Class -JUGlAJJl Book __ GopyrightN°_ COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT ' ' - _«_ SICILY J Travel I Italy THE LAND OF WONDROUS BEAUTY, SUNSHINE AND ROMANCE A Country of Beautiful Cities Lovely Lakes Picturesque Shores Venerable Ruins Noble Monuments Treasures of Art The Standard Travel Ass'n of ITALY INVITES YOII to disc :ss plans for your European trip. It will as- sist you to arrange the most enjoyable tour the world affords. It will furnish, free of charge, valuable travel information, guide books, maps and literature through its Bureau of Information 389 Fifth Avenue New York Established for the benefit of American travellers, where you are cordially invited to come and see the splendid collection of pho- tographs and other views illus- trating the sights of Italy. Standard Italian Travel Ass'n 389 Fifth Avenue, New York italp for tfje ^ounsit £§>tanbarb Italian SCrabel 9^ottation has been organized for the purpose of promoting and facilitating travel in Italy. It will do this by informing the travelling public concerning Italy's unparalleled attractions, by assisting travellers in planning tours and by making the sojourn of visitors both pleasant and successful. Expert and Impartial Information on All Matters Relating to Travel in Europe. American Office 389 Fifth Ave., New York City Telephone 3628 Madison Square THE STANDARD GUIDE TO ITALY A Handbook of Miscellaneous Information for the Tourist I*.U 1912 Presented with the Compliments of the Standard Italian Travel Association Copyright 1911 by G. Fattorusso TUNIS MAP OF ITALY SHOWING RAILWAY LINES ©a a 30 a 2 es ROME. AURORA BY GUIDO RENI ITALY For the Tourist LI E who has not explored Italy knows but little of the delights of travel. Italy has ever possessed for the tourist a charm be- yond all other countries. A charm not merely of at- traction, but of persistence, often of compulsion; he who once comes to Italy, usually returns, and often remains in permanent and willing fascination. Although so much has been said and written about Italy, the half has never yet been told, nor may be told in words; the Wonders of Nature and Art cannot be fully expressed in mere signs and symbols, translated so to speak into a lesser form of speech. To be understood they must themselves utter their mysteries direct to the ears of the listener, display them before the eyes of the beholder, thus appealing to his heart with their wondrous voices. A TRAVELLERS 9 PARADISE. TTALY is literally a Travellers' Paradise; every city ^ and almost every little town is important either his- torically or picturesquely. THE STANDARD GUIDE TO ITALY During several centuries its people produced much that is grea" and even imperishable in Art and Science, its intellectual leaders gave a powerful impulse to crea- tion in both of these by revivifying classical antiquity. The treasures of Art on the soil of Italy are numberless; the number of petty potentates who held their courts in its various subdivisions created a hundred centers of inter- est for the traveller. There is scarcely a foot of Italian soil, scarcely a year of Italian history which does not call for comment from the historian or tempt the lover of Nature to linger in admiration. Is it any wonder, therefore, that in visiting these cities one's thoughts involuntarily recur to the history of the past? Indeed, the secret of their charm consists partly in the consciousness that these cities are connected with the earliest developments of European civilization; that there was scarcely any great epoch in the history of human culture but found here its theatre and its heroes. THE STANDARD GUIDE TO ITALY TO KNOW EUROPE ONE MUST KNOW ITALY. CINCE the dawn of civilization, when Trojans and Phoenicians first settled on its shores, Italy has been the meeting place and battlefield of the great powers of the earth; and it is no exaggeration to say that upon the result of battles fought in Italy oft times hung the fate and. future history of the world. Italy was the soul of the world and all were wooing her; she was the focus of all ancient culture, and this focus each nation desired to possess as its own. It almost seems as though Nature herself were anxious to protect this shrine of her beauties, for on three sides she has protected it by the sea and on the north has built a gigantic wall. The history of Italy has been important in every re- spect in its influence on the civilization of mankind. The country is one vast comprehensive university; nowhere in the world can one gain so clear and connected an idea of the origins of the Christian civilization in whose midst we live as in Italy. He who ignores the chronicles of Italian History can never comprehend in its full signifi- cance the wonderful story of the "Making of Modern Europe." A MECCA FOR TOURISTS. ITALY to-day is a prominent nation, and the modern- * ness of its cities only goes to add splendor to its natural and artistic beauties. Therefore, it is more than ever the favored shrine to which thousands of travellers annually flock, to find on her picturesque shores, her lakes and mountains; in her churches, her art galleries and ruins, the goal of their pilgrimage. Her extraordinary attractions being conceded, it is logically inevitable that a visit to Italy cannot fail to be THE STANDARD GtJIDE TO ITALY an intellectual recreation, and a life experience to be treasured in the memory for ever; it places one on more familiar terms with the great and good of the illustrious past, and the repetition of such visits adds materially to the constitution of a liberal education. VENICE. THE GRAND CANAL ON A FETE DAY Travelers find in Italy, in all seasons, charming and comfortable winter resorts, such as — Bordighera, San Remo, Alassio, Pegli, Genoa, Santa Margherita, Ra- pallo, Naples, Sorrento, Capri, Amalfi, Ravello, Taor- mina, Palermo . . . along the beautiful Mediterranean, where winter is shorn of its intemperance. Fascinating and delightful spring and summer resorts, such as — Stresa, Bellagio, Cernobbio, Courmayyeur, Vallombrosa etc. and Salsomaggiore, Lucca, Montecatini, Telese, Castellamare, famous for their mineral waters. Finally, Sorrento, Via- reggio, Rimini and Lido (Venice) will provide an added attraction for those who are fond of sea-bathine. THE STANDARD GUIDE TO ITALY THE BAY OF NAPLES The Gateway to "Pictureland" PHE wonderful Mediterranean coast offers no lovelier feature than the Bay of Naples — one of the mari- time gateways to Italy — and the approach to it by sea, has a fascination all its own. PANORAMA OF NAPLES Nothing can equal this magnificent bay for grandeur of scenery and panoramic views. Its banks with bloom- ing groves of lemon and orange trees; vine-clad Vesu- vius, grand, ominous and imposing in the background ; the hills of Posilipo clothed in myrtle, the islands of Ischia and Capri rising from waters of sapphire, present a truly magic aspect. For the sake of convenience of treatment, it is presumed that the tourist will enter Italy by Naples which can he reached very conveniently from New York or Boston, Egypt, etc., by steamer, thence after visiting Sicily, proceed north- wards to Rome, Florence, etc. THE STANDARD GUIDE TO ITALY THE NAPLES RIVIERA Z^NE of the most beautiful features of Southern Italy, ^^^ is the Parthenopean Riviera — the strip of shore-line which stretches from Cumae, the original seat of Italian Hellenism, to ancient Pestum, whose past greatness is evidenced by its wonderfully preserved Greek temples. The wondrous coast sweeping in graceful wide curves around the bays of Naples and Salerno is dotted wkh charmingly situated towns and romantic villas that look down on the soft and dazzling blue waters of the Medi- terranean, making that peculiar mystic union when per- fect land meets perfect water. And truly, what could be more attractive than Na- ples, Sorrento, Amalfi — those dazzling cities basking in sunshine, which lie like a necklace of pearls along the Parthenopean Riviera? And again, what an array of illustrious names are forever associated with these fascinating shores! Roman emperors, Pagan statesmen and poets; Norman, French and Spanish princes and generals; popes, saints and scientists of the Middle A.ges; poets, writers and artists * of the Renaissance. . . . All of which have contributed to shed a halo of historical romance upon these glorious shores bathed in the bright hues of the blue Mediterranean. NAPLES The City of Mirth and Song XTAPLES occupies one of the finest situations in the ^ world, at the base and on the slope of a range of hills which rise in an amphitheatre on the western side of the Bay of Naples. It is the most populous city of Italy and perhaps the most typical of Italian cities* THE STANDARD GUIDE TO ITALY The picturesque and busy otreets teeming with south- ern life, the long Toledo (the main thoroughfare), on which is displayed the magnificence of modern Naples, the wonderful drive around the bay with its continuous stream of carriages adorned with rank and fashion, the palatial hotels and fascinating shops constitute a picture of unusual attractiveness and places Naples amongst the great European metropoli of the twentieth century. Above all, its delightful climate, its azure skies, its warm and bright sunshine in winter and refreshing sea- breezes ,of summer, have given to Naples the enviable reputation of being an ideal place for residence at all times of the year. It is impossible to do more than suggest a few of the many attractions of Naples in this brief summary which does but little justice to its numerous beauties. Among the foremost points of interest are: — the National Museum with its matchless collection of art treasures — for the most part recovered from the buried cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum; the gorgeous chapels of the Cathedral, the churches of San Domenico and San Severo, and the elaborate Gothic tombs at Santa Chiara; the world-renowned Aquarium ; the old monastery of San Martino on the hill from whence the loveliest view can be had; the Galleria Umberto, the Royal Palace; the magnificent Via Caracciolo along the seafront which affords entrancing views of the bay. In order to acquire a memorable recollection or impression of this wonder- ful city the tourist should devote at least a week to visit- ing Naples. A word should be said in conclusion in reference to the hotels in Naples. There are a number of promi- nent hotels on the promenade along the sea-front. The Excelsior is a magnificent hotel, in a situation affording a most beautiful view of the Bay. It is a favorite rendezvous of rank and fashion. THE STANDARD GUIDE TO ITALY The adjoining Hotel Santa Lucia is among the best in the city and is well arranged to satisfy the needs of the most fastidious of tourists. See Advt. The Grand Hotel Vesuve has an universal reputa- tion for luxury and comfort and is one of the largest of the leading hotels in Italy. See Advt. Further on, the Grand Hotel under the same man- agement as the Hotel "Schweizerhof" at Lucerne, needs little recommendation. The adjoining Hotel Savoy is replete with every modern comfort and is as comfortable as any hotel in Naples. See Advt. On the hillside, the Bertolini's Palace affords a fine view from its terrace and balconies. The Hotel Britannique, though not as expensive as the best hotels, offers every comfort. The Grand Hotel de Londres is most conveniently placed in the centre of the town. The Hotel Isotta and Geneve, also located in the central part of the town, is well managed and very popular. The Pension Pinto-Storey situated in the best part of the town, commands fine views, is steam-heated, comfort- able and well managed. THE ENVIRONS OF NAPLES Italy's Beauty Spots THE PHLEGREAN PLAINS, the district west of Naples, from time immemorial has been a scene of tremendous volcanic activity. It was here that the Greeks first settled in Italy and the legend of Hellenic 10 THE STANDARD GUIDE TO ITALY traditions are most intimately associated with this region. The prosperity of this lovely coast has long since de- parted. Of the innumerable temples and palatial villas of imperial Rome only a chaotic heap of ruins is left to- day. But the islands and promontories, bays and lakes, and singularly beautiful indentations of the coast form the chief features of this scenery, which is perhaps without rival. A delightful and highly interesting excursion 10 this region can be easily accomplished in one day by car- riage from Naples. The chief points of interest are: — POZZUOLI, a quiet little town situated on the bay, was founded by the Greeks in the sixth century B. C. In ancient times it was the most important commercial city in Italy and the principal port for the traffic with Egypt and the East. St. Paul on his journey to Rome in 62 A. D. spent seven days here (Acts XXVIII). The Amphitheatre, the Solfatara (the crater of a half- extinct volcano), the Temple of Serapis are the most interesting sights. BAI/E was the most famous and magnificent water- ing place of ancient Rome and a favorite resort of em- perors, nobles and distinguished Romans. Of the im- posing temples and magnificent villas, nothing but fragments now remain. Noteworthy are: the Temple of Diana, of Mercury, and of Venus. CUM/E, the Greek Kyme, the most ancient Greek colony in Italy, is said to have been founded by /Eolians from Asia Minor in B. C. 1050. Cumae influenced the civilization of the Italian peninsula. All the different alphabets of Italy were derived from the Cumaean; and Cuma was the centre whence the Hellenic culture be- came gradually diffused among the aboriginal tribes. This city, which once boasted of great wealth and com- mercial prosperity, has fallen entirely into decay. 11 THE STANDARD GUIDE TO ITALY POMPEII, originally founded by Oscans, was at the time of its destruction in 79 A. D. a prosperous Roman town of 30,000 inhabitants. After its catas- trophe the very name of Pompeii died away and her place was known no more, until in the eighteenth century excavations were commenced and most of the ruins have been extricated of the ashes and rubbish accumulated during the seventeen centuries. To-day a whole antique city, which represents almost the only source of our acquaintance with ancient domestic life, lies before our astonished eyes; and the visitor in wandering through her streets, cannot help fancying that the population will presently return from some festival in the Campanian plains. Near the entrance to the ruins is the Hotel Suisse, a comfortable hotel with all modern improvements, well managed and thoroughly satisfactory in every way. HERCULANEUM, the ancient Heraclea, said to have been founded by Hercules; was a favorite site for the villas of wealthy Romans. It was totally destroyed by the first eruption of Vesuvius in 79 A.D. Subsequent eruptions buried it to a depth of one hundred feet of lava and ashes, and the modern town of Resina was built over its site. Extensive excavations have been made with interesting results, many valuable works of art hav- ing been recovered. CASTELLAMARE, is situated on a spur of Monte St. Angelo and is built over ancient Stabiae, which was destroyed at the same time as Pompeii and Hercu- laneum. The town extends more than a mile along the beautiful curving bay and has a busy harbour and dock- yard. Castellamare is not only a favorite summer re- sort, but owing to its healthy climate, its sea baths and mineral waters, is well frequented even in winter. The 12 THE STANDARD GUIDE TO ITALY Grand Hotel Quisisana, commands a most beautiful view of the bay and Mt. Vesuvius. THE CORNICHE ROAD, which stretches from Castellamare, for forty miles along the shores of the blue Mediterranean, to Salerno, is considered to be without rival for beauty and scenic views. The deservedly famous road is nearly the whole way hewn in the cliffs of the coast and frequently supported by viaducts nearly five hundred feet above the sea- leveL Smiling villages, each with its note of individual charm, are scattered all along the coast. It is difficult to furnish an efficient description of the attractions of this district without seeming to indulge in exaggeration. Here is the realm of the olive tree, which clothes the foot of the hills. Greyish-yellow rocks, silver-gray foliage of the olive, dark green groups and groves of orange and lemon trees; gaily colored villages, a graceful campanile here, a picturesque tower, standing solitary there ; a blue sky above, a blue sea below; a series of never ending enchantments— such is the character of this exquisite coast scenery, idyll follows idyll, but the most charming of all is Sorrento. SORRENTO SORRENTO, the ancient Sorrentum, already in the latter days of the Roman republic was frequented by the proud inhabitants of the capital who came to this city to enjoy sunny leisure. The Hesperian shores of Sorrento, its enchanted gardens, its blossom-filled groves upon steep cliffs, the intoxicating perfume of orange flowers, combine to make it a place of delight. In winter, spring and autumn Sorrento is frequented almost exclusively by Americans and English. Its situa* 13 THE STANDARD GUIDE TO ITALY tion, however, admirably adapts it for a summer resi- dence, and it is then a very popular resort with both Italians and foreigners and the scene of much gaiety and society gatherings. Owing to its topographical position, Sorrento is the great tourist centre and starting point for many attractive excursions; Capri, Pompeii, Amalfi, etc., are all within easy reach. A week or a fortnight may be pleasantly spent roaming about the neighborhood. PANORAMA OF SORRENTO Its hotels are delightfully disposed amid flowering gardens or on a terrace overlooking the sea. There is a first class hotel here, the Victoria, set on one of these terraces from whence a series of magnificent views over the bay and surrounding country may be enjoyed. Back of the hotel is a most charming garden, elaborately laid out with orange and lemon trees and all the luxuri- ance of semi-tropical plants and flowers that the climate permits so willingly. 14 THE STANDARD GUIDE TO ITALY CAPRI CAPRI, the pearl of the Mediterranean, is an island paradise, an Eden as fair as the most faithful might hope to find; and its picturesque outline forms one of the most charming features in the view of the Bay of Naples. It would be impossible to paint a word picture of this fairy-like island, with its bold cliffs rising precipitously from the sea, its terraced hills with blooming groves of oranges and vines, the white sunny houses, all with flat roofs, the villas with their gay approaches, the magnifi- cent road to Anacapri affording a panorama which is wonderful in its display of color and, last but not least the marvelous Blue Grott, famous the world over. Here the Grand Hotel Quisisana, the largest on the island, is exceedingly comfortable and well managed, and affords a delightful winter residence. The garden, which in spring and summer is used as an al fresco dining room, contains a number of artisti- cally laid out flower beds. The Hotel Royal, also provides good accommoda- tion. Another good hotel — the Eden Molaro — has a beautiful view of the bay and is well frequented. From Naples to Capri a steamer sails daily from the harbour of Santa Lucia. Leaving Naples at 9 a. m. the steamer reaches Sorrento at 10.15, departs at 10.30, reaches Capri at 11.30. Departs from Capri at 3.30 or 4 p. m. according to season, re- turning via Sorrento to Naples. is THE STANDARD GUIDE TO ITALY POSITANO, a charming little town along the coast between Sorrento and Amalfi, is a convenient halt- ing place for travelers to and from Sorrento and Amalfi. The little Hotel Margherita, is prettily situated and provides good accommodations to visitors. AMALFI AMALFI, is most singularly situated, surrounded on one side by overhanging mountains and rocks, while on the other spreads itself the illimitable blue of the Mediterranean, veiled with the softest haze. The hills rise terrace-wise above the town, gaily colored houses, villas surrounded with orange groves and medieval towers are mingled in picturesque variety half- buried in the foliage of the vine. Amalfi once made laws governing Mediterranean waters and possessed colonies in the distant soil of Africa and Asia. In the 12th century it was a prosperous re- public possessing a powerful fleet and a population of 50,000; until the Normans subdued it and its importance declined. Amalfi to-day has a population of only 6,000 who carry on a modest trade of fruits. The old Capuchin monastery, the well known Hotel perched up on the hill, is the realization of a pleasant dream, for here one may pass his hours in perfection of leisurely comfort. The guests sleep in the cells of the old monks, and dine in the old white-washed chapel. There is the traditional cloister and the orange- and lemon-grove on a narrow terrace alongside the hotel on one side of which stands a row of white, plastered pillars supporting a roof of arching vines; from whence a superb view of Amalfi and the Gulf of Salerno may be enjoyed. 16 THE STANDARD GUIDE TO ITALY RAVELLO. The fate of Amalfi was shared by its neighbour, Ravello, situated on a high plateau, where the Cathedral, with its bronze doors, its mosaics and Nor- man sculptures ; the Palazzo Rufolo, a perfect Alhambra, recall the memory of its period of greatness. Here the cosy little Hotel Palumbo, the old bishop's palace, is one of the most delightful home-like residences imaginable. Its terrace-garden, which lies on the very brow of the mountain, commands a most fascinating view of the coast of Amalfi. The curious penetrating charm of this place, the marvel of its view across the fabled sea, appealed so strongly to the most romantic spirit of our generation that Richard Wagner, signing his name in the visitors' book of the Hotel Palumbo, added the words, " Klingsor s Zaubergarten ist gefunden." CAVA, is another convenient halting place for travelers in this beautiful region. Here the Hotel de Londres, a quiet and- comfortable house is greatly ap- preciated by its patrons. SALERNO. The town of Salerno, which gives the name to its gulf, stands in its inmost corner and is the terminal point of the Corniche Road. In the Middle Ages it attained a high degree of prosperity, besides en- joying a European reputation for its School of Medicine. Pope Gregory VII. is buried in the Cathedral here. The Cathedral here contains the tomb of pope Gre- gory VIL, one of the greatest men, a reformer, almost 17 THE STANDARD GUIDE TO ITALY a martyr, dead in exile, as he said himself, because he loved justice. Hotel d'Angleterre good. TEMPLES OF PESTUM P/ESTUM, the Poseidonia of the Greeks, was founded five hundred years before Christ by a Sybarite colony. The city to-day has disappeared from the earth, only the magnificent lines of columns in the three Doric temples remaining to testify to the greatness of its past. It is impossible to imagine a higher effort of man's creative genius than in these temples, which seem to be built for eternity. 18 THE STANDARD GUIDE TO ITALY SICILY The "Sunny South" PHE climate of Sicily is one of the finest in Europe. m B Here the sun is different from that of even the warmest parts of the Continent ; the soil and configuration of the land are different, the vegetation far more luxuriant than even that of Naples and often wonderfully varied within quite narrow limits of space. Winter scarcely touches the island. In the evergreen valleys the roses bloom the year round; in this wonderland all Nature is magnificent, lavish, prodigal Sicily possesses an abundance of splendid ruins and presents to historians and archaeologists a field the more tempting since it has been so little tilled, and a new world to travellers who delight in the romantic and the pic- turesque. Nowhere else in Europe (within the limits of so small a territory) are there to be seen so many well preserved specimens of the work of the master builder of ancient and medieval times. Indeed, there are more ruins of Greek temples in the island of Sicily than are to be found n the Peloponnesus or in all Greece besides. It has been well said that "Sicily is the Archaeologi- cal Museum of Europe" ; for in Sicily are to be seen the caves of the cliff-dwellers; fragments of cyclopean struc- tures reared by prehistoric builders; foundations of walls laid by Phoenicians and Carthaginians; temples, theatres and fortresses of Greek construction; bridges, aqueducts and amphitheatres erected by Roman engineers; remains of edifices built by Byzantine architects; mosques and towers of Saracenic origin; while of Norman churches, castles, palaces, who can tell the number or describe their magnificence? 19 PALERMO. THE CATHEDRAL PALERMO The City of Beauty and Sunshine DALERMO is the capital of Sicily, and its largest city. It lies fronting a beautiful bay and encircled by mountains; the plain enclosed by a semicircle of hills, is named from its singular form and luxuriant fertility, the "Conca d'Oro," the Golden Shell; and within this shell lies Palermo like a splendid pearl. Besides the natural beauties, the true splendour of Palermo, that which makes the city one of the most glorious in the south, is to be sought in its churches. The principal are: the Cathedral, La Martorana and the Cappella Palatina, built in the XI century in the Arabic-Norman style. These two latter churches with their mosaic decorations, are perfect gems of medieval art, perhaps the most beautiful chapels in the world. The Museum and the Catacombs should be also visited, as well as the various villas, which are adorned with fragrant gardens and tropical vegetation. 20 THE STANDARD GUIDE TO ITALY A very charming excursion can be made to the Ca- thedral of Monreale, whose walls are entirely covered with splendid mosaics. The Grand Hotel "Villa Igiea" is magnificently sit- uated facing the bay, and stands in spacious and beau- tifully laid out private gardens. The hotel is replete with every modern comfort and is the rendezvous of fashionable Society visiting Palermo. The Excelsior has been recently opened and affords comfortable quarters. TAORMINA A Veritable Fairyland TTAORMINA is a spot of infinite loveliness, the land of Dolce Far Niente, set as a resting place amid the stress and turmoil of the world. The town lies in an elevated position of wonderful, almost unique beauty; affording magnificent views com- bining sea and sky of a marvelous blue, miles of curving coast line and picturesque mountain scenery, while the majestic pyramid of Mount Etna on one side constitutes a scene of indescribable charm and beauty. As a winter resort, Taormina has no peer, a number of hotels attractively situated afford desirable and reason- ably priced accommodations. The Hotel San Domenico, is beautifully situated on the brow of the mountain. Like Amalfi, this is an old monastery, and guests sleep in the old monks' cells. The Hotel Castello a Mare, also enjoys a magnifi- cent position and affords comfortable accommodations* 21 THE STANDARD GUIDE TO ITALY SYRACUSE C YRACUSE was for several centuries, the greatest city in the world, and its historic significance is only sur- passed by few other cities. In ancient times the town is said to have contained over a million of inhabitants, to-day it has a population of only twenty-five thousand. In the Latomie del Paradiso, a quarry hewn in the rock to a depth of over one hundred feet, is the renowned ear of Dionysius, which possesses extraordinary acustic properties. Here the Hotel Villa Politi offers good accommoda- tion to visitors. GIRGENTI PHE site of Girgenti, spreading its walls far and wide, was one of the stateliest on which any city was ever planted. Girgenti was the second city of Sicily in point of population, but first in point of wealth during the Hellenic period. To-day only the temples remain to testify to the greatness of its past. The ruins of the Greek temples at Girgenti are the most majestic in the ancient Hellenic world. Among others, the glorious Temple of Concord is the best pre- served and is probably the best specimen of Doric archi- tecture in existence. Hotel des Temples, quite good. MESSINA 1WTESSINA, which was founded in the VII century B.C., was beautifully situated on a natural amphi- theatre at the foot of the Aspromonte mountain range, and was a prosperous town of nearly two hundred thou- sand inhabitants before the recent earthquake disaster of Dec. 28, 1 908, totally destroyed it. The town is now being rapidly rebuilt, because its harbour is too valuable to be abandoned. The Grand Hotel here, affords good accommodations. 22 ROME. ST. PETER S ROME The "Eternal City" D OME, for many centuries the undisputed mistress of the world, the supreme and eternal city, the seat of Empire and Christendom, the home of the conqueror, the greatest human center of power and influence: owes its mystery, its charm to six-and-twenty centuries of the most extraordinary history of antiquity, mostly filled with battle, conquest, power and splendor. Its story is the most splendid romance in history; from a sheepfold it grew into a town, from a town to a walled city, then to a little nation, a kingdom, a republic, an empire. . . and so Rome grew, grew. . . Other cities, Menphis, Babylon, Nineveh have disappeared: but Rome still lives and moves more joyous than ever. Greatness, beauty and eternity are stamped upon all the works of the Eternal City. The ruins of Rome may be compared to a broken mirror whose fragments and splinters still reflect the colos- sal images of heroes and nations in glory and splendor, in devastation and decay. 23 THE STANDARD GUIDE TO ITALY After patient gazing, these venerable ruins com- bine themselves into a whole, ! the colossal images are united into one vast world-picture, so ablaze with glory thatMne soul is filled with awe and wonder, and even^the eyes of the wisest ate dazzled. The ancient and the modern are inextricably min- gled" ip Rome; she is no longer a city of antiquity, beau- tiful and idle, she is still an ancient city but young blood is stirring in her veins. ^ In its modernness, Rome is as cosmopolitan and beau- tiful as Paris; there are splendid boulevards bordered by trees, magnificent parks and good theatres. Society in Rome has come to be very cosmopolitan too, and one meets people of culture and distinction from all over the world. The myriad attractions of Rome are too well known and cannot be cited here by name; the foremost are: St. Peter's, the Vatican, the Roman Forum, the Palatine, the Capitoline, the Colosseum, the Pantheon, the Castle Sant'Angelo, the Catacombs, St. John in Lateran, Santa Maria Maggiore, St. Paul outside-the-Walls, the Na- tional Museum, the Borghese Gallery, etc., etc. Rome is considered to be one of the healthiest and pleasantest residences for strangers. The Eternal City certainly possesses to perfection one of the conditions of health, having a supply of pure water unsurpassed, if equaled, the world over. The city is splendidly drained ; the plumbing of the Roman hotels and all the newest buildings is according to the most modern requirements, while the arrangements of the older residences, though humble, are entirely safe. The winter is quite mild, snow, ice and frost being almost unknown. Rome possesses a number of splendid hotels which rank with the best in Europe. The Bristol Hotel, adjoining the Barberini Palace, is universally acknowledged to be among the best in Eu- 24 THE STANDARD GUIDE TO ITALY rope. The hotel is one of the oldest established in Rome, and has only recently been entirely renovated, so that it is fully equipped with every modern comfort. The cuisine is distinctly high-class and maintains the reputation of the hotel at its highest point. The Palace Hotel, opposite Queen Margherita's Pal- ace, was recently enlarged and most luxuriously furnished. It is magnificently situated in the most elegant and quiet- est part of Rome and gives a home-like welcome to the visitor desirous of restful and refined surroundings. The Excelsior, adjoining the Queen's Palace, is un- questionably one of the finest hotels in Italy and is the rendezvous of fashionable Society visiting Rome. Opposite the Excelsior is the Regina Hotel, another fine establishment providing all that is required as regards situation, comfort and luxury. Near by is the Hotel Beau Site, a well known Fam- ily Hotel with every modern comfort and, owing to its position, with a beautiful view over the town and the Campagna. The Hotel de Russie, near the Public Gardens, is exceedingly comfortable and cosy and leaves nothing to be desired. The Grand Hotel Quirinal, under Swiss manage- ment, is very popular and quite comfortable from every point of view. The Elisee Hotel, in the Via Pinciana, lately opened, is a comfortable house with all modern improvements and affords accommodation at reasonable rates. The Hotel d'Angleterre, conveniently situated near the Piazza di Spagna, is under American management and affords comfortable home-like accommodations at moderate prices, 25 THE STANDARD GUIDE TO ITALY THE ENVIRONS OF ROME /^\NE can have no complete idea of Roman life with- ^^ out an acquaintance with the "Environs of Rome,'* which still retain most of their characteristics of his- toric times. The Campagna, with its aqueducts, fabled the Alban and Sabine Hills, the Catacombs and the Ap- pian Way adorned by remains of what were once splen- did tombs are still classic ground. FRASCATI, was Rome's patrician suburb, and to- day is the resort of many excursionists from Rome. Frascati's villas and palaces cannot be catalogued here, its chief architectural glories are the Villa Aldobrandini and the Villa Conti. The Grand Hotel Frascati, is quite good and well managed. TIVOLI, a town of great antiquity, during the im- perial period was a favorite summer residence of Roman nobles, many of whom built beautiful villas here. The town is charmingly situated on a hill, overlooking the Campagna. Tivoli's greatest attractions are: the Water- falls, the Villa d'Este, one of the finest of the Renais- sance period, and Hadrian's Villa which has supplied many a Roman museum with its works of art. The Hotel Sirene, overlooking the Waterfalls, is charmingly situated and affords good accommodations at moderate prices. 26 ORVIETO. THE CATHEDRAL ORVIETO And Its Wonderful Cathedral /^RVIETO is built upon an isolated volcanic rock, ^ probably the site of an Etruscan city. In the mid- dle ages it was a great stronghold, and several popes found refuge within its walls. The celebrated Cathedral, a magnificent edifice of Gothic architecture, the construction of which required nearly 300 years, has a facade gorgeously adorned with 27 THE STANDARD GUIDE TO ITALY sculptures and mosaics which constitute one of the largest and most gorgeous polychrome in the world. Amongst other interesting sights are: the Fortress, the Amphitheatre and the famous well of St. Patrick. Here the Palace Hotel affords visitors very good accommodations. PERUGIA The Cradle of Umbrian Art D ERUGIA rising in the midst of the most glorious vegetation, is the empress of hill-set Italian cities. From its unique situation can be enjoyed the most mag- nificent panorama imaginable. Perugia was the home of an eminent school of paint- ing which raised Art to an insuperable height. A number of attractive excursions can be made from Perugia, the most important is the one to the "Ipogeo dei Volumni" which is the most interesting Etruscan-Roman sepulchre to be seen anywhere. The principal attractions are: the Palazzo Publico, the Collegio del Cambio, the Cathedral and the church of San Pietro. The Palace Hotel, situated in the most elevated part of the town, is thoroughly first class and very comfort- able in every respect. It has spacious, airy rooms and apartments with private baths and is up-to-date in every respect. See Advt. Another good hotel — the Brufani — commands charming views of the Umbrian valley. ASSISI The Land of Mysticism A SSISI, the birthplace of St. Francis who founded ** the religious order, is deservedly the popular shrine that it is. The city of mysticism is loved by men of all creeds, who recall the story of the holy man, who, with 28 THE STANDARD GUIDE TO ITALY poverty as a garment trod his long way succouring the poor. Immense antiquity is suggested by everything around: Etruscan tombs, Roman temples, convents and churches. The place is also a favorite with artists, who realize that here is to be found some of Art's most beau- tiful creations. The Hotel Subasio is charmingly situated overlook- ing the valley and efficiently managed by its proprietor. SIENA f~\ F all the towns of Tuscany, none is more celebrated ^^^ than Siena. As a city it is a typical representative of those numerous Italian towns, whose origin is buried in remote antiquity. In art as in history, Siena played a prominent part in the Middle Ages. The three most striking objects of interest in Siena, maintain the character of medieval individuality by which the town is marked. The Palazzo Pubblico, a huge Gothic structure of travertine and brick whose graceful tower rises to a height of 335 feet. The Cathedral is the most purely Gothic of all Italian churches ; it is built wholly of marble and overlaid inside and out with florid ornaments of exquisite beauty. The House of St. Catharine, who prevailed upon Pope Gregory XL (1377) to restore the papal throne from Avignon to Rome. The Grand Hotel Continental, is very central and a most comfortable hotel, heated by hot-air; with private baths and good cuisine. 29 Tftfc STANDARD GUIDE TO ITALY A charming excursion may be made from Siena to San Gimignano, in the Valley of the Elsa. This singu- lar town with its towers and Gothic edifices built of huge blocks of stone and having pointed arches to their windows still retains a medieval aspect. SIENA. THE CATHEDRAL 30 3- — ^^SpfT 1 ^ 3 ^ 5 | .^^^J:^^ ^^^^^^^^ffmg^^^^f- 'v~^*^i PANORAMA OF FLORENCE FLORENCE The City of Flowers U 1 LORENCE is one of the world's handsomest cities and well deserves the touching epithet of "La Bella." Its situation in the plain on both sides of the Arno, surrounded by hills whose slopes are adorned by nature and art, is one of exquisite beauty. Favored by its moderate and healthy climate, Florence has ever been beloved by citizens and strangers alike; hence the fact that many of her visitors have built themselves houses and villas and have become regular residents for a great portion of the year. The city is complete in itself, lively but not too crowd- ed; everywhere a taste for elegant and joyous beauty declares itself. In the history of Art, Florence ranks foremost among the cities of Europe and is called the Athens of modern times. In Florence began the Renaissance which spread over Italy and Europe. The Art treasures of Florence are countless, its gal- leries are full of the greatest works of the greatest paint- 31 THE STANDARD GUIDE TO ITALY ers in the world; while the monuments, palaces and pub- lic places perpetrate many famous historical or literary reminiscences. Hence, the educational value of Florence is something unique, exceptional. It is the one place where one can get a full and connected view of the growth of the arts in Modern Italy. It is obviously impossible to describe here the numer- ous attractions which Florence possesses, the foremost are : the Piazza della Signoria, the Palazzo Vecchio, the Ca- thedral, Giotto's Campanile, the Baptistry, the Uffizi and Pitti Galleries, the Academy, Santa Maria Novella, San Marco, Santa Croce, San Miniato, the Ponte Vec- chio, etc. There are also numerous pleasant drives, generally thronged with promenaders In the afternoon and evening; such as the Viale dei Colli, the Cascine and the road to Fiesole. Florence is a city of hotels, the best situated are those on the Lungarno. The "Grand" is one of the best, with spacious com- fortable rooms overlooking the river; steam-heated and well managed. The Hotel Italie, though not as expensive as the best hotels is, nevertheless, thoroughly first class in every way. The Bristol, is very home-like, pleasant and well frequented. The "Grande Bretagne" is another first class hotel of the best type and a desirable winter residence. Aside from the hotels, there is a number of Pensions in the city to suit all purses : the Pension Constantin, Via Monte- bello; the Villa Trollope, Piazza Indipendenza are among the best. A charming excursion can be made to Vallombrosa, which is about forty miles to the southeast of Florence on the Apennines and is the mountain resort of Italian society in the summer time. 32 PISA. THE CATHEDRAL, BAPTISTRY AND THE CAMPANILE PISA And the Marvellous Tower T N the Middle Ages Pisa was one of the greatest Re- publics of the Mediterranean rivaling with Genoa and Venice for prominence. It lost its political and commer- cial importance by being conquered by Florence in 1509. Everything in Pisa tells of a glorious past and of de- parted splendor; its greatness left a stamp for all time on the glorious cluster of marble buildings about the Duomo. Indeed there are few edifices in the world so complete in their effect, so impressive at first sight, and of such increasing interest upon longer acquaintance as the Cathedral and its Baptistry, the Campo Santo and the Leaning Tower. The contrast between the color of the buildings and the sky is beautiful. Pisa possesses also a mild and healthy climate, and is well adapted for a winter residence. The Hotel Victoria and the Nettuno are amongst the best in the city. VIAREGGIO, is a pleasant winter and summer resort by the sea, 14 miles from Pisa, well frequented and with comfortable hotels: Grand Hotel Regina. 33 THE STANDARD GUIDE TO ITALY BOLOGNA The Remarkable City TJOLOGNA is, taking its history, its present day pros- perity and its still existing medieval monuments into consideration, the most impressive and imposing of all the secondary Italian cities. The influence of the ecclesiastical power in Bologna is displayed in the numerous churches which are dis- tinguished not only by important works of art, but also by their enormous dimensions. The leaning brick towers are the most remarkable structures ever erected. The streets are in straight lines intersecting at right angles. Almost all the houses have arcades so that it is possible to walk for miles without being exposed to sun or rain. This architecture gives the town a unique appear- ance. The principal attractions are: San Petronio, San Domenico, Santo Stefano, the Academy, etc. The Hotel Brun, is one of the most comfortable ho- tels in Italy, well managed and replete with every com- fort. RAVENNA ID AVENNA was the ancient capital of the Occidental Roman Empire, and here alone one can trace in full the long decline of the mighty nation. Ravenna is the home of the classic typical Christian architecture, here one can note how the classical spirit merges by degrees into the barbaric and medieval or rises once more into Byzantine formalism. The tomb of the Gothic king Theodoric and Galla Placidia and that of Dante; the Basilica of St. Apollinare, San Vitale, the Mausoleum of Theodoric are almost unique amongst the monuments of the world. Here the well known Hotel Byron, affords comfort- able quarters. 34 THE STANDARD GUIDE TO ITALY PARMA TN the Middle Ages Parma was the capital of the duchy of the same name. The city has a series of beautiful churches, the Cathedral is one of the finest Gothic edifices in Italy, and is renowned in the history of art through the bright pictures of Correggio. SALSOMAGGIORE C ALSOMAGGIORE, a pretty town lying in the val- ^ ley between Piacenza and Parma, famous for its strong saline and sulphurous springs, has recently come into favor with fashionable society through the establish- ment of the Grand Hotel des Thermes, an excellent and comfortable hotel under Swiss management. FERRARA The City of Romance /^\F all the romantic Renaissance towns of Italy none ^ have a more potent attraction than Ferrara. And though its interest is entirely of the pasv, when the House of Este ruled here, and when its court was the most brilliant in Europe, no lover of Italian poetry should miss viewing with affection the retreat of an Ariosto, a Tasso and many other distinguished personages. Here the Hotel Stella d'Oro offers accommodation to tourists* LUCCA The Realm of the Olive Tree f\ NLY six miles from Pisa is Lucca one of the most ^ ancient cities in Tuscany. For some time it was the seat of a separate ruler until in 1 848 was annexed to Tuscany. The city is still completely girt with her old walls and has a series of remarkable churches in the Tuscan-Roman style, Here the Hotel Croce di Malta affords good accommodations to visitors. 35 VENICE. THE DOGE'S PALACE VENICE The "Queen of the Adriatic" HTHE crowning feature of the Italian tour is un- doubtedly Venice in the zenith of her glory, mar- velously beautiful and majestic, mellowed by years of splendor, the last and the greatest of the maritime Re- publics of the Mediterranean. Founded in the fifth century as a place of refuge during the invasions of Italy by Attila, Venice is one of the noblest, most famous and singular towns in the world. Built upon a number of islets in the lagoon on the fringe of the Adriatic Sea, her structures seem to rise vision-like as from the stroke of the enchanter's wand out of the waves. The Piazza di San Marco, surrounded on three sides by a continuous row of artistic buildings, is the most charming public square imaginable and is the great gathering place of all Venice. On the southern end is the magnificent Cathedral of San Mark's, with its domes and pinnacles, a feast of color, one mass of carved figures 36 THE STANDARD GUIDE TO ITALY and mosaics; filled with Oriental treasures of gold and jewels, mosaics, marbles and alabasters of indescribable beauty. It is pure joy to glide swiftly and noiselessly down the Grand Canal bordered with palaces and spanned by the Rialto, the single marble arch that stands for the center of the ancient city; or wander in and out among the quiet streets and narrow water alleys, under mysteri- ous little bridges and past mouldering palaces glorious reminders of the Golden Age. The Grand Hotel, on the Grand Canal, possesses an old established reputation, and offers every modern con- venience and comfort. It has elegantly appointed rooms and apartments with private baths. See Advt. The Hotel Royal Danieli, is another first class hotel, near the Doges Palace, well patronized by English and American Society. The Hotel Regina, first class and well managed. LIDO is an eminently popular summer resort, cos- mopolitan social sets making it a frequent rendezvous when bathing, sailing, tennis, skating and many other opportunities furnish excuses for social gatherings. The Excelsior Palace is one of the most magnifi- cent hotels in Europe and every visitor may depend upon finding within its walls all that is associated with comfort, luxury, refinement and good living. PADUA And Her Miraculous Saint TDADUA, the former capital of ancient Venetia, is - monumental at every turn. On its piazzas rise the chief civic buildings of medieval times, the Loggia del Consiglio, the Palazzo della Ragione, known as il "Salone," and the Palazzo del Capitano. The chief 37 THE STANDARD GUIDE TO iTALY attraction of Padua, however, is the Church of St. Anthony, "II Santo," whose name is inextricably con- nected with that of the city. Hotel Fanti Stella d'Oro and Hotel Savoie, both good. VERONA Shakespeare's Stage-Land \T ERONA has a romantic and sentimental interest beyond that possessed by any of the secondary cities of Italy. It has not the great wealth of notable archi- tectural splendors of many other places, but what there is is superlatively imposing. The city is beautifully situated on both sides of the Adige and in the valley at the foot of the Alps. From the earliest times Verona played an important part in history and art. Of the Roman period the great amphi- theatre and the gateways remain; while the array of medieval buildings testify to the greatness of its past. The principal attractions are: the Piazza Erbe, the Piazza dei Signori, the Amphitheatre so admirably pre- served, the Tombs of the Scaligers, San Zeno, Juliet's Tomb, etc. Here the Hotel de Londres offers the visitor com- fortable quarters. MANTUA TV /TANTUA shares in full measure the characteristics * A of most Italian cities; namely, that its civic records are more important than the history of a whole country. Mantua was the home of Virgil, who cele- brates the place in his Georgics. The city played an im- portant part in the storms of the Middle Ages, when the Gonzagas obtained its mastery. It then attained im- portance in science and art. Hotel Aquila d'Oro, good. 3S MILAN The Commercial Metropolis "VTOT only by its external aspect, but in virtue of its intrinsic worth, is Milan one of the most important cities of Italy. Milan played a most prominent part in the making of Modern Italy. Whatever deeds had to be done, whatever sufferings to be endured before the nation was united, to Milan fell the lion's share of the work- It has been besieged forty-eight times and stormed twenty-eight times. But, together with all these world like surroundings, arts and* sciences, wealth and lcve continued to flourish. Everyone who knows Italy will admit that the Italian element is less visible in Milan than elsewhere. The life, the whole physiognomy of the town has much more of the cosmopolitan air which belongs to every large capital. The city is grand and luxurious with its broad streets, lined with palaces, full of vehicles, and lively without being feverish like Paris or London. The celebrated Gothic Cathedral, is one of the larg- est churches in the world. The interior and exterior is adorned with nearly two thousand statues; the Brera Gallery contains many famous paintings; the Castello Sfo'rzesco has very good modern works of art; Santa 30 THE STANDARD GUIDE TO ITALY Maria delle Grazie contains da Vinci's famous "Last Supper"; other attractions are the Museo Poldi-Pezzoli, Sant'Ambrogio and San Lorenzo. The Hotel de la Ville, is one of the best situated in the town, being near the Cathedral. The interior arrangements of the hotel are quite up-to-date and most comfortable from every point of view. The Hotel Cavour, facing the public gardens, has a quiet situation and is thoroughly first class. PAVIA. CARTHUSIAN MONASTERY AND CHURCH From Milan a most interesting excursion can be made to the Certosa di Pavia, the splendid memorial of Milan dynasties built in the fourteenth century by Gian Galeazzo Visconti. It is one of the most splendid mon- asteries in the world and should on no account be missed. 40 THE STANDARD GUIDE TO ITALY TURIN The Cradle of Modern Italy r T K URIN to-day is the chief city of Piedmont as bril liant and beautiful as any city of modern times. It is the old valiant home of the Kings of Sardinia who have made Italy free and united; the capital of little Piedmont, upon whose energy the mother country staked her best hopes; the birthplace of the great statesman, Cavour. Perhaps there are very few cities which are at once so true to dynastic ties and traditions and so full of intense patriotism for the great mother country. GENOA "La Superba" f^ ENOA, the birthplace of Columbus, the leading V* commercial city of Italy, lies at the foot of the Apennines. Her peculiar situation on the slope of steep hills surrounding a bay gives rise to an inevitable pic- turesqueness and a never-ending series of views. Much of her glory Jias departed. She has lost her world-wide power, but she cannot be dethroned from the supremacy of her great past. She is, today, as she was centuries ago: "La Superba." The bay in which the town lies, is a deep jugged notch, made by the sea in the rocky shore, from whose edge the tall mansions and palaces rise, terrace after ter- race, up the steep slope of the mountain which towers gigantic behind the town. Genoa, is of great interest to the tourists, it is the central point of the Italian Rivieras, and is the junction of several of the most important lines of communication, both as regards sea and land. The ancient greatness of the city is indicated by the magnificent palaces and churches that adorn the city, 41 THE STANDARD GUIDE TO ITALY famous for their beauty and their vast collections of works of art. The principal sights are: the Cathedral, the Annun- ziata, the Palazzo Rosso, the Palazzo Doria, the famous Campo Santo, etc. Genoa possesses several good hotels, among others the — Grand Hotel Miramare, one of the largest and fin- est hotels in Italy. It is magnificently situated on the slope of a hill and commands a panorama of great gran- deur from almost every one of its rooms. The hotel is thoroughly modern and up-to-date in every respect; it is sumptuously furnished with handsome Public Rooms and Private Suites, and combines the utmost luxury with the acme of comfort. (See Advt.) The Hotel de Londres is conveniently situated in the vicinity of the railway station. The Eden Palace Ho- tel, possesses a pretty garden. The Grand Hotel de Genes affords comfortable accommodations at moderate rates. THE ITALIAN RIVIERA HTHE district or strip of coast we now speak of as "The Riviera," was part of ancient Liguria; and Liguria it remains today, the name being retained and constantly used as regards the Italian portion at least. It is only since 1 860 that Mentone, Roquebrune and Nice have belonged to France. Since then, the French section of the Riviera is known as "La Cote d'Azur." The Italian Riviera, by far the largest portion, is a country quite as charming as the other and perhaps better known Riviera, La Cote d'Azur. There is the same beautiful Mediterranean — deep blue, crested with white caps or opalescent in the evening glow; there are the same headlands grown with pine and 42 THE STANDARD GUIDE TO ITALY cedars, the same fertile valleys with even quainter vil- lages; there are the same delightful walks under olive trees and along the craggy cliffs. The winter and spring climate, on the eastern sec- tion, is even milder, for the Apennines shut off the cold north winds and leave the little towns at their bases bask- ing in a flood of sunshine. The Italian Riviera possesses a charm distinctly and individually its own. There is no feverish activity of social ambition, no taint of the desire for gambling in the air. The Italian Riviera is again subdivided by the gulf whose central point is the fair city of Genoa; hence the names that distinguish the wondrous coasts that lie East and West of Genoa, — "Riviera di Levante" and "Ri- viera di Ponente." Ideal Winter Resorts Along the Sunlit Shores of the Mediterranean THE RIVIERA DI PONENTE. One hundred miles of sea-front stretching from the frontier of France to the superbly built city of Genoa, forms the Riviera di Ponente. BORDIGHERA is a chosen place of residence, having a climate quiet and warm in the sunshine. Its gardens are most beautiful; palm-trees flourishing in the greatest profusion ; the slopes are crowned with vines and olives, and from amidst the green peep out ruined castles the home of a thousand fantastic legends. Since Doctor Antonio's adventure, the town has un- dergone a considerable change. Many up-to-date hotels have been built for the accommodation of the numerous visitors which every year come here to spend the winter in comfort and pleasant surroundings, and today the stranger is made welcome in emphatic fashion. 43 THE STANDARD GUIDE TO ITALY Several attractive excursions can be made from here, such as Dolce-Acqua, with its picturesque bridge and the ruined medieval castle of the Dorias. The Hotel Angst, is one of the largest hotels on the Riviera, first class in every respect. SAN REMO, is the best known of the resorts on the Italian Riviera. It is fashionable, well situated, sheltered and amusing, with a delightful sea-front and many attrac- tive drives and beautiful surroundings, with many villas, where flowers and palms in the gardens are neighbours to orange groves, vine-yards and olives. The beauty of the place, but particularly the health giving climate, determined the establishment of many palatial hotels. The climate of San Remo is renowned for its mild- ness and evenness; and the vegetation luxuriant all along the Riviera, here attains a higher point of lavish fertility. The Savoy Hotel, beautifully situated in its own garden, commands extensive views and is fitted with all modern conveniences. The Bertolini's, is another magnificent hotel sur- rounded by a beautiful garden, steam-heated and very comfortable. ALASSIO, is perhaps the prettiest place along this wonderful coast. Its beach soft as a velvet carpet, nearly two miles in length, is one of the finest in Italy. The Grand Hotel affords good accommodations and is well frequented by English and Americans alike. The Salisbury Hotel, a small comfortable house is kept by Mr. and Mrs. John Congreve. PEGLI, five miles from Genoa, is a pleasant winter resort with mild and equable climate. The Hotel Medi- terranee, a fine establishment under Swiss management, is one of the best on the coast. The hotel stands in its own park and is equipped with every modern comfort. 44 THE STANDARD GUIDE TO ITALY THE RIVIERA DI LEVANTE. From Genoa to Spezia stretches this wonderful road, to which, per- haps, no coast scenery in the world is comparable for beauty along the edge of the changing sea. NERVI, only seven miles from Genoa, is a health resort situated on a steep slope in the midst of a rich vegetation. RAPALLO, eighteen miles from Genoa, is one of the most protected spots on the coast ; in fact, so warm even in winter as to be rather enervating. The vegetation is quite tropical, camellias and oleanders bloom every- where in the open air. There are many excursions that may be taken from Rapallo, that will be found pleasing and interesting. In the last few years, the town has rapidly increased; the beauty of the region, and particu- larly the charm of the coast line, has caused the estab- lishment of many up-to-date hotels. There is also a Casino where concerts are given every day, and fetes and dances are organized during the season. The New Kursaal Hotel, a large establishment with nearly 200 beds, adjoining the Casino and overlooking the sea, has been recently opened and is replete with all modern improvements well calculated to meet the re- quirements of all classes. SANTA MARGHERITA, near Rapallo, is an- other charming winter resort by the sea, with several good hotels, among others: the Regina Elena, and the Kursaal. Three miles from Santa Margherita is the de- lightful village of Fortofino, a quaint little fishing port surrounded by tree-clad hills running to the water's edge. Here the Hotel Splendid, once a private villa, affords a delightful residence to tourists. 45 THE STANDARD GUIDE TO ITALY THE ITALIAN LAKES Their Wonderful Purity and Fascination HP HE district bordering the northern frontier of Italy is one of great natural charm. And a tour through Italy is indeed incomplete without a visit to the en- chanting Lakes of Como, Maggiore and Lugano. No one who has entered Italy by the Simplon or Gothard will ever forget the thrill that comes as the train emerges from those grim, snow crested mountains, past rushing streams, to where luxuriant gardens and fragrant orchards flourish down to the fertile valley of Lombardy. LAGO MAGGIORE r AKE MAGGIORE is the most imposing of all Italian lakes. It is 40 miles in length and its northern shores touch the rugged mountains of Switzer- land and snowy peaks are to be seen rising above the fir woods, but below, on the charming shores the air is milder and the fertility of the South displays itself in unchecked luxuriance. The banks are thickly inhabitated with an almost un- interrupted succession of little towns, villas and hotels, so that one may walk from one village to another almost without knowing it. STRESA, is the most popular place on Lake Mag- giore, its situation affording the most picturesque views of the lake. To many traveled people, the prospect of a sojourn at Stresa is annually irresistible. Although enjoying a temperature several degrees lower in summer than other places on the lake, and being for that reason marvelously adapted for a summer resi- dence, Stresa is essentially a pleasure resort. Owing to the increased number of visitors, and the demand for 46 THE STANDARD GUIDE TO ITALY more luxurious accommodations, the well known Hotel lies Borromees within the last few years has undergone a complete transformation, much to the surprise of its older guests — those who visit Stresa season after season. Fetes and balls are organized during the season at the hotel or in the Casino, and time can not hang heavily on the hands of the visitor. There are innumerable in- teresting excursions which may be made to points in the vicinity, all easy of access, each with its own peculiar attractions. Stresa's greatest attraction Is the trip to Isola Bella, where there is a remarkable Italian garden, perhaps too artificial, but most picturesque containing many varieties of trees and plants, which owing to the extreme mild- ness of the climate flourish on the island. There is also a Chateau built by Count Borromeo in 1650, where many royalties and nobles have been entertained. The ascent to Monte Motterone (4900 ft.) the "Rigi of Northern Italy," which rises behind Stresa, is 47 THE STANDARD GUIDE TO ITALY well worth the making. The view from there is very extensive and magnificent and is considered to be one of the most beautiful in the Alpine region. The ascent is made by an electric rack — or cog-wheel railway with comfortable carriages especially designed to permit tour- ists to enjoy to the full the magnificent scenery which develops itself on every side. A well kept hotel — the Guglielmina — has been recently opened on the summit, affording visitors comfortable quarters. Another very charming excursion may be made to the lovely Lafye of Orta, which although insignificant in size when compared with the other lakes, has the same nat- ural beauties and picturesque effects, and may be con- sidered the most typically Italian in its scenery and at- mosphere. BAVENO, five miles from Stresa, is another resort on the shores of the lake. Here the Grand Hotel offers good accommodation to tourists. PALLANZA, like Baveno, is a pleasure resort and has a mild and equable climate during the winter and spring. There are several hotels, among others may be mentioned the Grand. LOCARNO, beautifully situated on the northern shore of the lake, is a small and quiet place. During the winter months, Locarno possesses a mild climate free from wind or dust. The Grand Hotel is well managed and affords a delightful residence. A charming excursion from Locarno, may be made to the picturesque church Madonna del Sasso, situated on the summit of a hill above the town, from whence a fine view of the lake may be obtained. 48 THE STANDARD GUIDE TO ITALY LAGO DI LUGANO T^ HE Lake of Lugano lies partly in Italy and partly within the Swiss Canton of Ticino, and the charm of the landscape is due to this blending of different ele- ments that complete each other. The beauty of the south is lavished on this lake, although its mountain peaks rise bare and jagged. Orange and myrtle, olives and vines bloom here in luxuriant richness, but high above them, great woods of misty pine-trees dark of hue are seen; — a northern forest under an Italian sky. LUGANO. The town of Lugano, the most interest- ing point on the lake, is the capital of Canton Ticino, but \j thoroughly Italian in aspect with its deep arcaded streets with here and there a Renaissance facade such as can be found nowhere else out of Italy. From Lugano excursions may be made to Monte San Salvatore and Monte Generoso from whence the view embraces the lake and surrounding mountains, in- cluding the chain of Alps, the lakes of Como, Varese and others, the vast plains of Lombardy and Emilia. The chief hotels are : the Grand Hotel Splendide and the Grand Hotel. 49 THE STANDARD GUIDE TO ITALY LAGO DI COMO ^P HE Lake of Como, the Lacus Larius of the Ro- mans, is perhaps the most beautiful of the Italian Lakes. From the earliest times this lake was the chosen resort of intellectual and social life existing within the boundaries of the Roman world. Here the beauties of Lake Maggiore are reproduced in small but perhaps yet more effective scale; here Nature has freely lavished her choicest gifts and the traveler finds a delightful series of pictures by the alternations of pretty townlets with solitary landscape, villas combining classic elegance with rustic peace, with always the mountains and Alpine scenery in the distance. COMO. The town of Como itself is to-day one of the most flourishing secondary cities of Northern Italy. The whole district around is devoted to the production and manufacture of silk. The Cathedral built entirely of marble is a splendid Gothic edifice and contains sev- eral good paintings. The Grand Hotel "Plinius" is the best and most comfortable house in the town. CERNOBBIO, is one of the most attractive places on the lake, and for many years has been well patronized by the elite of Europe. The Grand Hotel " Villa d'Este" with its park is a notable spot and eminently popular. Its situation over- looking the lake, renders it a delightful residence not only in spring, but also throughout the summer. CADENABBIA, situated opposite Bellagio, has the advantage of a delightful climate even in winter. Here again is a charming and popular hotel — the Belle- vue— comfortable and well managed. 50 THE STANDARD GUIDE TO ITALY The great sight of Cadenabbia is the Villa Carlotta, which stands surrounded by woods and beautiful gar- dens in which lemons, oranges, magnolia, myrtle, cedar, eucalyptus and every kind of gorgeous and sweet smell- ing plants flourish. Within the villa is a valuable col- lection of sculptures, including the group of Cupid and Psyche by Canova and the magnificent frieze by Thor- waldsen representing the triumphant entry into Babylon of Alexander the Great. BELLAGIO, is the best known of the resorts on Lake Como. The town itself is full of picturesque little streets leading in steps up the hill, and is remark- able by the beauty of the views across the lake to be enjoyed from every side. There are several private villas whose gardens are among the best kept in Italy. A number of hotels are attractively located on the shores of the lake, foremost are — the Hotel Grande Bretagne, well known and well frequented; the Grand Hotel Bel- lagio, superbly situated; the Hotel des Etrangers very comfortable and home-like. LAGO DI VARESE r T* HE Lake of Varese though one of the smallest of the Italian Lakes is nevertheless as charming as the others and better known lakes. The town of Varese itself most beautifully situated on its shores, is a place of Villas, most of which are occupied by wealthy Mil- anese. There is a well appointed hotel — the Excelsior — with a beautiful garden and a splendid view of the chain of the Alps. 51 ROME. THE FORUM CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ITALIAN HISTORY Italy from the Foundation of Rome B. C. 753 — Foundation of Rome (Mythical period of the Kings). 747 — The Sabines are incorporated with the Romans. 510 — Royalty is abolished and Consulship is instituted. 509-265— Rome is a Republic. 396 — The Etruscan power begins to decline. 390 — Invasion of the Gauls. Rome is sacked and burned by Brennus. 356 — Venetia is conquered and made a kingdom by the Gauls. 326 — Naples is conquered by the Romans. 295-146 — Rome extends authority over the countries bordering the Mediterranean. 266 — Rome is supreme in Italy. The Etruscans totally lose their independence. 264 — The Carthaginians declare war against the Romans. First Punic War. 234 — Ravenna founded by Greek colonists. Is annexed to Rome. 218-201— Second Punic War. Hannibal conducts a remarkable expedition from Africa to Italy through Spain. 205 — Spain is regarded as a Roman province. 168 — Egypt formally acknowledges the suzerainity of Rome. 146 — Macedonia is made the eighth Roman province. 146 — Carthage with the north coast becomes a Roman province. 143-31 — The universal power of Rome is firmly established. 60— The first triumvirate is formed by Pompey j Caesar and Crassus. 52 THE STANDARD GUIDE TO ITALY 44, March 15 — Caesar is assassinated. 31— Battle of Actium. 31 B. C.-476 A. D.— The Roman Empire. 31 — Augustus, the first of the emperors, rules the Roman world. 14-37 — Tiberius reigns. Augusta, the empress-mother, shares the power with her son. 37-41 — Caligula reigns. 41-54 — Claudius reigns. He is ruled by his favorites and wives. 54-6S — Nero reigns. 64, July 18 — Rome is burned by Nero, who accuses the Chris- tians of the crime. 64 — First persecution of the Christians. 64-78 — Rome is rebuilt on a grand scale. Nero erects a magni- ficent Golden Palace. Ci8 — Galba proclaimed emperor. 69 — Otho kills Galba and reigns. He is defeated by Vitellius and commits suicide. 60 — Vitellius, elevated by his army, reigns eight months. He is defeated by Vespasian and put to death. 69-79 — Vespasian reigns. He erects the Colosseum. 79-81 — Titus, son of Vespasian reigns. 79, August 24 — The first recorded eruption of Vesuvius occurs. The cities of Pompeii, Hercnlaneum and Stabise are overwhelmed. 81-96 — Domitian, brother of Titus, reigns. 96-98 — Nerva reigns by authority of the Senate. 97-117 — Trajan reigns. The empire is extended to its largest limit, and comprises Arabia, Armenia. Asia Minor, Britain, Caucasus region in part, Corsica, Crete, Cyprus, Cyrenaica, Dacia, Dalmatia, Egypt, Gaul, Greece, Italy. Macedonia. Mauretania. Moesia, Noricum, Numidia. Pannonia, Rsetia, Sardinia. Sicily, Spain, Syria, Thrace, Tunis, Western Germany, 117 — Hadrian reigns. 138-161 — Antoninus Pius reigns. 161-1S0 — Marcus Aurelius reigns. 180-192 — Commodus reigns. 193-284 — Period of the Imperators, who are chiefly elevated by the soldiers, and also usually killed by them. Corn- modus (180-192), Septimius Severus (193-211), Caracalla (211-217), Alexander Severus (217-235). Aemilian (235- 270), Aurelian (270-275), Probus (276-282). 284-305 — Diocletian reigns. 306-337 — Constantine the Great, sole ruler after 324. 312 — Constantine defeats Maxentius near Rome, having the sign of the cross on his banner. "In Hoc Signo Vinces." 395 — The Empire is permanently divided between the two sons of Theodosius. 401 — The West Goths overrun Europe; under Alaric they invade Italy. 53 THE STANDARD GUIDE TO ITALY 404 — Rome is placed under the Byzantine exarch, or governor, with Ravenna the capital of the empire of the West. 410 — Sack of Rome by Alaric. 451 — Attila, the scourge of God, invades Northern Italy. 452 — Venice is founded by families from Aquileia and Padua, who flee before Attila. 475-476 — Romolus Augustus, the last emperor. 476 — Odoacer rules Italy as king. 493 — Odoacer is killed by Theodoric. About 1228 years after the founding of Rome, the empire falls in consequence of domestic revolutions and not by conquest. 493-555 — The kingdom of the East Goths is founded by Theo- doric. 543— Naples becomes the capital of a duchy. 555-568 — Byzantine supremacy over Italy. 568-774 — The Teutonic kingdom of Lombard y with Pavia as capital. 590-604 — Gregory the Great is enthroned, assumes the title of Sovereign Pontiff. 697 — The dogate is instituted at Venice. 700 — The eastern emperors cease to exercise their authority; the popes become the guardians of the city. 754-756 — The Frankish king Pepin marches into Italy against the Lombards and Byzantines. The temporal power of the popes begins. 774— Charlemagne conquers Lombardy and annexes it to the dominions of the pope. 800-1806 — Period of the Holy Roman Empire. It is called holy because of the inter-dependence of Church and State. 800 — Charlemagne is crowned emperor at Rome. 800-887 — The Carolingians rule Northern Italy. The Eastern emperors rule most of Southern Italy. S03 — The Republic of Venice is founded, Rialto is the capital. S27 — The Saracens invade Sicily and take Southern Italy. ■SS7— End of the Carol! ngian Empire. 890 — The Greeks gain a footing in Southern Italy. 910 — Theodora and Marozia are in power at Rome. 962— The Imperial oftice is renewed. Otho I. the Great is crowned emperor at Rome. He re-establishes the sec- ond Roman Empire. 997 — Venice becomes independent of the Eastern empire. 999 — The papal crown is the object of almost constant conten- tion ; force, bribery and fraud are employed to gain it. 1000— A widespread belief prevails that the end of the world is near and that the kingdom of Christ is to be ush- ered in with great glory ; many pilgrims visit Rome. 1000 — Genoa becomes a free city ; Pisa is already free. 1016— Adventurous Normans first settle at Aversa, near Naples. 1032 — The Dukes of Savoy acquire Turin. 1037— Decree of Conrad II of Franconia. Heribert Archbishop of Milan. 54 THE STANDARD GUIDE TO ITALY 1040 — The emperors receive the right to nominate the popes. 1054 — The Normans wrest Apulia and Calabria from the pope and form a duchy. 1059 — A conclave of cardinals first elects a pope. 1061 — The papacy is at the summit of its glory. 1071-90 — Roger I, the Norman, is Count of Sicily and Calabria. 1073-S5 — Pope Gregory VI I struggles for supremacy with the German king. The investiture dispute. 1077 — Henry IV at the Castle of Canossa. 10S5 — The Normans are supreme in all Southern Italy. 1096-99— First Crusades. 1101 — Milan becomes an independent republic. 1120 — The free cities of Genoa, Venice and Pisa rise to im- portance. 1122— The Concordat of Worms. 1130 — Naples becomes the capital of the kingdom of Naples and the Two Sicilies. 1140 — The Guelphs and Ghibellines arise in Germany, later in Italy. 1143-55 — Arnold of Brescia attempts a revolution. 1155 — Frederick II (Barbarossa) is crowned emperor. 1167 — The Lombard League. 1176 — Battle of Legnano. 1183— Peace of Constance. 1190-97 — Henry VI. Annexation of Apulia and Sicily. End of the Norman kingdom of Sicily. 1204 — Venice becomes one of the greatest commercial powers. 1212-50 — Frederick II emperor. 1246— Defeat of the Genoese off Meloria. 1250-54 — Conrad IV emperor. 1250-54 — Conrad IV emperor. Defeat of Florentine Guelphs at Monteaperto. 1260 — Italy is ruled by despots. 1266-1442 — The Angevin dynasty at Naples. 1268 — Battle of Tagliacozzo. The Hohenstaufen in Italy are overthrown. Conradin is beheaded at Naples. 1282— Sicilian Vespers. 1284— Defeat of the Pisans off Meloria. 1294 — Supremacy of the Visconti at Milan. 1300 — Revival of Arts and Literature. 1305 — Clement V leaves Rome for Avignon, which becomes the official # seat of the Holy See. 1310— Henry VII in Italy. 1316 — Castruccio-Castracane becomes master of Lucca and Pisa. 1312-29 — Can Grande della Scala rules Verona. 1328 — Coronation of Lewes of Bavaria. Death of Castruccio- Castracane. 1328-1708 — Mantua is ruled by the Gonzagas family. 1333 — John of Bohemia leaves Italy. THE STANDARD GUIDE TO ITALV 1339 — The Condottieri appear ; they are bands of soldiers ready to serve those who pay the most. 1343— Duke of Athens at Florence. 1343 — Florence ruled by an oligarchy of rich mercantile families. 1343 — Accession of Johanna I of Naples. 1347— Cola di Rienzi. 1377 — Return to Rome of Gregory XI. The pope first resides at the Vatican. 1377— The Medici family at Florence rise to power. 1378 — Mob rule at Florence, followed by the reign of the patri- cian Albizzi. 1378 — The Great Schism begins. The War of Chioggia begins. 1387 — Gian Galeazzo Visconti captures Verona. 1406 — Pisa becomes subject to Florence. 1413 — Rome is sacked by Ladislas, King of Naples. 1415 — Council of Constance. End of the Great Schism. 1416 — Sigismund erects Savoy into a duchy, Count Amadeus III is made duke. 1421 — Venice is at the height of its power. 1431 — Eugene IV, pope. 1434 — The Medici family becomes paramount in Florence. 1442 — Naples is ruled by the House of Aragon. 1447 — Nicholas V, pope. He commences a new St. Peter's. 1450-1535 — The Sforzas reign at Milan. 1455 — Calixtus III (Borgia) pope. 1458— Pius II pope. 1464— Paul II pope. 1471— The Este family become dukes of Ferrara. 1471 — Sixtus IV (Delal Rovere) pope. 1478 — Conspiracy of the Pazzi. 1484— Innocent VIII (Cibo) pope. 1492— Charles VIII enters Italy. Flight of Pietro de' Medici. 1492 — Alexander VI (Borgia) pope. 1492 — Christopher Columbus, a Genoese, discovers America. 1492 — The period of invasion begins. 1494 — Girolamo Savonarola leads the Reformation in Italy. 1497— Venice declines after the discovery of the passage to India following the discovery of America. 1498— Savonarola is put to death. 1499 — Amerigo Vespucci makes discoveries in America. X500 — Lewes XII conquers the Duchy of Milan. 1503— Pius III pope. Julius II pope. 1504 — Spanish conquest of Naples. 1501— Caesar Borgia made Duke of Romagna. 1509— War of the League of Cambray. 1511— Julius II forms the Holy League. 1511— Martin Luther visits the Vatican. 1512— The Medici return to Florence. 1512— Battle of Ravenna. 1513— Leo X (Medici) pope. 1515— Battle of Marignano. 56 THE STANDARD GUIDE TO ITALY 1521-2G— Wars in Italy between Charles V and Francis I. 1525— Francis I taken prisoner at Pavia. Charles V master of Lombardy. .1527— Expulsion of the Medici at Florence. Sack of Rome by the troops of Charles of Bourbon, who fell in the attach 1530 — Charles V crowned emperor at Bologna. 1530 — Florence taken by the Imperial troops. 1534 — Paul III (Farnese) pope. 1535 — Milan under Spanish rule. 1540 — The Society of Jesus formed by Ignatius of Loyola. 1555 — Fall of Siena. 1559 — Peace of Cateau-Cambresis. 1571— Battle of Lepanto. 1572 — Gregory XIII (Boncompagni) pope. 1574 — Complete restoration of the Duke Emanuel Filibert. 1582 — Institution of the Gregorian calendar. Ten days are dropped out of 1582. Oct. 5 becomes Oct. 15. 1585 — Sixtus V abolishes all persecuting statutes against the Jews which were issued by his predecessors. 1601— The Treaty of Lyons. 1626 — The Basilica of St. Peter's is consecrated. 1647 — Insurrection in Naples under Masaniello. 1674 — Insurrection in Messina. 1684 — Morosini conquers Peloponnesus. 1684 — Bombardment of Genoa by Lewis XIV. 1700 — End of the Austrian kings of Spain. 1706— Battle of Turin. 1707-48 — The Austrians possess Sicily and Naples. 1713 — Peace of Utrecht. Austrian power in Italy. 1713 — Sicily ceded to Savoy. 1714 — Milan, Naples and Sardinia are ceded to Austria. 1720 — Victor Amadeus of Savoy exchanges Sicily for Sardinia and receives the title of king. 1737 — End of the Medici^ Tuscany under Austrian supremacy. 1738 — Treaty of Vienna. Spanish Bourbons in the Two Sicilies. 1740 — The War of Austrian succession. 1746— The Revolt of Genoa. 1748— The Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle. 1748-60 — Naples under the Bourbons. 1773 — Abolition of the Society of Jesus. 1790-1801— Ferdinand III Grand Duke of Tuscany. 1796-97 — Bonaparte's victorious campaigns in Italy. Treaty of Campoformio. Cisalpine and Ligurian Republic. 1796-1802— Emanuel IV, King of Sardinia. 1797-1805 — Venice under Austrian rule. 1799 — The French establish the Parthenopean Republic, 1800— Victory of Bonaparte at Marengo. 1800— Pius VII (Chiaramonti) pope. 1801, Feb. — Tuscany is made a republic. 1802, Jan. — The Italian Republic is formed. 1802— Victor Emanuel I is King of Sardinia. 57 THE STANDARD GUIDE TO ITALY 1802-1814— The Kingdom of Italy constituted. 1805 — The Cisalpine Republic is merged into the Kingdom of Italy. Napoleon I is proclaimed King. 1805 — Genoa is incorporated with France. Napoleon makes Eugene Beauharnais his Viceroy in Italy. 1806, Feb. — Bonaparte is crowned King of Naples. 1808 — Rome annexed to France. 1810-14 — The States of the Church are annexed to France. Abolition of the temporal power of the popes. 1814, Jan.— Murat king of Naples. 1S14, Jan. 23. — The Italian Kingdom ceases with the overthrow of Napoleon. Authority is restored to the pope. 1S14-24 — Ferdinand III regains the grand ducal throne of Tuscany. 1814 — Lombardy and Venice re-acquired by Austria. 1815— The Congress of Vienna. 1815 — Genoa annexed to the kingdom of Sardinia. 1816 — Ferdinand I, King of the Two Sicilies. 1S20 — Insurrection in Naples. 1821-31— Charles Felix is King of Sardinia. 1821 — Insurrection in the Kingdom of Sardinia. 1824— Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany. 1831-49— Charles Albert, King of Sardinia. 1831 — Insurrection in Central Italy. 1832 — Mazzini founds the "Young Italy Party" having for its object the unification of all Italy under republican rule. 1834— The Bandiera attempt. 1837 — The King of Sardinia promulgates a new code. 1846 — Pius IX pope. He institutes political reform and aims at the unification of Italy under papal supremacy. 1848 — First War of Independence. 1848, March. — Anti-Austrian insurrections break out in Lom- bardy and Venice. Milan revolts. The Republic of Venice is proclaimed. 1848, June. — Lornbardy incorporated with Sardinia. 1548, Nov. — A republican insurrection breaks out in Rome. The pope escapes in disguise. A free constitution is pro- claimed. A provisional government is formed notwith- standing the protests of the pope. 1849— Battle of Novara. 1849, Feb. — The downfall of the temporal power and the estab- lishment of {he new republic is proclaimed. Insurrec- tionists proclaim a republic in Florence. The Grand Duke escapes. 1849, March. — Charles Albert abdicates in favor of his son, Victor Emanuel II, King of Sardinia. 1849, July. — Rome restored to Pius IX by the French. 1549, Aug.— The Lombard-Venetian kingdom is again subject to Austria. 1850— The Siccardi Law. Sardinia adopts a law abolishing ec- clesiastical jurisdiction. 58 THE STANDARD GUIDE TO ITALY 1852 — Count Cavour becomes prime minister of Sardinia. 1S55— The Crimean War. 1S55 — Sardinia passes a bill for the suppression of convents and withdrawing state support from the clergy. 1857 — Rupture between Austria and Sardinia. War follows. 1857, May. — Francis II King of the Two Sicilies. 1857. July. — Ferdinand IV becomes Grand Duke of Tuscany. The states of Tuscany, Modena, Parma and the papal state of Romagna implore Victor Emanuel II to annex them to his kingdom. Opposed by the pope. 1859 — Napoleon III and Victor Emanuel join forces against Austria. Victories of Magenta and Solferino. Freedom of Lombardy. I860 — Nice and Savoy annexed to France. 1860 — Garibaldi delivers Sicily and Naples. 1S62 — Defeat of Garibaldi at Aspromonte. 1801, Feb.— The first Italian Parliament meets. With the con- sent of the new Parliament Victor Emanuel takes the title of King of Italy. 1801, March. — Europe recognizes the kingdom of Italy. 1861, Dec. — Florence is decreed to be the capital of Italy. 1864 — The September Convention. • lSGB-^War against Austria. Venice incorporated with Italy. 1866, July. — A bill to suppress monasteries and confiscate cer- tain church properties is passed. 1807— The Montana affair. 1870, July.— The Vatican Council. The infallibility of the Pope is promulgated as a doctrine of the Church. 1870, Sept.— The King of Italy offers the Holy See the sover- eignty of the Leonine City with the retention of his income. The pope refuses. 1870, Sept. 20. — Italian troops enter Rome. 1870, Oct. 2.— Plebiscite __of the Papal States; 133,681 votes for union with Italy ; 1,507 against it. 1870, Oct. 9. — United Italy is accomplished. Rome and its territory are united to the kingdom. 1870, Dec. 5. — Rome is declared the capital city. 1878 — Death of Victor Emanuel. Humbert I proclaimed king'. 1878— Leo XIII (Pecci) pope. 18SS — Capital, punishment is abolished in Italy. 1900, July 29. — Assassination of King Humbert I. He is suc- ceeded by his son, Victor Emanuel III. 1903, July 20,— D*eath of Leo XIII. Pius elected Pope, 59 THE STANDARD GUIDE TO ITALY GENERAL INFORMATION HOW TO REACH ITALY. The facilities for reaching Italy are simple and delightful. One can land direct by transatlantic steamer at Naples or Genoa or one can travel by the North Atlantic route on one of the ocean fliers. The sreat Continental expresses connecting Italy with the European capitals offer the maximum of comfort and convenience. The Italian State Railways provide the most comfortable and economical opportunities to tourists by a system of 15, 30, or 60 days' circular tickets entitling to travel over the entire Peninsula; also reduced tickets — Differential Tariff — for long distance journeys. CLIMATE. The climate of Italy has long been world famous. Broadly speaking, the distinguishing features are its abundant sunshine in winter (owing to low latitude), and refreshing mountain and sea-breezes in summer. The Apennines, a range of mountains traversing Italy in its entire length, have a great influence on the climate, as they keep off the north-east winds from the parts of the country lying to the west. From, this result the facts that southern plants and flowers are enabled to winter in the open air, and the use of these regions — the Italian Riviera and the Naples Riviera as winter resorts. Thus, as a winter residence Italy hardly needs heralding. Within recent years the world has recognized the fact that its climate is delightful even in sum- mer, and nowadays, Italy has become an all-the-year-round rendezvous for thousands who seek amusement and knowledge combined with beautiful surroundings and a delightful climate. HOW TO CARRY MONEY. American money may be used on all ships for fees and petty expenses ; small sums of money may also be exchanged by the purser into currency of the country where one is to land. However, the most convenient and safe method for carrying funds, is in the form of Travel- ler's Checks, which are issued in denominations of $10, $20, $50, $100 and $500. Each check shows on its face the exact amounts which will be paid in foreign money in the different countries of Europe. These checks are payable all over the world ; not only banks, but tourist offices, railroads, steamship companies, hotels and merchants accept them at face value. Traveller's Checks are issued by several banking houses, amongst others may be mentioned: the Bankers' Trust Company, 7 Wall St.; The International Mercantile Marine Company, 9 Broadway; Messrs. Knauth, Nachod & Kuehne, 13 William Street, all in New York City. COURIERS AND GUIDES are often of the greatest service. Much time and anxiety is saved by having some one who knows where to go and what to see. 60 THE STANDARD GUIDE TO ITALY Outline Tours Visitors who have only a short time at their disposal may find assistance as to the best way of using it in the following- outline tour which, of course, may be altered and modified to any extent to suit individual requirements. Day 1. Arrival at Naples. 2. A. M. Visit the National Museum. P. M. Drive about the town : Via Caracciolo, Posilipo, San Martino, etc. 0. Excursion to the Phlegrean Plains : Pozzuoli, Baia, etc. 4. Excursion in the vicinity. Travel to Pompeii, thence by carriage to Sorrento. 5. Day trip to Capri. 6. Drive to Positano for lunch, thence on to Amalfi. 7. Drive to Ravello for lunch, thence to Cava. S. By train to Pestum and return to Naples. 9. Travel to Rome. 10. A. M. St. Peter's. P. M. The Capitoline Hill, the Pincio Gardens, etc. 11. A. M. Visit the Vatican. P. M. Palatine. Drive to the Janiculum. 12. A. M. The Forum, the Colosseum, St. John in Lateran, Holy Steps, etc. P. M. Castle Sant' Angelo, Villa Borghese, etc. 13. A. M. The National Museum, Santa Maria Maggiore, San Pietro in Vincoli, etc. P. M. (By motor) San Paolo, The Catacombs, Appian Way, etc. 14. Excursion to Tivoli and Hadrian's Villa. 15. Travel to Orvieto. 16. Travel to Perugia. 17. Excursion by carriage to Assisi. 18. Travel to Florence. 19. A. M. Piazza Signoria, Ufflzi Gallery. P. M. Drive to San Miniato. 20. A. M. The Cathedral, Pitti Palace. P. M. Drive to Fiesole. 21. A. M. Santa Maria Novella, San Marco, Academy. P. M. Santa Croce, San Lo. 22. By morning train to Pisa. Proceeding in the afternoon to Siena. 23. A. M. Visit the Cathedral, Palazzo Publico, etc., and returu to Florence. 24. Travel to Bologna. 25. Excursion to Ravenna. 26. Travel to Venice, visiting Padua en route. 27. A. M. St. Mark's. P. M. The Academy and gondola ride. 28. A. M. Doge's Palace. P. M. Visit (by permission) some private palace. 29. Churches of San Giovanni and Paolo, Frari, etc., Excursion to Lido. 61 THE STANDARD GUIDE TO ITALY 30. Travel to Milan, visiting Verona en route. 31. Visit the Cathedral, the Brera Gallery, Castello Sforzeseo, etc. 32. Excursion to Pavia. 33. (If in winter) Travel to Genoa. 34. Visit the various churches and the Campo Santo. 35. Excursion along the Eastern Riviera to Portofino. 30. Travel to San Itemo, the famous winter resort. One Week in Sieily. Day 1. From Naples by boat to Palermo. 2. At Palermo. Visit the Cathedral, La Martorana, Monreale, etc. 3. Travel to Girgenti. 4. Travel to Syracuse. 5. Travel to Taormina. 6. At Taormina. Visit the Greek Theatre, Excursion to Mola, etc. 7. By morning train to Messina. By night train or boat to Naples. Telegraph and Wireless Code Used by all Hotels Mentioned in this Handbook Code Word. Arrive by Steamship (use name of steamer) Reserve Sitting Room, Bedroom and Bath for SUITE Reserve Sitting Room, 2 Bedrooms and Bath for TRISUITE Reserve Sitting Room, 3 Bedrooms, 4 Beds and Bath for FOURSUITE Reserve Good Double Bedroom and bath for BATADOUBLE Reserve Good Room with Two Beds and Bath for. . .BATADUO Reserve Room with Two Beds and Bath, Moderate Price BATADUOMOD Reserve Room with Two Beds for TWO Reserve Good Single Room and Bath BATAUNO Reserve Single Room for HERMITAGE Reserve Two Rooms with 3 Beds and Bath for BATATRl Reserve Three Rooms with 4 Beds and Bath BATAPOUR Reserve Room for Servant SERVANT Cannot Arrive Until Please Keep Room for ARRIVE Shall not require rooms ordered CANCEL Send on any letters and telegrams until further notice to ADDRESS Length of Stay. One Night PASS Several Days STOP (\> Motoring in Italy ITALY is the most romantic touring ground in the world and the pleasures of a visit to it can be greatly increased by the use of a motor car. The whole country is a vast kinetoscope of heterogeneous sights and scenes and memories and traditions as exist on no other part of the earth's surface. The automo- bile traveller learns something of a beloved land and the life of the people that the hurried tourist will never suspect. The real Italy, the old Italy is still there, but it cannot always be discovered from the window of a railway carriage, though it is often brought into better view from the seat of an auto- mobile. Each succeeding year, there is a greater number of Ameri- can motorists who find an ever-increasing fascination in the exploitation of this picturesque country, and though some of its by-ways are not equal in surface of the "good roads" of France, they are considerably better than the automobilist from the new world is used to at home. The highroads in Central and Northern Italy, however, are quite good, well graded and well shaded. Moreover, instead of the straight-flat-monotonous "good roads," the motorist in Italy will find a constant change of beautiful scenery at every turn, and a wealth of picturesqueness that make up a trip of great enjoyment. The Touring Club of Italy is looking out for motoring in- terests, including the preservation of roads, the setting up of signs and issuance of road-maps. Travellers will do well to join the Club; the fee is only $1.40 and membership insures a great many privileges which the motorist would not otherwise enjoy. The Italian authorities (as in all other Continental coun- tries), require that a certain amount of money, $50 to $120, be deposited as duty and as a guarantee that the car will be again taken out of the country. The paper representing this deposit Mr. G. Fattorusso, the American representative of the Italian Travel Association, has motored over 15,000 miles of roads in Continental Europe and England. He will gladly furnish information in regard to motoring abroad and give readers of this guide the benefit of his ex- perience. 63 THE STANDARD GUIDE TO ITALY — virtually a license, is called a Triptych and it may be ob- tained through the A. C. A. or any other club. A license for the car and a driver's license are necessary, but those issued by foreign countries are accepted. The motorist will find good accommodation even in the smallest towns. Most of the hotels, especially in the latter (owns, have private garages, for the use of which, often no charge is made. Many of the garages of the larger towns are very fine — with concrete, fireproof compartments into which cars may be stored and locked up. The charge for such ac- commodation averages about seventy-five cents per day. The renting of cars for touring in Europe has reached such proportions that they can be obtained in most cities, and the cost would probably be less than taking your own car and chauffeur from America ; but there is a satisfaction and inde- pendence in having your own car, apart from not being limited to time or the distance of your day's run. In Italy, cars may be rented for about $lS-$30 per day, including the chauffeur and all expenses, except the chauffeur's hotel bills, and extra for any excess over sixty-five miles per day. -=^feSg^ v^^ -> c-t THE STANDARD GUIDE TO ITALY Ask the man who owns one THE Packard is the prevailing car at every touring center because it is a being of fibre and sinew. To such qualities has been added the unusual touch of elegance that gives the Packard its distinction in the motor car parade. ' According to the reg- istrations published in the Paris edition of the New York Herald, 53 per cent of all the cars driven by American tourists in Europe, from April 1 to July 1, were Packards and there were over three times as many Packards as cars of any other make. Since 1907 the management of the Hotel Elton (Waterbury Conn.) has kept a register for the use of touring automobilists. Every tourist is registered who has stop- ped there in the last four years. It is interesting to note that the three leading cars represented have stood in the same ratio for the last four years. — New York Herald The registrations at the Elton, as published in the New York Herald, show that among sixty-six makers 14 per cent of all cars were Packards and that there were near- ly twice as many Packards as cars of any other make. Packard Motor Car Company Detroit, Michigan PARIS SERVICE DEPOT, 177 Boulevard Pereire 65 THE STANDARD GUIDE TO ITALY THE TOWN & COUNTRY HOTEL AND TRAVEL BUREAU 389 FIFTH AVENUE - Cor. 36th Street NEW YORK The better class Americans find the TOWN & COUNTRY HOTEL AND TRAVEL BUREAU of valuable assistance in securing full informa- tion, tariffs and booklets concerning the leading European Hotels. The intending tourist is afforded every imagin- able facility at our splendidly equipped Bureau situated on Fifth Avenue, in the heart of the fashionable hotel and shopping district. 389 Fifth Ave., New York Telephone 3626 Madison Conducted by TOWN & COUNTRY the leading fashionable weekly. Automobile Tours in Europe HODGMAN'S Two Annual de Luxe Auto Tours SIXTH SEASON— 1912 40 Days — Italy and French Riviera — March 60 Days — Gr. Britain and Continent — July (Latter may be taken separately, 25 days Gr. Britain, 35 days Con't) "A Million Miles thru Europe by Automobile ivith over 600 thorough- ly satisfied patrons of Hodgman 's. ' ' See testi- monials. Rates, Itineraries and Testimonials upon re- quest. Hodgman's Auto Tours care Town & Country 389 Fifth Ave. New York 66 THE STANDARD GUIDE TO ITALY Staltan ^>tate 3&atitoaps» (FERROVIE DELLO STATO) Illustrated Descriptive Advertising Matter will be Sent Free of Charge on Application General Agency for A \merica 281 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK Jflabemoteelle Jacqueline 20 EAST 46th STREET Opposite Ritz-Carlton NEW YORK Smporter The most exclusive French house in New York totems GTatloreb limits J'urs jHotrelea <£xclu*ife ORDERS TAKEN BY MAIL AND EXECUTED BY MEASUREMENTS P. GALLONE The Spring in Europe AU BON MARCHE Corso Duomo 3 SORRENTO . A small and high-class party, under desirable guid- ance, will sail March 28th for Silk Manufactory of the Country a three months' tour of Eu- Shawls, Scarfs, Stockings and rope. Special attention paid Silk Stuffs a Specialty t0 young girls who desire the Dresses Blouses and Petticoats advantage of European travel made in 24 hours . _ ? _ . , . , Large and Splendid Choice f fter fin ' shln g scho0 » or co1 " of Tortoise-shell Work and Corals ENGLISH SPOKEN lege. G. RICHARDS THE HOUSE HAS NO OTHER BRANCHES IN ITALY j 177 Steuben St., Brooklyn 67 THE STANDARD GUIDE TO ITALY Italian State Railways Condensed Time Tables Naples - Rome 156 miles Fares: I Class Lire 30.65; II Class Lire 21.35 10.00 a. m. I 1.40 p. m. I dep. Naples arr. | 2.55 p. m. ; 6.25 p. m. I 10.55 p. m 2.25 p. m. j_5.40 p. m. ! arr. Rome dep. 1 10.45 a. m. 1.35 p.m.! 6.00 p. m Naples - Pompeii - Cava - Vietri - Salerno Naples - Messina - Taorinina - Palermo Fares to Taormina. Fares to Palermo I Class, Lire 54.30; II Class, Lire 36.40 I Class, Lire 66.25; II Class, Lire 43.65 7.20 p. m. dep. Naples arr. 7.30 a. m. 7.53 a. m. » Villa S. Giovanni 7.00 p. m. 8.48 " Messina 6.05 " 10.38 " Taormina 4.20 " 3.15 p. m. Palermo 12.00 m. Naples - Castelainare - Sorrento Trains run between Naples and Castellamare every hour, in connection with electric cars between Castella- mare and Sorrento. Steamer Services between Naples and Sicily Steamers leave Naples Daily at 7 P. M. for Palermo and Messina. 68 THE STANDARD GUIDE TO ITALY GRAND HOTEL VESUVE Naples Situated along the sea-front, it occupies one of the finest situations affording magnificent views of the bay and Mt. Vesuvius. Spacious Public Rooms Palm Garden Parisian Restaurant Table d'Hote American Bar Steam heat in every room. Special terms for extended visit. Branch House: For terms, reservation of rooms, Grand 'Hotel Victoria etc., apply to the Manager or Sorrento 389 Fifth Ave., New York. NAPLES Santa Lucia Hotel NAPLES Savoy Hotel FIRST - CLASS HOTEL with Renowned Restaurant Terrace A first-class House with Best panorama in the city. Open i splendid view, and every all the year round. Many bath- : modem comfort rooms communicating with suites ' of apartments and single bed- rooms. No charge for baths, light, heating or attendance. Lawn tennis - Skating Rink Within House is under New Management A. CORBELLA, Manager Considered as their home by great many Americans. Pietro Campione & Co. PERUGIA PALACE HOTEL Opened 1903 The Newest and Most Modern Hotel Full South Exposure Post and Telegraph Offices in the Hotel Special Electric Car at the Station Garage G. GAGLIARDI, Prop. 69 THE STANDARD GUIDE TO ITALY Rome - Orvieto - Florence 198 miles. Fares I Class Lire 38; II Class Lire 26.35 9,00 a. m. 10.58 " 2.33 p. m. 2.40 p. m. 2.41 " 8.40 " dep. Rome arr. Orvieto arr. Florencedep . 1.10 p. m. 11.10 a. m. 7.00 " 6.50 p. m. 10.50 p. m. 4.57 " I 8.49 " 1.20 " I 5.10 " Rome - Assisi - Perugia - Florence 8.25 a. m. dep. Rome arr. 2.35 p. m 12.21 p. m. Assisi 9.15 a. m. 12.57 " 10.52 a. m. Perugia 5.20 p. m. 9.00 " 2.33 p. m. arr. Florence dep. 1.20 " Rome - Orvieto - Siena - Florence 9.00 a. m. dep. Rome arr. 6.50 p. m. 10.58 " Orvieto 4.56 " 3.13 p.m. 3.20 p. m. Siena 11.50 p. m. 2.00 " 5.20 " arr. Florence dep. 9.45 a. m. Rome - Pisa - Genoa 313 miles. Fares: I Class Lire 53.90; II Class Lire 36.15 8.35 a. m. 9.00 p. m. dep. Rome arr. 7.15 p. m. 11.50 p.m. 2.40 p. m. 2.54 a. m. Pisa 1.25 " 5.32 " 5.52 " 5.57 " Rapallo 1.58 " 6.50 " 6.45 " arr. Genoa dep. 9.37 a. m. 1.00 a. m. Florence - Bologna - Venice 180 miles. Fares: I Class Lire 35.40; II Class Lire 24.60 6.20 a. m. 2.45 p. m. dep. Florence^arr. 4.55 p. m. 11.22 p. m. 10.25 " 6.35 " Bologna 1.45 " 7.45 " 11.19 " 7.22 " Ferrara 12.20 " 5.15 " 1.11p.m. 8.58 " Padua 10.45 a. m. 3.22 " 1.50 " 9.35 " arr. Venice dep. 10.00 " 2.35 " Florence - Bologna - Milan 219 miles. Fares: I Class Lire 41.10; II Class Lire 28.45 10.38 a. m. 2.35 p. m. 4.18 " 6.55 " 2.45 p. m. 6.15 " 7.42 " 9.45 " dep. Florence arr. Bologna Parma arr. M ilan dep. 4.55 p. m. 1.45 " 12.08 " 10.00 a. m. 11.22 p. m. 7.45 " 5.38 "' 3.30 "■ 70 ROME The Bristol Hotel [Barberini Square] The most ideal, elevated and central quarter of the Eternal City. Every luxury and modern comfort. For tariffs, reservation of rooms, etc., apply to J. GIOMETTI, Manager or 389 Fifth Ave., New York ROME PALACE HOTEL HOTEL BEAU-SITE Highest Comfort, Incomparable position. Opposite Queen Mar- gherita's Palace. Single rooms from 5 Lire. Double rooms from 9 Lire. Private Bath 6 Lire. Salons from 20 Lire. Special arrangements for a long- er stay. E. HAASE, Proprietor 71 First Class Family Hotel, Oppo- site the Garden of the Villa Aurora Residence of the ex-president Th. Roosevelt on his last visit to Rome. Single rooms from 4 Lire. Double rooms from 7 Lire. Salons from 12 Lire. Private Bath, 5 Lire. Full Pension from 12 Lire. THE STANDARD GUIDE TO ITALY Florence - Pisa - Genoa 153 miles. Fares: I Class Lire 30.25; II Class Lire 21.05 9.00 a. m. 12.25 p. m. dep. Florence arr. 3.18 p. m. 7.49 p. m. 9.55 " 1.12 " Empoli 2.35 "■ 7.05 " 11.10 " 2.40 " Pisa 1.35 " 5.52 " ■? 2.31 p. m. 5.52 " » Rapallo 3.58 " 3.30 " 6.50 " » arr. Genoa dep. 9.37 a. m. 1.00 " Venice - Padua - Verona - Milan 165 miles. Fares: I Class Lire 32.30; II Glass Lire 22.45 8.00 a. m. 9.25 a. m. 2.00 p. m. dep. Venice arr. \ 2.15 p. m. 6.45 p. m. 8.39 " 10.12 " 2.51 " Padua i 1.38 " 6.02 " 10.00 " 12.03 p. m. 4.33 " Verona 12.20 " ! 4.20 " 12.25 p. m. 3.05 " 7.20 ': arr. Milan dep. 1 9.45 a. m. 1 1.15 " Milan - Turin 95 miles. Fares: I Class Lire 19.35: II Class Lire 13.60 9.37 a. m. 1 12.56 p. m. 12.40 p.m. I 3 .30 ", 4.13 p. m. 7.20 " dep. Milan arr. arr. Turin dep. 2.03 p. m. 1 6.00 p. m. 11.30 a. m. 13.10 " Milan - Pavia - Genoa 95 miles. Fares: I Class Lire 19.35; II Class Lire 13.60 9.15 a. m. 9.44 " I 12.30 p.m. 3.25 p. m. 3.59 " 6.40 " dep. Milan arr. Pavia arr. Genoa dep . 11.55 a. m. 11.09 " 8.20 " 1.50 p.m. 11.00 a. m. 6.10 p.m. 5.28 " 2.20 " Genoa - Alassio - San Remo - Bordighera Vintimille [Nice] 95 mites to Vintimille. Fares: I Class Lire 19.35; II Class Lire 13.60 7.15 a. m. 1 11.05 a. m. dep. Genoa arr. 5.35 p. m. 10.45 p. m. 10.04 " 1.40 p.m. Alassio 2.54 " 8.08 " 11.25 " 2.54 " San Remo 1.43 " 6.50 " 11.50 " i 3.13 " Bordighera 1.24 " 6.34 " 12.00 " 1 3.20 " arr. Vintimille dep. 1.15 " 6.25 " 1.53 p. m. ' 3.46 " Monte-Carlo 10.04 a. m. 3.19 " 2.34 " 1 4.25 " ! Nice 9.12 " 2.37 " 72 GENOA 1 * 1RAMARE GENOA'S LEADING HOTEL The Last Word in Hotel Comfort Patronized by American and English Society One of the largest and most sumptuous hotels in Italy. It consti- tutes the rendezvous of Fashion and the chosen resort of the nobil- ity when visiting Genoa. GRAND TERRACES - GLORIOUS VIEWS Roller Skating Gallery - Orchestra Private Garage TARIFF NOT HIGHER THAN THE USUAL FIRST-CLASS GENOA HOTELS Telegrams: Miramare - Genoa Tariff Cards, and full information at 389 Fifth Ave., New York LEADING HOTELS OF FLORENCE THE GRAND HOTEL Situated in one of the best parts of the town, facing the river. Spacious Public Rooms. Luxurious Suites of Rooms with Private Baths, Steam-heated throughout. High Class Restaurant a la Carte. Patronized by Royalty. HOTEL ITALIE Centrally located on the Lungarno. One of the most comfort- able First Class Hotels in Florence. Entirely renovated. Apartments with Bath- rooms. Excellent Cuisine. Moderate Prices. Further information, reservation of rooms, etc., apply to Manager, or 389 Fifth Ave., New York The Grand Hotel Venice Situated in the Finest Part of the Grand Canal The largest, best patronized and most comfortable Hotel in Venice. Containing 300 Rooms and several Suites of Apartments with Private Baths. Spacious Terrace over-looking the Grand Canal. Renowned for its excellent cuisine. Patronized by English and Ameri- can visitors. Steam-heating throughout. 73 THE STANDARD GUIDE TO ITALY International Sleeping Car Company Express Trains-de-Luxe Composed of the Company's Sleeping and Restaurant Cars The Rome - Florence - Cannes Express From January to May DAILY The Simplon Express Daily between CALAIS, PARIS, LAUSANNE and MILAN Berlin - Naples - Palermo Express From December to May Between BERLIN and PALERMO and BERLIN and TAORMINA The Paris -Rome -Palermo and Taormina Express From December to May Further information, reservation of accommodations, time tables and rates may be obtained from the Company's Office; 281 Fifth Avenue, New York 74 THE STANDARD GUIDE TO ITALY Grand Hotel et des lies Borromees Stresa [Lake Maggiore] SIMPLON LINE The largest high -class Hotel on the Italian Lakes Greatly enlarged and entirely renovated. 300 Rooms and 70 Baths. European and American Plans. ROMEO OMARINI CARGILL'S Private English and American Pension ROME (Via Collina, 23) - Via Flavia All Modern Comforts COOK'S Coupons Accepted Open all the year round Moderate Terms Telegraph Address: Gargill's Roma Telephone: 1598 A. DE GASPERIS Branch House: Hotel Sirena-Tivoli Hotel D'Angleterre ROME The Hotel is situated in the heart of Rome between the Piazza di Spagna and the Corso. Salon, bedroom and bath en suite. Lift, electric light and steam heat. Meals served at individual tables. UNDER AMERICAN MANAGEMENT 75 THE STANDARD GUIDE TO ITALY CAV. FRANCESCO D'ATRI'S Fine Arts Gallery VIA CONDOTTI 7 and 8, ROME Hk 3» j§m| ffSF lLy, ! BBS Wi~ ^w^- Wm n..,' \ ^Hn ■Pj P'^B m K WLk'\ Original and Copies of Oil Paintings and Water Colors by the Best Italian Artists 76 THE STANDARD GUIDE TO ITALY Giacomo Brogi FLORENCE ARTISTIC PHOTOGRAPHER AND PUBLISHER Photographer to H. M. the King Retail Department 1. Via Tornabuoni (near Ponte S. Trinita) Italian Art in books and pictures Extensive Collections Large Carbon Prints Fine Arts Engravings Bronzes Terracottas Walnut Florentine and Renaissance Frames Post-cards Guides, Books, etc. a Jen nti ROME— Corso Umberto 1, 419 aiso ^\ NAPLES— Piazza dei Martiri, 24-25 PORTRAIT STUDIO: Lungarno delle Grazie Novelty : Drawing-Portraits 77 THE STANDARD GUIDE TO ITALY COOK'S TOURS Established 1841 Specially Appointed Official Ticket Agents for the Italian State Railways Tours with Personal Escort to All Parts of Europe All the Year Round Tours arranged for Families and Private Parties at Inclusive Rates, for Any Route Good at Any Time Tickets and Tours with or without Hotels, to All Parts of the World Travellers' Cheques, Letters of Credit, Foreign Money, Baggage and Accident Insurance, Baggage and Freight Forwarding, Time Tables, Guide Books, etc. Every Requisite for the Traveller THOS. COOK & SON Chief American Office: 245 Broadway, New York Branch Offices: 264 & 553 Fifth Ave., New York 2389 Broadway New York Boston, 336 Washington St. Philadelphia, 137 So. Broad St. Chicago, 226 So. Clark St. San Francisco, 689 Market St. Los Angeles, 515 So. Spring Street Montreal, 530 St. Catherine St. West Toronto, 65 Yonge St. Offices in Italy Rome, 54 Piazza Esedra Termini I Naples, Galleria Vittoria Genoa, 17 Via Cairoli ! Florence, 10 Via Tornabuoni Venice, Piazza San Marco : Milan, 7 Via A. Manzoni San Remo, Via V. Emanuele i Stresa, 28 Viale Umberto I. 150 Offices in All Parts of the World THE STANDARD GUIDE TO ITALY Established 1879 De Potter Tours Flatiron Building, New York i Highest Class Conducted Parties Limited Membership Europe* the Orient* Around the World Also "Practical Tours Everywhere in Europe European Automobile Tours Send for Programmes 79 THE STANDARD GUIDE TO ITALY Cfje Cunarb H>teamgfnp Company LIMITED take pleasure in announcing that the Triple Screw Turbine Ship "CARMANIA" 20,000 Tons, the largest Turbine Steamship ever sent to the Mediterranean, the Popular Steamer "CARONIA" 20,000 Tons [Twin Screw] and the New Steam- ships "FRANCONIA" and "LACONIA" 18,000 Tons [Twin Screw], built in 1911, among the largest and most luxurious steamers in the world, will be employed in their Mediterranean-Egyptian- Adriatic S e r vi c e I .calling at MADEIRA, GIBRAL- im J TAR, ALGIERS, VILLE- CARONIA November 18th, 1911 ) FRANCHE or GENOA, NAPLES and FIUME calling at MADEIRA, GIBRAL- TAR, ALGIERS, VILLE- FRANCHE or GENOA, NAPLES, ALEXANDRIA and FIUMEt CAROMA" January 6th 1912 'FRANCONIA" January 20th, 1912 'LACONIA" February 3rd, 1912 CARONIA" February 20th, 1912 'CARMANIA" March 2nd, 1912 tOmits calls at Fiume on Feb. 20 and March 2. Special Fall Sailing, SS. " IVERNIA " [14,200 tons] Nov. 30th 1911, calling at MADEIRA, GIBRALTAR NAPLES and ADRIATIC PORTS. q SAILING LIST, RATE SHEET and STEAMER PLANS as well as Booklets " A NEW WAY TO THE OLD WORLD," "MEDITERRANEAN-EGYPTIAN. ADRIATIC CRUISES," "CARONIA-CARMANIA," " FRANCONIA-LACONIA," "THE BEAUTIFUL ADRIATIC," "A HAPPY VILLAGE" and "A TOURIST IN THE ORIENT" may be secured on application at any of the Company's offices or agencies. 80 THE STANDARD GUIDE TO ITALY T2tfS°35 T0NS ) January • • 10 /^ January . . 24 February . . 21 March . . . 6 FOR FULL DETAILS APPLY TO 9 N B^t£ y WHITE STAR LINE •*£&*■ Philadelphia, Washington, Chicago, St. Louis, San Francisco, Seattle, Winnipeg, Minneapolis, Toronto, Montreal, New Orleans, Quebec, Halifax; 82 ITALY is the key to European culture and art, and Naples is the logical starting point of every well balanced central European lour. By following thence the course of history and civiliza- tion the maximum of cultural value is obtainable, therefore the one BEST WAY through Europe lies along such a route. It is known as • ttye Ctjautauqua Way Like every superior product of intellect and experience it has imitators, but it alone includes all the essentials of an ideal tour : INTELLECTUAL LEADERSHIP by men of culture and un- usual scholarship. Their personal qualities win and hold con- fidence and their power of interpretation reveals meanings which only years of study could otherwise evolve. BALANCED ITINERARIES following the highway of human progress from its beginning under Italian skies to its climax in the British Isles. RICH DAILY PROGRAMS planned to familiarize the trav- eler with the greatest in art, architecture, civilization, life. Rest and recreation are not overlooked, but culture is the supreme object. SMALL SELECT PARTIES, membership of which is posi- tively limited. Only those to whom a European tour is a thoughtful undertaking travel the Chautauqua Way. All hav- ing a common purpose there is established at once the first essential to party congeniality. HIGH CLASS SERVICE is indispensable to those who be- come our guests. Only hotels of recognized standing are patronized. We travel first class on steamers, first or second, according to tour selected, on European railways. We use car- riages or automobiles for sightseeing. No walking, no street cars, no pensions, no extras. MODERATE PRICES that include every necessary expense; fees, admissions, gratuities, baggage, etc. OUR UNIVERSITY EXTENSION TOURS are designed especially for teachers and those to whom a series of lectures by specialists in art, history, archaeology and mod- ern life particularly appeals. The grouping of several small parties under the leadership of highly qualified educators and traveling over a common itinerary makes this plan possible. THE MAXIMUM OF PLEASURE AND PROFIT AT A MINIMUM OF WORRY, DISCOMFORT AND EXPENSE. For full information and prices, address The Chautauqua Tours Marquette Building, Chicago, 111. S3 THE STANDARD GUIDE TO ITALY HAMBURG- AMERICAN LINE Grand Cruise £ Orient By the most palatial cruising steamer afloat S. S. "Victoria Luise" (16,500 tons). Sailing from New York, January 30, 1912, on a 78-Day Cruise, to Madeira, Spain, the Mediterranean and the Orient. Cost, $325 and up- ward. The "Victoria Luise" is equipped with modern features providing every luxury and comfort on long cruises Italy and Egypt Special Trip by the superb transatlantic liner "Kaiserin Auguste Victoria" the largest and most luxurious steamer of the service. Equipped with Ritz-Carlton Restaurant, Palm Gar- den, Gymnasium, Electric Baths, Elevators. Will leave New York, February 14, 1912, for Madeira, Gibraltar, Algiers, Villefranche (Nice), Genoa, Naples and Port Said. Time for sight-seeing at each port. To or from Port Said, $165 and up. To or from all other ports, $115 and up. For information write, wire or 'phone HAMBURG-AMERICAN LINE 41-45 Broadway, New York Boston Pittsburgh St. Louis Philadephia Chicago San Francisco 84 THE STANDARD GUIDE TO ITALY Memoranda for Travellers 85 THE STANDARD GUIDE TO ITALY Memoranda for Travellers 86 Why Go to the Country when you can go to Europe for less money on the new large twin-screw steamers of the Italian Lines Navigazione Generale Italiana Societa Riunite Florio Rubattino La Veloce Navigazione Italiana a Vapore Italia Societa di Navigazione a Vapore which make the trip from New York t<* Naples in 10 }4 to 11 days. All cabins are situated on the upper prom- enade deck and are outside rooms with every convenience. Excellent cuisine and the best wines gratis. All steamers are equipped with extra powerful Marconi Wireless apparatus. For further information, apply to HARTFIELD, SOLARI & CO. General Agents at 21 State Street. New York FEB U SPEND THE WINTER IN ITALY The Land of Wondrous Beauty, Sunshine, Art and Romance A Myriad of Attractions & Allurements for the Tourist Travel by the Navigazione ) Generale Italiana , I La Veloce Italia White Star Line Hamburg American Line Cunard Line North German Lloyd Fabre Line 5 w/ 4.