantage at which he stood in comparison 
 with the other Apostles who had been with Jesus, and that 
 this accounts for the addition to their number of one in 
 other respects specially fitted for the work, although born 
 out of due time. But it will better consist with the prin- 
 ciples on which his whole history must be judged, if we 
 
LECT. VI. THE EPISTLES. 163 
 
 say, that his being born out of due time was itself one of 
 his qualifications. 
 
 Now we must remember that it is the Lord, foreseeing 
 and foreordaining all, who directs the course of these 
 events. If, after choosing and training the Twelve^ he 
 calls another man, who has had no share in that training, 
 and specially commits to him a department of the apostolic 
 work, we cannot speak of such a step as an afterthought 
 and supplement, as we might do if it occurred in some 
 human undertaking, in which the original arrangements 
 had proved inadequate. We may be sure that the call of 
 St. Paul after the manifestation of Christ was finished, was 
 as much a part of the divine plan, as was the call of the 
 Twelve when that manifestation was beginning, and that 
 the later call must have corresponded as truly with his 
 appointed work as the earlier call did with theirs. 
 
 We are here led to the more distinct observation, that 
 the apostolic testimony was twofold, — first to the facts of 
 the manifestation of Christ, secondly to its intended conse- 
 quences in the spiritual state of man. 
 
 It was necessary that those who were to represent the 
 Lord to the world, in his words and deeds, his mind and 
 life, should be men on whose hearts the holy image had 
 been stamped by closest intercourse, and who could testify 
 to others of what their ej^es had seen. They who were so 
 qualified did their work, and gave the knowledge of Jesus 
 to mankind. Modern study traces the distinct outlines, 
 and finds the solid fragment of their oral narratives de- 
 posited in the written Gospels. Still further, St. Luke's 
 preface shows that these narratives were the regular instru- 
 ments of Christian education, "the things wherein" cate- 
 
164 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT. VI 
 
 chumens "were instructed." 1 This kind of instruction 
 has found its permanent form in the fourfold Gospel, 
 
 But believers were also to be trained to the full appre- 
 hension of the effects of the manifestation in their own 
 spiritual life. The apostolic teaching on this subject ia 
 represented forever by the Epistles, and those documents 
 are in a remarkable degree restricted to that particular 
 office. We should naturally have expected in apostolic 
 teaching an abundant reference to the words and acts of 
 our Lord Jesus, as the prolific sources of instruction. But 
 we do not find such reference, nor anything like it, till we 
 come to the Epistles of James, Peter, and John, and catch 
 again the sound of words which we had heard from their 
 Master and ours. The great doctor of the Church had no 
 such remembrances. His relations with the Lord only 
 commenced after Jesus was glorified and the dispensation 
 of the Spirit had begun. If the others were the Apostles 
 of the manifestation of Christ, he was the Apostle of its 
 results; and, in the fact of passing under his teaching, we 
 have sufficient warning that we are advancing from the 
 lessons which the life, and the character, and the words of 
 Jesus gave, into the distinct exposition of the redemption, 
 the reconciliation, the salvation which result from his ap- 
 pearing. In this way it was provided that the two correla- 
 tive kinds of teaching, which the Church received at the 
 first, should be left to the Church forever in the distinct- 
 ness of their respective developments ; for this distinctness 
 of development in the second kind of teaching is both 
 renounced and secured by its being confided to St. Paul. 
 
 Yet a danger might arise ; a danger which did a'/tend 
 
 1 Aoyoi vepi Stv ««ttjx»j0ijs. Luke 1. 4. 
 
LECT. VI. THE EPISTLES. 165 
 
 his living ministiy, and which recent theories ha\e been 
 eager to revive. It might appear, that the Gospel which 
 he preached was not so much a stage of progress as an 
 individual variety, and that in following it out we had 
 diverged from the track of the original doctrine, and were 
 no longer sustained by the authority of the Twelve. 
 
 The Twelve, therefore, are joined with St. Paul, as 
 authors together with him of the doctrinal canon of the 
 Church, fulfilling this office through Peter and John, their 
 natural leaders and original representatives, and in a more 
 restricted measure through James and Jude, the brethren 
 of the Lord, to the former of whom, in the second stage of 
 the Church's history, so eminent and peculiar a position is 
 assigned. Had we been permitted to choose our instructors 
 from among " the glorious company," three of these names 
 at least would have been uttered by every tongue ; and 
 besides our desire to be taught by their lips, we should, as 
 disciples of St. Paul, have felt a natural anxiety to know 
 whether " James, Cephas, and John, who seemed to be 
 pillars," u added nothing to," 1 and took nothing from, thG 
 substance of the doctrine which we had received through 
 him. It was the will of God that this anxiet}- should be 
 met. We have not been left to conjectures and surmises. 
 We have words from these very Apostles, expressing the 
 mind of their later life, words in which we recognize the 
 mellow tone of age, the settled manner of an old experience, 
 and the long habit of Christian thought. We not only meet 
 the men whom we should wish to hear, but we meet them at 
 the point where we should wish to hear them, now the 
 venerated authorities in the Church which they had long 
 
 iQalatians Ii. 9. 
 
166 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT. VI 
 
 since founded, and fully cognizant of its intervening 
 history. 
 
 Thus, if the collection of Epistles be hit ended to exhibit 
 the fulness and maturity of Christian doctrine, the selection 
 of its authors corresponds to the end in view ; the man 
 who is best fitted to conduct, being associated with the 
 men who are best fitted to confirm, the exposition and 
 development of the Gospel of Christ. 
 
 IV. In the last place I must advert, though it is only 
 possible to do so very slightly, to the relative characters of 
 the several Epistles, as complementary one to another, and 
 constituent parts of one body of teaching. 
 
 1. The Pauline Epistles appear, with very small varia- 
 tion, to have been habitually ranged in that order in which 
 we read them now ; and it is one which on the whole, and 
 in a certain measure, produces the effect of a course of doc- 
 trine. They fall naturally into groups, which stand, rela- 
 tively to each other, in the places which they ought to 
 occupy for purposes of progressive instruction. The 
 Epistles to the Romans, Corinthians, and Galatians have a 
 corrective and decisive character. They are the voice of 
 the doctor of the Church, expounding with blended argu- 
 ment and authority the meaning and the bearing of the 
 principles of the Gospel which his hearers had already re- 
 ceived ; so as to decide the uncertainties, and correct the 
 divergences, which will always characterize every second 
 stage in the history of truth. When the enjo3 T ment of a 
 new discovery passes into reflection upon it, and im- 
 pressions begin to define themselves in words, and " good 
 tidings " are shaping themselves into doctrines and laws of 
 life, a time of danger and necessity has come. Then the 
 vagueness and the incorrectness of many first impressions 
 
LECT. VI. THE EPISTLES. 167 
 
 come to light ; then old habits of thought are found still to 
 survive, and old principles return to enter into damaging 
 or destructive combination with those by which they had 
 seemingly been expelled. Then, through treacherous arts, 
 tlirough perverse moral tendencies, and even through logical 
 weakness, the tender system of truth may suffer, in the 
 period of its formation, injuries which will be forever 
 fatal. The reader of the first three Epistles finds liimself 
 in the presence of such a state of things, and feels that the 
 necessities, which are there met by the word of the Lord, 
 would, if not thus provided for, have destroyed all security 
 in any further advance of thought. 
 
 Especially in this point of view does the Epistle to the 
 Romans claim the place which it has habitually held as the 
 first step in the epistolary course. The subject on which it 
 gives a full and decisive exposition is not only vital but fun- 
 damental ; nainety, the need, the nature, and the effects of the 
 justification for individual souls which the Gospel preaches 
 and which faith receives. As there can be no repose for a soul 
 while that first point of personal anxiety, " How can man 
 be just with God ? " is left unsettled ; so there can be no 
 solidity for a system of doctrine till the true answer to that 
 question has been distinctly shaped and firmly deposited. 
 Moreover, if the Gospel of St. Matthew fitly opens the 
 whole evangelical record by connecting it with the former 
 Scriptures, so also for the same reason does this great 
 Epistle fitly open the doctrinal series : for what the one 
 does in respect of fact, the other does in respect of doc- 
 trine, justifying throughout the intimation flrith which it 
 opens that the Gospel will here be treated as that " which 
 God had promised before by his prophets in the Holy 
 Scriptures." In the constant references, and in the wholo 
 
168 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT. VI. 
 
 line of argument, we see the illustrious genealogy and 
 Lineal descent of the Christian doctrine of justification by 
 faith, traced, like that of Jesus himself, from Abraham and 
 David, and vindicated by the witness of the Law and the 
 Prophets ; so that we enter on the final exposition of the 
 truth with a settled sense that in all the successive stages 
 of its revelation the truth has still been one. 
 
 In the Epistles to the Corinthians we have passed into 
 another region of thought, conversing now among the 
 Greeks who seek after wisdom. In the presence of a spirit 
 of self-confident freedom, both in thought and conduct, or, 
 in other words, in presence of the essential spirit of the 
 world, rising again like a returning tide, the Gospel de- 
 velops its divine and indefeasible authority, claims the 
 subjection of the mind, and regulates the life of the 
 Church. 
 
 In the Epistle to the Galatians it encounters, not the 
 spirit of a presumptuous freedom, but the spirit of a wilful 
 bondage, which returns after its own stubborn and insen- 
 sate fashion to the elements of the world and of the flesh. 
 In repelling this tendency, the apostolic doctrine asserts 
 more strongly than ever its character as a revelation cf 
 Jesus Christ, and shines out more clearly as a dispensation 
 of spirit and of liberty. 
 
 Thus in the first three Epistles the first questions have 
 been answered and the first dangers averted ; and the apos- 
 tolic or Pauline doctrine has established its divine charac- 
 ter 1 an( i developed its essential features. 
 
 1 In the Romans, by connecting itself with the inspiration of the 
 Old Testament ; in the Corinthians and Galatians, by asserting its 
 own (see espec.iaRy 1 Cor. ii. and Gal. i.) 
 
LECT. VI. THE EPISTLES. 169 
 
 The following Epistles differ from this first group in the 
 comparative absence of the controversial attitude and of the 
 judicial tone. As those whose minds are now cleared, set- 
 lied, and secured, we readily follow the Apostle to that more 
 calm and lofty stage of thought on which he stands in hie 
 Epistles to the Ephesians and Colossians ; when, no longer 
 in collision with human error, he expatiates in the view of 
 the eternal purposes of God, and of the ideal perfections of 
 the Church in Christ. If inspiration was asserted in the 
 other Epistles, here it is felt. We hear, not as before, the 
 doctor of the Church expounding, confuting, and deciding, 
 but rather a prophet of truth speaking as "one borne along 
 by the Holy Ghost." * Yet in both Epistles this high strain 
 passes by the most natural transition into the plainest coun- 
 sels, and in the intervening Epistle to the Philippians the 
 .voice is net that of a prophet but of a friend. 
 
 Finally, the Thessalonian Epistles complete St. Paul's 
 addresses to seven Churches, and, though first in the date 
 ci production, may fitly be read last in the permanent order, 
 as being specially distinguished by the eschatological ele- 
 ment, and sustaining the conflict of faith by the preaching 
 of " that blessed hope " and " the glorious appearing and 
 the coming of the day of God." 2 
 
 To this body of doctrine the Pastoral Epistles add their 
 suggestive words, on the principles and spirit of that office, 
 which is at once a government to order the Church and a 
 
 1 imb TTvcvfxaTos ayiov <pEp6fievo(;. Who can read Eph. i. and ii. with- 
 out being reminded of this expression of St. Peter, by the sustained 
 swell and unbroken flow of the thoughts and language? 
 
 2 A characteristic made very noticeable in the present division 
 by chapters, each chapter in the first Epistle closing with the men- 
 tion of this subject 
 
 8 
 
170 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT. VI. 
 
 ministry to serve it ; so that, in the acknowledged writings 
 of St. Paul, we advance from the first momentous question 
 of justification for individual souls, through a thousand 
 various exigencies and unfoldings of the life of faith, till 
 we reach the outer circle of ministerial provision for tho 
 ( are of the Church and the stewardship of the truth. 
 
 2. But, in passing through this course of teaching, we 
 have been in continual contact with the reminiscences, the 
 ideas, the imagery, and the language which are natural to 
 one who was by origin and training a Hebrew of the He- 
 brews. With all his evangelical expansiveness of spirit, 
 and all his antagonism to the false theory of the Jewish sys- 
 tem, he yet has taught the things of Christ, and presented 
 the universal salvation, under forms of speech and in a cast 
 of thought w T hich are derived from the school of the Law. 
 Every moment it becomes a more serious question, whethei 
 this language is to be allowed for, as inaccurate in itself 
 but under the circumstances of the case inevitable, or 
 whether it is to be insisted on, as the method prepared in 
 the purpose of God for the most adequate expression of 
 spiritual truth. The question was indeed decided by the 
 two facts, that the old covenant itself was a divine ordi- 
 nance, and that its historical relations with the new cove- 
 nant were a divine provision. Still it was of high impor- 
 tance to the clearness and fixedness of the doctrine, that this 
 connection between the two covenants should be deliber- 
 ately shown to consist, not in rhetorical illustration, but in 
 a divinely intended system of analogies. This is the per- 
 manent office of the Epistle to the Hebrews, which, if not 
 St. Paul's, is confessedly Pauline, and, apparently on ac- 
 count of its uncertified authorship, has usually taken its place 
 in succession to his acknowledged writings. In its origin 
 
LECT. VI. THE EPISTLES. 171 
 
 it evidently belongs to the last hour of transition and decis- 
 ion, when a large number of men, who were at once Jews 
 and Christians, stood perplexed, agitated, and almost dis- 
 tracted, as they seemed to feel the ground parting beneath 
 their feet, and hardly knew whether to throw themselves 
 back on that which was receding, or forward on that to 
 which they were called to cling. In an intense sympathy 
 with this perplexity, and even anguish, prevailing in the 
 Hebrew-Christian mind, and in an intense anxiety as to its 
 issue, the Epistle was written ; a living voice of power in a 
 time of change and fear, }^et a comprehensive exposition of 
 the advancing course of revelation, and of the relation be- 
 tween its two great stages. But more particularly is it to 
 be noticed here, that this Epistle throws a stronger light 
 than other writings had done upon the progress of doctrine 
 during the Christian period itself. For, first, it expressly 
 recognizes the fact that " the word of the beginning of 
 Christ" 1 had been enlarged by intervening teaching into a 
 " perfection," which many of those who are here addressed 
 had sinfully and shamefully failed to receive ; the teachers 
 sent from God having wrought out for them full expositions 
 of truth, to which their old prepossessions had closed their 
 hearts. And, secondly, it exhibits the further fact, that 
 this perfecting of the truth, by the full and definite inter- 
 pretation cf the principles of the Gospel, had been accom- 
 plished by means of the true reading of the Old Testament 
 in the light of the knowledge of Christ. (12) 
 
 3. From the Pauline writings we pass to the collection of 
 
 1 Heb. vi. 1. u<j>cvTsg rdv ttjq apxvQ tov ^Kpiarov loyov knl rrp> rekeutrriTa 
 ptpufuda : " Leaving the word of the beginning of Christ, let us go 
 on to perfection." 
 
172 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT. VL 
 
 the Catholic Epistles. For all internal reasons they are 
 better read in the place which they occupy in our Bibles 
 than that in which the older manuscripts generally assign 
 them, preceding the Epistles of St. Paul ; for they are in 
 effect the confirmation and the supplement of his doctrine. 1 
 
 This character cannot here be proved, and it scarcely 
 needs to be, for it is now in the main acknowledged. The 
 peisonal characteristics of these writers are unlike those of 
 St. Paul ; the aspects of the truth are different, but the sub- 
 stance and the features are the same. Each writer, by the 
 strongly distinguished lines of his own individuality, makes 
 still more conspicuous the unity of the common faith. 
 
 The Epistle of St. James alone makes at first sight an 
 opposite impression, and instead of harmonizing with the 
 full development of evangelical doctrine, may appear to 
 belong to an earlier, or rather a retrograde stage ; and if 
 taken as an intended exposition of the essential features of 
 Christian truth, it might be thought to imply an Ebionite 
 view of the Gospel, and even to betray an Ebionite origin. 
 But the careful and candid student sees that the language 
 employed distinctly presupposes the evangelical doctrine, 
 and by supplementing other expositions of it does in fact 
 acknowledge and confirm them. (13) 
 
 The harmony of the Epistles of St. Peter and St. John 
 with the Pauline doctrine is sufficiently obvious, and the 
 former Apostle not only practically (as is the case in an 
 eminent degree) , but pointedly and professedly sets his seal 
 to the development which the Gospel had received in the 
 teaching of the Apostle to the Gentiles, assuring those who 
 had accepted the doctrine that " this is the true grace of 
 
 1 See the latter part of Note I. la reference to this arrangement 
 
LECT. VI. THE EriSTLES. 173 
 
 God wherein ye stand;" 1 and again, instructing those to 
 whom the " beloved brother Paul" had written " according 
 to the wisdom given unto him," that they are to regard 
 those writings as on a level with " the other Scriptures." % 
 
 On the Gospel doctrine itself, which is thus confirmed, a 
 fresh light seems to be thrown by the spirit of these prccioua 
 Epistles, the faith expounded by St. Paul kindling into fer- 
 vent hope in the words of St. Peter, and expanding into 
 sublime love in those of St. John. At the same time the 
 reader cannot fail to note how these writings of the original 
 Apostles, by express references, by borrowed language, and 
 by their whole spirit, seem to bind the doctrine which the 
 Epistles have developed to the Gospels in which it first 
 began to be opened. Finally, he may observe with admira- 
 tion the singular fitness of the few words of St. Jude to close 
 the series of writings, through which the faith has been 
 wrought out and consigned to the Church forever. It only 
 remains for our last instructor to exhort us " earnestly to 
 contend for the faith once for all delivered to the saints;" to 
 warn us of the dangers of relapse ; to entreat us "to build 
 ourselves up on our holy faith, and praying in the Holy 
 Ghost to keep ourselves in the love of God, looking for the 
 mercy of our Lord Jesus Christ unto eternal life ; " and, 
 finally, to commend us "to him who is able to keep us from 
 falling, and to present us faultless before the presence of 
 his glory with exceeding joy." 
 
 With such charges, warnings, and commendatory prayers 
 is the didactic portion of the New Testament left in our 
 hands. We have now observed its function in the whole 
 scheme of instruction, as addressed to those who have bo 
 
 1 1 Peter v. 12. • 2 Peter M. 16. 
 
174 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LeCT. VI. 
 
 lieved the Gospel, for the furtherance and perfecting of 
 their education in Christ. We have seen that it is adapted 
 to this work by the epistolary form, which contemplates 
 those who are addressed as partakers in the same life with 
 those who address them, and as brethren in the family of 
 God. Secondly, by the method adopted, in which the 
 teacher, putting forth all the varieties of his own mental 
 energies, exercises and trains the spiritual faculties of those 
 who are taught, while conducting them to definite and ascer- 
 tained conclusions. Thirdly, by the appointment of the 
 chief author, whose proper work only commences at the 
 point where the testimony of the manifestation of Christ in 
 the flesh is finished, and passes into the testimoiry of his 
 present relations with men in the spirit. Lastty, by the 
 relative characters of the collected writings, whereby the 
 exigencies of the spiritual life are met at every point and 
 provided for in natural though informal succession. 
 
 In concluding this survey I would sugest two questions 
 which it. may well leave upon our minds. First, What is our 
 own experience of the exigencies thus provided for? The 
 Gospel history accepted as true, some general statements 
 concerning its consequences adopted, and a position in the 
 Christian community assumed — these things seem to sat- 
 isfy the minds of many among us. We see that the word 
 cf God does not contemplate so sudden and easy a satisfac- 
 tion. It supposes that the believer in Jesus has entered on 
 a vast world of life and thought. It supposes the exist- 
 ence of inquiries, anxieties, aspiiations. It supposes a 
 mind thoroughly aroused hy the importance, the grandeur, 
 and the glory of the truth which has come before it — a 
 mind which purposes with itself " to apprehend the things 
 for which also it is apprehended of Christ Jesus." It sup 
 
LECT. VI. THE EPISTLES. 175 
 
 poses the existence of hindrances difficulties, oppositions 
 — things to be struggled through, as well as things to be 
 striven after. What do you Know of all this ? Till you do 
 know something of it, the Epistles are not for you. They 
 are not written to suit a cool indifference, or to gratif}" a 
 taste for discussion. The real condition for their use is the 
 existence of that inward life for the necessities of which 
 they provide. A man must turn the pages of the Epistle to 
 the Romans with a sense of perplexity and distaste, if his 
 own heart own no serious inquirj 1 - after the righteousness of 
 God. The discovery in the Epistle to the Hebrews of all 
 that is transacted within the veil, by the effectual ministry 
 of the eternal Priest, can have for him but the slight inter- 
 est which may attach to ingenious t} T pology, if he feel no 
 iaily necessity to come himself to the throne of grace to 
 obtain mercy and find grace to help in time of need ; and 
 the glorious standard of Christian character which every 
 Epistle offers can but repel him, as something overstrained 
 and inapplicable to actual life, if he have not recognized 
 himself as bought with the precious blood and risen again 
 with Christ. The whole scheme and course of teaching, 
 meant for those who are " called to be saints," loses not 
 only its force but its meaning for those who have no such 
 project as those words impty. 
 
 The second question is this : If the exigencies which are 
 thus supposed are really felt by us, what use do we make 
 of the word which is given to meet them ? We have seen 
 that that word does not lead us to the entrance of the Chris- 
 tian life and then leave us at the threshold. It recognizes 
 fully, it warmly enters into, all those anxious questions 
 which arise in your hearts, as to the real nature of the work 
 of Chiist in which } r ou are taught t3 trust, of that salvation 
 
176 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRDJE LECT. VI. 
 
 which you desire to receive, of that life T\hich you are 
 called to lead, of those relations to God in which you are 
 placed, of those great prospects which lie before 3 r ou. And 
 shall negligence or distrust deprive you of the assistance 
 thus prepared, and leave you to encounter the thoughts 
 which crowd upon the awakened soul, as if you had to deal 
 with those only by means of your own resources ? You are 
 not so left. For those within the Church, those who have 
 received Christ Jesus the Lord, those who own the holy 
 calling, all this teaching is made ready. To them it is 
 expressly addressed, and for their various necessities it is 
 adapted. But it does not yield its true uses to a critical 
 reference or an occasional consultation ; only through a con- 
 stant companionship and familiar intercourse does it tell 
 effectually for its destined cuds, and accomplish the blessed 
 transformation of the poverty and vanity of this poor hu- 
 man life into the glory and reality of a life that is in Christ. 
 
LECTUKE VII. 
 
 THE EPISTLES. 
 
 OF HIM ARE YE IN CHRIST JESUS.— 1 Cor. I. 30. 
 
 I take this text, because it appears to me to contain the 
 fundamental idea which underlies the whole range of the 
 Epistles, and gives the specific character to their doctrine. 
 
 The specific character of their doctrine, as compared with 
 the preceding parts of the New Testament, is the question 
 which lies before me now. 
 
 Some kind of doctrinal progress must necessarily be at- 
 tributed to these writings, if their words are taken as words 
 of God ; for everything in them which is not simple repeti- 
 tion must be in some sense addition, either giving informa- 
 tion wholly new, or explaining, enlarging, and arranging 
 that which former teachings had imparted. 
 
 It would therefore be fit, at the point which these Lec- 
 tures have reached, to make some collection of these addi- 
 tions, or rather some selection of the chief instances of 
 them ; unless it should appear that this stage of the prog- 
 ress of doctrine is marked by such distinctive features, as 
 suffice by themselves to describe the nature of the advance 
 which has been made, and to supersede the accumulation of 
 particulars by the peculiarity of a general character. 
 
 I. In what has been already advanced the existence of 
 such a general character has been implied, and its nature 
 has been in some degree defined. 
 
 We have looked upon the doctrine of the Gospels as the 
 
 8* 177 
 
178 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRE\ T E. LECT. VII 
 
 manifestation of Christ to men, giving the conditions and 
 the materials of a spiritual life which was to follow. We 
 have looked upon the doctrine of the Acts of the Apostles, 
 as the preaching of Christ to men, summing up the results 
 of his appearing, proclaiming him with the witness of the 
 Spirit, and gathering those who receive him into the form 
 and the life of a Church. We have observed that the Epis- 
 tles take up the line of teaching at this point, being a voice 
 within that Church to those who are themselves within it ; 
 that they are appropriated by their superscriptions to those 
 who are already called, separated, and sanctified in Christ ; 
 that they are marked by their form and method as instru- 
 ments of education to the spiritual life after it has begun ; 
 and that the appointment of their chief author implies the 
 purpose of teaching things which followed the completion 
 of the work of Christ on earth, in his offices and ministra- 
 tions in heaven, and in the dispensation of the Spirit 
 amongst men. If the actual contents of the Epistles cor- 
 respond with these intimations, their doctrine must neces- 
 sarily bear a specific character as compared with that of the 
 Gospels and the Acts. As the manifestation of Christ when 
 it was finished made way for the preaching of Christ, so the 
 preaching of Christ when it has been received opens into 
 the life in Christ. The Epistles presuppose the existence 
 of this life, both in the community and in the individual, 
 and their doctrine is directed to educate and develop it. 
 The fundamental thought in every page is that expressed 
 in my text, " Of him are 3 r e in Christ Jesus." 
 
 The}' are litle words, but they make an announcement of 
 vast significance and boundless consequences. Writer 
 and readers regard themselves and each other as having 
 now entered on an existence, which for spiritual beings 
 
LECT. VII. THE EPISTLES. 179 
 
 Beeuis the only real one. "Ye are " says the Apostle. 
 After speaking of " Caings that are not," and of " things 
 that are," he turns to his fellow-believers, and says, "but 
 ye are" And whence is this existence found? From 
 him 1 from God himself, as its immediate origin and still 
 continuous author. And where is it found? " In Christ 
 Jssus." 
 
 In Christ Jesus ! As the simple voice of faith this word 
 is ever uttered with joy unspeakable and full of glory. 
 But preacher or commentator, who may attempt to sound 
 the depths or open the treasures of its meaning, must feei 
 his tongue falter under the sense of the inadequacy of 
 every explaining word. Let us, however, at least assert 
 the reality of the fact which it expresses, for it is no sym- 
 bolical form of speech, but the statement of a fact, as real 
 in regard to the spirit as the fact of our being in the world 
 is real in regard to the body. 
 
 How does the vivid consciousness of this reality glow in 
 the pages which are before us now ! Christ has been 
 manifested, preached, received ; and what is the state 
 which has ensued, as exhibited in the consciousness of 
 those who have received them ? They are not merely pro- 
 fessors of his name, learners of his doctrine, followers of 
 his example, sharers in his gifts. I may go further. They 
 are not merely men ransomed by his death, or destined 
 for his glory. These are all external kinds of connection, 
 in which our separate life is related to his life only as 
 one man's life may be related to another's by the effect 
 of what he teaches, of what he gives, and of what he 
 does. But it is assumed in the Epistles, that believers in 
 
 1 e£ avrov. 
 
180 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT. VII 
 
 Jesus are no longer living a life that is only external, 
 and, as it were, parallel to his life. They are in Christ 
 Jesus, and he also is in them. 
 
 At the close of his manifestation he foretold a state of 
 consciousness, which his disciples had not attained whilo 
 he was with them in the flesh, but which would be enjoyed 
 by them under the succeeding dispensation. "At that 
 day ye shall know that I am in my Father, and ye in me, 
 and I in you." l The language of the Epistles is the echo 
 of this promise. It is the voice of those who have entered 
 on the predicted knowledge, and who view all subjects in 
 the light of it. 
 
 They know that the Lord Jesus "is in the Father;" or, 
 as it is more fully and distinctly expressed by himself, that 
 " he is in the Father, and the Father in him;" 2 not indeed 
 with that character of knowledge which belongs to a later 
 age, when abstract dogmatic statements were fashioned 
 from their warm and living words, but rather with that 
 kind of knowledge, to secure which to the Church forever 
 those statements were needed and were framed. These 
 writers know the truth, that the Father is in the Son, as 
 constituting the power of the work of Christ on earth ; and 
 the truth that the Son is in the Father, as constituting the 
 power of his mediation in heaven. On the one side, " God 
 was in Christ, reconciling the world unto himself ; " 3 on 
 the other, it is " with Christ in God"* that the Christian's 
 present life is hid. 
 
 Furthermore, these writers know that believers are in 
 Christ and Christ in them, and show that knowledge, no! 
 
 i John xiv. 20. 2 Ibid. x. 38 ; xiv. 10; and xvii. 21. 
 
 a 2 Cor. v. 19. 4 Col. iii. 3. 
 
LECT. VII. THE EPISTLES. 181 
 
 only by frequent assertions and a universal supposition of 
 a close and vital union between the members and the head, 
 but -by a full development of both the aspects of this union, 
 which the words of the Lord present. 
 
 Believers are in Christ, so as to be partakers in all that 
 he does, and has, and is. They died with him, and rose 
 with him, and live with him, and in him are seated in 
 heavenly places. When the eye of God looks on them they 
 are found in Christ, and there is no condemnation to those 
 that are in him, and they are righteous in his righteousness, 
 and loved with the love which rests on him, and are sons 
 of God in his sonship, and heirs with him of his inheritance, 
 and are soon to be glorified with him in his glory. And 
 this standing which they have in Christ, and the present 
 and future portion which it secures, are contemplated in 
 eternal counsels, and predestined before the foundation of 
 the world. 
 
 As the sense of this fact breathes in every page, so also 
 does the sense of the correlative fact, that Christ is in those 
 who believe; associating his own presence with their whole 
 inward and outward life. They know that Jesus Christ is 
 in them, except they be reprobates 1 (rejected ones). They 
 live, yet not they, but Christ liveth in them, 2 and he 3 is their 
 strength and their song. 4 This indwelling of Christ is by 
 the Holy Ghost, so that the same passages speak inter- 
 changeably of the Spirit being in us, and of Christ being 
 in us ;* or of the Holy Ghost being in us, and our members 
 being the members of Christ: 6 and so this word, " I in 
 you" includes the whole life of the Spirit in man, with all 
 
 i 2 Cor. xiii. 5. 2 Gal. ii. 20. 8 The ivSwdnuyv Xpdmu 
 
 < Puil. iv. 13. * Rom. viii. 9. JO- 6 3 Cor. vi. 15, 1?. 
 
182 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT. VII 
 
 its discoveries, impulses, and achievements, its victory ovei 
 the world, its conversation in heaven, and earnest of the 
 final inheritance. 
 
 Thus, through the different but correlative relations rep 
 resented by the words, u Ye in me, and I in you," human 
 life is constituted a life in Christ; and, through the still 
 higher mystery of the union of the Father and the Son, is 
 thereby revealed as a life in God. " At that day ye shall 
 know that I am in my Father, and ye in me, and I in you." 
 Yes ! as we pass through the Epistles, we see that that 
 day is come, and that the consciousness thus predicted has 
 been attained. It is no flight of m} T sterious rhetoric, but 
 the brief expression of the settled, habitual, fundamental 
 view of the state of those who are here addressed, " Of him 
 are ye in Christ Jesus." 
 
 This idea underlies all that is said, gives the point of 
 view from which every subject is regarded, and supplies 
 the standard of character and the rules of conduct. We 
 move in a new world of thought, and are raised to a level 
 of doctrine which we had not reached before, though the 
 Gospels had prepared us for it, and the Acts had led us 
 towards it. In the Gospels we have stood like men who 
 watch the rising of some great edifice, and who grow 
 familiar with the outlines and the details of its exterior 
 aspect. In the preaching of the Acts we have seen the 
 doors thrown open, and joined the men who flock into it as 
 their refuge and their home. In the Epistles we are 
 actually within it, sheltered by its roof, encompassed by 
 its walls; we pass, as it were, from chamber to chamber, 
 beholding the extent of its internal arrangements and the 
 abundance of all things provided for our use. "We are here 
 " in Christ Jesus." That is the account of the difference 
 
LECT VII. TIIE EPISTLES. 183 
 
 which we feel, and which lies in the opening out of the 
 whole effect of the Gospel, rather than in additions made to 
 its particular doctrines. The presence which was lately 
 before our e3*es, and drew us towards itself, now absorbs 
 and wraps us round, and has become the ground on which 
 we stand, the air which we breathe, the element in which 
 we live and move and have our being. 
 
 The Churches are "in Christ;" the persons are "in 
 Christ." They are "found in Christ" and " preserved in 
 Christ." They are "saved" and "sanctified in Christ;" 
 are "rooted, built up," and "made perfect in Christ." 
 Their ways are " ways that be in Christ ; " their conversa- 
 tion is " a good conversation" in Christ ; their faith, hope, 
 love, jo} T , their whole life is "in Christ." They think, they 
 speak, they walk " in Christ." They labor and suffer, they 
 sorrow and rejoice, they conquer and triumph " in the 
 Lord." The}* receive each other and love each other " in 
 the Lord." The fundamental relations, the primal duties 
 of life, have been drawn within the same circle. "The 
 man is not without the woman, nor the woman without the 
 man in the Lord." - Wives submit themselves to their 
 husbands " in the Lord ; " children obey their parents " in 
 the Lord." The broadest distinctions vanish in the com- 
 mon bond of this all-embracing relation. " As many as 
 have been baptized into Christ have put on Christ ; there 
 is neither Greek nor Jew, there is neither bond nor free, 
 there is neither male nor female ; they are all one in Christ 
 Jesus." 2 The influence of it extends over the whole field 
 of action, and men " do all in the name of the Lord Jesus, 
 giving thanks to God and the Father by him." The truth 
 
 ilCor.xi. 11. *Gal. iii. 28. 
 
184 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT. VII, 
 
 which they hold is " the truth as it is in Jesus ;" the will 
 by which they guide themselves is " the will of God in 
 Christ Jesus concerning them." Finally, this character of 
 existence is not changed by that which changes all besides. 
 Those who have entered on it depart, but they " die iu .he 
 Lord," they " sleep in Jesus," they are " the dead in 
 Christ;" and " when he shall appear," they will appear; 
 and when he comes, " God shall briug them with him," 
 and they shall " reign in life by one — Jesus Christ." 
 
 Pardon, my brethren, the necessarily slight and rapid 
 manner in which you have now been reminded of this per- 
 vading characteristic of the Apostolic writings. Yet, 
 swiftly as I am compelled to proceed, I must delaj" a mo- 
 ment ; for there is a question which one who rehearses such 
 words ought not to leave unspoken. What correspondence 
 is there between our own habit of thought and the Christian 
 consciousness which speaks in these pages ? I mean, not 
 in regard to particular doctrines or precepts, but in regard 
 to that one fact which embraces them all — that which the 
 text expresses, " Of him are ye in Christ Jesus." That is 
 not the statement of a doctrine, but the summary of a life. 
 Surely I must ask — Is it a life which I am living now? I 
 glance over these pages, and see the holy and beloved name 
 shining in every part of them, and mingling its presence 
 with every thought and feeling, every purpose and hope. 
 I see an ever-present consciousness of being in Christ, and 
 » habit of viewing all things in him. Must I not look down 
 into my heart, and ask whether my own inward life bears 
 this character? Let me accept nothing in exchange for 
 this. Men bid me live in duty and truth, in purity and 
 love. They do well. But the Gospel docs better ; calling 
 me to live in Christ, and to find in him the enjoyment of 
 
LECT. VII. THE EPISTLES. 185 
 
 all that I would possess and the realization of all that I 
 would become. In suggesting these personal inquiries, I 
 have scarcely taken a step out of my way, for the very 
 point before us is this, that the progress of doctrine in the 
 Epistles is constituted, not in the first place by the ora- 
 muuication of new information, but by the recognition of a 
 spiritual state which has been attained, and by the educa« 
 lion of the spiritual life pertaining to it. 
 
 II. It now remains for me to point out that this funda- 
 mental character does £>f itself constitute a visible advance 
 in the several parts of doctrine, both changing their aspect, 
 and enlarging their bounds ; and for this purpose it is neces- 
 sary to select some particular subjects in which this change 
 may be studied. 
 
 1. We turn first to the primary doctrine of salvation by 
 Jesus Christ. In the Gospels this doctrine appears in its 
 most general form. To a great degree it is t} 7 pically repre- 
 sented, through the bodily healing or saving which points 
 to the like work in the world of spirit, On some occasions 
 that faith, by which men are "made whole" or "saved" 
 (as the word is variously rendered) in the lower sense, is 
 declared to be the means of the higher blessing, and to 
 have secured for the applicant " forgiveness of sins." To 
 these intimations, definite invitations and assertions are 
 added. He who speaks is u come to save the world ;" " to 
 seek and to save that which is lost ; " men are called to 
 "come to him that they may have life;" "he that be- 
 lieveth on him is not condemned;" "he shall never per- 
 ish, but have everlasting life:" and from time to time 
 some words are spoken which suggest the method in 
 which the salvation is wrought — words which tell of " the 
 Lamb of God who taketh away the sins of the world ; " of 
 
186 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT. VII 
 
 being " lifted up like the serpent in the wilderness," that 
 those who look may live ; of " life given as a ransom for 
 man} r ; " and of " the blood of a new covenant shed for 
 the remission of sins." But, in reaching the Epistles, who 
 is not struck with the definiteness and development which 
 the whole doctrine, especially this last part of it, has ob- 
 tained. Here men have already received the great truth 
 in its first aspect, and have believed on the Lord Jesus 
 for the remission of sins. Their minds, however, must 
 work ; and they search into the real depth and extent of 
 the general assurances in which their souls at first found 
 rest and joy. The word of God guides them through its 
 commissioned interpreters. Thus the grounds of this sal- 
 vation in the work of Christ, and the means of it in theii 
 own faith, are brought clearly and vividly into view, and 
 the attention is fixed upon the way in which men, being sin- 
 ful, are made the righteousness of God. In every variety 
 of expression the reality of the atoning work of Christ is 
 made sure ; in every connection of thought it is made pres- 
 ent. God " has set him forth to be a propitiation for sins 
 through faith in his blood ; " l " We are reconciled unto 
 God by the death of his Son ; " 2 " We are justified in his 
 blood;" 3 "We have redemption through his blood, even 
 the forgiveness of sins ; " 4 we, " who were far off, are made 
 nigh by the blood of Christ ; " 6 " He hath made him to be 
 sin for us who knew no sin, that we might be made the 
 righteousness of God in him ; " 6 " Christ hath redeemed us 
 from the curse of the law, being made a curse for us ; " 7 " By 
 
 1 Rom. iii. 25. 2 Ibid. v. 10. * Ibid. v. 9. 
 
 « Eph. i. 7. 6 Ibid. ii. 13. • 2 Cor. v. 3* 
 
 ' Gal. iii. 13. 
 
LeCI. VII. THE EPISTLES. 187 
 
 his own blood he entered in once to the holy place, having 
 obtained eternal redemption for us ; " 1 " He was once of- 
 fered to bear the sins of many ; " 2 " He put away sin by 
 the sacrifice of himself;" 3 "He bore our sins in his own 
 body on the tree;" 4 " Ye are redeemed by the precious 
 blood of Christ, as of a Lamb without blemish and without 
 spot;" 5 "The blood of Jesus Christ his Son cleanseth us 
 from all sin ;" 6 " He is the propitiation for our sins, and not 
 for ours only, but also for the sins of the whole world." 7 
 
 Such is the constant voice of the apostolic teaching, and 
 such also is the constant voice of that Christian conscious- 
 ness which the apostolic teaching forms and certifies. Those 
 who are in Christ are already inmates of that " holy tem- 
 ple " which we see reared in the Gospels aad opened in the 
 Acts ; and for them the altar of the cross is the one centra] 
 object, visible from the remotest precincts, and sanctifying 
 all around it, while the one sacrifice thereon completed is the 
 ever-present condition of all which is celebrated or enjoyed 
 within. No mist invests the object to which all eyes are 
 turned, such as may suggest or excuse the doubt whether 
 that object be truly an altar, and the act accomplished on it 
 a sacrifice indeed. Not here do we see believers " clinging 
 (as it has been expressed) to the ground of fact " under the 
 feeling that " mystery is the nearest approach that we can 
 make to the truth ; that only by indefiniteness can we avoid 
 putting words in the place of things ; that we know nothing 
 of the objective act on God's part by which he reconciled 
 the world to himself, the very description of it as an act 
 
 1 Heb. ix. 12. * Ibid. ix. 28. « Ibid. ix. 26. 
 
 * 1 Peter ii. 24 * Ibid. i. 19. ■ 1 John I. 7. 
 
 ' 1 John ii. % 
 
188 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT. VII 
 
 being only a figure of speech ; and that we seem to know 
 that we never can know anything." l Instead of this we 
 find a firm unspaiing use of various but kindred form* of 
 speech, each supplementing and confirming the other, and 
 having in the minds of those who use them a recognized 
 Rnd settled force, deiivcd from ordinances which they have 
 alwa3^s held to be divine, aud which they now understand 
 to have been pre-ordained for the very purpose of preparing 
 the ideas and the language in which they are here express- 
 ing the things of Christ. 
 
 Mysteries of course remain; and the truths delivered, 
 however distinct and clear in their central parts, have their 
 circumference in regions which the eye cannot reach. I 
 only observe that these central parts of the truth of our sal- 
 vation become more distinct and clear as we advance beyond 
 the threshold of the Gospel ; and that in the Epistles, as 
 standing amongst those who are in Christ, we receive a 
 fuller interpretation of the things which he spake withjiis 
 lips concerning the salvation which we were to find in him. 
 
 2. Proceed now to another doctrine respecting the Chris- 
 tian state — namely, that those who are saved are also sons. 
 
 One chief feature of the teaching in the Gospels is found 
 in the word " Father." Jesus appears amongst men in the 
 character of the Son. His first spoken word utters the con- 
 sciousness of that relation, " Wist ye not that I must be 
 among the things of my Father? " 2 His first introduction 
 to men ratifies it : " This is my beloved Son in whom I am 
 well pleased ; " 3 and so he goes lorth into the world as the 
 Son of the Father. In right of this relation he straightway 
 
 1 Jowett on the Epistles, vol. il. p. 482. 
 • Luke ii. 49. ' Matt. iii. 27. 
 
LECT. VII. THE EPIbTLES. 189 
 
 associates in it those who receive him: and when, in his 
 first instructions, he lifts up his eyes on his disciples to 
 teacli them the principles of the kingdom of God, he bases 
 everything upon this relation between them and their God. 
 "Pray to thy Father;" 1 "Thy Father will reward;" 3 
 "Your Father knoweth what things ye have need of;" 8 
 1 ■ That ye may glorify your Father ; " 4 " That ye may be 
 the children of your Father which is in heaven ; " 5 " Be yo 
 perfect, as your Father which is in heaven is perfect." 6 So 
 the whole course of his teaching tends to that intertwining 
 of his own relation to God with theirs, which is finalty ex- 
 pressed on the eve of his departure : " My Father and your 
 Father, my God and your God." 7 And this language is 
 not a mere general declaration of the universal fatherhood 
 of God ; for it is alwa} T s addressed to his disciples as sack, 
 to the little flock whom the world will persecute, and to 
 whom " it is their Father's good pleasure to give the king- 
 dom : " 8 and it is further declared that the consciousness 
 of it is only awakened in those who hear his word, for "no 
 man knoweth the Father save the Son. and he to whomso- 
 ever the Son will reveal him ; " 9 and the right to enjoy and 
 feel this relation is represented by St. John as a gift to 
 those who receive him, and believe in him: " To as many 
 as received him, to them gave he power to become the sons 
 of God, even to them that believe on his name : which were 
 born, not of blood, nor of the will of the flesh, nor of the 
 will of man, but of God." 10 
 
 1 Matt. vi. 6. » Ibid. 4. * Ibid. 8. 
 
 < Matt. v. 16. • Ibid. 45. • Ibid. 48. 
 
 1 John xx. 17. 8 Luke xii. 32. • Matt. xi. 27. 
 >° John i. 12. 
 
190 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT. VII 
 
 What advance is made in the Epistles upon the doctrine 
 thus announced? It appears there in a fuller form, and 
 with plainer statements of its ground in the work of 
 Christ, who is the Son sent forth, " made under the law to 
 redeem 1 those who were under the law, in order that 2 w« 
 might receive the adoption of sons ; " 3 and with stronger 
 assertions of the means, on our part, through which the 
 sonship is enjoyed. " Whosoever believeth that Jesus is 
 the Christ is born of God ; " 4 "Ye are all the children of 
 God by faith in Christ Jesus." 5 Bat the substantive addi- 
 tion made to the doctrine lies in the region of consciousness, 
 and in the experience of the inward life. Believers are in 
 Christ, and so are sons of God, but, having become so, they 
 find that Christ also is in them, giving them the mind 
 of sons and the sense of their sonship. u Because ye are 
 sons, God hath sent forth the Spirit of his Son into j^our 
 hearts, crying, Abba, Father." 6 " The Spirit itself wit- 
 nesseth with our spirit, that we are the children of God : 
 and if children, then heirs ; heirs of God, and joint-heirs 
 with Christ." 7 This revelation is not. only seen in the par- 
 ticular passages which assert it, but its presence is felt in 
 all parts of the Apostolic writings, and as we reau we be- 
 come more and more sensible that Christ in the Spirit has 
 perfected his teaching in the flesh, and that those who are 
 in him have now learned all that was meant by his word 
 " Your Father." 
 
 3. Turning now to the department of duties, let us take 
 the first of them — the personal approach to God in worship, 
 prayer, and praise. 
 
 1 Buy OUt, e'£ ayopaoTJ. 
 
 * 1 John v. 1. 
 
 iv a. 
 
 » Gal. 
 
 ill. 26. 
 
 « Gal. iv. 4. 
 6 Ibid. iv. 5, 
 
 1 Rom. viii. 16, VI. 
 
 
 
 
LECT. VII. THE EPISTLES. 1P1 
 
 Speaking often on this subject, our Lord instructs us tc 
 come to God as a Father, and as one who seeth in secret ; l 
 to worship in spirit and in truth ; 2 to pray al^ ays, and not 
 to faint ; 3 to pray as sinners who need ruercy ; * as children 
 who are sure to be heard ; 5 and whatsoever things we ask tc 
 believe that we receive them. 6 In his last discourse wordc- 
 are dropped, which seem to plac^> the whole subject on a 
 fresh basis : " No man cometh unto the Father but by me;" 
 " If ye shall ask anything in my name, I will do it. Hith- 
 erto ye have asked nothing in my name : ask, and ye shall 
 receive, that your joy may be full." 7 
 
 In the Epistles these (at the time) anticipatory words 
 have found their explanation ; and thereby all the previous 
 instruction is fully realized. Men are in Christ Jesus, and 
 therefore they come to God by him. The whole character 
 of worship and prayer is now derived from the conscious^ 
 ness that " through him we have access by one Spirit unto 
 the Father." 8 God is approached as a Father indeed, be- 
 cause he is the Father of the Lord Jesus Christ in whom 
 the worshipper is found : and therefore the two names are 
 united in every voice and almost every mention of prayer. 
 Through him also we have the access, 9 or, as it is soon af- 
 ter wards expressed, " access with confidence by the faith 
 of him." 10 The right of entrance is secured, and the means 
 by which it was secured are present to the mind. We have 
 v boldness to enter into the holiest by che blood of Jesus." u 
 Sacrifice has been offered, the barriers are gone, a new end 
 living way is opened. And }'et, further, there is (as the 
 
 1 Matt. vi. 8. 9 John iv. 24. 3 Luke xviii. 1. 
 
 4 Luke xviii. 13. 5 Ibid. xi. 11-13. 6 Mark xi. 24. 
 
 • John xiv. 6, 14, and xvi. 23, 24. 8 Ep 1 !. ii. 18. 
 
 " ,;**po<raywrir. 10 Epk. iii. 13. » Heb. x. 13. 
 
192 the progress of doctrine. Lect. VU 
 
 word implies) a present introduction by the living interven- 
 tion of an eternal Priest, ministering in the true sanctuary, 
 with active mediation and perpetual intercessions for all 
 who come to God by him. Furthermore, this access, which 
 is Ihrough the Son, is also " by one Spirit." To those who 
 are in Christ the Holy Ghost is given, as the consequence 
 of their union with him, and thus there is the Divine pres- 
 ence in the soul of the worshipper ; and so, in the highest 
 and most perfect sense, he worships the Father in spirit and 
 in truth, and pra}'s in the Holy Ghost, " the Spirit itself 
 helping his infirmities, when he knows not what he should 
 pray for as he ought, and making intercession for him with 
 groanings that cannot be uttered." * Passing into the midst 
 of such discoveries as these, we feel that the doctrine of 
 prayer has attained its perfect form, by combination with 
 the doctrine of the Trinity, and that the highest fulfilment 
 of all which had been enjoined upon those who were with 
 Jesus has become possible for those who now are in him. 
 
 4. The ethical teaching of the New Testament shall be 
 my last example. There also the like kind of advance 
 appears. I need not recall by any special references the 
 characteristic features of our Lord's moral teaching in the 
 Gospels. They are present to all our minds. That stand- 
 aid of character and rule of conduct have secured therever- 
 entail recognition of the common conscience of mankin/ 
 and the* genuine admiration of unbelief itself. It has been 
 felt, even in unlike^ quarters, that in those holy discc arses 
 and that perfect example, human character appears in a 
 state of purity and elevation which is nowhere else to be 
 *«en: and especially that this moral system shines most 
 
 1 Bom. viii. 26. 
 
LECT. VII. THE EPISTLES. 193 
 
 brightly in those points where other S3 T stems fail, namely, 
 the truthfulness of inward cleansing, the majesty of lowli- 
 ness, and the glory of love. Can there be advance on 
 such a code as this, given by the Lord himself, when, as a 
 man among men, he showed and taught what human per- 
 fection is? 
 
 Yet when we pass to the Epistles we are sensible of a 
 momentous change. The standard is the same in its gen- 
 eral elevation and in the proportions of its several parts. 
 "Where then is the change ? I answer, in the position of those 
 tvho are to use it, in the relations of which they are now con- 
 scious, and therefore in the motives by which they are to be 
 influenced, and in the powers which they are supposed to 
 possess. " Our duties," as Bishop Butler observes, "arise 
 out of our relations." 1 Therefore every revelation of un- 
 known relations must affect in some way the character of 
 our duties. This truth comes strikingly into view as we 
 follow the unfolding of the spiritual relations of believers 
 to their Lord. 
 
 Observe first the position which the Lord Jesus attributes 
 to those whom he teaches, and the consequent motives to 
 which he appeals, in those instructions in righteousness 
 which he gave in the days of his flesh. He urges the special 
 relations in which those who have joined him stand. They 
 are under peculiar obligations, and a peculiar government. 
 They are Ids disciples, 2 and the children of their Father; 3 
 the)' must " do more than others." 4 lie charges them as 
 being their master, and counsels them as being their friend ; 
 and, as time goes on, uses the power of his example, and 
 
 1 Analogy, Part II. chap. i. sect. 2. 
 
 ■ Luke xiv. 2G, 27, 43. 8 Matt. v. 45. « Ibid. 47. 
 
 9 
 
194 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LKCT. VII. 
 
 at last appeals to the claims of his love : " I have given 
 you an example, that ye should do as I have done to 
 you ; " 1 "As I have loved 3-011, that ye love one another ;" a 
 then finally opens that deeper relation, from which their 
 future fruitfulness must be derived: "Abide in me, and I 
 in you. As the branch cannot bear fruit of itself except it 
 abide in the vine, no more can ye except 3' e abide in me." ' 
 
 That last saying, which was at the time a parable, they 
 soon knew as a fact. When the redemption was completed, 
 and he was gone from their side, they found themselves in 
 a closer and deeper union with him than they had under- 
 stood before. Henceforth it was in the relations with him, 
 on which they had entered in the Spirit, that they found 
 both the motives of duty and the power for its fulfilment. 
 
 The Epistles first unfold the fulness of the grace in Christ, 
 and then beseech us "by the mercies of God" that we " pre- 
 sent our bodies a living sacrifice, hoty, acceptable unto God, 
 which is our reasonable service." 4 They base their practi- 
 cal instructions on the consciousness of being redeemed 
 with the precious blood of Christ, 5 of being risen with 
 Christ, 6 of having the Spirit of Christ dwelling in us. 7 All 
 goodness, righteousness, and truth are the fruit of the Spirit 
 dwelling in us. We live in the Spirit, therefore we are to 
 walk in the Spirit ; " 8 we have received Christ Jesus the 
 Lord, therefore we are to walk in him ; 9 we are to flee for- 
 nication, because it would defile the members of Christ ; u 
 we are to put away corrupt communications because they 
 will grieve the Holy Spirit of God, whereby we are sealed 
 
 1 John xiii. 15. « Ibid. xv. 12. 8 Ibid. 4. 
 
 * Rom. xii. 1. * 1 Pet. i. 18. • Col. iii. 1. 
 
 ■ Rom. viii. 9, 13. 8 Gal. v. 22-25. » Col ii. 6. 
 » 1 Cor. vi. 19. 
 
LECT. VII. THE EPISTLES. 195 
 
 to the da}' of redemption ; 1 we are to forgive one another, 
 because God for Christ's sake has forgiven us ; 2 to receive 
 one another, because Christ received us to the glory of 
 God ; 3 and to give to others, because we know the grace of 
 our Lord Jesus Christ, who, when he was rich, for our sakes 
 became poor, that we through his poverty m:'ght be made 
 rich ; 4 our conversation is to be worthy of God, who has 
 called us to his kingdom and glory ; 5 we are to mortify ouj 
 members upon the earth, because, when Christ, who is our 
 life, shall appear, we also shall appear with him in glory. 6 
 
 This character of ethical teaching is nowhere more con- 
 spicuous than in the calm depths of the Epistle of St. John, 
 where the sense of fellowship with God is the ground of 
 walking in the light ; 7 and " he that saith he abicleth in 
 Christ ought himself also so to walk, even as he walked ; " 8 
 and every man that hath the hope in Christ purifieth him- 
 self, even as he is pure ; 9 and the love which laid down his 
 life for us is the reason for a willingness to lay down our 
 lives for the brethren ; 10 and the whole spirit of love one to 
 another is the reflection of that love of God, wherewith he 
 first loved us, and sent his Son to be the propitiation for 
 our sins." u 
 
 We recognize then the advance of ethical doctrine, not 
 only or chiefly in its more various and detailed practical 
 development, but in the fact that the principles, motives, 
 and conduct of life are habitually drawn from the ever- 
 present cousciousness of the great salvation. It is a habit 
 of thought, up to which, but not into which^ the moral 
 
 1 Eph. iv. 29, 30. 2 Ibid. 32. « Rom. xv. 7. 
 
 4 2 Cor. viu. 9. 6 1 Tbess. ii. 11. « Col. iii. 4, 5. 
 
 ' 1 John i. 6. 8 Ibid. ii. 6. • Ibid. iii. 2, 3. 
 
 10 1 John iii. 16. " Ibid. iv. 7-10. 
 
196 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT. VII 
 
 teaching of Jesus had led us ; a habit of thought, which 
 corresponds with those relations towards himself, into which 
 men fully entered only when his voice on earth had ceased. 
 If there is this visible progress of doctrine in the depart- 
 ment of Christian ethics ; if, in respect of distinct exhibi- 
 tion of principles and motives, the teaching of the Aposiloa 
 surpasses that of their Lord ; it is plain that this fact is a 
 necessity from the nature of the case. Till Jesus was 
 glorified, his spiritual relations with believers could not be 
 fully unfolded ; and till those relations were apprehended, 
 the motives arising out of them could not be called into 
 action, nor the life resulting from them be clearly brought 
 to light. 
 
 I have now adverted to some principal subjects on which 
 we have received the teaching of God in the New Testa- 
 ment, as illustrations of the change which that teaching 
 exhibits in the latter part of the volume. If we multiplied 
 these examples to the utmost, our comparison of the aspect 
 which every separate doctrine bears in the Gospels with 
 that which it presents in the Epistles would still have the 
 same result. We should still see that the later doctrine 
 differs from the earlier, only as being its completion and 
 fulfilment. 1 The Lord himself was perfected and glorified, 
 uot in the days of his flesh, but after they were ended. So 
 also was his doctrine ; but as in the later stage he is still 
 the same Lord, so it is still the same doctrine. Its mean- 
 ing is defined, its extent is disclosed, its consequences are 
 deduced. Parable and provcib are changed into great 
 plainness of speech. What seemed a figure is shown as a 
 fact. What was intimation of something future is become 
 
 1 trXj}p*KT4f. 
 
LECT. VII. THE EPISTLES. 197 
 
 assertion of something present. Motives are supplied, 
 powers are assured, by ^vhicli that which was enjoined i* 
 realized, and a life which had seemed impossible is now 
 become simply natural. Revelation has only enlarged 
 itself to meet necessities and (ill capacities which its former 
 words had purposely created. The earlier teaching con- 
 templated the coming of a day for its disciples, in which 
 man y things should be said to them which they could not 
 beai then. In the later teaching that da} T is come. At 
 first they are taught as those who are with Jesus, after- 
 wards as those who are in Christ. They know now that 
 he is in the Father, and they in him, and he in them. 
 When that consciousness is given, a standing-point is 
 reached from which new worlds of thought may be sur- 
 veyed. The}' are surveyed in the Epistles, and there the 
 chosen teachers spread before us the unsearchable riches of 
 Christ. They sa^y to us, u Of him are ye in Christ Jesus ; " 
 and they show us what that state implies, of capacities, 
 possessions, responsibilities, duties, and destinies; of rela- 
 tions to God and man, of connection with things in earth 
 and things in heaven. They show that to produce and 
 to perfect this state are the ends of the preaching of the 
 word, of the institution of the sacraments, of the ordinance 
 of the ministry, of the life and order of the Church ; }-ea, 
 of the divine government of the world, and of all that bears 
 on human histoiy. "All things are for your sakes ; " l 
 *' All are yours, whether Paul, or Apollos, or Cephas, or 
 the world, or life, or death, or things present, or things to 
 come ; all arc yours ; and ye are Christ's ; and Christ is 
 God's." 2 
 
 1 2 C Dr. iv. 15. * 1 Cor. iii. 21-23. 
 
 17* 
 
198 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LfiCT. VIL 
 
 And so £he great course of divine teaching has reached 
 its highest stage. After slowly moving on, through the 
 simple thoughts of patriarchal piety, through the system 
 and covenant of the Law, and through the higher spirituality 
 of the Prophets, it rose suddenly to a lofty elevation when 
 God spake to us in his Son ; and even higher 3-et when 
 the Son ascended back into glory, and sent clown the Holy 
 Ghost to take up his unfinished word, and open the mys- 
 teries which had been hid from ages and generations. 
 Each stage of progress based itself on the facts and in- 
 structions of that which went before. The Law was given 
 to the children of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob ; the Prophets 
 spake to those who were under the Law ; Jesus Christ 
 came to those who had been taught by the Prophets ; the 
 Holy Ghost instructed those who had received Christ. 
 
 Beyond, and outside this course of teaching, lay, and 
 still lies, the great world of human beings. Lord, and 
 what shall these men do ? What is that to thee ? Follow 
 thou me. 
 
 Oh ! let us follow. It is not the object of revelation to 
 answer those inquiries, natural as they are. It is its object 
 to lead those to whom it comes into that fulness of knowl- 
 edge, and up to those heights of blessing, towards which, 
 in its own historical progress, it so steadily advanced, and 
 which its final stage attained. 
 
 Let not searchings of heart as to what others shall do, 
 or the sense of the thousand questions which must wait for 
 their solution a few years longer, divert us from now press- 
 ing into that inner circle of experience to which the Word 
 of God conducts us. 
 
 There we shall find it true that " he that belie veth on 
 
LECT. VII. THE EPISTLES. 199 
 
 the Son of God hath the witness in himself." 1 There we 
 shall repeat within ourselves the words with which the last 
 Apostle closes his Epistle : " We knoiv that the Son of God 
 is come, and hath given us an understanding, that we may 
 know him that is true, and we are in him that is true, even 
 in his Son, Jesus Christ. This is the true God, and eternal 
 life." 2 There we shall feel that we have reached results 
 for our own inward life answerable to all the preparations 
 which went before — answerable even to the great facts iu 
 which those preparations culminated, when the Only- 
 begotten of the Father came down to earth to take us inU 
 himself, and returned into glory to unite us to God. 
 
LECTUKE VIII. 
 
 THE APOCALYPSE. 
 
 eCHN SAW THE IIOLT CITY, NEW JERUSALEM, COMING DOWN I ROM GOB 
 OUT OF HEAVEN, PREPARED AS A BRIDE ADORNED FOR HER HUSBAND.— 
 
 Rev. xxi. 2. 
 
 TnESE words open the last vision of prophecy and the 
 /ast teaching of Scripture. 
 
 It had been the promise of the Lord to his disciples that 
 the Holy Ghost, whom he would send to them from the 
 Father, should not only lead them into all the truth, but 
 should also show them things to come : and we find the 
 promise fulfilled in both its parts. The predictions of the 
 great transitional discourse, concerning the coming dis- 
 pensation of the Spirit, have their permanent justification 
 in the canonical books which follow ; and as the Epistles 
 respond to the assurance, " He shall lead you into all the 
 truth," so does the word, "lie shall show you things to 
 come," find its distinct fulfilment in the Apocalypse. 
 That book continues the line of predictive history running 
 through the New Testament, and is the consummation of 
 the sure word of prophecy which pervades the Bible as a 
 whole. 
 
 I have already had occasion to observe that Ihe words 
 spoken by our Lord in the flesh give the substance of all 
 the later doctrine, and prove to be, as it were, the heads 
 and summaries of chapters which were to be written after- 
 wards. As all the great doctrinal features of the Epistles 
 
 200 
 
LECT. VIII. THE ATOCALYTSE. 201 
 
 are found in germ in separate sayings of the Lord, so also 
 the main outlines of the Apocalypse are given us in par- 
 ables and sayings, which trace the future history of his 
 kingdom. And more particularly it is to be noticed, that 
 this book bears the same relation to the last discourse in 
 St. Matthew, which the Epistles bear to the last discourse 
 in St. John. In the upper room where the last Passover 
 and the first Eucharist had been celebrated, and in the 
 midst of the little company which then represented the 
 Christian Church, the Lord spoke the words which opened 
 the nrystery of the spiritual life, a mystery afterwards to 
 be fully unfolded by the Holy Ghost, in the day when they 
 would know that he was in the Father, and they in him and 
 he in them. Sitting on the Mount of Olives with Jerusalem 
 spread before him, and questioned as to the sign of his 
 coming and of the winding up of the age, he gave the out- 
 lines of a prophetic history, which contained the substance, 
 bore the character, and must rule the interpretation, of the 
 later and larger revelation. 
 
 Again, as in the case of the doctrinal teaching, so in the 
 case of the prophetical, its unity is assured to us by the 
 testimonies that the teacher is the same in the later as in 
 the earlier stage. Not only do we find in the spoken words 
 of the Lord the condensed substance of that which follows ; 
 not only do we hear from him, that this part of his teach- 
 ing is to be continued by the Holy Ghost, whom he will 
 send to show us things to come ; but a peculiar care ia 
 taken in this last communication from heaven, to bring 
 fully before the mind of the Church the reality of the 
 presence of the Lord himself in his revealing word. " The 
 revelation of Jesus Christ which God gave unto him, to show 
 unto his servants the things which must come to pass," is a 
 9* 
 
202 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT. V1IL 
 
 repetition, and a particular application, of that assurance 
 on which all the Gospel rests, " I have given unto them the 
 words which thou gavest me" Even the visible discovery 
 of this fact is not withheld. If Paul, as the great expositor 
 of the present spiritual life, had seen Jesus Christ himself, 
 and received immediately from the Lord that which he had 
 delivered unto men ; so John, as the prophet of the things 
 to come, saw the well-remembered form again, surrounded 
 with the symbols of majesty and judgment, and looked 
 upon his countenance, now like the sun shining in his 
 strength, and heard his voice as the sound of many 
 waters. 
 
 Thus the continuity of the line of prophecy within the 
 canonical books is made as clear as that of the line of doc- 
 trine ; both commencing in the words of Jesus in the flesh, 
 both perfected by the words of Jesus in the Spirit. 
 
 But it may be asked, If the line of prophecy is to be 
 distinguished from the line of doctrine, what place can the 
 former subject claim in Lectures which are appropriated to 
 the latter? 
 
 Taking prophecy as predicted fact (however partially 
 discovered or symbolically disguised), it will stand in the 
 same relation to doctrine as is held by history or recorded 
 fact. In the doctrine of the Gospel that relation is the 
 very closest ; for it is a doctrine which rests upon events. 
 Its foundation is in facts which have come to pass, and 
 will yet come to pass. Jesus died — he ascended — he 
 will come again — he will reign in glory. These are ex- 
 ternal facts. They enter the region of doctrine (as we 
 commonly use the term) through their consequences to our- 
 selves, through their effect on our own inward conscious' 
 ness, through the uses and applications which may be made 
 
LECT. VIII. THE APOCALYPSE. 203 
 
 of them. If Jesus died — to bear our sins ; if he ascended 
 — to be manifested in the presence of God for us ; if he 
 will come again — to judge our state; if he will reign in 
 glory — to perfect our salvation ; then these facts, in them* 
 selves external to us, are external no longer. They are 
 among the grounds of a whole system of thought and habit 
 of feeling, and, when taught as such, they grow into a 
 scheme of doctrine. But as in history (I mean that which 
 is commonly described as inspired history) all the events 
 have not the same connection with doctrine, but some only 
 an indirect and remote one, so also is it in prophecy ; and 
 particular facts, or a whole series of events, may be inti- 
 mated in the way of prediction for other reasons, but not 
 for any immediate bearing which they have upon doctrine. 
 
 It results from these observations that the progress of 
 prophecy, taken as a whole, is so bound up with the prog- 
 ress of doctrine, that the enlargement of the one must in 
 some degree involve the enlargement of the other. It also 
 results that the one is still to be distinguished from the 
 other, and therefore that it does not belong to such an in- 
 quiry as I now pursue to trace the details of a predicted 
 course of events. 
 
 I am free then from all necessities of detailed apocalyptio 
 interpretation ; having only to render some account of the 
 general doctrinal bearing of this revelation of things to 
 come, and to point out what additions of that kind aro 
 made in the last book, to the treasures which the preceding 
 documents have accumulated for our use. The separate 
 accessions of information it would take long to gather, but 
 their general character is visible at once. 
 
 I. The former Scriptures have revealed the Lord Jesus 
 Christ as the Saviour, not only of individual souls, but also 
 
204 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT. VIII 
 
 of " the body, the Church." The final result of his appear- 
 ing is shown not only in the peace, the holiness, the partici- 
 pation and inherence in him of each separate person, but 
 in the formation of a corporate existence, a society in 
 which man is perfected, a kingdom in which God is glori- 
 fied. The parables and sayings of the Gospels present this 
 kingdom of God as having its own life and end, its own 
 historj 7 - and destiny, in which those of its individual mem- 
 bers are involved. Soon its visible shape appears. A 
 society is formed, and, if glorious things were spoken of 
 the city of God under the old covenant, still more glorious 
 things are spoken of this, which is " the house of God," 
 "the Church of the living God," 1 " the habitation of God 
 through the Spirit." 2 It is not a mere aggregate of 
 separate parts, but possesses an organic life, as " the body 
 of Christ" "fitly joined together and compacted by that 
 which every joint supplieth, according to the effectual 
 working in the measure of every part, making increase of 
 the body unto the edifying oi itself in love." 3 It is endued 
 with a corporate personality, in which the full results of 
 redemption will appear : for it is the spouse of Christ, 
 which he loved, and for which he gave himself, and which 
 he will present unto himself a glorious Church, " not hav- 
 ing spot or wrinkle, or any such thing." 4 In this view, 
 the Church is not so much for the sake of the individual,. 
 as the individual for the sake of the Church. lis perfection 
 and glory, its full response to the work of Christ, its reali- 
 zation of the purposes of God, constitute the end to which 
 the existence of each member ministers. This line of 
 
 1 1 Tim. iii. 15. 2 Eph. ii. 22. 
 
 «Ibid. iv. 16. 4 Ibld. v. 27- 
 
LECT. Vm. THE APOCALYPSE. 205 
 
 thought runs through the Epistles, and forms a distinct 
 advance upon that which works out the development of 
 personal salvation. I have now to point out that it is not 
 perfected in the Epistles, but demands such a continuance 
 and such a close as it receives in the Apocalypse. 
 
 The sense of sharing in a corporate existence, and in a 
 fciacory and destinies larger than those which belong to us 
 as individuals, tends to throw the mind forward upon a 
 course of things to come, through which this various 
 history is to run, and these glorious destinies are to be 
 reached. More especially is this the case, where there is a 
 strong contrast between the ideal expectations which we 
 have formed and the actual realization which at any par- 
 ticular time we behold. When present things in a measure 
 disappoint us, we turn more eagerly to the brighter future, 
 and look be}*ond the darkened foreground to the light which 
 glows on the horizon. Who does not feel, in reading the 
 Epistles, that some such sense of present disappointment 
 grows upon him, and that such dark shadows are gathering 
 on the scene? 
 
 How fair was the morning of the Church ! how swift its 
 progress ! what expectations it would have been natural to 
 form of the future history which had begun so well ! Doubt- 
 less they were formed in many a sanguine heart : but they 
 were clouded soon. It became evident that, when the first 
 conflicts were passed, others would succeed ; and that the 
 long and we-ary war with the powers of darkness had only 
 just begun. The wrestlings " against principalities and 
 powers and the spiritual forces of wickedness in heavenly 
 places" * were yet to be more painfully felt, and believers 
 
 ' Epa. vl. 12. 
 
206 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT. VLI1 
 
 were prepared to be " partakers of Christ's sufferings," and 
 not to " think it strange concerning the fiery trial which 
 was to try them, as though some strange thing happened 
 tc them." 1 
 
 But worse for the Church than the fightings without weu 
 the fears within. Men who had long professed the Gospel 
 " had need to be taught again what were the first principles 
 of the oracles of God." 2 They were "falling from grace," 
 and "turning back to weak and beggarly elements, whereto 
 they desired again to be in bondage." 3 " Some had already 
 turned aside after Satan," 4 and, where there was no special 
 prevalence of error, a coldness and worldliness of spirit 
 drew forth the sad reflection, "All seek their own, not the 
 things which are Jesus Christ's." 5 Contentions were rife, 
 and schisms were spreading ; and men, in the name of Christ 
 and of truth, were " provoking one another, envying one 
 another." New forms of error began to arise, from the com- 
 bination of Christian ideas with the rudiments of the world 
 and the vagaries of oriental philosophy. Here were men, 
 like Jannes and Jambres who withstood Moses, "resisting 
 the truth, reprobate concerning the faith." 8 Here were 
 " Ilymenseus and Philetus, who concerning the truth had 
 erred, saying that the resurrection was past already." 7 
 Here was the "knowledge falsely so called," 8 teeming with 
 a thousand protean forms of falsehood. While the Apostles 
 wrote, the actual state and the visible tendencies of things 
 showed too plainly what Church history would be ; and, at 
 the same time, prophetic intimations made the prospect 
 
 ' 1 Pet. iv. 12, 13. • Heb. v. 12. « Gal. iv. 9 ; v. 4. 
 * 1 Tim. v. 15. 6 Phil. ii. 21. • 2 Tim. iii. 8. 
 
 1 3 Tim. ii. 17. 8 1 Tim. vi. 20. ^evtowpoc yvwm. 
 
LECT. VIII. THE APOCALYPSE. 207 
 
 still more dark : for " the Spirit spake expressly, that in 
 the latter times men would depart from the faith, giving 
 heed to seducing spirits and doctrines of devils," 1 — that 
 " in the last days grievous times should come," marked by 
 a darkness of moral condition which it might have been ex- 
 pected that Gospel influences would have dispelled, 2 — that 
 " there would be scoffers in the last days, walking after 
 Iheir own lusts, and saying, where is the promise of his 
 coming? " 3 — that the day of the Lord would not be " till 
 the apostacy had come first, and the man of sin had been 
 revealed, the son of perdition, the adversary who exalts 
 himself above all that is called God or an object of wor- 
 ship, so that he sits in the Temple of God, showing himself 
 that he is God." 4 " The mystery of lawlessness was already 
 working, and as antichrist should come, even then were 
 there many antichrists," * men " denying the Father and 
 the Son," " denying the Lord that bought them," 6 "turn- 
 ing the grace of God into lasciviousness," 7 and " bringing 
 on themselves swift destruction." 
 
 I know not how any man, in closing the Epistles, could 
 expect to find the subsequent history of the Church essen- 
 tially different from what it is. In those writings we seem, 
 as it were, not to witness some passing storms which clear 
 the air, but to feel the whole atmosphere charged with the 
 elements of future tempest and death. Every moment the 
 forces of evil show themselves more plainly. They are en- 
 countered, but not dissipated. Or, to change the figure, we 
 oee battles fought by the leaders of our band, but no seen- 
 
 i 1 Tim. iv. 1. • 2 Tim. m. 1-5. 8 2 Pet. iii. ?. 
 
 « 2 Thess. ii. 4-7. • 1 John ii. 18 ; 22. • 2 Pet. ii. 1. 
 ■ Jude 4. 
 
208 TIIE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT. VJIL 
 
 rity is promised by their victories. New assaults are being 
 prepared ; new tactics will be tried ; new enemies pour on ; 
 the distant hills are black with gathering multitudes, and 
 the last exhortations of those who fall at their posts call or, 
 their successors to " endure hardness as good soldiers of 
 Jesus Christ," 1 and "earnestly to contend for the faith 
 which was once delivered to the saints." 2 
 
 The fact which I observe is not merely that these indica- 
 tions of the future are in the Epistles, but that they increase 
 as we approach the close, and after the doctrines of the 
 Gospel have been fully wrought out, and the fulness of per- 
 sonal salvation and the ideal character of the Church havfc 
 been placed in the clearest light, the shadows gather and 
 deepen on the external history. The last words of St. Paul 
 in the second Epistle to Timothy, and those of St. Peter in 
 his second Epistle, with the Epistles of St. John and St. 
 Jude, breathe the language of a time in which the tenden- 
 cies of that history had distinctly shown themselves ; and 
 in this respect these writings form a prelude and a passage 
 to the Apocalypse. 
 
 Thus we arrive at this book with wants which it is meant 
 to supply ; we come to it as men who not only personally 
 are in Christ, and who know what as individuals they have 
 in him ; but who also, as members of his body, share in a 
 corporate life, in the perfection of which they are to be 
 made perfect, and in the glory of which their Lord is to be 
 glorified. For this perfection and glory we wait in vain, 
 among the confusions of the world and the ever-active, ever- 
 changing forms of evil. What is the meaning of this wild 
 scene ? what is to be its issue ? and what prospect is there 
 
 1 2 Tim. ii. a. * Jude 8. 
 
LECT. VIII. THE APOCALYPSE. 20? 
 
 of the realization of that which we desire? To such a state 
 of mind as this, and to the wants which it involves, this last 
 part of the teaching of God is addressed, in accordance with 
 that system of progressive doctrine which I have endeav- 
 or3d to illustrate, wherein each stage of advance ensues in 
 the way of natural sequence from the effect of that which 
 preceded it. 
 
 Brethren, I would that this state of mind, these desires 
 and wants, which the last revealing word supposes in those 
 to whom it comes, did exist more extensively and distinctly 
 among us. I think we must all feel that the piety of our 
 day encloses itself too much within the limits of indi- 
 vidual life. 
 
 That / should be pardoned, saved, and sanctified — that 
 I should serve before God, and be accepted in my servioe 
 — that / should die in peace and rest in Christ — that I 
 should have confidence and not be ashamed before him at 
 his coming — these are worthy desires for an immortal be- 
 ing, and for these the Gospel provides. But it provides for 
 more than these ; making me the member of a kingdom of 
 Christ, and the citizen of a cit}' of God. There ought suroly 
 to be a consciousness within me corresponding to that posi* 
 tion ; there ought to be affections which will associate ma 
 in spirit with that larger history, in which my own is in- 
 cluded ; and which will make me long that the kingdom of 
 Christ should come, and the city of God be manifested. 
 Tne blessedness ascribed to him that reads, and those who 
 hear, the words of this prophecy, can belong only to those 
 who read it and hear it thus. 
 
 II. Such being the state of mind which the book presup- 
 poses, and such the wants to which it is addressed, I have 
 now to point out some leading characteristics of its doctrine, 
 is* 
 
210 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT. VIII 
 
 In order to show what are the satisfactions which it pro- 
 vides. These characteristics, though distinguished from 
 each other, will yet all be found to combine in one. The 
 doctrine of the book is a doctrine of consummation. 
 
 1. It is a doctrine of the cause of the consummation. It 
 educes the result from one source — the atoning death of 
 Jesus. Is this an advance in doctrine? Has not the na- 
 ture and efficacy of the great sacrifice been already suffi- 
 ciently disclosed? Yes, certainly, in its bearing on personal 
 salvation ; but this book exhibits the connection between 
 the personal and the general salvation, in the identity of 
 their common cause. The personal salvation for each sev- 
 eral soul has been expounded in the Epistles as found in 
 Christ Jesus, and more particularly in our redemption to 
 God by his blood. In these writings the sacrifice and pro- 
 pitiation of his death are ever before our eyes, as the cause 
 of our restoration and the source of all our other blessings. 
 When, in this book, we pass on from the personal to the 
 general life, and are to see the victory secured, and the 
 kingdom brought in, we may perhaps expect that the Lord 
 will now appear only with ensigns and titles of majest} T , as 
 the conqueror and the king. It is not so. The opening 
 doxology, "To him that loved us and ivashed us from our 
 sins in Jus own blood," strikes the note of all which is to fol- 
 low, When the historic vision begins, one is sought who 
 may open the scaled purposes of God and conduct them to 
 their end. " Then I beheld, and lo ! in the midst of the 
 throne, and the beasts, and the elders, stood . . . 9 
 Lamb as it had been slain" l and his appearance wakens th* 
 
 1 v. 6-10. This passage is fundamental, as showing the grouni 
 of the power and the means of the victoiy, by the intentional coo 
 
 trast Of images 6 kiiav cvLKqaev . . . ISov apviov us ta^aynevor , 
 
LECT VIII. THE APOCALYP&E. 211 
 
 song, "Thou art worthy to take the book, and to open the 
 seals thereof: for thou wast slain, and hast redeemed us to 
 God by thy blood out of eveiy kindred, and tongue, and peo- 
 ple, and nation ; and hast made us unto our God kings and 
 priests : and we shall reign on the earth." So the vision 
 proceeds, and from the beginning to the end, through the 
 long conflict, and in the midst of the glorious issue, there 
 is still one title for him who conquers, and judges, and 
 reigns. It is the Lamb who makes war and overcomes , 
 and from the wrath of the Lamb kings and nations flee. It 
 is the Lamb in whose blood his servants also overcome ; in 
 whose blood they have washed their robes ; before whom 
 they stand in white raiment ; and to whom they ascribe sal- 
 vation. In the Lamb's Book of Life the names of the saved 
 are written. The Holy City is the bride, the Lamb's wife. 
 The Lord God Almighty and the Lamb are the temple of 
 it, and the light of it ; and the river of the water of life 
 flows forever from the throne of God and the Lamb. In the 
 peculiar title, thus studiously employed, and illustrated by 
 the repeated mention of the sla} T ing and the blood, we read 
 the doctrine, that the ground of the personal is the ground 
 of the general salvation ; that the place which the sacrifice 
 of the death of Christ holds in the consciousness of the be- 
 liever, is the same which it also occupies in the history of 
 the Church, and that he conquers for us, and reigns among 
 us, and achieves the restoration of all things, because he has 
 first offered himself for us, and is the Lamb of God who 
 takes away the sin of the world. 
 
 No view of the death of Jesus which fuses it with the 
 rest of his example could have suggested the title by which 
 this prophecy eo persistently designates the conqueror and 
 the king. 
 
212 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LeCT. VIII. 
 
 2. We have here, in the next place, a doctrine of the 
 history of the consummation ; I mean that besides a pro- 
 phetic record of the facts of the history, we have (what ia 
 of much higher value) an exposition of the nature of the his- 
 tory. The book is a revelation of the connection between 
 things that are seen and things that are not seen, between 
 things on earth and things in heaven ; a revelation which 
 fuses both into one mighty drama, so that the movements 
 of human action and the course of visible fact are half 
 shrouded, half disclosed, amid the glory and the terror of 
 the spiritual agencies at work around us, and of the eternal 
 interests which we see involved. We are borne to the 
 courts above, and the temple of God is opened in heaven, 
 and we behold the events on earth as originating in what 
 passes there. There seals are broken, trumpets are sounded, 
 and vials are poured out, which rule the changes of the 
 Church and of the nations. While we are looking down 
 through the rolling mists on things that pass below, we are 
 all the time before the throne of God and of the Lamb, and 
 among the four and twenty elders, the four living beings, 
 and the innumerable company of angels ; and we hear 
 voices proceeding out of the throne, the cries of disem- 
 bodied spirits, and hallelujahs that roll through the uni- 
 verse. We see further, that there is cause for this partici- 
 pation of the world above in the events of the world be- 
 low, for it becomes every moment more plain, that the earth 
 is the battle-field of the kingdoms of light and darkness. 
 There is a far bolder revelation than we have had before of 
 the presence and action of the powers of evil. The old Ser« 
 pent is on one side as the Lamb is on the other, and the 
 same light which shows the movements of the Head and Re- 
 deemer of our race, falls also upon those of the enemy and 
 
LECT. VIII. THE APOCALYPSE. 213 
 
 destrc^er. In the sense of this connection between things 
 seen and things not seen, lies the secret of that awe and 
 elevation of mind which we felt as children when we first 
 t urned these pages ; and the assurance of it has an ever- 
 increasing value to him who has painfully sought to tost 
 the mingled forms of good and ill, and to discern some plan 
 and purpose in the confused scene around him. 
 
 After noting the instruction given on the cause and the 
 history of the great consummation, I come now to that which 
 is given on its constituent parts, namely, the coming of the 
 Lord, and the attendant facts of victory, judgment, and 
 restoration. 
 
 3. The book is a doctrine of the power and coming of our 
 Lord Jesus Christ. " Behold he cometh with clouds, and 
 every eye shall see him." 1 That is the first voice, and the 
 keynote of the whole. The Epistles to the seven Churches 
 Cs3'mbolical representatives of the whole Church in its vari- 
 ous conditions) all take their tone from this thought, and 
 are the voice of a Lord who will " come quickly." The 
 visions which follow draw to the same end, and the last 
 voices of the book respond to the first, and attest its subject 
 and its purpose. " He which testifieth these things saith, 
 Surely I come quickly. Amen. Even so come, Lord 
 Jesus." 2 Whatever else the Christian desires is bound up 
 in this prospect. The deliverance of the creation from its 
 present groans and travail, the redemption of our bod}', the 
 perfection of man in a holy community, and the realization 
 in outward things of the tendencies of the renewed nature, 
 all these hopes wait on the one nope of " Jiis appearing." 
 Towards that hope our eyes have been steadily directed in 
 
 1 Rev. i. /. • Ibid. xxii. 30. 
 
214 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LliCT. VI11. 
 
 the former apostolic writings ; but it is here presented, not 
 so much in relation to cur personal life as to the kingdom 
 cf God and to the world itself upon the whole. It appears 
 here as the " end of the world," * towards which all things 
 tend, and which the fuller manifestation of evil and the 
 seeming victories of the enemy are themselves ordained to 
 prepare. Differences and uncertainties of interpretation 
 as to the details of this progressive history still leave us 
 under the sense, that it is a history of the power and com- 
 ing of our Lord Jesus Christ. This assurance, enjoyed at 
 all times, grows clearer in the days of trouble, rebuke, and 
 blasphemy, and the darkest times which the prophecy fore- 
 bodes will be those in which its fullest uses will be found. 
 4. The doctrine of the coming is in itself a doctrine of 
 victory ; and that character pre-eminently belongs to the 
 apocalyptic teaching. " In the world ye shall have tribu- 
 lation, but be of good cheer, I have overcome the world." 
 These were the last words of the Lord's last discourse ; and 
 ever after we feel their power in the actions, the bearing, 
 and the words of his servants. They wrestle against the 
 world, and principalities, and powers, but as men who are 
 npon the conquering side, and who know that their Lord 
 *ias already overcome these enemies, and triumphed over 
 them in his cross. Therefore they also "are more than con- 
 querors through him that loved them," 2 and they record 
 their conviction, that " whatsoever is born of God overcom- 
 eth the world ; and that this is the victory that ovcrcometh 
 the world, even our faith." 3 In the Apocalypse this spirit 
 is still more distinctly felt ; for there the virtual victory 
 becomes a visible victory, both for the Lord and for his pea 
 
 i (TVKwA.i* t*c ti««. • Bom. viii. 37. 8 1 John v. 4. 
 
LECT. fill. THE APOCALYPSE. 215 
 
 pie. Every promise in the seven Epistles is addressed " to 
 him that overcometh ; " and the last Epistle unites the vic- 
 tory of the servant with the victory of the Lord : " To him 
 that overcometh will I grant to sit with me cm my throne ; 
 even as I also overcame, and am set down with my Fathei 
 on his throne." 1 When the prophetic visions are to com- 
 mence, the opening of the book is represented as the result 
 of victory, 2 The first vision presents one who " goes forth 
 conquering and to conquer ; " and then, through all the 
 changes of the conflict, we have the anticipations and pre- 
 sages of final victory. "We are told of those who " overcome 
 by the blood of the Lamb ; " 3 we hear their shout of triumph, 
 and see the palms in their hands ; until in the last crisis the 
 conquering armies of heaven sweep into sight, following 
 the victor who has " on his vesture and on his thigh a name 
 written, King of Kings and Lord of Lords." 4 
 
 5. But victory for one side is overthrow and condemna- 
 tion for the other ; so that we have here also a doctrine of 
 judgment, " The prince of this world is judged." That 
 saying might stand as the summary of a large part of the 
 book. He is judged — judged as the prince of this world — 
 and this world is involved in his judgment. The reality of 
 some possession of this world by the power of evil, and the 
 
 1 Rev. iii. 21. 
 
 5 ReV. V. 5. iSov eviicrjcrev 6 AeW 6 £>v iit tt}? <£vAtJ? 'Iov'Sa avcufou to |Sij3\ioj>, 
 
 " Behold the Lion of the tribe of Judah prevailed to open the 
 book." The variety of the words employed in the Authorized Ver- 
 sion (overcome, prevail, conquer, victory) to represent the one 
 word in the Greek, has the effect of diminishing the impression 
 which this feature in the language would otherwise make on thf 
 reader. 
 » Rev. xil. 11. * Ibid xix. 11-16. 
 
216 THE TROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT. VIII 
 
 certainty of its judicial consequences to him and to it, had 
 been revealed with increasing distinctness through the for 
 mer writings ; till in two of the last Epistles the " terrible 
 voice of most just judgment" had swelled into the full 
 tones, to which our ears had been accustomed in Old 
 Testament prophec}'. I need not. recall by particular cita- 
 tions the manner in which this line of teaching is carried 
 out in the Apocalvpse, the various forms of strong develop- 
 ment in which the power of evil is represented as appear- 
 ing, or the plagues, and punishment, and final overthrow, 
 which are its portion from the Lord. The opening procla- 
 mation of the coming notifies also its effect on the world : 
 "Every eye shall see him, and they also which pierced 
 him, and all kindreds of the earth shall wail because of 
 him." 1 'And these sounds continue. Things do not melt 
 quietly into the peace of the kingdom of God. There is a 
 crash of ruin, and a winepress of the wrath of Almighty 
 God, and a lake that burns with fire and brimstone. And 
 this judgment falls, not only on principles and powers of 
 evil, but on nations of men ; and not only on nations, but 
 on separate persons, even on " every one who is not found 
 written in the book of life." He who does not accept the 
 reality of the world's rebellion and ruin, and of (he wrath 
 and judgment which it brings, must certainly reject this 
 whole book from the canon ; and, with it, must tear away 
 large and living portions of every preceding book of 
 Scripture. 
 
 6. The features of apocal}-ptic teaching, which have now 
 been noticed, may serve as instances of the whole character 
 of the doctrine, which is combined with its predictions ; 
 
 * Bsv. I 7. 
 
LECT. VIII. THE APOCALYPSE. 217 
 
 and which, as a doctrine of consummation, is an evident 
 advance, in that particular direction, on the doctrine of the 
 Epistles. But it is when the prophecy carries us beyond 
 the great crisis, that this advance is most clearly seen. 
 The coming of the Lord is not the last thing which we 
 know. After that event has closed the present age, aftci 
 the victory has been won, and the judgment has dealt with 
 things that are past, the final results appear, and the true 
 life of man begins. The doctrine of the book is ultimately 
 and pre-eminently one of restoration. 
 
 " I saw a new heaven and a new earth, for the first 
 heaven and the first earth were passed away, and there 
 was no more sea. And I John saw the holy city, new 
 Jerusalem, coming down from God out of heaven, pre- 
 pared as a bride adorned for her husband." In taking 
 these words for my text I placed myself at the point 
 where the whole teaching of Scripture culminates. Here, at 
 the last step, we have a definite and satisfactory completion 
 of the former doctrine of the future. There is to be a per- 
 fect humanity ; not only perfect individually, but perfect in 
 society. There is to be a city of God. " The Holy City ! " 
 — there is the realization of the true tendencies of man. 
 "New Jerusalem ! " — there is the fulfilment of the ancient 
 promises of God. 
 
 Dwell for a moment on the word "city," under the 
 remembrance of what it was to those in whose lansma^e 
 the book is written. The city is a constitution of society 
 complete in its own local habitation ; the visible collection 
 of buildings being a symbol of the organized life within. 
 It is the most perfect realization, and the most convenient 
 representation, of society in its maturity; in which the 
 various relations of men are so combined, as to promote 
 10 
 
218 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT. VIII. 
 
 the welfare of the several members, and secure the unity 
 of a common life to the whole. " It is " (as has been said) 
 " the perfecting of the self-provisions of Nature, and the 
 condition of the highest well-being of man." 
 
 There is no need to tell how poorly this idea has been 
 realized in fact, nor are the causes cf the failure remote 
 from view. In this fallen world all communities have 
 grown up under hard external conditions, and with a deep 
 internal disease, sustaining all sorts of shocks and wounds, 
 and often developing what vigor they possess in forms of 
 violence and oppression. History is the record of human 
 society. There we see 
 
 " The giant forms of empires on their way 
 To ruin : one by one 
 They tower, and they are gone : " 
 
 leaving materials to be combined again, that they may be 
 again dissolved, and forces which renew their eternal 
 struggle at the same time to construct and to destroj'. 
 Ever since Cain went forth and builded the first city, the 
 long experiment has continued ; and he who surveys the 
 results, in the communities which have filled, and now fill, 
 the habitable world, will return from his inspection wearied 
 and disheartened, and little able to anticipate the perfec- 
 tion of man from the progress of society and the education 
 of the world. 
 
 And yet human nature is to find the realization of its 
 tendencies and the fulfilment of its hopes. The Bible 
 opens the prospect of which history had led us to despair. 
 It is one long account of the preparation of the city of God. 
 That is one distinct point of view from which the Bible 
 ought to be regarded, and one from which its contents will 
 
LEC1. VIII. THE APOCALYTSE. 219 
 
 appear in clearer light. 3Ve are accustomed in the present 
 day to read it too exclusively from the individual point of 
 view, as the record for each man of that will of God and 
 that way of salvation with which he is personally con- 
 cerned. This it is, but it is more than this. It places 
 before us the restoration, not only of the personal, but of 
 the social life ; the creation, not only of the man of God, 
 but of the city of God ; and it presents the society or city, 
 not as a mere name for the congregation of individuals, but 
 as having a being and life of its own, in which the Lord 
 finds his satisfaction and man his perfection. The "Jeru- 
 salem which is above " is, in relation to the Lord, " the 
 Bride, the Lamb's Wife," 1 and, in relation to man, it is 
 u the Mother of us all." 2 In its appearance the revealed 
 course of redemption culminates, and the history of man is 
 closed : and thus the last chapters of the Bible declare the 
 unity of the whole book, by completing the design which 
 has been developed in its pages, and disclosing the result 
 to which all preceding steps have tended. 3 Take from the 
 Bible the final vision of the heavenly Jerusalem, and what 
 will have been lost? Not merely a single passage, a 
 
 1 Rev. xxi. 9. 2 Ga l. iv. 28. 
 
 S Hacra 7r6Ai9 <pv<jei ecrTiv, elnep <a\ a! Trpwrcu KOiviavCaf re'Aos yap av-nq itcelviov t) M 
 4>J<T:S re'Aos zcttIv olov yap iKaarov ecrri ttj? yeveo-ews TeAeaOeicrri?, TavTrjv ^a/xep ttjv <pvo~iv 
 elvat. txaaTov, . . . Kai nporepov S»j Trj <f>v<rei ttoAis rj e/cacrros rj/JLuv sctti, to yap oAo* 
 nporepov avayaalov eluai rov /aepov;. " Every State is SUCll b3 r nature, if 
 
 the primary communities are (such as families) ; for that is the 
 end of these. But nature is an end, a consummated thing ; for what 
 each thing is when its being is completed, that wc. call its nature. 
 . . . And surely by its nature a state is prior to every one of us, 
 for the whole is necessarily prior to t' e part." — Aristot. Polit. lib 
 L ch. 1. Most true principles of the true history of man I 
 
220 TIIE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT. VIIL 
 
 sublime description, an important revelation ; but a con- 
 clusion by which all that went before is interpreted and 
 justified. We shall have an unfinished plan, in which 
 human capacities have not found their full realization, or 
 divine preparations their adequate result. To the mind 
 that looks beyond individual life, or that understands what 
 is necessary to the perfection of individual life, a Bible 
 that did not end by building for us a city of God would 
 appear to leave much in man unprovided for, and much in 
 itself unaccounted for. But as it is, neither of these de- 
 ficiencies exists. The great consummation is there, and 
 we are instructed to observe, that, from the first, the 
 desires of men and the preparations of God have been alike 
 directed towards it. 
 
 At the beginning of the sacred story, the Father of the 
 faithful comes forth into view, followed by those who are 
 heirs with him of the same promise ; and they separate 
 themselves to the life of strangers, because they are "looking 
 for a city which hath foundations, whose builder and maker 
 is God." In due time solid pledges of the divine purpose 
 follow. "We behold a peculiar people, a divinely-framed 
 polity, a holy city, a house of God. It is a wonderful 
 spectacle — this system of earthly types, thus consecrated 
 and glorified by miraculous interventions and inspired 
 panegyrics. Do we look on the fulfilment of patriarchal 
 hopes, or on the types of their fulfilment? on the final form 
 of human society, or on the figures of the true? The 
 answer was given by Prophets and Psalmists, and then by 
 the word of the Gospel, finally by the hand of God, which 
 awept that whole system from the earth. It was gone 
 when the words of the text were written, and when the 
 
LECT. VIII. THE APOCALYTSE. 221 
 
 closing scene cf the Bible presented the new Jerusalem, 
 not as the restoration, but as the antitype of the old. 1 
 
 This vision teaches us, that the drama of the world must 
 be finished, and its dispensation closed, that the Lord 
 must have come, the dead have been raised, the judgment 
 have sat, the heavens and the earth which are now have 
 passed awa} T , and the new creation have appeared, before 
 the chosen people shall see the city of their habitation. 
 
 Meantime it is the day of preparation. The builder of 
 the eternal city first " prepares his work without, and 
 makes it lit for himself in the field, and afterwards builds 
 his house." 2 There was much to be done, and it takes 
 long to do it. The members of the intended society must 
 be sorted and collected out of the mass of mankind. They 
 must also be tested and trained. The very grounds on 
 which the future work is to rest must themselves be laid 
 The perfect society is to be founded on men's relations to 
 God, and is to be compacted by their relations to each 
 other. The true relations were destroyed by sin, and it 
 was necessary that they should be constituted afresh. 
 
 This is done in Jesus Christ. Propitiation and atone 
 ment, reconciliation and redemption, are words which 
 express the restoration of the broken relations with God, 
 as accomplished by the work of the Mediator. Those who 
 receive Christ Jesus the Lord are thereby in a state of 
 grace. Sin no longer divides and estranges them from 
 God. lie has returned to them, and they to him. They 
 have fellowship with the Father and with the Son by the 
 
 1 See Alford's Prolegomena for a brief summary of arguments 
 for the traditional date. 
 1 Pro v. xxi v. 27. 
 
222 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT. VIII 
 
 Holy Ghost. God dwells in them, and they in him. Thus 
 in each separate soul are beforehand established those rela- 
 tions with God in Christ, which shall hereafter glorify the 
 community of the saints, in the day when " the throne of 
 God and of the Lamb shall be in it," and "God himself 
 shall be with them and be their God." 
 
 To the reconstitution of men's relations to God must 
 alsc be added that of their relations to each other. To 
 what an extent these have suffered from the fall of man a 
 glance at the history of the world or at any section of 
 society is sufficient to convince us. Not onty the viola- 
 tions, but the very institutions of law and justice testify 
 to the fact ; for the law is not made for a righteous man. 
 The inherent vice of human society lies in the depravity of 
 human nature. If that were healed, and transmuted into 
 universal righteousness and love, the internal happiness 
 and perfection would be secured. And they are to be 
 secured in that city, where " the people shall be all 
 righteous," 1 and where love shall never fail. To the 
 formation of those habits of mind the teaching of God is 
 now visibly directed, and men are trained, on the grounds 
 and motives of the Gospel, to love one another. Love is 
 ever represented as " the end of the commandment," the 
 highest attainment of man, the completion of his education 
 by God. And no wonder it is so represented, since the 
 present prepares the future, and that future is to be a state 
 of society — "a city which is compact together." 2 The 
 Gospel then, which lays in the hearts of those who receivs 
 It the deepest grounds of fellowship, aud educates them to 
 
 »Isa. Ix. 21. *Ps. cxxii. 3. 
 
LECT. Vlil. THE APOCALYPSE. 223 
 
 the habit of love, is visibly preparing the conditions of the 
 things to come. As if to signalize this connection of the 
 present work and the future promise of the Gospel, it is 
 committed to the last Apostle, who closes the Holy Scrip- 
 ture, both to be our chief teacher in the love of the breth - 
 ren, and to open to our eyes the scene in which it shall be 
 perfected. 
 
 Thus does the present world give scope for the prepara- 
 tion of the city of God. Its fundamental principles are 
 being established, its members gathered, trained, and made 
 ready. At the same time all moral tendencies are being 
 wrought out by conflict and experience ; and the vanity of 
 what is vain and the evil of what is evil have space to show 
 themselves, before the final fires and the eternal judgment 
 remove them forever from the scene. Then, when Babylon 
 has fallen, the city of God will appear. 
 
 Its fabric and scenery are described in symbolic lan- 
 guage glowing with all precious and glorious things ; nor 
 do we desire an interpreter who will tell us what the sym- 
 bols severally represent, in the future details of the glorified 
 society. Perhaps such an attempt would impair, rather 
 than enhance, the effect of the vision, which now kindles 
 the imagination of expectant faith b} r the entire assemblage 
 of its glories. I only dwell upon the fact that it is a city 
 which stands before us, as the final home of mankind. If 
 we tlrnk only of our individual portion, we miss the com- 
 pleteness of Scripture in its provision for the completeness 
 of man. If individual blessedness were the highest thought 
 of humanity, it might have been sufficient to have restored 
 the lost garden of Eden, and to have left the inhabitants 
 of the new earth to dwell safely in its wildernesses and 
 
224 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. LECT. VIII. 
 
 sleep in its woods. 1 Such dreams of human happiness hove 
 haunted the minds of men who have been wearied with 
 the disorders, corruptions, and miseries of societ} T , till 
 society in itself has seemed to them a standing hindrance 
 to perfection, and almost necessarily an organism of evil. 
 Thus the habit of mind which flies from man to nature, and 
 desires unconstrained freedom, and would simplify to the 
 utmost all social relations, has ever looked to depict a 
 heaven of fields and bowers, and to ask for the life of the 
 first Paradise again. It is worthy of remark that the 
 religions of the world have, for the most part, confessed in 
 this way their despair of human society, and unconsciously 
 acknowledged that in their scheme of things the true 
 foundations of it were wanting. 
 
 Not so does the revelation of God inform the expecta- 
 tions of those who receive it. Other systems evade the 
 demands of the highest tendencies of man : this provides 
 that they shall be realized. It decrees not only the indi- 
 vidual happiness, but the corporate perfection of man ; and 
 closes the book of its prophecy by assuring the children of 
 the living God that "he hath prepared for them a city," 
 
 The survey which has been made in these Lectures has 
 now carried us from the beginning to the end of the New 
 Testament, from the cradle of Bethlehem to the city of 
 God. "We have seen that this collection of various and 
 occasional writings presents to us a gradually progressive 
 gcheme, fully wrought out in its several stages, and ad- 
 vancing in a natural order of succession. 
 
 First a person is manifested and facts are set forth, is 
 
 !Ezek. xxxiv. 25. 
 
LECT. VIII. THE APOCALYPSE. 225 
 
 the simplest external aspect, under the clearest light, and 
 with the concurrence of a fourfold witness. This witness 
 also is itself progressive, and in the last Gospel the glory 
 of the person has grosvn more bright, and the meaning of 
 the facts more clear. 
 
 Then, in the Book of Acts, Christ is preached as per- 
 »o2ted, and as the refuge and life of the world. The results 
 of 1l s appearing are summed up and settled ; and men are 
 called to believe and be saved. Those who do so find 
 themselves in new relations to each other ; they become 
 one bodj-. ind grow into the form and life of a Catholic 
 Church. 
 
 Tlie stau. which has thus been entered needs to be ex- 
 pounded, an 3 the life which has been begun needs to be 
 educated. Tie Apostolic letters perform the work. The 
 questions which universally follow the first submissions ol 
 the mind receivt their answers, and so the faith which was 
 general grows deJnllc. The rising exigencies of the new 
 life are met, both for the man and for the Church : and we 
 learn what is the happy consciousness, and what the hoi}* 
 conversation, which belong to those who arc " in Christ 
 Jesus." 
 
 Lastly, as memWrs of the body of Christ, we find our- 
 selves partakers in a corporate life and a history larger 
 than our own. We ttel that we are taken up into a scheme 
 of things, which is in conflict with the present, and which 
 cannot realize itself here. Therefore our final teaching is 
 by prophecy, which bhows us, not how we are personally 
 saved and victorious, but how the battle goes upon the 
 whole ; and which issues in the appearance of a holy city, 
 in which redemption leaches its end, and the Redeemer 
 finds his joy ; in which human tendencies are realized, and 
 10* 
 
226 THE PROGRESS OF DOCTRINE. L.ECT. VIII. 
 
 divine promises fulfilled; in which the ideal has become 
 the actual, and man is perfected in the presence and glory 
 of God. 
 
 If this doctrine is not of the world, every step thot it 
 takes in advance must make that fact more plain. The 
 world feels that it is so. The manifestation of Christ it 
 will admire and interpret for itself. The preaching of 
 Christ it can hear and accept in its generality. The life 
 in Christ through the Spirit it cannot receive. The king- 
 dom of Christ in its antagonism to itself it cannot suffer. 
 Yes, the world is right. In following the advancing !ine 
 of doctrine in the Scriptures, we diverge further and fur- 
 ther from its paths and habits of thought. But is that a 
 subject of regret? What has been the progress of doctrine 
 achieved by the spirit which is of the world ? Into what 
 can it ever lead our souls ? Into vague desires to which 
 nothing corresponds, into great ideas which remain ideas 
 still, into uncertainty and perplexity, into vanity and vexa- 
 tion of spirit. Only the written word of God, confidingly 
 followed in the progressive steps of its advance, can lead 
 the weakest or the wisest into the deep blessedness of the 
 life that is in Christ, and into the final glory of the city of 
 God. 
 
 Perhaps in some minds this needful confidence may ba 
 strengthened by a review of the books of the New Testa- 
 ment in the light in which they have now been placed. 
 When it is felt that these narratives, letters, and visions do 
 in fact fulfil the several functions, and sustain the mutual 
 relations, which would belong to the parts of one design, 
 coalescing into a doctrinal scheme, which is orderly, pro- 
 gressive, and complete, then is the mind of the reader in 
 conscious contact with the mind of God ; then the super- 
 
JLECT. VIII. THE APOCALYPSE. 227 
 
 ficial diversity of the parts is lost in the essential unity of 
 the whole : the many writings have become one Book ; the 
 many writers have become one Author. From the position 
 of students, who address themselves with critical interest 
 to the works of Matthew, of Paul, or of John, we have risen 
 to the higher level of believers, who open with holy joy 
 " the New Testament of our Lord and Saviour Jesus 
 Christ," and, while we receive from his own hand the book 
 of life eternal, we hear him saying still, " I bare given 
 onto them the words which thou gayest me." 
 
isTOTES 
 
NOTES. 
 
 PKEFACE. 
 
 Note I., p. 13. 
 
 For the customary order of the books of the New Testament is 
 indent times we may refer to Manuscripts, Catalogues, and Old 
 Versions. 
 
 The testimony of Manuscripts will be at once exhibited and cer- 
 tified by the following extract from Mr. Scrivener's Introduction to 
 the Criticism of the New Testament. 
 
 " It is right to bear in mind that comparatively few copies of the 
 whcle [Greek] New Testament remain; the usual practice being to 
 write the four Gospels in one volume, the Acts and Epistles in 
 another: manuscripts of the Apocalypse, which was little used foi 
 public worship, being much rarer than those of the other books. 
 Occasionally the Gospels, Acts, and Epistles form a single volume ; 
 sometimes the Apocalypse is added to other books. . . . The 
 Codex Sinaiticus of Tischendorf is the more precious, that it hap- 
 pily exhibits the whole New Testament complete : so would the 
 Codices Alexandrinus and Ephraemi, but they are sadly mutilated. 
 No other uncial copies have this advantage, and very few cursives. 
 In England, only four such are known. . . . Besides these 
 Scholtz enumerates only nineteen foreign copies of the whole New 
 Testament ; but twenty-seven in all out of the whole mass of 
 extant documents. 
 
 " "Whether copies contain the whole or a part of the sacred vol- 
 ume, the general order of the books is the following : Gospels, Acts, 
 Catholic Epistles, Pauline Epistles, Apocalypse. A solitary manu- 
 script of the fifteenth century (Veuet. 10, Evan. 209) places the 
 Gospels between the Pauline Epistles and the Apocalypse : in the 
 
 831 
 
232 notes. Preface. 
 
 Codices Sinaiticus, Leicestrensis, Fabri (Evan. 90), and Montforti- 
 anus, as in the Bodleian Canonici 34, the Pauline Epistles preceiU 
 the Acts; the Codex Basiliensis (No. 4 of the Epistles), and Lam- 
 beth 1182, 1183, have the Pauline Epistles immediately after the 
 Acts and before the Catholic Epistles, as in our present Bibles ; 
 Scholz's Evan. 3G8 stands thus, St. John's Gospel, Apocalypse, then 
 all the Epistles ; in Havniens. I. No. 234 of the Gospels (A. D. 1278), 
 the order appears to be, Acts, Pauline Epistles, Catholic Epistles, 
 Gospels ; in Basil. B. vi. 27 or Cod. 1, the Gospels now follow the 
 Acts and the Epistles ; while in Evan. 51 the binder has set the 
 Gospels last ; these however are mere accidental exceptions to the 
 prevailing rule. TJie four Gospels are almost invariably found in 
 their familiar order, although in the Codex Bezae they stand, Mat- 
 thew, John, Luke, Mark ; in the Codex Monacensis (X), John, Luke, 
 Matthew, Mark ; in the Curetonian Syriac version, Matthew, Mark, 
 John, Luke. In the Pauline Epistles, that to the Hebrews precedes 
 the four Pastoral Epistles, and immediately follows the second to 
 the Thessalonians in the four great Codices, Sinaiticus, Alexan- 
 drinus, Vaticanus, and Ephraem : in the copy from which the Cod. 
 Vatican, was taken, the Hebrews followed the Galatians. The 
 Codex Claromontanus, the document next in importance to these 
 four, sets the Colossians appropriately enough next to its kindred 
 and contemporaneous Epistle to the Ephesians, but postpones that 
 to the Hebrews to Philemon, as in our present Bibles ; an arrange- 
 ment which at first, no doubt, originated in the early scruples pre- 
 vailing in the Western Church with respect to the authorship and 
 canonical authority of that divine Epistle." l 
 
 From extant Manuscripts I turn to the earliest Catalogues of the 
 sacred books which occur in the writings of Christian antiquity, 
 and these, perhaps, are more real indications of habit in the Church 
 than particular manuscripts can be. It will only be necessary to 
 advert to a few of the most important of these Catalogues, and in 
 so doing I refer the reader to the Rev. B. F. "Westcott's History of 
 the Canon of the New Testament, or his shorter and more popular 
 volume, The Bible in the Church, books which deal with a subjecf 
 
 1 Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament, pp. 60~<52. 
 
PREFACB. NOTES. 233 
 
 lying close to the foundations of our faith, in a spirit not less rev- 
 erential than critical, and which place within the reach of ordinary 
 readers an exact, lucid, and succinct account of a history which 
 was before the property of the learned. 
 
 The Muratorian Fragment, " of which the date may be fixed 
 with tolerable certainty, A. D. 160-170," and which "may be re- 
 garded on the whole as a summary of the opinion of the Western 
 Church on the canon shortly after the middle of the second cen- 
 tury, commences with the last words of a sentence which evidently 
 referred to the Gospel of St. Mark : " the Gospel of St. Luke is then 
 expressly mentioned as " the third," and the Gospel of St. John " as 
 the fourth." The Book of Acts is mentioned next, and then thirteen 
 Epistles of St. Paul, enumerated in the following order : Corin- 
 thians I., II., Ephesians,Philippians, Colossians, Galatians, Thessa- 
 lonians L, II., Romans, Epistles (it is observed) written (like those 
 in the Apocalypse) to seven churches ; then Philemon, Titus, Timo- 
 thy L, II. After observations on these books, the Fragment di- 
 verges to spurious or disputed books, and the assertion that the 
 Epistle of Jude and two Epistles of John are reckoned among the 
 Catholic (Epistles) is the only notice of the remaining books which 
 Its corrupt and apparently mutilated state has left. 
 
 Tht Catalogue given by Eusbeius (II. E. iii. 25), c. A. D. 340, 
 claims a special importance on account of his having been em- 
 ployed by Constantine to prepare the first edition of the Bible 
 which had the seal of a central or sovereign authority. The order 
 is the same as our own, except in as far as it appears disarranged 
 by the principle on which the Catalogue is formed, namely, that of 
 distinguishing the acknowledged from the controverted books. 
 
 "First, then, we place the holy quaternion of the Gospels, which 
 are followed by the account of the Acts of the Apostles. After 
 this we must reckon the Epistles of St. Paul ; and next to them we 
 must maintain as genuine the Epistle circulated as the former of 
 John, and in like manner that of Peter. In addition to these 
 books, if possibly such a view seem correct, we must place the 
 Revelation of John, the judgments on which we shall set forth in 
 due course, and these are regarded as generally received. Among 
 the controverted books, which are nevertheless well known ana 
 
 20» 
 
234 NOTES. Preface. 
 
 recognized by most, we class the Epistle circulated under the 
 name of James, and that of Jude, as well as the Second of Peter, 
 and the so-called Second and Third of John, whether they really 
 belong to that Evangelist or possibly to another of the same 
 name." ! 
 
 The Catalogue of Athanasius (Ep. Alex. 32G) A. D. 373, given in 
 a style of authoritative decision, is as follows : " The Books of the 
 Few Testament are these, — Four Gospels, according to Matthew, 
 Mark, Luke, John. Then after these, the Acts of the Apostles, and 
 the so-called Catholic Epistles of Apostles, seven in number; thus, 
 of James, one ; of Peter, two ; of John, three ; and after these, of 
 Jude, one. In addition to these there are fourteen Epistles of the 
 Apostle Paul, in their order written thus : Eomans, Corinthians I., 
 II., Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, Thessalonians 
 I., II., and that to the Hebrews ; and in succession, Timothy I., II., 
 Titus, Philemon; and again the Apocalypse of John." 3 
 
 The testimonies of Eusebius and Athanasius are in effect those 
 of the Greek and Alexandrine Churches. One other list promul- 
 gated a few years later (A. D. 397) by the voice of a whole province, 
 is on that account worthy to be specified, since it is the first (cer- 
 tain) synodical decision on the canon of Scripture. It is found in 
 the proceedings of the third Council of Carthage, at which Augus- 
 tine was present. The order is as follows : "Four books of the 
 Gospels, one book of the Acts of the Apostles, thirteen Epistles of 
 the Apostle Paul, one Epistle of the same to the Hebrews, two 
 Epistles of the Apostle Peter, three of John, one of James, one of 
 Jude, one book of the Apocalypse of John ; " 3 precisely corre- 
 sponding to our own order, except in the place given to the Epis- 
 tle of James. Lastly, as the best witness of Italian custom we 
 may take the Catalogue of Ruflmus (c. A. D. 410), in which the order 
 is identical with that of the decree of Carthage, and therefore with 
 our own, save that the Catholic Epistles stand as follows ! " Two 
 of the Apostle Peter; one of James, the Lord's brother and Apos- 
 tle; one of Jude; three of John." 
 
 But perhaps the most important evidence to the custom of th« 
 
 1 History of Canon, 481-2 » Ihid. 574. » Ibid. 600. 
 
Preface. notes. 235 
 
 Church is not that of manuscripts or catalogues, but rather tL.it oi 
 the two venerable versions of Syria and North Africa, which are 
 almost coeval with the first general recognition of a collected New 
 Testament. The Teshito was popularly and practically the Bible 
 of the Syrian Church. The Old Latin was, as it were, the parent 
 of the Vulgate, which became the common Bible of the West. The 
 order of the Peshito is the same as that of the best Greek manu* 
 scripts, the four Gospels, the Acts, the Catholic Epistles (i. e. those 
 which it admitted), the Epistles of St. Paul (the Apocalypse being 
 absent). The order of the Vulgate is that which our modern Bibles 
 exhibit; the Old Latin order of the Gospels, Matthew, John, Mark, 
 and Luke (which was ruled no doubt by the apostolic rank of the 
 authors), being changed by Jerome iu accordance with the Greek 
 order, which was derived not merely from chronological considera- 
 tions, but from a finer doctrinal instinct. 
 
 This glance at the various testimonies which survive, of the an- 
 cient customs of the Church, is sufficient to show that the order 
 with which we are familiar has substantially prevailed from the 
 first recognition of the separate books as forming one collection or 
 instrument. The great divisions, the Gospels, the Acts, the Epis- 
 tles, and the Apocalypse, occur habitually in their natural order, 
 and though there are many variations (most frequently in regard 
 to the position of the Acts, yet they are exceptions to the general 
 rule. The books which compose these several divisions likewise 
 assume habitually the same arrangement as at present. It is so 
 with the four Gospels, and with the Pauline Epistles, the order of 
 which is seldom varied except in respect of the place given to the 
 Hebre ws. The only important variation, which obtains extensively, 
 is in the relative positions of the Pauline and Catholic Epistles. 
 The Manuscripts for the most part place the Catholic Epistles next 
 tc the Acts, and before the Pauline Epistles. In the Catalogues 
 the opposite order is more frequent, and becomes increasingly so 
 the farther we advance. Of five-una-twenty Catalogues which are 
 collected in the Appendix to Mr. TVestcott's Illstory of the Canon, 
 ranging from c. A. D. 170 to A. D. C3G, I find that seven give the 
 first place to the Catholic, and eighteen to the Pauline Epistles. 
 
 This last point is one of minor importance, yet as connected whb 
 
236 notes. Preface, 
 
 the conformation of the New Testament it has its interest; and ag 
 some little stress is laid upon it in one of these Lectures (the 
 Vlth), it may be well to point out the following reasons for the 
 greater fitness of the arrangement which has :ipon the whole pie- 
 Tailed. 
 
 1. There is the closest possible relation between the Book cf 
 Acts and St. Paul's Epistles, the latter part of the Book forming as 
 it were the historical introduction to his writings, so that we pass 
 from one to the other by a natural — it almost might seem a neces- 
 sary — transition. 
 
 2. The unity and mass of St. Paul's writings properly claim for 
 them precedence over the fewer, shorter, and less connected 
 writings. 
 
 3. The course of doctrinal instruction pleads for the same ar- 
 rangement, in order that the more thorough and systematic treat- 
 ment of fundamental subjects may precede that which is more 
 supplementary. 
 
 4. In the heart of the Catholic Epistles, there is a note which 
 seems to appoint their position, namely, in the reference (2 Pet. iii. 
 15, 1G) to St. Paul's writings as previously known, and in the ex- 
 press intimation of an intention to confirm their doctrine. 
 
 These considerations obviously outweigh the one reason for the 
 opposite order, which is found in the relative historical positious 
 of the authors, and which, taken by itself, would certainly postpone 
 the productions of the later Apostle, born out of due time, to those 
 which bear the names of chief members of the original college. 
 
Lect. I. NOTES. 237 
 
 LECTURE I. 
 Note II., p. 39. 
 
 In his recently published Apologia, Dr. Newman has shown into 
 what form he has found it necessary to recast his doctrine of 
 Development, though the subject is touched in a shy and uneasy 
 manner. 
 
 " It (i. e. the Infallible Power which imposes doctrine) must ever 
 profess to be guided by Scripture and tradition. It must refer 
 to the particular Apostolic truth which it is enforcing or (what is 
 called) defining. Nothing, then, can be presented to me in time to 
 come as part of the faith, but what I ought already to have re- 
 ceived, and have not actually received, (if not) merely because it 
 had not been told me. ... It must be what I may even have 
 guessed or wished to be included in the Apostolic revelation. . . 
 Perhaps I and others actually have always believed it, and the only 
 question which is now decided in my behalf is that I am hence- 
 forth to believe that I am only holding what the Apostles held 
 before me." 1 
 
 These statements are then expressly applied to " the doctrine 
 which Protestants consider our greatest difficulty, that of the Im- 
 maculate Conception ; " and, after assuring us that the imposition 
 of this doctrine is no burden to himself or others, and that he " sin«- 
 cerely thinks that St. Bernard and St. Thomas, who scrupled at it 
 In their day, had they lived into this would have rejoiced to accept 
 It for its own sake," he adds the remark that " the number of those 
 (so-called) new doctrines will not oppress us, if it takes eight 
 centuries to promulgate even one of them. Such is about the 
 length of time through which the preparation has been carried on 
 for the definition of the Immaculate Conception." 2 
 
 These expressions occur incidentally while the author is show- 
 in that "the (so-called) new doctrines " arc " no burden " to priests 
 under the Roman obedience, which of course is true, if the doc* 
 
 1 Fart Til. p. 393. « p. 305. 
 
238 KOTES. Lect. I. 
 
 trims be such as tliey "have guessed and wished to be included iu 
 the Apostolic revelation." But the expressions themselves arc re- 
 markable as showing how awkwardly Dr. Newman's own doctrine 
 of Development has assumed the garb and style of his Church's 
 dectrine of tradition; his true account of a development which 
 historically took place, veiling itself, as by command, under its 
 fiction of a tradition which did not really exist. 
 
 A doctrine is for the first time promulgated by the Infallible Au- 
 thority, and imposed as an article of the faith. " The preparation 
 for it has been carried on for eight hundred years." Eight hundred 
 years ago is the most distant point at which any "preparation" for 
 it can be discerned, that " preparation " being found in the first 
 suggestion of the opinion, and in the rejection of it by the leading 
 authorities of the time as new and false ; but as time goes on it gains 
 influence and acceptance. It is ackdowledgcd, then, that in the 
 thousand years preceding it icas not even in preparation, that there is 
 no trace of it whatever until its mediaeval dawn. According to 
 the doctrine of Development, the Infallible Authority would decree 
 its truth as having been gradually wrought out during those eight 
 hundred years, and at last adequately recognized by the instinct 
 of the Church. According to the doctrine of Tradition, it must 
 decree the truth of the opinion on the ground of its having been a 
 part of the original revelation handed down from the beginning. 
 In the one case it would affirm that the doctrine would have been 
 held by the Apostles if they had known of it. In the other case it 
 must affirm that the doctrine was made known to the Apostles and 
 that they did hold it. To this latter theory Dr. Newman has now 
 seen it necessary to conform his language. " The only question now 
 decided is that he is holding what the Apostles held before him." The 
 Infallible Authority is thus recognized, not as deciding on the truth 
 of an opinion, but as certifying a fact, i. e. that the Apostles held 
 such and such an opinion as part of the revelation given to them. 
 If no evidence of this fact survives, if no traditioc has handed it 
 down, if the doctrine is one which only began to be vrepared eight 
 hundred years ago, it is evident that the Infallible Authority can 
 only have known the fact which it certifies by a direct revelation. 
 
 T: one who considers the exigencies of the Romish position so 
 
Lect. i. NOTES. 239 
 
 glaringly exemplified in connection with "lie doctrine here alluded 
 to, it must appear that this issue of an attempt to provide for 
 those exigencies, by a theory in some measure accordant with 
 facts, is the strongest testimony to the ineradicable sense of Chris- 
 tendom, that the divine communication of truth was limited to tiie 
 Apostolic age. 
 
 The method of the perpetuation and transmission of the truths 
 then communicated is of course an entirely separate question. But 
 whether that question be determined as it is by Rome, or as it is 
 by us, the kind of development of doctrine which legitimately be- 
 longs to the Church must be, on either hypothesis, theoretically 
 the same. It must consist in a fuller and more systematic appre- 
 hension of the truths which were commuuicated at first, not in the 
 addition of truths communicated afterwards. Practically, the 
 Church of Rome has acted (as Dr. Kewraau so distinctly felt) on 
 the latter, and not on the former, of these principles : first adding 
 new doctrines on the most flimsy pretences of a tradition, and 
 then superadding one for which not the slenderest thread of a 
 tradition could be shown. 
 
240 
 
 NOTES 
 
 Lect. IX 
 
 LECTURE II. 
 
 Note III., p. CO. 
 
 No more interesting and suggestive summary of the comparative 
 character and scope of the several Gospels could be given, than 
 that which is produced by simply placing their respective conclu- 
 sions side by side. 
 
 Matt, xxviil. 
 
 18-20. 
 
 Jesus came and 
 spake unto them, 
 saying, All power 
 i9 given unto me 
 in heaven and in 
 earth. 
 
 Go ye therefore, 
 and teach all na- 
 tions, baptizing 
 them in the name 
 of the Father, and 
 of the Son, and of 
 the Holy Ghost: 
 
 Teaching them 
 to observe all 
 things whatsoever 
 I have comma nded 
 you : and, lo, I am 
 with you ahvay, 
 even unto the end 
 of the world. 
 Amen. 
 
 Mark xvi. 
 15-29. 
 
 And he said un- 
 to them, Go ye 
 into all the world, 
 and preach the 
 gospel to every 
 creature. 
 
 He that believ- 
 etli and is baptized 
 shall be saved ; 
 but he that be- 
 lieveth not shall 
 be damned. 
 
 And these signs 
 shall follow them 
 that believe; In 
 my name shall 
 they cast out dev- 
 ils ; they shall 
 speak with new 
 tongues, 
 
 They shall take 
 up serpents; and 
 if they drink any 
 deadly thing, it 
 shall not hurt 
 them ; they shad 
 lay hands on the 
 sick, and they shall 
 recover. 
 
 So then after the 
 Lord had spoken 
 unto them, he was 
 received up into 
 heaven, and sat on 
 the right hand of 
 God. 
 
 And they went 
 forth, and preach- 
 ed everywhere, the 
 Lord working with 
 them, and coniirm- 
 lng the word with 
 signs following. 
 
 Luke xxiv. 
 
 60-53. 
 
 And he led them 
 out as far as to 
 Bethany, and he 
 lifted up his hands, 
 and blessed them. 
 
 And it came to 
 pass, while he 
 blessed them, he 
 was parted from 
 them, and carried 
 up into heaven. 
 
 And they wor- 
 shipped him, and 
 returned to Jeru- 
 salem with great 
 joy: 
 
 And were con- 
 tinually in the 
 temple, praising 
 and blessing God. 
 Amen. 
 
 John xx. 
 
 28-31. 
 
 And Thomas in- 
 swered and oaid 
 unto him, My Lord 
 and my God. 
 
 Jesus saith unto 
 him, Thomas, be- 
 cause thou hast 
 seen me, thou hast 
 believed : blessed 
 are they that have 
 not seen, and yet 
 have believed. 
 
 And many other 
 sign9 truly did 
 Jesus in the pres- 
 ence of his disci- 
 ples, which are not 
 written in this 
 book: 
 
 But these are 
 written, that ye 
 might believe that 
 Jisusis the Christ, 
 the Son cf God ; 
 and that believing 
 ye mip'it have life 
 UuMt'tQ his name. 
 
LECT. II. NOTES. 241 
 
 Here we see, 1. In St. Matthew, the Royal Lawgiver, or King and 
 Teacher of men, endued with all authority, 1 founding a kingdom 
 for all nations, with its ordinance of admission (baptism) and its 
 permanent laws ("Whatsoever I have commanded you"): and 
 still the kingdom is (as it were) a school, in which his commis- 
 sioners are charged to continue the work of teaching which he had 
 begu n.* 
 
 2. In St. Mark the Mighty Worker, who leaves the energy of ilia 
 action in his Church. Not here is represented the slower process 
 of forming and training communities, but the bold and world-wide 
 proclamation, with the sure execution of its sanction. 3 Then the 
 signs of living power are to follow those that believe, begirding 
 with ihe casting out of devils in his name. Finally, the scene is 
 changed in a moment, and the command and promise are seen in 
 their fulfilment — the Lord in heaven, the disciples on earth — they 
 going forth and preaching everywhere, and the Lord still working 
 with them and confirming the v.ord by the signs of power. 
 
 3. In St. Luke, the Friend of Man, sending to all nations the 
 message of repentance and remission of sins, and ensuring to his 
 messengers the promise of his Father; while the reality of kind 
 companionship is preserved to the end, in the mention of locali- 
 ties, movements, and gestures (" He led them out as far as to 
 BethaDy," "He lifted up His hands and blessed them," " He was 
 parted from them"), the parting itself being one of love (while 
 He blessed them), and one which leaves behind it a state of wor- 
 ship and joy. 
 
 4. In St. John, the Son of God, receiving from the lately doubt- 
 ing disciple the highest acknowledgment which had yet come from 
 human lips, " My Lord and my God," 4 and then, as it were, lifting 
 up his eyes beyond the little company who had seen him, and pro- 
 nouncing for all ages and nations a blessing on those who, not 
 having seen, should yet have believed. Yet farther, the Evangelist 
 epeaks from himself, thus characteristically closing the only gospel 
 In which the thoughts of the writer have been mingled with hii 
 
 1 e'£ov<rta, 3 fia9r)Ttv<raTt — SiSaoxoir*?. 
 
 8 Compare the na6tjTfvaar* »aiT« Ti iQin) With the KJjpvfaTe »<£fl77 TjJ KTicrst. 
 
 4 6 Kupid? /xov xal 6 ©eot **•«• 
 
 II 
 
242 NOTES. Lect. Ii 
 
 narrative, lie tells us that he has given us incidents intentionally 
 Belected for a certain definite purpose, namely, to present the 
 great object of faith in his highest character as the Sou of God, 
 and so to secure the result of faith iu its deepest essence, "life 
 through his name." 
 
 Note IV., p. 66. 
 
 This effect of the opening of St. Matthew's Gospel, and so of tb.© 
 whole Gospel record, is well described by Lange : 
 
 " The genealogy, &c, with which the Gospel according to Mat* 
 thew opens, is of the greatest importance. The first Gospel con • 
 nects the New Testament with the Old, not by giving an index of 
 the writings of the Old Testament, but by delineating the Old Tes- 
 tament genealogy of Jesus. This serves not merely as evidence 
 of the indissoluble connection between the Old and the New Tes- 
 tament, which continued in the secret recesses of Jewish life even 
 during the age of the Apocrypha, but expresses the important 
 truth that God revealed himself and carried on his covenant pur- 
 poses, not only by the spoken and written word, but also and chiefly 
 in and by the seed of Abraham, until he came in whom both imper- 
 sonation and revelation had reached their climax. 
 
 " In the Gospel by Matthew the life of Jesus is presented as 
 forming part of the history and life of the Jewish nation; and 
 hence as the historical fulfilment of the blessing promised to Abra- 
 ham and to his seed. Jesus is here set before us as the new-born 
 King of the Jews, as the promised Messiah, and the aim and goal of 
 eveiy progressive stage of the theocracy. He is the great Anti- 
 t} T pe of Old Testament history, in whom everything has been ful- 
 filled — the types in the law, in worship, in historical events, and 
 In gracious interpositions — in short, the fulfilment of the theoc- 
 racy. In and with him the old covenant passes into the new, the 
 theocracy into the kingdom of heaven, the demands of the law into 
 the beatitudes, Sinai into the Mouut bf Beatitudes, the prophetic 
 into the teaching office, the priesthood into redemption by suffer- 
 ing, and the kingship into the triumph of almighty grace, restoring, 
 helpiug, and delivering a fallen world." l 
 
 l Lango, Commentary on St. Matthew, pp. 49, SO. 
 
LECT. II NOTES. 243 
 
 Again, in his other work, the same thoughts occur : — 
 " He (St. Matthew) exhibits the Gospel in its historical relation 
 as the completion, the spiritual fruit of the Christological growth 
 in the Old Testament. It was his task to prove to his own nation 
 that Jesus was the Messiah, the Sou of David, the Son of Abra- 
 ham. (Chap. i. 1.) But just because Christ was, in his eyes, the 
 true and spiritual King of the Jews, and His kingdom the true 
 theocratic kingdom of God, did Matthew from the very first give 
 prominence to the great contrast between the spiritual Israel and 
 the worldly and hardened Israel. Thence it was that from the 
 beginning new conflicts were ever arising, thence that we con- 
 tinually meet with fresh sufferings of the holy Heir of the ancient 
 theocracy till His death upon the cross, new triumphs till the 
 manifestation of His glory. The series of the Messiah's sufferings 
 runs through the whole of this gospel as its prevailing thought." * 
 
 Note V., p. 71. 
 
 The essential identity of the synoptist view of the person of 
 Christ with that given by St. John is ably asserted by Dorner. It 
 may be well to cite a part of his argument : — 
 
 " Taking the notices of the Synoptists together, it thus appears 
 that for all eternity, also for the eternal life 2 in heaven, the Person 
 of Christ, the Son of God and the Son of Man, forms the centre 
 point of the Christian religion, in the trials and in the triumphs of 
 individuals and of the Church. He is the perfect Lawgiver. lie 
 not merely reveals, but he realizes as well, the holy and just as 
 the gracious will of God; hence is He also the Judge of the world. 
 He has and exercises power over the whole world, even as he does 
 over the spiritual ; He communicates here the forgiveness of sins 
 and the Holy Ghost, there eternal felicity ; and the summit of the 
 latter is ever formed by perfect fellowship with His Person. . . . 
 
 " It may be boldly affirmed that the entire representation of 
 Christ given by the Synoptists may be placed by the side of the 
 Johannine as perfectly identical inasmuch as faith, moulded by 
 
 1 Life of Chrlat, vol. 1. 248. 1 fwrj aivviot. 
 
244 NOTES. Lect.III. 
 
 means of the synoptic tradition, must have essentially the same 
 features in its conception of Christ as the Christ of John has. 
 
 11 The passages in John which speak the most loftily of Christ 
 are those to which the Synoptists supply exactly the closest paral- 
 lels, whilst some of the strongest traits in the latter find no 
 parallel in John ; comp. Matt. ix. 2-6 with John \. 41 (viii. 11), 
 Matt, xxviii. 18-20 with John iii. 35. But as these latter synoptic 
 traits are assuredly capable of being without difficulty incorporated 
 with John's representation of Christ, sd, on the other hand, may 
 what John, with Taul and the Epistle to the Hebrews, advances, 
 that goes beyond the synoptists — that, namely, which has relation 
 to the element of pre-existence — be brought into relation to them. 
 The Christ of the Synoptists stands already so high above the 
 Ebionitic Christ; lie is especially through His eschatological 
 aspect so linked with the world- idea, that to the synoptic faith 
 there needs to be added not so much a new object as simply a 
 stronger interest of gnosis ; and so also it is that this faith can 
 find satisfaction in no narrower utterance concerning Christ than 
 Ln such a one as the dogma of His pre-existence will enunciate. 
 
 " In point of fact there are not wanting in the Synoptists them- 
 selves the beginning of such : comp. Luke vii. 37, Matt. xi. 19, 
 where Christ calls himself the Wisdom, with Prov. viii., Matt. xi. 
 27; especially, however, Luke xi. 49 with Matt, xxiii. 34 , Matt, 
 xiii. 17, Luke x. 23-24, with John viii. 5G ff." > 
 
 LECTURE III. 
 
 Note VI., p. 95. 
 
 This hindrance is strongly pat in some words of Drascke quoted 
 by Stier: — 
 
 "The old Messiah in the flesh is with Hem; therefore the new 
 Comforter, the Spirit, is far from them. What hindered their 
 being comforted? Jesus himself, who, comforting, stood before 
 
 1 Dorner. On the Person of Christ, Introduction, pp. 60, 61. 
 
Lect. IV. NOTES. 245 
 
 fliem, was the hindrance! As long as he, this Messiah, bearing 
 All the prophetic marks upon him, stood before them in person, 
 this his person continued to be a foundation and prop to that sys- 
 tem of vanities which bewitched their heads and hearts. The 
 Form must pass awa}- from their eyes before the Spirit could enter 
 their souls. It was good for them that Jesus should go away. 
 Before he, the Christ after the flesh, went away, the Christ after 
 the Spirit could not come. When the former vanished, the latter 
 appeared." 1 
 
 LECTURE IV. 
 
 Note VII., p. 103. 
 
 Baumgarten's Apostolic History starts at once from the right 
 point of view ; and the effect of this is felt through the whole 
 work. I subjoin a part of his criticism on the cardinal expression, 
 which indicates the relation between the two histories treated by 
 St. Luke, in support of that view of it which is briefly given in the 
 text of the lecture : — 
 
 " From the words, ' which Jesus began both to do and to teach,' l 
 we perceive that, through the Gospel, St. Luke intends Jesus to 
 oe regarded as the acting subject of this history. Consequently, 
 whatever else the Gospel narrates, whether the actions of other 
 persons or the sufferings of the Saviour himself, his labors, eithei 
 in doing or in teaching, are to be considered as the central point 
 from which the whole is determined. But now it is of especial 
 significance that in this passage there occurs a word which, corre- 
 sponding to the term Trpiro^, refers us with equal precision, as well 
 to what follows, as to what precedes. It is the word ."pfaTo. With 
 good reason has Meyer maintained that this word has a peculiar 
 emphisis, and has therefore rightly rejected all such expositions 
 of it as would explain away its force. But the explanation which 
 he himself proposes is equally fatal to the emphatic character 
 
 1 Words of the Lord Jesus, vol. vi. p. 337. 
 
 S if fjp(a.TO 6 'Irjaovt nouiv re kcu 6i6aox«u> 
 
246 
 
 NOTES 
 
 LECT. IV. 
 
 which he claims for it. lie sees in it, for instance, an antithesis of 
 this kind, ' Jesus began — the Apostles carried on.' But the pe- 
 culiar force, which Meyer has just claimed for ^faro (began), de- 
 pends, so far as I can see, on its position, standing as it does before 
 the name, which, in itself, comprises the whole subject-matter oi 
 the Gospel. . . . 
 
 " The impressive force of the word ^aro will, therefore, be duly 
 appreciated as soon as, with Olshausen (in loc.) and Schnecken- 
 burger, we regard it as characterizing and referring to the whole 
 of Jesus' labors during his existence on earth — in other words, as 
 describing the whole course of his labors up to the time of his 
 ascension as initiatory and preparatory. 
 
 " If, therefore, at the commencement of a second book, all that 
 had been narrated in the first is characterized as the work of the 
 initiatory labors of Jesus, is not this a plain intimation that in the 
 second book we are to look for an account of the further continu- 
 ance of those labors ? " l 
 
 Note VIII., p. 112. 
 
 The view, which is given in the text, of St. Faul's testimony, 
 concerning the sources from which he had derived his gospel, and 
 particularly of his assertion, 1 Cor. xi. 23, was not reached with- 
 out some hesitation. It had once seemed to me (as probably it 
 does to most readers) that the interpretation of the words £y& 
 napi\apov inb rod Kvptov, was decided by the more definite language of 
 Gal. i. 12 ; and also that the express mention both of the ty* and 
 the icvpios was more natural, on the supposition that the Apostle 
 meant to intimate an immediate personal communication from the 
 Lord to himself. The first of these reasons is removed, if the 
 expressions in the Corinthians on the one hand, and those in the 
 Galatians and Ephesians on the other, contemplate the Gospel (as 
 they obviously do) from the two different sides of history and 
 doctrine. The second reason was merely a continuation of an in- 
 terpretation accepted upon other grounds, and has no great forc« 
 
 1 Baumgarten's Apostolic History (Clarke's Tr.), sect. 1, pp. 10, 11. 
 
LECT. IV. NOTES. 247 
 
 by itself. It is an argument of the same kind, but perhaps of 
 scarcely as much weight, as that which is adduced on the other 
 side from the use of dn-d instead of napi. Dean Alford's decision 
 (the opposite of that which is adopted in the lecture) seems to n.e 
 too hastily given in regard to a point of so much interest ; and he 
 treats the question of the preposition too slightingly : — 
 
 "For I (no emphasis on iya> as Meyer, ah, see ch. vii. 28 com- 
 pared with 32; Gal. vi. 17; Phil. iv. 11) received from the Lord 
 {by special revelation, see Gal. i. 12). Meyer attempts to deny that 
 this revelation was made to Paul himself, on the strength. of oni 
 meaning indirect, napi direct reception from any one : but this dis- 
 tinction is fallacious : e. g. 1 John i. 5, a-vrq l<rr\v ii enayyeMa r> a.Ky]K6a^iv 
 
 a* avTov. lie supposes that it was made to Ananias or some other, 
 and communicated to Paul. But the sole reason for this somewhat 
 culmsy hypothesis is the supposed force of the preposition, which 
 has no existence. If the Apostle had referred only to the Evan- 
 gelical tradition or writings (?) he would not have used the first 
 person singular, but n-apeAdiSo/xev." > 
 
 " The supposed force of the preposition, which has no exist- 
 ence," is an over-confident expression. Against this decision must 
 be weighed the opinion given by others, e. g. by Winer: "After 
 verbs of receiving, &c, d™ has merely the general meaning of 
 whence: Matt. xvii. 25, d™ riwav Xaixpivovat rix-q ; it is kings who are 
 the k*p.$6.vovTe<;] irapi would have indicated the immediate gathering 
 of the taxes, and would have been employed in this passage had 
 the tax-gatherers been spoken of as the Xarfdvovres. In the expres- 
 sion XanPavovres napi tivo? the ti? denotes the person actually deliver- 
 ing or tendering : in Aa^jSavofTe? dno w« it denotes merely the pro- 
 prietor. . . . Paul, in 1 Cor. xi. 23, writes nap£x*$ov d™ too Kvpiov, 
 1 I received of the Lord,' not, the Lord himself has directly, per- 
 sonally, in an *noic<iXv^i<;, communicated it to me." 3 
 
 Winer's judgment is adopted by Bishop Ellicott. On Gal. 12, 
 
 •i6i yap eyu> nap* avOpwnov napiXafiov, he Sa\ r S, " napd avQpJincv 'fl'Oin man,* 
 
 not synonymous with d™ dvBpumov, the distinction between the prep- 
 ositions after verbs of receiving, &c. (rap* more immediate, *™ mort 
 
 i Alford In loo. * Grammar of N. T. Diction, p. 388. 
 
248 NOTES. Lect. IV. 
 
 remote source), being apparently regularly maintained in St. Paul's 
 Epistles. Compare 1 Cor. xi. 23, -rrapixa^ov anb iov Kvptmt, on which 
 Winer {Be Verb. Comp. Fasc. ii., p. 7) rightly observes, « non ™pa 
 row Kvpi'ou, propterea quod non ipse Christus prsescntem dccuit.' M 
 The example given by Alford on the other side appears of little 
 
 Value, as the enayyeKla rjv a/oj/edajuei' an auToO is llOt a Saying cited by St, 
 
 John as uttered to him personally by the mouth of Christ, but a 
 general summary of the message with which the teachers of the 
 Church were entrusted by their Lord. On the whole, the force of 
 the preposition may be stated thus : it does not compel us to adopt 
 either interpretation, but it is more accurate, more natural, and 
 more in accordance with the usage of Scripture, when interpreted 
 not in the sense of an immediate, but of a more remote reception. 
 If we should probably conclude that the general facts of the Gos- 
 pel history (e. g. those mentioned in 1 Cor. xv. 3-7) were not com- 
 municated to St. Paul by direct revelation, we should have nc 
 reason to suppose an exception in regard to the facts of the insti- 
 tution of the Lord's Supper; unless the language employed in 
 regard to that subject obliged us to do so. Apparently that is not 
 the case, the preposition used agreeing rather with the opposite 
 opinion, and certainly not being that which would seem likely to 
 have been chosen, if it had been the purpose of the writer to assert 
 the exceptional nature of this particular communication. Thus 
 the addition of anb toO KvpLov to napi\apov will only indicate the im- 
 portance of the acts and words of the institution, as handed down 
 by the known will, and (probably) by the express charge, of the 
 Lord. 
 
 In regard to the whole question of the sources of St. Paul's 
 doctrine, it seems to me that his own expressions lead us to class 
 them as follows : (1) the report of others, conveying to him the 
 historical facts of the manifestation of Christ; (2) direct and defi- 
 nite revelations from the Lord Jesus, ascertaining to him the main 
 features of the doctrine which it was his special work to deliver; 
 (3) a general inspiration or guidance of the Holy Ghost, present 
 In his experience, in the workings of his own mind, and more 
 particularly in his study of the Old Testament Scriptures. 
 
 The last mentioned method of illumination is evident^ of a pro- 
 
Lect. IV. notes. 249 
 
 gressive character. In reference to this subject Ellicott's observa- 
 tion, in his comment on Gal. i. 12, is fair and reasonable : — 
 
 " It is a subject of continual discussion, whether the teaching of 
 St. Paul was the result of one single illumination, or of progres- 
 sive development. The most natural opinion would certainly seem 
 to be this : that as, on the one hand, we may reverently presumo that 
 all the fundamental truths of the Gospel would be fully revealed to 
 St. Paul, before he commenced preaching; so, on the other, it 
 might have been ordained, that, in accordance with the laws of 
 our spiritual nature, its deepest mysteries and profoundest harmo- 
 nies should be seen and felt through the practical experiences of 
 his apostolical labors." 
 
 I would only wish to add to this statement of the case a distinct 
 mention of that continuous ministration of the Old Testament 
 Scriptures to his mind, which is perceptible in all his writings, 
 and to which attention is called in Note XII. 
 
 Note IX., p. 120. 
 
 Every day we become more familiar with that view of the Apos- 
 tolic writings, which distinguishes between the narrator and the 
 commentator, assigning a commanding authority to the bare wit- 
 ness of facts, of sayings of the Lord, and of revelations distinctly 
 asserted, and denying such authority to the expositions of the doc- 
 trine involved in those facts, sayings, and revelations. In the one 
 department of their work they are true witnesses, delivering to us 
 the words of God. In the other they are fallible men, theorizing 
 or theologizing under the mingled advantages and disadvantages 
 which might result from their historical position. This bisection 
 (if I may use the word) of the testimony of our appointed teach- 
 ers, leaves us the divine foundations of a theology, but sweeps 
 away the divine theology itself, which they were laid to support. 
 We are at full liberty to raise other edifices in its stead, or, which 
 will be better still, we may leave the materials unused and the 
 ground unoccupied. The intimations of this view of the inspired 
 writings are often hurtful, only because they are disguised ; the 
 theory not being avowed, while the language appropriate to it is 
 used. It will be well to keep the theory itself distinctly in sight. 
 
250 NOTES. Lect IV. 
 
 as it will explain the meaning and expose the tendency of many 
 arguments and insinuations which might else make injurious im- 
 pressions on unestablished faith. Perhaps this theory cannot be 
 better exhibited than in the following words of one of its leading 
 advocates : — 
 
 "As to what especially concerns the religious doctrines con- 
 tained in the Bible, it is clear, from the very nature of the case, that 
 tve are only bound to notice those doctrines which can be directly 
 referred to inspiration. We therefore need pay no regard to those 
 doctrines which lay no claim to be considered as inspired, and do 
 not come before us as forming part of a Divine revelation. Such, 
 for instance, are the doctrines of the Mosaic cosmogony, the sim- 
 ple historical narratives in both the Testaments, &c. Above all, 
 those parts of the Bible which cannot be directly derived from in- 
 spiration, consequently everything in the writings of the prophets 
 (and, taking the word in a wide sense, of the apostles also) which 
 is in any degree of a a scientific character, the result of reflection, 
 and in any sense whatever the work of science, true and impor- 
 tant as it may be, these, one and all, have not a binding authority 
 upon us. But farther, all developments of doctrine, which were in 
 point of fact the commencement of a theology, have a large margin 
 belonging to them. Take, for instance, the theological theories and 
 peculiar views of Paul and John, although in another regard they 
 have an especial value for us, yet per se they are not revelation. 
 Their authors worked them out with much painful thought, and 
 their thought we also truly regard, when striving like them to 
 master the subject; yet they never claim for their theological de- 
 ductions a binding authority upon others. On the other hand, all 
 the direct declarations in Holy Scripture about our salvation, all the 
 great historical facts of the great drama of revelation, especially 
 the contents of the Gospels, these have all a binding authority upon 
 us. These are the points on which Paul and John theologize. 
 
 " It is this assertion of the comparative authority of the Holy 
 Scriptures which is the only means of securing them from forced 
 and violent interpretations." 1 It would be more true to say — o* 
 exposing them to such interpretations. 
 
 I B. Rotbe, in an article in Studien und Kritiken, 1860. 
 
Lect. IV. NOTES. 251 
 
 Note X., p. 126. 
 
 "If such a spirit did not dwell in the Church, the Bible would 
 not be inspired; for the Bible is, before all things, the written voice 
 of the congregation. Bold as such a theory of inspiration may 
 sound, it was the earliest Ci'eed of the Church, and it is the only 
 one to which tne facts of Scripcure answer. The Sacred Writers 
 acknowledge themselves men of like passions with ourselves, 
 and we are promised illumination from the Spirit which dwelt in 
 them." » 
 
 These words of Dr. Williams give a distinct statement of a view 
 of the Holy Scriptures, which is often presented in more ambigu- 
 ous language. The Bible is the voice of the congregation, in the 
 sense of being a voice adopted by the congregation, as the expres- 
 sion of its mind forever; and assertions may be made concerning 
 the Scriptures, which are true in this sense, while they are false iu 
 the sense which they are meant to bear : but this sense is here' 
 disclaimed by the words ''before all things," which deny that the 
 Scriptures have any character antecedent to this. This denial flatly 
 contradicts the real voice of the congregation, which has always 
 acknowledged and adopted the Scriptures, in the character of a 
 voice which came to it, not in that of a voice which proceeded 
 from it. Nothing is more certain than that the Church has always 
 considered and avowed, that she was called into existence by tlw 
 Apostolic agency : and that the teaching of the Apostles was the 
 cause and not the product of her faith. It is no less certain, tint 
 she has from the tirst acknowledged and received the canonical 
 books, as being themselves a part, the written part, of that Apos- 
 tolic teaching, that is to say, as being the permanent form of tho 
 word by which her faith was first created. 
 
 This acknowledgment of the Catholic Church, concerning bef 
 own origin and the relation of the Scriptures to it, does in fact 
 dispose of the questions which we often hear debated — whether 
 the Church is before the Bible, or the Bible before the Church — 
 whether the New Testament Scriptures stand upon Christianity, 01 
 
 l Essays and Reviews^ p. 7S. 
 
252 NOTES. Lect. IV 
 
 Christianity upon the New Testament Scriptures. It is certain 
 that the Church existed before the Bible, and Christianity before 
 the New Testament Scriptures; but it is also certain that the 
 Church and Christianity derived their own existence from the word 
 which those Scriptures contain. The word was antecedent to the 
 exist ence of the Church, as the cause is to the effect ; the writing 
 of 1-hat word, and its reception when written, were subsequent to 
 the formation of the Church, but the writing only made permanent 
 for future time the word by which the Church had been created ; 
 and the reception of the writings only recognized them as the same 
 word in its form of permanence. Thus, while the Church is chrono- 
 logically before the Bible, the Bible is potentially before the Church ; 
 since the written word, which is the ground of faith to later genera- 
 tions of Christians, is one in origin, authority, and substance with 
 the oral word, which was the ground of faith to the first genera- 
 tion of Christians. Any one w T ho pleases may deny this unity of 
 the written and the oral word. I only observe, that, if he does so, 
 he contradicts the " voice of the congregation." 
 
 It may further be said, that there is a sense in w T hich some of 
 the New Testament Scriptures are, as writings, anterior to Chris- 
 tianity, not only potentially but chronologically. If the ministry 
 of St. Paul was divinely ordained, and used, to develop Christian 
 doctrine, then that ministry was anterior to the full development 
 of Christianity. But his Epistles were part of his ministry, as 
 much a part of it as his spoken word : may we not say a more im- 
 portant part, as being, by their character of writing, more deliber- 
 ate and thorough. It follows that his Epistles are, as really as 
 his oral teaching, chronologically anterior to Christianity as a 
 perfected system. Christianity therefore stands upon the New 
 Testament Scriptures; not the New Testament Scriptures up oh 
 Christianity. 
 
Lkct. VI. NOTES. 253 
 
 LECTURE VI. 
 
 Note XI., p. 156. 
 
 " Epistolicam formam pros libris V. T. habent Scripta N. T. nt 
 In his non solum Pauli, Petri, Jacobi, Juda3, scd etiam uterque 
 Lucae, et omnes Johannis libri. Plus etiam est, quod ipse Domiuug 
 Jesus Cbristus suo nomine septera epistolas dedit, Johannis manu, 
 Apoc. ii. 3, ac tota Apocalypsis instar est epistolae ab Ipso datae. 
 Non ad servos, sed ad liberos, eosque emancipatos potissimum, 
 epistolae mitti sunt solitae : epistolicumque scribendi genus prae 
 quovis alio accoramodatum est ad regnum Dei quam latissime 
 propagandum, et ad animas quam locupletissime sedificandas. 
 Plus in hoc quoque genere unus laboravit Paulus quam ceteri 
 omnes." l 
 
 Note XII., p. 171. 
 
 The principle intimated in the text is that the "perfection"* of 
 Christian doctrine was attained by the reading of the Old Testa- 
 ment in the light of the (elementary) knowledge of Christ; in 
 other words, that the complete exposition of the Gospel was the 
 result of a combination of the facts and the words of the old dis- 
 pensation with the facts and the words of the new, a combination 
 effected in the minds of the Apostles under the teaching of the 
 Holy Ghost, who thus brought to light the meaning and the scope 
 of his own earlier inspirations, preserved in the Law and the 
 Prophets. This method of divine teaching is exhibited in action, 
 and exemplified at length, in the Epistles to the Romans and to the 
 Hebrews. It does in fact constitute and create those two precious 
 writings; which, while they are arguments addressed to others, 
 appear to be also records of the course of thought and formation 
 of opinion in the minds of the writers themselves. They use for 
 the education of other minds the same means and materials which 
 the Holy Ghost had first prepared, and then used, for the educa- 
 tion of their own. 
 
 l Bengelii, Gnomon. In Bom. i. L I rcAetfott. 
 
254 NOTES. Lect. VI. 
 
 a. g. Tie mind of St. Paul having received the fundamental 
 principle of justification by grace through faith in Christ, seems 
 to have defined and systematized his doctrine on that subject, by 
 reflection on Lis own experience of what the Law could do and of 
 what it couhi not do, on the principle enunciated by Haoakkuk. 
 that "the jusi snail live by his faith," on the fact that Abraham, 
 'being yet uncircumcised, believed God, and it was counted ULto 
 him for righteousness," on David's description of " the man to 
 whom the Lord iraputeth righteousness without works," &c, &c. 
 The writer to the Hebrews, again, in his peuctratiug and profound 
 treatment of a multitude of Old Testament texts and of the whole 
 system of the first covenant, not only instructs the disciples whom 
 he addresses, but also incidentally shows in what way their 
 teachers had themselves been taught, namely, by means of the 
 former Scriptures, read in connection with the Gospel facts, and 
 under the teaching of the Holy Ghost. 
 
 I do not mean that precisely the same passages which they 
 think fittest for instructing others had been effectual to their own 
 enlightenment, but that they had gained their own perfect light 
 from these and others like them, and that they had themselves 
 been taught through the same medium which they employ. St. 
 Paul's manner of using the Old Testament seems continually to 
 imply his own personal obligations to it. 
 
 Some may think that this view of the manner in which the truth 
 was cleared to the minds of its first teachers is inconsistent with, 
 or at least derogatory to, their inspiration ; since it implies the 
 processes of study, reflection, comparison, deduction, a gradual 
 increase in the fulness and proportions of their knowledge, and a 
 progress of doctrine in their own minds. Certainly it implies all 
 this, and that is a reason not against, but for its truth; for the 
 Apostolic writings appear to bear witness to such processes and 
 such progress in the minds of their authors. Had it been the 
 purpose of these Lectures to consider the Progress of Doctrine in 
 this sense, the view taken of it would have been in accordance 
 with the observation of Bengel, that when the Pauline discourses 
 and writings are placed in chronological order, "a spirituaJ 
 
Lect. VI. KOT'ES. 255 
 
 growth of the Apostle is perceived." 1 Such a view has no 
 kindred with that which has been hazarded by Professor 
 Jowett and others, and which treats the later teaching, not as an 
 expansion, but as a reversal of the earlier; not as a more full and 
 definite, but as an absolutely different doctrine. The doctrine 
 was always one, its full development being implied iu its first 
 elements, but, like any other large system of thought, taking time 
 to unfold itself, first in the minds of the teachers, and then in the 
 Church which they taught. The instrument used for this purpose 
 was the Scriptures of the Old Testament. It was so from the 
 very first. When their Lord taught them personally after his 
 resurrection it was through this medium. " He expounded unto 
 them in all the Scriptures the things concerning himself; " "Then 
 opened he their understandings, that they might understand the 
 Scriptures, and said unto them, Thus it is written, and thus it 
 behoved Christ to suffer, and to rise from the dead the third day, 
 and that repentance and remission of sins should be preached in 
 his name among all nations." (Luke xxiv. 27, 45-47.) It is scarcely 
 less evident that the same method was pursued in their subsequent 
 illumination by the Holy Ghost, and that the light which they 
 enjoyed was a light which was reflected from the Scriptures. 
 That which the Lord, before his departure, did by w T ord of mouth, 
 is precisely that which, after his departure, he did by the Holy 
 Ghost; "Then opened he their understandings that they might 
 understand the Scriptures." 
 
 There is nothing in this view of the case derogatory to the ful- 
 ness of their inspiration, for the inspiration in which we believe 
 is not one which in its general action supersedes the natural pro- 
 cesses of the mind, but one which mingles itself with them, and 
 insures the truth of their results. In making the former Scriptures 
 the means of enlightening the authors of the later Scriptures, the 
 Holy Spirit established the continuity of his own teaching, and 
 built the Church " upon the foundation of the Apostles and 
 Prophets," amalgamating the two foundations into one. It is 
 from Lis own experience that St. Paul says to Timothy (albeit not 
 
 lu Incr omentum Apostoli spirituale coguoscitur."— Gnomon, Rom. *. J. 
 
256 NOTES. Leut.VI. 
 
 impowered by the Apostolic inspiration), "The Holy Scriptures 
 (of the Old Testament) are able to make thee wise unto salvation 
 (<re a-o^ia-ai ei? orwnjpiav) through faith whicii > in Jesus Christ." (2 
 Tim. iii. 15.) The force of the expression lies u. *-\z c-o^Vai. The 
 Gospel Timothy has already received ; the faith in Chri°t Jesus he 
 already has; and therefore he is actually in possession oi ^ 
 salvation ; but the wisdom (o-o^ia) appertaining to this salvation he 
 is to seek by means of the Scriptures (to. Swaneva a-o^ia-ai). This 
 *o<p(a corresponds to the TeAeidrrjs (of doctrine) spoken of in Heb. 
 vi. 1, which is there illustrated by the exquisite example of 
 spiritual exegesis, on the passage " Thou art a priest forever after 
 the order of Melchizedek." Elsewhere, again, the Apostle adverts 
 to this character of his doctrine, " Howbeit we speak wisdom 
 among them that are perfect " (o-ofrav kv toI? reAetoi?, l Cor. ii. 6) ; 
 and there the method of its exposition is described by the 
 remarkable expression (of somewhat doubtful meaning), h s^oktoU 
 
 nveviMaros ayiov nvevftaTiKOis nvevpaTiica. o-vyKpivovTe? (yeY. 13). It SeeiUS to 
 
 me that the interpretation of these words is best derived from the 
 fact, everywhere apparent in the Apostle's writings, namely, his 
 habit of working out all the more recondite and (if I may use the 
 word) scientific parts of the Evangelical doctrine by the aid of 
 the Old Testament, the types, images, and sentences of which 
 were, we know, in his sight nvevtxaTiKi. Dean Alford's objection to 
 this interpretation, as given by Chrysostom, is founder! upon his 
 treatment of the word avyKpCvetv, as if it meant barely to prove or 
 interpret. I think that Chrysostom's illustrations, in the passage 
 referred to, suggest a larger meaning than this; but even mt 
 latter of these words, taken in its full sense, would be a more 
 adequate and exact rendering than that which is adopted in its 
 place, " putting together spirituals with spirituals," i. e. attaching 
 spiritual words to spiritual things. The avynpiveiv will more properly 
 represent a process of thought and judgmeut than a mere method of 
 expression: it does in fact most aptly represent that process which 
 we actually see in the Epistles, in which the nvevp-aTini of the old 
 covenant are combined with those of the new in order to establish 
 and elucidate the doctrine which is delivered. The appropriation 
 of the Old Testament words to express the New Testament doc* 
 
LfiCT. VI. NOTES. 257 
 
 trines is a part of this elucidation : e. g. the application of the old 
 terms of sacrifice and lustration, to describe the nature of the 
 death and the effect of the blood of Christ. 
 
 Note XIII., p. 172. 
 
 "As Luther complained of the Epistle of James, that it was not 
 occupied with Christ, so in more recent times an iuclination baa 
 been exhibited to regard James, as he appears to us in his Epistle, 
 as the representative of the faith of the earliest Christians ; and 
 hence it has been deduced that the Ebionitic doctrine was the 
 primitive ; a conclusion in every respect over-precipitate ! For, 
 first, the design of James is such, that it does not fall to him to set 
 forth in order the faith and its contents, but to maintain the marts 
 rather according to its ethical significaucj^, and to contend against 
 all antinomianism. The ^Vtis he pre-supposes; he does not seek 
 to plant it for the first time ; and hence it is incompetent, nay, 
 unjust, to him, to treat his Epistle as if he began with the beginning 
 and meant to set forth the fundamental principles of Christianity, 
 which as yet were not in dispute. But, secondly, it would be still 
 more hazardous from this short Epistle — which, according to its 
 avowed design, aims to unfold the ethical aud not the dogmatical 
 aspect of Christian truth — to form an estimate of James uni- 
 versally; of whom we have no right, since in other respects he is 
 at one with the synoptic tradition, to assume that in respect to 
 Christological ideas he stands opposed to it. Thirdly, utterly un- 
 true is the assumption that James is to be viewed as the repre- 
 sentative of the faith of the earliest Christianity. Rather is his 
 letter, with its polemic against a one-sided faith, an evidence that 
 there was another tendency in the Church, which laid chief stress 
 on faith, not in its ethical purifying power, but viewed principally 
 as an object of knowledge, aofra ; consequently, more in respect; 
 of its dogmatic import, and that in a fruitless way, and which held 
 participation in Christianity in this sense for justifying. Over 
 against this theoretical faith he places that which is practical. 
 Still more weighty is what we would adduce fourthly, viz., that 
 si cannot be denied that to the individuality of James the ethicd 
 
258 KOTES. Lect. VI 
 
 was the most congenial, and hence drew him to give especial effect 
 to the refutation of this false tendency." ! 
 
 Dorner goes on to show that the ethic of St. James is a 
 Christian ethic, and then to point out the actual Christologica! 
 features of the Epistle. The result is, " that James had before him 
 the Christian presupposition in anthropological and soteriological 
 form" — a sufficiently alarming sentence, which, however, I print 
 in italics, because it gives the precise point to which I have wished 
 to speak in the text, namely, that a considerate examination of 
 the Epistle shows, that the whole doctrine of the manifestation of 
 Christ in the flesh, and of the mystery of redemption and salva- 
 tion, is presupposed as already known and accepted both by the 
 writer and by those to whom he writes. It is this p re-supposition 
 which justifies the place which is assigned to the Epistle In the 
 course of divine instruction. 
 
 1 Dorner, on the Person of Christ. Introduction, pp. 62, 63. 
 
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