">\---^ /.^^•:''^°o /\'i^'\ co^',^^''\ /^.^jr;^^\ /-i^ ^°-^. V r,.'\.o^ ^^. .* V -^ --^%-/ /^"\ \^p'** -^ '. •■.«-^&^^ .4 >".. /' ^-^-..^^ .^ 0^ *^':- '-•^^^ .5^^/v. ,0^\--.>c ^* . bV" f>»' • • • . *^i .f' -<> 4.0V .i:,;^* -^^ <*-^ -; *^^ .. ^^ '*• ^^' ^u,<' °^ .^i"^ •>);5^\ -^-^ ./-^ ,'^tr<. ''^. .^3* yJr}^\ \. ,>° /^SK- °^.. ^-^"^ /M r^.^ ^^ v./ ^^' '^^'-^ji^^^'/^ X'^^v"^" '"^^^-'S'^y V^ilv^'"^: o5^^ 0^ ^^ ,.■^0^ ^"•% 'U -^-0^ ^^q.. '""^^o^ :^.' J^ tt.. ^"'^K .\ 1^ ./\, -/ .>• 5^>.. r>^ ,0... -^o ."J.^ .... r^'" ^<^ ?^y^%^'m?^/\ ■'^-'^' ■'■0 .0' -i '•-.V, ,^ « . . -^^ h\ \^'' O. *♦..,•' ,0 "^ ■'»„.o'' c^ ' ^•>^ .♦""^^ %.^* - /r^^ 1 (lEN. ANDREW JACKSON. FiRsr (;iivi THE BOOIv OF JACKSONVILLE. A HISTORY, Bv S. PAUL BROWN i Doggett, J. L., Driscoll, W. J., Fleming, F. P., Fletcher, D. U., Greeley, J. C, Harkisiieimeu, W. Hartridge, a. G. Hartridge, J. E., Hawthorne, F. W Holmes, J. D.. . Knight, R. D , . Livingston, C. ()., MCMURRAY, P. E., M.ATTAIR, L. H., Merrill, A. R., . Merrill, J. E., Metcai.f, L. S., . Phillips, H. B., Schumacher, J. M., Scott, J. R., . Stevens, A. D., Stillman, J. E., Stockton Family, Stockton, J. N. C. Stockton, Telfair, Stockton, T. T. , Towns, C. B., Turner, M. P., Ware, W. S., Webb, W. S., . White, J. W., WuRTS, John, . '^1 l-hl INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS. Acosta, W. I i6S Knight, Raymond IJ., Comp. Back From the Encanumeni, • 137 Lake Worth. . Baker, J. D 156 Livingston, C. O., Baldwin, A. S . 69, 14S M. Murray, P. E., Baldwin, A. S., Remdence. 149 McMuKRAY, P. E. \- Baker, Bay Street, Looking East, . 13 Main Street, . Bay Street, Looking West, 16 Mallory Line Offices, B5ARD OF Trade BuiLDiNi;, . 70 Maii.ory Link Trade Mark, Bryan, J. A 1S5 Mattair, L. H BUCKMAN, H. H • 153 Merchants' National Bank. CAMnsELL, A. B l(.T Merchants' N.-^tional Bank S Campbell, J. R . 115, l(.(. Merrill, A. R., Carter, W. R K.I Merrill, J. E City Coun.h 50 Merrill-Ste\ens Engineerin City Hail am. Market, . 47 Metcalf, L. S., Yacht, Ci ark, H. W . 170 National Bank State ..f F Clark, H. W., Remdence, . I 70 New Duval Hotel, . Coachman, W. F . 1S5 Odd Fellows' Hall, Coachman, W. F., Residence, U3 Orange Grove, • . . . Cocoanut Avenle, Palmeito Avenue, . CocoANUTS Growing 2; Phii.lii-s, H. B Court of Hotel Ponce de Leon, . S3 PllILLII's, Pai I. G., . Da Costa, C. W., 172 Refrigerator Ice Works, . Da Costa Printing Hoise. . 172 Ri\ERsiDE Annex, DesRochers, J. M iS-, Si. George Street, -St. An Doggett, John L . 152 Sr. James Hotel, . Driscoll, W. J 1S2 Sr. James Hotel Staff, Duval County Court House, 56 St. James Park, Fleming, F. P., Residence, . I^I St. John's Episcopal Chi ri i Fletcher, D. IT., . 58, 184 Scene near Jacksonville, F. C. & P. R. R. General Offices, . S6 Scene at Rockledi;e, . F. C. & P. R. R. Offices and Wharves, . 84 Schumachf:r, J. M., . Florida on Wheels 145 ScHUM.^ciiER, J. M., Resideni Florida Yacht Cur House, . . 136 Scott & Acosfa, Office Fo George, Henry, Jr 12S Scott, John R Grand View Hotei 120 Smith, Chas. H., Greeley, J. C iSo Spinner, Gen. F. E., . Greeley, J. C, Residence, . Steamer Crescent, . Haney, T. W., 52 Steamer Jamie, Harkisheimer, W. J ■ '54 Steamer L. H. Pri.ton, . Harkisheimer, W. J.. Rlsidexc E, 154 Steamship Concho, Steamship Iroijuois, . Hartridge, a. G • 177 Stevens. A. D Hartridge, John E I 76 .Stillman, J. E.. HartriD(;e, John E., Residence, . . 1 76 Stockton, Telfair. Residen Havens, O. P (. Stockton, T. T.. Hawthorne, F. W., . 130 Stockton, T. T., Cintrv S Hedrick, a. J 14! SuH-TroPICAL E.\p..slTIoN Bl Holmes, J. D ■ 157 Sum-RHAN Fl.vps, . . . Hotel Cari.eton II S, 119 SuHURUAN Residence, Hotel Cordova, Tarpon Catch, Hotel Ormond I^T Times-Union Building, . Hotel Placide 117 T..MOKA River, . Hotel Royal Poinc iana, . IO() Towns, C. B Hotel Royal Poin( iana Grounds. Turner, M. P., . Indian River 23 Union Passenger Station. Ironmonger, F. M., Jr • 97 I'. S. (ioVERNMENT BuiLDING J,\ckson, General Andrew, l-io,itisph-iC Ware. W. S Jacksonville From Across the St. Juii.- Ware. W. S., Residence. . Jacksonville Harkor II Wekp., W. S King, A. H., Residence • 1 39 West. W. C Knight, Raymond D If.2 WmiF J. W Knight, Raymond D., Residence, . . U.2 WcRTs, John, . . . INDEX TO BUSINESS NOTICES. Clyde S. S. Company, . Crosscit & Wesi' Florida Central & Peninsular Rai Florida Dredging Company, . Florida on Whi-U£Ls, . Greeley, Rollins & Morgan, Haight, a. V Havens, O. P Hotel Carleton, .... Hotel Placide Jacksonville & Atlantic Rah. road. Ma- Railw. Jacksonville, St. Augusitne & Indian Ri Jacksonville, Tami'A & Key Wesi Rm\\ Mallorv .S. S. Lines Merchants' National Bank, . Merrill-Stevens Engineering Compas',, National Bank State op Florida, New Dl'val Hotel Plant System Sp. Tames Huikl IE MAKES PINK PHI ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. The illustrations in this book were made (with a few exceptions) from photographs by Mr. (). P. Ha\ens, the well known Jacksonville artist. The Photo-gravures, or half-tone plates used in the book (with a few e.xceptions) were made by Messrs. Crosscip &■ West, 911 Filbert Street, Philadelphia, Pa. They are what is known as the Ives Process. The bi)ok was printed, bound, and published by the Eagle Printing House of Mr. A. V. Haight, Poughkeepsie, New York. PREFACE. <' JACKSOXMLLE an earnest and candid effort has been made, tile salient puints in the history of our City; second, to record Lirowth and advancement durin;,^- the last two decades: and, finally ;o picture and describe faithfully, truthfully, and adequately the her appearance and pm.^ress, her institutions and industries, her people present .greatness and future prospects, so as to give a fair and intelliu-cnt Jacksonville of tO' and their condition, reiiresentation of what she is to our contempuraries, and to those who ere lon,ii places in the busy arena nf her affairs, to prescr\e as a souvenir and a mementi and the place in which we live. A work of this nature retjuires unrcmittino- toil, decjj research, and care The work of the historian is necessarily laborious; he must not only ,L;et fac confine himself to facts, and must dress them up so as to prt that will be at once entertaining and instructive. \'ery little this work; it has been necessary to draw upon e\'ery available soun this has been done promiscuously, the history becomes of the natur than an original treatise. Great care has been taken in its preparation, however, to confine all statements within conservative bounds. We have no desire to exaggerate, as the simple truth about Jacksonville shows her oft' to greater advantage than most of her contemporaries enjoy. But however great a city's advantages and attractions may be, it is necessary that they be put before the world in order to attract the attention they deserve. Much depends upon the manner in which this is done; and to gain the best results, it is necessary that they be put up in a form not only attractive, liut enduring and permanent. This work, it is believed, answers the purpose, and it may be truthfully asserted that its c(|ual in this respect has never been attempted in the State. Those seeking information as to the real conditions in Jacksonville, 11 fill our the time irch. and careful gleaning. : only get facts, but must them in an attractive form, iginality can be claimed for nx-e of inforiuation. and as compilation rather will obtain it by a perusal of the being authentic and relialjle. I desire to express my thanks to those co-operation, have nuide this work possible, serve a good purpose, and reflect that degree predicted for it. Whether it be a financial success or not, everv promise nuide in connection with the cut information us chapters in th pu' "■ book, and lie sinnted CI ndulge the h ■edit upim the zens who. pe and b conimunitN by their lief that which h: 'AUr. I-'.ROWX. FLORIDA. In Florida a richer fragrance lingers with the flowers, And sweeter notes delight the raptured ear; And nature prints in livelier tints her many colored bowers. For summer blooms in beauty all the year. '-'i ,■ .Ik''"^ U!JI^^£. r^ ;«'llIA'l' ilu' learned Pisd said of Ancient Palmyra, the Oueen City of the ICast, we \ may. with an even oreater de-'ree of triUh, s;iy of Florida to-day. J f , as the 3| Aneients Lieh'eved, the .o'ods had come down to dwell upon earth, they eonld not hnt have chosen I'jorida as the jjlace of their residence, b:)th on accomit of the general beauty of the land and the exceeding sweetness and serenity of the climate. The air, always ricli with perftmic from the hundreds of groves and gardens that llourisli in every section, seems to convey essential nutriment to all who breathe it. It is a pleasure merely to sit still and live. The inhabitants never tremble with the cold blasts that are commiin t;) more northerly climes: indeed, no extremes of either heat or cold is ever known here. Physicians assert that sunstroke is unknown in the State. Certain it is that the summer is as free from extreme heat as the winter fr<.im extreme cold. It may be explained by the geographical situation of the State, which, being a narrow peninstilar lying between two great .seas, is at all times most favorably affected by the cooling and refreshing influences of the almost perpetual breezes that come from either gulf or ocean. This, coupled with the fact that the "rainy season" falls in stminier, produces conditions most favorable to a summer residence here. These, too, are among the causes that accotmt for the general healthfulness of the climate. The ozone from the adjacent seas, that permeates all the air, is most healthful and invigorating to animal life. The elements in the atmosphere seem to constitute an elixir that nourishes every sense with that which it chiefly covets. The forces of nature are so harmonized as to render it one of the most desirable places of residence on the earth. Florida has the oldest settlement in all the States, yet she is the most recently discovered of them all. For centuries she lay like a diamond that is hidden, all unobserved by the great world; un visited by travelers; unnoted by writers; unknown, save in connection with legendary romances covering a period from the landing <_)f old Juan Ponce de Leon to the close of the last vSeminole War; and believed to be tit only for Indians, alligators and agtie to reside in. But "the first shall be last, and the last shall be first." Florida at length was discovered anew, and at one bottnd she became, as it were, the centre of the universe; the winter home and sanitarium of North America, and the orange grove of the world. With the mists of ignorance cleared away, the fallacies of centuries exploded, the eye of discovery perceived at a glance beauties and attractions hitherto unknown (.)n the continent. An appreciative world was n(jt slow to seize and appropriate the advantages revealed in these discoveries, and during the past three decades every hemisphere, every nation and clime have furnished their quota of immigrants, tourists, invalids, seeking pleasure, profit, health — and not in vain. Here labor has found employment, and capital profitable investment. Here men and women live out their allotted time in comfort and tranciuillity, free from the discomforts of a harsh climate, free from the disturbances of a discontented population, free from the collisions between capital and labor which distract other communities ; but, amidst the most pleasant surroundings, in the most equable climate and under the most favorable conditions that could be desired, these people pass down the even ways of life, blessed with peace and contentment, and surr(junded with comforts that make their condition enviable. But Florida must be seen and known to be justly appreciated. Descriptions, however ably delivered, fail to convey an adequate idea of the real conditions. Vou must come and see for yourself, and, if you would of the real intrinsic joy of living make discovery ; if you would at one glance behold ever}- charm in nature concentrate in one rare territory ; if you would ever\' good and perfect blessing share, lose no single moment in delay, but haste with what speed you may to this heaven-appointed land ; a land where the finger-prints of (rod on every flower linger, and flame in glowing colors on the plumage of the birds ; a land where every breathing creature rejoices in an existence free from all cankering ills ; where even things inanimate seem endowed with a mysterious volition and a sense to perform its specific allotment in the wonderful combination of harmonies that constitute the grand and perfect whole, which nature's (to:1 hath here created and .stamped with his own awfttl presence, that men mav know they here behold the last, the best, the sublimest work of His eternal hand. 10 lACKSONVlLLE PAST. F THIS I"L()Rir)A, tliis youn-X'St, in development, of the sisterh.i,,d of Ameriean Common wealths: this land of the semi-tropies, so hi.L;iily favored of Heaven, so rieli in blessinL^s to mankind, Jaeksonville is the natural entrepot anil metropolis; the eentre of tinanee, eommerce and transjjortation, and rankin.t;- thinl in impiirtanee ot the eities on the Soutli Atlantie Seaboard. It is the n^ost important oranoe market in the world, and the greatest Winter Resort in ^Vmerica. -^. Jacksonville is situated (ju the north side of the St. Jolms Ri magnificent stream, deviating from its uniformly nortlierly eoui to the sea, from which the city is distant about t\\enty-ti\-e latitude, thirty degrees twenty-four minutes; longitude, eighty The place where Jackson\-ille ucjw stands was formerly k niles a great bend The exact loc legrees forty minutes, nown onlv as the ehi ■e this stward of crossinji' the St. Johns. Its Indian name was Wacca Pilatka. Its literal meaning, and the nearest that it can be rendered into Entjlish, is the "Cows Crossing Over." By all English- speaking people who knew of it, it was abbreviated into the Cow Ford. The English, while they possessed the country, constructed a road leading from St. Augustine northwest to the great river at this place, and hence, in the same direction, to the (leorgia line, and far beyond. This was before the Revolution. Spain had previously possessed the province, but had never opened a road through any part of it worthy the name; nor did she afterwards when she became repossessed of it. The road opened was called the King's Road, and is so known to the present time. It brought travel from the Southern States, and when the Patriot War began, it led the Patriot Army to the St. Johns. Here it lay encamped around the Cow Ford for several weeks. This was in iSu. The army finally crossed the river, and advanced to St. Augustine: but having no heav)' guns, it was impossible to capture the fort, and, after lying before it several months, it drew off and retraced its steps, and remained for a time on the cast side of the river, and finally recrossed at the Cow Ford and disappeared, never to unite again. As early as the year 1800 Isaac Hendricks, grandfather of Judge H. B. Phillips, owning a Spanish grant on the south side of the river, operated the first ferry for the accommodation of travelers. But it was not until the year 18 16 that a settlement was made on the north side of the river. In that 3'ear Lewis Z. Hogans, another Spanish grantee, built the first house of the future metropolis of Florida, and Ijecame the first settler. Mr. Hogans had married the widow of Purnall Taylor, who had a one-himdred-acre grant adjoining his own, and the two conjointh- owned a greater portion of the land now occupied by the city. In 1817 Juan Maestre (John Masters, in English) obtained a one-hundred-acre grant from Spain, and became a settler with the Hogans, on adjoining property. He soon left, however, and in 1820 conveyed his property to John Brady, who proceeded to occupy and improve it. Mr. Brady, by reason of his entertaining, at liis house, the few travelers who stopped over in the new settlement, enjoys the distinction of having kejjt the first hotel in what has since become one of the foremost hijtel cities in the country. The first store was conducted by Dawson & Buckles, two Georgians, who were among the first settlers. On the 22d of February, 1819, Spain ceded Florida to the United States. This was a signal for the influ.x of immigrants from every direction. Among the first of these was John Locke Doggett, who afterwards built the first court house, and liccame the first County Judge, besides holding many otlicr positions of trust and honor, including the Presidency of the Legislative Council of the Territory; Colonel I. D. Hart and his brother, Daniel C, who likewise became prominent in pul)lic affairs. Others were John Bellamy, Benjamin Chaires, Francis ]. Ross and D. II. S. Miller. In 1822 the town was laid out, and named in honor of General Andrew Jackson, the first Territorial (Governor. :\Icssrs. Bellamy, Ross and Chaires were the Town Commissioners, and Miller the Surveyor. The city was not incorporated, however, until 1833. The first Mayor was William J. Mills, of an English family. The community flourished and grew, and the inhabitants prospered, till the l^rcaking out of the Seminole War, in 1835, when there was a general cessation in all lines of business till the restoration of peace, in 1S42. While Jacksonville was never attacked during this war, her commerce and interior trade, as well as all agricultural operations in the interior, were entirely suspended. All able-bodied men were on dut}-, and the planters, with their families and slaves, had fled to Jacksonville fur protectiun fnini the marauding savag-es. ^Vith the end of the war came another era of pros])erity, which continued uninterrupted till the last great calamity, the Civil War, was inaugurated. It destroyed everything. Jacksonville was abandoned by its inhabitants, by all whc.i could get away; many of them lost all, a large number carrying away nothing. They went mostl}- into the interior, where for four years they struggled with privation and hardships unknown before. When the war had ended and they returned, it was to find, in many cases, their homes and buildings destroyed, and themselves [without a shelter, and unable to recognize the places where they had lived. The United States army had held possession — though at the flrst not continuously — and while here had put the torch to and burned down every building in the outer edge of the town, and had thrown up breastworks in almost every ciuar- tcr. Except the surprise and killing of a picket-guard at the Brickyard Branch, soon after the commencement of the war, the place was ne^■er attacked by the Confederate forces, because it was well known to the leaders that. if taken, it could not be held, as long as the river was open to the United States gunboats. f the war. in 1S65. At that time returned; but the people were in II 11 N si| ^ BAV KEET, EAS'l The real history r)f Jackson\-ille dates from the close the little city had a population of abovu 5,000, when all h a fearfully demoralized condition. The principal buildings, including the court house, churches, schools, and many of the residences, had been destroyed by tire. There was absoluteh- no btLsiness, no commerce, no eommtmication with the outside world, save bv one railroad, the Florida Central and Peninsular, as it is now called, running from Jackson\-ille to Uuincy, without connection with any other line. This mad, for want of adequate repairs and equipment, at that time was almost worthless, and, as some wit described it, was "only two streaks of nist running through a wilderness." Ciradually. however, the leading spirits got together, anel began to knit anew the fabric of their destiny. Almost all kinds of business carried on before the war were by degrees revi\-ed. and some to a greater extent than ever before. The genial climate, and curiosit_\- to see I'lorida, brought many from aliroad, who, when the\- came, were often so agreeably surprised and so pleased, that the accounts they gave created an innuence which brtiught in foreign capital, which, increasing with the general pros])erilv of the counli"\', has produced here what in an earlier day wotild ha\'e l)een considered a fiction rather than a real it V. [ACKSONVILLE TO-DAY. r^^^OjT"^ I T i I tliis brief summary of events in the history of Jaeksonville, from the time mH[ Rpi P "^ ^^^ settlement to the elose of the war in 1S65, we will dispense with the l\W\W/ K'l regular narrative, and close the City's history up to date in the accounts given |^^^:S^^ of her various industries and institutions. These are largely of such importance as to require a separate chapter for each ; the subjects can in this manner be treated more comprehensively, and with greater clearness and mvenience to the reader. CITY GOVERNMHNT. irder that the reader may have at his command the fullest measure of information concerning the laws under which the municipality is operated, it is deemed best to insert a copy of the City Charter here. Jacksonville has had many charters in her history; biit, as wisdom is gained by experience, it is believed that the present one is by long odds the best she has ever had. Prior to the year 18S7 the community, now Lompiismg the City of Jacksonville, contained three sep- arate municipalities: Jacksonville, La Villa and Fairfield. By an act of the Legislature, approved May 31st, 1887, the then existing char- ters of these three cities were abol- ished, and the present municipality of Jacksonville was established. By this act the city limits of Jack- sonville were extended so as ti > embrace the other two, besides considerable adjacent territory, almost doubling the population, while increasing the area many fold. The conditions existing prior to the adoption of the present charter, in 1887, were such as to materially hinder the progress of the City and permanently check its growth. It was in the hands of the rabble, largely. The negro element predominated in all depart- ments of city affairs. Citizens were continually apprehensive; credit main sikkki, looking, soiih. was destroyed, friction engendered, and dire consequences imminent, when House Bill No. 4, as the act was called, relieved the situation by taking away the fi-anchise from the people. The City Council then was appointed by the Governor, and that body elected all other city officials. This heroic measure, as it may be termed, was adopted on the petition of a large majority of the best citizens and property owners, and only as a last resort to obtain a measure of relief. It was the salvation (jf the cDniniunity. The beneficent effects of the measure were felt from the moment of its adoption, and the City entered upim a period of prosperity and confidence never before enjoyed. But it served its time and purpose. When the Legislature of 1893 met a petition was presented for an amendment to the cliarter, restoring to the people the elective franchise, which it had been necessary at another time to take from them. The bill for amendment was championed by Hon. D. U. Fletcher, now Mayor, but then a Representative from Duval County. This amendment was adopted, and approved Maj' 30th, 1893, and the Council is now elected by the people; City affairs work smoothly, and general satisfaction is the result. The Constitution of the State of Florida, now in force, contains the following; provisions cimcerning ^lunicipalities and "Municipal (jovernmcnts ; ARTICLE VI 11, Sechon S. The Legislature shall have p provide for their government: to prescribe the: same at any time. When any munici]3ality sh; protection of its creditors. ARTICLE IX. Sf.ci ION 5. The Legislature shall authorize the se\-eral counties and incorporated cities or towns in the State to assess and impose taxes, for count\- and mtmicipal purposes, and for no other purposes, and all property shall be taxed upon the principles estabUshed for State taxation. But the cities and incorporated towns shall make their own assessments for ntunici])al pur])oses ujjon the property within their limits. Following is the Jacksonville City Charter, together with tlie amendments thereto: jower t< > establish an( \ to abolish munic vers, and to alter oi .vision sliall be m i]Kilities: ■ amend ade for : t< ■ir jurisi: hall be licti(jn and pn\ abolished, pr. th( th. THE CHARTER. Act of May 31st, 1SS7, except where otherwise noted. 'AN ACT to Establish the Municipality of Jacksonville, provide for its Government, and Prescribe its Jurisdiction and Powers," approved May 31st, 1SS7, as amended by Acts approved, respectively, June 2d, 1SS7, May i6th, iSSr), and May 31st, iSSg. 1. Sections i, 2, 3, 4 — City Established; Bound- aries; General Powers; Corporate Authority Vested; Who Eligible to Office. 2. Article 11 — The Mayor; Powers and Duties. 3. Article III— The City Council; Powers and Duties. 4. Article IV— Bonds. 5. Article V— The Board of Public Works; Powers and Duties. 6 Article VI— The Police ; Appointment ; I )rgan- ization ; Powers and Duties. 7. Article VII— The Comptroller; Duties. 8. Article VIII— The Treasurer; Duties. 9. Article IX— The Recorder; Duties. 10. Article X— The Municipal Court; Organiza- tion ; Jurisdiction, and Powers. 11. Article XI— The Marshall; Duties; Police Powers. 12. Article XII— Taxes; Levy and Collection Authorized and Provided for. 13. Article XIII— Miscellaneous ; Fees and Costs ; Additional Employees; Digest of Ordinances; Proving Ordinances; Ordinances Received m Evidence. 14. Article XIV — Repeal of Former Charter and Provisions for Debts; Ordinances of Former Corpora- tions. 15. Right of l-'minent Domains and Condemna- tion Proceeding rhat a ;ab:islK-cl. Smiox I. />V // enact t;f by the r.>,Liis/atiiri- of the State of I- lor i, la, as f>llo:. municipality, to be called the City of Jacksonville, is hereby established in Duval County, the territorial lioundaries of which shall be as follows; Beginning on the east side of the channel of the St. Johns River, where the section line between sections six and seven, township two .south, range twenty-seven east, prolonged eastward wotild intersect said east side of the channel of said river, and running thence due west along the previously described line and between sections one and twelve in township two south, range twenty-six east, and between sections two and eleven, and between sections three and ten to the quarter-section stake between the said sections thi-ee and ten; thence due south one-half mile ; thence west one-half mile to the section line between sections nine and ten ; thence dt:e south to the St. Johns River; thence east to the east side of the channel of said river; thence down and along the east and south side of said river channel to the place of beginning, (a) Sec. 2. Said corporation shall have perpetual succession, shall sue and be sued, plead and be impleaded; may purchase, lease, receive and hold property, real and personal, within said City; and may sell, lease or otherwise dispose of the same for the benefit of the City; and may purchase, lease, receive and hold property, real and personal, beyond the limits of the City, to be used ^"""^^ — "'^^"^' for the burial of the dead; for the erection of water-works; for the establishment of poor houses, pest houses, houses of detention and correction ; for pub- lic parks and promenades, and for any other public purpose that the Mayor and City Council may deem necessary or proper ; and may sell, lease, or otherwise dispose of such property for the benefit of the City, to the same extent as natural per- sons may. Said Citv Common Seal. i n i j shall have and use a common seal, and change it at pleasiu'e. Se Corporate Authority Vested. 3. The corporate author- ity of said City shall be vested in a Mayor and City Council, a Board of Public Works, a Comptroller, a Recorder, a Treasurer, and such other officers as may be appointed and elected in pursuance of law. Sec. 4. No penson shall be eligible to any of said t^offi^e.'^"'"' offices who shall not be a citizen of the State of Florida, and who shall not have been a resident of the City for at leas any such officer cease to be a resident of the street, looki two years immediately precedi City, his office shall be thereby ig his el vacated. \RTICLE 11. How Elect and W ed. ,en Compensation. and Sec sales 2 1 undt I. The ]kIayor shall be elected by the City Council from among the registered voters of said City, for the term of two years, at the first regular meeting in Jiine, i88g, and biennially thereafter. He shall have power to preserve the peace within the City. He shall receive such compensation, not exceeding §25 per month, as may be fixed by the City Council before his election. (/') He shall have power to bid in property for the City at all tax sales and judicial sales er processes at law when the City is a party; t" (r) direct ami control the police force (a) Boundaries as Amended by Section 13, Act of May 31s (*) Section i, Act of May i6th, iSSg. (c) Words "Appoint subject to confirmation by the Counc 1S.S7, and repealed by Section 6, Act of May 16th, iSSg, Hi 1SS9. conrticted with Section I, Article YI, Act of May of the City; to make /n* tempore appointments to fill vacancies caused by sickness, absence or other disability of any City Officer, and to suspend any City Officer for mis- ~ '— conduct in office or neglect of duty, reporting his actions with his reasons therefor, in writing, t(.) the next meeting of the City diuncil for its approval or rejection; but he shall not have the power to fill vacancies in or to suspend members of the Board of Public Works or of the City Council. He may, whenever in his judgment the good of the City requires it, call special meetings of the City Council, and, when so called, he shall state by message the objects for which it shall have been convened ; and the business of such meeting shall be restricted to ciaf iieetings the objects so stated. " — - ""'^' ' — He shall have a general supervision and control over all City < )fficers (but not over members of the City Council or members of the Board of Public Works), and, with the same exception, may at all times examine into the condition of their respLxtive offices, the books, papers and records therein, and the manner of conducting their official business; and pJrl^iston of may call upon any officer, clerk or deputy, for information in relation to any matter — '''^^^ — pertaining to his office. He shall carefully examine all bills passed, and .should any not meet his approbation, he shall return the same to the next regular meeting of the City Council, with his objections in writing. He shall be required to veto only stich features in a bill as he may deem -^-^ — '^^' objectionable, and may approve the residue of the same bill. At least once in every three months he shall cause to be presented to the shaii Require t\- City Council a full and complete statement of the financial condition of the City. nanciai state iiients. He shall communicate from time to time to the City Council stich information and recommend such measures as may, in his judgment, tend to the improvement of finances and to the general interest of the City, and shall report to the City Council all violations to'cmincir"""'" or neglect of duty on the part (jf any City Officer which may come to his knowledge. He shall take care that all the laws and ordinances concerning the City are duly respected and observed in the City, and its property outside the City, and shall o'rdinance-f. perfonii such other duties as may by ordinances of the City Council be required of him. He shall cause all ordinances passed by the City Council to be published immediately in To Publish one of the City newspapers. No ordinance shall take effect until so published. r Sec. 3. The Mayor may be impeached by the City Council for misfeasance, malfeasance, or nonfeasance in office, and, two-thirds of the City Council concurring, may be removed. Should charges at any time be preferred against the Mayor, the City Council shall proceed without unnecessary delay to investigate and decide them. Sec. 4. In case of the absence of the Mayor, the President, or in his absenc President, of the Board of Councilmen shall discharge the duties of Mayor and recei\-e the Mayor's salary for the time of his absence. In case the Mayor's office is vacated, the President, or in his absence, the acting President, of the Board of Coinicilmen shall discharge the duties of said office until a successor shall be elected by the City Council, [a) Impeat ^hment of. -■C. thi '. act: ing Acting Mayor. Skciio.x I. The legislative puwcr of said corp;)ration shall be exercised by a Cit composed of eigliteen members appointed by the Coxcnior for a term of tlirce yea two from each election district of said City as at i^rescnt districted. The office any Councilman removing from his ward shall lie thereby vacated. The members shall annually one of their own number to be their presiding othcer, who shall lie called President of the City Council, and shall have power to enforce such rules as may j^J',„'^ be adopted by the Board for its government. The City Council may determine its (rt) Section 2. Act of May i6tli, 1SS9. lijw Appointeir own rules of pmceedings and prescribe the punishment of its members for non-attendance or dis- order!}- conduct, and enforce the same. Two-thirds of its members concurring, it may ''^" ^'°"' expel a member for non-attendance, or other improper conduct, while in office. A majority of the members of the Board shall be required to form a quorum for the transaction of business, but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day. To enable the City Council to fully investigate charges against its own members or other officers, or such other matters as they may deem proper, the Mayor or Recorder, at the request of the '— Board, shall issue subpoenas and compulsory process to compel the attendance of per- sons and the production of books and papers before the City Council, and the Recorder shall have ^ power to administer necessary oaths. The City Council shall hold meetings at such times ee^ings. ^^^ .^ mav determine, not less than one meeting each month. Councilmcn sliall receive no Jacksonv Va mpensation. The Government shall appoint the Board of Councilmen as soon as practicable after . the passage of this Act, and shall fill all vacancies in the Council by appointment. '■ The Councilmen appointed under this Act shall immediately thereafter qualify and assume the duties of the office, (a) Sf.c. 2. No bill shall become a law without first having been passed on three several read- ings by a majority vote, on the third of which readings a majority of the whole been signed by the Mayor, (,!) Section 3, Act of May i6th, 1SS9. except that it may be passed without his signature, as herein provided. No ordinance or portion of an ordinance vetoed by the Mayor shall go into effect unless the same be passed by two-thirds of the whole number of members of the City - Council. If the Mayor fail to return any ordinance at or before the next regular meeting ~-^--?~^- after its passage he shall be deemed to have approved the same, and it shall become a law without further action. Sec. 3. The Mayor and City Council shall have power and are hereby authorized to create such offices and provide by ordinance for the appointment or election of all such officers as may be necessary for the good government of the city (not in conflict with nor to interfere with the duties of officers and appointees provided for in this Act), whose compensation and oMces''^'^^'^ terms of service shall be fixed before their election, and the compensation shall nut be increased or diminished during their term of office. The Mayor and City Council shall have power to abolished at any time any office created by them, and to discharge an}- officer elected or appointed by them, except as herein otherwise provided ; biit shall not abolish any office created ^ _ — ^ under this Act. All elections bv the City Council shall be I'/z'tr ivire on the call of - ' — ' the roll. All officers created by this act, or created by City ordinance and appointees of the Board of Public Works, shall be required to give such bond as the Mayor and City Council may by ordinance provide; and the Board of Public Works may demand of its to Give Bond. employees, appointees and artisans such bond as it shall deem fit in case there is no ordinance of the Mayor and City Council requiring such bond. No Cmmcilman shall Sbuf't^^'other'' be eligible to any other city office. offices. Every officer before entering iipon the duties of his office shall take oath to faithfully and impartially perform the same. -" ' ' Sec. 4. The ^layor and City Council shall, within the limitations of this Act, have power, by ordinances, to levy and collect taxes upon all property and privileges taxable by law for State purposes; to appropriate money and provide for the payment of the ' debts and expenses of the City, and also for the debts of the municipal corporation of which said City is the successor; to make regulations to prevent the introduction of contagious . — diseases in the City; to make quarantine laws for the purpose, and to enforce the same "Aran me. within five miles of the City; to establish hospitals, jails, houses of detention and correction, and make regulations for the government thereof; to make regulations to secure tlic general healtli of the inhabitants, and to prevent and remove nuisances; [a) to provide for the cleaning and keeping in good sanitary condition an)- and all premises within the limits of the City; legufauons. to regulate the construction, location and arrangement of earth closets and privies; to let by contract or to create a special department for the removal of all excrement and filtli from the privies and earth closets; to compel the owners or occupants of premises to jirovide buckets or other receptacles as may be deemed necessary; and to make the actual e.xpense of the measures contemplated in this .section, including the expense of the removal of excrement and filth and the cleaning of earth closets, privies and I'eeeptacles, a .special tax and lien upon the premises, and to enforce the payment thereof in the same manner as is or may be provided by law for the enforcement of the payment of (Jther taxes levied upon said premi.ses {/>) ; to provide the City with water, by water works, within or beyond the bormdaries of the City: to provide for the —^-^ — '^^-^ prevention and extinguishment of fires, and to organize and establish fire departments; to provide for lighting the City by gas or other illuminating material, or in any other manner; to make appropriation to open, alter, abolish, widen, extend, establish, grade, pave or otherwise improve, clean and keep in repair streets, alleys and sidewalks, and to erect, establish ,'™stree'ts!*^"' and keep in repair bridges, culverts, sewers and gutters; and to make appropriations for lighting the streets and public buildings, and for the erection of all buildings necessary for the use of the City; to license, tax and regulate auctioneers, taverns, peddlers, and retailers (jf li([uors. and all other privileges ta.xable by the State; to license, ta.x and regulate hackney carnages, carts, omnibuses, wagons and drays, and to fix the rate to be charged for the carriage of persons and of property within the City and to the public works and properly without the limits of (a) to (/') Section 12, .Xc-t of May 31st, iSSi). the City; to regulate, license or prohibit and suppress theatrical and other exhibitions, shows, parades and amusements; to prohibit and suppress all gambling houses, bawdy and GambimgHouses, disorderly houses, and obscene pictures and literature; to regulate, restrain or '' ^- prevent the carrying on of manufactories dangerous in causing or producing fires, and to regulate and license the sale of fire-arms, and suppress the carrying of concealed weapons; to regulate the storage of gunpowder, tar, pitch, resin, saltpetre, gun cotton, coal oil, and all other combustible, explosive and inflammable material, and the use of lights, candles, lamps and steam pipes in all stables, shops, and other places; and to regulate or suppress the use and sale of firecrackers and other fireworks and toy pistols; to establish standard weights and measures to be used in the City, and to appoint a Sealer of Standard Weights and Measures, who and'Measures^'^" shall havc exclusivc jurisdiction within the City; to provide for the inspection and measuring of lumber and other building material; to provide for the inspection and Jacks weighing or measuring of stone, coal, wood, and all fuel, hay, crn, and other grain; to provide for : and regulate the inspection of beef, pork, tlour, meal, and all other provisions, oils. wlSfns,'etc°"''^°" whiskey and other spirits in barrels, hogsheads and other vessels; to regulate the " ~ inspection of milk, butter, lard, and other provisions; to regulate the vending of meat, poultry, fish, fruits and vegetables; to restrain and punish the forestalling and regrating ^ — of provisions, and to establish and regulate markets; to provide for the arrest. Establish Markets. . . '^ ' r • uupnsonment and punishment of all riotous and disorderly persons within the City, by day or by night, and for punishment of all breaches of the peace, noise, disturbance, and disorderly assemblies ; to fix, from time to time, the number and boundaries of the Cit}- wards; to pass all ordinances necessary for the health, convenience and safety of the citizens, and tn carry out the full intent and meanino^ of this Act, and to accomplish the object of this incorporation ; to impose penalties upon tlic owners, occupants or agents of any lioTise. walk or s'trucrures'^ sidewalk, or other structure, which nia\- be considered dangx-rous or detrimental to the citizens, unless, after due notice, to be fixed by ordinance, the sanae be removed or repaired; to regulate, tax, license or suppress the keeping and going at large of all animals within the City, to impound the same, and in default of redemption in pursuance of ordinance, Annnais^'"® to sell, kill, or otherwise dispose of the same; to prnvidc fur inclosing, inijuMving and regulating all public grounds belonging to the City, in or out ut the corporate limits; to regulate the anchorage or mooring of vessels, lighters and rafts within the City; to provide for the appointment of a police force, and to impose fines, forfeitures, penalties and terms of imprisonment ior a breach of any City ordinance, but no penalty shall exceed five hundred dollars, and no term — . __ of imprisonment shall be for a longer term than three months for the same (jffensc; (o-) regulate, provide for and compel the construction and repair of sidewalks and foot pavements, and if the owner or owners of any lot or lots shall fail to comply with the provisions of such ordinances, within .such time as may be prescribed thereby, the Board of Public wa__s. Works may contract for the construction or repair of such sidewalks or pavements, and the amount contracted to be paid for the same bv the City shall be a lien upon said lut or lots along which such sidewalks or pavement is constructed or repaired, and such amount may be assessed as a special tax against the lot or lots adjoining which such sidewalk or foot pavement shall be constructed or repaired, or the same may be enforced by suit at law or in ecjuity, or the said amount may be recovered against said owner or owners by suit before any court of competent jurisdiction; to regulate, recpiire and provide for the construction or repair of streets, and paving the same, and shtndd the owner or owners of hjts fronting on such street or part thereof pavfng^^strMts"'^ require to be constrticted , repaired or paved, fail to compl}' with the orders of the Board of Public Works and provisions of ordinances passed in pursuance hereof, the City may have the work done, and the amount contracted to be paid therefor shall be a lien on the hjt or lots fronting on such streets, or affected by such improvement, /re nrfd, and may be enfcnved or recovered in same manner as above set forth as to sidewalks and foot pavements; Provided, that owners of the property on each side of the street wdiere such street shall be constructed, or paved, or repaired, shall only be liable for one-third of the actual cost of construction, paving or repairing; to compel owners of buildings to erect fire escapes when necessary; to re.gulate and ^ provide for the erection, removal, repair and alteration of buildings, the setting of _J:5i5nJi!lLi' — L:£ii steam boilers, building of furnaces, heating buildings by steam, setting ranges, and all such matters as may tend to the prevention of conflagrations and protection of life and property — _ within the City (/■) ; to grant the right-of-w^ay through the streets, avenues and Right-of-Way scpiares of said City for the purpose of street, or other railroads; to take and """"^ — ' appropriate grounds for widening streets, or parts thereof, or for laying out new streets, avenues, scjuares, parks, or promenades, when the public convenience may recpiire it, pro\-idcd the owner or owners thereof shall receive compensation for the same; and to designate lor"streeu.'™c. or provide for the appointment of an officer to preside in the City Court. Si-;c. 5. The .Mayor and City Council are forbidden to make any appropriations of money and credit in the way of donations, festivities, pageants, excursions or parades, noi' shall thc\- be authorized to subscribe for stock in any railroad eonii)any o." in any uther corpoi'ation, K,Tbiaa"n. or give or lend any money, aid or credit to any person or corporation whatever, and they are hereby prohibited from employing or appropriating the revenues and taxes in any other manner than for purposes strictly municipal and local and according to the provisions of this Act. Said munici])ality shall not cxiMupt any property from taxation which shall Taxatum"" ''"'"" not be exempt from taxation by the State. Skc. 6. Said Corj)oration shall have no power to levy in any year for ordinary Corporation (_i,') to (//) Section 1, Act of .May 31st, iSS.j. Limit of Tax Levy, purposes a higher rate of taxes than one per eent. of the assessed value of the taxable propert)' within its limits; the word " ordinary" is to embrace all expenses for tire, police, streets, gas and other illuminating material, water, and all other purposes strictly mtmicipal, excluding the special tax for water works and fire protection, which may be levied according to the provisions of Chapter 3605 of the Laws of Florida, and excluding interest on debt and tax for Sinking Fund, and a tax to pay any judgment against the City or levied in obedience to any mandamus, for which an additional levy may be made. (*) Six. 7. It shall be the duty of the City Council each year, within thirty days after the Board of Public Works has submitted its estimate, to agree upon a budget for expenses of PubifcaUon of""' the ensuing year; which budget shall designate the officers of the corporation for '^'^' the year, with the salary of each, and under general heads, such as Streets, Fire Department, (jas. Water, Police, etc., the subjects of corporation and the estimated amount, run out in figures, of the probable expenditures for each purpose. This budget shall be published in one of the newspapers of the City. Sec. 8. Any Mayor, Councilman, officer or employee of said corporation, or other person entrusted with the collection (.>r disbursement of the corporation funds, who shall tion^of Th°ree Pre- knowingly violate any of the ]3rovisions of the three last preceding sections, or aid in ceding Sections. ^^^^^^ violation, or who shall create, or aid in creating, any liability of the corporation, beyond the expenses as fixed by the budget, in the modes especially designated, shall be civilly liable to the corporation for the excess, and for any loss to the corporation, and shall also be guilty of a misdemeanor, for which he shall, on conviction, be fined not less than twenty dollars, or be imprisoned in the county jail not less tlian one day, or may be both fined and imprisoned. Sec. 9. The City Council sliall, by oi'dinance, determine the number of Standing Committees, and number of nicnihcrs of wliich each committee shall be composed, and shall Commhtees designate the cliaractcr and duties of each. The President of the City Council shall appoint said committees. Said committees shall be appointed biennially, as soon as Bonds Authorized. djle after the election of the President of the Board. ARTICLE IV. BOX Lis. icrioN I. The Mayor and City Council of the C'ity of Jackson\-ille, in their corporate capacity are hereby authorized to issue bonds of said City to an amount not exceeding ^750,000, signed by the Mayor and countersigned by the Recorder, with interest coupons attached, which shall be signed by the Treasurer of said City; Provided, lim^'tvcr, that before said bonds shall be issued or otherwise provided for, the issuance of said bonds shall be approved by a majority of the votes cast by the registered votei's of the election districts comprising said City, at an election held for that purpose, at a time and in a manner to be prescribed by the Mayor and City Council of said City. (/) SiA . 2. The bonds issued under this Act shall be of sucli denomination, bear such rate of interest, not exceeding six per centum per annum, and lie due in such time, not less than — ^^^ five nor more than thirty years from the date thereof, us said corporate authorities may determine, and provision may be made, if deemed expedient, in the ordinance providing for the ^ — issuance of such bonds, for calling in and paying off any bond before it shall become due. -^ — ^^""^^ vSec. 3. The bonds herein provided for shall in no case be sold for less than par. Sec. 4. A .sufficient number of said bonds shall be used for the refunding of the bonded indebtedness of said City now outstanding, and the proceeds arising from the sale, from sanitary condition of said City (including the pinvliasi.- or condemnation as provided by law, drainage, filling in and reclaiming the low lands in said Cit\ ), the LXtension and improvement (*) Chapter 3605. Laws of Florida, at end of this Charter. (/) Section 4, Act of May 15th, 1S89. pill iprovcments sick-nts of the sewerage and water systems nf said City, and the making ni suel" as the anthiirities of said City may deem advisable. Skc. 5. There shall be a board of seven trustees, no two of whom shall be same election district as at present districted, whose duty it shall be to receive the said bonds as soon as the same are engraved and executed, and use and dispose of the same as hereinbefore provided, and approve all such contracts necessarv for carrying out the improvements directed by the Council and Board of Public Works as are to be paid for out of the proceeds of said bonds, and audit all such accounts and pay the same from the pro- ceeds of said bonds. The first board shall be appointed by the Governor, one each for a term of one, two, three, four, five, six and seven years, respectively. Vacancies by expiration of terms shall Appomtn of°Tr"st1 i)f the Jai be filled for a term of seven years by the Trustees at the first regular meeting thereof in the month next prior to such expiration, or as soon thereafter as ])racticablc. Any vacancy other than by expiration of terms shall be filled by the remaining Trustees for llic remainder of the term as soon as practicable after such vacancy occurs. They shall receive no compensation. No person shall be elected to fill a vacancy in said board unless he receive more than three votes. A majority of said Trustees shall constitute a quortim and be capable of transacting any business. Skc. 6. The Mayor and City Council shall have jxiwer to levy annually sucii special Tax. special tax on the taxable property within the corporate limits of said City as may be necessary to provide funds for the ])aymcnt of interest coupons, and to jjnpvide a sinking fund for ction of. the payment "f said bonds, and to reqtiirc of the disbursing- agents handling the May Bond Agents. ^loneys hereb}" provided for such official bonds for the faithful performance of their duties as they may determine. ARTICLE V. IHK no.-VRI) OF PUIIMC WORKS. Sfxtion I. There shall be a Board of Public Works, composed of three members, who shall be elected by the City Coimcil, to serve for a term of three years, and until their successors shall be elected and qualified ; Provided, lioivcver, that the first election shall be held at the first regular meeting of the City Council in June, 1889, or as soon thereafter as practicable, at which time one member shall be elected to serve for one year, one member to serve for two years, and one member to serve for three years. The annual election by said City Council for the purpose of filling expirations as they occur shall be on the first regular meeting in June of each year, or as soon thereafter as practicable. No person shall be elected unless he receive more than nine votes. The Board of Public Works elected under this Act shall immediately assume the duties of the office, and their predecessors shall immediately deliver to them all books, papers and property of said B<.)ard. [a] Mayor and Council Sec. 2. The Mayor shall not be eligible to membership in said Board of Ineligible. • • J S f Public Works, nor shall any Councilman be eligible. Each member shall give bond with not less than three sureties, or the surety of an approved guarantee and indemnity company, to the satisfaction of the Mayor and City Council in the sum of not less than ten thousand dollars, conditioned for the faith- Bonds of Members, ful performance of his duties and the disbursement of, and accounting for, all moneys coming into his hands in his official capacity, which sureties shall be required to justify in the aggregate to the amoimt of ten thousand dollars, and such bond shall, when approved by the Mayor and City Council, be filed with the Recorder and be enrolled by him in a book to be kept f<.>r the purpose of enrolling all official bonds. The compensation of the members of the Board of Public Works shall be fixed by city ordinance prior to their election, which shall not be changed during Compensation. ,/ • 1 £ ai their terms ot office. Sec. ,3. The Board of Public ^Vorks shall hold regular meetings at least once in every week, and as much oftener as the business entrusted to its care may require ; two members of Meetmgs. ^^^^ Board shall constitute a c[uorum for the transaction of business. The ayes and noes shall be called and entered upon a journal upon the passage of every resolution or order of any kind, and no resolution or order shall be adopted unless two votes are recorded in its favor. Said meetings shall be held at stated times, and no called meetings shall be held until notice of the called meeting shall have been given by the Recorder to each member, and no business shall be done at any called meeting unless such notice shall have been given. Sec. 4. The Board shall keep a complete record of all its proceedings, and a copy Pro°Jed?nsrs ^Hjin its records, certified by the Clerk of the Board, shall be competent evidence in all courts of this State. vSec. 5. The members of the Board shall have seats in the City Council, and be entitled to take part in all proceedings and deliberations on all questions relating to matters under c"unc1i"Meetings. their charge, subject to such rule as the Mayor and City Council shall from time to time prescribe, but without the right to vote, and one member of the Board may be compelled to attend every meeting of the City Council. vSec. 6. The Board shall have exclusive power to employ such chiefs or heads Heads of"£)epart- of departments, fireinen, engineers, clerks, superintendents, lab()rers and other ■ — '- persons as it may deem necessary for the execution of its duties, and to fix (a) Section 5, Act of May i6th, 1889. their cDinpcnsation, and any (if them may he discharged at any time by the Board Wnrks at its discretion. Sk( . 7. The Board of Public Works shall not elect or employ or appoint or c" contract with the Mayor or any Councilman, or with any other City official. vSi-.c. 8. The Board of Public Works shall have exclusive power and control construction, supervision, cleaniui;', repairing, grading and improving of all streets, alleys, avenues, lanes, public wharves and landings, market-houses and spaces, bridges, sewers, drains, ditches, culverts, canals, streams and water courses, sidewalks and curbing and over the lighting of all such places as mav be deemed necessary within the co and to fix and establish the grades of ill stieets and alle}s a\cnues ind thoroughfares. B ard shall als hue cxclu n p ^ 1 ip*-' "^ " " ^ '"i*^' ' '^'-' the construction. •poration. The said cleaning, lighting and heating of all public buildings and o\-cr all pulilic inipro\-em(. Skc. 9. The Board shall have exclusi\-c power to make all impro\-enicnts ai within the bud.get which shall cost less than two hundred dollars, but shall let all contracts of over two hundred dollars to the lowest re.sponsible bidder. Sk.u. 10. The Board shall have exclusive power to organize and control the Fire Department,* the Water Works and its appurtenances, the Cas and other illuminating works of the City, and the jails and houses of correction antl detention. Skc. II. The Board of Public Works shall, on or before the day fixed in each y( submit to the City Council an itemized estimate of the amount of money necessary and advisable, in their opinion, to spend in the execution of the duties entrusted to (*) This section has been amended so as to place the fire department under tonlrol of tlie Bon To Make Contracts. To Control Fire Depart Water Work :ii^: ir, prepare and Annual Estin ates. them for the ensuiny year, giving in detail the plans of construction and repairs, and estimates of expenditures and salaries, etc., proposed by them, with the estimated cost of each improvement, or salary, specifying for what department required, as streets, sewers, water works, fire department, etc. Sec. 12. It shall be the duty of the Mayor and City Council in their annual levy of taxes to — ^ make such levy as in their judgment shall be necessary and advisable for expenditure Board^of*' '"^ Under the direction of the Board of Public Works, and the amount so levied shall be collected and carried to the credit of the Board of Public Works, and shall not be diverted from said Board and used by the Mayor and City Council for any other purpose, but the — same shall remain as a separate fund in the hands of the Treasurer of the City. for Purposes of The Board shall not divert the tax levy of the Mayor and City Council from the ' purposes or departments for which it was levied. Sec. 13. When the Board shall deem it advisable to make a contract for the execution of any work, or for the purchase of any material or matters under its charge, to an amount Ove?$5^!"^^ exceeding five hundred dollars, a careful estimate shall be made in detail of the cost of such work or material, and the Board shall transmit to the Mayor and City Council, with its recommendations, an ordinance authorizing the said expenditure, with an estimate of the cost. Lowest'^BMder. Upon the passage by the Mayor and City Council of such ordinance, it shall be the duty of the Board of Public Works to advertise and let the work and material to the lowest responsible bidder. Sec. 14. All contracts of the Board shall be made in the name of the City, Executed, Filed shall be executed in behalf of the City by the presiding officer of the Board, under the seal of the corporation, and shall be filed and recorded in the office of the Board. Liability Created , . , -,^ , , , , . , Only by Formal Sec. 15. No member or the Board, or other person, whether m the employment of the Board, or otherwise, shall have power to create any liabilitv on account of tlie Board or the funds under its control, except by express authority of the Board, conferred at a meeting duly and regularly convened. Sec. 16. If at any time it shall appear in the judgment of the Board that the levy made by the Mayor and City Council for the current or ensuing year for the use of the Deficiency"^ Department of Public Works is insufficient for properly conducting the affairs of the City, and for constructing improvements and repairs of such things as are committed to their charge consistent with the health, comfort and convenience of the inhabitants, they shall so report to the Mayor and City Council, furnishing at the same time an estimate of such deficiency, on receipt of which it shall be lawful for said Mayor Speciai^Levy w g^jj^\ City Council, in their discretion, to make such additional appropriation, and proceed to make a special levy, on the basis of the last assessment, upon the taxable property within the City taxable for State purposes, bi;t not to exceed, with levies previously made during the year, the limit provided by law. Sec. 17. No member, officer or employee of the Board, nor the Mayor, nor any ff°City Official Councilman, or other City official, shall be directly or indirectly interested in any Interested. — contract or Work of any kind whate\-cr under the direction of the Board. Any contract for work or material in which any such prohibited person shall have an interest, shall be void. Sec. 18. No money shall be paid at any time to any person claiming under a contract with the Board until such person shall have first filed with the Board his Oath of Contractor. ^^.,tg,.,.^gj-it binder oath, declaring that no person forbidden by this Act has any interest in the same. Sec. 19. When, in the opinion of the Board, it shall become necessary in the prosecution of any work to make alterations or modificaticms in the specifications or plans of a of°Contract° Contract, such alteration or modification shall only be made by order of the Board, and such order shall be of no effect until the price to be paid for the same shall have been agreed upon in writing, and signed by the contractor, and approved by the Board. Total cost of the work, with the addition so agreed i:pon, shall not exceed the original estimate, unless such addition shall be agreed to by the Mayor and City Council with the same formalities as attended the presentation and consideration of the original estimate. No contractor shall be allowed anything for extra work caused by an - - alteration or modification, unless an order shall have been made, and an agreement Extra Work Ex- shall have been signed, as is provided in the preceding section, nor shall he in "^ — ' any case be allowed more for such alteration than the price fixed by such agreement. Sec. 20. The Board shall puhlisli all resolutions declaring the necessity of improvements and expenditures ()\'cr five hundred dollars, and an ordinance ExpendUure '""^ authorizing such improvements and expenditures over five hundred dollars must be pubUshed ^° ^^ passed by the Mayor and City Council on the recommendation of the Board of Public Works, before the expenditure can be authorized or the work be done. Sec. 21. Any member f)f the Board may be removed from office for incompetency, inefficiency, neglect of duty or misconduct in office, by a vote of three-fourths of all the members elected to the City Council. For the unexpired term such vacancy shall be filled by ^^ — '^'"""^ election under the same rules as govern other elections of members of the Board. Upon specific charges, in writing and sworn to, being preferred against a member of the Board of Public Works, the City Council, by a majority vote of the ow uspen Board, may suspend such member for ten days, and within ten days after the order of suspension the charges shall be tried by the City Council, unless the accu.sed asks for further time. During the continuance at the request of the accused, his pay shall be stopped and deducted; — ''- — ^ but if the trial is delayed by the City Council and not by the accused, then the suspension shall not last longer than ten days. If a member of the Board of Public Works shall be adjudged, on such trial or inquiry, to have been guilty of the charge against him, the City Council shall have the power to punish, by a three-fourths vote of the whole Board, by dismissal from office, or by a majority vote on the call of the roll, by further suspension, as in their opinion the ~^^ — ismissed grade of offense may deserve. The decision of the City Council as to suspension or dismissal shall be transmitted to the Board of Public Works to be entered on its record. Vacancies, whether by removal or suspension, occurring after trial of charges as herein provided, shall be filled as in other cases, and the City Cotmcil shall have power to make temporary acancieb Piiied. appointments, to fill vacancies in the Board of Public Works, if a trial, as herein provided, sh(uild be delayed at the instance of the accused. Sk.c. 22. At the fii-st meeting after election the Board of Public Works shall elect one of their number chairman, who shall serve as such for two years. If tliev fail to d(.) ciiairman^ so, the Mayor shall appoint one of their number, who shall be chairman for two years. The chairman shall cast his vote on all questions v(jted ujjon. Sec. 23. The Recorder of the City shall also be the Clerk of the Board of Public Works. His duties as such Clerk shall be to keep the minutes of all official acts of cfer'ko?'^ Board the Board, and to do all other service usually pertaining to such office. ARTICLE VI Section i. There shall be a Board of Police Commissioners, cotnposed of three members, who shall be elected by the City Coimcil, to serve for a term of three years, and until their successors shall be elected and qualified. The first election shall be held at the first regular meeting of the City Council in June, 1889, or as soon as practicable thereafter. They shall receive no compensation. The Board of Police Commissioners shall have exclnsi\-c power to appoint, organize and remove Powers of Polii Power of Arrest, the members of the Police Force. The number and compensation of the Police Force genTatfon'of poHc'e shall be fixed by the City Conncil by ordinance. The Board of Police Commissioners ''^ — ounci^ elected imder this Act shall immediately assume the duties of the office, and their predecessors shall immediately deliver to them all books, papers, and property of said Board, (a) Skc. 2. The Police shall possess all the common law and statutory powers )f constables, except for the service of civil process. All warrants issued from the City Court may be executed by any member of the Police. The Police Force at all times of the day or niyht shall preserve the public peace, prevent crime, detect and arrest offenders, suppress riots, protect the rights of persons and PoiVcem'en property, guard the public health, preserve order at elections, see that nuisances are removed, restrain disorderly houses, assist, advise and protect strangers and travelers in public streets, or at steamboat landings, or railroad stations, enforce all laws relating to the suppression and punishment of crime and to the public health and to disorderly persons, and all ordinances and resolutions of the City Cotincil in relation to police, health and criminal procedure. The Police Force shall have power and authority to immediately arrest without warrant and take into custody any person who shall commit or threaten, or attempt to commit in the presence of a member of it, or within his view, any breach of the peace or offense directly prohibited by act of the Legislature, or by ordinance of the City Ci.iuncil. Such member of the Police Force shall immediately, and without delay, upon sitch arrest, convey in . person such offender before the proper officers, that he may be dealt with according Reponed tame- to law, and the officer making such arrest shall at once, without delay, report the '^'''"^'^': arrest and the alleged cause to his superior officer. ARTICLE VII. Skciion 1. There shall be a Comptroller, wlm shall be the guardian <>f the financial interests of the City. He shall be elected by the City Council at its lirst regular meeting in Election^ January, 1888, or as soon thereafter as practicable, for the term of two years, and until his successor shall be elected and qualified, and biennially thereafter; Provided, however, that the first election shall be held at the first regular meeting of the City Council in January, 1888, or as soon thereafter as practicable, and the term of the Comptroller then elected shall continue only until the election and qualification of a Comptroller to be chosen in June, 1889. The salary of the Comptroller shall be fixed by the City Council before his election, ^'^'^'"^' and shall not be changed ditring his term of office. His duties shall be to have the possession of all tax books and other evidences of °"'"'^' indebtedness t(.) the City, and of duplicates of all tax lists and receipts; to audit accounts against the City and of all City Officers, and to perform such other duties as the Mayor and City Council shall, from time to time, by ordinances prescribe. He shall give bond for the faithful performance of his duties, in such sum, and in such ^°"'^' manner, as the Mayor and City Council shall prescribe. ARTICLE VIII. riox I. There shall be a Treasurer. He shall be elected by the City Council at its first regular meeting in June, 1889, or as soon thereafter as practicable, for the term of two Electio years, and until his successor shall be elected and qualified, and biennially thereafter. Provided, hotuever, that the first election shall be held at the first regular meeting of the City Council in January, 1888, or as soon thereafter as practicable, and the term of the Treasurer then elected .shall continue only until the election and cjualification of a Treasurer to be chosen in June, 1889. (a) Section 6. Act of May i6th, 1SS9. The salary of the Treasurer shall be fixed by the City Council before his election, and shall not be changed during his term of office. It shall be his duty to receive all money due to the City, and make daily reports thereof, and of disbursements, to the Comptroller, showing the items in detail, and to perform siich other duties as the Mayor and City Council may, from time to time, prescribe. He shall give bond for the faithful performance of his duties, in such sum, and in such manner, as the Alayor and City Cnuncil shall prescribe. The Treasurer sliall be Collector of Taxes. ARTICLE IX. Sectidn I. There shall be a Recorder, who shall be elected by the City Council at its first regular meeting in June, 18S9, or as soon thereafter as practicable, for the term of two years, and until his successor shall be elected and cjualified; and biennially thereafter. ^'^'^'° — Provided, lunvcvcr. That the first election shall be held at the first regular meeting of the City Coiincil in January, 1888, or as soon thereafter as practicable, and the term of the Recorder then elected shall continue only imtil the election or qualification of a Recorder to be chosen in June, 1889. The salary of the Recorder shall be fixed by the City Council before hi.s election, and shall not be changed during his term of office. He shall give bond for the faithful _?_^>j performance of his duties in such .sum, and in such manner, as the Mayor and Cit)' /^ ., -1 Bond. Council may prescribe. It shall be the duty of the Recorder to act as Secretary of the City Council, and of the Board of Public Works, and to act as Clerk of the City Court. Duties. ARTICLE X. THE :\IU-\ICIP.\L COURT. Section 1. In said City there shall be a Municipal Court for the trial of all offences against the Municipal Ordinances. The Judge of said Court shall be elected by the City Council at its first regular meeting in June, or as soon thereafter as practicable, .u ge. for the term of two years, and bi-ennially thereafter; Provided, howcvir. That the first election shall be held at the first regular meeting of the City Council in January, 1S8S, or as soon thereafter as practicable, and the temi of the Judge of said Court then elected shall continue only until the election and cpialification of a Judge of said Court to be chosen in June, 1889. He shall receive a salary from the City, to be fixed by the City Council before his election, which salary shall not be changed during his term. ^_ary. He shall have exclusive p(nvcr to pardon and release persons convicted by him under the City Ordinances. In case of his absence or inability, any Justice of the Peace, to be designated by the Mayor or Acting Mayor of the City, may hold "Absenc said Court. — ^ — Said Court shall be opened at nine o'clock .\. m. of each da\-, except Sunday, and shall continue in sessi(jn until the cases before it shall be disposed of, but the Judge of said _?!*!^- Court may, at his discretion, continue to an\' subsequent day or davs the hearing of any case pending in his Court. Sec. 2. All persons tried in said Court who sliall be acer=,on Acquitted tn be Discharged. be Commiited. Appeal Bonds. before the Court to which the catise is appealed, and to abide by and perform the judgment thereof. Sf,c. 3. The Recorder shall keep a docket, upon which shall be entered all causes -^^^-^ tried in said court; said docket shall show, by appropriate entries thereon, the style of the cause, the' nature of the offense, the judgment of the Court, the amount of fines and costs, or by committal, or by pardon or remission of the City Judge. The docket shall also show the names of the witnesses examined in each case, and the date of the appeal, if granted. Sec. 4. All fines and costs shall be a part of the revenue of the City, and Paid\oCity. "'^ ^ shall be paid to the City in such manner as may be provided by this Act, or by ordinances consistent herewith. Duty of Recorder Sfx. k. The Recorder shall return and file with the Clerk of the Appellate in Appealed Cases. ^ ^^ Court, withm three days, the papers in all cases appealed, and he shall endorse on the warrant in each case the names of the witnesses on behalf of the City. Sec. 6. All persons arrested for the violation of any ordinance, or for any municipal misdemeanor committed within the City limits, or in the property of the City outside of its limits, shall be immediately confined in the jail or house of detention, and remain therein until discharged or tried by the City Court, unless such persons shall give proper security for their appearance before said Court, in which event they may be released. The Chief of Police and the officers in charge of the jail or house of detention shall have authority to take from persons arrested bonds or other security for their appearance before the City Court, but no such bond or security shall be for less amount than five dollars, nor more than two hundred and fifty dollars. Sec. 7. It shall be the duty of the Chief of Police to report to the City Court every day at nine o'clock a. m. all arrests and committals that may have been made Persons Arrested be Detained Unl Discharged by Cou OfBcers take Security . of Security. Defaulted Bonds. diiring the preceding day and night, the names of the accused, the offenses with which they are charged, the names of the witnesses in the respective cases, and the bonds or other security of those who have been released, if any there be. Sec 8. In all cases where the parties accused have been released iipon bonds or other security, if they fail to appear, the City Court shall proceed to enter up judgment upon said bonds or other security for the full amount of the penalty, and the Recorder shall, at the expiration of one day from the rendition of such judgment, issue &. fieri facias to the Marshal, who shall execute the same. Sec 9. The City Court shall have the authority to preserve order and decorum, Contempts!°etc. ^'^^ shall be invested with the same powers to that end, by fine and imprisonment, as are incident to Courts of Record in this State. Sec. 10. Every person committed, after conviction, to the jail or house of to Work. correction, shall be required to work for the City, at such labor as his health and strength will permit, within or without said City, not exceeding eight hours each Allowance for day; and for such work and labor the person so employed shall be allowed, -2Li exclusive of his board, a credit upon his fine and costs, at the rate of seventy-five cents per day, until the whole amount is discharged, when he shall be released. -^^^!^^!— ^^ °-^ No person shall be compelled to work longer than three months for any one offense. ARTICLE XI. Section i. There shall be a City Marshal for said city. He shall be elected by the City Council biennially at its first regular meeting in June, 1889, or as soon thereafter — ^^-^^ as practicable, for the term of two years, and biennially thereafter. He shall receive a salarv to be fixed by the Citv Council before his election, which shall not be changed Salary. . J . j v'^ during his term of office; Provided, lunvever, that the first election shall be held at the first regular meeting of the City Council in January, 1888, or as soon thereafter as practicable. and the term of the City Marshal then elected shall eontinuc only until the election and qualification of a City Marshal to be chosen in June, 1889. Sec. 2. It shall be the duty of the City Marshal to attend the City Council durin;^- its sittings, to aid in the enforcement of order under the direction of the President, to execute the — ^ — commands of the Council ivvm time to time, and to execute all process issued by ' authority thereof, which shall be directed to him by the President; to attend in person or by deputy, the City Court dtiring its sittings, to execute the commands of said court from time to time, to aid in the enforcement of order therein, and to perform such other duties as may be appropriate to his office under the provisions of law. or that may be imposed upon him by ordinances of the Cit\- Council, consistently with this Act. He shall have police . Police Powe rs. powers (5t arrest. ARTICLE XII. Skcttox I. All property which is subject to State taxes shall be assessed and listed for taxation, alphabetically, for the entire City, without reference to wards. The assessment shall be made by the Comptroller and his assistants, and the valuation of real and personal property shall be subject to be increased sess. or diminished by the Council under regulations to be inade by ordinance. Privileges of Tax may be licensed and taxed by city ordinances. The Council may provide for ' licensing the keeping of dogs and for the destruction of dogs the owner or License and Killing keeper whereof shall not comply with regulations prescribed by the Council in °^ ^°^^- respect thereto, and for the punishment of persons violating ordinances on the subject. All the duties now devolved upon the Recorder in reference to the levy and assessment of taxes shall devolve upon and be performed by the Comptroller, (a) Sec. 2. Collectors of taxes on property and privileges shall have power to issue distress warrants and alias and pluries distress warrants in the name of the May^issue^Distress City to enforce collections; the same may be executed by the City Marshal or any _5II55-^: Constable or Sheriff. ci rpi AT J /^-^ /* -1 1 ^ - 1 1 T Correction and Per- Sec. 3. 1 he Mayor and City Council are empowered to provide by ordinance fection of Assess- for the correction of erroneous assessments and for any defects in the assessments. ^^ Sec. 4. Collectors shall not make sales of realty for unpaid taxes or assessments. Taxes and assessments on realty shall be and remain a lien on the property assessed, until the same shall be paid. Such lien may, after return of nulla bona on a distress Hov^Coilect'ed'*' ' warrant, be enforced as other liens. All unpaid taxes and assessments mav be collected by suits in court at law or in ccpiity. The costs of all suits and pn^ceedings for the collection of unpaid taxes and assessments, including a reasonable attorney's fee. shall be recovered and collected by such suits. Sec. 5. No property in territory added to said City l)y this bill shall be subject to special taxatitm for water works or sewers until such improvements. TerrTtw-'trom s'^e^ respectively, shall be extended to such property; Provided, IwiK'cvcr, that in and sTwer Tax"'^'''^ the event of said City issuing bonds for sanitary work, the extension of the water and sewer systems and other needed improvements, all property within the Cit}' limits shall be liable to be taxed for the payment of the principal and interest of said bonds. No property in territory added by this Act to the City of Jacksonville shall be held liable for any indebtedness of the Citv of Jacksimville incurred anterior to the aj^proval of this Act. ARTICLE XIII. Section i. No officer or employee of said City shall retain any fees or costs for an\ ((7) Section ir. Act of May 31st, iSSc;. he may perform, nor shall he receive any compensation other than the salary fixed All fees and costs which may be provided by law to be paid, shall be received by the officers and employees for and on account of the City, and shall be paid to the City Treasurer under such regulations as the City Council may prescribe, and they shall make monthly reports thereof to the Comptroller, stating in detail from Fees and Costs to whom and on what account such fees and costs were received, and shall accompany »mp ro such reports with receipts for the money paid over to the Treasurer. Sec. 2. The City Council shall have power to provide for the appointment of other Employees'"' such Other employees as may from time to time be necessary for the public service of the City, not inconsistent with the provisions of this Act. Sec. -i. There shall be prepared and published bv the City Council within Digest of Ordinances. "^ r r r .J one year after the passage of this Act, and once in three years thereafter, a digest of all the ordinances and resolutions of a public nature in force. . Sec. 4. All ordinances, resolutions and proceedings of the City Council may Proved!""^ ' "'^ be proved by the seal of the corporation, attested by the Recorder, and when Received in Evi- printed and published by authority of the corporation, the same shall be received in ■i^^si^ evidence in all courts and places without further proof. Sec. 5. This Act shall take effect from and after its passage. ARTICLE XIV. Section i. The Charters of the Cities of Jacksonville, LaVilla and Fairfield, AboUshed.'^^'^'*'^^ i^ Duval County, under which said Cities have heretofore been incorporated, are hereby abolished. Sec. 2. The title, rights and ownership of all property, uncollected taxes, dues, claims, judgments, decrees and choses in action held or owned by each of said cities shall pass to and are hereby vested in the corporation created by "■^^ this Act. ; Sec. 3. Nothing in this Act shall be so construed as to impair the obligations Obligations of Cor- . "^ . *" . , . . ^ *" pi.rations Abolished of any existing Contract into which any of said cities has heretofore entered, and '■ that the officers of the cities of Jacksonville, LaVilla and Fairfield, whose charters were abolished by act approved May 31st, 1887, respectively, shall continue to discharge the duties of their respective offices until the officers of the municipal corporation succeeding thereto shall have been elected and shall have ciualified; and all city ordinances not pOTaHons AboUshed inconsistent with this Act in force in the cities whose chartei's are hereby abolished, UntilRepeaieZ"'^'"* shall coutinuc in force and have the effect of laws in each of said cities, respectively, until repealed or amended by the succeeding city government, or until they expire by their own limitation, (ir) An Act supplementary to "An Act to Establish the Municipality of Jacksonville, Provide for its Government and prescribe its Jurisdiction and Power;" approved May 31st, 1887, and to extend the powers of the (Government thereof. ****** Sec. 2. Said corporation is hereby delegated authority to exercise the right and Dmnain'^and Con- power of eminent domain; that is, the right to appropriate private property for ceedmgs™ ^™' public usc ; and the following are hereby declared to be public uses: for streets, lanes, alleys, and ways; for public parks, squares and grounds; for draining and raising in order to promote sanitation and healthf ulness ; for reclaiming and filling R?^hT to" a^men? ""> when lands are low and wet, or overflowed altogether at times, and entirely Pu^oi^s!""^ ^^'^*'''° or partly; for city buildings, water works, pounds or other corporation purposes; for the abatement of any existing nuisances ; for the promotion of proper sanitary (a) Section 2, Act of June 2d, 1S87. measures ; for the use of water pipes and for sewerage and drainage pui-poses ; and the absolute fee simple title to all lands so taken and acquired shall vest in the City, (a) Sec. 3. The mode of exercising the right of eminent domain aforesaid shall _ — be as follows, to-wit: The Board of Public Works, in the name of the City, shall iV // enacted by the Lei^islature of the State of I'lorida : Section 1, That the Municipal Officers of the City of Jacksonville shall he a Mayor, a City Council, composed of one member for each ward in said City, and seven members at large; a Board of Public Works, composed of three members; a Board of Police Commissioners, composed of three meinbers; a Comptroller, a Treasurer, a Recorder, a Judge of the Municipal Court, a Marshal, and such other officers as may be prov'ided bv ordinance. Skc. 2. That the Mayor, seven Councilmen at Large, Comptroller and Treasurer, shall be elected by the quaUficd electors of the City at large; the Ward Councilmen, one from each ward, shall be elected by the qualified electors of their respective wards. The memlK-rs of tlie Board of Public Works, Police t'ommissioners. Judge of the Municipal Court, Recorder, and .ill other ot'iicers of said City, shall be elected uixm a vroa voee vote by the votes of ;i majority of the iiicmhcrs of the City Council. Ali City Officers sliall hold office for the term of two years, and until llieir successors are elected, unless sooner removed from office, for cause, by tlic vote of two-thirds of all the members of the City Council. The terms of all officers elected by the electors shall begin at noon of the third day after the day of election, and the terms of all officers elected by the City Council .shall begin at noon of the first day after the organization of each newly elected City Council. The terms of all City Officers heretofore appninted or elected shall terminate upon the election of their successors in the manner herein pmvided. Sk.c. .5. Those persons who, at the time of the holding of any City election, are residents of the City, who, at the time of the general State election held next preceding, were qualified electors of any of the election districts within said City, shall constitute the qualified electors of said City authorized to vote at such City election. Each such elector shall vote only in the election district wherein he was, at the time nf sucli State election, a qualified voter: Provided, /unvcver, that prior to the holding of the first City eleclinn, as provided herein, there shall be given to each person who w-as entitled to qualify himself as an elector at the last State election by registration and the payment of his poll tax for the years 1890 and 1S91 and failed to do so, an opportunity to qualify by registering and himself paying his own poll taxes for such years, more than two weeks before said first City election, and the Tax Collector for Duval County shall keep his office open to receive poll taxes from 9 a. m. to i p. 11., and from 2 p. m. to 6 p. .m. each day, from June 1, 1893, until the time for payment of poll taxes for the purpose of said election shall have passed. The payment of poll taxes shall be a prerequisite to voting in City elections so long as it is a prerequisite to voting in State elections, and no longer. Sec. 4. A general City electitm for the election of all officei-s elected by the electors shall be held on Tuesday, July iSth, 1S93, and biennially thereafter on the fourth Tuesday in May. Sec. 5. A. B. Campbell, W. McL. Dancy and William H. Baker are hereby constituted a Board of Election Commissioners, to make all the necessary preparations for, and hold and declare the result of the election to be held July i8th, 1893, and thereafter the Board of Police Commissioners shall perform those drities. Two members shall constitute a quorum for all purposes. The Election Commissioners shall, on or before the 3d day of July, 1893, after notification by one member of the other two of the time and place of meeting, meet and organize by the election of a Chairman and Secretary of said Board, and provide for the registration of persons who were qualified to register in time for the last general State election, but did not register, which registration shall be under the supervision of the Commissioners, and siibject to their revision. Thereafter the Chairman shall have the right to call a meeting, upon notifying the other members then in the City of the time and place for such meeting. In case of failure of either Commissioner to act, or in case of a vacancy, the remaining members shall fill the vacancy. Said Board shall have full and free access to the County registration books, tally sheets and poll lists used at the last general State election, and all other papers in the office or custody of the County Supervisor of registration, and also in the office of the Tax Collector of Duval County, with the authority to make or have made copies thereof. They shall prepare a list of the electors qualified to vote in each of the City Wards at the last general State election, which list shall constitute the qualified electors to vote at said City election, except that the said Commissioners shall add to or strike from said lists the names of such persons as may, as herein provided, appear improperly placed upon or left off said lists, or by reason of subsequent qualification entitled to be added thereto. They shall procure the publication of said lists of qualified voters as made out by them (but only the names being- published) in a newspaper one time, with a notice of a time, not more than two weeks before said election, and the place they will meet to revise said list. Such notice shall be published at least two days before such meeting. Said Board shall then meet, and, from the best information obtainable, revise said lists so as to contain all and only the names of persons at that time residents of said City, and who were, at the time of the last general election, qualified electors of the election district in said City, or who have since that time registered and themselves paid their own poll taxes due for the years 1890 and 1891. vSaid lists so revised shall constitute the list of qualified voters for the several wards at said City election. After said election, July iSth, 1893, no person shall be an elector of said City whose name does not, at the time, appear upon the County registration lists. The Commissioners of Election shall provide a polling place, and all necessary arrangements for the holding of said election, at or near the polling places heretofore designated for the holding of State elections in each ward. They shall cause the voting places to be suitably provided with a sufficient number of voting shelves, or table, at or on which voters may conveniently mark their 38 ballots. Each compartment, table or shelf shall be so arranged that it shall be impossible for one voter at one table or in one compartment to see another voter at another table or compartment in the act of marking his ballot. The arrangements shall be such that neither the ballot boxes nor the voting shelves or compartments shall be hidden from the view of the judges of election, or those just outside a guard rail, which may run in front of the ballot box. The number of voting shelves, tables or compartments, shall not be less than three fur every one hundred voters (|ualified to vote at such polling places. No person other than the election officers, watchers and voters admitted, as herein provided, shall be permitted within said rail or room where the election is held, except by authority of the officer holding the election, for the purpose of keeping order and enforcing the law, and no more electors shall be admitted at any one time than there are compartments for marking ballots. Each voting shelf or compartment shall be kept provided with proper supplies and conveniences for marking ballots. They shall appoint, to hold said election, three Inspectors and a Clerk for each ward, one Inspector from among the supporters of each full ticket put in nomination for election at any City election, and if the Chairman of the Committee representing any full ticket so put in nomination shall, not less than six days before election, nominate in writing to the Commissioners, for Inspector, an elector of each ward, supporters of the ticket he represents, men of high standing for integrity in the community, the Commissioners shall appoint such electors as Inspectors. In case of absence or failure of any Inspector to act, then the electors present favoring the ticket which he represented, shall choose a substitute. Said Inspectors and Clerks shall take the same oaths, and have the same powers and duties, as Inspectors and Clerks appointed to hold State elections. The polls shall be opened at cS o'clock a. m. and close at 6.30 i>. m., with an intermission of half an hour between 12 and i o'chjck. Sec. 6. At said election no balhjt shall be voted, or counted if voted, except official ballots prepared and printed by the Election Commissioners, and no ballot so marked or written upon as to enable the same to be identified thereafter shall be counted. Official ballots .shall be printed on white paper of good quality and sufficient thickness not to show through, when folded, the printing thereon, and all such ballots shall be of the same size. All ballots for use at a ward shall be printed from the same form and be exact copies. A separate ballot shall be printed for each ward, and on the back of each ballot shall be printed the following words: "Official ballot for (giving number of ward) Ward, Jacksonville, Florida, City Election, Tuesday, (giving date of election)," followed by a fac simile of the signature of the Chairman of the Board of Election Commissioners, and his official title printed or stamped thereon. Upon said ballot shall be printed in plain type, all in the same kind of type, in a single column, the names of all candidates who have been certified to the Election Commissioners imder oath as put in nomination by any convention, mass meeting or primary election at least ten days before said election, or have announced their independent candidacy and filed with said Commissioners, more than seven days before such election, a petition signed by ten per cent, and not less than twenty-fi\-e of the electors (juaHfied to vote for such ofticer, rec^uesting the printing on the official ballot of the names of such independent candidates. At the written recjuest of any person so nominated, or upon the death of any candidate, the name of such candidate shall not be printed on such ticket. In the event of the death or resignation of any candidate nominated with a full ticket, the committee representing such ticket may substitute another name. The names of all candidates for the same office so nominated shall be printed together and arranged alphabetically according to the initials of their surnames, irrespective of party. Immediately to the left of each name, on a line with the middle of the letters of the name, shall be printed a dash or short line not less than one-quarter of an inch in length. On said ballots shall be printed, first, under the head "Mayor," the words " \'ote for One," followed by the names of all the candidates for that offiice; next, under tlie head "C'ouncibnen al Large," the words "\'<.te for Seven," followed by the names of all the candidates for that ofiiee: next, under the head of "Councilman for the (giving number of ward) Ward," the words " Vote for One," followed by the names of all the candidates for that office; next, under the head "Comptroller," the words "Vote for One," followed by the names of all. the candidates for that office; next, under the head "'Treasurer," the words "Vote for ( )ne," followed bv tlic names of all the candidates for that office; no more than ont.- Councilman at Large shall be elected from the same ward. On all official ballots, after the name of each candidate for Conncilman at Large, on the same line with the name, shall be printed the number of the ward in which the candidate resides, thus: " (giving name) of (giving number) Ward." The seven candidates for the office, including only the one leading candidate from any ward, receiving the highest number of votes in the whole City, shall be deemed and declared elected Councilman at Large. Each ballot shall have attached to it a stub so attached to the ballot that when the ballot is folded the stub can be detached therefrom without injury to the ballot or exposing the contents thereof, upon which stub shall be printed the number of the ballot for that ward thus: " (giving number of ward) Ward Ballot No. " (giving number of ballot), said ballot being numbered for each ward consecutively from one to the full number of bpllots printed for that ward, no two ballots for the same ward having the same number, and ballots for use in each ward shall be attached together in convenient numbers in books or blocks in such manner that each ballot may be detached and removed separately. At least four tickets shall be printed for each qualified elector in each Ward, one-half of which shall be retained by the Chairman of the Board of Election Commissioners to be used only in case of loss, destruction or failure of the supply first furnished to the Inspectors of Elections, and the other half shall be furnished the afternoon before the day of election, put up in .sealed packages with the lists of electMrs, blank oaths and all other blanks necessary ti> be used at the election, endorsed so as to show the contents of said packag-es, including the exact number of official ballots therein, to one Inspector of each ward who shall be sworn to present the package under seal, to the polling place at the time for opening the election, which seal shall not be br(jken until at the polling place the day of election, and then in the presence of the inspectors and clerks. There shall be enclosed with said ballots not less than five printed copies of the list of qualified electors of the ward, which list shall be made on the same form as the cotmty registration books, to show the number of regi.stration certificates, age, color, etc., each copy certified by the Chairman of the Board of Election Commissioners. Such certified lists shall be prepared and open to inspection at least five days before such election, and subject t" correction of clerical errors by the Board of Commissioners of Election. Each full ticket in nomination shall be entitled to one watcher, to remain within the polling place and observe the election as it goes on, and challenge voters who are not entitled to vote, and the watchers may remain until the votes are counted and the result announced. There shall be one police officer stationed near the entrance to each polling place with the same powers and duties as a Deputy Sheriff at a State election, and under the same control of the Inspectors of Election. L'pon entering the polling place the elector shall give his namti, and if challenged, shall make oath before an Inspector that he is a resident of the City of Jacksonville and entitled to vote at said election. If his name appears upon the list of electors for the ward (and, if required, to take such oath) he shall be permitted to vote, but no person whose name does not appear shall be permitted to vote. If a qualified elector, his name shall be written upon the poll list, and he shall receive an official ballot, the number of which shall also be noted on the poll list opposite the name, and he shall go to one of the voting shelves, tables or compartments, and there privately cross or check mark across the dash or short line in front of the name of the candidate of his choice for each office to be filled, which cross or check shall constitute his vote. Any elector known to be blind or physically incapable of making marks on the ballot may select one of the Inspectors to mark his ballot for the candidates named by such elector, but the Inspector shall not in any way seek to inrtuence such elector as to the candidates to be voted for. No vote shall be counted for any office when more names are checked for such office than there are such officers to be elected ; but an error in checking shall effect only such office. As soon as the elector has checked the names he desires to vote for, he shall, while at the voting shelf, table or compartment, privately fold his ballot so as to conceal the names of all candidates thereon and leave the stub, and also the printed endorsement on the back of the ballot, open to view, and deliver the ballot to an Inspector, who shall see, by comparing the number on the stub with the poll list, that the ballot is the same as given to him, tear off and destroy the stub and deposit the ballot in the box. The elector shall mark and deliver his ballot without undue delay, and no elector shall be allowed to occupy a voting shelf, table or compartment longer than live minutes after reeei\-ing his ballot, but at the end of live minutes from receiving his balhit he shall, whether voted or not, leave the polling- place for the day. Any person ruining one ballot by mistake in marking may return such ballot folded so as not to show the marks made thereon (which ruined ballot shall be immediately, in his presence, destroyed by the Inspectors), and receive another ballot therefor; but no elector shall receive more than three ballots or remain in the polling place over five minutes after receiving his first ballot. The Inspectors shall keep a record of the number of ballots thus destroyed and certify the same on their returns, together with a certificate of the number of ballots received, the number voted and the number returned unvoted, so as to account for every olificial ballot received by them. At the close of the election the Inspectors shall count the ballots as indicated by the cross or check marks opposite each name, and make otit and sign under oath three copies of a certified return of the result of the election in each ward upon a form furnished by the Commissioners, one of which copies, with the oaths, ballots voted, unvoted ballots, lists of electors, poll lists, and all other papers used in the election shall be, the night of election, delivered under seal by one Inspector to the Chairman of the Board of Election Commissioners ; the other two copies of said returns shall be, by the other two Inspectors, as soon as practicable, filed w'ith the City Recorder and Clerk of the Circuit Court, one by each of the two Inspectors. The Inspectors shall also, at the completion of said returns, publicly announce the result of the vote in the ward for each office. Sec. 7. The day after such election the Commisioners of Election shall meet and compile the entire vote of the City from the returns filed with them and announce the result and issue certificates of election to the candidates receiving the highest number of votes for each office, which certificate shall be the commission of the officer elected. In case of a failure to elect by reason of a tie vote, the City Council shall choose between those receiving the tie vote. The City Council shall fill all vacancies in all City offices occurring between elections. After the compilation of the returns and the issuing of certificates of election to the candidates elected, the Commissioners of Election shall destroy all the unvoted official ballots, and shall string the voted ballots so returned and carefully preserve them for the space of thirty days after the election. Sec. 8. In all City elections held subsequent to the i8th of July, 1S93, the Board of Police Commissioners shall perform all the duties imposed upon the Board of Commissioners of Elections for the election on Jtily i8th, 1893, and the City Council ntay, by ordinance, provide such additional safeguards as experience may show necessary to the complete secrecy, fairness and honesty of City election, and shall provide for the submitting of (|uestions necessary to be submitted to electors, and for such special elections as may be necessary. Sec. 9. All expenses necessarily incurred in connection with the holding of the first election shall be audited by the Chairman of the Board of Election Commissioners, and then paid by the City Treasurer; but thereafter such expenditures shall be paid by City ordinance. Sec. 10. No person shall approach within fifty feet of any polling place, excepting electors approaching to vote and persons passing along the highways on their business; and no person shall speak to another, excepting the election officers, upon the subject of the election, within fifty feet of the polling place, and no elector shall speak to, or consent to be spoken to by any other than an election officer or watcher, and then only in pursuance of official duty, while in a polling place. Sec. II. The compensation of all officers shall be fixed by City ordinance; but no ordinance changing salary shall affect the salary of any officer then holding office, or who shall qualify within ninety days after such ordinance goes into effect. Sec. 12. Whoever shall be guilty of violating any of the pro\-isions of this Act relating to the holding of elections, or shall violate any duty placed upon him in connection with the holding of such election, or shall mark any ballot voted so that the same can be identified as the ballot cast by a certain person, or shall have in his possession any official ballot outside the polling place during an election, or shall print or stamp upon any imitation of an official ballot the name of the Chairman of the Board of Election Commissioners, or shall permit another to see for w-hom he has marked or checked his ballot, or shall willfully observe for whom another has marked or checked his ballot, or shall willfully hinder or delay an elector in voting, or shall make, or use, or have in his possession, any card, die or other device, arranged or prepared so as to enable a voter thereby to mark or check a ballot without at the time knowing the name of the candidate voted for, or shall have in the voting place any imitation of a ballot so marked as to indicate the names of candidates he desires to vote for, or shall in any way violate the secrecy of a ballot, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and, upon conviction, shall be punished by a fine of not more than five hundred dollars, or by imprisonment in the County jail not more than six months, or by both such fine and imprisonment. Sec. 13. All laws ami ])arts of laws, in so far as they conflict with this Act, are hereby repealed. Sec. 14. This Act shall not be taken as interfering with or invalidating the City government of the City of Jacksonville, as it now exists, until the election and qualification of its successors, as hereinbefore provided. Sec. 15. The number, powers and duties and terms of office of all the City Boards and City Officers, excepting only the powers and duties of the City Council, may be amended and changed, and the City boundaries or limits may be changed and contracted (but shall not be so changed as to take in any new territory not now within the City limits), at any time, by an ordinance first passed by the affirmative vote of not less than three-fifths of all the members of the City Council, approved by the Mayor (or passed over his veto), and subsequently approved by the affirmative vote of a majority of the votes cast bv the qualified electors of the City at an election. Sec. 16. This Act shall take effect from and after its passage. Approved May 16th, 1S93. CH.-VPTER 4239. [No. 125.] AN ACT to Authorize the Municipality of Jacksonville to Issue Bonds and Provide for the Payment Thereof. Pn- it iiiactcd by the Legislature of the State of Florida : Sec I lox I. The Mayor and City Council of the City of Jacksonville, in their corporate capacity, are hereby authorized to issue, from time to time, b;)nds of said Cit\- of such denominations, bearing such rate of interest, becoming due in such time and upon such conditions as may by ordinance be determined, to an amount not exceeding ten per cent, of the assessed value of the real estate within said City as the same shall appear upon the City assessment roll, which bonds shall be used for the refunding of bonded indebtedness of the City now outstanding (after which the water works now covered by the bond indebtedness shall become the property of the City), and for such other municipal purposes as maybe provided by ordinance, and for the payment of which bonds and the interest thereon the entire taxable property in said City shall be thereby pledged; Provided, that before the issue of said bonds shall be made the issuance of the bonds then proposed to be issued shall be provided for by 01-dinances, expressing in general terms the purposes for which such issue of bonds are to be used, and subsequently approved by a majority of the votes cast bv the qualified electors of said City, who were qualified to vote at the City general election held next preceding such election (or if said question of issuing bonds be submitted, to be voted upon at any general City election then, by a majority of the votes cast by the qualified electors entitled to vote at said City election), at an election held for that purpose, at a time and in a manner to be prescribed by the City by ordinance, or at a general City election. The c^uestion of the issuance of the said bonds, or any part thereof, may be submitted, from time to time, except that the amount of said bonds shall at no time exceed ten per cent, of the assessed value of the real estate within said City as the same shall appear upon the City tax assessment roll. The water works system of the City of Jacksonville, and such other public property as may be designated by ordinance, may be specially pledged as security for the payment of said bonds. The Mayor and City Council shall levy annually such special tax on the taxable property within the corporate limits of said City as may be necessary to pay the interest on said bonds and provide a sinking fund for the payment of said bonds, and, by ordinance, require of the disbursing agents handling the moneys hereby provided for such bonds for the faithful performance of their duties as they may determine. Approved May 30th. 1893. 42 AN ACT Supplementary to An Act entitled "An Act to Establish the Municipality of Jacksonville, Provide for its Government and Prescribe its Jurisdiction and Powers," Approved May 31st, 1SS7, and to Extend the Powers of the Government of said Municipality. Jh' it cuaclcil by ///,■ r.c\i;is/r as belonging to an unknown owner; and in no case where the real owner has failed to make return of his propert\- as herein required, shall the assessment thereof be declared invalid or not lawfully made, or the enforced payment of the taxes thereon be resisted by reason of such projjerty being assessed otherwise than in the name of the real owner. Sicc. 4. Railway and railroad companies shall be suliject to taxation on all real estate and personal property owned by them within the limits of the corporation, in the same manner and at the same rate of valuation as other property. The property of street railway companies, whose lines or tracks lie within the corporate limits of said City, shall be a.ssessed in like manner as other property is assessed, and at the full cash value of the entire property, franchises and privileges owned by such company within said City. 'I'he property of railway, street railway and other corporations, part of which is, and part of whicli is not, subject to taxation for the various purposes other than ordinary corporation purposes, shall be so assessed as to show the valuation (or part of the whole valuation) subject to taxation for each purpose. In assessing property of railroad and street railroad companies, the Comptroller shall specify what property is assessed as used for right of wa_\- and depot purposes, by such description as will clearly indicate the property covered by that assessment, and their property other than that so described and assessed shall be separately assessed by sufficient descriptions as is other property, each lot, part of lot or tract being assessed separately, except that the City authorities may, at the request of the company or its agents, assess several pieces together; and the descriptions, assessments and valuations shall be subject to be changed and corrected and fixed by the City Council, sitting as an equalizing board, as in case of other property. Skc. 5. The Comptroller of the City of Jacksonville shall be the Assessor of Taxes for said City. 'I'he City Council may, by ordinance, provide for and elect competent assistants to assist the Comptroller in making assessments. All property shall be assessed at its full cash value. l-2ach lot and separate tract of land shall be assessed separately, except that at the written request of the owner of lots or tracts of land adjoining each other, or when such owner makes return thereof in such manner, such adjoining lots or tracts may be assessed together. The City Council may, by ordinance, provide for the preparation of a plat or plats, or plat-book or plat-books, showing thereon any or all of the lands in the City, each lot and block, tract or parcel of land being thereon so indicated by numbers or other designation as to be easily and intelligibly referred to by way of description, and for the filing thereof in the office of the Clerk of the Circuit Court for Duval County, as part of the public records of said County, and after such filing thereof, the lands thereon indicated may be described and assessed upon the City tax assessment roll by reference to such plat or plats, plat -book or plat-books, which shall be plainly endorsed "Jacksonville City Plats," and shall be referred to on the assessment rolls as "City Plats," as a sufficient designation. The designation "Personal Property" shall be a sufficient description of all personal property for the purposes of City taxation, and personal property assessed need not be otherwise specified or described on the tax assessment roll. Sec. 6. Upon his preliminary assessment roll the C(.imptroller may indicate, in some convenient manner, the property subject to taxation for each of the purposes for which taxation is authorized. Said assessment roll shall be completed and submitted to the City Council at its first regular meeting in June in each year, or as soon thereafter as practicable, provided that said assessment roll for the year 1893 shall be submitted to the City Council at its first meeting in August in that year, or as soon thereafter as practicable. Sec. 7. As soon as practicable after the submission of said assessment roll to them, the City Council shall cause to be published a notice that said assessment roll has been submitted to the Council for approval, and requiring all persons desiring to have corrections thereof made, whether in the listing valuation of the property or otherwise, to file, with the Comptroller, on or before a day to be named in said notice, which day shall not be less than ten days after the first publication of said notice, their petition to the City Council setting forth their objections to said assessment and the corrections which they desire made. Said notice shall name the time when, and the place where, the City Council will meet for the purpose of equalizing the assessments and making proper corrections. From the date of the publication of the notice provided for herein to and including the day named therein as the last day for filing said petition, the public shall have access to the said assessment roll, at the office of the Comptroller, during each day, Sundays excepted, from nine o'clock in the morning until five o'clock in the afternoon, excepting between the hours of twelve and two, for the purpose of examining the same and preparing petitions for the correction thereof. All petitions for corrections of assessments shall be made open and in compliance with blank petitions, to be prepared and furnished upon application by the City of Jacksonville, and shall comply with all reasonable requirements made by ordinance. Sec. 8. All petitions for corrections of assessments so filed, within the time prescribed, with the Comptroller, shall be by the Comptroller delivered to the City Council, and the said Council, by committees or otherwise, shall investigate concerning the same, and, upon the day named therefor in said notice, shall meet and sit as a tax equalizing board, for the purpose of equalizing said assessment and correcting the same, and shall consider and act upon said petitions and the reports of its said committees, and shall make such changes in the valuation or listing of property, or otherwise, as may be necessary to the proper, just and legal equalizing of said assessment. The City Council shall give opportunity to such petitioners as may have filed their petitions, and objections to said assessment roll, as hereinbefore provided, to be heard in person, or by attorney, in open session, by written or oral argument, and on such evidence as may be presented to sustain such petitions, but the Council may, by resolution, regulate the order of hearing and limit the time to be given to each petitioner, and shall sit from day to day until said petition and objections and reports have all been passed upon, and the correction of said assessment roll shall have been completed. Sec. 9. If the City Council shall increase the valuation of any property on the assessment roll, or make any other changes in such assessment roll, except by a reduction of the valuation, or in accordance with complaints or petitions submitted to the Council, all persons directly affected by 4-i t ..f the spf cial tax f nr wate .T X A-.)rks and tire ( )riitee tinn. and tiun, lc\ ■y ^ aich spee^ ial tax as may be necess, arv tl . pay ntf ^iy•natec^ in the tax levy as tl le "S peeial Fir e De] parti nent intc thu sail 1 sex -eral levies . m the a^ isessment n)ll, ; md shall 11 a special tax, not exceeding one-half of one per cent, on the City valuation, for water works and fire protection, provided that such property only as shall be within one thousand feet of a water main or hydrant shall be subject to the special tax for water works and fire protection. The City Comptroller shall, as soon as practicable after the passage of this Act, ascertain and report to the Cit)- Council the amount of indebtedness of the Citv on account of the fire department, and payable the City Council may, in their di: such indebtedness, which shall lie Indebtedness Tax." Sec. 12. The Comptroller sh; reject, in said calculations, the frai. fraction of one-half or o\'er; he sha be necessary to show clearly and concisely the totals of the various tax levies made. If the owners of any property shall fail to petition the Council for correction of any assessment, in the manner above provided, then he shall not thereafter be heard as of right to question the validity of such assessment. Sec. 13. The Comptroller shall make a copy of said assessment roll, with the levies extended thereon, and shall deliver the .same to the Collector of Taxes; but the original he shall retain in his office. To such assessment roll, and said copy thereof, he shall attach his certificate, substantially in the following form: " I, Comptroller of the City of Jacksonville, do hereby certify that the foregoing is the assessment roll of the taxable property in the Cit\- of Jacksonville, valued at its full cash value, and that it contains a true statement and description of all persons and property in the City of Jacksonville subject to taxation by said City, or liable to be assessed therein ; that the listing and valuation in said roll show correctly and accurately the listing and valuations as corrected, accepted, approved and adopted by the City Council, and that all the recpiircments of the laws and ordinances regulating the making of the assessment roll for the City of [acksonville ha\'e been complied with. Dated Comptroller of the City of Jacksonville." Sec. 14. To the assessment roll delivered to the Collector of Taxes the Ci.imptroller shall attach a warrant, under his hand, substantially in the following form, to wit: "The State of I'loi'ida, Cit_\- of Jacksonville. To , Collector of Taxes of the City of Jacksonville. Von are heivby commanded to collect out of the property, and from each of the persons, eor])oratious and lii'ms named in the annexed roll, the taxes set down in such roll opposite each name, corjioralion or iirm, or parcel of land therein described; and in case the taxes so imposed are not paid at the time prescribed by law, you are to collect the .same in such manner as is provided by law; and all sums collected you are to account for as Treasurer of the City of Jacksonville; and you are further required to make all collections and reports, and a final report to and settlement with, the Comptroller and City Council, as required by law and ordinances. Given mider my hand this day of 189 Comptroller of the City of Jacksonville." S?:c. 15. All taxes shall be due and payable on the first day of September, in each year, or as soon thereafter as the assessment roll may come into the hands of the Collector of Taxes, of which he shall give notice by publication, and the collection of taxes remaining due and unpaid on the first day of January thereafter shall be infc^rccd in the manner provided by law, and interest at the rate of twelve (12) per cent, per annum, from the date i>f said publication of notice by the Collector, shall be added thereto and collected. Skl'. 16. The Comptroller, in estimating and carrying out the taxes assessed upon the assessment rolls, shall comply with the terms of the City ordinances on that subject not in conflict with the provisions of this Act. Sec. 17. The Collector of Taxes shall have power to issue distress warrants, and alias and pluries distress warrants, in the name of the State and City, to enforce collections of taxes on property and privileges. Such warrants may be executed by the City Marshal, or by any Constable or Sheriff. Taxes and assessments on realty shall be and remain a lien on the property assessed, superior to all other liens or claims, until the same shall be paid ; such lien may be enforced as other liens. All impaid taxes and assessments may be collected by suits in court at law, or in ecptity, the cost of all suits and proceedings for the collection of unpaid taxes and assessments, including reasonable attorney's or solicitor's fees, which shall be paid to the Attorney or Solicitor representing the City as his compensation in such suits, shall be recovered and collected by such suits. Sec. 18. If the taxes on any real estate shall not be paid before the first day of January next after the tax roll shall have come into the hands of the Collector, the Collector may, at any time thereafter, make, from the assessment roll, a separate copy of any assessment thereon remaining unpaid, showing the assessment of any lot, parcel or tract of land as the same then appears upon the City tax assessment roll, which he shall certify to be a true and correct copy from the City tax assessment roll of the assessment of the lot, parcel or tract of land therein described, and deliver the same to the City Attorney or Solicitor for collection, which certified copies shall be prima facie evidence of the contents of the assessment roll, and of the levies made thereon, in all suits to enforce the payment of, or the lien for, such taxes as may appear upon said copies. The City Attorney or Solicitor shall search, or cause to be searched, the public recoi'ds of Duval County, and of the United States District Court, at Jacksonville, to ascertain the names of all persons owning, having interest in, or liens upon, said lands, and in the suits brought for the enforcement of said liens for taxes, he shall make all persons appearing upon said records to be owners of, or interested in, said real estate, or lien thereon, parties defendant, and whenever service is sought to be had in such suit upon any defendant by publication, the notice shall contain a description of the land upon which the tax lien is claimed. The names of any persons other than the owners of said real estate may, at the discretion of the City Attorney or Solicitor, be omitted from the list of defendants; but no person having an interest in said property, or a lien thereon, apparent upon said records, and not brought into court as a defendant, shall be, until so brought into court, deprived of his interest therein. The interest of all persons not apparent upon said public records shall be foreclosed by such suits, without their being named or served as defendants. Upon a collection of all the moneys due the City, after the same shall have been placed in the hands of the City Attorney or Solicitor, the payments shall be made : first, all court costs, including clerks, sheriffs, masters and advertising fees; second, the amount due the City for taxes and interest; and, last, the Attorney's or Solicitor's fee for services in connection with the collection of srich taxes. Sec. 19. In all suits brought by the City to enforce the payment of moneys claimed to be due it, whether for taxes or assessments, or upon any contract, express or implied, or howsoever the same may be claimed to be due the City, reasonable Attorney's or Solicitor's fees shall be adjudged, -allowed and paid to the prevailing party, plaintiff or defendant, as compensation for all services necessarily rendered by the Attorneys or Solicitors in connection with the successful representation of the prevailing party, which fees shall be, as soon as collected, paid over to the Attorneys or Solicitors of record of the prevailing party as compensation for their services in that connection. Sec. 20. This Act shall take effect from and after its passage. Approved June 2d, 1893. 40 Q < -J < >- U ■si cE ?i -J lACKSONVlLLES MAYORS. 1865-66 J. Ram.f.y Dev, . 1880-81 IS66-67 M. A. DziALYxNSK.! (two terms), 1881-83 1867-68 W. McL. Dancv (two terms), .883-85 1868-70 M. C. Rick, . . 1885-86 1870-73 P. McQuAiD, 1886-87 IS73-74 J. n. BURBRIDGK, 1887-88 1874-76 C. B. SMrrH, 1888-89 1876-77 P. McOuAiD (two terms), 1889-93 1S77-78 Died in office, 1892; succeeded by 1878-79 Dk. H. Rohixson, . 1892-93 1879-80 D. U. Flktcher, . •893-95 a remarkable man. For six terms he was chosen to be !|RI()R tn the year 1889 the term of the office of Mayor was for one year, at which time it was extended to two years. During- the war the official records of the City were buried for safe keeping', but were suffered to lie so long in the earth that, when resurrected, they were found to be wholly decayed, and were Inst ; consequently there is no means of gaining information i.if the peril )d before the war. Following is a list of Mayors since the war: H. H. HoEG, Holmes Steele, J,,HN Clark, Edwaku Hopkins (two terms), Peter Jones (three terms), . J. C. Greeley, Peter Jones (two terms), Luther McConihe, . W. Stokes Boyd, . Luther McConihe, . Peter Jones, Peter Jones was in many respects Chief Executive of his City, at the end of which time he was elected Chief of the Fire Department, and died in office. He was a most energetic and useful citizen. P. McOuaid, who also died in harness, was for five years Mayor, and one of the best the City ever had. His death was felt as a severe loss to the community. In 1892 John C. Cooper was chosen Mayor by the Council, upon the death of Mayor McOuaid, but declined to serve, whereupon Dr. H. Robinson consented to serve, and was duly elected. The election of Hon. D. U. Fletcher to the ^NLiyoralty, in 1893, was the logical outcome of that gentleman's able and laborious efforts in the lower house of the State Legislature, just prior to that event. It was he who fathered the measure repealing House Bill Xo. 4, and gave us our present excellent City Charter, restoring the elective franchise to the people. Mr. Fletcher has ever been a faithful worker for his City and vState, and his elevation to the chief executive office of the City was a just recognition of his merit and ability, and came practically without opposition. The Fletcher Administration, and what it has done for Jacksonville. The City Administration of 1893-95 ^^'i'^ R" down in our municipal history as one of the most progressive and altogether useful since the City's establishment. It has graduated from the kindergarten of experiment into the broad and high school of material development; it has cast off the hampering garb of provincialism, and adopted metropolitan methods; it has left the old groove of an injurious over-conservatism, and struck out boldly on the high road of advanced ideas and liberal achievement. It has successfully carried through an election for §1,000,000 in City bonds for much needed improvements, and sold the bonds at par value. It has erected a city hall and market, which cost, building and site, ,$100,000. It has paved nearly fifteen miles of streets with vitrified brick and rock, and contracted for twenty miles additional. It has established an electric light plant for ligliting the Citv, with fifty-seven miles of electric wire, and fifty miles of commercial wire to be added. 48 It has purchased a garbage outfit, for the Street Cleaning Department, of the most improved pattern, and placed it under a superintendent, \vith the result of a great saving to the City as against the contract system, and a greatly improved conditiim of the Department. It has improved and beautified the City parks. It has increased the efficiency of the Fire Department. It has reduced taxation two mills, and had a surplus in the treastiry, on January ist, 1895, of $57,000. It has supplied the Police Department with a complete equipment of Marlin repeating rifles, organized a detective force, and .so improved the department as to more com- pletely insure the public safety. It has secured the latest devices for use in the City Cremator, which destroy all gases and bad odors. It has so conducted public affairs as to inspire the confidence of all classes, which has resulted in a sub.stantial municipal growth unprecedented in the City's history, despite the "hard times" of the past two }-ears. As a further evidence of this universal confidence, there was invested in buildings alone, in Jacksonville, during the year 1894, more than one million dollars. Under the same in.spiration there has been erected one cjf the most magnificent railway depots in the South, at a C(.)St of nearly one million dollars. Improvements are noted in every department of public and private enterprise. Property values have in- creased; confidence is restored; credits are good. With the completion of the bond sale, and the many improve- ments inaugurated by the present Administration, Jack- sonville will compare favorably with any city of equal siz tht world. Much of this is due to natural conditions, and much to the wisdom, caution and enterprise of the Fletcher Administration. There will be a new City election in May, and whether the present officials are retained in office or not, the tide of progress and improvement they have set in motion cannot be checked until it reaches a successful conclusion. The names of the men ci imposing the Administration which has wrought such great good in Jacksonville deserve to be perpetuated. CITY COUNCIL, 1S93-95. 1. D. U. Fletcher, JAmv . 2. W. G. Toomer, Presulent : 3. B. F. Dillon, t\\-Presi\ie,it : 4- T. L. Irwin: 5- J- G. Murplr 6. E. G. Blair; 7. J. S. Price: s. J. A. Huau ; 9. W. W. Gatlin : 10. P. D. .Miller; 11. T. ,|. Boyd; 12. Raymond D. Knight; 13. \ T.Sylvester; 14. John Fowler ; 15. A. J. Hedrick ; 16. W. F. Coachman ; 17. J.H.Stephens; i3. C. W. DaCosta. CITY OFFICIALS. iSq^-q^. OLL(3WING is a list uf City ( Jffici; toocther with the salary of each. City Charter: * J/,nvr—l). U. Flktchkr: $:,oo. t CoKnciliiun — \V. (x. Thhmer, Pres- ident: R. I). KN-Kan-, F. D. Mii.ikr, T. L. luWIX, T. J. B.IVI.. W. F. CnA.HMAX, J. (i. MtRRHv/W. W. liAlI IX, JUHX K. U.^LEl, C. W. DaCusTA, a. J. Hm.RlLR, J. H. Stephens, J. S. Price, W. T. Sylves- ter, J. A. HfAU, John Fowler; no salary. Board of ' Public Works—]. N. C. STOCKTcix, Chairman; George A. DeCottes, Augi'stus H. King; $400 per annum, each. ■A eleeted in July, 1S93, for a term (if two years. For their duties, privileges and ]3owers, see the CoiiiptrolLr—]. R. Thurhkr; ,$2,000. TrLasitrcr aii,l Colhitor — R. C. Scot r ; $2,000. A',V(';v/,7— W. C. Wisr; $2,000. Mniiicipal ,///,/vv— Cromwell (liiaioxs: ,$800 and fees. Marshal—]. A. Vlxzant; $900. City Eiigiiiiir — L. H. Mattair; $1,500. Health Ojfioi-r—CL.woK Joyner; $1,200. C/tr Physicians — P. |. Slollexwerck and ' J. H. DnCLAs: $000 each. Marhct fii.<:pcctor—\\'. H. McClkhv; $1,020. POLICE DEPARTMENT. HIS Department is contro Pc iliee Cc immissi( >ners, members, as follows: X. man; W. J. liarkisheime The force, at present, is Lieutenants, two Serjeants, thirt^ led by a Board nf ■(.imposed of three B. Broward. Chair- • and P. A. Di.t;Tian. (imposed of a Chief, -two regular patrol- men and SIX superntmieraries. The Chief is Paul (t. Philli])s, a man of sterling character and integrity, as well as a shrewd and efficient officer. He has a salary of $1,200 per annum. He is most ably seconded by ex-Chief, now Lieutenant, Keefe and Lieutenant Minor; salary $960. W. H. Herndon and D. A. Williams are the Sergeants; sakiry ,$840. The Police Department is in excellent condition: the men are mostly officers of long training. The system is so arranged that only merit can bring promotion. The armory of the department, at present in the City jail building, is equipped with the latest improved Marlin repeating rifles, for use onl\- in emergencies. Taken altogether, the Police Force is a most efficient bodv. * B. F. Dilldii and 1 Messrs. Fowler antl Uguet. f By recent act of Coi <;. Blair were elected willi this C( Dillon was President of the Counci: icil, the Mayor's salary, be,i;inninj{ \vi iS(j4, and were succeeded by in, is made Si. 200 per annum. FIRE DEPARTMENT. I'lIE Jacksonville Fire Department, as organized and operated to-da}-, is one of the best in the country. It was organized as a paid department in August, 1885. In the earlier days of the City's history the ordinary bucket brigades fought the casual fires that visited the commimity, and even before the war there was a hose company here; but it was not till 1870 that a volunteer organization of any moment was effected. At that time the Mechanic's Steam Fire Engine Company was chartered, and nearly all of the younger leading citizens became members of it. This company came in time to be one of the chief factors in local politics. The membership was large, and many were men of influence and wealth in the community. They directed politics largely, named office holders, and dictated policies. At one time the Mayor, Chief of Police, Marshal, ' - -Ittfatw - ^^'^ several members of the City Council held membership ^..^^SSeS/KK^ ii^ *^he Mechanic's, and owed their official position to that fact. ^ .^VBHSH^HV The Company still maintains a nominal organization, on ^ ■■— ^U account of property interests chiefly, but the original mem- ''^ Ifr pfp bers are men of gray hairs now, and not a few of them have "crossed over." Following closely upon the Mechanic's, and vieing with them in voluntary services, was the ^^tna Fire Engine Company, four hook and ladder companies, several hose companies, and a hand engine operated by negroes. / ^L These volunteer firemen were a brave lot, and did much .^ ^^^^^^ valuable service ; but the growth of the City demanded more y^ _ ^.^-J^^^^^^^lfe- ample fire protection than could be afforded by them, so the -^^^ .^^^B^^^^^^E i.irganization of a paid department was finally decided upon, ^^'Sm^f^^^^^^^^^^^^m' '"^'^ eiTected, as above stated, iii August, 1885. It was "''J^B^^^^^^^^^^^^^ placed under the control of a Board of Fire Commissioners, ^S^^^^^^H^^^^^^T ' composed of nine members, of which Dr. John C. L'Engle %JHHpnLJIPIr was Chairman. There was miich jealousy on the part of the volunteers over this move, and some opposition ; but Dr. L'Engle, to pacify them, insisted (.)n purchasing their cHiF.i imi.MA^ u. H\M-,v. apparatus, which was done in most cases. Many additions were made, and much improvement in the Department, which has continued ever since. The first Chief of the new Department was that veteran, Peter Jones, who had been six times Mayor of Jacksonville. At the time of his election he was filling a Government position, with headquarters in Savannah, and was elected to the place without his knowledge. In 1889, under the new City Charter, the Department was placed under the control of the Board of Public Works, and in 1895 transferred to the Board of Trustees of the Water Works and Improvement Bonds. The large increase of territory taken in under the Charter of 1889 necessitated a great extension of the water mains, many new hydrants, and much additional apparatus of all kinds. After the death of Peter Jones much ditficulty was experienced in selecting a new Chief. The local political factions each had its favorite for the place, which always met with opposition from the others. At length a man was agreed upon who seemed to suit all parties, and time has only served to prove the wisdom of the selection made. Thomas W. Haney, of Atlanta, is the man. He became Chief in September, 1892. He was at the time Assistant Chief of the Atlanta Fire Department, and received his training from that prince of firemen, W. R. Joyner, one of the finest fire chiefs in the world. Many a man who has seen Haney in his little wagon, rushing with the speed of a locomotive over the brick pavement, has turned to ask a bystander, " When did Chief Joyner come to Jacksonville?" It is not unlikely that Mr. Haney will be another example of the pupil outmastering the master, if, indeed, it be possible to excel Joyner. The Department is supplied with the celebrated Gamewell Fire Alarm System, with twenty-two boxes. It consists of four stations. There are three two-horse hose wagons, carrying i,ooo feet of hose each ; one one-horse hose wagon, carrying 600 feet of hose; one Hayes' ariel hook and ladder truck, of fifty-five feet extension, and one steam fire engine. The water in Jacksonville is obtained from artesian wells, where an immense engine pumps the water into the mains with such force as to carry it over the highest buildings; the engine, therefore, is seldom used, but as a matter of precaution arrangements arc being made to purchase two additional fire engines. Each fire station is supplied with "Hale's patent swinging harness," by which the horses are harnessed and put in motion in fmm five to seven seconds. The Department employs twenty-seven men, five foremen and a Chief. They have twelve horses and a total of 6,500 feet of hose. As soon as the new City bonds are disposed of many additional improvements will be added to this already eflicient Department WATER WORKS. SEWERS AND SANITATION. IjURIXIt the decade following the close of the war Jacksonville increased in population '5j| (^^) f about one-hundred per cent. It is recorded in Webb's Directory that in 1878 she ' -^ ^^J Jl ^^^^ ^ population of 12,170. With tlie increase in population and business, it became imperative to provide for the public comfort and safety in a more extensive degree than had hitherto been enjoyed. For this purpose the City was bonded in the sum of $250,000 in twenty year bonds. The bonds sold readily, and the funds realized from the sale were placed in the hands of a Board of Trustees of the Sanitary Improvement Fund, of which the venerable Dr. A. S. Baldwin was made Chairman. He has held the position ever since. The plan of Public Works, to which the proceeds of the Sanitary Bonds were to be applied, embraced: The drainage and filling in of certain low lands in various portions of the City; the improvement of Hogan's and McCoy's Creeks; the erection of water works; the construction of an effective sewerage system. This plan was submitted to the Trustees for their guidance in January, 1878, and they began the work of improvement forthwith. The morasses about the City were drained and filled and the garbage which had been dumped recklessly into the low places was thoroughly disinfected and covered to a de]5th of from three to five feet with white sand. Hogan's Creek, a winding, sluggish stream, with an outlying border of marsh, was, by extensive cutting and dredging, converted into an attractive canal, and the marsh land reclaimed from overflow. McCoy's Creek was also cleared of obstructions, and .such small dredging as it demanded was done upon it ; this has since been completed, and the creek now flows through a direct canal. The Trustees also purchased five and one-half acres of land just North of Hogan's Creek and west of Main Street at its junction with First, as a site for the water works plant. This tract, now known as the Water Works Park, has been converted into a most attractive plot, planted in flowers, shrubbery and evergreens, with numeroiTS fountains and other attractions. The water works plant was completed in July, 1880, at a cost of about $130,000 complete. It issup])lied with two Worthington Duplex pumping engines with a capacity of 3.500,000 gallons per day, with a pressure of twenty-five pounds to the square inch. Handsome buildings, abundant mains, and every facility for obtaining and distributing the water were provided, together witJi a fire-alarm telegraph, having six miles of wire. After experimenting with surface wells, tlie Trustees sunk two artesian wells, with the most satisfactory results, as will be seen from the following report of Dr. Baldwin, Chairman, dated December 21, 1885 : In December, 1884, an experimental artesian well was commenced and sunk five hundred feet to a free supply of water, which was reached in July. Size of pipe three inches, discharging about 260,000 gallons per day, with a pressure of twenty-five pounds to the scjuare inch. In August a contract was made with Mr. (). II. Wade to sink a six-inch well five hundred feet, which was cnntimicd on down to six huinl Ired and thirty -six feet, ai nd a flow of seven hundred g-allons per minute nl)taincd. or o\-cr one niilli on -aliens dai Iv. The V \-ater of 1 loth wells is now turned into the reserxoirs, which is sufticient U or all ordinary purposes. The wa ter is remarkably clear, transparent, and at first slightly tinctured with sulphur, but b)' a process of spraying this taste entirely disappears, and the result is a delightfully clear, limpid, and sweet tasting water, not so well suited for laundry purposes as rain water, but for general use it is equal if not superior to any water supplied by public water works in the whole country. Another well six hundred and fifty feet deep has been contracted for and commenced, and when completed will furnish, with the others, a supply sufficient for a City twice the size of Jacksonville, and for all emergencies in the case of possible fires, etc. It has been ascertained that beneath the City there is an inexhaustible supply of pure and wholesome water to be found in any cpiantity and with a pressure of twenty-five ]iounds to the inch. The six hundred and fifty foot well referred to in Dr. Baldwin's report as having been contracted for, was duly completed with satisfactory results. In 1888 another well was sunk to a depth of 1,030 feet, which produced a water flow in all of 5,000,000 gallons daily. This was deemed to be a suflficient and permanent supply for many decades to come, but it was later discovered that the sinking of numerous other wells in the City visibly reduced the yield from the City wells. The $1,000,000 bond issue of 1894 provides a fund of )^'4oo,ooo for improving and extending the water works and sewers, so that in a short time they will be perfected beyond peradventure. There are in use at present about ten miles of water mains, with a sufficient number of hydrants for use in case of fire, as well as pipes for public and private use in houses and grounds. The pressure from the wells is so great as to force the water through the nozzle of the hose to a height of sixt\' feet, thus dispensing with the need of fire engines. The Trustees of the Sanitary Improvement Fund have acquitted themselves of a great responsibility, in a manner most creditable to themselves and beneficial to the community. The objects for which the fund was created have been realized, and the bonds have been called in for redemption. The Board, as at present constituted, consists of: Dr. A. S. Baldwin, Chairman : Geo. R. Foster, S. B. Hubbard, R. B. Archibald, W. (i. T(M.mcr; H. Myers, Auditor in charge. The sewers of Jacksonville have proved one of the most effective agencies for preserving the health and cleanliness of the City. The work of laying them was begun in November, 1879, and they were accepted by the Trustees in April, 188 1. There are at present about seven miles of sewers in use. Thev arc constructed of vitrified terra-eotta pipe, ranging in size from eight to twent)--four inches, carefully laid to grade and alignment, and jointed with Portland cement. In 1894 Col. George E. Waring, at present Commissioner of Public Works in New York City, was employed by the City Council as an expert Sanitary Engineer to examine and report upon the condition of Jacksonville's sewers, and formulate plans for perfecting the system. In the new bond issue ample funds have been set aside for this pur])ose, and Col. Waring's plans will prevail. He is a man of national reputation, and the work, completed under his directions, will insure a system of sewerage as good as the best. The extension of the system contemplates about forty miles of additional sewer pipe, which will extend over every portion of the City, new and old. The average elevation of the City is about twenty-five feet, which insures easy drainage facilities. The sewers are constructed away inti.i the river, whence the current carries off all impurities. The cremator consumes all garbage and refuse of every description, as well as consumes all impure gases and noxious odors. A full corps of sanitary inspectors patrol the City constantly, and every one of the 5,067 buildings are visited monthl)-, the premises inspected, and monthly reports made to the City Health Officer. Violations of the Sanitary Ordinance are promptly reported to the authorities, and the cause of complaint is remedied. So perfectly does the system work that it is next to impossible for disease to gain a foothold, having no impurities to feed upon. The Chiefs of this department are: Dr. Claude Joyner, Health Officer; Drs. P. J. Stollenwerck and J. H. Douglass, City physicians; and George W. Roberts, Chief Sanitary Inspector. 54 STREETS AND PARKS. Ihe n., till. St I hns Ri\( 111-, thii 1 1 Lks Wll diniLiisi IT lit tittLtn nti iLtc-d t ^t m I WLst 1 1 lis IL t\\ mil lied I id tLil 1 \ th LL hiindiLd let un.. \L 1 11 <- hi n lied llld thii t\ t 111 milLS t IL , u.l \\ th 1 ek llld M tiihLd 1)1 Lk md twLiitv llL piinc '1 1 1 USlllL ss th 1 ll^htUL L\ tLiids ilono Lk ind 11 n 1 111 Ini S 11 L thLl suIl tl L LLupants "^ 1 ILL/ LS tl 111 th^ .,1c It W itLl W l\ is^Lll ^s a \\ 11 the m Ll Li StlLLt IS tllL SLL iL t iLtnc t IS t IL St It "-, p lilt t thL l1 LLtl IL L 11 hlKS and fiftLcn 111! streets uradLd miles additK n i the rivei ti( nt of which eni \ m SumniLi Tnasj;nificent Me\\ extendm.. traffic f:om earh moinm., ■which extend to l\ en p i tion of thL Lit\ 1 \Li\ kind Fl^ Ma Tu THK HONOKAKLE, THE CrrY CoUXClL. JACKSONVILLE, TLA., May I, 1S95. Goitlciiicn : This report, acccording to custom, should have been presented earlier, covering the fiscal year ending January ist, 1895, but by reason of the change of administration under the act of 1893 taking place about June ist, it seemed to me advisable to have the annual reports made about the first of May, each year. There appears no good reason why they should not cover the period from May to May, instead of from January to January. I submitted this matter to the Cotmcil some time since, and your views seem to be in favor of this change. There may be some things in the conduct of municipal affairs which the present govern- ment should look back upon with regret. If so, I feel assured they are of no great importance. Our critics have not been slow to advise us of (lur mistakes, and we have never shrank from criticism. We have considered it a healthy sign when the public was taking an interest in the government, and we have desired, rather than objected to, every show of proper interest, every sincere suggestion and every fair criticism. \Vc have sought to enlist the cooperation and sup- port of the citizens, and I believe not exceeding five per cent, have exhibited unfriendliness and opposition toward the present officers and their administration of municipal affairs. This small per centage, however, has made up in active obstruction and animosity what they lacked in numbers. At the start they arrayed themselves openly against the government, and they have lost no opportunity t" thwart our efforts and thereby to pounce upcm the prosperity of the 1 people and throttle the progress of the City. That they have been prompted by personal and selfish mntivcs, tl they have hindered and delayed public improvements, to the great injr equally true. They have made it their business to prevent the carr\-i performance of work which the people have signified, in the most s.ikn They have defied public opinion, engendered strife, cultivated a feeling growth of the City, needlessly kept hundreds out of work, brought absolute sufi to the great detriment of public interest and the prosperity of the City. This is patriotism of a peculiar kind, and I regret that it has become so p people veil understand. That cif the community, is out of plans and the manner, they desired. f enmity, retarded the ' suffering on many, all mounced here as makes it justifiable to call attention to it in this report. The people are long- suiifering, but they will, sooner or later, rebuke and condemn this selfishness and spite with more emphasis than I attempt. In Mayor Robinson's report, pau;e 13, February 7th, 1893, he uses this language: "Your Committee, recently appointed to investigate this matter of bonding, is making every effort possible to bring about some harmony on the subject, and we ardently hope that when an election for bonding is ordered by the Council, there will be practically no reasonable opposition to the measure. I am satisfied that if we ever expect to impnjve this City to make it what it should be, an attractive winter resort, free from epidemics, with good streets and pavements, adequate fire protection, good sewers and plenty of good water, so as to induce the investment of capital and build up factories, it can be brought about only b_\- the issuing uf an adequate amount of new bonds. If we wish to transmit to posterity a large and handsome city, it is but just that posterit}- sliould help pay for those blessings. At all events, tmless bc^nds are issued, but very few improvements can be made, if we depend on direct taxation for the money." These views were then shared generally by the people, and the idea suggested grew on the people. In the Legislature of 1893 I had the privilege of being instrumental in securing the passage of Chapter 4239 of the Laws of Florida, giving authority to issue such bonds. On ( )ctobei- i 7th. 1803, the qualified electors at the ballot box voted almost three to one for such issue, in accordance with the ordinance theretofore passed. The bonds were issued, and it was clearly demonstrated that the saving in rent Ijv haxing a building of our own constructed by the use of a part of the proceeds, saving on lights 1)\- ha\ing (.>ur own electric light plant, the revenue derived from a public market built in the same way, the increase in water rent produced by an extension of the mains, would amount to sitfficient to more than take care of the interest on the bonds, and we would secure paved streets, a new sewerage svstem for the whole City, artesian well water for the entire City, the bulkheading of the river fmnt, enlarging tlie fire department and other permanent impro\-ements, absolutely without a cent of additional taxation. Notwithstanding all this, a handful of people, some who, strangely enoitgh, hitherto endorsed all that had been said in favor of bonds, get together and decide that the City shall not go on with these improvements, the people shall not have these benefits, and they institute suit to enjoin the sale of the bonds. The result is that we have never received but ,$150,000 from the l.ionds; but we are able to say land has been purchased for a public building and market, the building is in jumcos of erection, and the electric light plant is in operation. Not only this, the vitrified brick pavement has been completed on Bay Street, and on ^lain Street from Bay Street to Hogan's Creek, and on Duval Street from ^[arket to Bridge Street. Stone curbing has been placed on numerous other streets, and paving will be continued as fast as possible — all as shown l)y the City Engineer's report, hereto attached. The Alachua rock pavement on Alain .Street, from Hogan's Creek to Eighth Street, and on Market Street from Eighth Street to Duval Street, and on Duval Street to Florida Avenue, and the Black Creek marl pavement from Florida Avenue to the Soldiers' Home, and on Commercial Street, in Riverside, have not given the satisfaction you expected. This pavement may pro\-e lietter than we now think, after the summer's sun has baked and hardened it. Unless it improves, I recommend that beach sand be placed on the rock while moist, and rolled in well. Tliis will form a mass which, when it hardens, will remain so, I am told, llie sand absorbing the iiKjisture wliicli now makes the pavement objectionable in wet weather. Referring again to the bond suit, I am gratified to say the City has won the case at everv stage thus far, the only thing accomplished by its instigators being delay and hindrance, aside from obliging the City to go to heavy expense in resisting the attack on the bonds. We are confronted with this condition: We must pay for public improvements, many being now in operation, by direct taxation, or suspend all improvements until the litigation is concluded. We expect, however, soon to have every obstacle to securing the proceeds as required removed. Work on public improvements will then be resumed with vigor. Meantime, we have been obliged to discontinue, and ha\-e been able to accomplish what has been done in that direction only by the extraordinary diligence of the Citv Attorney and Treasurer in collecting taxes. The statement below shows the relative amount of taxes collected dnring- the years named: SOURCES. l8yl. Judgments, entire City, Judgments, old City, Debts of old City, Markets, Board of Public Works, Fire Protection and Water Special Interest Fund, Special Sinking Fund, . Fairiield, . \ <.)rdinary Corporation, . Total, Works TAX C< RECEU'TS. $3,007 50 14,166 oS 650 46 2, no 89 46,740 iS 13,682 94 14,695 21 9,407 76 13 44 43.936 75 148,411 21 )LLECTI()XS. (Ordinary Corporation Purposes, $47,^90 00 Board of Public Works, 75,449 86 Judgment, entire City, . I. 173 42 Judgment, old City, . 10,793 38 Special Sinking Fund, . . 11,960 17 Special Interest Fund, 20,772 58 Water Works and Fire Prelection 19.954 5- Old Debts, .... 867 76 Private Markets, 4,120 14 Total $192,381 83 SOURCES. 1893. (Jrdinary Corporation Purposes, Board of Public Works, . Entire City Judgments, Water Works and Fire Protection, Special Sinking Fund, . vSpecial Interest Fund, Fire Department Indebtedness, Private Markets, Old Debt Old City Judgments, T.ital, .... 1894. Ordinary Corporation Purposes, Board of Public Works, Entire City Judgment, . Water Works and Fire Protection, Special vSinking Fund, Special Interest Fund, Fire Department Indebtedness, Private Markets, Old Debts, .... Old City Judgments, Interest Delinquent Taxpayers, Total This includes $120,840 secured from Be RECEIPTS. $49,898 18 73.743 05 . 2,505 48 24,010 52 . 4,005 79 25,828 14 445 04 4,824 19 835 7> 1,742 90 $187,929 00 $83,164 15 212,540 02 . 9,092 75 44,481 92 • 4.301 34 34.016 25 . 8,502 59 1.655 94 1,705 96 . 598 14 2,114 66 $402,173 72 nd Trustees. The Comptroller's report is also attached, and shows the financial condition of the city. The iluation of property in 1893 was $13,011,290 and the total tax levied was 13 8, 10 mills. In 1894 duation was lowered to $12,887,840, and, notwithstanding this, the levy was lowered to 11 1/10 ills. I take it taxpayers appreciate this reduction of taxation. The following is the Comptroller's report: ,-^ -, „ ., JACRs.iNvii.i.E, Fl,^., Feb. 6th, 1895. .on. D. U. Fletcher, Mayor. -' Dear Sir : Below find information requested. Other than this, there is revenue from fines, censes and fees, of some twenty-five to thirty thousand dollars each year. Vours respectfully, (Signed) Jxo. R. Thukker, Con/ptro/lcr. 1893. Board n Public Works and 'city. Protection. ",',• Be 13,011,290 $39,033 87 $52,045 16 $9,107 49 $28,9 1894. Special Fire Department Indebtedness Ta, 20 $16,785 28 $9,632 80 $155,519 8c Yah Ordinary Corporatior Board of Public Works. Wa Prote nd Fi Special Interest "k Bonds. $12,887,840 ,$45,151 70 $28,675 29 (iO Total. ii,'a mills. 75 03 $128,453 4: In this connection, I would recommend that steps be taken ImikinL; to |)ractieal exemption from taxation of all vessels registered here. We get comparatively little from vessel property, anyhow, and if such propertv were not taxed at all, I think we would gain immensely thereby. W-ssels would then make tliis their hailing port, or domicile. We wouhl do a great deal in building, reijairing, furnishing machiner\- and supplies to vessels, for which we have every facility, when now comparatively little is done. It may be possible to arrange this some way. (.)ther cities have taken the matter up and found it to their advantage. New York State, since i.SSi, has exempted from taxation for State or local purposes all vessels registered in the State engaged in foreign cummerce. Penns\-] vania has done the same thing. So has I )elawarc. The taxes in Chicagn on such propertv are mcrelv unminal. Milwaukee, until lately, imposed no tax, and when she changed her policy many vessels changed their domicile to Chicago. Detroit is advocating this policy now, and the subject is worthy of consideration, because we have a most desirable port in every wav equipped to answer to all the demands of a liome pijrt. STREET RAILWAYS. Since my last report, all street car lines in the City have brought into use electricitv as their motive power. The trollev system is employctl. The service is excellent. .So far, no accidents of consequence have occurred in operating the cars, and the change from horse cars to electric cars is certainly a long step forward. I have heretofore called your uttenti(.)n to the experience in some cities showing that water pipes and iron mains of any kind may be destroyed by the action of the electric current unless proper precautions are taken. Vou have not thought the subject worthy of serious consideration, and I leave it for development. LIGHTIX(t. The cost of lighting the City and jHiblic buildings heretofore has been about $8,000 per annum, as folhnvs ; 100 gas lamps, at .$30, ......... $.s,ooo 00 230 "sun vapor" (gasoline) lam])s (supplied by the cit\-), at .$13, . . . 3,000 00 21 arc lights, at !jii2.5o per month, six months, ..... ii575 00 Gas in buildings and jail, say, ........ 500 00 Total, ..... $S,o75 00 Now the Cit}- has its own electric li.ght plant, and the City is not onl\- lighted as it never was before, but tlie cost will be greatly reduced. Consumers will be supplied according to tlic following schedule; Rkcoki.kk's Office, J.ACKsoNviM.K, Fi..\., February 14th, 1895. For the information of the public, and by direction of the Board of Public Works, the following schedule of prices for installation and fin-nishing lights from the l_"it\- electric ligiit plant is published : Ixsr.-\i.i..\riON.— For each arc light the sum of ,';i;3 will be charged, and for incandescent lights the sum of $2 for each li.ght and an additional sum of tift\- cents for incandescent lamps and sockets, which must be procured from the Cit}-. In other words, the total cost to consumers for installation, including wires and fixtures complete, ready foi- the li.ght to be turned on, is §3 per light for arc lights, and ,$2.50 each for incandescent lights. Single incandescent lani]) renewals will he made for thirty cents per lam]). COST FOR SERVICE. Inc.indescent liti'hts, i6 candle p(.i\ver, for residences, 30 cents per month, or $3.50 per year for ea.h lii^'lit. Incandescent lights, 16 candle power, for business houses and purposes on all-night circuits, at 75 cents per month, or $9.03 per year for each light. Incandescent lights, 16 candle power, by meter, City to furnish meter in all cases, and for installments of only 25 lights or more, at the rate of 7 cents per thousand watts. Arc lights, 2,000 candle power, all-night circuits, at §7.50 per light per month, or $90.00 per year for each light. Arc lights, 2,000 candle power, or midnight circuits, at ,$6. 25 per light per month, or $75.00 per year for each light. No cost will follow for connection with the City plant where installation satisfactory to the underwriters already exist, and precedence of ser^•ice will be given to all such applications in the regular order of filing the same. All orders for installments must be accompanied by the amount of !5!2.5o for each incandescent light, and $3.00 for each arc light. Bv order of the Board (..f Public Works. Wm. C. West, Rironh;\ Secy Ih>ar,i of Public Works. Since this offer by the Citv, the Gas Company and the Electric Light Company (practically the same) have desisted in efforts to enjoin the City frcjm putting in operation this enterprise for the public good long enough to announce that hereafter they will charge $2.50 per thousand feet for gas, when they hitherto charged $3, and have reduced the price of electric lights to about one-fourth the former price. Of course, this is below the cost of production, it is claimed, and we are not promised any long continuance of these prices. Two things have surely been accomplished: Our City is splendidly lighted, from the river to the utmost limits; consinners are getting better lights at less than half the former cost. I believe we may take some pride in this work, especially if private enterprise has not been stifled; and it would seem this consequence need not follow. The poor and indigent sick are not sufficiently provided for by the City. I do not approve of any system which would encourage thriftlessness or reward indolence; but we will soon find it necessary to control our own hospital and adopt a plan for giving employment to the needy. An experiment has been tried in Detroit, which has more than met the expectation of its originators. A committee was appointed to receive donations of vacant lands near the city, and about four hundred and thirty acres were accepted. There were three thou.sand applications for lots by the unemplo3'ed, but owing to lack of ftmds only nine hundred and forty-five families could be provided for. The land was plowed, crops planted, and culti\'ated, and harvested, under the supervision of the committee, with the result that the estimated total value of the crops produced was ,$12,000 to $14,000 the first year, at a cost to the committee of about $3,600. The latter sum was made up by subscription, over one-half being contributed by city employees. I believe that such an undertaking would succeed here. One great resiilt would be that work would be given to those who need and wish it, and many a family could be supported by the efforts of its members, the harmful consequences from and burden of gratuitous aid would be avoided, and there is no lack of land which owners woitld rather have cultivated than not. Fertilizers could be supplied from the streets and the Cremator. Almost the year round crops could be growing. I recommend this matter to your consideration. The taxes for the year 1893, collected for State and County purposes in this County, amounted to about $98,000. How mitch of that was produced by property in the City limits it is difficult to accurately estimate; but for the same year the revenue received by the City amounted to $189,429, indicating that a very large proportion of the revenue derived by the County comes from City property. Yet the County Commissioners have charge of the hospital located in the City limits, and restrict the City to ten patients per month; more than that number we are charo-ed with. I cannot see the justice of this. Naturally, most of the indigent sick of the County are found in the City; most of the money required in maintaining the hospital comes from City taxpa_vers. In reality, the City ought to own the ground and buildings (from which it derives no revenue), and control the institution. The present arrangement should be reversed in all fairness. Certainly, the City should not be charged for the admission of patients, no matter what their number. Some basis of admission could be agreed upon, such as nature of applicant's illness, his residence, resources, and the like. Several accidents have occurred from more or less careless bicycle riding. There should be an ordinance restricting and regulating the use of bicycles in such sort, that within certain limits the rider must not use the sidewalks, and when they do, the rate of speed must be limited; thev shciuld be required to carry lanterns at night, and speed also prescribed ; alarm bells should be provided, and used on approaching crossings ; and in turning from one street to another, the turn should be made so as to enter the latter from the side opposite to the one approached. (Jther regulations may suggest themselves when you have the ordinance under consideration. To this report is attached a memorial page, as a slight testimonial to the memory of those co-laborers who have gone to other fields. Judge .Summers died suddenly, almost at the beginning of a most promising career, holding at that time the office of United States District Attorney for the Southern District of Florida, as well as that of Police Commissioner for the City of Jacksonville. William J. Braziel was a faithful fireman, and, as a member of the Fire Department, he was always ready, efficient, and true to the demands of his position. He, too, died of natural cau.ses. Edward F. Minor was shot down b}' a desperate criminal he was assisting in arresting. As a police officer, he was a credit to the force, always displaying the courage and fidelity to duty he illustrated on that fateful morning of April yth, 1895. Without extending this report by going into details, I would conclude by commending the officers, individually and collectively, for their faithful performance of dutv, tlieir diligence, zeal and capacity. This administration soon passes into history. I believe it may rest upon its record, confident of public approval. Whether this be true or not, we submit it to the people, and assure them of one fact — our sincerest efforts and best endeavors have been at all times given to our work. If we have accomplished something towards the upbuilding of Jacksonville, and the promotion of the welfare of this community, there lies our reward. If we have failed to accomplish much that should have been realized, it has not been due to unfaithfulness to the trust committed to us. (Signed), I). U. Fi.KiLHKk, The following- tables are submitted as supplementary to the Comptroller's Report, or that portion appearing in the Mayor's ^Message: REPORT OF THE CITY COMPTROLLER pok iHE Ykar ending Deck.mbkr 3 1ST, 1894. RECEH^rS AND DISBURSEMEN rS. Ordinary Corporation Purposes, Board of Public Works, Entire City Judgments, . Old City Judgments, . Special Interest Account, Special Sinking Fund, "Water Works and Fire Protection, Market Account, Special Fire Tax, . Total, RECEIPTS. lUSIHRSEMENlS. BALANCES. S73.164 15 S52,4Si 02 §20,683 13 . 231,719 7S 220,791 II 10,928 67 S.SlI 75 S,Sii 75 520 00 520 00 34,016 25 S,7i6 00 25,300 25 4,301 34 4.301 34 39.481 92 24.797 95 14,683 97 I.f.55 94 8,502 59 72 7.349 75 1,152 84 . S402,I73 S324.541 68 S77.632 04 SOURCES iiK KEVEXt'E. From Taxpayers, 1SS6 $310 00 iSSS S12 34 1SS9 2,390 3 97 Extending Sewers 9.6S4 16 Purchase of Garbage Plant, . . . 3.231 62 Account of Cremator Lot, .... 1,59000 Public Building ..... 44.962 22 Improving and Care of Cemetery, . . 434 60 Replacing Horses, ...... 605 44 Sidewalks 4,698 47 Electric Light Plant S40 50 $236,112 og CITY FINANCES AND TAXATION. HE good faith of the City in discharging its obligations entitles it to exceptional financial confidence. Previous to the war, a bonded debt of $50,000 was incurred, to aid in the construction of the Florida, Atlantic & Giilf Central Railroad, leading westward into the interior of the [State. During the war, and the few years of intense depression immediately following, the interest accumulated largely on these bonds. Jacksonville had been occupied almost continuously as a military post by one or the other of the contending forces, and when the war closed nearly all the public buildings were in ashes, and the town was a mere waste. Under these circtmistances, it would not have been strange had the people of Jacksonville followed the example of other cities and towns similarly situated, and either wholly repudiated or scaled their corporate debt. Not only was this not done, however, but repudiatiiin of the whole or any part of the debt was not even suggested. With commendable energy the old citizens, uniting with men of enterprise and capital fnan all parts of the country, took hold vigorously of the problem of re-building the City and re-establishing its prosperity on a solvent and permanent basis. The City was without a government, and without a dollar in the treasury; the people were without homes, and had no money from which to contribute to its support; churches and school houses were to be restored; shattered dwellings were to be repaired, or new ones erected; saw mills were to be built on the site of the mills that had been burned; hotels were to be put up and furnished ; places of business were to be provided and stocked; sidewalks to be put down, and the City renovated and purified. All of this was done, and every dollar of the old debt, principal and interest, pr(.>vided for. More than this, in January, of 1878, the City issued $250,000 of new bonds, known as "Sanitary Improvement Bonds of the City of Jacksonville," bearing eight per cent, interest, and payable twenty years from their date, or at any time after two years on notice to the holders. These bonds were designed for and applied to the construction of a system of public works for the City, including water works, sewers, and sanitary drainage. They served their purpose, the interest was paid promptly, and the bonds have been called in for cancellation. These facts speak well for the good faith, energy and solvency of Jacksonville and its business men. As has been recorded elsewhere, the City voted $1,000,000 in bonds in 1893, and the legaUty of the issue is being tested in the courts as this article is written. So far, they have been sustained in all the courts, and the case is now pending in the Supreme Court of the United States. There is little doubt of their being sustained there also. These bonds sold at par value, and draw but five per cent, interest. This is indicative of the fine credit enjoyed by the City in financial circles. More than this, the bonds were sold under a contract to defer delivery until the money should be needed, thus making a saving of more than $30,000 to the taxpayers. It is interesting to note the increase of values, during the last decade, in City property, as well as the reduction in taxes. The last ten years have seen greater improvement in Jacksonville than all her previous history can show. In 18S5 the total valuation of City property, real and personal, was . $3,271,910. In 1894, nine years later, the assessed valuation was . . . $12,887,840. In 1885 the tax levy was ....... 20 mills. In 1895 the tax levy was ....... 1 1 i'b mills. Reference to the Comptroller's Report, in the Mayor's Message, shows detailed informatinn on these points. That the financial department of the City has been conducted most ably and wisely no one will question. Each year calls for a greater outlay of funds for public improvements, and each year brings a reduction to the taxpayers. A happy cued, computing four persons for every , when 31, is used as the multiple: 30.000 30,540 -,0,617 multiplied bv 4, it would be 41.336 . Followmgi. a table si 1878, as shown by Webb's Direct >rv in the veai s t was i name in the directory, except for t lie issues of 18 )4 and 1S9 1878, .... 1 2,170 18.S9, 1880, .... ■ 13.470 1890, 1882, .... ■5.904 1891, 1884, .... ■ i''^.740 1892, 1886, .... -0,712 ■•^9.?. 1887, 1888, . The loss of over ,^0.444 588 was dm. 31,1 .So 34.400 .i3.95o 36.169 e terrible fe\-er epidemic of that year, which frightened away large numbers of persons, many of whom did not return for some years, and some not at all. The discrepancy between the years 1893 and 1894 is on account of changing the multiple from 4 to 3;,. The year 1887 marked the largest increase in population of any other on record; that year, according to Webb's Directory, the increase was sixty-five per cent. That the figures may not be wholly accurate does not alter the fact tliat in 1887 tlie City received an impetus in material growth and prosperity which, liad it not lieen for the epidemic the succeeding year, would have carried it far ahead of what it reall\- is. As it was, ever\' interest sustained a shock and check that it recjuired years to overcome. It is only within the past three years that Jacksonville may be said to have overcome the effects of that great disaster, and regained her lost gr(juncl. It is confidently believed now that our sanitarv arrangement is such that it will be impossil)le for the epidemic of 1888 ever to be repeated. BUILDINGS HRHCTHD IN 1804. P>{ Trade. Composed as it is of Jacksonville's leading business men, it has labored earnestly and zealously, ever since its organization in 1884, not only for the good of the City, but its strong influence has been given to many matters of public import affecting the welfare of the entire State and nation. The men composing this organization have put their shunldcrs in the wheel as one man. and many an enterprise has been lifted from a small and tnttering existence when about to fall for want of the support of a strong hand, and has been placed on the road to success and prosperitv. This has been done in many instances, and scores of other enterprises have found a birthplace within the Board of Trade, and have been given to the public under its auspices, and fathered by it until brought ti> a successful issue. 1 which the Board has taken an interest would be a task l)eyond the limits of a brief history, but a resume of its accomplish- ments will be of interest just at this time, when one of its greatest undertakings has been brought to a successful close, that of deepening the St. Johns River from the bar to the City, and alsd of the Government jetty work at the bar, which latter, while not originating with the Board, has had its strong indorsement and hearty support. Indeed, it has been largely due to its influence and the zealous watchfulness displayed that this w.irk has been brought forward as speedilv as it has. The first meeting for the organization of a Board of Trade was held at the office- of J. O. Burbridge, January ,:;oth, 1884. Prior to this time a somewhat similar organization had existed, but for some reason or other had failed to live. About twenty of the business men of the City, who felt the necessity of such an organization, were present at the first meeting, and after a general discussion of the matter a resolution was formally adopted, declaring that the interests of Jacksonville demanded the organization of a Board of Trade. A committee, cc insisting of Jacob Hui?, James R. Challcn and J. E. Hart, were accordingly appointed to prepare an address to the citizens of the City, asking their co-operation in organizing the proposed Board. Dr. A. S. Baldwin, [ohnClark, J. R. Challcn, John 1'. Varnum and Leopold KurJhgott were also ajipointed as a committee I ' Another meeting was held members enrolled. The officers Drew, Ex-Cjovernor of I'lorida; Vice-President, J. I. Danie H"^ ^^^^^..- .-^ ^^#^>:.^ IE ^ first officers were elected and forty George F. Drew, Ex-Governor of 1' John P. Varnum; Board of Govt J. O. Burbridge, George C. Wilson. The constitution of the Boar 1). G. Ambler, Whitfield Walker, i'ere ; Set t suitable resolutions. )ruary i8th, when the s follows: President, etarv and Treasurer, .-pared by the ones, Charles .M. M. A. Dz .-nski tollowing eomniittce : Benedict and I. R. C Mc( constitution was adopted May 14th, 1SS4, and the broad basis on which the Board has worked duriny- these years may be seen from the objects set forth in the constitution, as follows : The objects of this Board of Trade shall be to foster, encourage and develop the mercantile and manufacturing interests of Jacksonville and its suburbs; to collect, preserve and circulate useful information concerning the City, its trade, industries and advantages ; to study the workings of the great systems of transportation, upon which our commercial and industrial prosperity so much depends, and to endeavor to remedy, by all proper means, the defects and abuses therein, so far as they injuriously affect our in- terests; to obtain fair and equit- able rates of freight to and from Jackst)nville, and prevent, if pos- sible, discriminations in favor of other cities; to secure the abate- ment of vexatious and unjust overcharges, and insure prompt settlements of damages on goods shipped; to encourage wise and needful legislation, and oppose the enactment of laws which might injurinusly affect mir man- ufacturing and commercial inter- ests; to agree upon commercial forms and regulations; to pro- mote integrity, fair dealing and good faith among, and adjust and determine disputes and dif- ferences between, business men ; to inculcate the highest principles of honor, equity, and business '"' .iai KsnN\ ii.i.k hoard of ikadf,. morality in the community: to forward the improvement of our river and harbor and approaches thereto, the erection of needful public buildings, and the SAvift transportation and speedy and accurate delivery of mails, by using our utmost of influence to secure from the general Government that share of the national appropriations to which we are justly entitled; and, generally, to strive with united effort to increase the wealth, industries, influence, trade, and population of the City of Jacksonville and its suburbs. The Board of Trade has the ad\-antage of being an organization prepared for prompt action upon any matter aftecting the public welfare, without having to assemble in mass meeting, organize, adopt a constitution, elect offlcei's and appoint committees before getting at the business in hand. The late Col. J. J. Daniel, a man eminent in every virtue, and the first Vice-President of the Board, said of that body : "The Jacksonville Board of Trade is rapidly assuming the dignity and influence Avhich should of right characterize it. Your Board is composed of representative men of all departments of business life, tradesmen, merchants, representatives of the railway and steamship lines, manufactories, bankers and professional men. (hie of the marked peculiarities of your City is its cosmopolitan character. You have intelligent and educated men from all sections of the c(.iuntry, and of every shade of political, social and religious sympathies and culture. The rapid and steady growth of your City in numbers and wealth has induced men of force and energy to come among you, each having his particular interest to ad\'ance, and contributing withal to the thrift and power of the whole. To this influx of diverse elements, and the active and aggressive rivalry engendered thereby, is to be ascribed that intense individualism which has been a marked characteristic of yimr commnnity. " To reduce these active and enterprisiny individual factors tu an effective and harmonious union has been, and is, one of the chief functions of this Board. Alreadv has this obiect been largely achieved. Results have been accomplished by your united councils and efforts which could never before have been reached by individual action, however energetic and well devised — not by combined efforts, however well arranged, without organization and the mutual understanding and co-operation which is its product. I cannot impress upon you too strongly the vahie to the City of Jacksonville, and to your personal interests as involved in the prosperity oi your City, of united councils and labors for the common weal." A just encomium was recently pronounced upon it by a gentleman cc.innected with the government of the State, about as follows: " The Jacksonville Board of Trade is the most influential unofficial organization in the State of Florida, and whenever any communication is received by, or any of its representatives appear before, the Legislature, they always command respect, for they carry great weight.'" How well the members of the Board of Trade have succeeded in the work that has been planned, is shown by the record that has been made during the ten years of its existence. Among the first things that the Board lent its influence to was the securing of an appropriation for a .signal service station in Jacksonville, which was successfully dcmc. RkIIUCTION ok R.ill.ROAll R.A.TKS. Other things that were done by the Board during the first year of its existence, were the securing of_a reduction of transportation rates and a continuance (.>f the fast mail service that was then threatened to be withdrawn. In April, of that year, the Southern Press Associatii:)n was entertained by the Board, and the erection of a Government Building in Jacksonville was first agitated. Congress was asked to make an appropriation for that purpose. It was not imtil 1886, however, that the first appropriation was secured, and a lot purchased upon which to erect a building. Action was also taken with regard to having the mail service on the river improved, and agitation was commenced t(nvard extending the Baltimore & Ohio telegraph lines fr<:im Savannah to Jacksonville, in order to force the Western Union to give lower rates. The paving of Bay Street in a substantial manner was agitated in September of that j-ear, and in November the cpiestion of adopting a standard time was brought before the people. In 1885 the Board of Trade again ui-ged the establishment of a State Railroad Commission, and a resolution was passed and sent to the Florida Alembers of Congress, urging them to work for an adecjuate appropriation for the continuance of the United .States signal service rejjorts. The Board also continued its efforts toward getting the churches, .schools and public bodies in the City to adopt a standard time, and an effort was made to secure an increase in the post-office force, which was inadequate to the growing demands of the City. A protest was issued against a proposed increase in instirance rates in the City, and tlie Board also commenced negotiations for the establishment of a direct steamship line to Xew York. This was secured in the following year, when the Clyde Line was established, and the first ship steamed ujs the river to the docks amid the boom of cannon and a general jubilee in honor of the beginning of what has proved to lie one of the most important of Jacksonville's shipping interests. The eft'orts of the Board were directed with unceasing vigilance toward securing appropriations from Congress for the deepening of the St. Johns bar, and delegations were sent to Washington from time to time for this end. Efforts were also made toward appropriations for the new public building, and after much delay this was secured and the lot purchased. Through the influence of the Board a paid fire department was organized in the City, and this important service much improved. Through the efforts of the Board a Ix.nded warehouse was located in _ Ciovernment, and an effort was also made to make Jacksonville a cotton m.arkel taken toward the establishment of telegraph lines and signal stations at Jupiter 71 ksoi iville by the Act ion was also let. I"i)rl Ceorge, and other points in the City, which was accomplished in 1891. The Ley;islatui"e was memorialized to prevent the repeal of the law creating a State Board of Health, and also to defeat a harbor master's bill, both being- successful. The location of Little Brothers' Fertilizer Factory was secured to Jacksonville in 1890, and a grand trade display was given under the auspices of the Board of Trade at the opening of the Sub-Tropical Building. The Board also took steps with regard to improving the efficiency of the lire department, and securing a reduLtion of insurance rates. There is now no better equipped or more efficient fire department in any Snuthern city of its size than that of Jacksonville; and while all has not yet been accomplished that is expected in obtaining moi'e satisfactory insurance rates, yet some concessions have been obtained from the South-Eastern Tariff Association, whereby the rate of insurance has been cheapened. Torrey's natiimal bankrupt bill was indorsed, as well as bills for the prevention of food adulteration and for greater safeguards in protecting the merchant marine. A committee was appointed to secure the proper representation at the World's Fair, and the bonding of the City for improvements was urged by the Board. The bonding of Duval County for the improvement of the river was a project of immense importance to the port of Jacksonville. The United States Government had expended about $1,000,000 upon jetties at the mouth of the St. Johns River, but the advantages thereof were nut available t" the port, because of a long shallow reach in the river between Jacksi>n\'ille and the sea. For the deepening of this part of the river no appropriati(ins had been made, and as the United .States Government had consumed eleven years in the jetty work, the probability of its commencing improvements at the point referred to seemed very remote. The Secretary of the Board n{ Trade suggested and advocated the plan of b(.)nding Duval County for a sufficient amount to accomplish the work of deepening the river, until the Board of Trade was induced to take the matter in hand, and through its influence the Legislature authorized the County to bond itself for ,$300,000, subject to the apjjroval of the voters, which having been obtained at an election held December 3d, 1 89 1, the work was begun under the supervision and in accordance with the plans of the United States Government Engineers. The work was completed in June, 1893, ^^'^ the result is a channel t\v<> hundred feet wide and eighteen feet deep from Jacksnnville to the mouth of the St. Johns River. ch.akmcs h. smith. The Board has not rested upon its laurels, but is exerting seckeiwry j.^ck^.in\ h.lk i;maki> of tk. its influence to secure further appropriations from the United States Government to deepen the channel to twenty-four feet, in accordance with the plans and estimates submitted to the Secretary of War by Major Th(.)mas H. Handbury, the resident United States Engineer. In 1887 the Board of Trade promulgated a new charter for the City, which extended its boundaries, and made the rapidly growing suburbs a part of the municipal corporation. A commission was subsequently appointed for dividing the City into nine wai-ds, which was done. As is well known, this charter was afterward repealed by the passage of what was known as House Bill No. 4, although the Board of Trade entered a strong protest. Li April, 1S93, a new City Charter was prepared by the Board, and passed the State Legislature substantially as proposed by the Board. It restored the elective franchise to the people of Jacksonville. One of the marked features of this bill is the Australian Ballot System which it establishes In the same year the Board raised $4,000 from among its membe the City elections. for the shelling of streets. a similar sum having been voted for this purpose by the Board of County Commissioners. The members also continued their efforts along the various lines of public interest, and in 1888, among other things done, a royal reception was given to President and Mrs. Cleveland, on their visit to the City, in July of that year. Nearly $4,000 was expended in this celebration, and it was one of the most successful things of its kind ever attempted in this City. Among the subjects that have claimed the attention of the Board has been the reorganization of the military companies, also fathered by the Board, to which body is largely due the credit for its having been accomplished. Massey's Business College is one of the institutiims which was induced to locate in |acks<_inville by the Board of Trade. It has been a success from the mUset. There are many other matters on which the Board has taken action and has given its influence. To give a complete list of all the things the Board has done would be to give a history of lacksunville, so closely has the Board come in touch with all the City's interests. The Board now has handsome quarters at the Union Building, corner ]\Iain and Adams Streets, which was erected last year, at a cost of $25,000, by the combined efforts of the lioard i>f Trade, the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, and the City Library Association. The Board of Trade occupies a large room on the ground floor at the south-east corner of the building, which it fitted up with every convenience for the holding of meetings and transaction of the business of the Board. The f<.)llowing is a list of the Presidents since the organization of the Board : Hon. (George F. Drew. 1891-2, . . . :\Ir. J. S. Fairhead. . Colonel J. J. Daniel. 1893-4, • ■ ■ Mr. A. B. Campbell. Colonel j. E. Hart. 1895, . . . Dr. A. S. Baldwin. . :\Ir. J. N. C. Stockt.in. ;iwing gentlemen have rilled the offices of both Secretary and Treasurer: 1S89-95, ...... The membership of the B(.)ard of Trade is composed men of the City. The work of the Board is divided up which looks after its respective department. There are no social or political features connected with the Board of Trade in anv way, and its members give their time, money and influence simply for the general welfare of the Citv. That it has been of great service in this connection in the past is shown by the work performed, and it is deserving of the heartiest support and co-operation of all citizens who have the interest of Jacksonville at heart. 18S4-5. 1886-7, . I8S8-9, 1890, The f( 1884-5, ■ 1886-8, John P. \'arnum. . James SI. Fairlie. Charles H. Smith. if the leading business and professional imong the va rious committees, each oi THE ST. JOHNS RIVER. with fine felicity, that Ei;-ypt is a gift of the Nile. In a ise it may be said that Jacksonville is a gift of the commerce- This splendid stream, like the Nile and the Red River of the North, flows northward. From its source to its outlet the distance, in a straight line, is about one hundred and eighty miles, but so winding is the course of the stream that, although it follows, with no great variation, its general dirocticm of north north-west, yet by its channel it is more than four hundred miles in length. The beginning of the St. Johns River is first traceable in the so-called Big Cypress Swamp, that lies in the western part of Brevard County, but the chief sources of the great stream are the innumerable lakes that lie all along the valley of the eastern water-shed of the peninsula. These lakes are commonly many miles in circumference, and arc surrounded by extensive prairies, over which roam thousands of cattle. Owing to the evenness of altitude of the peninsula, and the presence of these numerous great lakes that, with their margins of sloping prairie land, form natural reservoirs for the receipt of the immediate rainfall and the drainage of the surrounding country, the rise and fall of the river is regulated by nature, and dwellers along the habitable banks of the stream have nothing to fear from disastrous overflows. In the mountainous country spring freshets, or an unusual rainfall, cause great volumes of water to be precipitated down the declivities of the land, forming a torrent which the river banks cannot anywhere confine. On the Peninsula of Florida, however, there are no moiintains, conseciuently no torrents. The drainage of the land goes on more slowly, because the fall is less abrupt. The water gathers in the lakes, which rise and expand in their natural basins, and are drained ofl^ gradually by the overflowing river. The St. Johns River has been called a "chain of lakes," and this is true of it from its first definite beginning in Bonnet Lake to as far north as Lake George, but from thence to its mouth the river does not vary enough in width to answer that description. Not only does the river flow titrougli innumerable lakes, but along its course other lakes empty into it. Commercially, the St. Johns River may be divided into three sections, known respectively as the Port of St. Johns, the St, Johns River proper, and the Upper St. Johns. The Port of St. Johns is tliat part of the river used by sea-going vessels, and extends from the ocean to Jacksonville, a distance, in a sti-aight line, of fifteen miles, or, by the river channel, of twentv-five miles. The second division, or St. Johns River proper, extends from Jacksonville southward to Lake Monroe, a distance, in a straight line, of one hundred miles, or, by the river, of two hundred miles. This part of the river lies through a most fertile, salubrious and populous country, and is that part of the river devoted to palace steamers, rapid transit, fast mails, fashionable travel and an extensive c<.>mnicrcc. The Upper St. Johns, or, as some call it, "the crooked river above Lake Monroe," was formerly used chiefly as an outlet for the fertile Indian River section. Back of the famous Rockledge hammock, on the Indian River, lies Lake Florence, opening through Lake Poinsett into the Upper St. Johns. From the Indian River to Lake Florence the distance is but two and a half miles, and across this narrow divide was carried the commerce of the Indian River country. Since the completion of the Jack.sonville, »St. Augustine & Indian River and the Jacksonville, Tampa & Key West Railways, however, this commerce has been diverted from the river to rail routes, and river commerce south of Sanford is insignificant. The distance from Lake Monroe to Lake Florence, in a straight line, is less than fifty miles. but by the river it is one liimdred and liftv m small steamers are empb i\-L-d not only at each end of t Titnsvillc, at Lake Harne- A number of on til is upper river, and find business line, lint at Salt Lake, opposite Lake Jesup. and elsewhere alono" Ab< mti. or south of Lake Poinsett are other lakes and many L-r, but the country alonsr the route is mostly adapted and is not thickly enou,i;-h settled to be of present immerce. RR'ER COMMERCE. Wlien the railroads that parallel the St. Johns River were biiih. It was believed that the river commerce would be practically dcstr(i\cd; but the yearly increase of shipments from the section penetrated by the river has kept this business tip to a fair average. Accurate statistics of the commerce of the St. Johns River cannot be given, because of the reticence maintained by the managers of steamboat lines concerning their business. It is, hnwever, very large. An immense amount of freight passes annually through Lake Monroe. The S.nith El.irida Railroad begins at Sanford and runs to Tampa, on the (lulf of Mexico, where it connects with New ( )rleans. coastwise and ELivana steamships. It has also a branch to Bartow. It lies through four of the richest counties in Florida, a number of important towns and extensive orange groves. It has an immense future in the results of the great drainage operations now going forward along the Kissimmee River, which important stream it connects with at Kissimmee City, on Lake Tohopekaliga. The immediate vicinity of Sanford, and of Enterprise on the opposite side of Lake Monroe, are thickly settled and famed for their orange groves. Below the lake are important towns, and at Astor a railwav extends to the great lake country, in Lake County, and near the borders of Sumter, Marion and Orange Counties. Pjctween Lake George and Palatka the country, which is one of unusual fertility and beauty, is quite densely populated, and contains innumerable little towns. At Palatka the Florida Southern Railway begins, extending westward to Gainesville and southward to Orange L.ike, ( )cala, Leesburg, Brooksville, etc., and connecting with tlu' two great railway systems of the State, the Savannah, I-lorida \- Western and the Florida Railway & Navigation Company's roads. Conneciion is made at Palatka also with the Jacksonville, St. Augustine cV Indian River Railway, eastward to St Augustine, and southward to I )aytona. Ormond. Titusville. and the Indian River and Lake Worth regions. Near Palatka, the St. Johns receives the famed Ocklawaha, a long, circuitous river, coming up from the heart of Marion and Sumter Counties, rich in groves. A daily line of steamers is employed nearly all the year upon the Ocklawaha. The St. Johns, with its various tributaries, furnishes nearly one thousand miles of inland navigation. The Clyde Steamship Coini)any. in addition to this, have a line between |;icksonville and New York, touching;- at Chai to the season, and the full voyai this line see chapter im Transp< ieston. They run two, thre- e is made in about si.xty-fivi •tation. md four steamers per week, according lours. For full particulars regarding RIVER AXE) HARBOR IMPR( )VE^[EXTS. Operations for the improvement of the channel over the bar at the mouth of the St. Johns River, bv means of converging low-water jetties, have been going forward since the year 1879. The plan of improvement essentiall\- cmhsisIs in the construction of two low jetties built of rip-rap stone, supported by a foundation mattress or platform of logs, with a mattress hearting wherever found practicable, to reduce the cost of the work. Of the two plans discussed the more comprehensive one was adopted. This plan provided for the construction of two long jetties, starting from the opposite shores of the entrance and extending seaward across the bar. It was intended thereby to establish a mid-channel depth of fifteen feet at mean low water. The usual available low water depth over the bar in its unimproved condition was six feet, more or less, with a mean rise and fall of tide of about tivc feet. The cost of this project was estimated at $1,306,409. In order to secure the full benefit of an increased low water depth (in the bar, as contemplated by the project, it was necessary to improve some defective reaches of river between the bar and the City of Jacksonville. To accomplish this, it was necessary to have more funds than were available from the Government appropriations. Accordingly, in 1891, the County of Duval, by popular vote, issued $300,000 in bonds for dredging and improving the river, by deepening the channel between the City and the bar. The bonds sold readily and at a premium, as will be seen by the following; STATEMENT OF RECEIPTS. 1S92. Cash from National Bank of Jacksonville, for $50,000 20-40 6 per premium, Cash from Rev. A. W. Knight, $50,000 20-40 5"< per cent. Bonds at if 1S93. Cash from Rev. A. \V. Knight, $50,000 20-40 5;< per cent. Bonds at i>i per cent, premium, . 50.S12 50 Cash from Rev. A. W. Knight, S50.000 20-40 s'4 per cent. Bonds at i}i per cent, premium, . 50,812 50 Cash from Rev. A. W. Knight, §25,000 20-40 sji per cent. Bonds at 1 5^ per cent, premium, . 25,406 25 July I Nov. Feb. : Apr. : June Nov. cent. Bonds at 4^'jj per per cent, premiu Cash from Merchants' Na per cent, premium. lal Bank of Jacksonville, $50,000 20-40 5 '/< per cent. Bonds at May 15. per cent. Bonds at per cent, premium, July 30. Cash for launch Fairhead, sold, Aug. 23. Cash for Transit, sold. Cash for Desk, sold. Cash for Letter Press, sold. 25,187 50 400 00 13 00 Total, S305.792 77 The entire issue was taken up by Ik ime capital. The following well known citizens comprised the Board of Trustees of the fund: John S. Fairheah, President. D. G. Ambler, Geo. S. Wilson, E. W. GiLLEN, Joel D. Mead, Max Hirschman, Dexter Hunter, R. B, Archiuald, J. H. Durkee, Wm. M. Ledwmii, E.C. Pickett, A. B. Camphell. Also these, whfj were Trustees, but resigned at various times, and Mr. Eugene Bigelow, who died in 1893 : W. A. AI..AMS, Jno. C. Cooper, Davh) Kemps, Charles H. S>uth, Secretary, E. M. Randall, J. H. Bacon, Engineer. The wiirk was cninplcted in tl channel fnmi Jacksonville td the ba feet of water. The following' summary of tlisl any part ot i lows a depth •ments sIk th the most satisfactory result lowest i^oint of n(jt less than i nionev was Advertising for bids, and bonds for sale, etc., ..... Rents of Engineers' offices at Jacksonville and New ISerlin, and of Bank boxes. Office supplies for Secretary, Engineer, including printing of bonds and vouchers, lei Engineers' instruments and incidental expenses of surveying, etc.. Launch Fairhead, cost, repairing and running expenses, .... Pay roll. Engineers and Assistants, and Secretary, .... Attorneys' fees, and costs of suits, ....... Bank discount on §2. 600, borrowed prior to sale of bonds. Inspection trip to Jetties, of Trustees, ....... Commissions to County Treasurer on Receipts and Disliursements. R. G. Ross, contractor, for Dyke Work, ....... J. A. Bryan. San Francisco Bridge Co.. and New York Dredging Co., contractors, fo W. B. Young and Henry Myers for Auditing Accounts, .... Balance Total, land, witli County Treasur Bank, lyino- thL sed, thai The (i. TIIF. MOI lEr (II- rilK ST. JOHNS KIVEK. successful conclusion is laro'cly ( dcepeiiino- the bar was not nc" inieiit has appropriated for- thi pose, since 1870. when tile work cjf improvement first beo-an, sums aiiioiintino- in the ag-greo-ate to ,$1,702,500. i\fter this amount there remains to be expended aliout ,$150,000, and the work is still o-oing on. The appropriations of Congress were made in small sums of from ,$100,000 to ,$300,000, at intervals so wide apart that actual operations were at several times siispendetl and great damage was caused thereby to the work. Much of each new appropriation was expended in repairing the iniuries done In- washouts and the sinking and wrecking of incom])letc jetties. The last rejiort of the ( ioveriimeiit engineer, however, shows that there are eighteen and one- half feet of water on the bar, so that vessels drawing eighteen feet of water can now anchor at • he wharves in Jacksonville. This result has been 'btained within the last eleven years, as in iSS:; :liere was only 6 feet 8 inches of water on the bar. .Mr. fharles II. Smith, Secretary of the •his subject in the llistorv of the ISoard of Trade lich the -.ader's attention. In the discharge of his duties .IS Secrctarv, Mr. Sniitli li:is kejit in close touch with this wo)-k, and his conclusions may be regarded as reliable. He has lieen one . 234, 050 41) ligures (Florida lines), , . 81,655,72199 Savannah, Florida & Western, estimated, 1,125,00000 Jacksonville, Tampa tV Key West, actual Sanford & St. Petersburg, . . . i So, 000 00 figures 766,32s 50 Georgia Southern tt Florida (Florida lines I, 194,00000 Pensacola & Atlantic estimated, . . 400,000 00 Jacksonville, St. Augustine cV Indian River, Soo.ooo 00 Florida Southern, estimated, , . 412,00000 Other lines, ;oo,ooo 00 T.i ;o 4") In addition to the roads now in operation, several new ones have been, and are beini;-, surveyed, the work of construction of which will be beyun this year, yi-eatly increasing the mileage. THE rxiox passex6;er station. Jacksonville, then, is the terminus of seven separate and distinct railway systems, of which four arc trunk lines, to wit: The Plant System of Railways and Steamships; the Florida Central & Peninstdar Railway; the Jacksonville, St. Augustine lV- Indian River Railway, and the Jacksonville, Tampa & Key West Railway. In 1893 the three first named of these lines united for the purpose of erecting a grand union station and depot, for the accommodation of all the roads. The Jacksonville Terminal Company was chartered, with a capital of ,$1,000,000, and the following officers elected : J., St. A. & I. R. . Plant Svstem. J.. St A. & I. R. . F. C. &- P. Plant Svstem. . F. C. & P. J., St. A. & I. R. •^npcyintcuihiit W. M. D.wmsox, . Plant System. Work on the new station was begun in the summer of 1894. It proxx'd to be a iirodigious undertaking, for the site had to be filled in, as it was all low marsh land, many feet below (he level of the adjacent land. The Company set to work to reclaim the spot and make it useful. They hauled not less than 300,000 cubic yards of earth into the low lands, which had the etfect of transforming its appearance almost entirely. The Compan)- also diverted the course of McCoy's Creek from its former crooked channel by digging a ditch and compelling it to run almost straight, instead (jf in a circular ccjurse, as it formerly did. In order to secure a substantial foundation for the buildings to be erected in this place, it was necessary to have something like 2,300 piles driven, some of which, placed one on top of another. yv, siiinit. ; 'ic i-Z'/iS/i/i///. Sir. niarv. Tn •a surer, I J)n ....„„. H. Isl. Fl-AGL?:r, . H. B. Pl.axt, . I R. P.AKRoi r, . H. R. Duval, H. S. Haixes, . I). E. Maxwki.i,, 1. R. Parrott, . AV. M. Davii.s..x, un in the summer of in. as it was all low m; were driven to a depth of seventy feet. Some idea of the immense work that has been done in filling- may be gleaned from the fact that it has cost something- like $100,000 for this alone. The frame structure of the principal building was blown down during the terriiic stonu of 1894, and the work all had to be done over again. Though not completed, it was opened to trains in February, 1895, since when all passenger traiHc is condi:cted from that point. The shed is very substantially built of iron and wood, and is also well ventilated and lighted. Running through the centre of the building, on either side of the arched roof, is a glass skylight eighteen feet and six inches wide on each side. This lets a flood of light into the shed, and relieves it of the darkness that is generally found in covered passenger stations. At night the station is illuminated by electricity. In addition to the erection of the train shed and station, a very complete system of switches and wash-rack tracks has been carried out. Thirteen miles of track have already been laid by the Terminal Company for this purpose, and it is purposed to lay twelve more, making twenty-five in all. The rails are of fifty-six pound steel, and square headed. The frogs and switches are "f the K.SONVILLE. £eet. Smoking- Room, 26x60 feet. Ladies' Waiting R' feet. Tram Shed Transept, 168x40 feet. 520 feet ; eight tracks under cover. ip switches has been put in, wht ^aid to facilitate the movement ivo tracks mdling of ui be trains most approved pattern. A system of s connected at the same time. This is fifty per cent. The plan of construction of the tracks was designed by Mr. Howe, the architect in charge of the work. They are in the shape of a series of ladders, connecting or running together as the train shed is approached. All of the crossings are autcimatically interlocked, so that each train will be imder the control of the man in the watch tower. The wash-rack tracks are sixteen in number, and consist of tracks upon which the passenger cars are run, upon arriving in the city, for the purpose of being cleaned. The racks alongside of the tracks are supplied with gas and water, so as to aft'ord every facility for taking care of the cars. The Company has also erected a turn-table at LaVilla Junction, and tracks have been laid in the immediate vicinity for the roundhouse. Everything is of the most approved pattern and consistent with the handling- of the large number of trains that arrive and depart. All arrangements have l)een perfected for handling business, at the new station, in the most approved style, and after metropolitan methods. Large bulletin boards have been painted for eaeh railroad, and are displayed both in the waiting-room and at the train shed. These indicate the time of deiKirture of each train and also its destination. In additit)n to this, bulletins are placed on each train indicating the points for which it leaves, in order that no mistakes may he made. Under the Summer schedule there are thirty-four passenger trains daily handled at the Terminal Station, and this is almost trebled during the Winter season. There is n-o way of ascertaining the number of passengers handled dail\-, but as an index to passenger traffic it may be stated that during the months of February, March, and April there were over 70,000 pieces of baggage handled at the station. THE FLORIDA CENTRAL AXD PEXIXSULAR RAILRUAI) Co.MPAXV. The cut on the following page represents the valuable pr( Peninsular Railroad Company, at Jacksonville, the location bein;. extending from Bay Street back to the river front for nearly half a mi adapted to the business of this large and enterprising Company. < depots, wharves and offices of the Company are located, and the scene here presented is one of great interest to all who admire the push and energy displayed by our large corporations of the present day. In the foreground is what is known as "Transportation Row." Here the Company have their ticket office, the other offices being rented. On the right is seen the general offices of the Company. In this large three-story building are the offices of I). E. Maxwell, the (.General Manager; A. O. MacDonell, the General Passenger Agent ; N. vS. Pennington, Traffic Manager, as well as a long list of others, too numerous to mention, who keep the machinery of this big institution in motion. On the left of the ticket office, and extending to the river, are the old depot, freight warehouses and the dock at which the Clyde steamers land their jxissengers. The railroad yards and other buildings of the Company are in the rear, and cannot be seen from the point of view taken in the picture. What is now the Florida Central & Peninsular system, comjirises all of the oldest railway lines in Florida. The first and oldest of these is the short line from Tallahassee to St. Marks, built prior to 1850. Then the two rival lines, one from Jacksonville to Tallahassee, and the other from Fernandina to Cedar Keys, were chartered in 1852, and completed before the War. What with new lines, built and purchased, extensions and consolidations, the system now has 935 miles of track, 6S4 of which are in Florida. It is composed of the fcjllowing I)i\-isions: .perty of ■ the ■ Florida Centra 1 cV ■ in the heart of the City, I ind le, make s the property especii dly ver this laro ;e tract the vari ous Xorthern Division. Western Division. Central and Southern Division \ Columbia to Savannah, . . . . . . 142 ' Savannah to Jacksonville, . . . . . .140 \ Jacksimville to Chattahoochee River, .... 209 ' Branches, ......... 25 r Fernandina to Tampa, .... 241 Wildwood to Lake Charm, . . .70 Waldo to Cedar Key, ..... 70 Branches, ....... 3S Total, The country through which this road passes possesses remarkal)le attractions to the tourist, sportsman, invalid, settler and prospector. Beautiful and interesting scenery, live oak, water oak, palmetto, magnolia and bay trees: forests with boundless game — deer, bear, turkeys, quail, etc. Orange, lemon, banana, pineapple, guava and cocoanut groves in full fruit. Strawberry, vegetable, cotton, grain and tobacco plantations, and the great phosphate lands. Tropical, weird and transparent springs, rivers and lakes, inhabited by every known variety of fish, including the alligator. The cl(.>sc pruxiniity of the Gulf of Alexico, with its warm, balmy atmosphere; healthfiilness ^of elimate and equability (if temperature; lovely towns and cities, with most excellent hotel and boarding-house accommodations, all combine to make a trip over this grand svstem most enjoyable; passing, as it does, through the richest and most productive region of the countr}', directly through the following counties: Richland, Lexington, Orangeburg, Barnwell and Hampton, in South Carolina; Effing- ham, Chatham, Liberty, Mcintosh, (ilynn, and Camden, in Georgia; and Gasden, Jefferson, Duval, Alachua, Lake, Pasco, Leon, vSuwannnee, Nassau, Levy, Orange, Hillsboro, Wakulla, Columbia, Clay, Marion, Polk. Manatee. :\Iadison, Baker, Bradford, vSumter, Hernando, and De vSoto, in Florida. XoRTHKkX DlVISIOX. From Columbia, the Capital of vSouth Carolina, where connection is made with the vSouthern Railway system direct to the north, via Washington; the Northwest, via Asheville, N. C. , and the West, via Augusta and Atlanta, this line extends southward through the finest cott(.in plantations in South Carolina, and connects at Denmark with the South Carolina & Georgia Railroad for Charleston and Au.gusta. At Fairfax connection is made with the Port Royal & Augusta Railroad to and from Augusta and Port Royal, Thence it proceeds to Savnnnah, Everett City, and Jacksonville, making con- nection with all railroads and steamship lines throughout the territory traversed. The tracks of this line are constructed of seventy pound steel rails, with angel joint connections; powerful new compound engines, built especially for speed, are in use, and during the Winter season solid vcstilnile trains are run, while elegant new Pullman sleepers are run the year round. The road is in ever)' sense up to date, affording every comfort and convenience known to railway travel. Western' Division-. Leaving River Junction, where a con- nection is made with the Louisville cV- Nash- ville Railroad to and from Chicago, St. Louis, Cincinnati, Lnnisvillc. Nashville, Xew Ork-ans, Mobile and Pcnsacola, and all points West, North-west and Sonth-wcst, the topography of the country chanL;-es from a le\-el pine forest, of a sandy soil, to hi.^h rollin;,^- hills of red clay formation, o\-er-rown with a dense and ma^Li'niticent forest. Thence the line passes, in rapid succession, man\- small villaj^es ami stations, litit only the principal towns will here be named: (Jnincy (county seat of Gadsden County), a charmin;,;- town, hi^h situation, rich and productive country. Near here is located the mammoth tolxieco plantations of the South, over 15.000 acres under cultivation, producin,^' only the finest Havana wrappers, the aroma of which is not excelled by wrappers yrown on the Island of Cuba. Tallahassee, the beautiftil Capital City of Florida, commands a maL^nificcnt \iew of the surrounding- country. The city is full of interest to visitors. Tw(_> miles west of Tallahassee is the ■■^Nlurat Place," a fine plantation, owned and occupied, until her death, by the widow - contains about 2,000 people. Connection is made here with the Georgia Southern & Florida Railrcjad, from j\Iacon and White Sulphur vSprings. Magniticent Pullman buffet sleeping cars from Nashville, Chattanooga, Atlanta, to Jacksonville and Tampa. Leaving Lake City, we leave the red-clay soil and hill country. We are again passing through the life-giving pine forests, passing, in transit, Olustee, battle-ground during the late war: Glen St. i\Iary, McClenny, a thriving, important and progressive town: Baldwin, the junction with Tampa r)ivision, and -, Leesburg, the most important commercial place in Lake County, doing a large mi with the region lying about Lakes Harris and Griffin. Leaving Leesburg, the road . _, runs for miles on the banks of Lake Harris, to Eldorado, whence connection is made with boats for Yalaha, and other landings. The train passes through twelve miles of continuous orange groves on the banks of Lakes Harris, Griffin, and Eustis, to Tavares, in Lake County, a most pros- perous and flourishing place. Orlando, the chief city and cotmty seat of Orange County, is one of those remarkable places, which, like many Western towns, have grown up almost in a night, as it were. The region round about Orlando is charm- ingly diversified by beautiful lakes, whose borders are lined with thrifty orange groves, surrounding elegant villas and cosy winter cottage homes belonging to Northern residents, who find here the per- fection of a winter climate and the con- i . V„- ,-■,-,,.. ;.^ ,....r later beennie a culossal maritime trade direct with Central and South America, as well as Mexico and otliei' Culf ])orLS, Nine miles beyond the Tampa Bay Hotel, at Tampa, is Port Tanqia, the Southern deep water terminus of the Plant System, which, with the rapid development of trade with South AuK'rica and the West India Islands, and the export trade of phosphate to liurojie, has become a centre of great activity. The Inn was built on the pier over the water, a mile from shore, and it soon attracted tourists. Whether en route for Cuba or not, they come to the Inn to Hsh, sail on tlie lia\-, and enjoy the sea air. The Inn is a beautiful (Jueen Anne Cottage, and by the tourists is called the "gem." Tlic surrounding waters teem with fish, while ducks, pelicans and gulls circle about o\-erhead. The Plant System has been a conspicuous factor in Jacksoinille's develo]jment. Its line to Savannah was the first to oi)en direct railway communication with the Xorth ; i)re\-i(}tis to the building of the Savannah, Floriila lV- Western Railroad, passengers for the Xortli were forced to travel all the way round Ijy Tallahassee to get to Savannah. Nearly two (la\-s then to co\er a journey that is now made in five hours. The chief points made by tlie I-'lorida lines of this svstem are: The Savannah, Florida & Western, from Jacksonville north to Calahan, AVaycross, and Savannah; the South Florida Division, from Sanford to Lake Charm, Winter Park, ( )rlando, Kissimmee, Narcoossee, Bartow, Lakeland, Tampa, and Port Tampa, and from Dupont, Ca., to Live Oak, Lake City, High vSprings, Gainesville, Archer, Ocala, Dunellon, Homosassa, Dade City, and on to Port Tampa. Their lines also tap Florida at Monticello and Chattahoochee, with connection at those points for the North, East, and West. As will be seen, they traverse nearly every section of Florida and connect with all other important lines in the State. Of the steamship lines of the Plant System in Florida the most inii)ortant are: The West India Fast Mail Route, two steamers a week each way l)ctwccn Port 'l'am])a. Key West, ;;nd Havana. Port Tampa to MoIiIIl', one steamer a week each way. < )nc steamer daily from Port Tampa to St. Petersburg, and points on the Manatee Ri\-er. Two steamers weekly, each wa\-, between Apalaehicola and Columbus, (ia., and all points on the Chattahoochee and Apalachicola Rivers. Also steamers from Port Tampa to Pine Island. Naiiles, and the Caloosaluitchec River. JACKSONVILLE, TAMPA & KEY WEST KAILW.W. "The Tropical Trunk Line" ixirallels the St. Johns River from Jacksonville t<. Sanford, and extends beyond that point to Titnsville, on the Indian River. The main line and lu-anches embrace two hundred miles of track. This road was built by Rol)crt H. Coleman, the millionaire coal baron of Cornwall, Pa., and was begun in 1883. It was tliis line tliat ga\-e the first check to the extensive St. Johns River commerce. The road passes thi-oiigh sonic of tlie most fertile orange and vegetable regions of Florida, as well as some of the most pictiircsiiuc and scenic. It twice crosses the St. Johns, between Jacksonville and Sanford, o\ci- iiumciise steel drawbridges. The principal points made by this line are: Magnolia Springs, on the St. Johns, twenty-nine luiU's south ol J:ickson\illc. It is the scat of the charming winter hotel, The Magnolia, and is noted foi- the tanious watei'of the same name which is bottled here. Green Cove .Springs, a mile beyond, is noted tor its line snlpluir b:iths and other healthful conditions. Palatka, a city of 6,000, where connection is made with the Florid:i Southern, and the Jacksonville, St. Augustine cV Indi:m River Raihva\s, and ri\cr boats. Pahitka is the site of the Putnam House, with a capacity for four hundred guests. 1 )c Land, the most progressive of the younger towns of the State, blessed with better educational I'acilities than the majority of even larger Southern cities, has a population of something over tw(j thousand. Besides well conducted public schools, there are several private schools, but its pride and great feature is the J. B. Stetson University, an institution handsomely endowed: several full scholarships: it is for both se.xes; a college, normal school, and acadeni\-, an art school and conscr\alor\' of music. Has seven elegant buildings heated by steam and lighted by electricity ; thoroughly equipped gymnasium ; department of physical culture ; military drill for young men ; a library of over six thousand volumes. Sanford, located by one of those cjuick-witted Americans who recognized the natural advantages of our State, is one hundred and twenty-five miles south of Jacksonville, and immediately on the south shore of beautiful Lake Monroe, directly opposite the town of Enterprise, which lies in full view. Sanford is the head of navi- gation on the St. Johns River, and the natural distributing point for many places in Southern Florida. It is a substantial brick city in the midst of a fine orange grove section. The Sanford House, a Winter hotel, accommodating four himdred people, fronts on a beautiful park laid out on the shore of the lake, and commands a fine view of the surrounding country. The Jacksonville, Tampa & Key West Raihva\- connects here with the .Sanford & St. Petersburg Railway for Oakland, Cler- mont, San Antonio, Tarpon .Springs, and St. Petersburg, the two latter being situated on the Gulf of Mexico, and all boast of fine hotels, and are popular Winter resorts. Enterprise, a charming resort, about i>nr hundred and twenty miles distant fr^iii Jacksonville, and on thedirect line of tra\ l 1 to the Indian River country, is ime (jf tlu- oldest resorts in Florida. Titiisville, tin Southern terminus of the Jacksonvilk', Tampa & Key West Railway, is at tin head of navigation on the famous Indian River. The road connects here with tlu- Jacksonville, St. Augustine & Indian River Railway, and the Indian River Steamboat Company, for all points on the southern east coast. The Florida Southern Railroad, with over three hundred miles of track, was formerly a part of the Jacksonville, Tampa & Key West .System, whereby it penetrat two r(iads, though separate, make close eon acksonville. Tampa of the finest section of interior t Palatka, and work in harmimv, THE JACKSONVILLE, MAYPORT, PABLO RAILWAY \- NAVIGATION COMPANY. Thi: .-nty-one m ocean beach, and Mayport, a sma the Jacksonville people have s Jacksonville and South Jacksonvil les in length, extending from Jacksonville to Burnside, a fine 1 village at the mouth of the St. Johns River, where many of immer cottages. This Companv (operates the ferry between ?, which is the terminus of the road. THE JACKSONVILLE & ATLANTIC RAILROAD. This line also runs to the beach, at Pablo, the favorite summer resort for Jacksonville. It is seventeen miles long and passes through fine farming and timber lands. Pablo is made up chiefly of summer cottages. It has fine bathing and one of the prettiest beaches in the world. There are two trains daily over each of these lines to Jacksonville. STEAMSHIP, STEAMBOAT. AND PACKET LINES. There are not less than thirteen regularly established ship]Mng- lines, with offices in Jacksonville, in addition to the numerous itinerant trading vessels that make regular voyages to this port. The latter class is very numerous. The phosphate industry has brought vessels from every Country to secure cargoes of this valuable commodity, while numerous sailing craft from the West Indies and the Bahamas, laden with fruit, shells, and curios, discharge their cargoes here. Since the deepening of the channel in the river and at the bar has been completed, shipping from the port of Jacksonville has largely increased, and vessels drawing eighteen feet of water can now reach the City. Chief in importance to Jacksonville, of the steamship lines entering here, is the Clyde Steamship Company, plying between Jacksonville, Charleston, and New York. THE CLYDE STEAMSHIP COMPANY. Every one living here at the time, remembers the grand banquet tendered by the Clyde Steamship Company to the business men of Jacksonville, in November, 1886. The affair was given in honor of the arrival of the first Clyde passenger steamship in Jacksonville, and as the event was to mark a new era in the prosperity of the City, it was eminently fitting that it should be celebrated with some marked demonstration of rejoicing over the happy prospects just opening for the community. The officials of the Company and the citizens of the City mutually felicitated each other, and the good ship Cherokee, lying at the dot The history of the Clyde L transportation. For years the Port of Jackson \ ks. might have been floated in Florida is the hist ^'d an open d( increased to two ships a week. Thi Yemassee, and the Delaware. Thes passenger steamers a week, which hrns fail, it I- Line, which they embraces the two the same time, two 'i'hc steamers run "The Macon Telegraph," ni July 31, 1892, published a brief history of the Clycles, which it may be well to append here. It is as follows : The Clyde family have been in the transportation business for three generations. Mr. Thomas Clyde, the father of Mr. William P. Clyde, was the founder of the Clyde vSteamship Line. Upon the aiTival in this country, in 1837, of the late John Ericsson, the celebrated inventor and engineer, with his invention for the application of the screw propeller to steam vessels, Mr. Thomas Clyde at once recognized the value and great possibilities of this new method of applying power for the propulsion of vessels, and immediately took an interest in the same, and was a co-laborer with Ericsson in the application and introduction of the screw propeller. He was one of the owners and originators of the first propeller line ever built, which was called the "Ericsson Line," and still runs between Philadelphia and Baltimore. In 1844 Mr. Clyde built the propeller steamship "John S. McKim," the first screw steamer built in the United States for commercial purposes, thus recognizing, and practically applying, nearly fifty years ago, this method of obtaining high speed with economy and safety, which has now superseded all other methods of steam propulsion. L^pon the breaking out of the Mexican War this ship was irsed successfully as a transport for troops; and in 1846 this steamer, the " McKim," carried Col. Jefferson Davis' regiment of Mississippi Volunteers to the Mexican War from New Orleans; and it is a remarkable coincidence that another of Mr. Clyde's steamers, the "Rebecca Clyde," in 1865, brought President Jefferson Davis as a prisoner from Savannah to Fort Monroe. Mr. Wm. P. Clyde, though building and owning every variety of steamships and steamboats, has always given the preference to the screw propeller, and has introduced it wherever practicable. He experimented upon, and demonstrated, the practicability of the propeller for shallow harbors and rivers, where others believed nothin-- but the nmrc expensive side-wheel steamer was advisable. Being bold and aggressive, he has made and adapted many improvements, both in model and machinery of steamers, and is regarded from his great practical experience as an authority among steamship owners. In 1871, he built the first ei impound engine ever constructed in this country, and placed it in the "Geo. W. Clyde," which was at that time the largest light draft steamship afloat. Mr. Clyde also built, in 1886, the first large triple-expansion engines built in this cotmtry, placed in the steamer "Iroquois," the pioneer in this last great improvement in steam engines. The "Iroquois" was also the first steel steamer ever built in this country for commercial purposes. Thus, with his brother, B. F. Clyde, now associated with him, they have continued the policy of the Clydes, as inaugurated by their father, and have been the leaders in practically all the improvements made in steamships in this country during the last fifty years. The firm of William P. Clyde & Company own and control a large number of steamboats, steamships, etc., their lines running between Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington, Norfolk, Newburne, Richmond, Troy, Albany, Wilmington, N. C, Georgetown, S. C, and Jacksonville, Fla. , and on the St. Jcjhns River between Jacksonville, Palatka, and Sanford, and intermediate landings; also from New York, Turk's Island, Hayti, San Domingo, and other West Indian ports. Mr. William P. Clyde for some years controlled all the steam transportation between New York and San Francisco, as well as the Panama Railroad, the only route acrtjss the Isthmus of Panama, having from his own fleet been able to furnish this railroad in sixty days a complete equipment of steamers for connection both from Panama to Central America and San Francisco, and also between Aspinwall and New York. He was also president of the Pacific Mail Steamship Company f(.ir several years. Mr. Clyde has had a remarkably successful business career. He has always been largely interested in the development of the South, the future possibilities of which he was among the first to recognize, and has very large investments not only in Southern railroads, but also in its mineral and other interests. He has before this been largely identified with Southern railroad interests, and has twice heretofore controlled the Richmond & Danville system, and it is one of his characteristics that he has always endeavored, and successfully so, to build up and develop any enterprise with wliieli he might be connected. There is no one single instance, during his whole business career, where he has permitted himself to be a ])arty to wrecking property, which, imfurtunatcly, is ^■ clay. Mr. Clyde is a prominent reprt niueh in voi^lie amon^' ra jntative of a class of men \vl can have, and we welccnne iers n- nection is made at Brunswick for passengers either .going North or coming from the North, trains leaving Jacksonville in the morning, landing their passengers in about three hours alongside the steamers in Bruns- wick, and vice versa. The .steamers on this route sail from the Mallory Line Pier (No. 21, East River) every Friday, at ;, i'. .\i., arriving at Brunswick, (ia., in about si.\ty hours from New York. The city is beautifullv situated upon a level peninsular of about three miles in length and two miles in width, and surrounded on three sides by the sea, everywhere deep and navigable. The Islands of St. Simons and Jekyl lie between the ocean and the mainland, thereby affording ample pro- tection to the shipping in the harbor, and forming a most charming approach to the city, a view that always calls forth exclamations of delight. The steamers of the Mallory Line go directly to the wharf at Brunswick, where close connection is made with the railroads, the Cumlierland Steamboat Route for Jekyl Island, Cumber- land Island, and Fernandina, and all steamboats for the interior towns, such as Albany, Macon, Americus, Columbus, Atlanta, lVc, &c. Leaving Brunswick, the steamer proceeds to Fernandina, the terminus of the Mallory Line steamers. Fernandina itself is of no insignificant importance. It has the largest and deepest harbor on the eastern coast of the vState. The steamers come up alongside the docks at I'Y'rnandina, which is alongside the de]Jot, where close connec- tion is made, via the Florida Central cV Peninsular Railroad for all i)oints in Florida. Year by year the migration of our Xorlhern population, during the Winter months, increases to the various charmin''- resorts of Florida, and nowhere can a more delightful sojourn be made, especially when it is so easy of access via the Mallory Steamship Line. The Mallory Line steamers are easily recognized by their beautiful Trade Mark, as well as the red star on flag and smokestacks. The Trade Mark is an open port-hole, with one of the steamers in view, under a full head of steam, gallantly breasting the waves of the beautiful blue. The Galveston Service. Almost thirty years ago the line was established between New York and Galveston, Texas — the boats then being built of wood, as iron had not at that time been thought of in tlic construction of a steamship. For many years the Mallorv Line was the onl}' direct means of communication between the North and Texas, as the railroads had not then reached into that State — the great network of rails of to-day being a possibility that few dreamed of. Meanwhile the steamship line continued to improve its service, and the result is that to-day there is not i hk M.\i,i.(ikv i,i-\h, ik.ade m.m a single wooden steamer owned by the Company; instead, a magnificent fleet of iron steamships, aggregating over 33,000 tons, or nearly 3,000 tons to each, now plies between the Northern States and the State of Texas, giving a tri-weekly service during the busy seasons, and making the voyage in six days from New York. The first and only stop on this route made by the steamships of the Mallory Line, sailing from New York Saturdays, and from Galveston on Wednesdays, is at Key West (population 20,000), situated on one of the islands known as the Florida Keys, at the extreme south of the peninsular, and is said to be the only city in the United States that has never known a frost. This far scuili cit\ <>( the Keys is becoming more and more a winter resort. The scenery among the adjacent islands is unecjualled in beauty, and the islands or Keys themselves are alive with birds of gay plumage, such as snipe, plover, doves, ducks, and other water fowl. The clear waters also teem with fish in great variety, from the modest mullet to the monstrous tarpon. At Key West connection is made with the Plant steamship Line for Cuba (a trip to which place will be of interest to the tourist), also for Port Tampa, on the Gidf Coast. The City of Galveston (terminus ot the Mallory Steamship Line) is situated on the east end of Galveston Island, \Mth tn available wharf frontage of three miles It is the chief port and commercial clt^ 1 i the State, handling nearly 1,250,000 bales of cotton yearly, besides vast quantities ot wool and hides, tallow and lumbei The population is nearly 32,000. The cit\ is well laid out, with fine, broad streets, and ofiuks ,\xi) uocks, imi-ks jo-21, lAsr river, new \ many handsome private residences. Bolivar Beach, on the Gulf side, is world renowned. Its surf bathing is not surpassed, even if equalled, by that of any other place on the Gulf or Atlantic Coast. The city is connected with the railway systems of the State by the Gulf, Colorado & Santa Fe Railroad, and the Galveston, Houston & Henderson Division of the International & Great Northern Railroad. The tracks of the road are laid along the water front of the citv, and on the wharves, so that there is close and immediate eonneetinii with the steamships nf the Mallnry Line as tlie}' li enabling passengers to pass to or from the cars and steamers with mi delay o Galveston the Mallory Line is in communication with Mexico in the South West, and the great Northern and North-western sections of tlie States. at thei r lierths, thu: inc' i.inve nience. Fron Sa n Fi i-ancisco in tht In addition to tl iwing lines ha .rtic in lacksonx Baltimore & Jacksonville Packet Line. John G. Christoplicr, agent. Beach & Miller Line. John F. Rhoads, manager, St. Johns River service. Independent Line Steamers. C. E. (yarner, general manager, St. Jolms River service. Indian River Steamboat Company. R. B. Cable, general manager. Jacksonville &• jMayport Steamboat Company. St. Johns River service. Merchants' cV" Miners' Transportation Company. N. Cohen, agent, Jacks(jnville and Ball service. Merchants' Steamship Company of Florida. J. (i. Christopher, general tnanager, Jacksi and Philadelphia service. C)cean Steamship Company. Walter Hawkins, agent, New York and .Savannah service. Philadelphia Steamship Company. \V. H. Coates, agent. St. Johns River Day Line. Steamer Jolm Sylvester. St. Johns River service. For other information on transportation see St. Johns River Commerce. t MANUFACTURES. Jacksuiivil \C KSONVILLE is advantageously situated, commercially and geographically, to 1)t(. such as will locate here. Already one of the largest in the country has been secured, that of D. L. Trujillo \- Sons, of New j York. Their factory will be removed from Key -ill '' I i ' West to Jacksonville during Built by .Merrill-Stevens Engineering Co. the prCSeilt StUUmer. This company is prepared to produce 6,000,000 cigars annually, just doubling the present out]nit. Xegotiations are under way with other concerns and the chances are favorable for securing several of the largest factories in the country very soon. SHIP BUILDIXG. The business of ship building and boiler making is one that has made mammoth strides within the past few years. The Merrill-Stevens Engineering Company is the largest of these, though there are several other lesser concerns engaged in boat building. The success of this company has been remarkable, and a brief sketch of their history would not be inappropriate. THE M ERR II ;yi:.\^ IXCI.XEERIXC. COM PAX Y In many respects the lai'gest boat Orleans, and the most extensive contract lers and hi.ilei The Comi)an\ rs between Kicnmoncl and .\ew irgani/.ed in 1887, with a capital of $so.ooo. Bniiglit (lilt the blacksmith and boiler-makini;- business of J. E. Merrill cV Brother, who had been established since 1876. The incorporators were A. D. Stevens, J. E. and A. R. Merrill, H. C. Pike, and W. L. Lampkin. The two last withdrew from the firm later. Immediately upon organization, the Company bought the grounds and erected the present big establishment. Their business increased rapidly from the start. From twenty-five men employed then, the force has grown to one hundred and twenty-five, and they pay $45.°°° per year in wages. Their first big contract was the building of the Duval County Jail of iron and steel. As business increased, the works were enlarged. The main building now is 350x45 feet, with extensive docks, and a pier 250 feet long. On this is an immense steel derrick, and shears, with steam hoisting apparatus, with a capacity of fifty tons weight. The discovery of phosphate in Florida opened a new and extensive field for this Company, in the manufacture of phosphate machinery. In this line they have surpassed all other concerns in the number of mines they have equipped. Phosphate dryers have been their specialty, and they have in operation over thirty standard dryers. Three years ago they began building steel and wooden vessels, since which time they have launched fourteen, in sizes ranging from a thirty foot launch to a seven hundred ton dredge. About seventy-five per cent, of the marine boilers in Florida waters were made by them, and their services are engaged as far North as Charleston, S. C, and West to New Orleans. The Company has special facilities for repairing and building. All the latest machinery is in use, and their capacity is only limited by orders. Skilled men are employed in every department, and the three officers are each adepts in their .specialty. These are: A. D. Stevens, President, and Manager Engineering Department; J. E. Merrill, Ti-easurer, and Manager Blacksmithing Department ; A. R. ^Merrill, Secretary, and Manager Boiler-making Department. Each of them is prepared to take the place of the most skilled workman in their several departments, should occasion require it. The Company never once closed down during the fever epidemic of 1888, and the so-called hard times has never affected their men's wages. Their business amoiints to about $100,000 per year. They have just completed a fine new steamer, the "Lawrence," which is in every respect a most satisfactory achievement. She was built entirely in Jacksonville, every portion of her, something that few vSouthern Cities have as yet facilities for accomplishing. On her trial trip, the "Lawrence" made twelve miles an hour with ease. She will be run between Puntu (iorda and Fort Myers, on the Gulf Coast. MISCELLANEOUS. The desire of every visitor to Florida to purchase and take away some souvenir peculiar to the State, has led to the manufacture of distinctive Florida curiosities, which has in its growth attained considerable importance. Alligators' teeth, boars' tusks, orange canes, and other native woods, sea beans, fish scales, shells, feathers, and polished and uriosities, are ed with me- chanical skill and artistic taste. Formerly these were sold only in Florida, chiefly to the tourists, but of late years the industry has grown prodigiously, and manu- facturers of Florida curios now send their goods to every part of the United States. Several factories have re- cently been erected for the pur- pose of utilizing the palmetto, and other native fibrous plants. In- genious machinery has been placed in the factories, which turns out lirushes, brooms, carpet, matting, mattresses, etc. The capacities of these fibrous plants have not been fully tested, but it is believed that they can be made to supersede hemp as a material for rope manufacture, horse hair in the production of plaster, and wood pulp for paper making. There are three marine railways with appliances adapted to the repair of large steamers and sailing vessels, and the recent completion oi new and spacious boiler works and foundries has provided suitable accommodations for this class of trade, long demanded by the satisfactory work which has been turned cnit. Large machinery warehouses in the city carry stock machinery from the leading- manufacturers, and numerous blacksmith and rei)a!r shops give Jack.sonvillc the means of supplying the State with machinery, boilers, castings and repairs of the lieavy machinery, at a great saving in freight and time. Two local manufactories of artificial stone manufacture a composite material, utilized extensively in building, and four brick-yards in the immediate vicinity of the City furnish a quality of brick which is better adapted to the climate than the more finished imported pressed brick. 10.-) ;k s ice fac'i The fdlldwino- miscellaneous variety of articles are also manufactured here in greater oi less ciuantity: Alligator Teeth Jewelry. Fertilizers. Paints. Bakino- Powders. Fish Scale Works, Palmetto Work and Fibre. Boats. Flavoring Extracts. Patent Medicines. Boilers for Steamboats, cSjc. Florida Curiosities. Pearl Hominy. Books. Fuel. Perfumery. Boots and Slioes. Furniture. Preserved Fruits. Brass Castings. Harness. Roping. Bread and Pastry. Hemp. Saddles. Brick. Ice. Scroll Work. Brooms. Iron Castings. Shells, Artistically Painted Brushes, from the palmetto fibre. Iron Railing. Shmgles. Cameos. Jellv. Ships. Canes and Carved Work. Jewelry. Soap. Carpets. Ladders. Soda Water. Carriages. Laths. Stairs. Chemicals. Lumber. Steam Engines. Cigarettes. Marmalade. Stone, Artificial. Cigars. Machinery. Terra Cotta Pipe. Clothing. Matting. Timber. Coffees and Spices. Meal. Tombstones. Confectionery. Mouldings. Wagons. Crates. Oil Paintings. Yachts. Drays. Orange and Vegetable Cr: tes. Yeast. Feed and Crrits. bL wim^jms^MM^i^ i ■ .. ! ^ "fT^^ ICB^^ t^^^^s^ ' -^ ^'i-^f^—- WHOLESALE TRADE. Litv UST WHAT the annual wholesale trade of a community amounts to no man may say, as dealers do not care to make public their private business; yet a concensus of opinion, from several of the leading wholesale men of Jacksonville, places the annual wholesale trade of this City at upwards of 1^40,000,000. The magnitude of the wholesale trade of Jacksonville establishes beyond the possibility of competition the laim to be the commercial emporium of Florida. A few years ago the retail trade of Florida was supplied by the wholesalers of Savannah, Charleston, New V the medium of a legion of traveling salesmen. Since then, Imwev* by the establishment of extensive wholesale houses in Jackson\-ilk the greater part of the State by commercial travelers frt)m this Cit; through MLif k, and Western cities, through a revolution has been effected uid the effective occupation of By the establishment of the ■ight rates to Jacksonville, as the basis of through rates to the interior of the vState, this City is given an equal opportunity with other cities to reach that field which properly belongs to her; and with this she has the important advantage of closer proximity. Another considera- tion is not without weight in encouraging the wholesale trade of Jacksonville, name- ly, the fact that Florida purchasers, in buying here, in effect, transfer the item of " profit " from another .State to their own, thereby almost directly increasing the tax- ililc prnpL-riy of the State, and decreasing ilicir own ])ublic burdens. The increase 111 the \vholL'sale trade has been steady, if gradual, and each year new firms have put salesmen on the road, while the older established houses have found it necessary to increase their facilities and capital. The wholesale grain and feed trade is the lead- ing jobbing business of the City, engaging the attention of fifteen strictly wholesale firms, who also handle otlicr goods. In addition to i)rovisioiis these, some .nd groceries of whom handk there are twelvi. prodt and inns engaged in the groceries III business. There are upwards ■ms engaged in the wholesale commission Dusmess, at ttie nead c)i wnicn iiiu_\ oe classified " 'I lie I'londa rruit Exchange," organized as a stock conipau}-. and incorporated in i.S,S5, tor the purpose ol acting as a medium between the fruit and vegetable growers and the large dealers in the Xonhern and Northwestern cities. This company is composed of a score or more of the leading growers ot the fruit section, and is co-operative in its plan. The directors include one from each county where the bulk of the fruit and vegetables are grown. They have a capital of $300,000 and transact an enormous business. In 1S94 they tried the experiment of shipi)ing fruit direct to European ports. of fort; )f which may orporated in i: .■rs and the la and it proved an instant and decided success. Florida oranges are the most popular grown, the world over, and those shipped abroad were greedily taken up by pttrchasers at prices above those in vogue in this country. The Florida Fruit Auction Company is a more recent organization, but handles immense quantities of fruit annually. The object of this company was to establish an auction mart, the intention being to make Jacksonville a home market for the sale of the products of the State, which object has been achieved. The methods previously adopted for the handling of the fruits and vegetables of the State, frequently caused a glut in one or two cities North, while other towns were as often left without supplies. By having a central daily auction of fruits and vegetables at Jacksonville, with the quotations telegraphed all over the country, and publica- tion made by press dispatches, of the daily value of the articles sold, the business of handling Florida produce has been reduced to a system, which has proved miitually beneficial to growers and buyers. The following in- teresting figures, showing the in- crease of field products for a decade, will indicate the increase in volume of the produce busi- ness in Jacksonville, as the great bulk of all marketable products from East, South and middle Florida pass through Jackson- ville: The total value of field crops, vegetables, fruits, live stock, poultry, and dairy pro- ., ducts in 1880 was $11,626,000. In 1890 it was $18,892,819, and 1 in 1892, $23,822,168. In 1880 the total number of boxes of oranges p boxes. The pineapple crop of 1890 w m m iF*1' 'P of 1893 IS 9,435.1 -94 was 5,055,367 10. Nearlv everv duced was 37,319. The en 3,515,160; that of 1892 w; pineapple grown in the vState for market passes through Jacksonville. It may not be necessary to mention in detail the various other branches of trade which have in recent years expanded beyond local limits, and now stretch into and beyond the State, but in general terms it may be said that in the lines of hardware, drtigs, dry goods, boots and shoes, furniture, fertilizers, paints and oils, jewelry, stationery, earthen and glass-ware, fancy goods, etc., Jacksonville stands on an equality with other cities of her size, if not in advance. With abundant capital, heavy stocks of goods, intelligent management, she must continue to increase her facilities and commercial prosperity. JACKSONVILLE RETAIL BUSINESS. The retail trade of Jacksonville is estimated to he about $12,000,000 annually. This trade is not dependent altogether on the City of Jacksonville for its support. The numerous small towns and villages along the banks of the St. Johns River, and the various railroads which centre in this City, make Jacksonville their headquarters for food and furnishing supplies; then the numerous farmers scattered throughout Duval and the neighboring Counties, come to Jacksonville with their produce and barter their goods for supplies for their homes and farms. The retail trade is not spasmodic, but continues steadilv the year round. Business is conducted largely upon a cash basis. and as a rule the houses are in a flourishing condition. DuriiiL;^ the "■ hard times' failures in Jacksonville than any place of ecjual size on the continent. As a matte cannot recall a single failure in Jacksonville during the two years when every suffering from business depression. There was possibly one, or even two, but of i character, if so. ner section was cry insignificant On the Line o BANKING FACILITIES. IN the case nf Jacksonville's municipal linances, her citizens can point with pride tu the substantial and satisfactory condition of the banking institutions of the city. The bankers are conservative, and have never yielded to the fascination of speculation, and as a consequence, failures and suspensions are conspicuous by reason of their absence, while the defaulting official is an unknown quantity. In 1870 there was but one hank in Florida, that of B. C. Lewis & Sons, at Tallahassee. There are now forty-five, of which eighteen are national. In 1S70 Mr. D. G. Ambler established the first banking house in Jacksonville. Mr. E. W. Denny had undertaken to do a banking bu.siness, but, it appears, without great success. At this time loans were made at the rate of two per cent, a month, and enormous profits were realized. In 1874 three additional banks were established here ; one, the Freedman's Bank, soon went into liquidation. Another was the Florida Savings Bank, organized by J. C. Greeley, now senior member of the firm of Greeley, Rollins ^: Morgan, and Dr. J. H. Paine. The third was the First National Bank, organized by J. M. Schumacher, now its president, his father-in-law, General F'rancis E. Spinner, Ex-Secretary of the Treasury, and others. The National Bank of Jacksonville was organized about 1876. Ambler's Bank came to be known as Ambler, Marvin & Stockton, two clerks being taken into the businesss, and out of this grew the National Bank of the State of Florida and The Merchants' National Bank. The remaining banks are of more recent organization. The Florida banking laws are patterned after the National Banking Act, and are, therefore, sound and effective. The system of banking in Florida is very similar to that in vogue in the Eastern States. It differs materially from the system prevailing in other Southern States, in that they do not here advance money on field ]3roducts, naval stores, etc. The legal rate of interest is eight per cent. The latest rcjiort on the condition of the National Banks of Florida, of which the appended ; ightc :-n, IS vear old, but there hr _^en little mate May 4rH, :hange since. It is here (ESOl'RCES. Loans and discounts, .... Overdrafts secured and unsecured, . U. S. bonds to secure circulation, U. S. bonds to secure deposits, Stocks, securities, etc., ... Due from approved reserve agents, . Due from other National Banks, . Due from State Banks and bankers, Banking-house, furniture and fixtures, Other real estate and mortgages owned Premiums on U. S. Bonds. . Checks and other cash items. Bills of other banks, Fractional paper currency, nickels, dimes, cent Specie, . . . Legal tender notes, Redemption fund with U. S. '. secure circulation, . Exchanges for clearinghouse. Due from U. S. Treasury other cent redemption fund, Assessments unpaid, . S3,SiS 317 74 81 68 3 95 392 500 00 75 000 00 f,23 052 92 1,105 553 77 39'> 472 42 ISS 477 10 203,379 59 9' oS,S r4 50 488 79 37 7S2 10 no 186 00 Capital stock paid in. Surplus fund Undivided profits, . National Bank notes outstanding. ,400,000 00 311,800 00 200 413 10 308,210 00 easurv to nan 5 per 2,240 00 2,044 S5 Dividends unpaid 6,301 00 Individual deposits subject to check, . . .§4.746,24449 Demand certificates of deposit, 218,548 48 Certified checks, . . . 9,942 gS Cashiers' checks, . . 2,990 25 United States deposits, . . 65,15999 Deposits of U. S. disbursing officers, .... 9>S57 94 Due to other National Banks, 177,996 91 Due to State Banks and bankers. .... 290,321 44— $5,521,062 41 Notes and bills rediscounted, . . . 103,955 37 Total, There are in Jacksonville ten banks; foui National Bank of Jacksonville, National Bank c ■ Na- f th( ional, > State ne vStatfc )f Florid and fiv , Merchant: . $7,851,741 S8 private, as follows: National Bank, First National Bank of Flnrida, State Bank of Florida. Soutlicrn SavinL;s \- Trust Compan\ .Savings and Trust C the business entrusted to their care, Marvin bought the interests (if his partne Merchants' National Bank << largest propert} o\\nLis in the City of jackscm ville, and to d i\ the Merchants' N itnm il Bank stands in the ticmt rank of Florida's ftn me 1 il institutions. It has been stated that the ducctots of this institution own City property \\ < ith h\L times its capit il In January last the b ink moved their (piarters to the Astor Block, one of the handsomest and best constructed buildings in the City. Their banking- room was specially fitted up for them with furni- ture and fixtures of the most modern and ap- proved character, de- signed expressly for their use. The Herring-Hall-M; steel vault, a cut of which •ksonvi associatmg ir their conservative methods, prompt and for their financial responsibility, rs in the business, and organized the msclf some of the best financiers and rvin Company have built for this bank a massive fire and burglar proof ippears above. This vault is twelve feet in width, by sixteen feet in length, and nine feet high, the inside lining being one and one-half inches of five-ply welded steel and iron, and the outer lining one-half inch of steel, the intervening space of six inches between the two linings is filled with fire-proof cement. The foundation is of solid masonry, six feet in depth. In the vault are three compartments; one for the books, one for the money of the bank, and a third for the safe deposit boxes; each compartment having a separate entrance, the doors of each weighing about 7,000 pounds, fitted with time locks, latest combinations, and all the most modern improvements and appliances. The officers of the institution take pleasure in showing visitors and their friends through their banking rooms, which have been arranged with a view not only of simplifying and facilitating their business, but also to afiford the greatest security and convenience to the public. Their successful record of more than twenty years in the confidence of the business community, and their present increased facilities, warrant them in looking forward to a large increase in their business, and a still greater degree of support and patronage tlian that accorded them in the past. NATIONAL BANK OF THE STATE OF FLORIDA. This splendid financial ii the chief organizer, had pi Stockton. The bank has li has paid regular semi-anmu its capital, or, to be more sii livid end inct, $9; vas (ipened for business in May, 1SS3. Mr. J. N. C. Stocktnn, 'cen a member of the banking firm of Ambler, Marvin iV- irkable success from its start. During the past ten years it ■;, amounting, during that period, to ninety-seven per cent, of ,000. The capital is $100,000; surplus and undivided profits, 112 §io6,ooo; deposits, $800,000. It is the depository for the United States Government, and enjoys the confidence of its patrons and the public at large. Its policy has been liberal, but safe, which accounts in a large measure for its marked success. The men who are conducting the bank are well known financiers, who are noted for their prtibity and sound business methods. The oificers are: J. X. C. Stockton, President; Raymond D. Knight, Vice-President; T. P. Dcnhani, Cashier, and James D. Baker, Assistant Cashier. Directors: J. R. Campbell, George C, Wilson, Raymond I). Knight, T. T. Stockton, Richard McLaughlin, A. W. Knight, W. H. Baker, J. X. C. Stockton, and Thomas P. Denham. JACKSONVILLE'S HOTELS. Shall I not take mi IHILE Jackson\-ille, with her busy railways, stcamb xits, ocean port and extensive mercantile establishments finds her chiefest source of pride and satisfaction in being the Commercial Metropolis, it is as a cosmopolitan Winter City that she is most |ir^^^:: ^ <>^^4ai widely known. In fact, Jacksonville is the chief winter resort of the United States. Beginning years before the war as a health resort for the nervous and consumptive, Jacksonville has become a fashionable place of refuge from the inclemencies of Northern winters, and this result is due, first, to the attractions and benefits of the climate, and secondly, to the capacity, elegance and extent of Jacksonville's hotels. There are other causes, but these are the jAMKS principal ones. It is a fact to be duly considered, in estimating the value of Jacksonville as a home, that during several months of the year it is thronged with people from all parts of America and Europe — chiefly wealthy people, but including persons of nearly every degree, from Austrian Princes, English Dukes and American Presidents, to the sturdy mechanic and strolling artist. It is impossible that society in such a town can become provincial or exclusive. There are in 114 Jacksonville twenty-tive hutcls, several of which rank with the fashionable first-class hotels of the country, and innumerable boarding houses. The valuation of hotel property is given at $894,200. The number of tourists registering at the hotels during the season of 1893-4 is given as 102,730. There was a slight increase in 1894-5. Up to ten years ago Jacksonville was the only hotel town in the State. Here and there throughout the State, at wide intervals, could be foitnd a hotel of some pretensions, but first-class accotnmodations were difficult t(j find outside of this City. During the past ten years, however, hotels have spmng up by scores, until t1iey liave come to be found in every part of the .State. Some of these, too, are amongst tlie largest and most magnificent in the world. Notwithstanding this fact, Jacksonville has continued to liold her own as the chief winter resort and the leading hotel City of the South. Tourists come and go: they visit other portions of the State, but they make Jacksonville headquarters. It is the gateway of the State, and probably not less than nine-tenths (if the people who visit Florida annually spend a portion of their time in Jacksonville, manv of them the entire season. THE ST. JAMES HOTEL— J. R. Cami The most widely known, as well as the largest, of these hotels is the St. James, J. R. Campbell, proprietor. It is the pioneer fashionable tourists' hotel of Florida. It was built in 1868, opened January i, 1869, and has been variously remodeled and enlarged, until now it occupies, with its grounds, an entire block, surrounded by four of the public streets, and can accommodate five hundred guests. It is, in the open season, a little village under a single roof. Within its spacious corridors are telegraph, ticket, and baggage-checking offices; curiosity, news, book, picture, cigar and flower stands; with barber shop, billiard room, wine room, bath rooms, reading room, passenger elevator, steam heat, laundry, electric lights, sumptuous parlors, private supper rooms, spacious verandas, a band and orchestra of musicians, and plenty of agreeable society. There are thousands of persons in various parts of this broad land who visit Florida every season with ne\cr a thought of seeking accommodation elsewhere than at the favorite St. James, and the house is nearly always tilled to its capacity during a greater part of the season. It requires no mean executive ability to conduct an establishment where from three hundred to five hundred persons are housed under one roof. To provide all the comforts and conveniences demanded by such a throng in this respect, Mr. Campbell has been pre- cminentlv successful. He seems to have a peculiar genius for the business, and the entire machinery employed in the conduct of this vast establishment works as smoothly as the fine mechanism of a Corliss engine. There is never a jar, J. R. c.\mi'i;kli,, I'Koi'rii.i or. nor anv friction; no ])ause in the regular routine of the service, where all ordinary wants of the guest are to be supplied within the walls of the hotel. The St. James is the center of attraction for the young people of Jacksonville, and every evening the immense and handsome parlors are visited by many of the townspeople to enjoy the concerts and occasionally indulge in some of the mazy waltzes which are sure to be included in the programs. Saturday evenings the young people enjoy a gala time. The society set turns out en masse and the hours are devoted to an impromptu hop. "The Patriarchs," which is the swell dancing club of the City, have their regular hops and germans at the St. James during the season, and in this respect the hotel is immensely popular. For .social pleasures, for home comforts, and for general unrestrained enjo\-ment, the vSt. James has no superior in tliis State — or elsewhere. The S r. Jamks Riaff. ( Jr ^ y ■K THE HOTEL PLACH)E— X. L. Wai The Placide is all that its name implies, and more. It is a tranquil, easy and pleasant place of sojourn. The buildino- was erected in 1893, by Mr. P. Tischler, at a cost of about $60,000. About six years previously he had built one of the handsomest structures in the City, on the same site, in every respect a modern hotel, five stories hii^h. This was destroyed in the disastrous lire of 1891, and the present building was then erected. The Placide is a three-story building, aiTanged so that additions can be made with small trouble and an elevat<.>r put in. In finish, the hotel is very complete and artistic. The furniture came direct from the factory and was manufactured to order; the same is true of the silver service. The Placide sits one block and a half from Bay Street, on the corner of INIain and Adams, on the line of the iVIain vStreet electric cars. It is opposite the Seminole Club house, within view of the river, two blocks from the new- Post Office, one block from the new City — Hall and market and just about the centre iioTEi iM \cii)F "'^ business. There are sixty-two rooms, with accommodations for about cme hundred and twenty-five persons. It has its own artesian well: is supplied with hot and cold water, electric lights and bells, and every modern improvement that characterizes a first-class hotel. ]\Irs. N. L. Ward, proprietor of the Placide, has been in the hotel business for many years and thoroughly understands it. She knows the wants of guests and it is her pride and pleasure to supply them, hence the Placide has come to be a very popular hotel with travelers and tourists. It is open all the )-ear, and many of the townspeople stop there during the summer season and many others who make the St. James their home in winter. ]\Irs. Ward is fortunate in having as her chief assistant Mr. James Daly, a thorough hotel man, and a most polite and obliging gentleman. THE NEW DUVAL— Dodge & Cui.lens, Pk. As an all-the-year hotel, the new Duval ranks among the first of the State and has few equals. The location is most con^-enient, lieing in the heart of the business centre. It stands on the corner of Hogan and Forsyth Streets, on the electric car line, just across the street from the new Post Office in the Government Building, and one block from Bay Street. The New Duval is a one-hundred room, four-story building, rebuilt in 1893. It has an elevator, steam heat, electric lights, electric bells, hot and cold water and a laundry. The rooms are spacious and elegantly furnished with new furniture throughout. The Old Duval Hotel was burned in 1892, and the new building erected the next year especially for Dodge & Cullens. They occupied it December 12, 1893. Formerly they had the Tremont, and when it was destroyed by fire in 1891 they took the Hotel Togni, which they conducted until the new Placide was built, when they took charge of it. Mr. F. T. Cullens, who has charge of the business department of the New Duval, came to Jacksonville in 1880 from his home in Georgia, where he was born in 1861. He became a clerk for Mrs. A. R. Dodge, in the Tremont Hotel, since which time he has been continually in the business, and has thoroughly mastered it in every detail. In r886 he acquired an interest in the business, and on the first of January, 1891, was admitted to a full partnership. He is an affable and courteous gentleman, who makes scores of friends for himself and the hotel as well. Mrs. A. R. Dodge has been in the hotel business for nearly tl cultured and refined Christian lady, who takes much interest in charitable work. Dodge & Cullens have always been suc- cessful in every hotel they have conducted, and their name alone is sufficient advertisement to attract a house full of guests. The New Duval is not only headquarters for commercial men, but statesmen, ])olitici;ins and prominent men from all ij\'cr the State make it their stopping place when they come to town. During the six months ending- April 30, the New Duval accom- modated upwards of 8,000 guests. The hotel is practically filled winter and summer, many tourists spending the winter there. Their register shows from 15,000 to 18,000 visitors a year. The chief clerk of the New Duval is Mr. M. L. Howard, a nephew of the great soldier, General O. O. Howard. He has had large experience in some of Whitcomb's " Harvard," at Chicagc vears, and there rem; little for her to learn about it. She is a |f!lffi I"::* the biggest hotels in th during the World's Fair. luntry, notably: Raymond & THE HOTEL CARLETON— Cr-^po & Le Vene, Proprietors. The Hotel Carleton is an elegant four-st in 1876, at a cost of 11125,000, and was first opened for business on November 20th of that year. The hotel stands on the corner of Bay and Market, two of the principal streets, within a blnck of the Court House, the Yacht Club House, and the Jacksonville Ferry. In 1894 the property was acquired by Mr JohnM. Diven, son of General A. S. Divcn, of Elmira, N. Y., who has a beautiful winter home in- South Jacksonville. I\lr, Diven immediately began a thorough renovation of the house, which embraced every part, from the roof to the basement, at a cost of $25,000. New carpets, new furniture and fixtures, and new plumbing, were supplied throughout. It is one >>\ the niost handsomely furnished hotels in the State, supplied with elevator, electric bells, lights and annunciators. Bav Street linn ■ n ■« B ■ i ■■« «:^U N,Jrf, IB I I ii.X.Ifiii jjifejtewi ectric cars pass by the doors. The hotel overlooks the ,-er, and has the licneht of the fre^h air and sea breezes, where thev are ij'reatlv eniuved from th ■KI. L ARI.F.roN. Ijroad piazzas, which extend half arotmd the hotel. This renders it one of the pleasantest hotels in the Citv dtirino" the summer months. It is oi;en all the vear. sjuests. It was built about twentv _\-ears ago, and has been frecjuenlly enlarged and improved since. It is six stories high, surmounted by a great clock tower, the dial of which is illuminated at night. The hotel belongs to Mr. Nathaniel Webster. It will open in September, under the management of Mr. G. W. MacAvoy. THE WINDSOR HOTEL— Baker & Travers, Proprietors. The Windsor was built in 1875, by F. H. Orvis, but it has since been greatly enlarged, and has accommodations now for four hundred and fifty guests. It sits opposite the City Park, and a block from the Park Opera House. It is only open in winter, and is a popular tourist hotel. THE GRAND VIEW— G. W. Smi Proprie'i The Grand View was erected in 1883, and has smce been enlarged to triple its former capacity. It is built of wood, in the Gothic style of architecture, with spacious verandas, from which an extended view of St. Jcjhns River can be had. It aims to give the same accommodations to its guests that other fashionable hotels do, and at a less price, and has all the modern conveniences. This house is open from December to May each year. ]\lr. Smith has Chiswick Inn, at Littleton, N. H., during the summer season. HOTEL OXFORD. Hotel Oxford, situated directly opposite the St. James Hotel, City Park, and Park Opera House, in the highest part of the City; erected in 1883. Is three stories in height, surrounded with spacious verandas. It is elegantly furnished, and conducted by Mr. Campbell as an annex to the St. James. Other hotels of lesser importance are: The Travelers, St. Johns, Acme, The Roseland, Tremont (formerly Togni), Glenada, Warner House, Smith's Apartment House, Bettilinis, etc. There is no lack of accommodation for persons of all conditions. THE GOVERNMENT BUILDING. HE UNITE I) STATES Post Office and Custom H( is presented, is nearing completion. The supers W. C. (rreen Company, of Chicago, is finished. " ;hich ,,.t, , -- 1 , . ^-. , "'"'"' ''^'"'"k was done by Miles & |lh^i>^-Igr^lli Bradt, of Atlanta. There remains to be done only the interior finishings, including flooring, ceiling, plumbing, etc. These are being rapidly completed, and the building will be ready for occupancy by September. The entire ground floor of the building will be devoted to the Post Office. Nearly the entire west side of the building will be used for the lobby, with entrances both on that side and on the Forsyth Street end. l-:ntering the building from Forsyth Street, the first department will be that of the registry divisinn, whieli occupies the south-east corner of the building. Next to this are located the vaults, then the box delivery window.s, and next the Post Office boxes. In the center of the building, opposite the Hogan Street entrance, are the ladies' and gentlemen's delivery windows. After this comes the newspaper delivery window, and the carriers' delivery window. The Superintendenl of Mails then has an office, and occupying \2l the entire north-east corner of the building is the iVIoney Order Department, and a small office for the Assistant Postmaster. In the extreme north-west corner of the building are two separate offices opening into each other, one for the Postmaster and the other for the Assistant Postmaster. A large .space is left in the centre of the building, back of the various windows, for the working department. The Post Office will, of course, be fitted up with all suitable conveniences for carrying on the work and handling in the best manner the large amount of mail that passes through it. The second floor of the building will contain sixteen rooms, which are to be devoted to the use of the Custom Hoiise, Collector of Internal Revenue and United States Court officials. On the third floor is the United States Court room, which occupies the northern end of the building, and is 40 X 60 feet in size. There are al.so twelve more offices on this floor to be used by the Federal officers. The basement of the building will be r:sed for storage, and will also contain the heating apparatus. The building will be lighted by gas, no arrangement having been made for electric lights, for some unknown reason. The tower will contain an elevator and also a winding staircase. The original plans of the building called for pine finish, but these have been changed to white oak throughout. The walls are to be of aluminate, instead of lime mortar plastering, and the windows will be of polished plate glass. It is a pride and an ornament to the City. It is the highest building in Florida, not excepting the light houses, the pinnacle being one hundred and sixty-eight feet above ground. The building complete will have cost $275,000. It is a substantial and enduring structure, which will serve Uncle Sam's purposes here for many years. No better evidence of the enormous business conducted in Jacksonville can be furni.shed than is found in the report of the business transacted in the Post Office. It is an index, too, to the growth of the City. In 1879 the gross receipts at the Post Office amounted to $16,354.06. From April 30th, 1894, to April 30th, 1895, the gross receipts were $68,046.94; an increase of $51,692.88 in sixteen years, or nearly six hundred per cent. The total amount of mail matter handled during the last fiscal year was 23,423,149 pieces, or nearly half a million pieces a week, and only five clerks to pertVirm the work. It is a magnificent record of labor. Following is the report : SxATEMEN'r OF BUSINESS OF J .^iC KSON VI LLE PoST OfFICE, FROIM MaV 1ST, 1894, I'O ApRIL 30TH, 1895. U. W. CLARK., POST.MASTER. Financial DF.PARTMENr — h. r. clark, assistant post.master. Net Receipts from sale of Stamps, Stamped Envelopes, Postal Cards, Etc , From Box Rents, .......... Total Cash Receipts, ........ Cash Deposits from other Offices, ........ Total Cash Received, ........ $66,687 1.359 07 67 $68,046 74 25 $119,972 $68,046 29 405 99 74 37 $38,641 37 Actual Net Cash Business of Office, as above, ...... Total Gross E.xpenses for operating Jacksonville Post Office, Net Cash Profit to the Government, ...... MaILINO DePARI'.MKNT \V. J. IIKISCOLL, SUPERINTENDENT' OF MAILS. Number pieces of mail handled during the year, viz : Pieces. Mail of First Class, .......... 11,439,956 All other Classes, ........... 11,974,772 Special Delivery, ........... 8,421 Total pieces Mail handled, ......... 23,423,149 Made-up Mails Despatched. Transit. Total. Pouches. Sacks. Pouches. Sacks. 5,600 31.S70 36,789 50,902 :\Iaii,s Rkckivkd. Rl'X.ISTRY DiVISIlIN > SUMMARY Ob" WOKK FROM MAY 1 Registered Letters and Parcels Despatched, Packages in Transit, .... Pouches Received, ..... Registered Letters and Parcels Received, Registered Letters and Parcels Delivered by Carrier. Registered Letters and Parcels Delivered at Desk, Official Letters Received for Office, Etc., . Registered Letters and Parcels Received, Registered Letters and Parcels Despatched, Total. 23,407 60,649 110,870 4.S04 23,965 I.2h Free Delivery Division — r. w. .\u.\.ms, superintenuexi-. — Rejj'ular force, thirteen carriers; substitutes, three. The clerical force, exclusive of caiTiers, numbers fifteen men, and one special delivery messenger. Thirty-six mails are received at, and the same number despatched from, the Post Office every day. REAL ESTATE. !|HE COMBINED capital invested by incorporated companies in Jacksonville for real estate operations, reclaimin.L;- and improving- lands, manufacturing and commercial purposes — exclusive of banking, transportation companies, building and loan ^ I associations and private investments — amounts to the enormous sum of $21,881,000. Oi course all of this is not paid in, but it represents the capitalization of the companies engaged. More than half of this sum is devoted to real estate operations, which are not confined to Jacksonville by any means, but reach over a great portion of the interior. The business of buying and selling real estate has for years been very active in Jacksonville, and a lai-ge number of persons have engaged in it, generally with success. Jacksonville has never suffered from a "hoc nil :" there has never been any wild speculations by syndicates or individual capitalists, ,-, -"^^fimrr - ..^ ^ f.^ k ^:it i& consequently there has been no unhealthy inflation of prices, no bubble blowing, but the markets have always been normal with the varying fluctuations incident to " good " or " hard " times. On the whole prices have shown a steady increase from year to year, and while values are equal to that of other cities of like size and prospects, they are not, and never were, excessive. Of course the value of property depends entirely on its location and condition. In the heart of the business portion it is worth as hiyii as Si .000 a foot front on Bay Street, with river and wharf facilities, while corner lots, a mile distant, mav be had for from .$1,000 to $j;,ooo. Building- lots in more distant parts of the City bring from $100 to $3,000. As electric cars penetrate to every portion of the City and suburbs, there is no reason why any industrious citizen, at such prices, cannot own a home of his own, and that within easy access to every part of the town. The Building and Loan Associations, of which there are several, all in a flourishing condition, are always open to new members. They have advanced many thousands of dollars to workingmen and others, who, by paying from ten dollars to forty dollars a montli into the association, instead of paying it in rents to landlords, are soon enabled to possess their own homes. These associations are organized by vState enactment, and have been very successfully and economically conducted, and of great benefit to their members. Through their instrumentality many a man in moderate circumstances has been enabled to build a house, which he could not have done otherwise. THE CONDITION OF LABOR IN lACKSONVlLLE. |hE FOLL(JWIN(i article has been prepared at our request by Mr. J. W. White, (General Organizer American Federation of Labor, who is thoroughly familiar with the facts, and can speak intelligent^ and reliably. The condition of the workingman of Jacksonville is a most happy one. The rapid growth and development of the city has furnished a demand for good men of every trade, at wages sufficient to provide for all the real comforts of life, as well as a dollar for the rainy day. During the recent financial troubles the workingmen of many of the large manufacturing centers were unable to procure employment, which resulted in want and suffering; such a condition did not exist for a single day in Jacksems have become celebrated, and are copied all over the United States, where they are eagerly read by his admirers. Mr. H. G. Myrover, also on the editorial staff, has had thorough training in journal- ism, and his natural ability, coupled with his extensive travels abroad and at home, have eminently qualified him for the elevated position he occupies. The City department is in charge of Mr. W. T. Bauskett, who, assisted by a coi-ps of able reporters, serves up the City news in a most readable shape, that covers the local field thoroughly. The Times-Union also publishes a weekly edition. THE FLORIDA CITIZEN. The Fhirida Citiz( sonville, but it was born a in December, 1893, by Mr. veteran New York journalist the yc.iungest daily in Jack- giant. It was established Lorettus S. Metcalf, the It is an eight-page, six- column daily, with a four-page Sunday supplement. It has a thorough telegraphic and cable news service, covering the entire world. Mr. Metcalf is one of the most widely known journalists in America. For nine years he was bu.siness manager of the North American Review, for five years of which he was also its editor. He foimded the henry george, jr. Forum, and edited and managed that spendid publication managing editor Florida citizen. for five years, until his voluntary retirement in 1891. Under his excellent management the Citizen became a leading journal from its first issue, and has shown a rapid growth ever since, in both business and influence. The managing editor of the Citizen is Mr. Henry George, Jr., a son of the celebrated Henry George, of New York. His wide experience in his chosen profession, and his natural and acquired abilit_\- make of him a thorough and finished journalist. He is assisted in the editorial department by Mr. E. E. Rolierts, an able and attractive writer. The City editor is Mr. A. N. Adams, who worked his 12s way up from the ranks. He is a shrewd news^atherer field with admirable ability, in which he is ablv assisted als-i has a weekly edition. . and eo •p .rters. rs the h The Citi THE METROPOLIS The Metropolis has been one ot the must cunspieuous successes amnny Southern afternoon papers. It is a tea-table visitor to nearly every home in Jacksonville, and makes a special feature of local news, society events, rail and river items, etc. The Metropolis was founded in 1887, by W. R. Carter and R. A. Russell, both of whom had served their time in newspaper work. The Metropolis was the first afternoon paper to start the ten cents per week subscription rates, and coming, as it did, after the suspcnsiim of the Herald, it appeared at an auspicinus moment, and was a success from the very start. It is ably c(.>nducted and well patnmized, bcith in the subscription and advertising departments. :\Ir. W. R. Carter is editor: Mr. Rufus A. Russell business manager; and Mr. William Wallace Douglass City editor. They constitute an able corps of newspaper men, thoroughly representative of Jacksonville and her varied interests. Of the weekly papers, the Journal of Commerce is one of th illustrated trade paper, established in i8g2, and has been very su and proprietor, is a wide-awake and energetic man of business. Journalist, of July, i8()4, editor and proprietor of Common Sense, by August 15 periodicals. There are several ])rofession especially identified with ihc local leaders. It is a Iwenty-tour-page cesstnl. Mr. J. \V. White, editor The Chicago National Printer of him: "J- W. White, f the Jacksonville (Fla.) Journal of Commerce, can claim the honor of publishing one of the best commercial papers in the Cnion. Mr. White is active, thorough, and capible, and has made his publication a big success from the start. His ])aper has a large circulaticm among the business men of Florida, who hold it in the highest esteem. He has traveled all over the United States, British America, and the West Indies, advertising Florida, and has published a large number of books, showing the advantages which Florida offers to the home-seeker." Mr. White was one of the founders of the National (iood Roads Association of the United States, and he is one of the \'ice-presidents of the Association at the present time. He is also a general organizer of the American Federation of Lab >v, and a member of the National Editorial Association. In Odd Fellowship, Knights of Pythias, and other organi- zations, he has taken an active part. He is a member of the Jacksonville Board of Trade, and much interested in all matters pertaining to the growth and development of the City and State. Other publications are the (irove and (larden, monthly, and the Southern Tourist, weekly, by Frank & WagstalT; ICchoes of the South, an illustrated literary and intellectual journal, by the Misses I';ssie and Ik-ssie Williams: the I'ree Lance, a temperance organ, by K. I). Chandler: the Advocate ing; several pa])ers b_\- colored ])eoplc and sundry other rnalists and but who st. ;cnts in Jacksonville, not iM-ofession. Of these Mr. Solon A. Adams was for many years editor of a number of country City editor of the Florida Citizen. He is special cor- respondent for a number of outside dailies, besides doing special newspaper work in other fields. Mr. Adams is the proud father of that wonderful boy, George N. Adams, who has been winning all the South- ern bicycle championsliiiis. F. W. HAWTHORNE. Mr. Frank W. Hawthorne is one of the best known of Southern newspaper men. He is from Maine, a graduate of Bowdoin College, a learned scholar and an able writer. He came to Florida in 1885, and early in the next year, in company with the late John P. Varnum, established the Jacksonville Morning News, of which he became business manager. In May, 1887, the :\Ioming News was consolidated with the Daily Herald, and Mr. Hawthorne became associate editor of the News-Herald. One year later this Company purchased the Times-Union, and Mr. Hawthorne accepted a similar position on it. During the terrible scourge (if iSS.s, it was Mr. Hawthorne, who, with splendid heroism, nailed the Times-Union colors to the mast, and held them there throughout that entire trying period. For this and his continued .services and conspicuous ability, he was, in 1890, made managing editor of the paper. He retired from the Times-Union in 1.S94, and since then has devoted his time to special magazine and newspaper work. rnals, and was for quite a while Hv-V.NK w. H.\\\ JACKSONVILLES CHURCHES. E DO NOT know of any city of equal size that has so many houses of worship as ^S Jacksonville. There are fifty-one church buildings in the city, representing all the leading denominations of this country. At least one-half of these are for colored people, who are among the most devoted religious zealots of any people on earth. The Protestant Episcopal Church is probably the strongest denomination in Jacksonville, having six churches and several missions, together with a parish house and two Chapters of the Brotherhood of St. Andrew. The first services ever held in Jacksonville, of which there is any record, was April 15th, 1834. They were conducted after the rites of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and were held in the Court House, in lieu of a church building. It was not until tS4- th It th(. hist chinch w IS eiLLtt-d On VjMil 4 t th it m. 11 thi. l mcist ne (it bt 1 hn s P I Chuich \\ is Uicl Dunn^ tliLsimc\Lii Bethel B iptist L 1iuk1i wisliclIccI md ckdiLittd But m 1S40 the Tib(_iniLk B iptist 'V ^;^^ " -~ V^ ^^'^'^^^^^^^^S^^^^H '-li"'^'i \^ '"^ Umi/Ld St I hn s "* <.. - -^ *. - ' . - elinuli n unslK.l ind ^itw md ne f the liucst ind hicst L n^tc^ iti ns in 1 1 1 -d. after the war about rebuilding, which resulted in their present splendid edifice. It was not, until a number of years later. In 1869 Rev. R. H. Weller lieeanie rectni- ( offiee he filled most creditably for more than twenty years. The ])rescnt rei Shields. D.D. The Tabernacle Bai)tist Church, or-anized in i,S4o. c(.in|)leted church in 18O0. The First Baptist Church was completed in iS<)4. a han^ Trinity M. E. Church vSdciety was (ir-anized in 1S70, and erected a church the the Roman Catholic Church was cuisecrated liy Bishop (;n.ss. The L'nion Co was dedicated the same ycai-. The curncrstonc uf old Trinity M. V.. Church w;i May 22 of the same year the ICvan-elical Lutheran Church was dedicated, destroyed by fire July 10, 1880. It was immediateh- rebuilt, beini.;' ciimpleted i Synagogue was dedicated in September. 1882. Among the other larger chui Andrew's P. E. and McTyeire Memorial M. E., both recently erected. The Church of the Good Shepherd (P. E.) in Riverside are preparing U> erect a m The residence of the Rt. Rev. E. (',. Weed, Bishop of Florida, has rccentb Riverside, and is an elegant and finished hcime. Religious sentiment in jacksi liberal and tolerant. It is also largely universal, embracing all classes cif indi\i moral influences are dominant in a marked degree. The ministers of Jacks^ learned and devout Christians, who exercise a lofty moral influence in the heroic self sacrifices during trving ei)idcmics have endeared them tn the pcnpl under the most trying ordeals their dcvotinn to duty, and faith in their huly cal ,, b^ Rt B UIS \N S I H Ilexsctt n iS( I ( )n M chui ch w IS bui necl ."oops. Immediately the congregation set however, completed f the church, which ■t..r is Rev. Van W. and dedicated their Isnme brick edifice, same year. In 1874 ngregational Church s laid March 6. 1878. Trinity Church was 11 1882' The Jewish eh edifices are: St. congregation of the ■w $18,000 building. ■ been completed in mville is strong, but duals, and healthful, .nville arc as a rule ciimnumitv. Their EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. TH] 'URLIC SCHOOLS attendance twentv-imt E FOLL()\VIN(; information coneernino- the Pnblic Schools of Duval County, is gleaned from the annual report of Superintendent of Education Joel D. ^leail, for the year ending June 30, 1S94: There are ninety Public Schools m the Count}-, of which fifty-seven are for white pujjils and thirty-three for colored. The total enrollment of pupils is 5,048; of these, ^,411 are white, 3,637 are colored. But the average for the school year was but 3, 41^3; whites, 1,770: colored. 1,723. The number of e as follows: White males, thirteen: white females, seventy-si.\ : colored males, colored females, fortv-two: total, one-hundred and sixt\-. Their ^alaries amounted in the aggregate to $36,862, which, with other items of expense, makes the total expenditures tor the year $53,596.32. The receipts for the same year were $54,310.35, leaving a balance in the treasury of $714.03. The school property in the County amounts to about $100,000. The system is so arranged that receipts and disbursements shall be made to tally as nearly as possible, as it is not desirable to create either a surplus or a deficit. The school fund is derived c Stat lills (in Teal and perscmal prnpert} )ne mill, which amounted in this .S(),'Jj taxes. t)o, and Tht ."St tr .■nths nade if the t(ir white and c(.)li)red taxes are paid by the m a tax levy ot hve i unty appropriation of fimd of $2,326.76. It will be seen from this statement that equal pmvis children, absolutely without discrimination. And while nine- whites, the negroes receive an equal share of the benefits. The Duval High Schdol, nf which Rev. Frederick Pasco is principal, is a model educational instituticin, with the mdst nindern facilities for thorough instruction. All the grades are here taught that have been adopted in other High Schools, and the student is prepared for a collegiate course, after graduating from this schocil. The Jacksonville Grammar School ranks next t<. the Duval High School in importance, and is a most creditable institution ms in their armory c the coniixmv, but is Ige and P. D. Cassidey. .' St. James Hotel, where their :"ason. The Jacksonville Light uarters, in the Mohawk block, open to outsiders who may be otherwise eligible. Their club rooms are supplied with all necessary equipment for popular social games, reading room, etc. The New England Society of Florida is constituted of natives of New England resident in Florida, and has members in nearly every County of the State. They get together annually and hold a grand banquet and love-feast, at which speeches are made, healths drunk, patriotic airs sung, and Puritan reminiscences rccoimted. THE MILITARY-FLORIDA STATE TROOPS. ""IE FIRST BATTALION Florida State Trn.,ps to which the Jacksonville companies are attached was oryani/.ed in 1.SS7, with Major W. H. Vounj;' coiiiniandinL;-. The other commanders of the r>attalion were successively, W. D. Barnett, Rhydon IM. Call, and ;\I. P. Turner, the present incumbent. The Battalion consists of the following- companies: Wilson's Battery, Captain J. Gumming-er ; the Jacksonville Lig'ht Infantry, Captain W. J Driscoll; the Metropolitan Li-ht Infantry, Captain L. H. Mattair : the St. Augustine Rifles, Captain J \V. ISannon. and the St Au'..;ustine (hiards. Captain F. 11. (rreatorex. The three first named are Jacksonville companies. Major Turner's staff consists of the following officers: First Lieutenant James Y. Wilson, Adjutant; First Lieutenant C. H. Chestnut. Quartermaster-Sergeant of Commissary: First Lieutenant Lawix-nce Alexander, Surgeon; all commissioned officers, and the following non-commissioned ; J. C. R. I'oster, Sergeant- Major: E. A. Ricker, Quartermaster. The major and his staif are all experienced militiamen, of fine soldierly qualities. The oldest military company in the City, and perhaps in the State, is the Jacksonville Light Infantry, Company A. It was organized April 30, i.S^q, with one Mr. Steel as the first Captain. He soon resigned, however, and Capt.-iin Aristides Doggett, father of Mr. John L. Doggett, succeeded him. It was reorganized in ^lay, 1861, on a war basis, and Captain Dijggett led them to the front. The company served with conspicuous bravery and honor throughout the war, and at its close were disbanded. It was reorganized July 30th, 1875, but not a great deal of enthusiasm was manifested by the members until in 1880, when a strikers' riot broke out at Clark's mill, and the company was called out U> put it down. A thorough reorganization took place then, with W. B. Young as Captain. Ever since the company has been in a flourishing condition, the members taking great interest in it, till it has come to be regarded as the crack company of Florida. It has been impossible to get a complete roster of the company. It is commanded by Captain W. J. DriscoU, with B. B. MacDonell as First Lieutenant; J. S. Maxwell, Second Lieutenant; W. N. Benedict, First Sergeant, Secretary and Treasurer. Wilson's Battery, Company F, the crack artillery company of Florida, was organized July 17, 1877, and reorganized June 8, 1887. It was formerly the First Florida Light Ai-tillery, but was changed to Wilson's Battery, in honor of their popular commander. Captain George C. Wilson. The present officers and members of the Battery are as follows; J. Gumbinger, Captain; C. M. Smith, First Lieutenant; E. Brough, First Sergeant ; Thomas Sneed, Quartermaster-Sergeant; Frank Owen, Third Sergeant; H. H. Newsum, Trumpeter; Joseph Lopez, First Corporal; Fred Oehler, Second Corporal; Charles Weltz, Third Corporal; Thomas King, Fourth Corporal; and Privates T. A. Bethel, J. A. Bischofl:", F. B. Butler, George Clark, H. W. Cosford, J. A. Diedrichs, J. A. Dohm, C. B. Duffy, W. P. Flynn, Frank Horton, A. M. Kantof, Fred Luneberg, H. R. Lohmeyer, A. B. Martin, E. J. E. McLaurin, T. A. Melter, Prcssley, J. R. Rice, and F. Weigant; Honorary "Corporal," Paul Cashen. The Battery is armed with a new modern Gatling gun, two howitzers, and a full equipment of revolvers and sabres. The Metropolitan Light Infantry, Company C, is one of the younger companies, but composed of a fine body of men, well disciplined and drilled. Following is the roster ; L. H. Mattair, Captain ; George G. Withington, First Lieutenant; John W. Kennedy, Second Lieutenant; John Linn, First Sergeant; E. L. Genth, Second Sergeant; (i. J. (Garcia, Third Sergeant; C. H. Ta3-lor, Fourth Sergeant; F. W. Kirksey, Fifth Sergeant; W. T. Brown, First Corporal; J. H. Bolster, Second Corporal; A. R. Doran, Third Corporal; G. W. Saunders, Fourth Corporal; and Privates R. A. Anderson, A. H. Bryan, L. C. Ball, F. E. Burke, G. W. Christopher, W. C. Cooper, C. H. Dingee, H. H. Hartley, E. A. Harrison. H. Harrison. E. A. Jones, M. Johnson, C. M. Kaufman, R. E. McDowell, R. A. Robinson, 1. J. Smith, J. Smith, R. E. Simps.m, O. F. Speck, A. M. Wright. The Jacksonville Cadets, composed of younger men, has just been formed, of which Graeme Drew is Captain. The Florida vState Troops are equipped with the regulation arms and accoutrements supplied by the Government. There are about 1,000 enlisted men in the State, who meet in annual encampment for field and camp practice. The Legislature just adjourned made an annual appropriation of §9,000 for the military, something they have had to do without in past years. Altogether the militia will compare favorably with tliat of other States. lACKSONVILLRS SUBURBS. ACKS()X\'1LLE Ikis a number (il one for residence ])urpnses perha RIV suburbs, but tht LSIDE. ion ot an >ri;.i-ni ant ni s nia ■ be seen bv he fol What IS now called Riverside is the uTeate John H Mcintosh, m 1801, coniprisin-- eij^'ht hundred a extracts from Duff Green's edition of .Vmerican State Pajjers : 1. \'ol. Ill, pa^^re 688. John H. Mcintosh presented his memorial to this Roard, pravinti' confirmation of title to ei.L;'ht hundred acres of land lyin^u;- on St. Johns River, opposite Cowford, with certified copy of concession made to Philip Dell, dated February iith, 1801. Ordered to be filed. 2. Vol. V, pao-e ;,84, No. 60. Present claimant heirs of Philip Dell (John II. Mcintosh), orio'inal claimant Philip Dell. Date of concession or onler of surxey, iSoi; ei^ht hundred acres cancelled by (lovernor White, situated on St. Johns Ri\-er. 3. V.'il. V, pa-c ;,.,i. No. 66. The heir., of Philip Dell, John II. Mcintosh, claimant, ei.i.;ht hundred acres of land. John II, Mcintosh produced deed from James Dell to this land, etc. This was years before Jack- sonville was settled, and when the river crossinq; was known as Cow- ford. The Duval County records show that the same tract was sold 1)\ John II. Mcintosh to Francis I Ross ni 1813, for ,$2,000. An disti let of the property, traced thion.,h the succeeding years, sh( .\\ s m my transfers and divisions, md perfect titles to the present holdeis Riverside proper eon- l ims ihout five hundred acres, and h IS I p ipulation of u])wards of J .,00 prisons. Il lies alont; the bmks ,,1 the St. Johns River, in ot which it is a |)art. Riverside Axcnuc which extends over the viaduct, and follows the course of the river thron-n to the limits and KKSiDKNcK OK MK. .\ . H. KiN(;, KivKKSii.K .vxNK.x. . .11 i n to t he i. .1111 1 ty, is ihc principal street, and one of the favorite drives about the City. A portion of it is already ])aved, and the remainder will be tinished during the present summer, in vitrified brick. The electric cars of the Jacksonville Street Railway Company run through the suburb, which makes it eas_\- of access for residents and visitors alike. Riverside is unique in that negroes .are not permitted to own any lots in il; it is sti'ictly a white settlement, and it is the purpose of the residents to have it remain so. The suburb is suppHed with seven artesian wells, which have an output of water greater than that of the City water works. The Riverside Artesian Well Company has two eight-inch wells, supplying- about 2,000,000 gallons of water per day. The following gentlemen also have wells on their premises: John G. Christopher, W. T. .Simmons, John Wurts and the Drew well. Then the Riverside Annex Arte- sian Well Company has a well that supplies 811 gallons per minute, or 1,125,000 gallons per day, making a total output from all the wells of about 6,000,000 gallons per day. This will be ample for the needs of the people for many years to come. Water is furnished without limit from any of these wells at a cost of twelve dollars per year to the consumer. The unimproved portions of the suburb consist of high lands wooded with oak, hickory and pine. A fine \'ie\v of the river is afforded fr(jm this point, which stretches away for many miles toward the south, with a splendid prospect of forest and grove on the eastern shore. Heie, too, the full benefit of the ticsh mcr breezes may be enjo} ed as m no other part of the Cit\ Thc\ have a fair sweep, with nothm., to impede their progress unl summer is rendered compaiatu l ly pleasant thereby. Riverside Avenue is linc'i • CLASS Jacksonville as a summer resort, is doubtless to provoke a smile from persons not familiar with her peculiar advantages in this respect, yet right at her doors is one of the finest beaches in the world, and one of the most delightful summer resorts on the continent. The beach extends from the south bank of the St. Johns to within sight of vSt. Augustine, about thirty miles of smooth, hard surface without a break. The beach is very straight, shelving gently, rotmded off by a high bluff, and free from snags, rocks and treacherous pits or holes. It is sixteen miles by rail to Pablo, and about the same distance from Mayport, which are the two chief resorts along the beach. The venerable statesman and former Treasurer of the United States, General Francis E. Spinner, of New York, went to live at Pablo Beach before any houses were built there. He lived a year or more, continuously, summer and winter, in a canvas tent, on the edge of the bluffs. To a friend at the North, who had expressed surprise that so aged a gentleman should live in such a seemingly reckless way, General vSpinner wrote as follows- "Pamlo Beach Florida, May loth, 18S7. "Mv Dear S[r: You wonder, and others, too. have wondered, why I stay here so long. It's because my health is better here than anywhere else. My doctor said to me: ' The salt sea air is a better tonic than any medicine that I can give you.' The ocean breezes, conjointly, with the sulphur water from the artesian wells, keep my system in perfect order. Fish and game abound here. The beach is the finest that I have ever seen. Bathmg is very safe, and unsur- passingly fine. I have now been here nearly two years, and the longer I stay the m.ore I want to. The ocean challenges my admiration by day, and lulls me to sweet sleep by night. As I am contented and happj' here, why should I go away? If you still wonder why I stay here, come and have yovir outing here with me, and you will wonder no longer. "Very truly yours, "F. E. Spinner. "//. B. Thompson, Esq.. lirookly,,, N. l'." (General Spinner spent the remaining years of his life at Pablo and Jacksonville, an even, tranquil life, and c|uiet rest from the busy cares of State, which occupied so much of his resort for people from the interior, as well as residents of Jackson vil cottages there. F. I.ATE GENER 4L rR.4NCIS E. SPTNNER E\-TREA SIRER OE -HE UNITED ST.V ES. ■vcntful life. Pi blo is a grea e, manv of wh nil have suninie FLORIDA ON WHFHLS. lEARLY everviine knows what ••Florida on Wheels" is; a travelin.!- e.\p( jsition, a .State Fair on wheels, that has been on the road for eij^ht years and has visited everv State east of the Mississippi River, with the exception of Mississippi and Wisconsin, and has covered over 100,000 miles. The car was built in 1.S87 by the Jackson & Sharp Company, of Wilmington, Delaware, and is of the largest dimensions allowed. It has six-wheel trucks, Janney-Miller couplers, air brakes, whistle signals, and all the equipments necessary for running on the fastest trains. The body of the car is a buff color, artistically harmonizing with the rich carmines, greens and other varied shades which the artist has employed in exterior decoration. This consists of a series of oil paintings, extending the full length of the ;ar on ither ide, esentino- the best selecti< Florid; :-ener inch mg md lake views, orange groves, ])ineapples, cocoanuts and other tropical fruits and vegetation, the whole combining to make up a work of art of great merit and attractiveness and unique, to say the least. The car is built entirely of native Florida wn,,(ls of the most attractive finish, and is valued at $20,000. It carries specimens of about everything I'lurida produces that is worthy of exhibiting. It is necessarily in miniature but serves the jjurpose equally well. 'I'he interior finish is highly artistic. The New York World says: '-The one hundred and forty uiagnilicent iMvnch plate beveled mirrors reflect the beautiful collection, and make the whole outshine in splendor anything ever conceived in fairy tales." The car was originally jiaid for by contributions from cities, boards U.J of trade, railroads, and other corporations and individuals of the vState of Florida, who have long- ago been amply repaid for their outlay, in the benefits that have resulted from such an extensive and comprehensive advertisement of the State's wonderful resources. The Charlotte (N. C.) Daily Observer says: " Florida's Rolling Exposition is a State Fair on wheels. It is the most remarkable car on either continent, has been entered by more people on the inside, gazed at by more people on the outside, than any car ever built in the history' of railroading, and has done Florida more good than all the fairs she ever held." Florida on Wheels represents the State officially through the Department of Agriculture, with which Mr. Webb, proprietor and manager, is officially connected. He is also, by appointment of Governor Mitchell, a Florida Commissioner to the Cotton States and International Exposition, Atlanta, Ga. Mr. Wanton Stanley Webb, the projector and owner of this novel enterprise, is a native of Rhode Island. He came to Florida in 1876, and has been an untiring worker in the interests of the State ever since. He is by professiim a journalist and publisher, and his works on history, biography, etc., have been read far and wide. He has also been an extensive directory publisher. He is a man of conspicuous native ability and of untiring energy. He held successively the positions of Commissioner to the Paris Exposition, Director-General of the Florida Suti-Tnipical Exposition, and Special Commissioner to the World's mk. w a-\ k Columbian Exposition, and to the Atlanta Exposition. He is an honorary member of the Florida Press Association and of the Jacksonville Bo Alive tci every interest of Florida, he has, perhaps, done more to bring the resource: to the attention of the outside world, in proportion to his means, than any man in it. d of Trade. )f that State THE FLORIDA DREDGING COMPANY. HLS IXSTITUTK )X has recently become prominently identified with many important river and harbor improvements in Florida, such as channel dredging, jetty work, bridge building, etc. The principal place of business of the company is at Jacksonville, but it is empowered to establish branches and offices at other cities and towns, as it may be deemed expedient. It has a capital stock of $100,000, divided into one thousand shares, of the value of $100 each, and the maximum amount of indebtedness it may carry at any time is limited to $50,000. The general nature of the business it is authorized to transact is thus described in the "Articles of Incorporation:" All kinds of dredging, excavating, filling and work upon and construction of jetties, retaining walls and such other structures as may be necessary for the proper performance of any and all work of similar nature, and the obtaining and contracting for the same; the removal, preparation, transportation and sale of all deposit removed by dredging, etc. ; the building, owning, construction or otherwise acquiring and disposing of all barges, vessels, dredges, steamboats, tugs, engines, machinery, tram or other roads or roadways, and the operation and maintenance of the same, and all appurtenances and appliances necessary and pertaining to such work as shall be deemed necessary to best carry out the purposes of the business of the company. It is authorized to exercise all the rights of eminent domain as provided by law, and under its letters patent it is granted existence as a body corporate for the term of ninety-nine years. As will be seen from the wide scope of its legitimate work, it occupies a most important field, and the character and standing of its officers and managers give the assurance that its undertakings will be prosecuted in a thoroughly enterprising and capable manner, and will be successfully carried out. The gentleman to whom is to be accredited the honor of the inception of the enterprise is Mr. J. A. Bryan, the General Manager of the Company. Mr. Biyan has been engaged in this line of business for several years past, and is as able and experienced a man as can be found in it at the present day. The other members of the company are Messrs. A. R. and J. E. Merrill and A. D. Stevens, of the Merrill-Stevens Engineering Company, of Jacksonville, Fla. , and Mr. M. ,S. Cartter, of M. S. Cartter & Co., St. Louis, Mo. Mr. Cartter is President: Mr. A. R. Merrill, Vice- President; Mr. J. E. MeiTill, Treasurer; Mr. A. D. Stevens, Secretary, and Mr. Bryan, as noted above, is General Manager. Each one of the gentlemen named is a well known and successful business man, rated as sound and reliable in the leading commercial journals of the day, and their association together forms as strong a company as can be found in any section of the Southern field. The prospects of the Florida Dredging Company are certainly bright with promise. It begins its work at a favorable time, and, with ample capital at command, a fine equipment, and able and experienced men in charge of its affairs, its speedy arrival at notable success may be predicted with all safety and confidence. Its establishment, and the establishment of like progressive and substantial concerns, augurs well for the future of Florida. The above clipping is from the New York Mercantile and I'inancial Times of October 6th, 1894, since when The Florida Dredging Company has become all, and more than was predicted, for it. It is now one of the solid and successful institutions of the State. BIOGRAPHICAL. ^^SHE following biographical sketches are of some of the representative business and professional men, who have been prominent factors in the building up of the Florida Aletropolis, and giving it credit and standing among men. Not all such are in this list, however, as there are other deserving ones, which it is not expedient to to give a sketch of here. These men, by their achievements, have won a place in the public eye and the public cuntidence, and have made records which deserve to be perpetuated. rk, Marcli mth. spr DR. A. SEYMOUR BALDWIN. Perhaps the most picturesque and interesting living figure in the historv of Jacksonville, is Dr. A. vS. Baldwin. Few persons are now living who were in Jacksonville when he came here, in 1838, at the age of twenty-seven years. Fewer still were old enough at that time to even remember, much less participate with him, in any of the stirring events of that period in which he had a conspicuous part as one of the defenders of the State, in the Seminole War, then raging. His history, from the time he came here, is the history of Jacksonville, for he has been prominently identified with every movement for the development and advancement of the City from its very inception almost, and now, at the ripe age of eighty-four, he may look back with pride and pleasure to his early struggles, and vic\v with satisfaction the evidences all around JTim of their results, in the present magnificent City. A. Seymour Baldwin was born in Oswego County, New Yi from the fine old English families of Seymour and Baldwin. On the paternal side he is sixth in direct descent from Richard, the elder member of a somewhat numerous family of Baldwins, who emigi-ated from Bucks County, England, in 1638, and settled at New Milford, Connecticut, from whence have spread over the United States, Canada and the West Indies the numerous descendants of this family. The subject of this sketch was made an orphan in his early infancy by the death of his father, and was adopted by an uncle who lived in an adjacent county. There, for some time, he was taught by private tutors. He afterwards pursued his preparatory studies at two popular institutions in Madison County: tlie seminary at Cazenovia and tht^ Polytechnique Institute at Chittenango. His design oi entering Hartford College at this time was frustrated bv the death of his uncle in 1S30, so he entered the Freshman Class of the same year at (reneva, now Hobart College. From this College he graduated four years later witli the degrees of B. S. and A. B. Upon the completion of his collegiate course, Mr. Baldwin began the study of medicine in the office of Dr. Thomas Spencer, a professor in the medical department of the institution which he had attended. He had already won proficiency in several branches of natural science. So after dR- a. skvmoik h.u.dwix. two years of medical study he received the appointment of botanist in the geological survey of Michigan, from Dr. Houghton, its chief. Exposure to camp life in the severe climate to which his new labors called him, resulted in an acute attack of inflamatory rheumatism, which unfitted him for the work, so he resigned and returned to Geneva. There iiS=^r 1^ he ciimplcted his medical studies and in 1838 received his medical decree, and from the College pniper, the degree of A. M. in regular course. He then entered upon the practice nf liis profession in Geneva. In Jime of the same year he was married to Miss Eliza Se(jtt, ijf an influential Geneva family. Owing to a frec^uent recurrence of liis rheumatic attacks he decided to remove to Florida, where he arrived December 2d, 1S38. Dr. Baldwin's real history licgins with his advent into Florida. .Settling in Jacksonville, then a straggling village of scarcely 1,000 inhabitants, he immediately entered upon the practice of medicine which became at once extensive, remunerative and \-cry laliorious. This will be appreciated when it is known that for a year or more he was the only jihysician within an area of thirty miles around Jacksonville. It was dui-ing his professional visits uja and down the river that he began to observe the tides and currents which, having gi\-en considerable attention to, convinced him that a small appropriation for closing up Fort George Inlet, would enable the waters to have a freer discharge to the sea, and force a channel for the passage of vessels up the St. Johns. A public meeting was called to take action on his views, which resulted in Dr. Baldwin being sent to Washington to secure the needed appropriation, in which he was successful. So that it was due to his eftVirts that the first steps were taken to sccur( While absent in W the splendid navigation fa^ ishington on this business the State Legislature. I)i ing the lie ri\-er which is now cnj(.iyed. as in 1852, he was first cho.sen to first session Dr. Baldwin secured a charter for the Florida Central Railroad, with right of way from Jacksonville to IVnsacola, and became President of the Com- pany organized to build the loid The mam Ime of the 1 loiidi Lent! d cV Peninsular Rilnoid to Ruti lunction, and the Pensacola cS. Atlantic Rail- load from Ri\ ei Junction to Pensacola, is the outgrowth of this chutci He dso, at the second session tithcied the bill Lie itmn a tempoidiy Internal Imino\ement Boaid, of which he bcL ime the mcmbei frona his hsUKt I he .bicct of this 1. n 1 w IS t issisi m building consisted ( f thi Baldwin re tired growth aiK pros worker. From the State' Sena e in opposed se .•essic went with her, t the Itcnti md was when 1 r. lialdwin was a member of th is State went ou • offered his sc _-s ariccling the X indefatigable lie St rem mest patri Surgeon, and throughout the war was Chief Surgeon of Hospitals for Florida, in which position he rendered invaluable services. Returning to Jacksonville when the war was over, he found that his property had all been confiscated, but after a few years he recovered his possessions, upon a portion of which, on Bay Street, he has erected an extensive block of stores, which, when built, was one of the most imposing structures in the City. In the yellow fever epidemic of 1857, Dr. Baldwin lost his first wife. Ry this marriage he had one son who became Dr. William L. Baldwin. He perished in the fever epidemic of 1S88. In 1866 Dr. Baldwin was again married, his second wife being Mrs. Mary E. Dell. The only issue fmrn this marriage was a daughter, Edna Seymour, now Mrs. Samuel P. Holmes. Dr. Baldwin never lost his interest in the improvement of navigation in the St. Johns River, nor relaxed his efforts to secure adequate appropriations for carrying out his plans in this regard. When the fame of Captain Eads spread over the country, Dr. Baldwin visited that gentleman at Port Eads and induced him to visit Jacksonville. He came in 1878" and made a personal examination of the river and bar, and from consultation of coast survey charts, decided upon a system of jetties, with which everyone is now familiar, as they were subsequently adopted by the Government engineers, who had also afterwards made a thorough examination of the same field. The two reports, of Captain Eads and the Government engineers, were sent, together with a memorial to Congress, urging an appropriation, and in 1880 Dr. Baldwin in person went to the Capital and secured the first available appropriation, which was $125,000. After this the work was continued steadily. In 1878 the City voted ,f25o,ooo for sanitary improvements and water works. This sanitary improvement fund was placed in the hands of five trustees, of which Dr. Baldwin was made Chairman, and held the position until the last of the bonds were called in, in May, 1894. The trust was faithfully performed, and like all his labor in the public interest, was gratuitous. This committee built the present splendid system of water works and established the sewerage system. In science, as well as medicine, Dr. Balwin has always been an interested student and worker. His published addresses on the climatology of Florida have been of great benefit to science. These were based on the medical statistics of the army in Florida, and his own meteorological observations, covering a period of thirty-six years. For twenty years he was meteorological correspondent for the Smithsonian Institute, and furnished it regularly the monthly sheet of his observations. These reports were the first scientific exhibition of Florida climatic literature ever given to the world, and they have been the means of drawing many immigrants to the State. He was made a member of the American Scientific Association at the meeting at Montreal in 1857. He was also a corresponding member of the Boston Natural History Society, and a frequent correspondent of Agassiz on scientific subjects and natural history. Dr. Baldwin organized the first medical .society in Duval County, which was the first in the State, and in 1873 called a meeting of physicians, and organized the State Medical Association. He was its first president, and held the position for two years. Dr. Baldwin has always been an earnest and consistent member of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and became a member of St. John's Parish immediately on his arrival in Jacksonville. For fifty-five years he has been a warden in the vestry of St. John's Church. He has always been an earnest church worker, and a liberal giver to Christian and charitable institutions. The province of this work is such as to forbid a detailed accoimt of this man's career, which has been so full of interest and of good work. He has been doubly blessed by coming to Florida: The climate has entirely healed the complaints which first brought him here, and as a factor in building- up his State and City he has had few equals; and when he shall have passed away the work of his living hands will keep his memory fresh in the hearts of the people he served, and whose gratitude he has. In his old age Dr. Baldwin has again been honored most conspicumisly ; in liis eighty-fourth year he has been elected President of the Board of Trade, which, next to the mayoralty, is the must impcjrtant office in Jacksonville. A man of worth, and a father to the community, he is honored by all men. ,X-(;()\-ERX()R FLKMIX(! oth Francis P. Fleming, Sdldicr, statesman and jurist, was burn in Dm'al Coiintv, Fk September 2Sth, 1841. Son of Colnnel Lewis Fleming and his seennd wife Margaret Seton, of whom were natives of Florida. He was edneated prineii.ially by private tutors and was alwavs a close student. In May, iSOi, at the age of nineteen, he enlisted in the company of Captain John ^V. Starke, which was organized at Palatka, and which was one of the companies composing the Second Florida Infantry. The Regiment was mustered into the Confederate service and sent forward to Virginia in July, 18O1. lie served as a private in this company and regiment in the armies, respectively of ]\Iagruder. at Ynrktuwn, and of Johnston and Lee. Afterwards he was made Quartermaster- Sergeant (if the Regiment, retaining the ptisitiim till August, 1863. He was then commissioned First Lieutenant of Company D., First Florida Cavalry, dis- mounted. Army of Tennessee. In this command he served with distinction in the armies of Johnston and Hood in Xorth (Georgia, and throughout the entire war acquitted himself as a faithful soldier and gallant officer. After the war he returned to Jacksonville and read law in the office of E. M. L'Engel, E.sq., and in May, i868, was admitted to practice. From that time onward his course was steadily upward. In 1873 he became a member of the celebrated law firm of F'leming & Daniel, prob- alily the stnjngest ever known in J Florida. He continued with I this firm until its dissolution in I 1 888. caused by the death of the two senior members, Colonels kKsu.KXLK, OK KX-i;ovKRNoK FKA.vcis P. n,KMi.N(i. Louis I. Fleming and J. J. Daniel. In the meanwhile he had received the Democratic nomination for Governor at the St. Augustine convention in ]\Iay. 1888. The campaign that fall was made under the most trying conditions, owing to the presence of yellow fever in many parts of the State. He was elected by a large majority in November, and was duly inaugurated January 8th, 1889. He held this high office for four years, and on his retirement in January, 1893, returned to the practice of law in Jacksonville. No man ever retired from office with a purer record than Governor Fleming. In every act of his life, both public and private, he has been governed by right, reason, and justice, and his bitterest political opponent could never accuse him of being influenced by other than the purest motives. As a lawyer (iovernor Fleming stands at the head of his profession, and while, during his occupancy of the gubernatorial chair, his clientage naturally drifted from him, he has, since his resumption of |)ractice, re-established himself more firmly than ever with the people. He was married on May 23d, 187 1, to Miss Floride Lydia Pearson. Tlieir children are Francis P., Jr., his partner in the law practice, Charles Seton, and Ivli/.abeth L. 151 JOHN L. DOGGETT. The Doggetts spring- from one of the m >st ancient families (if (rreat Britain, where they were known also as Doget and Daggett. As early as the twelfth century they were among the landed gentry resident at Groten, England, and are traced through all the succeeding centuries as being prominent in politics, the military and the arts. The original immigrant to this country, Thomas Doggett, came over in the Primrose with John Winthrop, first Governor of Massachusetts, and became prominent in Colonial afifairs. John Locke Doggett, grand-father of this subject, after graduating from Brown University, removed to Florida from Taunton, Mass., about the year 1820, and was one of the first settlers in Jacksonville. His wife, together with Colonel I. D. Hart, owned the land upon which Jacksonville now stands. This lady was descended from the famous Fuller family, the original immigrant of which came over in the Mayfl )wer. John L. Doggett became one of the most prominent men in Florida. He built the first Court House in Duval County on the site of the present one, and was the first Judge of this Circuit. He was a member of the Legislature for years, and President of that body. When he died in 1844 it was said of him, " Eminent in every excellence, he lived and died without an enemy. " John Locke, subject of this sketch, was born in Jack- sonville, March 14th, 1S68. His father was Jiidge Aristides Doggett, son of Judge John L. As soldier, jurist and judge he was distinguished for his ability and integrity. The mother of Mr. Doggett, Anna T. Cleland, born on the isle of Jamaica, W. L , was allied by blood to many distinguished families, being a grand-daughter of Colonel TurnbuU, the original settler of New vSmyrna, and a distinguished pioneer in Florida, and a grand-niece of John Marshall, first Chief Justice of the United States. Mr. Doggett was early placed at school in the Convent of St. Joseph, in Jacksonville; afterwards he attended the Florida Military Institute, and subsequently the East Florida Seminary, at Gainesville. In 1884 he entered the University of the South, at Sewanee. Tenn., where after thi'ee years he graduated. He continued his course of law-reading in his father's office, and in 188^ was appointed Clerk of the Criminal Court for Duval County. He was re-elected in 1890 and 1892. In the mean- \ii^- johx lockf. dougetl. while he was admitted to the bar, and has steadily increased his practice. In 1889 he was elected Captain of the Jacksonville Light Infantry, and made an able officer. At an inter-State drill at Jacksonville, in 1889, in which the military of several States participated, he was presented with a handsome jewel-hilted sword in a competition for the most popular officer'. He was married June loth, 1890, to Miss Carrie M. \'an Deman, of this City. They have two children, Carita and John Locke, Jr. Though only twent>--six years of age, Mr. Doggett has made a record <.if which he may be justly proud, and the future opens brightly before him. HENRY H. BUCKMAN. Henry H(jlland Buckman was born June 20th. A. I)., 1858, at Jacksonville, Duval County, Florida. His father. Captain Thomas E. Buckman, was of English descent, the family coming from Buckinghamshire, England. Captain Buckman came to Florida in 1850, from Bucks County, Pennsylvania, where his family had settled, and entered into the milling business. At the outbreak of the Civil War he took sides with the Confederacy, and served during the whole struggle. He obtained the rank <>f Mainriipiin the staff of (General Fine-an ; was ordnance officer of Eastern Florida, and after the war was appninted, l:iy Cox-ernur HlDxIiani, ISrigadier-General of the State Militia. He built, and was fm- a Inu'j; time Superintendent i>f what was, the Florida, Atlantic iV (hdf Central Railroad, from Tallahassee to Jacksonville, now part i.f the I'hii-ida Central \- Peninsular system; and for nearly twentv vear> was Clerk of the Circuit Court f<.i- Duval County. Xu man was mure highly esteemed in the State. In iS^s he married Selina Al. Clc- land, dano-hter of Hon. John C. Clcland, an lui.u'lishman by birth. She was a direct descendant of Doctor John Turn- hull, who founded the new >Smyrna eolon\- in I'lorida; and also of Chief Justice Taney, of the Supreme Court of the United States, her mother bein.i.;- his ward; she is a cousin of Francis Key, who wi'otc the "Star Spangled Banner." The subject of this sketch obtained his education at St. John's .Vcademy, Duval County, and under private tutors, and later at Cumberland I'niversity, Tennessee, from which he graduated with the degree of V>. L. He was admitted to the Bar, at Jackson\-ille, on June 20th, 1X79, his twenty-first birthday, and commenced the practice of law (in this City), to which he has ever since devoted himself. In 1.SS5 he entered into a law partnership with Hon. A. Doggett, which continued until the latter's death, in iSyo. In iSijo he received the nomination from his Count)' as member of the Legislature, but declmed, preferring his practice to a political career. His law practice, to which he devotes all his time, is lucrative, and he stands at the head of his i)rofession. He served one term as Police Commis- sioner of the City of Jacksonville. Flc has just lieen appointed Assistant United States Attorney for the Southern HON. H. H. ia-cK.\r\.\. District of Florida, a position which he did not seek, his appointment being a surprise. He is a member of nearly all of the public institutions of the City. In 1882 he was married to vSallie C. Allison, youngest daughter of Doctor and Mrs. R. P. Allison, of Lebanon, Tennessee. His wife is the grand niece of President Andrew Jackson, and sister of the late Chancellor Allison, of Nashville, Tennessee. Her aunt, Mrs. Donnelson, was mistress of the White House during Jackson's administration. They have three children: Aline. Harry, Jr., and Thomas h^llwood. Their home is one of the pleasantest in the City. MAJOR Wn.LTAM J. HARKISHEIMLR. Was born January nth, 1838, at Philadelphia. Pa. His father, William Harkishcimer, was of German descent, and his mother, Margaret Dcjuglass McLean, of Scotch anccsir\-. lie was the second child of live children; was educated in the Public Schools of Philadelphia. At the age of sixteen was apprenticed to learn the trade of watch-ease making. So thoroughly did he master this trade that in his eighteenth year he made a watch ease that was awarded the first prize at the exhibition of the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia. He has much just pride in showing it to his friends to this day. TIk the watch case business, so he gave it iip, and took a clci-ksl: Public Highways. The stirring times which followed the no drew him into politics, and he took an acti\X' jiart in the cani| of the I'^.xecutive CouTmittees which had the management triumph of the Reptiblican candidate. Then the war came c arriet' the watch ever since and takes lisasti itis panic of 1857 almost ruined . in 11 e Philadelphia Department of iuatio 1 of Lincoln for the Presidenev i'^n. He was made Secrctarv of one f the campaign that resulted in the . At the first call for volunteers bv the President, he regiment, but as he vas offered a lieiitenantey by Colcmcl George preferred to win his spurs before wearing them, he deelined and enlisted as a private soldier, April 2ist, 1 86 1. He was subsequently promoted through all the grades from Corporal to Major During this time he saw much service in the Shenandoah Vallev and m the Armv ot the Potomac. He was se\eieh \\ounded m the battle of Fredericksburg, Decembti, 1^62, and lettued honoiable mention for gallantry in that battle. During his eight years ot militaiy senice ]\Iajor Harkisheimer held many positions of dan^ei, honoi and trust. As an example: Whik auk de .amp on the start ot General William R. Mont4omLi\, tiom OLtobei, ib6i, to April, 1862, while the Aim\ ot the Potomac was beini; organized, he, .stationed at Alexandria, Va., was appointed to the important position ot chiet officer to manage and control all traffic and inteicouise \Mtli that iim\ All persons having business ot an\ kind m the lines ot the Aimy of the Potomac, all persons tia\eling to 01 tiom the South, had first to be examined by him as to the nature ot then business and their loyalty to the Go\ernment, and obtain a pass from him. The chiet pait ot this LonsistLcl ot tiafhc, tradesmen supplying the ..im\, \\hi(_h amounted to thousands of dollars every day. ^Ian\ ot tlie passes issued by the Major at that time have been piesci\cd as lelics, some of which have come undei his eye quite recently. Aftci two years service as aide -de camp and Assistant Adjutant General, he was ordered, in June, 1866, to duty at Columbia, S. C , where he remained until his le- tirement from the service m 1869. By his humane and soldierly conduct at this station he won and still retains man\ warm friends in tills "hot1)L(l < I secession," After his retiiLnicni from the army he returned to Philadelphia, .where he resided for several years, and in the Spring of 1876 removed to Jacl sonville and engaged in tlu wholesale and retail grocer\ business, whei-e he met with signal success. His aim was t. . revolutionize the business by methods entirely different from and far superior to those in vogue when he came; nor in vain. He has always taken a keen interest in public affairs and P. McLean, who w; foremost in any mo\-ement for the upbuilding adopted City. He has not (inly many offices that have sought hii of the Democratic Council to sucl the late Judge Summers as a Pol prevailed upon to accept the posi City. He is associated with nia time and energy. Chief amim^ 1 established in 1884, and is now President of the Merchants' Stc Trust Bank of Florida; a dircci Fernandina, the Putnam Natinna of the National Peace River I'l Jacksonville Board of Trade. I United States, the Grand Army Masonic fraternity for thirty-two of Judge W. E. Crane, of Vonkci R. Major Harkisheimcr has dc and courtly manners and kindly communit^■. who hold him in the ■ never sought political preferment hut has persistently declined n. Although a Republican, he yet has the confidence and regard h a degree that he was unanimously chosen by that body to succeed ice Commissioner. It was only after much insistence that he was tion, and then only because he regarded it as a duty he owed "^o the ny public and private enterprises, to which he gives much of his these are the Building and Loan Associations, the first ot which he President of the Duval Building and Loan Association. Also uiisliip Company ( f Florid a; Viee-1 resident ( f the Savings and or in the National Bank if laeksonville, the National Bank of 1 Hank of Palatka, the Semi no e Chi I , and Dire etor and Treasurer (is|)hate Company. He w is als.i (1 le iif the originators of the le is a member (if the mil ta y (irde r (if the L oyal Legion of the if the Republic, th e Unidu \' eteran Legion, and has been in the \ears. Me was ma ■ried in 1,S( .S to M iss Jennie K. Crane, daughter s, X. V. Of fdur L hiklreii, t\ ■.. surv ve; How ard E., and Mattie ne much for Jaeks( mville. im with his fine character, his gentle disposition, he has greath- en cleared himself t( the people of the highest esteem. Henry Bethune Phillips 1 1857, on his father's plantati occupations, and in travel, ti Jacksonville, and once more JUDCE HENRY B. PHILLIPS. ; a native of Duval County, Florida. He was born November 2(jtli, m at Point Phillips, now Point LaX'ista. His father, Albert (i. Phillips, a prominent planter, came here from Georgia early in the present century. His great-grandfather on the maternal side, William Hendrix, of North Carolina, was one of the original Spanish grantees of large tracts of land in Duval, and (ither counties. His grand-father, Isaac Hendricks, to whom these grants reverted, was in the Spanish service, and was the first settler in what is now South Jacksonville, which was a part of his grant. This was about the beginning of the century, and hmg before Jacksonville was settled, the place being then known as Cow's Ford, Here Mr. Hen- dricks operated the first ferry over the St. Johns River. In his early youth young Phillips attended the High School in laeksonville, and was afterwards a private pupil of Rev. F. Pasco. He attended Emery College in 1877-78, and entered the law department of Vandcrbilt University in 1880. Here he distinguished himself by taking the full two years' course in one year, breaking all previous records in this institution, with the single exception of John M. Barrs, of this City, who did the same thing the year lieforc. He gradtiated from Vandcrbilt in iSSi. with the degree of Bachelor of Law. He returned to Ja -ksdiiville, was admitted to the bar, and formed a i)artnersliip with J . M. 1 '.a rrs for practice. After- wards he ]iraeliced in c.nipany with J. W. Whitney, but his health failing, he retired to his plantation to recuperate. l"or two ur three years, llu'ii, he engaged in a variety of in i.S,S(;, when, his health being restored, he returned to (1 the practice of law. In i8(;i he was appointed, liy Governor Fleming, to fill the iinexpired term of Judge Loton M. Jones, deceased, as Judge of the Criminal Court of Duval County. He was reappointed, by Governor Mitchell, in 1893 for the full term of four years. He presides over this Court with dignity and impartiality. He is a master of law, and his opinions have great weight in legal circles. Although he is cm the bench, he has not given up his practice by any means, and in all other courts, except his own, he continues to appear as formerly, and has a steadily increasing practice. He was married December nth, 1883, to Miss Stella M. Tuttle, of Cherry Valley, Ohio. They have four children, Charlotte H., :\Iatthe\v P., Henry B. , and Harold T. BAKER lV holmes. antl manlv c men nut nf ten, uld sii prone lunce Gentlemanly intellio'ent, and Two jolly young 1)ae-liclors— hcaltliy, wcaltliy, and wise, as young 1), and genteel, courteous and generous, honorable and manly, industr consecpiently successful and popular- and perhaps ten women out of nim upon John D. Baker and J. Dobbin Holmes — and they deserve it all. If to deserve success is more than to win it, then to achieve it is better than to inherit it. Few young men in the South have inherited fortimes since the war. Init those who have made it for themselves are very nmnerous. Baker and Holmes belong to the latter class. They are well matched, and worthy of each other, possessing in an unusual degree the fine attributes that go to make up the successful and respected busines man, gentlemen at once, and hard workers. The business was established originally by Mr. Baker in 1889. Previous to that time he had spent a number of years in the grocery and grain business, and thoroughly mastered its details. Mr. Raker was born in Robeson County, X. C, in 1804. and received his education at David- son College, in his native State. His father was Captain Angus S. Baker, and his mother Harriet McEachem, both of fine old Scotch families. When he left college Mr. Baker at once went into business, and in 18S6 came to Jacksonville to live with his uncle, the late Judge James M. Baker. Here he continued his business training, imtil in, 1889, he branched out for himself, as above stated. A year later Mr. Holmes accjuircd a partnership, and the firm was changed to John D. liaker & Company, Mr. Holmes being a ^■ for C. Burkhaltcr \- Cnipany, of New York. Mr. IJaker h this country and abroad, and has accpiired a degree of polis not usually expected in a laborious man of business. Mr. Holmes is also a North Carolinian, and came from Wilmington. He is a son of the late John L. Holmes, a most estimable gentleman, and highly respected lawyer. His mother's maiden name was Sallie M. London, and through her he is descended from the celebrated Sharpless family of Pennsylvania. P'rom the schools of his native City he went to the Maryland Agricultural College, an institution that teaches all branches of study usually taught in other colleges. In 1884 the family moved to Jacksonville, and Mr. Holmes accepted a traveling position with John E. Hart, a wholesale grain and seed merchant. For twelve years he traveled in Florida, representing dirt'erent houses, and when he took a ixu-tnershii) with Mr. Baker the most \-aluable capital he brought to the new firm was the hundreds of friends he had made during his long career as a commercial traveler. He was thorouglily known to the trade, and bv his affalile manners and well IS he was then traveling ;ensi\-e traveler, both in knowledye of the world established characte and inte ^■ritv he f c ustr. iiL-rs till sc f >thcr firms. In d no difficulty in securing as his own whom he had sold while representing )i the firm name was ehantjed to Baker cV Hohiies, and thenceforth he devoted his time exclusively to the business of the new firm. IJaker & Holmes, in their brief career, have established and built up for themselves one of the most remarkably successful business enterprises ever kn(jwn in the State. Startin-- without any trade at all. their business now amounts to nearly ,§500,000 annually, and is still i^rowini;-. Whiilesale .L;rain, hay, flour, t;'rits, meal, fertilizers, cotti>n- seed meal, and building material are their principal lines; but tliey make a specialty of brick, lime and cement. Their facilities for handling these goods are superior, ena- bling them to undersell competitors, and vet supply the very best qualitv of goods. Their warehouses, being built by the railway tracks, saves them the encjrmous drayage expenses which some houses have to cutend with. They are in touch with the trade all over the State, and their trouble is less in getting customers than supplying ihem, so great is the demand for their goods. At the foot of .Main Street thev liave a snug, cozy oftice, where their friends are alwavs welcomed after the hearty and hospitable manner that has bccoi It wi sti an anxious pal jersonnel that offer such entert; mment e and become ; refined taste. This is .ne of tl without repro; ich. characteristic with them, and the other don't And time to side the ^ Mr. McMurray stands liigh in church and club circl( and is a pi-ominent leader in business affairs. He is director in the Savings and Trust Bank of Florida, and the Peace River Phosphate Company, and is a member the Board of Trade. He was twice elected Commander now Commander of the Department of Florida. H man, and possesses the esteem of the communit p. E. MlMURRAY. ..f .f O. M. Mitchell Post, G. A. R., and is safe and conservative business in a marked degree. JAMES M. SCHUMACHER. James Madison Schnmacher was Ijorn in :Moliawk, Herkimer County, New York, November i8th, 1843. His father, Andrew Schumaclicr, was a well-known leather manufacturer of that place. His mother, born Jeannette Clements, was of Puritan ancestry, her parents having removed from Massachusetts to New York in the early part of this century, and settled in Herkimer County. The Schumacher family is of German descent, and have been living in Herkimer County since 1 7 10. Some of them were Magistrates when the country was an English colony, notably the great, great, grand-father of this subject, JohnJost Schumacher, a loyalist leader during the Revolutionary War. His grand-father, Rudolph I. Schumacher, commanded a New York Regiment in the War of 18 1 2, was a member of the New York lyCgislature for a number of years, and was officially connected with the building of the Erie Canal. Being among the largest land holders in their section, the Schumachers were the leaders of the early settlers, their name being a part of the history of Herkimer County. James M. attended the public schools of his native town until he was thirteen years of age, then attended the Fairfield Seminary for two years. Subsequently he attended the Liberal Institute at Clinton, New York, where he passed the full course, and won a prize for oratory. He entered Tufts College in 1863, and was graduated from the literary department in 1866, with the degree of l.JS ^^ M Bachelor of Philosophy. law department of the few mdnths returned In Hon. Amos H. Prescott fall of the same year. In 1867 he beu;an his studies in the University of Michigan, but after a mie and studied law in the office of He was admitted to the bar in the Being a ready debater, and a keen ad. politician even identified with politics, and w Republicans of the State. In June, 1874, he remo\-i what is now the First Nation is still President. Anions" F. E. Spinner, Treasurer of Civil War, at whose sug'gestii the Remingtons, of lllic.n, X S(|uire, Colonel T. W. C. Mo come to lie one of the scjuni len he grew older he became ;is associated with the prominent :>d to Jacksonville and organized al Bank of Florida, of which he the stockholders were General the L'nited States during the 111 he made his home in Florida, ew York, United States Senator -re, and others. This bank has lest financial institutions in the State. He was admitted to the practice of law both in the State and United States Courts soon after his arrival in Florida, and immediately entered upon a career of activity and usefulness that made for him a wide reputation in the State. He served a term as State Senator, 1888-90, and was one of the Joint Legislative Committee which framed a bill, n(.iw the Health Law of Florida, which has been recognized as im del tit kind and tdi pted b\ other States He w I 1 C inmi lonei of the Board 3t Public \\ ik iSjo-i licidcnt f the State Bankei ' V cnti n t 1 tw t nil i Director m the H iidiLenti il V 1 eiim ul 11 Ruh\a\ Company t 1 t\\ A 11 mil \ ICC I le ident of the Spiin^h 11 I iiid md Hl 1 \ 1 c I ic iknt i R iih\ n \\ I I iL 1 1 I Vtlmti Riili id t 1 inc( ip 1 It n jt the hi the Dunelk n < i^^ni/ ctm Pi c idcnt Sec St new ill 11 th S uthc m S t the T ck 1 c Ih ] 1 mp in\ L tele,,! t 1 \\ I '1 1 I ill 1!, Jilt whu und ka iln ei H J was on .,, t 111 uiguralL d h 11 Pi \cment Compan\ th c ^ t iin h Stiect Flectric I I k n\ill V- c n \ 1 nc t the t Ph sph itc c mp inic , d in n< iida 1 \ icc- m d ric i uiei t the n lip 1 n\ 11 t i Ducct 1 m (. mp in\ 111 1 11 Uld Impio\ement 1 1 the oi^ani/ti of w e n Ih 1 UMlk \nd lit in Si RKSIDENCK OF MK. J. .M. SCllLM. le building its Florida connections, eiitral Committee," which ohns Bar and River Im- lent, and chainnan of its special Com- of Wavsand Means. Dttring the yellow fever epidemic of 1888 he was Vice-President of the Citizens' Committee, w^ho had charge of tlic Citv affairs, and Chairman of the Financial Committee, which had charge of all the funds niittt contributed for the relief of sulTerers. During this trying period he exhibited the highest courage, and developed a high order of executive ability. His committee, sometimes consisting of only himself and Hon. P. E. McMurray, fed 16,000 people, had 500 men under arms, 25 physicians, and 400 nurses under their direction, and employed from 3,000 to 5,000 men daily to place the City in good sanitary condition, and keep the idle from becoming mere beggars. It will be seen that Mr. vSchumacher's life in Florida has been both active and useful, and in all the many positions of public and private trust, which he has been called on to fill, he has always acquitted himself with satisfaction to all. He was married to Josephine Caroline Spinner, youngest daughter of General Spinner, November 6th, 187 i, at ;\I(ihawk, New York. She died May loth, 1892. They had tw'O children, only the younger of which, Rudolph Spinner vSchumacher, survives. The Frankie Schumacher Hospital is a memorial to the elder son, and was founded by Mrs. Schumacher in 1884 as an asylum for the sick and needy. This most benevolent institution contains wards for both white and colored, and has accomplished great good in the commimity. )HN WURTS John Wurts was burn in 1.855, ''t Carbondale, Pa. He is a son of the late Charles Pemberton Wurts, who for many years was General Superintendent of the Delaware & Hudson Canal Company, and of Laiii-a, the eldest daughter of John Clarkson Jay, Esq., of New York, and great grand-daughter of Chief Justice John Jay, whose name is so conspicuous in American history. Mr. Wurt's early education was gained in France and Italy; his collegiate course was taken at Yale College. While at College he was connected with several daily news- papers as editorial writer. In 1876 he went to New Zealand, and for the next two years traveled in Australia and among the islands of tlic South Pacific. In 1878 he went to West Virginia and engaged in sheep-raising, which, howc\-cr, did not prove a con.spicuous success. In 1882 he returned to Yale and entered the Law School, from which lie was graduated in 1884. In 1883 he was known at Yale as the "John A. Porter" man, as being the recipient of the only honor open to every department of the university for competition. Immediately upon his graduati(.)n in 1884 he removed to Jacksonville and began the practice of law, in which he has been highly successful. After the death of Judge Settle, four years later. President Harrison was strongly urged to appoint Mr. Wurts to the vacancy on the bench as Judge of the Northern District of Florida. The President refused to do so, expressl}' for political reasons, although it is well known that Mr. Wurts was in every way qualified to fill this high position. He is perhaps best known as the author of mr. joh\ \vi kis. Wurts' Index-Digest of the Florida Reports, a highly valuable work, which is extensively used and a revision of which is now in preparation and will be published in 1895. Since 1885 he has been a member of tlie law firm of Fletcher & Wurts, than whom none in the State have a higher standing. He was married in 1878 to the youngest daughter of the late Cornelius LaTourette, of Bergen Point, N. J., by whom he has six children, John, Conrad, Bertha, Albert, Laura J., Burkhart, and Eleanor." KiO WILLI A.M R. CARTER. Mr. William Rin,i;\viiod Carter Pensacola Harbor. His father. Capt; at the time, and on the breaking out n Confederacy. He removed his fami restoration of peace. In 1867 Captain Carter, in his shi born in 1S61 (jn board his father's ship, then lyin^- in illiani H. Carter, was engaged in the merchant marine war engaged in blockade running in the interests of the Xc\v York, meanwhile, where thev remained till the th eH elen R. C. ak ng his wife Eut (.pc an countr KIS f 1893 the Ravmond D. Knight fni' .li#k— HT--SBP A. B. CAMPBELL. Alexander B. Campbell was burn at Perth, ( )ntari(), Canada, in 184.V His father, Peter Campbell, immigrated from Arg-yleshire, Scotland, in iiSi6, and was a member of the famous clan Campbell, of which the Dukes of Arg-yle are the titular head. His mother was Anne Gray, of Banff, Scotland. When his education was completed he removed, in 1867, to Jacksonville, where he has been conspicuously identified with the growth and development of the City ever since. Shortly after his arrival here he opened a music store, which rapidly grew, until it has become one of the largest houses in that line south of Baltimore. It has been incorporated as the A. B. Campbell Company, and has a business that extends over the entire State. He early interested himself in suburban development, and has opened up several attractive additions to the City proper, chief of which is Campbell's addition on the north-eastern limits, with West Campbellton and Campbell's Hill on the west. He also established Evergreen Cemetery, which he has beautified to such an extent as to render it the most picturesque "God's Acre" in the State. Although a Republican in politics, and, therefoi-e, not in accord, politically, with the powers that be in Florida, his acknowledged integrity and well known ability, both of which are characteristics of the sturdy Scotch, have won for him the full confidence of all classes. So, when the Australian Ballot System was introduced into Jacksonville, he was chosen by the Legislature for one of the Election Commissioners, and was made Chairman of the Board. He is 1 member of the Board of Trustees of the St. John's Im- provement, which had in charge the expenditure of $300,000, voted bv Duval County for improving the St. Johns River. In July, 1S93, he was elected one of the Board of Trustees of the §1.000,000 issue of "Water Works and Improvement the Jacksonville Board of Trade ionds." voted by the Lii rovements. In January ost efficient and useful jody business men of the City, and re-elected in Januar}-, 1894. He is al Trustees of St. Luke's Hospital, a charitable institution of this City. stock companies of various kinds, industrial enterprises, etc., and is always in the front rank of those men who stand ready, both with their time and money, to advance the interests of the City and State. He was married in 1S80 to Marv E. Folsom, of Jacksonville, and has two children: Alexander B., Jr., and Grace. acksonville for internal im- he was elected President of , composed of the leading ,0 President of the Board of He is largely interested in always WILLIAM S. WARE. William Stratton Ware comes from the "City of Brotherly Love," and all who know him well agree that he fully exemplifies in his life the beautiful interpretation of the word. He was born in Philadelphia, March 15th, 1851. His early years were spent on a New Jer.sey farm. He learned the carpenter's trade and became a successful builder. He remained in this business until 1882, when, in co-partnership with jMr. H. D. Stratton, he engaged in the manufacture of ice. Previous to that time there had never been an ice machine in successful operation, but Mr. Stratton had for a long time been engaged in perfecting a machine that was destined to revolutionize the business of ice manufacturing. It was completed and put in operation at Charlotte, X. C. in 1887, but after a short time des With mg courage these two men gathered their little earnings together and inventors, Mr. Stratton was laughed at by the incredulous, but he persevered and the result was all he ever hoped for. In 1885 Mr. Ware came to Jacksonville and established, in company with Mr. Stratton, the Jacksonville Refrigerator Ice Works, which has been a success from the start. These works have a capacity of forty-five tons per day, supplied with three separate and distinct machines. In summer they are all kept busy. They have other plants in this State at Pensacola, Waldo, and Cedar Keys, all in successful operation. Mr. Ware is public spirited, energetic, and progressive, has long been a member of the Board of Trade, and one of its governors. He was married in 1878 to Miss Nellie L. Wooster, the daughter of a prominent farmer of Litchfield, Connecticut. They have no children of their own, but have adopted little Nellie and Harry Keller, children of Mr. Ware's deceased half-brother, A lovely and interesting pair thejr are, and the pride and delight of their adopted parents. Mr. Ware has just completed one of the hand- somest residences in the City, at a cost of about $15,000. He feels additional pride in it because he built it himself, designed the architecture and superintended the construction. It is a home of comfort, elegance and refinement, and con- tains as happy a household, doubtless, as anv in the State. Mr. Ware's residence is brick veneered, with slate roof. The architecture is Gothic in the main, with original modern features. The dimensions are 38x74 feet. On the north and east sides are long, roomy verandas. The first floor con- tains the parlor, reception room, library, dining room, pantries, buttery, kitchen, and Mr. Ware's "den" or private office. The parlor and library are finished in polished sycamore with fine effect. These rooms have large, massive mantles with heavy ornamentation and tiled fire- places. The reception room is finished in birch. The main hall and stairway are finished in quartered antique oak, with wainscoting and grillwork, and are lighted by large bulged stain glass windows. All the styles and coloring of finish harmonize ^ delightfully and present a pleasing effect. The large open fire-place and massiv ;built. Like many other great W. S. W.AR} the hallwav are attractive features. The dining-room is semi-circle bay, extending almost the entire width of the room. It is finished in natural quartered oak and wainscoting. It has open fire-place and china closets. By means of large folding doors the library, parlor, main hall, and dining-room can be thrown into one large room. The "den" is finished in the famous Florida curly pine. The second story consists of sleeping apartments, bath r( cms, etc., with a hallway extending through the centre. These are finished in pine, except the bath rn( ms, which are tile floored and wainscoted, with exposed plumbing of the latest designs. On the east side opening from the second floor is a shaded veranda directly over the port-cachere. The building is heated with hot water, and lighted with both gas and electricity throughout: electric bells in the rooms. The plumbing is of the most approved sanitary methods of the day. The plastering is adamant. Besides the regular water works a force pump in the cellar sujiMics the house with rain water from a large cistern. The house is complete in every detail. MAJOR M. P. TURNER. Michael P. Turner is a nativi *^5% -#^ to America with his parents when he )ld. He was born m Cork in 1856. His n i860, and settled in Augusta, Georgia, icated at Pelot's Academy, in Augusta, Call, in 1S93. he was made Major 1 officer, with a fine .soldierly bearing, was he who commanded the troops ii of Ireland, but came was only four years parents immigrated Mr. Turner was edi where he received a good education, and afterwards gained a thorough business training, which fitted him for the impoi'tant duties he has since been called on to fill. In 1877 he went to Savannah, where he handled dry goods for three years, and for two years was engaged with the Southern Express Company. Coming to Jacksonville in 1882, he took a position as Claim Clerk with the Savannah, Florida cS: Western Railway Company. He remained with them three years, and in June, 1885, when the Florida Fruit Exchange was organized, he was elected its Secretary, and has held the position ever since, being re-elected from year to year. In this po.sition Major Turner has had opportunity for exercising those business qualifications which he possesses in so marked a degree, and he deserves much of the credit for tile uniform success that has attended the operations of the Exchange. He has always been an enthusiast in military matters, and entered the Georgia Militia when quite young. He became a member of Wilson's Battery, this City, in 1887, jciiniug as Fourth Corporal. After this his rise was rapid. The following \-ear he was promoted to Second Sergeant; in 1889, to First Lieutenant, and in 1890 he was elected t'ai^tain of the Company. Upon the resignation of Major f the First Battalion, Florida State Troops. He is an able .nd is ver\- popular in military, as well as business circles. It the riot of July, 1892. He was married in 1881. J. R. CAMPBEI Jeremiah Rockwell Campbell is He is of Scotch-English descent, and He was educated at the Elliot Schoi n November 26th, : ?ttlers of .Massaehu^ 827. jsl institutions kind in the State, and a very noted institution of learning, and afterwards at mercantile schools. At the age of fifteen he began his career in the hotel business, connecting himself with the Campbell House, in Boston, which was conducted by his uncle. This establishment, in that day, was the rendezvous of all the local celebrities of Boston, and included among its patrons such men as William Lloyd Garrison, Wendell Phillips, Governor Andrew, Vice-President Wilson, etc. , etc. Having learned the business, he branched out for himself as a restauranteur, in which he was successful. Having a fancy for agriculture, he tried farming for a few years, but in 1866 abandoned it and New England for the mure congenial climate of Florida. It was a great day for Jacksonville, as events prove, wlicn J. R. Campbell first made it his home; for from that time t" the present he has been a conspicuous figure in tlic City's development. The first thing that struck him on his arrival was the inadequacy of hotels at a point which he believed could be made one of the leading resorts of the country. He immediately set about to remedy this con- dition, and the result was the St. James Hotel, which, with the aid of some friends, he erected, and threw open its doors in January, 1869. It was then, and for many yeai's there- after, the largest hotel in the State, but not what it is to- day, for it has been gradiially enlarged and improved to its present magnificent dimensions. (See cut elsewhere.) With the completion of the vSt. James, travel to Florida received a new impetus, which has steadih- grown. Mr. Campbell was the first to introduce electricity into Jackson- ville, when he erected a plant in 1883 to light his liotcl. Subsequently he organized a compan}- to illuminate the City, which was accomplished in 1888. This was afterwards merged into the Citizens' Gas and Electric Company. He was also active in the organization of the Jacksonville Loan and Improvement Company, which did much in the devel- opment of the City. In fact, he has been active in all public enterprises where the advancement of the City was involved. He is a large land owner in Florida; at St. James City, mk- .I- k- c.^.mphkli.. Charlotte Harbor, Marietta, etc. He is a man of broad and liberal ideas, and is always on the side of progress: a man that is of great value to the community in which he lives. He was married at Chelsea, Mass., in April, 1856, to Mary J., daughter of Captain C. B. Wilder, and has three children, one daughter and two sons. CHARLES B. TOWNS. It is always gratifying to see young men taking leading parts in the aifairs of a community whether it be in business or politics, in the pulpit or the forum. Jacksonville has many such in each of these vocations. Foremost among the young men in business leadership is Charles B. Towns, State agent for the Penn Mutual Life Insurance Company. Mr. Towns was born in January, 1862, at La Grange, Ga., and is the eldest of seven children. His father, Colonel Oliver Towns, after the war removed to his plantation and sought to recuperate his shattered fortunes in agricultural pursuits. Like thousands of other southern gentlemen in that trying period, the struggle for him was a hard one, and his limited means prevented him from giving his elder children the benefits of an education other than was to be obtained from the common country schools, which were at that time very inadequate. As young Charles grew older he became his father's chief assistant on the farm, leading the hands and laboring early and late. He finds pleasure to this day in remembering that he could 166 pick more cotton and plough more furroiighs in a day than any man on the farm. On one occasion he broke the record for cotton-picking in his neighborhood, and won against all competitors with three hundred and sixty pounds in one day. That was a triumph that none but a farmer boy can fully appreciate, and though Mr. Towns has broken many other records since that time in other fields of usefulness, it is doubtful if any lias ever afforded liini more genuine pleasure than this first early victory. When Mr. Towns grew to manliood he decided that farm life was not congenial to his tastes, so at the age of twenty he came to Florida and settled first in Palatka. His only capital was good health, indomitable c^erg^•, and correct principles. His first work in Palatka was that of clerk in a hotel. At the end of one vear he went with the Jacksonville, Tampa & Key West Railway as check clerk, and in a few months was made chief clerk in the Palatka office. At the end of a year he was made the Company's agent at Jacksonville, the most important agency on the line. In this position he remained for five years, in which time the road grew from fifty-six miles to its present numerous lines and connections. During his agency in Jacksonville he had entire charge of all the Company's local business, and was held personally responsible for all the nmnerous employees at this end of the line. When he resigned it was with great reluctance that the Company parted with him, as liis services had always been so eminently satisfactory. In 1S89, on {[uitting the railroad business, he formed a partnership with Mr. Cmsby Hawkins, to conduct fire, life, and accident insurance. In this line he seems to have found his true vocation, and Hawkins <.\: Towns rapidly built up a nourishing business. P'rom the first Mr. Towns took a keen interest in the life feature, and at the end of a year the firm decided to divide the business, he taking the life feature and Mr. Hawkins the cithers. He at once secured the State agency for the Manhattan Life Company of New York, and his success was phenomenal from the start. After two years' experience in life insurance, he discovered that the Pcnn Mutual had many features of :tcr adapted to the needs of the dingly induced that Company to come to Florida, and he was made general agent for the State. After a year and a half his territory was increased by the addition of Southern Alabama. Few men have been more successful in the insurance line than he. In iSc):; lie wrote more insurance than was ever written before by any other Company in the history of the State. It was the second largest business done in the country that year by the Penn Comi)an\-, the first Vicing In' the general agent at Boston, whose territory included all New England. In February, 1894, he organized the Industrial Insurance & Banking Company, in Jacksonville, of which he is President, and Mr. Hcorge M. Nolan is Secretary and Treasurer. 'IMiis is the first introduction of indnstrial insurance into the State, and its success has been unusual and gratifying. At the end of the first live months the Coni])any had wrilleu over 2,500 policies in Jacksonville alone. Mr. Towns is a man full of energ\- and e!itcr])rise. lie leads constantly originates new plans and methods and inii)ro\es old ones. pushed with such vigor that opposili give his skill in the re- building of the city. He was closely identified there with most of the larger building operations, among which were the Coimty Court House, City Hall, and many large factories and the finer residences. He remained in Key A\'est for three years. In 1891 he went tn Chicago and opened his office in the Oxford building, where he remained during the building of the World's Fair buildings, in which he had his fair share until 1893. During this time .K'HN k. scott. wh.i.iam 1. acosi.a there were erected, after plans prepared by Mr. Scott, amongst other large buildings, the United States Starch Works, and the Women's Christian Temperance Union Temple, at Waukegan, Illinois, and in Chicago the large and elegant apartment building known as the Tolman, corner Fifty-ninth Street and Michigan Boulevard. Since locating in Jacksonville, in February, 1894, Mr. Scott has built many very fine residences and business blocks, some of which are shown in the cuts in this book, among them being the elegant residence of Mv. A. H. King, and the flats of Mr. W. F. Coachman, in Riverside. liiS In August, 1894, a partnership was formed between ^[l there are no superior architects in the State. Thcv movement to secure the large cigar factories soon t" have shown themselves to be public, spirited and encr family resided. He was educated in extensive travels, in which he gained settled in 1894. During the same }-e; resided here. He is unmarried. jrnandina, and tuok speci;i valuable fund (if e.Kpcricn he formed the partncrshi Mr. W. I. Acosta, than whom largcl\- instrumental in tlie icks(jnville, and in everv wav -, wild have gained a strong fnothold in the City which they are doing so much in build up. Mr. Sccitt is Superintendent and Assistant Architect (if the new City Hall building in Jacksonville. While in Key West he met and was married, in June, iSSb, to .Miss Mary i. Wcathcrfcrd, daughter of Captain Wm. Wcathcr- fonl, of the Havana and Key \Ve^t Steamship Company. They have no children. William I sad ore Acosta ! was born at ^ Cainesville, Fl .rida, in December, iSoi. He is a son of Mr. J. J. Acosta, of h^ernandina, where the .■ourses in architecture. After ■, lie came to Jacksonville and with .Mr. Scott, and has since HARRISON W. CLARK. Harrison Wadsworth Clark was b;irn at jack.sonvillc, April i6th, 1.S52. There are many distinguished names in the various branches of the families from which he is descended, some of which should here be mentioned: His paternal grand-mother was a daughter of General Elijah Wadsworth, a Captain of Cavalry in Sheldon's Regiment of Light Dragoons, Washington's favorite corps, in the War of the Revolution. It was three men of his company who cajjtured Major Andre and saved West Point. In the war of 1812 he was Major-General of the I'ourth Divisi(.in of Ohio troops, and after the ignominious surrender of General Hull, at Detroit, the command of the entire North-west territory devolved upon him. Wadsworth. ()hio, is named for him. He was in direct descent from William Wadsworth, the original of that name in this country, and from whose brother was descended H. W. Longfellow. It was William's son. Joscpli, who saved the charter of Connecticut, by secreting it in the famous Charter Oak. Mr. Clark, thmugli his father's maternal grand-mother, is descended from vStcphen Hopkins, "signer" and Governor of Rhode Island, a man of science and great learning in his day; who.se own maternal grand-mother, Miss Collins, was descended from Rev. Augustus Collins, of Middletown, Connecticut, who married Mary, daughter of Colonel Dixwell, a member of Cromwell's army, member of rarliamciU. and one of the Judges who condemned Charles I. Mr. Clark is ninth in descent from him. ( )f Rev. Augustus Collins' descendants, direct ancestors of this subject, his son, John, married Anna Le(.'le, daughter of William Leete, seven times Governor of Connecticut. His niece. Lorraine Collins, married Governor Oliver Wolcott, the "signer," whose son, Governor Oliver 2d, was in Washington's Cabinet. Roger Wolcott, late Lieutenant-Governor of Massachiisetts, was the great-grandson of Lorraine Collins. Two of Rev. Augustus Collins' nieces married respectively Governor Ellsworth and Governor Goodrich. General William B. Franklin and his brother, the Admiral in the late war, were also among his descendants, through his grand-daughter, Aris Collins. Mr. Clark's mother was a grand-daughter of Captain Samuel Harrison, of Virginia, a Royalist officer in the Revolution. Of four brothers, two were in the Royalist and two in the Patriot army. At the close of the Revolution Captain Harrison went to Yucatan, but afterwards settled on Amelia Island, in Florida, where the family resided through two generations. The Harrisons were English, and dated their titles from the time of Cromwell. Mrs. Clark's mother was Henrietta Roux, of Charleston, S. C, whose ancestor, a Huguenot, refugeed from France after the revocation of the edict of Nantes. She was married, in 1851, to Captain Henry E. W. Clark, of St. Marys, Georgia, father of Harrison W. This gentleman was a son of Judge Archibald Clark, a well known lawyer of Savannah, Georgia. His father came from England prior to the Revolution, and was an officer in the Colonial army. H. E. W. Clark was a soldier and politician. He removed to St. Marys, Georgia, when a young man and acquired properties in that State and in Florida. He served through the Mexican War as Captain of Company K, Thirteenth United States Infantry. He also served many years in the Senate and H(.)use of Representatives of Georgia. He also served throught the first Seminole War as Major, and upon the second outbreak, in 1857, organized a company, but ill health prevented him from taking the field. He was a generous, impulsive, and chival- rous gentleman, and in many ways a most remarkable man. He died in Jacksonville in 1857. Young Harrison W. Clark had a harder struggle than most of his ancestors, as the war had left the family almost destitute. He received his early training from his mother, who, with rare devotion, watched his growth and instilled into his youthful mind principles of honor and morality, which the many vicissi- tudes of an active life under many trying conditions could never eradicate or even weaken. He was about sixteen year^ H. W. CL.^RK. old when he decided to learn the printer's trade. He first set type on the Island City, of Fernandina, and afterwards on the Observer, of the same place. Later he came to Jacksonville and worked on the Florida Courier, a semi-weekly, published by Perry Brothers. Subsequently he and John D. Treadwell purchased that paper and made it a Democratic or-an, at that time the only one in the City. The strongest paper in the place was the Union, a Republican journal, which made a hard fight against the young men. and eventually crushed them, llusiness was dull, money scarce, and so they sold out and resolved t.. go to Texas. As he was on the point of starting west a business man, who appreciated his pluck and ability, made him an offer tn take charge of his sti>rc, which was so flattering that he accepted it, and thus was saved to Flurida one of tlie most useful and worthy men in the State. Pretty soon, however, he found himself in journalism again, as Assistant lUisiness Manager of the Union, and later as City Editor. It was in this cap.icitv that he received the first press dispatches that ever came to Jacksonville. For a number of vears he alternated lietwecn the various journals of this City; some were successes, and some were failures, but all of them bore the stamp of his able mind. He, with Mr. George F. Cubbcdge, established the first afteni.)on paper in the State, in 1S78, the Evening Chronicle, which was a success. Finally, when the fight was on i)etwcen the Union and the Times, he was Business :\lanager of the Union, and upon the death of Mr. McCallum, the owner, that paper passed into the hands of Charles II. Jones, who established the Times-Union. The brothers Ashmead then established the Florida Herald, an afternoon daily, and employed Mr. Clark and John Temple Graves to conduct it. Mr. Clark was City Editor and Business Manager. He and (Graves purchased the Herald soon afterwards, and it became a profitable enterprise. In 1885 he was appointed by President Cleveland Postmaster at Jacksonville. He was the first Democrat to hold that office for twenty-five years, This office necessitated his retirement from active journalism. For four years he filled the position of Postmaster most acceptably, and until removed by the succeeding Republican administration. He then turned his attention to real estate operations, and formed a partnership with Mr. A. \V, Piarrs. Rarrs cV Clark made a conspicuous success of their business from the very start, and became prominent among the pioneers of phosphate development, after the discovery n, I'lorida in i8()6, settlin lan received his edue; ilaeksmithmt;', under hi York of this kind was o He remained with hi i-e, when he started a ir\' MR. J. E. MERKILI .. f(jur years later, he a partnership under ther. The firm con- siness, in addition to up a flourishint;- Inisi- ness. This continued until 1887, when the Merrill-Stevens ICno'ineering Company was incorporated, and began business upon a greatly enlarged scale. He was made Treasurer, and Superintendent of the IJlacksmithing Department. Mr. r^Ierrill is a member of the I'.oard of Trade, and of the Masonic Fraternity. He is President of the Woodlawn Club. He was for a term Captain of the local Harbor Number 24, Masters' and Pilots' Ass(jeiation, and holds papers as Master, Pilot, and Engineer. He is a skilled workman, and an all- around active man of business, always ready to aid in pitblic enterprises. He was married in 1880 to Miss Perley Small, of Jacksonville. They have two sons: James Campbell and Kenneth Alexander, and one daughter, Helen Joanna. Alexander R. Merrill, brother of the former, is also a Charlestonian, and was b..rn Mav i.nh. 1801. He didn't do any work on Confederate gun-boats, unlike his brother, but he early contracted a habit for making boilers and doing general blacksmith woi'k, and soon became a inaster. As already stated, he f.irnied a partnershiji with J. E. Merrill, in 1880. and when the Merrill-Stevens e"onii)any was char- tered he was its Secretary, and Superintendent of the boiler-making department. The history of this company is recorded in the chajjter on manufactures. Mr. Merrill is a member of the Elks Club. Knights of Pythias, and Marine Engineers. He is a Royal .\rch Mason, a Mystic Shriner, and also a Master f^ngiueer. He was married in 1884 to Miss Eloise J. DeMedecis, of St. Augustine. .MR. A. R. .MERKl A. D. STEVENS. Arthur D. Stevens was burn in November, 1862, at Calais, ^I age, his father, Thomas H. Stevens, who was a shipbuilder, Jacksonville, where, in company with Captain Brock, he built the marine railway- now owned by Drew & Hazeltine. When Arthur was eleven years of age, he went back to Calais to attend school. After graduating at the High School there, he entered the Polytechnic Institute, at Worcester, Mass. He graduated from it, in 1884, with the degree of B. S. in mechanical and electrical engineering. He then returned to Jacksonville, and became superin- tendent of the Citizens' Gas Company, and, in addition, two years later, of the American Illuminating Company. He superintended the construction of the present electric station of these companies, until it was safely on the way to comple- tion. In the fall of 1887 the jMerrill-Stevens Engineering Company was organized, and Mr. vStevens was chosen Presi- dent. As the chief officer of this big manufacturing estab- lishment, he has distinguished himself as a business man of splendid attainments. He is a thorough scientific engineer, and complete master of his calling. He has never had the time nor inclination to seek political preferment, but was prc\-ailed upon t" represent his Ward in the City Council in i8()-. In Inisiness affairs he is more conspicuous. He is \'icc-Prcsi<:lcnt "f tlic River Front Terminal Company, which has fur its object the opening of a new street along the river bank, back of the business blocks on Bay. He is a director in the Citizens' Gas and Electric Company, and the Jack also Secretary and Engineer of the Florida Dredging Company, but lives with his mother in Jacksonville. aine. When he was two years of , removed, with his familv to MR. A. 1). STEVl onville Electric Light Company; Mr. Stevens has never married. C. (). LIVINGSTON. " The man for variotis arts renowned, Long exercised in /(i/7, O muse resound ! Charles Ondis Livingston is possessed of a peculiar genius in being a master of more arts and trades than most men, and in exercising them always to advantage. It is said of him that he can draw the plans of a structure, erect a house, make a bugg)-, or a shoe for man or beast; plough a field, plumb a house, manufacture a harness, congeal water for commercial and domestic purposes, double the value of property by the mere act of buying it, shoe a horse, or preach a sermon, all with equal facility. Most men, to undertake so much, would be a failure in all, but strange to say, he has been successful in all. Mr. Livingston was born in Contookville, New Hampshire, December loth, 1841, eldest child of Ondis Livingston, a native of Scotland, and Christena Livingston, a native of Sweden. His parents were married in the Province of Quebec, Canada, and soon afterward moved to New Hampshire, where they engaged in farming. At an early age the son was obliged to go to work to help support the family. His school education was confined to two winter terms at a country school of the most primitive kind. He supplemented this by having an open spelling-book beside him on the bench, wliile he pegged shoes during the seasons of ice and snow, being- his own teacher, and studying under dilficulties so great that most lads of his age would have given up all attempts at an education. Afterwards he learned the wheelwright's trade at ^Manchester, New Hampshire. In three years' time he became a thorough mechanic, and on leaving his employer, traveled as a journeyman. ( )f his war recoi-d Mr. Li\'ingst<>n is justly proud, for he served his country faithfully throughout the struggle. At the breaking nut uf hnstilitics he enlisted from Nashua, New Hampshire, and was sent immediately to Washington to help defend the Capital. Later he jninetl the Quartermaster's Department and accompanied Sherman's Expedition tn Port Royal, South Carolina, and was at the capture of that port and of Beaufort. At Port Royal Ferry, while in charge of the wagon trains, he ran into a masked battery and was slightly wounded. Subsequently he became attached to the Army of the James. He was attached successively to the Tenth Connecticut, Twenty-fourth ^hlssa- chusetts, and the Tenth Army Corps, with which he saw service in South Carolina, Georgia, Florida and Virginia. He helped to dig the Dutch Gap Canal before Richmond, and was at Bermuda Htmdred and Yorktown. At the close of the war he received an honorable discharge, and came to Jack- sonville togrow up with the town. Me has been conspicuously successful here, and it is said of him that he has built more houses than any man in the City, outside of contractors, and the City has to hustle to keep pace in its growth with his own. He is the oldest furniture man in tlie State, having entered the business in 1869. It is also slated that he was the first man to manufacture ice in Florida. But his fortune was made chiefly in the furniture business and in real estate operations. He also derives handsome revenues from rents .MR. c. o. i,ivi.\(,Mo.\. ,,j- himses and Inisiness blocks, of which he owns nearly fifty in thisCitv, and a number at otlier points. From 1S72 to 1879 he operated a line of schooners between Boston and Jacksonville, and also three steamers on the St. Johns River. He is a Mason, a Trustee of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and a warm supporter of all charities, irrespective of creed or race. He had a steeple erected on his church, and a bell placed in it; and has done many other charities. He was twice married. The first time, in September, 1885, to Roxine Arey, of Woodsville, New Hampshire, and a second time to ^Martha Johnson, daughter of C. B. Jt>hnson, Esq., of Dojdestown, Pennsylvania. The latter marriage took place at the World's Fair in Chicago, September 19th, 1893. Mr. Livingston has two remedies in every case to beat bad luck; industrv and economy; if they do not succeed it is because they are not properly applied. By their application he lias achieved the great success in life he now enjoys. HON. JOHN HARTRIDGE. John Ivarle Hartridge was born in Madison Ci>unty, I'lorida, in 1851. His falhei- was the late Doctor Theodore Hartridge, a native of Savannah, Georgia. Of him it has been said: " Doctor Hartridge was a man of noble and generous impulses, and broad and boundless benevolence. To him the burdened heart could pour out its sorrows, and distress prefer its suit, and many, very many, of the poor and distressed of earth have been made to rejoice because of timely assistance received at his hands. He was held in the highest estimation by all classes of the people, and of him it can be truly said that every ]jlace was made better by his presence, as he invariably commanded the most profound respect and inspired unbounded confidence." Mr. Hartridge 's mother was Miss Susan Livingston, of South Carolina, who still survives — a woman of rare Christian virtues, and just the mother to bring up worthy sons to useful citizenship. Doctor and Mrs. Hartridge moved to Jacksonville when their son was a child, and this City has been his home since, save during the Civil War. He entered the University of Georgia, and won the sophomore medal in 1S71, and gradu- ated as anniversarian in 1873, that being the highest literary honor in the literary societies. He has continuously practiced law in the City of Jack- sonville since his admission to the bar. He was elected to the State Senate on the Democratic ticket in October, 1894. He has canvassed the State in behalf of the Democratic Party in every campaign since the Tilden campaign of 1875-76. During the dark days in Florida, when political feeling ran high, and people were being arrested all over the State, and being brought to Jacksonville for trial in the United States Court, Mr. Hartridge defended them without reward, or the hope thereof, and his father, whose acquaintance was large in the State, was invariably the bondsman of all Democrats arrested for political offenses. In iS.sS Mr. Hartridge was appointed by President Cleveland I'nited States Judge for the Northern District of Florida, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Hon. Thomas Settle, Republicans being in the majority in the Senate, and Mr. Harrison having been elected to succeed ^'R- John e. h.^rtridge. Mr. Cleveland at the time of Mr. Hartridge's nomination, he was refused The appointment cpiently given Swayne, of Pennsylvania, mhrmation. ^vas subse- j Charles who had lived in Florida only a short time. He has served Jackson- ville as City Attorney, and was appointed Commissioner to the Paris Exposition, but did not at- ti.nil, Mr. Hartridge is an orator (if great force and eloquence, which lias been used with liowcrful effect on his auditors, whether in Court, on t1ic hust- ings, or in the Senate Chamber. He was married in .September, 1S80, to Miss Susan I'atio L'Engle, youngest daughter of F. F. and Charlotte J. L'Fngle, of Jacksonville. They have four sons: Julian, John Farle, L'Engle and Theodore. Their residence in Riverside, recently completed, is one of the hand- somest in the City. E. H.-iRl\RID<;E. AUGUSTUS G. HARTRIDG Ti) be a mtniber of the J; \ttorney at the age of twenty-fun: T. Hartridge, and it has probably :\Ir. Hartridf Tlieodore Har ;idgL nrn in Jack^ ind roll if H. ts cuunti , May - r. J.'.hn 1 of this luth Cai ^v c tfice ( 1 aistinction ; I •rpart in the hi th, 1869. He I-:. Hartrid-e. City in Jnne, honor that is thrust upon him ser and nerve him for newer and lireater achievements. ge of twenty-two. and State lit this is the record of Mr. A. •tory of Florida. s the yoiinoest son of the late He graduated from the High 1886, and afterwards attended the South Carolina ililitary Academy. In 1S87 he entered the law c tfice of his brother, Hon. John E. Hartridge. where he commenced the study of law. He was, in December of the same year, appointed to a United States Deputy Marshal- ship, which office he filled for several months, after which he returned to the study of law. He was admitted to the bar in Jacksonville in June, 1.S90. He then to(..k a course of law in the University of \'irginia, returning to Jacksonville in the autumn to begin the practice of his profession. In June, 1891. ;\Ir. Hartridge was appointed assistant to Hon. R. M. Call, County Soliciti.ir for Du\-al County, which position he tilled creditably. The same year he became a member of the Jacksonville Aldermanic Board, where he distinguished him- self as a ready speaker and a keen debater. Early in 1893 he was appointed State Attorney for the Fourth Judicial Circuit of Florida, which position he still holds. Un his return from the military academy at Charleston, he joined the local militia and was made Lieutenant in the Jacksonville Light Infantry, and afterwards promoted to Adjutant of the First Florida Battalion. He resigned on his appointment as State Attorney. For one who has held so many positions of trust and distinction in a career so brief, it is easy to predict a brilliant future. A gentleman of sterling- character and a liberal endowment of brains, each new •es but to stimulate him to a fuller discharge of his duties THE STOCKTON FAMILY. 'I'he Stocktons are of English extraction. The family, which, in point of desc the most ancient houses in England, is styled de Stockton in ancient Latin deeds. T is derived from two Latin words, Stock and Tun. The meaning of the word Stock is " stem of a tree," and.Tnn is a word signifying "inclosure." In a pedigree of the Stockton family, taken from an English history at a Briti find the name was written de Stockton in jjrimitive days, and, in later times. Stockti only change the name has undergone in eight hundred years, and is caused merely spelling of the original Saxon words. The Stockton family, ancient and patrician, in I-'ngland has been disiinguishcc of the conquest; and, in this free country, where •'worth makes tlic man," il ha distinguished since 1660. Their ancestors were anciently Lords of the .Man(jr Barony of ^hllpas. Stockton Manor is in the Town of .M Count)- of Cheshire, Ivngland, and was granted in the \-i. cut, rai he fami iks with ly name Je." the ^h musei n. Thi Sloe is. in n. whit L- Hum the re since II as been i held uni Broxtmi, ung lieu Besides Stockton Manor, there is a place in the Parish of Malpas called Stockton's Bank, and a dwelling place called Stockton Hall. In the Chnrch of Malpas are many of the Stockton memorials. One remarkable memorial was that of Right Honorable Sir John Stockton, Knight, Lord Mayor of London, 1470-71, was knighted in the field by King Henry lY. The coat of arms granted to the Stockton family has been borne by the family during many centuries of its history in England and America. The arms are described thus: "Gules; a chevron vaire, argent and azure, between three molette or." Translated, the last two words mean "the rowel of a spur." The crest is a lion rampant, supporting an Ionic pillar. The motto of the .Stockton family is " Omnia Deo Pendent" (all depends on God), and is founded on piety, loyalty, and valor. The coat-of-arms is registered at the Herald's College. Richard Stockton, son of John Stockton, and grand-son of Owen Stockton, of the Parish of Malpas, Cheshire, England, was born in 1606. He emigrated, with his wife and children, from England previous to the year ibbo. on account of either religious or state persecution during the protectorate of Cromwell, to America, and resided a few years on Long Island, at Flushing, near the City of New York. From there he removed to New Jersey. He died, leaving a widow, three sons, and five daughters. His oldest son, Richard, settled in Princeton, and, about 1700, purchased six thousand acres of land, of which the present Town of Princeton is nearly the center. The Stocktons were the first Europeans to occupy this land after the discovery of the country by Columbus, and still hold a portion of it. Richard Stockton resided, until his death, at an advanced age, in Princeton. He died in 1709, leaving a widow and six .sons: Richard, Samuel, Joseph, Robert, John, and Thomas. His fifth son, John Stockton, devised the family seat, Morven. John Stockton was one of the first Presiding Judges of the Court of Common Pleas of the County of Somerset, under the Royal Government. He was a man of education, wealth, and great influence in the early history of New Jersey, and was prominently instrumental in securing to Princeton the College of New Jersey. He occupied the plantation known now as Morven, which was devised to him by his father, Richard Stockton, Esq. He was the most prominent of six sons. He was born in 1701 and died in 1757, leaving a widow, four sons, and four daughters. These four sons, Richard, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, Captain John Stockton, the Rev. Philip Stockton (the great-grand- father of the Stockton family in Florida), and Samuel Witham Stockton, were all distinguished men. The Rev. Philip Stockton, who fought in the battle of Princeton, was called the "Revolutionary Preacher." He studied theology with the Rev. John Witherspoon, and received the degree of Master of Arts. He was a Presbyterian, and was ordained a minister by the Presbytery of New Brunswick, New Jersey, in 1778. He was born in Princeton, July nth, 1746, and Miss Katharine Gumming, to whom he was married April 13th, 1769, was born on the 6th of April, 1748. She was a sister of General John Noble Cumming, of New Jersey. The Rev. Philip Stockton was a man of fortune and influence. He resided at his home, Ca.stle Howard, in Princeton, until Ins death, January 12th, 1792, leaving a widow and five sons: Lucius Witham Stockton, John Stockton, Elias Boudinot Stockton, William Tennent Stockton (the grand-father of the Stockton family in Florida), and Richard Stockton. William Tennent Stockton, his fourth son, was born at Castle Howard, in Princeton. He married Anna Williamson, of New Jersey, and then removed to Philadelphia, and entered into partnership with his uncle. General John Noble Cumming. He resided at his country home, Roxborough, six miles from Philadelphia, until his death, in 1823. He left a widow, four sons, and three daughters. William Tennent Stockton (fatlier of the Stockton family in Jacksonville) was born at Roxborough, on October 8th, 1812. In July, 1834, he graduated at the United States Military Academy, at West Point, and subsequently did service on the Northern Frontier, in Georgia, and in the Florida War, gaining for himself distinction as a soldier and an officer. Resigning his office in the army, he removed to Florida and settled in Quincy, Gadsden County, and became a planter. " But so conspicuous was his military talent that again and again, and without solicitation, he was called by his fellow citizens, by election, and by appointment from the Governor, to fill important positions in the State. At the commencement of the late war Colonel Stockton, feeling that duty to his adopted State and his loved ones called him to the field, promptly offered his services and was appointed Captain in the Regular Army of the Confederate States. In a short time he was made Major and then Lieutenant-Colonel of Cavalry." He was detailed to muster in the service all the troops in I'lorida, and when his work in that State was finished he immediately went to the front. He was taken prisoner at the battle of Missionary Ridge and sent to Johnson's Island, where he was confined until several months after the war ended. " By education a soldier, by instinct a hero, he belonged to that race of noble men whose names adorn the historic page, and whose character added lustre and gave tone to the social life in the South. He was a typical Southern soldier, the incarnate spirit of the Confederacy. His handsome face and form, his lofty bearing, now towering in the forefront of battle, now falling back before overwhelming numbers, contesting every inch of ground until, finally, overcome but not conquered, victorious even in defeat, he hurled defiance in the face of the foe, breaking his sword and throwing away hilt and blade and scabbard as a token of an imconquerable spirit. Such a picture marked C<.ilonel William T. Stockton, the very personification of knightly chivalry." The above two quotations are extracts from the book, '• Dickinson and His Men." William Tennent Stockton was married to his first wife, vSarah Strange, in 1839. They had one son. named William Tennent, and one daughter, Harriet. He married his second wife, Julia Telfair, third daughter of Doctor Thornas Telfair, of Washington, North Carolina, December 23d, 1845. They had seven sons: Richard, Warwick Rush, Thomas Telfair, Guy Henry, John Noble Gumming, Telfair and George T. Ward, and two daughters. Julia Vipont and Mary Stuart Stockton. William Tennent Stockton died in Ouincy, Florida, March 4th, 1869, leaving a widow, four sons and two daughters, who removed to Jacksonville in 1870. Mrs. Julia Telfair Stockton died June loth, 1892, leaving three sons and one daughter, Mrs. Mary Stockton Young, widow of the Rt. Rev. T"hn Freeman Young, Bishop of Florida. THOMAS T. STOCKTON. Thoi las Telfair Stockton, iournalist, w lincy Florida, October 8th, 1853. He \\ Union. Mr. Stockton becamt the State, and was one of th whole South for manv years. born edu- cated at private schools and the Quincy Academy. When eighteen years old he commenced business life as a civil engineer. In 1S71 he connected himself with the Southern Express Company, remaining with that company for twelve years in various capacities, until he had attained the highest available place, that of Route Agent of the entire State. In 1883 he removed to Jacksonville to engage in mercantile business, in which he was eminently successful. But, not satisfied, he, with two brothers and a few friends, started a daily morning paper, the News-Herald, made-up by combin- ing the ]\Iorning News with the Evening Herald, already well established journals. In May, 1878, the first issue appeared. In 1 888 the business was transferred to a stock company, the Florida Publishing Company, and the corporation secured contracts of all the daily papers published in the City, and combined them under the name of the oldest and most successful, the Timcs- leneral Manager, and the ncsvspapcr the leading journal of • that shaped the policy and tlictated the sentiment of the Stockton, on Mav 16th. 1877, married Willie A. Lawton, daughter of Colonel W. J. Lawton, of Macim, Georgia. They have one son, Winb(.)rn, and three daughters, Julia, Mildred and Helen. John Noble Gumming Stockton, President of the National Bank of the vState of Florida, owes his success in life to his indomitable energy, courage of his convictions and honesty of purpose, both in personal and public matters. As President of the Board of Trade, and Chairman of Public Works, he left no occasion untried that would benefit his adopted City and fellow-citizens. He was also prominently connected with and aided in the building of St. Andrews, the Bishop Young Memorial Church, East Jacksonville. For a number of years he was one of the Wardens of the Church, and was also a member of the Standing Committee of the Diocese. He was born November 17th, 1857, in Quincy, Florida, and was married to Miss Fannie Baker, daughter of Judge James M. Baker, of Jacksonville, Fla., September 27th, 188,^. They have two sons, William Tennent and Gilchrist, and one daughter, Frances. Telfair vStockton, at an early age, developed a practical knowledge of business methods, which has been largely instrumental in his eminently successful career. He has been, and is, thoroughly identified with the growth and prosperity of Jacksonville, and through his keen insight in matters pertaining to real estate, of which he has made a specialty, he has induced many to make their homes in this City. He was born in Ouincy. Fla., January 31st, i860, and was married to Miss Florence Fitch, daughter of James Roosevelt Fitch, of New York, January 15th, 1885. They have one son. James Roosevelt, and one daughter, Florence. HON. J. C. (iREELEY. Jonathan C. Greeley was born at Palermo, Waldo Coun was an industrious farmer, but in straitened circumstances, and the son had not only to work early and late while attend- ing the district school, but also to earn the money during vacations with which to pay his board and tuition at New Castle Academy. His father was not only poor, but in debt, and it is indicative of the character of the son that he de- voted his first earnings, after leaving college, to paying off a mortgage on his father's farm. Soon after his graduation, ill health forcing him to seek a milder climate, he removed to Florida, where, with renewed health, he soon took an active part in public affairs, and was elected to the City Council of Palatka. During the Civil War, while outspoken for the Union, he remained a non-combatant. In 1862-63 he represented Putnam County in the Legislature, and soon after, having removed to Duval County, he was its Treasurer until 1876. In 1873 he was elected Mayor of Jack.sonville, and in 1882 he was elected State Senator. In the Senate he served with distinguished ability, his conservative and con- sistent course making him warm and valued friends, even in the ranks of his political opponents. So strong, indeed, was this element that Mr. Greeley was induced, in 1884, to be- come a candidate for Lieutenant-Governor, but .strong as was his personal following and general popularity, they failed to break party lines, and he was defeated. He was also, in 1886, a candidate for Congress, which, from the same cause, produced a like result. He was a member of the Consti promulgated the present Constitution of Florida. In 1874 the Florida Savings Bank and Real Estate Exch ty, Maine, July 6th, 1833. His father HON. J. C. ORKKI.KV. tutional Convention of 1885, which mge was organized, of which he was President for thirteen years, and until it went out of business. In 1888 the Land ^Mortgage Bank, of London, England, was organized in Jacksonville, with Greeley, Rollins & Morgan, as resident agents. It has a capital of $2,500,000. He is President of the Florida Finance Company, with a capital of S250.000; President of the Indian River Pineapple and Cucnanut Grove Association, which owns vast tracts of land on the famous Indian River, and in other parts of the State, including , Greeley, aside from politics, has always been piomment m public enterprises, and has e\ei taken \ keen interest m public attans He was one ot the oii^mil Tiustcesof St I uke s Hos pit U ot the I) micl Mcmoiiil • )iph ini.,t md also ot the JacksonMlle Public Librai\ \\ hen the Boaid ot Public Works was established m 18^7 he WIS m idc the hrst Chairm-m P'oi se\eiil \tais he held the lesponsiblt position ot I)eput\ L< Florida. Dui First \'ice-Pre t lutein il Re\enui .pidemic ot 1888 he Jersey. Mr. (ireeley comes of Rufus Choate, was buried on he last March. Some of his grand - long-lived famib eighty-seventh bi areiits passed the '.-, the dent of the Board of Trade. ( )f some men it is said that their friends arc among the best and int)st prominent people. Of Mr. (h-celcy, it is remarked that his friends include all classes, and that he is as ready to lend a sympathetic ear to the distressed laborer — white or colored — as to the highest in the land. Mr. Greeley has one of the most attract- ive homes in the City, in Riverside sulmrl), overlooking the St. Johns. He was first mar- ried, in 1858, to Lydia, daughter of Judge W. A. Forward, of Palatka, by whom he had one son. Mother and son were lost at sea in Oc- tober, 1S65. His second manMage was to Miss Leonora Keep, of Lake City, in 1867, who died in April. 1886. He has three children: Allan, who has just graduated from the L^niversity of Michigan, at Ann Arbor; he was previously graduated from Yale; Florence, now Mrs. I)r. James G. DeVeaux, of New York, and Mellen, aged fourteen, at school in Law-renceville, New . His mother, who was Sally Choate, cousin of tlidav. while her brother Rufus was ninety-seven .enturv mark. CAPTAIN W. y. DRISC William J. Driscoll was born at the village of Cold Spring, New York, just Point, August i8th, 1867. His parents were residents of Charleston, South Carol time of his birth his mother was on a visit to Cold Spring. His father, John J. graduate of West Point, and was First Lieutenant, First Regiment of Artillery, Unite Young Driscoll received his education in Charleston, and at an early age enten house of Hon. W. A. Courtenev, where he remained for six years, and received an ex' opposite West ina, Imt at the Driscoll. was a d States Army, .•d the counting .■client business ining. Mr. Courlenc\- was Su])ci-i 111 his resiii'iialion from that i)o.siiii .•ndent of tf Mr. Driscoll 181 Clvdi isiup l.in lie was Cleveland administration, to a position in the railway mail service, and all throug'h the Harrison administration, and became a route ag-ent in the service. Under Cleveland's second administra- tion he was appointed, in 1.S91, Superintendent of Mails at Jacksonville, which position he still holds, and is a most efficient and obliging- official. Mr. Driscoll was always fond of the "pomp and cir- cumstance " of a military career, and when he was quite a lad, he joined the Palmetto Guards, Company E, of Charleston. From a private, he passed through all the grades, and was elected Second Lieutenant, in 1892. He resigned from the Guards when he left Charleston, and had a brief respite from militia duty. In 1894, hovever, upon joining the Jacksonville Light Infantry, Company A, First Battalion, Florida State Troops, he was elected Captain 'of the Company, and still holds the commission as such. Since his election to the Captaincy, the Company has increased its mus- ter roll very considerably, and has gained much in proficiency. Captain Driscoll is an excellent officer, being a thorough tac- tician, and a strict disciplinarian. Under his command the Jacksonville Light Infantry has come to be one of the crack companies of the State. It is about forty strong. Captain Driscoll was married, April 22d, 1891, to Miss Fannie Flynn, of Charleston. They have one son, Courteney Drisc( ill, who is an honorary and star member of the Jacksonville Light Infantry. -intinued in the department CAPTAIN L. H. MATTAIR. Lewis Henry Mattair is a native of Lake City, Florida, where he was born January 29th, 1868. He was a son of Lewis H., a prominent merchant of Lake City, who con- ducted a business extending over the entire State. The family are of French Huguenot descent, but have lived in Florida for many years. After attending the Jacksonville schools, Mr. Mattair was sent, at the age of fourteen, to Dr. Porter's School, in Charleston, S. C, w^hich was then' known as the Holy Church Collegiate Institute. He remained in this institution till he was seventeen, when he entered the University of the South, at Sewannee, Tenn. He was grad- uated from there in 1889, at the age of twenty-one, with the degree of C. E. Returning to Jacksonville, he entered actively upon his profession of civil engineering in the Gov- ernment service in Florida waters. He also aided in the construction of railways, canals, and other engineering w..rk, and was one of the engineers employed on the St Johns River improvement, after Duval Countv had voted $300 000 for that purpose. He received the appointment of City 'En- gineer for Jacksonville in ,894, and still fills that position with great credit, and to the entire satisfaction of the public. Sewannee is a military school, herice his military training began at a very early age, and it was thorough. After hit return to Jacksonville, he joined the Jacksonville Li.^ht Infantry as a private. While he was away attending an encampment of this Company, he was elected Captain of the Metropolitan Light Infantry, of Jacksonville, which is Company C, First Battalion, F. S. T. He had a complete reorganization of the Metropolitan Light Infantry, and by his excellent discipline and admirable soldiership he has liroiight the company 11]^ to a hii^li standard of proficiency that is second to none in the State. It musters forty men, rank and Hie. Captain ]\Iattair was married December 6th, 1.S93, to ^Nliss ]\Iary Eagan, daughter of Honorable Dennis Eagan, of Jacksonville. They have one child, Lewis H. Mattair, ]y. J. M. DES ROCHERS. John Mowbray was a prominent di Des R jchel s was bo •ii in X V go )d s me re lant in N ew Y descc nt. a ■w York City, December 29th, 1S59. His father irk. 'Pile Des Rochers are of French Huguenot ul were prominent personages in France, the grand-father of this subject having been a General in the service of the Emperor Napoleon. On his mother's side he is descended from those celebrated English families, the Miiwbravs and the Howards, amongst the former being "Stout I'3arl Mowbray," of Shakespearian celebrity. John M. was educated in New York. His father died when he was ten years old, and he went to live with his imcle, Oliver Mowbray, a retired merchant. At the age of twenty he came to Florida, settling in Jacksonville. He shortly after- wards engaged in the saw-mill and lumber Inisiness. In 1883 the firm of Elliott & Des Rochers was formed to conduct the same business. This continued until Mr. Elliott's death in t8Scr\ in.s lia\-c fixed his popularity on an enduring basis. Aside from his extensive law practice and political in- terests, he has given some time to industrial enterprises, and is President of the Florida Fibre Company, interested in the development of the great fibre interests of Florida. As Mayor of Jacksonville, to which oflfice he was elected in July, 1893, Mr. Fletcher has been all that could be wished of a chief executive. Un- der his administration the City has prospered and grown as never before in its history. He is conservative, progressive, and just, deeply solicitous of the City's honor and fair fame, and unfaltering in devotion to the duties and dignities of his high office. He was married, in 1883, to Mrs. Anna Louise Paine, of Jacksonville, and has two children: Ellen Aeby and Louise Chapin. HON. DUNCAN U. FLE' CAPTAIN JAMES A. BRYAN. James A. Bryan is a North Carolinian. His father, John A. Bryan, was a prominent planter and politician of Duplin County. There on his father's farm, James was born, in 1853. The family settled in North Carolina about two hundred years ago, and there their descendants still reside. The Bryans were prominent figures during the Colonial period, and in the Revolution they fought stoutly for American Independence. They were among the framers of the first State Constitution, and on through the succeeding generations they have been conspicuous in the affairs of the Old North State. A sturdy, conservative race they are, modest and unpretentious, liut staunch in principle and unswerving in devotion to duty. James was brought up on the farm, where so many of America's greatest men have had their early training. The conditions existing,' just after the war, and at the time he was of school age, did not permit of his receiving an elaborate education, but such schooling as the country wherein he lived aiforded he received, which, together with night study after working 1S4 hours, o-ave him a f;i however, he left the anie a salesman in a he was attraetei l.v ta-es of Florida, and .r three years he was )od edueatinn. When he was twenty-one farm for Wilmington, where he 1 shoe store. After some 3'ears tin the fine climate and growing- adv in i.SS^ removed to Jacksonville. employed with A. Ames Howlett iSc Company, jetty con- tractors. He became attached to this business, and in 18S5 branched out in it for himself, and became a general eon- tractor. He afterwards became active in the development of the phosphate industry in Florida, and erected one of the first plants for mining it in the State, that of the Alafia River Pho.sphate Company, which is one of the best known. He was for two years the Superintendent for this Company, and got the contract for doing a great part of their dredging. In (894 he, in company with M. S. Cartter and others, organized The Florida Dredging Company, of which he is General Manager, with headquarters at Tampa. They take contracts for dredging all over the State, and in Georgia, and their ecpiijiment for rapid and thorough work is of the best. (.SV, I'lu- Florida I^rcdi-ing Company clscn'Iicrc.) He was married, in 1880, to Miss Anna B. Dolbey, of Constantia, New York. They have four children, two boys and two girls. His uncle, the Rev. Doctor R. T. Bryan, is the well known missionary to Shanghai, China, and is the youngest LL. D. from the University of North Carolina. walti^:r COxVCHMAN. Penins almost Very few men of Mr. Coachman's youth have held so many positions of prominence in a cf Trade. I'ew men, therefore, are entitled with So many interests, political, social cial, of Jacksonville and Duval County, as he, se bodies he is recognized as a leader. When he listen, and his opinions al\va\-s carry great they are based on common sense and good Mr, Coat'hnian is a South Carolinian, and has ackson\ille a great many years, but his rise has is undertakings successful, and he stands to-day ne of the foremost citizens of the comnninily. IS.". iks weigl :n rapid. LORRETTUS S. METCALF. Lorrettiis Suttun ]\Ietcalf was born in ^Mdiimnnth, Kennebec Connt}', Maine, (Jctober 17th, 1S37. He is descended from the Beare Park and Nappa Hall branch of the English family of Metcalf, of Norfolk County. The first representative of the family in this country was Michael Metcalf, of Norwich, England, a Puritan, who, being driven from his home by ecclesiastical persecution, sailed from Yarmouth with his wife and family on April 15th, 1637, arrived in Boston on June lyth, and settled at Dedham, Massachusetts. The father of the subject of this sketch, Mason Jerome Metcalf, owned a manufacturing business property Boston, and mill Maine, and the son passed his boyhood between city and country. He was fitted for college in the schools of Boston and Monmouth, but instead of entering on a collegiate course, continued with private tutors the .study of branches in the line of his taste. He subsequently received the degree of M. A. from Bates' College, Lewiston, Maine, and of LL. D. from Iowa College. Mr. Metcalf has always been a dili- gent reader, and early showed a taste for literary pursuits. When a young man he contributed cjuite largely, on a variety of subjects, to a considerable number of newspapers, including the Com- monwealth, the Boston Journal, the Congregationalist, the Boston Traveler, and Zion's Herald. vSub- sequently he edited a local weekly paper, published in the vicinity „k. asu .mrs. l. s. metcalf in their yacht "amie." of Boston, and then he became the proprietor and editor of five .such papers. When the North American Review was purchased b)^ A. T. Rice, and removed to New York, Mr. Metcalf became its Business Manager. He continued in that position for nine )'ears, and during the last five he also performed the editorial duties of the publication. In March, 1886, he issued the first number of the Fonmi, and for two years thereafter he again did double duty, acting both as Editor and Business Manager. Then he confined his attention to the editorial work exclusively for three years, retiring in 1891. Mr. Metcalf is an untiring worker, and attributes to this quality such measure of success as has followed his efforts. While engaged on his newspapers in Massachusetts he was accustomed ordinarily to give as much as sixteen hours a day to labor, and during his connection with the North American Review the usual length of his working day was fourteen or fifteen hours. He is very methodical in his habits, and of iinerring memory in regard to business engagements. The routine editorial work of the North American Review and the Forum was conducted by him with such system that it moved with the precision of clock-work. Though religious in his tendencies of mind, he has a strong dislike to dogma; and in social matters he is very democratic, having little respect for the claims of wealth and position, and conceiving that character and mental ability are the only things of real value. Mr. Metcalf is naturally a lover of adventure, and in his earlier days devoted all of his spare hours to wild sports, such as hunting, yachting, and mountain climbing. He has been thoroughly over the United States and Canada, has made several trips to Europe, and has met most of the men that have been prominent in public affairs dairing the past twenty-five years, lie is a member of the Century Club and of the Author's Club, of New York, and of several scientific and philosophical societies. The chief work of :\Ir. Mctcalfs life, and that by which he will 1)c remembered, has been the establishment of The Forum. The publication was founded for the purp.isc of -ivin;..;- an absolutely imprejudiced discussiim of important sui.ijccts. The fii'st annoimcement of the new re\'iew set forth its aims in the following words: "This publication addresses itself to the mass of intelligent jjcople. " It discusses subjects that concern all classes alike — in morals, in education, in government, in religion. •' It is genuinely independent, both of partisan bias and counting-room intluence. "It is constructive in its aims, presenting opposing views, not for the purpose of exciting strife, but in order to assist the reader to form wise conclusions. "It employs the best known essayists; and it also invites to its pages men and women connected with im])ortant business and social interests who have special opportunities for information." To this statement of its purpose The Forum lias stea Governor Mitchell a member of the Board of Education of the East Florida vSeminary, an honor both to himself and his Alma Mater. In 1887 Mr. Stillman m^. john k. stii.i.m.^n. was marled to Miss Martha C. Deyarman, of Orange Citv. They have three children. For one so young, Mr. Stillman has held manv positions of trust, in all of which he has acquitted himself with honor. For one who has started out so well it is easy to predict a brilliant future. Greeley, Rollins & Morgan, REAL ESTATE AND LOANS, OFFER FOR SALE LOTS IN RIVERSIDE AM) ALL OTHF.R l>ORTI()NS OF lACKSONVlLLE AND SURROUNDINGS, INCLUOINC ALSd 'aiiiisjIraiigeGrovesJ^lantationsJiiiiber/Hi!^^ IN AI^L PARTS OF THH STATE. ALSO LOTS IN GdMEZCIIiRTaiiiloiiJIIPITEIIISUl, ON INDIAN RIVER. RF.I'RHSLNTINC, THE Land Mortgage Bank of Florida, Limiieci,of England. We arc always nivpaivd to make Loans cm yood Heal Hstate Sccuiitv. CORRFSPONDF.NCH S( )I.ICITED. Greeley, Rollins & Morgan, no. 38 Laura St., Jacksonville, Fla. NEW YORK & TEXAS STEAMSHIP CO. ♦ (MALLORY LINES)— . . . TO - - - Texas, Florida f Georgia. , S. CONCHO (New") 3,724 Tons " LEONA 3,329 " " NEUCES 3,367 " " COMAL 2,950 " RLE EX — S. S. LAMPASAS 2,942 Tons •' ALAMO 2.942 " '• SAN MARCOS 2,840 " 5. COLORADO 2,764 Tons RIO GRANDE 2,566 " STATE OF TEXAS 1,696 " CITY OF SAN ANTONIO 1.652 ■ SCHEDULE OF DEPARTURES LEAVE NEW YORK Por GALVESTON, TEXAS, HvL-iy Wi^l. and Sat., -, r. m For FERNANDINA, FLA. Kverv Friday. ' rv m. For KEY WEST, FLA., Every Saturday. -, r. m. For BRUNSWICK, QA., Every Friday, -, v. m. FOR NEW YORK From GALVESTON, TEXAS, Every Wednesday and Saturday. From FERNANDINA, FLA., Every Tliursday. From KEY WEST, FLA., Eveiy Saturday. From BRUNSWICK, QA., tiuetinn ot these vessels, and then fine model, full power and EXCELLENT the enviable leputatioii they possess Passenger aLCommodations, both cabin iiy and thoroughly ventilated Nothing has been overlooked in th SEA-GOING QUALITIES have won loi and steerage, arc unsurpassed. State looiiis being above the mrin deek aie light assuring to the traveler the greatest de^iee ot coniloit attauiable Connections are made at all the ports at which these steamers touch with all railroads and steamboats. Through Coupon Tickets are on sale, and Through Rates of Passage and Freight are named to interior towns and cities, including those of California, Mexico, New Mexico and Arizona. No other passenger steamers run between New York and the ports named above. This is the Favorite Route to Florida. f^rvvi Sixtj-page Descriptive F>amph For rates of tVeight, C. H. HALLORY & CO., General Agents, Pier 2o, East River, and 362 Broadway, NEW YORK. ARTHUR SINCLAIR, Jr., New EnRland Agent, 306 Washington St., Boston, Mass. H. ricnURTRIE, Agent, Cor. Third and Chestnut Sts.. Philadelphia, Pa. C. a. OSBURN, Agent, 203 East German St., Baltimore, Hd. J. N. SAWYER & CO., Agents Galveston, lex. nOSE RAPHAEL, Agent Houston, Tex. C. M. HICKLIN, Gen. Western Agent Denver, Col. W. J. YOUNG, Gen. Southern Pas'ger Agent, San Antonio, Tex. R. W. SOUTHWICK, Agent Key West, Fla. CHAS. DAVIES, Agent Jacksonville, Fla. H. H. RAYMOND, Agent Fernandina, Fla. H. H. RAYHOND, Gen. Southern Agent Brunswick, Ga. John L. Marvin, H. T. Bava, Thos. W. Conrau, President. Cashier. Asst. Cashier. THE Merchants' National Bank ASTOR BLOCK. |ACKS(3NV1LLE. FLORIDA. CAPITAL $100,000.00. THE OLDEST EST.iliLISIIEll Ml IN EAST FLORIDA. NaTIONALI/EO llNE. I8C)0. Ti;m.s;iLts ;i GeiuMMl B.inkinii Business. Deposits Received. Discounts Mjde and H.\ch:intie Bought and Sold on Most Favorable i'enns. Collec- tions Made and Proceeds Proniptlv Remitted. Correspondents: Importers' and Traders' National Bank. New York. National i\irk Bank. United States National B.ink, New York. Resident Correspondents ot Brown Bros. & Co.. Dre.xel. Morgan & Co.. James G. Kings Sons. Kounls Bros . New York, and other prominent bankers issuintj; letters ol' credit. THE CLYDE STEAMSHIP CO. New York, Charleston and Florida Lines.'" NORTHBOUND. SOUTHBOUND. From JACKSONVILLE, Fla.. Sundays, Tuesdays and Thursdays. From CHARLESTON, S. C. Mondays. Wednesdays and Fridays. For JACKSONVILLE. Fla. For CHARLESTON. S. C. Mondays. Wednesdays and Fridays. Mondays. Wednesdays and Fridays. "ALGONQUIN." Capt. S. C. Piatt. "SEMINOLE." Capt. I. K. Chichester. "IROQUOIS," Capt. L. W. Pennington. "CHEROKEE," Capt. H. A. Bearse. "YEMASSEE," Capt. Joseph McKee. CLYDE'S ST. JOHN'S RIVER LINE, Jacksonville, Palatka, Sanford and Enterprise, Fla. AND INTERMEDIATE LANDINGS ON THE ST. JOHN'S RIVER. cksoiiville daily, except Saturday, at 3:30 p. m., and from Sanford daily, except Sunday, at 9 * >•' connection with all railroads at Jacksonville, Palatka, Astor and 3anford. Throuirh Tickets and Hills of Lading at Lowest Ra " CITY OF JACKSONVILLE," Capt. W. A. Shaw. Steamer "F. DE BARY." Capt, T, W, Lund, Jr, For further information apply to all interior points in Florida, " WELAKA." Capt, "EVERG-LADE," Capt. Creaser. J. A. LESLIE. Supt., Foot Hogan St., JacksonviUe, Fla. MARSHALL H. CLYDE, A, T, M, A. J. COLE, Genl Pass. Agei: THEO. G. EGER, T. M. WM. P. CLYDE & CO., General Agents, 5 BOWLING GREEN, New York. 12 SOUTH DEL. AVE., Philadelphia, Pa. McMiirray 's Transfer LVD JachsonoiIIe Lioery and Sale Stables, I j-2r Xcmnan Sfrccf Opposite Trcmont Hotel. Jachsoimillc i: lub ^hihlcs, ccfcsf Bail, Corner Ccc/iir ■Street. Horses, Biujcjies, 'Phaetons and other t^ehicles Consfiintly for Hire. Horses and Mules for Sate. 'l^odrdiiifi Horses .'f^< HECKMAN BINDERY INC. NOV 89 ■■^- .v-"