5 '') Significance. Navigation Laws, 1660-1G73. (Document YT.) 1. Recur to points in Virginia. 2. Laws of 1673 — purpose, nature and effects. Cliarter Taken Away, 1684 1. Causes — special and general. 2. Attitude of the Colony f and its significance. Andros the Governor of New England, lG86-'89 1. The policy of James II. 2. Changes made by Andros and their meaning. 3. The revolution of 1688. (1) Work of Andros prepares for it. (2) Conduct of the peo^^le and its meaning. Tlie New Charter, 1G92 1. Plymouth made a part of the Bay Colony. 2. Other changes made. (1) In the departments of government. (2) In qualifications for suffrage. * Remoustrance addressed to the King is in Bancroft, i, 873- 375 (last). f The noble stand taken by the people is found in Bancroft, 1. 404-406 (last). 26 NEW ENGLAND The Salem Witclicraft References Frothinghain's Republic, 77-83. Bancroft, i. 307-381 ; 395- 406 ; 584-589 ; 599-601 (last). Lod-^^e's Colonics, 389-392. Fisher's Colonial Era, 149-153; 157-164. TliAvaites' Colonies, 166-169 ; 174-177. Andrews, i. 71-81. Fiske's Beginnings of New England, 242-278. Neiv England Institutional Life, 1630-1750 The Tiew Taken 1. Based on similarity of insititutional ideas and their physical enviroumeut. 2. Do the facts point to the same or different • principle of development in the different colonies ? * Industrial Life and Occupations 1. Make a list of leading occupations and com- pare with the South. (Document Y.) 2. Which of these were favored by physical con- ditions ? 3. Slave labor. (1) Did it flourish as in the South? Why? (2) In which section was the greater moral opposition ? Prove. * The tendency or principle of development ought to be knoAvn to the teacher from the beginning, but may not be discovered by the student till the series of events is done. PURITAN INSTITUTIONS 27 4. Commerce. (Document V.) (1) Leading exports and imports. (2) Relation to occupations and growtli of population. Social New England 1. Well defined classes. 2. Did the contrast increase or dimini si I? Mean- h'^ ing. 3. Home life and pastimes. 4. Other social occasions. 5. What the Puritan thouglit of anuisements. Cultnre Inflnences 1. Diffusion. Compare with the South. 2. The minister and his sermons. 3. Schools and colleges. 4. Papers and pamphlets. Religion and Morality 1. The religious was the supreme sentiment. 2. The church organization and its political meaning. 3. The Puritan Sabbath. 4. Church services. 5. Intolerance and superstition. (1) Both characteristic of the age. (2) Massachusetts compared witli Rhode Is- land. (3) Both on the decline in tlie iStli century. 28 THE ^FIDDLE COLONIES Political Ideas and Organization 1. Is this the most democratic group ? Prove. 2. Annual elections and their influence. 3. Town meetings. (1) Historical origin. (2) Nature of tlie organization. (3) Functions. (4) Effects — immediate and remote. 4. Judicial organizations and lawyers. General Conclusions from Above Study * Kefereiices See contents and index in Bancroft and Palfrey. Lodge's Colonies, 406-476. Thwaites' Colonies, 178-194. Fisher's Col- onial Era, 313-320. Andrews, i. 92-97 ; 123-135. See contents in Fiske's Beginnings of New England. The Middle Colonies Institutionally Bridged the Chasm between New England and the South. 1. Developed little that was distinctive in institu- tions. 2. Diversity of population its greatest contrast. (1) Make a list of the elements in the popula- tion. (2) Draw conclusions from this list. *It has been found helpful to compare New England and the South on the above points. VARIETY OF INSTITUTIONAL LIFE 29 3. Variety iii institutional life and habits was a dominant characteristic. (1) Each retained some old-world customs. (2) In this respect the middle colonies were more prophetic of the populations of our day than the other sections. NEW YORK* Yoyages and Explorations of Hudson, 1609 1. Purpose. 2. Nature and results of his work. Early Settlements 1. The Dutch traders, 1613 2. The Huguenots, 1623. (1) Cause of their coming (2) Compare with Puritans. (3) Their relation to New Amsterdam. 3. Fort Orange and others. The West India Company, 1621 1. Nature of its Charter. * This manual places emphasis on institutions, and finds the vahie of events in their contribution to institutional life. It hardly seems advisable to study in detail all the events of all the colonies. Such an attempt would likeiy prevent that careful in vesl.i ignition of some representative colony so necessary to give some idea of life-development. 30 NEW YORK 2. Motives of the company. 3. Relation to settlements already made. The Patrooiis and tlieir System 1. Originated with the company. 2. The grants of land privilege. 3. Inducements to settlers. 4. Immediate and remote results of the system. (1) To the company. (2) To the settlement of the colony. (3) To the people of the state. Progress of Events Under the Company 1. Early connections with the English. 2. Early relations with Indians. 3. A system of government established, 1626. (1) Leading features. (2) Relation to the people and its significance. - 4. Rule of various governors up to Stuy vesant. 5. Introduction of slavery. 6. Trouble between Patroons and the company, 1640. (1) Causes — particular and fundamental. (2) The remedy and its significance. 7. Early struggle for political rights. (1) Cause. ^ a. Nature of the governmental system. b. The rule of various governors. c. The example of the English. UNDER WEST INDIA COMPANY 31 (2) Kieft's Advisory Council. a. Origin and functions. h. Significance and results. (3) The compromise in 1647. (4) Appeal to Holland, 1650. a. Grievances stated. h. Results. (5) The convention of deputies and Governor Stuyvesant, 1653. (6) The company supports the governor, 8. Religious contests under Stuyvesant. (1) The creed of the Dutch. (2) Treatment of the Lutherans and Baptists. a. Causes and character. h. Attitude of the governor and comjiany. 9. Relations with the Swedes. 10. Relations with the English colonies hefore the conquest. (1) Plymouth, 1628 and 1633. (2) Dutch post on the Connecticut. (3) Emigrants from New England and Vir- ginia. (4) Dutch and English unite against the Indians. (5) During Stuyvesant's rule. Tho Conquest of New Netherlands, 1664 1. Ciiuses and motives. 2. Terms and circumstances of the surrender. 32 NEW YORK 3. Attitude of the colonists and its meaning. 4. Immediate results. (1) To the Dutch. (2) To the English colonies. 5. The reconquest and the restoration. The Duke's Laws 1. Circumstances and causes. 2. Nature and purpose. 3. Effects. The Duke's Grant 1. What it was. 2. How it affected New York. 3. Why Governor Nichols resigned. New York Under Andros, 1674-1683 1. Relations with Connecticut and New Jersey. 2. The " bolting " act and the growth of New York city. 3. Religious sects and their relative importance. 4. Effects of the Navigation Laws. 5. Cause of recall of Andros. Governor Dongon 1. Brings new political instructions. 2. The Charter of Liberties. (1) Source of authority under the charter. (2) Leading provisions. (3) Compare with Massachusetts's Body of Liberties. RELIGIOUS QUESTIONS 33 3, The trouble with James II. (1) Why he revoked tlie charter. (2) Effects on the people. (3) Orders to Dongou. Tlie Kevolution of 1G88 1. Attitude of New York ; reasons. 2. CompHcations with Nicholson. Jacob Leisler 1. Relations to Nicholson. 2. Relations to the militia. 3. Attitude of the council. 4. His work for the people. 5. Arrest and punishment. 6. Compare and contrast with Nathaniel Bacon. Governor Slougliter 1. Instructions. 2. Reconstruction of the government. (1) Religious liberty except for Catholics. (2) A general assembly ; its acts. 3. Religious dispute between governor and as- sembly. 4. Expulsion of Catholic priests, 1700. Oro\^ih of the Eiigiish Church 1. Leading rivals. 2. Attempts of Andros to aid it. 3. Sloughter's instructions. 4. Quarrel between Fletcher and the Assembly. 34 NEW YORK (1) Questions in dispute. (2) Results to the cliurcli. 5. Governor Cornbury's position.^ (1) With reference to Presbyterians. (2) On Enghsh acts of conformity. The Struggle for Popular Government 1. Origin and progress under the Dutch. 2. Efforts under early English governors. 3. Effects produced by the Revolution of 1688. 4. Struggle between governors and assemblies. (1) Over annual appropriations. (2) Raising of taxes. (3) Over voting salaries, 5. Under Governor Bellomont. (1) His defense of Leisler and its significance. (2) Why he called a new assembly ; its char- acter. 6. Attitude of the assembly toward Governor Cornbury. (1) On salary and extravagances. (2) On expenditure of appropriations. (3) Factions united against the governor. 7. The Court of Chancery established. (1) Nature and purpose. (2) Opposition ; cause and effect. 8. Liberty of the press secured, 1735. (1) The first newspaper in New York. (2) An opposition paper started. INSTITUTIONAL LIFE 35 (a) Attacks on the admiuistration. (b) Arrest of the editor. (c) Why the defendant's Lawyer came from Pennsylvania. {(l) The trial and its result. 9. Address of the assembly to Acting-Governor Clarke. (1) Absence of usual terms of flattery ; signifi- cance. (2) Pledged not to raise large sums. (3) Asserted they would raise an annual revenue. The Negro Plot 1. Origin of the delusion. 2. Punishment of the slaves. (1) Evidence and how obtained. (2) Number executed. (3) Compare with New England witchcraft. Tlie Institutioniil Life of New York 1. Politics and religion already studied. 2. Education. (1) Established under the Dutch. (2) Extent of the system. (3) Method of support. (4) Attitude of tlie English governors. (5) Compare and contrast with the schools of New England and the South. 36 PENNSYLVANIA 3. Occupations and industrial life. (Document V.) (1) Leading ones and favoring physical con- ditions. (2) Domestic manufactures. (3) Foreign commerce. (a) AVitli what countries. {!)) Articles of exchange, (r) Relation to navigation laws. (Document^'I.) Social Life, 1700-1750 1. The basis of social distinctions in New York. 2. Compare and contrast English and Dutch set- tlers. ,3. The degree of social separation. (1) Compare and contrast with New England and the South. 4. Pastimes of the various classes. References Bancroft, i. 475-527 (last edition). Fisher's Colonial Era, 177-173 ; 241-254. Lodge's English Colonies in America, 285- 340. Thwaites' The Colonies, 186-207. Hendrick's Brief His- tory of the Empire State, 10-83. PENNSYLVANIA The Grant to William Peiin, 1681 1. Penn's interest in New Jerse}^ Quakers, and its results. 2. Relations between the Penns and the Stuarts 3. Efforts to obtain a grant. FOUyjilXa THK (COLONY 37 4 Limits. 5. Leading points in the charter. (1) Position and power of the governor. (2) Law-making body and its relations to the governor. (3) Law-making in its relation to the crown. 4) Taxation. a. By local anthorities. b. By English authority. (5) Religious toleration. Peiiii's Letter 1. Preceded by a royal 2)roclamation. 2. Addressed to people of the province. 3. Its political and religious sentiments. Penii's Constitution, 1682 1. Drawn in England. 2. His idea of political freedom. 3. Relation between proprietor and governor. 4. Relation of the people to the council and assembly. Large Eniigrjition 1. From England. 2. From the continent. 3. Account for it. The Assembly at Cliester, 1682 1. Immediate cause and })urpose. 2. Work of the meeting. 38 PENNSYLVANIA (1) Relation to the preceding documents. (2) Position of the people of Delaware. (3) Provisions relating to a. Governor, council and assembly. h. Religious freedom and Sabbath observ- ance. c. Capital crimes ; compare with England and other colonies. d. Jury trial ; relation to Indians. e. Peacemakers. ./ Offences against morality. g. Inheritance ; compare with other col- onies. li. Treatment of prisoners. Peiiii's Opposition to Monopolies 1. Refuses to grant a monopoly of Indian trade betw^een the Delaware and the Susquehanna. 2. Himself refuses an offer of revenue from ex- ports on tobacco. Treatment of the Indians 1. Penn's letter to them before coming over. 2. Recognition of Indians in making laws. 3. The great treaty. (1) Cause and nature. (2) Effects. 4. Compare and contrast with other colonies. Gfrowth and Yariety of Population, 1685 1. Total population ; account for it. AGITATIONS FOR POPULAR RULE 39 2. Variety. (1) English, Scotch, and Irish. (2) Germans, Swedes, and Finns. (3) Cause and effects. 3. Founding and growth of Philadelphia. First Disturbance in the Colony 1. Departure of Penn for England. 2. Causes of the trouhle. 3. Nature and meaning of the disturbance. 4. Immediate and remote consequences. Separation of Pennsylvania and Delaware 1. Causes and leaders. 2. Results. The Govern nient Taken from Penn 1. The seism among the Quakers. 2. Imprisonment of Keith. (1) His offense. (2) Led to charge of persecution. 3. Fletcher made governor, 1693. (1) Appointed by the king ; significance. (3) Delaware and Pennsylvania united. Fletcher and the Assembly 1. Differences. (1) Assembly asserted old laws to be in force. (2) The governor asserts the royal prerogative. (3) Assembly refuse to ra-enact its laws. Reasons. 40 PENNSYLVANIA (4) Assembly's mauifesto calling for redress before voting sup2)lies. 2. Effects. Restoration of Penii's Authority, 1694 1. Difficulties in tlie way and how overcome. 2. Changes in the government made by the people. (1) The assembly. a. Sit on its own adjournment. b. Originate bills. c. Annually elected. (2) Biennial council. 3. Return of Penn. Last Acts of Penn in the Colony, 1699-1701 1. New treaty with Indians. 2. Efforts against slave trade. 3. New constitutions. (1) For Pennsylvania. (2) For Philadelphia. 4. Returns to England to save tlie j^roviiice. Tlie Struggle between tlie People and the Proprie- tary, 1700-1750 1. Generally between the assembly and the gov- ernors. 2. Questions in dispute under Evans, 1703-1709. (1) Reunion with Delaware. (2) Whether the governor could j^i'orogue the assembly. INSTITUTIONAL LIFE 41 (3) Support of the war by the Quakers. (4) The estabHshmcut of a judiciary. (5) Eight of impeachment by the assembly. (6) Eemoustrauce to Penu. 3. Quarrel renewed under Governor Gookin. (1) Gookin's instructions. (2) Assembly arrests Logan. (3) His appeal to Penn. (4) Penn's reproof and threat. a. Nature and purpose. h. Kesult and its reason. 4. How Keith managed the assembly, 1718-1726. (1) Motives and policy. (2) Eesults and significance. 6. Quakers and war, 1739-1746. (1) Attitude of the Quakers toward Spanish war. (2) Means of forcing the governors to yield. (3) Eising opposition led by Franklin. a. Shown in King George's war. b. Also in French and Indian war. c. Eesults. Institutional Life in Pennsylvania 1. Politics and government. (1) Nature seen in preceeding events. (2) Tendency was democratic. (3) Judiciary and its organizi^tion. 2. Eeligion and the church. 42 PENNSYLVANIA (1) Religious freedom. (2) The various sects and their influence. 3. Education and schools. (1) Ignorance and superstition compared with other colonies. (2) Philadelphia's early schools. a. First school, 1683. b. First public school, 1689. c. Franklin's University, 1749. (3) Newspapers, literature, and science. 4. Society and the home. (1) Social classes; compared with other «:«.J onies. (2) Food and dress. (3) Houses and their furnishings. (4) Social gatherings and pastimes. 5. Industrial life and occupations. (Document V.) References Bancroft, i. 453-573 (last edition) ; ii. 24-31. Lofli^e's Englisli Colonies in America, 311-272, Tliwaites' Colonies, 235-220 Fisher's Colonial Era, 199-206 ; 260-371. The Genesis op Common Ideas and Sentiments, 1760-1789 Tlip Beginnings of Cooperation INTERCOLONIAL WARS* AND CO-OPERATION, 1689-1760 Kiug Williaiirs War, 1689-1697 1. Causes— immediate and remote. 2. Leading events — civil and military. 3. Effects. (1) Military knowledge gained by Americans. (2) Growth of cooperation. a. Events contributing to it. h. As affected by the treaty. Queen Anne's War, 1702-1713 1. Causes — European and American. 2. Leading events — civil and military. 3. Effects. (1) Military experience. (2) Sentiment of cooperation. (3) Was the peace English or American made ? * Military events, as such, illustrate the art of war. They have historical significance only when their influence upon insti- tutional growth is traced. (43) 44 GENESIS OF COiMMON IDEAS King George's War, 1744-1748 1. Causes — ^jDarticular and general. (1) AVhich are American and which English ? (2) Which are common to preceding wars ? 2. Leading campaigns. 3. Results to America. French and Indian War, 1755-1768 1. Causes — immediate and remote. (1) Are they mostly American or English ? (2) Significance. 2. Leading events — civil and military. 3. Effects. (1) Particular. a. Make a list of those found in all the preceding wars. h. Number, character, and meaning of co- operative events. c. Compare the wars as to military experi- ence. d. Financial and industrial on both x\.mer- ica and England. (2) General. a. On political destiny of America. h. Religious and social ideas of America. Keferences Bancroft, ii. 2 (last edition), see contents. Frothingliam's Rise of the Republic, 84-H; 131-157. Andrews' History of the United States, i. 136-160. CONFLICTING INTERESTS 45 BEGINNINGS OF ALIENATION AND UNION, 1700-1700 These Processes were Gradual and Siiiiiiltaneoiis. 1. England convinced the colonies that her in- terests and theirs were not identical. 2. Parallel with the growth of tliis conviction arose the consciousness of common interests among the colonies. Causes of the Above Moveuients 1. Growing divergence between American and English ideas. (1) Favored by geographical conditions. Prove. (2) Increased by social condition of the settlers. (3) Stimulated by study and self-reliant char- acter developed in America. Show. (4) Aided by the greater political experience of all classes in America. Explain, 2. The attack on the American Charters. (1) Some changed before 1700. (2) New attacks on other colonies, 3. Quarrels with colonial governors. (1) Causes. a. Salaries. Why? b. Powers. Why? (2) Examples of the contest. (3) Attitude of England toward these conflicts and its effect. 4. Industrial and commercial restrictions. (1) Causes. 46 GENESIS OF COMMON IDEAS a. Fuudamental-England's colonial theory. h. Particular. — Demands of English trade. (2) Leading restrictions on. (Document VL) a. Wool and woolen goods, 1699. h. Hat trade and apprentices, 1719. c. Pine tree reservation. d. East India trade, 1721. e. Sugar Act, 1733. /. Iron and steel mills, 1750. (3) Effects on a. Relations between colonies and Eng- land. h. Relations between the colonies. c. Smuggling. References See contents and index to Lodge's, Thwaites' and Doyle's Colonies, and also to Fisher's Colonial Era, Bancroft's, Hildretli's and Andrews' histories. Union Against England THE STRUGGLE FOR THE RIGHTS OF ENGLISHMEN, 1760-1776 Leading Points in the Policy of George III. 1. Changes in colonial boundary lines. 2. Remodeling the charters. 3. Introduction of aristocracy. 4. Standing army. EIGHTS OF ENGLISHMEN 47 5. Execution of navigatiou act. 6. Purpose of this policy. Navigation Act ; Writs of Assistance, 17G1 1. C'auses. (1) Heavy debt. (2) Smuggling trade. 2. Nature and purpose. 3. Opposition in America ; reasons. 4. Speech of James Otis ; its principle. (Docu- ment VII.) 5. Effects on America. References John Adams' Works, i. 57-60. Bancroft, iv. 414-418 (old ed.) ; ii. 273-277 (Century ed.) ; ii. 546-548 (last ed. .) Fiske's American Revolution, i. 12-13. Frothingham, 162, 168. Hart's Forma- tion of the Union, 43-48. Hildreth, ii. 498-500 (rev. ed.). IIos- mer's Samuel Adams, 40-45. Lecky's England in the 18th Cen- tury, iii. 328-330. Morse's John Adams, 24-25. Nilcs' Register, xiv. 137-140. Scott's Development of Constitutional Liberty, 237-246. Wells' Samuel Adams, i. 43-44. Changes in tlie Navigation Act, 17(>3 1. Causes, immediate and remote. 2. Nature of act. (1) Smuggling j^unished hy confiscation. (2) Navy used. (3) Naval, executive and j udicial officers shared in spoils. 3. Effects. (1) On America. 48 GENESIS OF COMMON IDEAS a. Merchants memorialize assemblies, hold correspondence, and appeal to Eng- land. h. Trade injured. c. Common feeling against England and sympathy among American colonists, (2) On England. Stamp Act 1. New method of taxation. Reasons. 2. Purpose of England. (1) Immediate. (2) Indirect. 3. Effects on America. (1) Town meetings, mobs, and resignation of stamp officials. (2) Organizations. a. Sons and Daughters of Liberty. h. ^Merchant organizations. : a. Non-importation Society. h. Non-exj^ortation Society. c. Consumers' organization : Non-consump- tion Society. (3) Meeting and work of colonial assemblies. a. Massachusetts. h. Virginia. (Document YIII.) c. New York. d. Others. KIGHTS OF ENGJJSIIMEN 49 References Atlantic ]\[outhly, March 1888. Johu Adams' Works, i. 70-80. Auuual Register (British), 1765, 18-21 ; 49-56. Bancroft, v. 91-92, 192-217, 269-280, 808-381 (old ed.) ; iii. 397-400, 417-436, 466-471, 491-506 (Centenary ed.) ; iii. 34-85, 60-62, 107-121, 1 SI- MS (last ed.). Fiske's American Revolution, i. 14-18, 20-21. Frothingham, 161-184. Hart's Formation of the Union, 48. Ilosmer's Samuel Adams, 46-54. Lossing-'s Field Book, ii. 671- 074 (copy of Stamp Act) ; i. 460-464. Morse's John Adams, 26-32, Farton's Franklin, i. 459-463. Tyler's Patrick Henry, 57-79. Wells' Samuel Adams, i. 46-64. Wirt's Patrick Henry, 74-76 (Alta ed.). Stamp Act Congress, 1765 1. Origin. (1) Prove it an outgrowth of preceding con- ditions. (2) Whence its authority ? 2. Purpose, immediate and remote. 3. Work. (1) Read the documents issued. (Document IX.) (2) Enumerate the rights chiimed. (3) On what ground did the colonists base their chiim ? 4. Etfects of the congress. (1) Gave constitutional basis to opposition. (2) Unified sentiment and effort in America. Repeal of the Act, 1/(>G 1. Oauses. (1) Influences in America. (2) English influences. (Document X.) 50 GENESIS OF COMMON IDEAS References Andrews' History of the United States, 1. 161-167. Atlantic Monthly, March, 1888. Annual Kegister (British), 1765, 18-21, 31- 56. Bancroft, v. 91-92, 192-217, 333-336, 342-346, 363-372, 428- 433 (old ed.) ; iii. 397-400, 417-436, 508-515, 519-524, 526-531, 570- 573 (Centenary ed.) ; iii. 34-35, 60-62, 107-121, 149-214 (last ed.). Fiske's American Revolution, i. 14-18, 20-28. Frothingham, 161-200. Hosmer's Samuel Adams, 46-54, 78-89. Kiles' Regis- ter, 1. 12-14 ; ii. 337-355. Hart's Formation of the Union, 50-53. Hildreth, ii. 529-531. Tyler's Patrick Henry, 57-79. Parton's Franklin, i. 469-477, 478-482. Wells' Samuel Adams, i. 46-64, 106-109. 2. Effects. (1) Demoustrations of joy in England and America. (2) Declaratory resolves to save the principle in the new policy. America's Gain 1. Value of union learned. 2. Moral sentiment aroused for standing by America against England. Significance. 3. American industry stimulated. How? Tea Tax and other Measures, 1768 1. Tax on tea, paper, paints and glass. 2. Board of revenue commissioners. 3. Writs of assistance legalized. 4. Purpose of these measures. Eif'eets on America 1. Agitation and miion. EIGHTS OF ENGLISHMEN 51 (1) Sons of Liberty and Non-imi3ortation Socie- ties again (2) Industrial. 2. Massachusetts Circular Letter. (Document XL) (1) Nature and purpose. (2) Effect on England ; king commands : a. Massachusetts to rescind letter. b. Other assemblies to treat letter with contempt. (3) America refuses obedience. a. Massachusetts assembly votes not to re- scind, 92 to 17. /;. Other assemblies vote to sustain ^lass- achusetts. c. Popular enthusiasm supports assemblies. Noiviniportatioii Forces Clianges. 1. First tea trick, 1770. (1) Nature, aim and effects. (2) Committees of correspondence formally organized, 1773.* 2. Tea trick number two, 1773. (1) Nature and causes. (2) Effects on America. Boston Tea Party and Panl Revere's First Kide 1. Boston committee of correspondence ; and how it organized opposition. * Yury important. Work out oroauization aud operations. 52 GENESIS OE CM)M^rON IDEAS 2. The party. Dec. IG, 1773. (Document XII.) (1) Its invitations, (2) Work. (3) Paul Revere carries its compliments to New York and Philadelphia. (4) Significance of this event. Kefereiices Andrews' History of the United States i. 1G7-170. Annual Register, 1768, 235-237 ; 1774, 58-67. Atlantic Monthly, April, 1888. Bancroft, vi. 100-107, 112-126, 143-147, 465-489 (old ed.) ; iv. 59-62, 69-74, 83-89, 271-281 (centenary ed.) ; iii. 251-252, 279- 293 ; 443-458 (last ed.). Fiske's American Revolution, i. 28-84, 84-93. Frothingham, 208-230, 296-303, 303-311. Hildreth, iii. 24-32. Hosmer's Samuel Adams, 98-110, 153-159, 243-256. Lecky's England, iii. 380-406. Lossiug's Field Book, i. 477-479, 481-488, 496-499. Wells' Samuel Adams, i. 142-144, 148-152 ; ii. 110-127. England Strikes Back * 1. Boston Port Bill. (1) Cause and nature. (2) Effects, immediate and remote. 2. Other measures. 3. How the country stood by Boston. (Docu- ment XIII.) First Continental Congress, 1774 1. Causes — particular and fundamental. 2. ]\Iake a list of its leading members. "^American Arcliives, ser. 4, i. 397-398 (address and covenant sent by the Boston committee to each town in the colony.) Annual Register, 1774, 68-78, 233-236 (abstract of the bill ; 239-240 (abstract of the Quebec bill) ; 1775, 2-22 (effects of these measures). RIGHTS OF KNCJLISHMEN 63 Work of the Congress 1. Purpose. (1 Cement union. (2) Redress of grievances. 2. ]\Ieans to tliese ends. (1) Secret sessions. (2) Communication with Boston. (Documents XVI and XVII.) (3) Declaration of rights. Addresses to the king, people of England, j^eople of Can- ada, and people of the colonies. (Docu- ments XIV and XV.) (4) The association. (5) Show how each was a means. Effects oil America 1. Sentiment of union strengtliened. (1) Constitutional hasis more apparent. (2) Greater sympathy and more contributions fi)r Boston. 2. Every colony voted to or did sustain its recom- mendations. . 3. Militia organized and munitions of war col- lected. (Document XVIII.) Effects oil England (Document XIX.) 1. The King orders : (1) Governors to prevent appointment of dele- gates to next congress. (2) Governor Gage to enforce changes in Mass- achusetts charter. 54 GENESIS OF COMMON IDEAS 2. On pai'liainciit. (1) INIajority vote thanks to king for his meas- ures. (2) Friends of America oppose it. (3) Lord Chatham, Jan., 1774, moves for con- cihation. (4) Burke's motion and speech, March, 1775. (5) Petitions of lousiness men to parhament. Kefereiices Gentlemen's Magazine, 1774, 20-23, 25-27, 367-369, 570-571 ; 1775, 197-198, 199-200, 317-318, 360. Parliamentary History, xviii. 168-171, 179-181, 184-185. Parliamentary Register, i. 104- 106, 116-117. John Adams' Works, i. 149-165. Annual Regis- ter, 1775, 23-36; 1774, 203-214, 218-224. Baneroft, vii. 126-135, 138-152 (old ed ) ; iv. 353-361, 392-398, 401-411 (centenary) ; iv. 61-77 (last ed.). Curtis' Constitutional History, i. 6-17. Fiske's American Revolntion, i. 100-111. Frotliingliam, 358-381. Hil- dretli, iii. 42-46. Hart, 59-68. Hosmei'is Samuel Adams, 313- 321. Journals of Congress, i. 19-23, 26-31, 46-49. Lecky's Eng- land, iii. 443-450. Morse's John Adams, 63-82. Tyler's Patrick Henry, 92-112. AV ells' Samuel Adams, iii. 174-178, 218-248. Lexington and Concord 1. Causes. (1) Enumerate fundamental ones. (2) List of the events operating as particular causes. 2. Alarming the country and arousing the Minute Men. 3. The fight itself.* * Every student ought to reatl Bancroft's story of Lexington and Concord. RIGHTS OF MAN 55 (1) Some characteristics. (2) Historical significance. a. Why did the Americans rejoice over the defeat of the British ? b. How many companies of Minute Men in the contest and what is its meaning ? * c. Meaning of size of army around Boston. d. What was the effect of this conflict on the Americans' desire for their rights as Englishmen? e. Effect on England. Transition from Rights of Englishmen to Rights of Men 1. Leading events marking the beginning of the end of the first part of the revolution. (1) Lexington and Concord. (2) Bunker Hill and siege of Boston. (3) Ticonderoga. (4) King's proclamation. (5) Congress of 1775. 2. Union for rights of Englishmen a failure. 3. Union for rights of man now begins. STRUGGLE FOR THE RIGHTS OF MAN Origin and Orowth of Independjence 1. In the spirit of American institutions. 2. From New England union (1643) Americans accused of aiming at independence. *See Bancroft. 56 GENESIS OF COMMON IDEAS 3. Americans deny the charge. 4. Attitude toward independence while struggling for rights of Englishmen. (Document XVII.) 5. New England thought to be ready for it in 1774.* 6. Attitude of middle colonies, 1775. 7. The king promotes independence. (1) Refused to hear petition of congress of 1775. (2) Proclaimed colonists rebels. (3) Hired mercenary troops. 8. ^lovement begins in earnest. (1) Common sense, January, 177G. (Docu- ment XX.) (2) Action of colonial legislatures. a. Xorth Carolina instructs for independ- ence, April, 1776. b. South Carolina makes a new^ govern- ment. Significance. c. Rhode Island disclaims allegiance, May 4. d. Virginia's convention instructs dele- gates for independence and votes a declaration of rights of man. May 15. (3) Action of congress. a. Ricliard Henry Lee moves for inde- pendence, in June. /;. A'ote j)Ostponed. Reasons. * Sec jMorsc's John Adams, 53-69. RIGHTS OF MAN 57 e. First vote, how secured ? d. Jefferson the author and John Adams the defender of the declaration. 9. PoHtical doctrines of the declaration.* (Docu- ment XXI.) (1) Sets forth rights of men, (2) Relations with England and incidentally relations between the states. References Andrews, i. 171-180. Annual Register, 1775, 120-125. Ban- croft, vii. 148-150, 182-185, 228-232. 271-277 (old ed.) ; v. 257- 262 (Centennary ed.) Frotliingliam, 153-157, 174-175, 198-200, 244-248, 290-293, 400-402. Gentleman's Magazine, 1775, 195-201. Hart's Formation of the Union, 70-80. Hildreth, iii. 50-56, 65- 67 (revised ed.). Lossing's Field Book, ii. 67-70. Morse's John Adams, 53-77. Roosevelt's Gouverneur Morris, 28-52. Scott's Constitutional Liberty, 290-297. Stevens's Sources of the Con- stitution of the United States, 25-39. Leading Military Events 1. First year of war (April, 1775, to April, 1776), mainly a series of victories for Americans. 2. Disaster on Long Island and retreat up the Hudson and across the Jerseys, Aug. to Dec, 1776. 3. Great victories at Trenton and Princeton, de- feat at Brandywine and loss of Philadelphia, Christmas, 1776, to Sept., 1777. 4. Burgoyne's invasion and surrender. * The doctrinal portion of the declaration should be analyzed and its principles stated. 58 GENESIS OF COMMON IDEAS 5. War in the South. (1) Its partisan character. (2) Its great events : Camden, King's ^loun- tain, Cowpen's and Greene's campaign. 6. Event's which made the Mississippi our west- ern boundary-hne. 7. Yorktown and treaty of peace. References : for battles Andrews, i, 181-222. Bancroft Carrington's Battles of the Bevolution, Fiske's American Eevolution i. and ii. Hildreth. Lecky's England. Lodge's Washington. Lossing's Fiekl Book, Marshall's Washington. Parton's Franklin. Roosevelt's Win- ning the West. For Treaty Annual Register, 1783, 339-42. Bancroft vi. 183-192 (Centen- ary ed.). Burnet's Northwest Territory, 75-82. Dunn's Indi- ana, 131-151. Fiske's Critical Period of American History, 17-36. Hart's Formation of the Union, 95-98. Hildreth, iii. 411-420. Hinsdale's Old Northwest, 153-160. Journals of Congress, iv. 323-325. Lecky's England, iv. 271-84. Marshall's Washington, ii. 39-40. IMorse's John Adams, 198-240. Results of the Revolution 1. Pohtical and governmental. 2. Rehgious and moral. 3. Industrial and financial. 4. Social. Groiuth toivard a Permanent Basis of Union STATE SOVEREIGNTY AS THE BASIS OF UNION Origin ol* State Sovereignty 1. The colonial situation favored it. Prove. STATE SOVEREIGNTY 59 2. Necessity, iu the revolution, for a principle of union. (1) Appears in early meetings of the Conti- nental Congress. (2) In discussions over internal questions. (3) Recognized in Franklin's plan of a confed- eration. Origin of the Confederation 1. Kelation to the war of the revolution. 2. Relation to the Declaration of Independence. 3. Struggle over the articles in congress, 1776- 1777. (1) Questions at stake. (2) Changes made in the first draft and their significance. (3) Method of adoption and its meaning. (4) Delay in adoption ; causes. Nature of the Confederation as Revealed in the Articles 1. Nature and significance of the second article. 2. From a study of the remaining articles, what conclusion may be reached ? (1) As to the general nature of the confeder- ation. (2) As to the relative amouiit of power of the states and the congress over foreign ques- tions. 60 GENESIS OF COMMON IDEAS (3) As to their relative amount of power over internal or domestic questions. Cite proof of each. 3. Proof that this distribution of power harmon- izes Avith the causes and circumstances that produced the confederation. Defects of the Articles 1. A list of the defects. 2. The fundamental defect discovered and its origin explained. 3. Could this defect have been avoided by the makers of this instrument ? Eeason for the answer. Events bearing* on the Decline of the Confederation 1. Discontent in army at close of the war. 2. Condition of congress. 3. Industrial situation. 4. America's reputation abroad. *" ' 5. Shay's rebellion. References Andrews' History of the United States, 233-239. Bancroft's History of the United States, v. 10-15, 199-208, 283-284 ; vi. 59- 86, 136-153, 167-176 (new ed.); ix. 436-451 (old ed.); v. 345-353 (Centenary). History of the Constitution, 45-53, 59-77, 137-140, 147-153, 167-176. Cyclopedia of Political Science, i. 574-577. Curtis, Constitutional History, i. 104-114, 127-134, 186-195, 208- 230, 235-326. Dawson's Federalist, 90-100. Elliott's Debates, i. 67-78; V. 110-113. Fiske's Critical Period, 105-113, 142-151, 167^ 178, 179-186, 208-213 ; Failure of American Credit after the Revo- lutionary War {see Atlan. 58 : 77-88) ; the Paper Money Craze of GERMS OP NATIONALITY 61 1786 and Shay's Rebellion (see Allan. 58 : 376-385) ; Weakness of the United States Go^'ernnlent Under the Articles of Confedera- tion (see Atlan, 57 : 577-589). Gay's, Madison, 76-87. Hart's For- mation of the Union, 103-117. Hildreth's History of the United States, iii. 395-400, 421-422, 430-437, 450-454. Von Hoist's Con- stitutional History, i. 19-30, 39 46. Hosmer's Samuel Adams, 465-465. Jefferson's Writing's, i. 26-36, 78-79, 406-407, 413-414, 389 392,518; ii. 105-106. Lossing's Field Book, i. 672-676. Shay's Rebellion (see Harper, 656-662). McMaster's History of the United States, i. 130-138, 177-185, 223-226, 255-259,300-330. Marshall's Washington, ii. 9-37, 41-56, 94-97. Pitkin's History of the United States, ii, 154-178. Rives' Madison, i. 253-266, 382-408, 547- 548 ; ii. 47-51 (notes), 164-180. Schouler's History of the United States, i. 14-17. Story's Commentaries on the Constitution, 1. 157-162, 168-172. Edward Stanwood's A Glimpse at 1786 (see Atlan. 57, 777-788). Wells' Samuel Adams, 211, 222-243. Walker's Making of the Nation, 1-20. Western Annals, 280-283. GROAVTHOF NATIONAL SOVEREIGNTY AS THE BASIS OP UNION This Form of Uuioii is the Second Phase of Domes- tic XJiiioii. 1. Germs of nationality parallel in time with state sovereignty. 2. Many events nnder the confederation have a double content, pointing back to state sover- eignty and forward to nationality.* Expressions of National Sentiment ^*In interpreting the events nnder the confederation the student gets the whole content or meaning only when he views events in the lii-ht of both their causes and effects. 62 Genesis of common ideas 1. C'hristo^^her Gadsden in the Stamp Act Con- gress. 2. Patrick Henry in congress of 1774. 3. Tom Paine in ''Common Sense", Jan., 1776. 4. Edward Rutledge, tired of the debates over the confederation, wrote that he was ready to " propose ... a special congress . . . of new members " for the purpose of making a new government. New York and New Eiiglaiicl Move. 1. Representatives of New England in convention at Boston, 1780. 2. Convention at Hartford, Nov., 1780. (1) New England and New York represented. (2) Urged congress to act. (3) Sent a circular letter to all the states on the defects of the confederation. (4) Proceedings sent to other states, to Wash- ington and congress. Early Work of Hamilton 1. Elaborated for Robert Morris the plan of a national bank, 1780. 2. Great letter to Duane, 1780. (Document XXII.) 3. In April, 1781, he sent to Morris the charter and plan for a national bank to be incor})or- ated by congress. 4. Published the Continentalist, 1781-1782. WASHIXCJTOX WANTS A NATION 63 Wasliiiigtoirs Early Efforts to promote a Strong Ooverimieut 1. As commander-in-chief he soon felt the need of a more centrahzed government. 2. Many recommendations to the continental con- gress pointed toward it. 3. In private letters to members he urged the exercise of more power by congress. 4. Similar views set forth in correspondence with governors and influential men in the states. 6. The Newburgh address and how it was met. 6. Circular letter to the governors, June, 1783. (1) Leading points. (2) Effects on the country. Cessions and Govern ni en t of Western Territory, 1781-1787 1. Cessions and their significance. 2. Origin, nature and purpose of Ordinance of 1787. The Interests of Coniniei-ce Point tlie Way to a more Perfect Union. 1. England's injury to our commerce ; causes and effects. 2. Wasliiiigton, Jefferson and Madison interested in dcA^eloping intercourse with the West. 3. Recommended cooperation with Maryland. 64 GENESIS OP COMMON IDEAS Virginia and Maryland Act. 1. Meeting at Alexandria and Mount Vernon. (1) Commissioners meet March, 1785. (2) Jurisdiction of Potomac and Chesapeake settled. (3) Common commercial regulations for all discussed. Significance. 2. Maryland legislature adopts report and sug- gests that Delaware and Pennsylvania join them in a set of trade regulations. 3. Virginia calls a great trade convention. Annapolis Convention, 1786 1. Delegates from five states. 2. Leading men. 3. Why another convention was called. 4. Hamilton's report amended, adopted and sent to congress and the states re23resented. 5. How the report was received. (1) By the state legislatures. (2) By congress. References Andrews' History of the United States, i. 230-234. Bancroft's History of the United States, vi. 182-185, 195-197 (new ed.) ; History of the Constitution, 195-203 Curtis's Constitutional History, 1. 186-195. Eliot's Debates, v. 96-97. Fiske's Critical Pei-iod, 211-218. Gay's Madison, 47-63. Hart's Fonnation of the Union, 118-119. McMaster's Histor}^ of the United States, 1. 277-279, 389-390. Madison's Papers, ii. 694-707. IMarshall's Washington, ii. 105-109. North American Review, liii : 320 ; 122 : 29. Rives' Madison, i. 548-552 ; ii. 57-59, 97-102, 126-130, 132-137. Story's Commentaries on the Constitution, i. 188-190. THE CONSTITUTIONAL COXVI^^NTION 65 The Constitutioiiiil Convention, 1787 1. How it was called. (1) Resolutions of states. (2) Why congress and certain states came to support the call. 2. Delegates. (1) How appointed and their instructions. (2) List of the leading ones and their fitness. 3. The Virginia plan of a constitution. (Docu- ment XXIII.) (1) Origin. (2) Leading ideas and fundamental principle. (3) Lack of harmony between this plan and instruction to delegates. Significance. 4. The New Jersey plan. (Document XXIV.) (1) Its origin. (2) Leading ideas and dominant principle. (3) Contrast witli Virginia plan. 5. Hamilton's plan. (Document XXV.) (1) Origin and nature. (2) Purpose of its author. 6. Discussions over these plans.* (1) The parties developed and their basis. (2) Tlie danger and significance of their con- tests. 7. The Connecticut Compromise. (Doc. XXVI.) *The tcaelier in directing the study of these de})ates must be guided by the maturity of the class and the general purpose of the course. QQ GENESIS OF COMMON IDEAS (1) Origin, nature, and meaning. (2) Effects on the small states. 8. The contest over slavery. (1) Representation and direct taxation. a. Origin and clause. b. The compromise and significance. (2) The African slave trade. (3) The fugitive slave clause. 9. Creation of the executive. (Document XXVII.) (1) Plans proposed. (2) Methods of election and tenure of office. (3) Relation to other departments. 10. The national Judiciary. (1) Plans and methods. (2) Relation to other departments.* 11. Final work of the convention. (Document XXVIII.) References Andrews' History of the United States, i. 234-239. Bancroft's History of the United States, vi. 198-367 (new ed.) ; History of the Constitution, 207-269, 326-374. Curtis's Constitutional His- tory, i. 256-348, 368-421, 563-640. Fiske's Critical Period, 220- 268, 277-305 ; The Federal Convention (see Atlan. lix : 225-240). Gay's Madison, 88-97, 98-114. Greeley's American Conflict, 43- 49. Hart's Formation of the Union, 121-128. Hamilton's Works, ii. 395-409. Hildreth's History of the United States, i. 482-503. Lodge's Hamilton, 60-65 ; Washington, 27-38, 438-470. McMas- ter's History of the United States, i. 438-451. Madison's Papers, * After reading the debates andstudying the relations between departments, the principles, controlling the convention in distri- buting functions and in creating departments ought to be stated. PEOPLE VOTE FOR STABLE GOVERNMENT 67 ii. 728-746. Marshall's Washin-rton, ii. 110-125. Parton's Frank - lin, ii. 564-584. Pitkin's History of the United States, ii. 224-264. Rives' Madison, ii. 272-329, 843-353, 359-509. Roosevelt's Goiiv- erncur Morris, 129-168. Stevens' Sources of the Constitution, 41-58. Schouler's History of the United States, i. 36-47. Wil- son's Rise of the Slave Power in America, i. 40-56. Walker's Making of the nation, 21-50. Riitificjition of the Constitution * 1. Method and its significance. 2. Public sentiment as seen in (1) Wild rumors among the people. (2) Action of congress. (3) Attitude of Samuel Adams, Patrick Henry, Richard Henry Lee, George C'linton, and Luther Martin. (4) Merchants, professional men, and tories. (5) The Federalist, Letters from a Federal Farmer, and in other controversial writ- ings. 3. Would the people, voting directly and im- mediately, have ratified the constitution ? Reasons. Ratifying Conventions, 1787-1790 1. In the small states. (1) Some unanimously. (2) Others by large majorities. (3) Account for such favorable action. *The teacher may use much or little of the matter on ratifica- cation. It deserves more attention than it generally gets, if, for no other reason, to correct the false conception of most Ameri- cans as to origin of our constitution. 68 GEXEsrs OF (■OM>rox ideas 2. The battle begins in Pennsylvania. (1) Contest in the legislature. (2) Campaign for election of delegates. (3) Debates in convention. (Document XXIX.) a. Disponents and their arguments. b. AYilson's defence of the constitution. c. The vote and its effects. 3. The first doubtful convention in Massachusetts. (1) Position of Massachusetts jsast and present. (2) Conflicting interests and the compromise. a. How it was accomplished. b. The amendments and their effects. 4. Virginia convention, June, 1788. (1) Campaign began early. (2) People from all parts of the state at the convention. (3) Make a list of opponents and friends. (4) Patrick Henry's arguments. (Document XXX.) (5) Effects of the victory. 5. The fight in New York, June, 1788. (1) Conduct of New York delegates at Phila- delphia. Meaning. (2) Leaders on each side and their work. (3) Effect of Virginia's ratification on tlie con- vention. (4) Madison's letter to Hamilton ; its signifi- cance, (o) Tlie compromise ; its cause, nature, and danger. FIKST TEN AMENDMENTS 69 (6) Tardy states , reasons. The Struggle for a Bill of Eights 1. Wliy tlie convention did not put one into the constitution. (Document XXXI.) 2. Why a great cause of opposition to ratification. 3. Opponents of the constitution organize for an- other constitutional convention. Reasons. 4. Friends of the constitution favor congressional amendment. (1) Reasons. (2) Washington's recommendation. (3) Madison's amendments. 5. The first ten amendments passed and ratified. (1) Eftect on opponents of the constitution. (2) Real end of the campaign for the constitu- tion. (3) Greatly influenced the administration of whole constitution. General Results of the Moveiiieut for a More Per- fect Union 1. State sovereignty demonstrated its radical weakness as a basis of union. 2. Every step taken indicated a rise in the senti- ment of nationality.* * The meaning of this statement is not comprehended unless this sentiment has ah-eady been seen in the movements before the convention, in the work of the convention itself, in each ratifying convention, in the first ten amendments, and in other minor events. 70 GENESIS OF COMAfON IDEAS 3. Tlie coiistitutiou was a moderate triumph of natiouality. 4. Beginnings of the differentiation of poHtical ideas. 5. Germs of pohtical parties deposited. References Andrews' History of the United State, i. 239-240. Bancroft's History of the United States, \\. 371-4G0 (new ed.) ; History of the Constitution, 381-460. Elliot's Debates, ii. (Mass. and N. Y.): iii. (Va.). Fiske's Critical Period, 317-344. Gay's Madison, 115- 127. Hart's Formation of the Union, 128-135. Hammond's Political History, i. 19-29. Von Hoist's Constitutional History, i. 60-61 ; Constitutional Law, 25-26. Hosmer's Samuel Adams, 392-401. JelTerson's AVritings, i. 79-82, 318, 329, 355 ; ii. 316, 318, 358, 375, 399 (old ed.). McMaster's History of the United States, i. 454-490. Magruder's Life of Marshall, 50-87. Rives' Madison, ii. 520-558, 560-612, 624-647. Stevens' Gallatin, 34-41. C. E. Stevens' Sources of the Constitution of the United States, 207-248. Schouler's History of the United States, 52-70. Tyler's Patrick Henry, 279-301. Walker's Making of the Nation, 41-62. Wells' Samuel Adams, iii. 254-269. Wirt's Life of Patrick Henry, 263-308. Growth op Nationality, 1789-1870 Natio7iality and Democracy, 1789-184.0 STRUGGLE BETWEEN NATIONALITY AND STATE SOVEREIGNTY, 1789-1820 Nature of this Struggle 1. Preceding conflicts between these two ideas and sentiments. 2. The last great contest for state sovereignty as such. Condition of tlie Country in 1789 1. Geographic extent. 2. Population and its distribution. 3. Industrial situation. 4. Education and its agencies. 5. Political situation. (1) What the revolution had not accomplished. (2) Germs of political parties. (3) Fundamental ideas. Organization of the Government 1. Elections, congressional and presidential. 2. First inauguration. 3. Formation of cabinet and judiciary. (71) 7li GROWTPI OF NATIONALITY Leading Measures aud Events of Washington's Ad- ministration, 1789-1797 1. Financial. (1) Tax on imports and tonage. (2) Funding and Assumption bills. (3) Excise bill. (4) United States bank. (5) Effects of these measures. 2. Foreign relations. (1) With France. (Document XXXII.) (2) With England. Refereuces Andrews' i. 243-272. Bolles' Financial History of the United States, ii. 22-155. Gay's Madison, 202-215. ILuuiltoa's Report on ]\Ianufactures. Hart's Formation of the Union, 85-163. Hil- dreth's History of the United States, i. 152-174, 206-215, 253-262, 411-440, 481-497. Von Hoist's Constitutional aud Political His- tory, 1, 80-118. Jefferson's Writings, ill. 154-163 ; also index to iii. and iv. Johnston's History of American Politics. Lalor's Cyclopedia of Political Science, art. Bank Controversies (xllex- ander Johnston) i. 199-204. Lodge's Alexander Hamilton, 86- 184; George AVashington, ii. 110-120, 139-206. McAIaster's His- tory of the People of the United States, i. 568-584 ; ii. 25-41, 89- 142, 165-188, 246-284. Marshall's Life of George Washington, ii. 178-190, 255-384. Morse's Thomas Jefferson, 97-102, 111-123, 146-160. Niles' Weekly Register, v. 153-228. Pitkin's History of the United States, ii. 317-420, 442-478. Rives' Life of Madi- son, iii. 1-28, 67-118, 139-188. State Papers, i. 46. Schouler's History of the United States, i. 86-93, 130-142, 158-162. Stevens' Albert Gallatin, 256-288. Walker's Making of the Nation, 62-136. Decline of the Federalist Party 1. Trouble with France. THOMAS JEFFERSON iS (1) Demands of the Directory. (2) Treatment of American ministers. (3) Gives Federalists large majority in congress. 2. Alien and Sedition laws. (1) Purpose and nature. (2) Immediate consequences. (0) Kentucky and Virginia resolutions, 1789- 1799. (Document XXXIII.) 3. Internal dissensions and defeat in 1800. Anti-Federalist Party and its Work 1. Its fundamental 23rinciple. 2. Leader and organizer. 3. Attitude toward questions since 1798. 4. Triumph in 1800. (1) Causes and significance. (2) Character of the campaign. (3) Disputed election ; dangers and effects. (4) Jeff'erson's inaugural. (Document XXXIV.) 5. Purchase of Louisana, 1803. (1) Causes — fundamental and particular. (2) Political cpiestions involved. (3) Immediate and remote consequences. 6. Carrying out campaign- pledges. (1) Modification of the judiciary. (2) Cutting down expenditures. (3) Internal taxes. (4) Social and other changes at Washington. (5) Effects on both parties. 74 GROWTH OF NATIONALITY 7. Foreign policy and relations. (1) England's aggressions — their causes, na- ture and effects. (2) America's response. a. Jefferson's gunboats and negotiations. b. Non-intercourse. c. Embargo. (3) Political and commercial effects of these acts. Refereuces Andrews' i. 275-281, 305-^14, 325-340. Adams' John Ran- dolph, 27-37, 56-74, 83-94, 123-190. Brougham's Historical Sketches of Statesmen, iii. 280-290. Gay's Madison, 240-300. Hart's Formation of the Union, 164-189. Hildreth's History of the United States, ii. 36-44. Von Hoist's Constitutional and Political History, 1. 138-226. Jefferson's Writings, iv. and v. index. Johnston's History of American Politics, 40-68 ; Pepre- sentative American Orations, i. 99-116, 203-227. Lalor's Cyclo- pedia of Political Science, ai't. Anti-Federal Party (Alexander Johnston), i. 99-100 ; art. Democratic -Republic party (Alexander Johnston) i. 768-772. Lodge's Alexander Hamilton, 194-236. McMaster's History of the People of the United States, ii. 308- 323, 367-451, 497-537 ; iii. 1-45, 198-210. Morse's Thomas Jef- ferson, 193-218, 231-253, 259-268. IMorse's John Quincy Adams, 37-69. Schouler's History of the United States, i. 480-488 ; ii. 1-7, 37-52, 75-111, 158-165. Schurz's Henry Clay, i. 67-74. Sumner's Jackson as a Public Man, 27-29. AValker's Making of the Nation, 137-213. The War of 1812 1. Condition of the country, 1810-1812. (1) Physical resources. (2) Intellectual and moral resources. sp:cond war with England 75 2. Causes of the war — immediate aud remote. 3. Position of parties aud sections. (1) Opposition to declaration of war. Reasons. (2) Conduct of opposition in congress. (3) Opposition in New England * and else- where. (Document XXXVI.) 4. Leading events of the war. (1) On the water. {2) On land. (2) The treaty and its meaning. 5. Results of the war. (1) Political. a. Position of the Federalists. Why ? b. Condition of the Republican part}^ Why? c. Eraof good feeling ; fundamental cause. d. Has liberal construction gained or lost? Meaning. (Document XXXV.) 2. International. a. The questions causing war. b. The Monroe Doctrine — origin, nature, and significance, 1823. (Document XXXVII.) (3) Financial and industrial. a. War debt. b. United States Bank re-chartered, 1816. Why now and not in 1811 ? *Makealist of the recommendations aud resolutions of the Hartford convention. What political principle are they based on ? Compare with Kentucky aud Virginia resolutions. 76 GROWTPI OF NATIONALITY c. Foreign trade and home production. d. Danger of peace to American production. e. Tariff of 1816 — authors, purpose, and effects. /. Internal improvements, origin, growth, and political and industrial signifi- cance, 1808-1820. The Triumph of First Phase of Nationality 1. The events making this result. 2. Connection between the war and this result. References Andrews' i. 283-304, 315-324, Benton's Thirty Years' View, 1-16, 21-23, 82-34. Blaine's Twenty Years of Congress, i. 178- 192. Gay's James Madison, 283-320. Hart's Formation of the Union, 191-258. Hildreth's History of the United States, iii. 196-206, 232-237, 242-247, 262-323, 581-592. Von Hoist, Con- stitutional and Political History, 1. 200-277, 396-423. Johnston's History of American Politics, 69-81. Lalor's Cyclopedia, of Political Science, art. Hartford Convention (Alexander Johnston) i. 624-626; art. Embargo (Alexander Johnston) ii. 81-85. Lodge's Daniel Webster, 61-66, 156-171. McMaster's History of the People of the United States, iv. 1-600. Madison's Works, ii. 188- 187, 196, 206, 215, 290-349, 404-405, 407-427, 429-431, 439, 451, 455-458, 464-465, 488, 523-524, 536-538. Morse's John Quincy Adams, 37-69, 130-137. Niles' Weekly Register (see topics in index of vols. 1-25. Schiirz's Henry Clay, 1. 62-66, 77-85, 88-97, 126-171, 209-210. Schouler, ii. 881-462, and index. AValker's Maldng of the Nation, 214-273. NATIONALIZATION OF DEMOCRACY, 1812-1840 A New Pliase of Nationality 1. The plain people develop a deeper interest and action in national affairs. JACKSON AND THE PEOPLE 77 2. Strengthens tlie sentiment of union. Caiiipjiigii of 1824 1. Old parties disintegrated and new ones not organized. 2. Leading candidates ; effect on the people of each section having a candidate. 3. Failure of congressional caucus ; significance. 4. No choice by electors ; Adams elected by the House. Election of Jackson and the Triumph of the People, 1828 1. Campaign opens in 1825. 2. Leading arguments. (1) That congress had violated the democratic principle in electing Adams. Signifi- cance. (2) That Adams and Clay secured Jackson's defeat by corrupt bargain. (3) That Jackson was a man of the people while the others represented an office- holding aristocracy. Significance. 3. New campaign metliods. 4. Results as interpreted by (1) Scenes at the inauguration. (2) By the events wliich folio vved. New Kind of President L Jackson's antecedents and their meaning. 78 GROWTH O^ NATIONALITY 2. His conception of his position as president and its meaning. ^ew Kind of Constituency 1. Position of leaders and their followers before this period. 2. Leaders and people assume new attitude to- ward the national government. (1) This new condition marks greatest revolu- tion since adoption of constitution. (2) Beginning of second phase of nationality. (3) These new conditions account for many succeeding movements. New Civil Service Policy 1. Principles and practice of Jackson's prede- cessors. (1) Washington's rules and favorable condi- tions. (2) John Adams and the midnight appoint- ments. (3) Jefferson's problem and liow he solved it. (4) John Quincy Adams the ideal civil service reformer. 2. First " clean sweep ". (1) Causes found in preceding events. (2) Effects ; immediate and remote. References Andrews' i. 348-362. Benton's Tliirty Years' View, i. 11 1-114, 159-163. Von Hoist's Constitutional and Political History, ii. 1-27. Johnston's History of American Politics, 96-101, 105-106. NULLIFICATION 79 McMaster's History of the People of the United States, ii. 585-588. Morse's John Qiiiucy Adams, 179-181, 201-205. Niles' Weekly Register, index to Vols. 25-36. Roosevelt's Thomas H. Benton, 69-87. Schoulor's History of the United States, iii. 409-420, 426-440, 451-465. Schurz's Henry Clay, i. 204-257, 332-337. Shepard's Martin Van Buren, 38-48, 89-99, 177-183. Sumner's Andrew Jackson as a Public Man, 73-99, 108-118, 139-148. Woodrow Wilson's Division and Reunion, 19-34. New Phase of State Sovereignty begins to Appear 1. Preceding j^ublic expression of this principle. 2. Nullification by South Carolina. (1) Calhoun's "South Carolina exposition," 1828. (2) Webster-Hayne debate, 1830. (3) Calhoun's " Address to the people of South Carolina," 1831. (4) State convention passes a. ordinance of nullification, 1832, h. Action of state legislature. 3. Action of national authorities. (1) Jackson's proclamation. (Doc. XXXVIII.) (2) Force bill and compromise tariff. 4. Fundamental cause of controversy. 5. State sovereignty becomes a means of protect- ing slavery.* New Financial Policy 1. The bank controversy. * It is important to note this change. To Jefferson and Madi- son state sovereignty M^as a noble principle, but in its later de- velopment it is a shield to shivery. 80 GROWTH OP NATIOXALITY (1) Causes — jiarticular and fundamental. (2) A leading issue in 1an's Great Conspiracy. 270-341. IMorse's Abraham Lin- coln, i. 298-302, 303-307 ; ii. 1-94. Nicolay and Hay's Abraham Lincoln, iv. 308-310; v. 42-122. 148-200, 252-287,303-440; vi. 1-29, 131-222 ; {see Cent.v.v.wi. (1888) : 281-305, 393-402, 502-583, 658-678, 212-933; xxxvii.: 130-148, 427-439.) Rope's Story of the Civil AVar, i. 111-274. Sherman's Personal Memoirs, 1. 204-291. Foreig'u Relations and Naval Oiierations to 1863 1. Blockade of southern ports. (1) By presideut's i)i*ockunatioD, April 18(31. (2) Political siguifjcance. (0) The South recognized as belligerants by England and France. 2. English sentiment. (Document XLIX.) (1) Against the North. a. Commercial reasons. h. Influence of slavery. ' c. Effect of Bull Run. d. Effect on the North. (2) Position of Engl isli government. a. Charged witli favoring partition of tlie republic. . h. Prime minister and Mr. Gladstone. c. Pi'ince Albert and Queen Victoria, (o) Feeling by classes. 100 CJi:OAVTrr of nationality a. Upper and middle. h. Laboring classes. (4) Newspapers. 3. The Trent affair. (1) The South liopes for European aid. a. Agents early sent abroad. />. Unofficially received hy English gov- ernment. c. Appointment of IVIason and Slidell. (2) Capture of the Trent hy the San Jacinto. (0) Elfects on England. (4) Action of American authorities ; effects. 4. England the naval base of the confederacy. (1) Confederacy liad but few home-made pri- vateers. a. Reasons. I). Why it turned to England. (2) English shipyards l)uilt live privateers be- sides ironclads and rams, (a) The Alabama. a. Her origin and Avork. h. Captui'o by the Kearsarge, June, 18(34. c. America complained that the Alabama A\^as made in England. Had an English armament. AVas manned by Englishmen. Had arlillei"ists in English pay. Sailed under English liag. EARLY NAVAL Ol'KJ^ATIOXS 101 Was welcomed in English ports. Never saw an American harbor. d. English reply : '' Can not change domes- tic laws to please foreign nations." c. America's answer. 5. American navy. (1) Condition in 1861. a. 42 vessels, 555 guns and 7600 men. (2) Duties in the Avar. 6. Early naval engagements. (1) Merrimac and Monitor, March, 1) Secretary Cameron's action, 1861. (4) General Hunter's declaration, 18()2. (")) Halk'ck, Buell, Hooker, and McClcllan. 4. Anti-slavery legislation of congress. (1) Slaves used in the rebel army to Ijc free, Aug., 1861. a. How and Avliy used in wai*. h. Op])ositi()n to tlie bill and its meaning. (2) Army proliiljited from returning slaves, J\rarcli, 18G2. ('•>) Abolition of slavery in District of Colum- bia, April, 18(32. KMANCIPATION 103 (4) Proliil)ition ot* slavery iu the territories, Juno, 18G2. (5) Employment of the colored soldiers, July, 1862. a. Cause and nature of Ijill. 1) Great indignation excited in the bor- der states. (6) Confiscation Act — its nature, July, 1862. a. Opposition in North and in border states. h. Possible effects. 5. President Lincoln's early anti-slavery acts. (1) Lincoln's position as shown in his inaugu- ral and his letters to Greele}^ and Ban- croft. (2) Colonization proposed ; first annual mes- sage. (3) CJompensated emancipation proposed. a. Intended for l)order states ; reasons. h. Attitude of these states ; cause and effect. 6. Emancipation. (Document L.) (1) Urged upon Lincoln early ; why he waited. (2) Lincoln begins to consider a preliminary proclamation, (o) Proclamation, 8ept. 23, 1862. a. Immediate cause. h. Nature and scope. 104 GROWTH OF NATIONALITY (4) Immediate effects. a. Action of governors and congressmen. h. " Divided the North and united the South." (5) The final prochimation. a. Its nature. b. Effects on foreign nations. c. Effects on the South. d. Expectation of the negro. References Andrews, ii. 190-193. Arnold's History of Lincoln and the Overthrow of Slavery, 226-228, 233-237, 247-305. Blaine's Twenty Years of Congress, i. 342-343, 368-377, 345-348. Draper's History of the American Civil AVar, ii. 590-614. Greeley's American Conflict, ii. 237-265. Harper's New Monthly ]\Iaga- zine XXV.: 839 ; xxvi. 411-412. Logan's Great Conspiracy, 342- 512. IMorse's Abraham Lincoln, ii. 1-30, 96-133. Nicolay and Hay's A])raham Lincoln, iv. 385-396, 416-439 ; v. 201-217 ; 90- 130, 147-172, 399-488 ; (see Cent, xxxvii. (1888-1889) : 276-294, 440-447. 689-704, 917-922.) AYorks of Lincoln, ii. See topics in index. Henry Wilson's Rise of the Slave Power, ii. 230-393. Politics During 1861 and 1862 (Document LI.) 1. Differentiation of sentiment among the peoj^le. (1) Extreme anti-slavery men. a. Opposed to president's moderate poUcy. b. Number, leader and influence. (2) Moderate Republicans and War Democrats. a. Constituted majority of northern people. b. Furnished majority of volunteers. POLITICAL JIK ACTION 105 c. Why Democrats furnislied majority of army officers. (3) Moderate Democrats. a. Peculiar attitude toward the rebellion. h. Sided with McClellan against Lincoln. c. Afterward became *' Peace " Democrats. (4) Copperheads. a. " Northern men with southern princi- ples." h. A\^here strongest : causes. c. How they hindered the war. d. Feeling toward them. 2. General issues of campaign of 1862. (1) Really a choice between nationality and slavery. a. Majority of i)eople hardly conscious of this. />. How it became the issue. (2) How the opposition stated the issue. a. An al)olition war. h. Administration deceiving the j^oople. 3. Campaigns in various states. (1) Northern border states. (2) In the Empire state. 1. Election results. (1) Immediate. a. Re}>ublicaiis defeated in five great states. b. New England reduces its majorities. 106 GROWTH OF NATIONALITY c. Border states save the admiuistratioii and save the nation. Why they did. d. EepubUcan majority in house of repre- sentatives reduced to about 20. (2) Indirect effects. a. Emboldened opposition to the war. b. Talk of foreign mediation. References Arnold's History of Lincoln and the Overthrow of Slavery, 214-230. Blaine's Twenty Years of Congress, i. 313-346, 415-445. Morse's Abraham Lincoln, ii. 95-133. Nicolay and Hay's Abra- ham Lincoln, iv. 64-108, 370-384 ; vii. 361-368. The Year 1863 1. Depression of the North in spring of 1863. (1) Extent and causes. (2) Effects. a. Growing desire for peace. b. Increase of organized opposition. 2. Case of Vallandigham. (1) His opposition in congress. (2) Speech at Mt. Vernon, Ohio. a. Occasion. b. Nature and effects. (3) Arrest, trial, and sentence. (4) iVgitation for his release. (Document LII.) (5) Results. a. Nominated for governor of Ohio. b. x\ccepted leader of organized opposition to the war. VICKSBUKG AND GETTYSBURG 107 3. Draft of 1863. (1) Nature of the law. (2) Necessity for the draft. (3) Opposition. 4. New York riots, July 13, 1863. (1) Causes. (2) The riots aud their effects. Leading Military Events of 1863 1. Capture of Vicksbu rg. (1) Significauce of the place. (2) Its defenses. (3) Some features of the attack and siege. (4) Surrender and its consequences. 2. Operations in vicinity of Charleston. (1) Leading military events. (2) Leading naval events. 3. Confederate sortie northward. (1) Causes. (2) Purpose of the campaign. (3) Condition and 2)Osition of the two armies. (4) Movements northward. (5) Battle of Gettysburg. a. Some of its features. b. Why it was fought. (6) Results. 4. Army of the Cumberland. (1) Origin and relation to other armies. (2) Bragg's sortie into Kentucky in 1802. 108 GiKOWTir OF NATIONALITY (3) Battle of diickainaiiga, Sept., 1863. a. C'ouneeting inoveineiits. h. The battle and i-esults. (4) Reoi'ganizatiou of forces in the AVest. (5) Siege of Chattanooga. a. Relative forces. h. Hooker's trooi)s transferred from the Rapidan. c. Longsti'eet sent to relieve Knoxville. d. Arrival of Grant ; sup})ly routes opened. ' e. Sherman moves from A'icksburg to Chat- tanooga. /. Battle and its i-esults, Nov., 1863. (6) Sherman hastens to relieve Burnside at Knoxville. Keferoiices Aiulrews, ii. 130-186, 154-157. AilioUI's History of Lincoln and tli(3 Ovcrtlinnv of Shiveiy, 398-433. Bhiine's Twenty Years of Congress, i. 488-497. 509-513, Draper's History of the Civil AVar, iii. 25-103, 125-259. Greeley's American Conlliet, ii. 386- 322, 367-640, 484-511. Harper's New 3Iontlily ]\Iagazine, xxvii: 373-274,846-848. IMorse's Abraham Lincoln, ii. 134-199. Nicolay and Hay's Abrahan Lincoln, vii. 1-57, 112-395 ; viii. 43-188 ; bee Cent, .wxvii. .1888-1889): 917-932; xwviii.; 123-148.) The Financial Problem of tlio War 1. Condition of treasury at opening of war. (1) Deficit in 1861. (2) Results. 2. Early congressional expedients. (1) Small loans on short time. FINAX( lAL rrjor.LKMS 109 (2) Why only pressing needs were met. 3. Morrill tariff. (1) Purpose and nature. (2) Effects. 4. Secretary Chase's report and action of congress. (1) Estimate for fiist fiscal year over .f'>00,- 000,000. (2) Means for more revenue. (3) Results. a. Opposition among taxpayei's. h. Taxes were short .$30,000,000 at end of first year. c. Loans reached nearly $200,000,000 l)y Dec, 1S()1. 5. Suspension of specie payment, 1S(M. (1) Immediate causes. (2) Results. (). Estahlishment of a national currency. (1) Causes of the legal tender act. (2) Spaulding s bill, Dec, 1861. a. $150,000,000 of treasury notes. h. Legal tender, except for duties on im- ports and interest on the public debt. c. Notes changeable into bonds. (3) Ai'guments against the l)ill. (4) Arguments for the bill. (5) Results. a. Worked so well that larger issues wei'e authorized. 110 GKOWTIT OF NATIONALITY b. Revival in trade. c. Helped save elections of 1862. 7. Internal revenue system. (1) Insufficiency of legal tender act. (2) Preceding acts of internal taxation. (3) Act of July, 1862. a. Hardly anything escaped. h. Raised almost $1,000,000 each day. c. Put credit of the nation on a safe hasis. 8. National finances and state banks. (1) Attitude of state banks. (2) How legal tender act hastened national banking system. a. Greenbacks had become popular. b. National taxes required in legal tendei* paper. c. Tax collectors personally responsi])le for money dei)osited with banks. d. Bonds seemed to furnish a secure basis for tlie system. 9. National banking system, Feb., 1863. (1) Introduced by Senator Sherman. (2) Leading points. a. Union notes of equal value. />. National bonds deposited for re- demption of bank notes. c. Possible for state banks to become national banks. LINOOLN^S RENOMTNATION AND ELECTION 111 (3) Opposition. (4) Results of the system. 10. Cost of the war. (1) Above were mostly modes of carrying debts. (2) National del)t. (3) Debts of states. (4) Other expenditures. a. By organizations. h. By individuals. (5) Destruction of property. a. Directly by war. h. Indirectly by deranging trade and in- dustry. (6) Grand total indicates what patriotism Avas willing to pay for tlie Union. References Andrews, ii. 186-190. Blaine's Twenty Years of Congress, i, 396-4S7. Draper's History of the American Civil War, ii. 549- 576 ; iii. 491-497. Nicolay and Hay's A])rahain Lincoln, iii. 2o8- 244; vi. 22:5-252; {see Cent, xxxvii. (1888-1889): 553-559.) Woodrow Wilson's Division and reunion, 229-221, 232-233 Tlie Political Canipai^ii of 1864 1. Questions involved and the attitude of factions. 2. Republican 02)2)osition to }>resident. (1) Causes. (2) Danger. .'>. Chase's campaign for tlie nomination. (1) Logical leader of the radical element. Proof. 112 GROWTH OF NATIONALITY (2) Congressional committee to promote his canvass. (3) Why Chase withdrew. 4. Cleveland convention. (1) Origin and leaders. (2) Purpose. (3) The convention itself. 5. Renomination of Lincoln. (Document LTIT.) (1) Attitude of the people and how made known. (2) Baltimore convention and its work, June, 1864. 6. Chicago convention, August 29, 1864. (1) Postponement of meeting and reasons. (2) Effects on the Eepublicans. (3) Platform. (Document LIII.) (4) Candidates and McClellan's acceptance. (5) Vallandigham criticizes the candidate. 7. The campaign and its parti zan bitterness. 8. Result — immediate and remote. References Blaine's Twenty Years of Congress, i. 513-533. Draper's His- tory of the American Civil War, iii. 470-479. Greeley's Ameri- ean Conflict, ii. 054-677. Morse's Abraham Lincoln, ii, 346-315. W\co\ay and Hay's Abraham Lincoln, viii. 309-325 ; ix. 29-127, 244-262, 351-384 ; (see Cent, xxxviii. (1889) ; 278-298, 406-426, 546-551, 692-703.) Tlie Collapse of the Confederacy. (Document LIV.) 1. Lieutenant-Gen eral Grant and his work. (1) Position created by congress, Feb., 1864. COLLAPSE OF THE CONFEDERACY 113 (2) Strength of armies. (3) Leading events in Virginia and their re- snUs, May-March, 18G5. a. The Wilderness. 6. Spottsylvania. c. The North Anna. d. Cold Harhor. e. Petersburg and Early's sortie. /. Siege of Richmond. 2. Farragut in Mol)ile hay, Jan.-Aug., 1864. (1) Defenses of the confederates. - (2) Farragnt's fleet and flight. (3) Results. 3. Sherman's campaigns. May, 1864-April, 1865. (1) Capture of Atlanta. a. Contributory events. h. Significance. (2) March to the sea ; purpose and eff^ects. (3) Hood's sortie. a. Causes and purpose. h. Battles of Frauklin and Nashville. c. Hood's disastrous retreat and its mean- ing. (4) Sherman's return througli the Carolinas. 4. Last movements, March-April, 1865. (1) Purpose of Lee. a. To evacuate Riclnnond. h. To join General Johnston. 114 GKOWTH OF NATIONALITY (3) Purpose of Grant. (3) Leading events. a. Battles around Eichmond. h. General assault on Lee's lines. c. Evacuation of Richmond. 5. Appomattox. (1) Terms of surrender and their significance. (2) The surrender. a. Some scenes and their significance. h. Effects. 6. Johnston's surrender to Sherman. (1) First meeting. (2) Delay and arrangements repudiated l)y the authorities. (3) Final arrangements. 7. Assassination of Lincoln and Grand Review. References Draper's History of the American Civil War, iii. 264-417, 521- 634. Greeley's Americaii Conflict, ii. 562-508, 625-684, 677-759. Nicholay and Hay's Abraham Lincoln, viii. 326-407 ; ix. 1-28, 158-183, 222-243, 263-331, 403-435, 464-496; x. 1-37, 148-303. All Inside Yiew of the Confederacy 1. Started with advantages. (1) Organization completed hefore Lincoln's inaugural. (2) Militia organized in 1860 and early in 186L (3) Early favorable impression on France and England. INSIDK THIi: OONFEDERAC^Y 115 2. Comj^elled to abandon state sovereignty. 3. Confederate congress a committee of public safety. (1) Held secret sessions ; advantages and dan- gers. (2) Seized telegrapb lines early in war. (3) Banished alien enemies and confiscated their property. (4) First conscription, April, 1862 ; signifi- cance. (5) Voted to sustain Davis' retaliator}^ meas- ures. (6) Davis vetoed more bills of the provisional congress than all the jjresidents from Washington to Lincoln. (7) The "Debating Society on Capitol Hill ". 4. Suppression of public opinion. (1) Slaveholders always resented criticism. (2) Anti-secession sentiment early suppressed. (3) Imprisonment without trial of suspected 2)ersons. 5. Financial depression. (1) Bonds at first in London sold before Union bonds. (2) Currency fell from $120 in 1861 to $6000 in 1865. 6. Military exhaustion and decay of mihtary spirit. 116 GROWTH OF NATIONALITY (1) Conscription again, July, 1863, l)etween 18 and 45. (2) Davis appeals to women for aid in filling up ranks. (3) Dec, 1863, another conscription, 18 to 55, under pain of desertion. (4) Secretary of war reported from one-third to one-quarter of men absent. (5) Dec, 1863, substitutes refused. (6) Feb., 1865, all the men must serve in army or raise supplies. (7) Again in 1865 all men between 17 and 55 liable to service. (8) 60,000 Virginians were deserters. (9) Driven to propose arming negroes ; signifi- cance. 7. Condition of the armies at surrender. 8. Who deceived the people of the South. (1) Work of the clergy. (2) Davis and the politicians. (3) Work and responsi])ility of the press. Kelereiiees Draper's Civil War in America, iii. 479-490. Nieolay and Hay's Aln-aham Lincoln, x. 148-157. Pollard's Lost Cause, ch. 42. The Recoiistruclion of the Soiitli 1. The constiiuiioiial question. (1) What is tl 10 real nature of the American union ? RECOXSTRUCTrON 117 (2) Attitude of men and parties. 2. Creation of West Virginia. (1) Ancient feud between tlie parts of the Old Dominion. (2) Circumstances attending the split. (3) Admission of West Virginia ; significance. 3. Lincoln's ideas of reconstruction. (1) ''The union of these states is perpetual, hence a. No state . . can lawfully get out of the Union." b. The rights of the citizens of states in rebellion were not revoked but oidy interfered Avith. c. When the insurrection ceases, all loyal citizens resume their former rights and privileges. (2) Military governors. (3) Proclamation of amnesty, Dec, 18G3. 4. Opposition to the president's })lan. (2) Causes, fundamental and particular. (2) Bill passed by congress, July, 1864. (3) The pocket veto ; reasons and efiects. 5. 13tli amendment. (1) Nature and necessity. (2) Opposition and defeat, June, 1864. (3) An issue in the })rcsidential campaign. (4) Eeintroduction and passage by aid of Democratic votes. 118 GROWTH OF NATIONALITY (5) Scenes in congress and at the White House. 6. President Jolinson's work during tlie recess of congress. (1) PrincijJe of his pohcy. (2) AVork during summer and fall of 1865. a. An amnesty proclamation. b. Appointed provisional governors. c. Senators and representatives elected. 7. Legislation of the reconstructed states. (1) Laws affecting the negroes. a. Labor contracts. b. Vagrancy. c. Apprentice system for minors. d. Written contracts or the license system. (3) Causes and effects. 8. Breach between congress and the president. (1) Causes. (2) Congressional retaliation. 9. Congressional reconstruction. (1) 14th amendment. (2) Tenure of Office Act, and act to augment Grant's authority. (3) Great Reconstruction Act, March, 1867. (4) loth amendment; nature, purpose and effects, 1870. (5) Freedmcn's bureau. a. Ori<:2:in and nature. b. Work and its effects. <;'Ai;i'KT-i*.A