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FIFTY 
 LUSTRATIONS 
 
 PRICE, 50 CENTS 
 
FISHES AND FISHING 
 
 COMPLETE 
 
 FISHING and CAMPING MANUAL 
 
 FIFTY ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 Description of Fish Found in Western Waters 
 
 BAIT AND FLY CASTING 
 
 Woodcraft 
 
 Game and Fish Laws 
 
 Secrets of Catching Fish 
 
 Camp Cooking and Camp Making 
 
 1,000 POINTS WORTH KNOWING 
 
 BY 
 
 L. E. CAVALIER 
 
 H 
 
| LIBRARY" Of CONGRESS 
 | Two Copies Received 
 
 JUN M wor 
 
 \ * Copyright Entry 
 GLASS Cc XXe., No. 
 
 / 7 f 3&3 
 
 COPY B. 
 
 ^ A 
 
 &* 
 
 Copyright 1907, by L. E. Cavaliei 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 This book is published as an aid to anglers and sportsmen, 
 those seeking recreation in the woods and on the lakes of 
 Wisconsin and Minnesota, and the west generally, and treats 
 of the fishes and camp life and recreation in a general way, 
 omitting the small details which everyone should know who 
 knows enough to take an outing. 
 
 The tendency for summer vacations is growing greater each 
 year as both employer and employe realize the benefits of 
 an annual outing. 
 
 While fishing is by no means' the sole object of a visit 
 to the woods it furnishes a basis — it forces the recreation 
 and out-door action that might not be had in any other way; 
 hence this book treats largely of •fishes" and fishing, the pre- 
 eminent recreation of the northwest for men, women and 
 children, for it takes one to the woods and streams where 
 nature's attractions will do the work of restoring her tired 
 children to vigor and health. 
 
 The book tells of fishes in such a way as to familiarize 
 all readers with the subject and instruct, the young as well 
 as the old, in the art of angling, boating, camping and wood- 
 craft, as applied to the northwest. 
 
 Not many persons in the Northwest know the names or 
 habits of the fishes found in the lakes and streams of Minne- 
 sota, Wisconsin and other western states. Not a single per- 
 son, not even the old experienced fisherman, can tell the name 
 of every fish he catches. 
 
 This book contains the most valuable information on this 
 subject ever printed. It shows accurate pictures and gives 
 brief descriptions of the principal fishes embraced in the 
 western states, though not all of them; and more, it tells how 
 to catch these fish, the kind of bait to use and how to prepare 
 these fish. Experience gathered from scores of the most suc- 
 cessful and investigating anglers of the present generation. 
 It is told plainly, without touching on the science of the sub- 
 ject. 
 
 In addition this book contains practical information 
 concerning camping, camp cooking, boating and boat building, 
 wood craft, etc.; tells the amateur what to take on an outing 
 and what not to take and contains a synopsis of the game 
 and fish laws of all western states. 
 
KNOWN BY MANY NAMES. 
 
 The attention of readers of this book is called to the fact 
 that nearly all fishes are known by a variety of names, which 
 have been applied locally; for instance, the common sand pike 
 found in the Mississippi river is also known as sand perch, 
 jack salmon, glass eye, etc. The common names here ap- 
 plied to fish are those adopted by the United States Fish Com- 
 mission. Every resource at the command of the author has 
 been drawn upon to make the description of the fishes herein, 
 accurate so far as investigation has progressed. When it is 
 known that some five thousand new varieties of fish are being 
 discovered every year by the fish commission's agents, and 
 that many of these are annually found in the streams of the 
 middle west, it is easy to comprehend how many of the small 
 fish of the sucker family cannot be distinctly and accurately 
 described in a small volume. It is estimated that there are 
 twenty-five varieties of suckers in the lakes and streams of 
 Minnesota and Wisconsin. Many of these never grow to more 
 than three inches in length. They are all classified as min- 
 nows — sbiners, chubs, etc. 
 
FISHES AND FISHING 
 
 WHIPPING TROUT STREAMS. 
 
 Any angler for trout, if he has had experience, must know 
 that while it is great sport it is also hard work. The hills to 
 climb, underbrush to crawl through, dead trees and marshes 
 to cross, streams to ford, and long walks, must be part of the 
 work in trout fishing. The streams are wild, in places the 
 current is shallow and swift, while in others are found silent 
 pools of varying depths. Then there are the clouds of flies, 
 gnats and mosquitoes which are alone sometimes enough to 
 dampen the enthusiasm of the angler and force him into 
 declaring that he will never again go trout fishing. But 
 he goes again and again, for it is the successful accomplish- 
 ment of the undertaking that lures him on, and soon the dif- 
 ficulties in the way become matters of course. However, there- 
 are some streams more easy of access than others, but the old 
 angler looks upon these as the special preserves of women 
 trouters, and will look for something more promising and 
 more to his liking. 
 
 Every fly fisherman knows how necessary it is to be out 
 of sight of the trout, especially on bright days. It is on that 
 account a good plan to 'wade up stream, making casts well 
 in advance, so that no disturbance of the water may convey 
 intelligence of approaching danger. The flies should be very 
 small, and three of them may be used at once, in order to 
 offer some variety. 
 
 But the eye of the trout is a quickly adjusted microscope, 
 and is speedy in detecting any fault in the make-up of the 
 fly, or in the manner of its alighting upon the surface. Only 
 experience will teach the fisherman the turn of the tip of the 
 rod, which checks the fall of the leader, and allows the flies 
 to come naturally to the stream. 
 
 There is a fly well known to anglers, which has a very 
 tiny bit of woodcock's feather tied in, along with a black and 
 a yellow hackle. The insignificant brown bit looks as though 
 it might be successfully imitated by a tip from a partridge 
 or a brown Leghorn hen, but all practical men who have tried 
 it know that nothing but the real woodcock plume will an- 
 swer for that fly. 
 
FISHES AND FISHING 
 
 HOW TO ANGLE FOR TROUT. 
 
 This is a subject on which anglers differ as to detail and 
 tackle. Brook trout are very shy of unusual noises and the 
 man with rod and reel must keep out of sight and make 
 as little noise as .possible. 
 
 Besides knowing the signs of likely places, and knowing 
 how to cast the line, the tackle is the greatest consideration 
 in trouting. The rod should be nine to twelve feet in length, 
 depending upon the locality to be fished. Expert fly and bait 
 casters prefer the shorter rod, for it is much easier to take 
 care of when traveling through the underbrush. The long 
 rod is preferred by many, but the lightest of these soon tire 
 the wrist. They are used in "spotting," more than in casting. 
 A line about the length of the rod is swung out to the desired 
 pool. With the shorter and lighter rod one may cast con- 
 siderably farther than with the long rod, and the latter seems 
 more desirable when the fly is used, more natural results 
 following such casts, while the use of the reel is more sat- 
 isfactory. Next to the rod, the line must have careful con- 
 sideration, and here again anglers are at odds. A fine silk 
 braided line is preferable to the twisted line for two reasons, 
 at least. It will run off the reel smoother and is less likely 
 to kink where it is twisted by a swift current, and consequent- 
 ly will reel in better. A twisted horse hair line containing 
 nine hairs is a fine line but very expensive. 
 
 A free running reel is also necessary, and these may be 
 of the kind suited to the owner's taste and pocket book. The 
 line and, reel, however, should be in "sympathy." Some lines 
 will not work at all satisfactory with some reels, though they 
 would do perfect work with others. Experiment on this sub- 
 ject will repay the angler — and he only can say when he has 
 found the two that are in harmony. 
 
 Next, the bait is to be decided upon. Live bait and ar- 
 tificial bait are in use and of varieties there are many. The 
 chub minnow, angle worm, white grub worms, the flesh ot 
 deer, rabbit or any wild fowl, shrimp and crawfish, or grass- 
 hopper, will bring a strike at certain seasons of the year. 
 At the opening of the season in the western states, angle 
 worms are most available, or the little white worms found 
 under the moss on rocks lying below the surface of the water. 
 Minnows are also to be had wherever trout are found. In 
 fact, in many streams abounding in trout "chubs" of good 
 
FISHES AND FISHING 
 
 size will take the bait as often as the speckled game. The 
 smaller chubs make good bait for large trout. 
 
 A month later, unless the season is very forward, the ar- 
 tificial fly will give the angler greater sport than live bait 
 and cause him less inconvenience. Of artificial flies there are 
 hundreds of varieties made of as many different materials, 
 but all made in imitation of natural flies and for localities in 
 which these flies abound, from the size of a housefly to a but- 
 terfly. One should have a variety of these. If the trout do 
 not rise to one, try another. A fly that trout may take in 
 the morning, it will sometimes not touch at noon or evening. 
 A little brown sandfly is quite a catch at certain times, while 
 the white miller or black moth gives good results at other 
 times. It has been said by many trout anglers that best re- 
 sults come from using a bright colored fly on a cloudy day 
 and a dull colored fiy on a bright day. Yet, the reverse has 
 proven equally successful. 
 
 Some anglers use a single fly or hook, while others use the 
 tandem — two or three— attached about twelve inches apart, 
 though the distance separating the hooks is a matter of opinion 
 and conditions under which the angling is done. It is undoubt- 
 edly true that mere trout will be taken with the tandem hook 
 than with the single hook. Often a trout is taken on each 
 hook, where trout are very numerous. 
 
 A landing net and creel are essential adjuncts to the 
 trouting equipment, and if streams are to be waded, which 
 is generally the case, wading boots are necessary. 
 
 Now a few words on angling, just to help the amateur. 
 After the equipment is secured the beginner should consult 
 some experienced angler and ask all the questions he can 
 think of. That done, he can go ahead. Fish down stream 
 generally, but there are times and conditions under which 
 one may win greater success by casting up stream, though 
 such instances are rare. Before starting, practice casting. 
 This may be done anywhere that space may be found. Prac- 
 tice makes perfect and any one who is trouting cannot have 
 too much experience. It is difficult work, but very essential 
 to success. After this learn all about the stream you in- 
 tend to whip — the holes, pools, etc., and go ahead. Experience 
 will do the rest. 
 
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FISHES AND FISHING 
 
 BROOK TROUT 
 
 The Brook trout of Minnesota, Wisconsin and Michigan 
 range from light gray in color to greenish black, depending 
 on the waters and the food on which they live. It is undoubt- 
 edly the various shading of colors that has caused many 
 anglers to call some of them "Mountain trout." Indeed they 
 are found in swift running streams in these states identical in 
 every marking with those found in the Mountain streams of 
 the west. They are marked with red and gold spots, the spots 
 on the lighter color showing more prominent than on the 
 darker fish. They range in weight from one-quarter of a 
 pound to three and a half or four pounds, though the average 
 weight is not above half a pound. 
 
 The brook trout or speckled trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) 
 is one of the most beautiful, active, and widely distributed of 
 the American trouts. It prefers clear, cold, rapid streams, and 
 belongs to that group of trout known as charrs, characterized 
 by the presence of round crimson spots on the sides of the 
 body. Other members of this class are the saibling or charr 
 (Salvelinus alpinus) of Europe and Greenland; the Sunapee 
 trout (S. alpinus aureolus), found in parts of New Hampshire 
 and Maine; the blueback trout (S. oquassa) of the Rangeley 
 .Lakes in Maine, and the Dolly Varden trout, red-spotted trout, 
 or bull trout (S. malma) of the Pacific States and Alaska. The 
 lake trout also belongs in this group. 
 
 The general form of the brook trout's body varies consid- 
 erably, sometimes being elongated and sometimes rather short, 
 but the usual depth is about one-fourth or one-fifth of the 
 length. The head is large and blunt, and is contained 4% 
 times in the body length. The large terminal mouth is pro- 
 vided with teeth on the jaws, tongue, and palate bones, and 
 also with a small patch on the vomer. The eye is placed 
 high in the head; its diameter is about one-sixth of the length 
 of head. The gill-rakers on the first arch number about 17, 
 of which 11 are on the lower arm. The scales are very small 
 and numerous; about 230 are in the lengthwise series, and 
 35 above and 35 below the lateral line. The dorsal and anal 
 rays are 10 and' 9, respectively. The tail is square or slightly 
 lunate in the adult, forked in the young. 
 
 There is considerable variation in the color of the brook 
 trout, dependent on local conditions, sex, and age. The head, 
 back, and sides of the body, dorsal and caudal fins are of a 
 grayish or greenish color; the back, head, dorsal, and base 
 
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 FISHES AND FISHING 
 
 of caudal are mottled with dark green or black. In the male 
 there is a reddish band along side of belly. Along the middle 
 of the side there are numerous round light-red spots surround- 
 ed by whitish or light-brownish circular areas. The lower 
 fins are dusky, with a pale or cream-color anterior border 
 bounded by a black streak; remainder of fin often red in 
 breeding males. 
 
 The brook trout may be distinguished from the other 
 charrs by the dark-brown or black marblings on the back and 
 the general absence of spots on the back. 
 
 THE GRAYLING. (Thymallus ontariensis.) 
 
 The Michigan Grayling (Thymallus ontariensis) is natural- 
 ly found only in certain streams in Michigan, although the 
 type specimen was said to have come from Lake Ontario. 
 It is one of the most attractive and game of fresh-water fishes, 
 but is rapidly approaching extinction, owing to excessive fish- 
 ing and the pollution of streams, which have not been counter- 
 acted by artificial propagation. The Montana Grayling (Thy- 
 mallus ontariensis montanus) inhabits a limited area in the 
 head-waters of the Missouri River and is very abundant in 
 some streams. 
 
 Although the cultivation of the grayling was begun as 
 early as 1874, it was never regularly or extensively conducted. 
 Spawning in Michigan occurs in April, and the eggs are normal- 
 ly laid in gravel beds in clear, cold streams. The number 
 of eggs taken from a single fish varies from 3,000 to 4,000. 
 The same methods of culture pursued with the brook trout 
 are applicable to the grayling. In water having a temperature 
 of 50 to 60 degrees F., the incubation is 14 to 20 days. 
 
FISHES AND PISHING 
 
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FISHES AND FISHING 
 
 RAINBOW TROUT. 
 
 The Rainbow trout of Minnesota, and Wisconsin is one of 
 the most beautiful fishes found in western waters. Its body 
 is striped with beautiful tints of rainbow colors the entire 
 length, while the spots found on the "speckled" trout show 
 much less color on the rainbow. Wherever these fish are 
 found they range in weight similar to those of the "speckled" 
 trout. 
 
 The body of the rainbow trout is comparatively short and 
 deep, and is more elongate in males than in females. The 
 average depth is contained about three and four-fifths times 
 in the body length. The short head, which is obtusely ridged 
 above, is about one-fourth the total length. The mouth is 
 smaller than in species of Sal mo, the maxillary reaching scarcely 
 beyond the eye, which is rather large, and is contained five 
 times in the side of the head. The caudal fin is distinctly but 
 not strongly forked. On the vomer are two irregular series 
 of teeth. The dorsal rays number 11 and the anal 10. In the 
 typical species there are about 135 scales in the lateral series, 
 with 20 rows above and 20 below the lateral line; in the sev- 
 eral subspecies the number of rows of scales along the side 
 is from 120 to 180. The color is variable, depending on sex, 
 age, and character of water. Typical adult fish are bluish 
 above, silvery on the sides, profusely and irregularly dark- 
 spotted on the back and sides, the spots extending to the 
 vertical fins, with a red lateral band and blotches and a nearly 
 plain belly. 
 
 The rainbow trout is not indigenous to eastern waters, its 
 original habitat being the Pacific Coast of the United States. 
 It is especially abundant in the mountain streams of California. 
 A few specimens, however, have been taken in salt water, and 
 it is not unlikely that some find their way through the rivers 
 into the sea. 
 
 This fish is a native of the Great Lakes, but during the 
 past decade attempts have been made to transplant the fry in 
 the smaller lakes of Minnesota and Wisconsin, with some 
 degree of success where the water is cool and deep. 
 
 This handsome species (Cristivomer namaycush), the lar- 
 gest of the trout, is classed with the charrs. It has an elon- 
 gated body, the length being about 4% times the depth. The 
 head is large, flat above, and about as long as the body is 
 deep. The mouth is large; the maxillary bone extends be- 
 yond the eye and is half the length of the head ; the jaws have 
 
FISHES AND FISHING 13 
 
 strong teeth. A peculiarity of the vomerine bone distinguishes 
 this fish from the genus Salvelinus; it has a crest provider! 
 with teeth extending backward from the shaft of the bone. 
 On the hyoid bone the teeth are in a cardiform band. The 
 eye, placed near the top of the head, is contained about 4% 
 times in length of head. The caudal fin is well forked. Both 
 the dorsal and anal fins contain 9 to 11 rays. In the straight 
 lateral line there are about 200 scales. Branchiostegals 11 or 
 12. 
 
 The coloration is quite variable in fish from different lo- 
 calities. The general color is usually dark gray. The body, 
 head, and fins are covered with small discrete rounded spots, 
 usually of a pale color, but often tinged with reddish. On the 
 back and top of head there are fine vermiculations, as in the 
 brook trout. Examples from some lakes of Maine and eastern 
 Canada are nearly black, and Alaskan examples are often 
 very dark; others are quite pale. 
 
 That variety of the lake trout known as the siscowet 
 (Cristivomer namaycush siscowet), found only in deep water 
 in Lake Superior, is shorter and paler than the typical fish 
 and has weaker teeth and a shorter head; it is, however, chief- 
 ly characterized by an excessive fatness, which greatly reduces 
 its food value. 
 
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 VON BEHR TROUT— German Brown. 
 
 (Salmo fario.) 
 
 This trout grows to large size and is found in many of 
 the streams of Wisconsin. Specimens have been taken, in 
 Wisconsin, weighing six pounds, though the average weight is 
 three-quarters of a pound. Von Behr trout have been caught 
 weighing twenty pounds in the waters of California. 
 
 LOCH LEVEN TROUT. 
 
 (Salmo trutta levenensis.) 
 
 This fish is very similar to the Von Behr or German 
 brown trout. Fry has been planted in many of the western 
 streams. This is claimed to be the most gamey of all trout. 
 
 ROCKY MOUNTAIN TROUT— or Black Spotted. 
 
 (Salmo mykiss.) 
 
 This trout is similar to the brook trout of Minnesota and 
 Wisconsin except that its spots are mainly above the middle 
 of the body and wholly cover the tail and dorsal fin. 
 
 YELLOWSTONE TROUT. 
 
 (Salmo mykiss lewisi.) 
 
 Yellowstone trout are found in the tributaries of the Yel- 
 lowstone River and in many of the streams and lakes of the 
 Yellowstone National Park. It is sometimes known as the 
 "Cut Throat" trout and is a vicious fighter. Its spots are 
 smaller and more numerous than the Wisconsin brook trout, 
 and is much darker. 
 
 STEELHEAD TROUT. 
 
 (Salmo gairdneri.) 
 
 A few of these trout have been planted in the brooks of 
 Minnesota and Wisconsin. The Steelhead is black on the 
 back shading to a dull gray on the sides, while the head is of 
 clear steel gray resembling the polished metal. They are 
 found in Montana and along the Pacific Coast as far North as 
 Alaska. The fish is large and black spotted. It is also known 
 as "hardhead" and Gairdner's trout. It is also a Russian fislf 
 where it is known as Soomga. In some of the Eastern mark- 
 ets it is sold as Kennebec salmon. It sometimes reaches a 
 weight of thirty pounds. 
 
FISHES AND FISHING 
 
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22 FISHES AND FISHING 
 
 THE BASSES. 
 
 The species treated of in this chapter are those members 
 of the Centrarchidae (or fresh-water sunfishes) which have 
 come under the scope of fish-culture, namely, the large-mouth 
 black bass (Micropterus salmoides), the small-mouth black 
 bass (Micropterus dolomieu), the rock bass(Ambloplites ru- 
 pestris), the crappie (Pomoxis annularis), and the calico bass 
 (Pomoxis sparoides). Whatever is said of the rock bass will 
 apply equally to other sunfishes, which might be here consider- 
 ed but which have not been artificially reared. 
 
 The principal physical characteristics of these fishes are 
 indicated in the following key, which serves to distinguish the 
 two species of black bass and the two species of crappie from 
 each other as well as from less closely related species. 
 
 Large-mouth black bass: Body comparatively long, the 
 depth about one-third the length; back little elevated; head 
 large, 3 to 3^ in body; eye 5 to 6 in head; mouth very large, 
 the maxillary in adults extending beyond eye, smaller in young. 
 Ten rows of scales on the cheeks; body scales large, about 68 
 in the lateral line, and 7 above and 16 below the line. Dorsal 
 fin low, deeply notched, larger than anal, with 10 spines and 
 12 or 13 soft rays; anal with 3 spines and 10 or 11 rays. Col- 
 or above dark-green, sides greenish-silvery, belly white; young 
 with a blackish band along sides from opercle to tail, the 
 band breaking up and growing paler with age; caudal fin pale 
 at base, white on edge and black between; older specimens 
 almost uniformly dull greenish; three dark oblique stripes 
 across opercle and cheek; dark blotch on opercle. 
 
 Small-mouth black bass: Similar in form to large-mouth 
 bass. Mouth smaller, the maxillary terminating in front of 
 posterior edge of eye, except in very old specimens. About 17 
 rows of small scales on the cheeks; body scales small, 11-74-17. 
 Dorsal fin less deeply notched than in other species, with 10 
 spines and 13 to 15 rays; anal with 3 spines and 12 or 13 rays, 
 (general color dull golden-green, belly white; young with dark 
 spots along sides tending to form irregular vertical bars, but. 
 never a lateral band; caudal fin yeHowish at base, white at 
 tip, with dark intervening area; dorsal with bronze spots and 
 dusky edge; three radiating bronze stripes extending back- 
 ward from eye; dusky spot on point, of opercle. 
 
 Crappie: Body short, greatly compressed, back much ele- 
 vated; depth 2% in length; eye large, one-fourth length of 
 
FISHES AND FISHING 
 
 head; head long, 3 in length; profile with double curve; mouth 
 large, snout projecting. Scales on cheeks in 4 or 5 rows; 
 scales in lateral line 36 to 48. Dorsal fin smaller than anal, 
 with 6 spines and 15 rays, the spinous part the shorter; anal 
 with 6 spines and 18 rays; dorsal and anal fins very high. 
 Color silvery white or olive, with mottlings of dark green; 
 the markings mostly on upper part of body and tending to 
 form narrow, irregular vertical bars; dorsal and caudal fins 
 with dark markings; anal nearly plain. 
 
 Strawberry bass: Similar in form to crappie, but the body 
 shorter, back more elevated, and profile of head straighter; 
 depth, one-half length; head one-third length; mouth smaller 
 than in crappie; snout less projecting. Six rows of scales on 
 cheeks, and 40 to 45 along lateral line. Dorsal and anal fins 
 higher than in crappie; dorsal spines 7 or 8, rays 15; anal 
 spines 6, rays 17 or 18. Color, light silvery-green, with dark- 
 green irregular mottlings over entire body ; dorsal, caudal, and 
 anal fins with dark-olive reticulations surrounding pale areas; 
 whole body sometimes with a delicate pink reflection (hence 
 the name strawberry bass). 
 
 Rock bass: Body oblong, compressed, back moderately 
 elevated; depth 2 to 2y 2 in length; head large, 2% in length; 
 eye very large, Z}/z in head. Scales) 5-39-12, in 6 to 8 rows on 
 cheeks. Dorsal fin much larger than anal, with 11 spines and 
 10 rays; anal, with 6 spines and 10 rays. Opercle ending in 
 two flat points; gillrakers less than 10. Color olive-green, with 
 brassy reflections; young irregularly barred and blotched with 
 black; adult with a dark spot at base of each scale, forming 
 interrupted and inconspicuous stripes; a black spot on opercle; 
 anal, caudal, and soft dorsal fins with dark mottlings. 
 
 The most reliable rule for distinguishing the largo- 
 mouth from the small-mouth bass is the number of rows of 
 scales on the cheeks. The colors of each species vary with 
 age and the size of the mouth varies with the size of the fish, 
 but the scales are constant under all conditions. With the 
 crappies, the leading differential feature is the number of 
 dorsal spines. 
 
 By reason of their wide geographical range, the black 
 basses have received a multiciplicity of popular names. The 
 large-mouth black bass is known as Oswego bass, lake bass, 
 green bass, yellow bass, moss bass, bayou bass, trout, jumper, 
 chub, and welchman. In the North it is generally called black 
 bass; in Virginia and North Carolina it is usually designated 
 
24 FISHES AND FISHING 
 
 as the chub, and in Florida and the Southern States it is often 
 called trout. The small-mouth black bass has received the 
 common names of lake bass, brown bass, ninny bass, hog bass, 
 black perch (used in the mountain sections of Virginia, Tenn- 
 essee, and North Carolina), trout .perch, brown trout, jumper, 
 mountain trout, together with other names of purely local use. 
 
 Rock bass are variously known as red-eye, red-eye perch, 
 and goggle-eye, and are sometimes confounded with the war- 
 mouth (Chaenobryttus gulosus), which bears some of the same 
 common names. 
 
 The calico bass has received the names of strawberry 
 bass, grass bass, bitter-head, barfish, lamplighter, goggle-eye 
 perch, speckled perch, and speckled trout. The crappie is 
 known in its native waters as crappie, new light, campbellite, 
 sac-a-lait, bachelor, chinquapin perch, croppie, and cropet. On 
 account of the similarity of the calico bass and crappie, anglers 
 and fish-culturists have frequently confounded the two, the 
 common and local names often being used interchangeably 
 throughout the regions to which both are native. 
 
 Possibly no common name of the black bass is more ap- 
 propriate than "jumper," which is applied in certain parts of 
 Kentucky. That both species of the black bass are jumpers 
 is well known to every angler, but it is better understood by 
 those who have had occasion to collect these fishes by seining. 
 It is almost impossible to capture them with a seine rigged in 
 the ordinary manner, especially when the fish have the vitality 
 and activity which is usual when living in water of moderate 
 temperature. Like other fishes, they lose in strength and ac- 
 tivity when they inhabit warmer waters. While the black bass 
 of the colder northern waters make a fight worthy of the sal- 
 mon, they may be taken from the waters of the south with 
 hardly a struggle. In seining for brood stock it is well to 
 employ a seine about three times the depth of the water, as 
 the bagging or bellying of a seine so rigged confuses the fish 
 and deters them from jumping. 
 
 A marked characteristic of the rock bass is their habit of 
 settling down in dense, compact masses, resembling a swarm 
 of bees, which is especially true of the young in cold weather. 
 They are exceedingly pugnacious, and sometimes seem to take 
 the hook rather on this account than from a desire for food. 
 They are well adapted for pond-culture, and under proper 
 conditions will repay the culturist in a large crop of young 
 with the expenditure of very little labor and time. 
 
 The calico bass is a fairly game fighter, and its firm, white 
 flesh has a fine flavor when the fish is taken from cool, pure 
 
FISHES AND FISHING 
 
 waters; but it is a very delicate fish to artificially propagate. 
 It seems to resent captivity, and especially when taken from 
 warm waters is exceedingly tender, quick to yield to attacks 
 of fungus, and liable to become blind and die. Of large num- 
 bers collected and transplanted in new waters many have died 
 within a few days after being deposited. 
 
 The spawning and breeding habits of the calico bass and 
 the crappie are so near like those of the rock bass that spe- 
 cial remarks on the subject do not appear necessary. 
 
 GROWTH AND WEIGHT. 
 
 There is a wide difference in the rate of growth, and there 
 is no way by which the age of a black bass can be determined 
 from its size. Some are comparatively large from the moment 
 they are hatched, and grow much more rapidly than the small- 
 er members of the- same school. The average size of adults 
 varies in different localities, and sometimes will be found to 
 vary from year to year in any particular locality. The varia- 
 tions depend upon initial vitality, upon the scarcity or abun- 
 dance of food, and upon the range and space given the fish. 
 At the age of 5 or 6 months the young bass measure from 4 
 to 8 inches, according to locality and surroundings, though a 
 certain percentage of the crop will always run large. 
 
 Large-mouth bass have been known to weigh 23 pounds. 
 They are not infrequently taken from the San Marcos River, 
 Texas, weighing from 12 to 15 pounds, and a 6-pound or S- 
 pound bass in the southern tributaries of the Mississippi and 
 in the inland lakes of Florida excites no surprise. The small- 
 mouth bass does not grow so large, 2V 2 pounds probably ex- 
 ceeding their average size, though they occasionally reach 5 
 or 6 pounds. The rock-bass fry grow slowly, those 6 months 
 old seldom averaging 2 inches in length. The adult usually 
 weighs from V2 to % pound, occasionally reaching 1 pound; 
 and examples have been recorded as high as three pounds. 
 
 The crappie and the strawberry bass will, as a rule, not 
 exceed 1 pound in weight, though in Minnesota the former has 
 been taken as high as 3 pounds. Under like conditions of pond 
 environment, at 6 months old the young of both these species 
 are about the size of black-bass fry of the same age, possibly 
 a little smaller. Each school will have a few individuals much 
 larger than the majority. 
 
 Black bass are considered the gamiest fish to be found on 
 the American continent, though some anglers assert thai: 
 their equal is to be found in the trout of the Nippegon and the 
 streams of the Rocky Mountains. The large mouth black bass 
 
26 PISHES AND FISHING 
 
 (Micropterus Salmonides) and the small mouth black bass 
 (Micropterus Dolomieu) are the principal bass fishes found in 
 the middle western waters. They are also found in all the 
 states east of the Mississippi River. Both these fish are good 
 fighters and offer the best of sport to the angler on both lake 
 and stream. 
 
 Bait casting and fly casting are the principal methods in 
 vogue for hooking these fish. It is, at least, the method fol- 
 lowed by experienced anglers. Trolling is often practiced, and 
 both methods may be employed. The conditions for bass fish- 
 ing govern the angler in his search for this game fish, and 
 volumes might be written on this subject, which, after reading 
 the amateur would have to learn by experience. The season 
 of the year, the time of day, the condition of the weather, the 
 direction of the wind, the contour of the lake bed and depth 
 of the water, and many other things are considered by the 
 successful angler. 
 
 These things must be learned by experience. It must also 
 be understood that different baits are required at different 
 times and under different conditions. The most common live 
 bait used in the western states is the frog, minnow or craw- 
 fish. Artificial baits are often successful where live bait will 
 not tempt the bass to rise. 
 
 The bass fly is an artificial bait much used by old anglers 
 and there are as many varieties of this bait as there are bugs 
 and flies in the air. A good rod, reel and line are essential 
 to successful angling and genuine sport. A cane pole and 
 cotton line will "catch fish" but that is all it will do. There 
 is something more than "catching fish" involved in the sport 
 of angling. A smooth running reel and a good silk line at- 
 tached to a five foot rod, an assortment of hooks — the Minne- 
 sota bass hook, two or three spoon hooks, a couple of artificial 
 baits and a half dozen bass-flies, ought to repay any one in a 
 season for the outlay. 
 
 NATURAL HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION. 
 
 The large mouth and small mouth black bass are wide- 
 ly distributed. The natural range of the large mouth is 
 from the Great Lakes and the Red River of the North to 
 Florida, Texas, and Mexico, and west' to the Dakotas, Nebras- 
 ka and Kansas. The small mouth bass range from Lake 
 Champlain to Manitoba, and southward on both sides of the 
 Alleghanies to South Carolina and Arkansas. The adaptability 
 
FISHES AND FISHING 
 
 2: 
 
 of these fish to extremes of temperature and their great te- 
 nacity of life under seemingly adverse conditions, has render- 
 ed their distribution comparatively easy, and they have been 
 successfully introduced into nearly all the sections of the 
 United States to which they were not native, and into England, 
 France, Germany, and Finland. They have been planted in 
 California, Washington, Utah, and. other western states. 
 
28 
 
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 CRAPPIES. (Pomoxis Annularis.) 
 
 One of the most desirable species of the Sunfish family. 
 These fish are generally caught with hook and line with angle 
 worm or soft shell crab for bait, and are taken in still fishing — 
 that is, with the boat at anchor. When found in large num- 
 bers is not difficult to land half a hundred in a couple of 
 hours. 
 
 Another way of fishing for these fish is by fly casting, and 
 this method affords considerable sport and requires some 
 skill. The essential requirements are a trout line attached to a 
 sixteen or eighteen foot cane pole, the line being the length 
 of the pole. The common trout fly of various colors and forms 
 are used for lures. The time for fly casting for crappies is 
 from sundown till darkness sets in, and when the moon is 
 very bright the crappies will strike the fly at any hour until 
 dawn, Fly fishing for crappies during the day is unsatisfac- 
 tory, though now and then one of these fish will be hooked 
 in this way. 
 
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38 FISHES AND FISHING 
 
 WHITE BASS, or Bar-fish. 
 
 (Roccus chrysops.) 
 This fish is a native of the Mississippi Valley and is found 
 in most of the small lakes in the west, as well as in the Great 
 Lakes. It is frequently mistaken for the small mouth black 
 bass, though its color is a silver gray. It grows to weigli 
 three pounds and is quite gamey. 
 
 WARMOUTH BASS, or Goggle Eye. 
 
 (Chaenobryttus gulosus.) 
 This member of the Sunfish family, to which the black 
 bass, rock bass and crappie belong, is found extensively in 
 the western lakes and streams, and because of its similarity 
 is often classed as "Sunfish" or "Crappie." 
 
 STRAWBERRY BASS, or Calico Bass. 
 
 (Pomoxis sparoides.) 
 This fish greatly resembles the crappie. It, like the crap- 
 pie, belongs to the Sunfish family, but is of a lighter color and 
 not as numerous. It is generally classed by "fishermen," as 
 "Sunfish," and they lei it go at that. 
 
 SUNFISH. 
 
 (Lepomis gibossus.) 
 This is one of the most beautiful of the Sunfishes. It has 
 dark blue spots on the gills and is sometimes called the Blue 
 Eared Sunfish. It is common to all western waters and is as 
 good a panfish as can be found. They grow to weigh three- 
 quarters of a pound. 
 
 MOONEYE. 
 
 (Hyodon Tergisus.) 
 The Mooneyes, Golden Eyes or Silver Bass are common 
 in the Northwest. There are three species of these fish. They 
 are fairly good fighters and anglers like to get them on their 
 hooks. However, they have little food value. These fish are 
 covered with large scales, have short snout, the lower jaw 
 extending upward, sharp teeth. They grow to weigh about 
 two pounds. 
 
FISHES AND FISHING 39 
 
 THE PIKE— PICKEREL,. (Lucius Rebiculatus.) 
 
 The pickerel is a member of the pike family which has 
 achieved a distinct name and is known everywhere as the 
 "pickerel." A fish is found in the "Park Region" of Minne- 
 sota known as the Great Northern Pike which closely re- 
 sembles the pickerel, and really there is little difference 
 except in the markings of the two fish, a condition which 
 is probably due to difference in food and water. 
 
 Pickerel are not regarded as game fish, but good sport 
 may be had with them if the angler will observe a little 
 patience. This fish will make a spurt when first hooked and 
 then strike out for deep water and sulk. Pickerel will dart 
 for a bait when twenty or thirty feet distant, and will take 
 anything from an angle worm to a six inch artificial minnow. 
 They are partial to frogs. Bass tackle is suitable for them, 
 though great skill is required when a big one is hooked, 
 and one should never be hasty in trying to land such a fish 
 or the results may be a broken rod. Where pickerel are 
 numerous it is well to use a wire snell as these big fish 
 will often swallow a good sized hook and cut the line with 
 their sharp, needle like teeth. Indeed, it is recommended 
 that a wire snell six to twelve inches long be used when 
 angling for bass, pickerel and other similar fish. 
 
40 
 
 FISHES AND FISHING 
 
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FISHES AND FISHING 41 
 
 MUSCALLONGE. 
 
 The muscallonge is the largest representative of the pike 
 family. Its maximum weight is about eighty pounds and its 
 average weight is twenty-five or thirty pounds. Its range 
 includes the Great Lakes, Upper Mississippi Valley, Ohio 
 Valley, and lakes in Wisconsin, Minnesota, New York, On- 
 tario, and elsewhere. It is much sought by anglers and is 
 of great value as a food fish. Being provided with a very 
 large mouth, armed with strong, formidable teeth, its food 
 consists chiefly of living fish, which it captures by making 
 sudden darts from its place of concealment among the water- 
 plants at the bottom of a lake or stream. 
 
 The eggs are similar to whitefish eggs, being semibuoyant 
 and nonadhesive, and a thirty-five pound fish has yielded 
 265,000 ripe eggs. Spawning takes place in May, in shallow, 
 grassy places. The eggs are about 1-11 of an inch in diameter 
 and number 74,000 to the quart. About 97 per cent of the 
 eggs impregnated are hatched. With the water temperature 
 at 55 degrees F., hatching ensues in 15 days, the yolk sac 
 being absorbed in the same time. The fry are very helpless 
 when first hatched. 
 
 UNSPOTTED MUSCALLONGE. 
 
 Caught in Wisconsin Waters. 
 
 This is a fish native to the waters of Wisconsin and 
 Michigan and is found in many lakes It grows to thirty or 
 forty pounds in weight, and in habits resembles the spotted 
 muscallonge, which, even in Wisconsin, are more numerous. 
 It is a good table fish, but is hard to catch, being shy and 
 a great fighter when hooked. 
 
42 FISHES AND FISHING 
 
 MUSCALLONGE FISHING. 
 
 Fishing for muscallonge compared to other fishing is 
 about as different as shooting prairie chickens is compared 
 to deer shooting. In trout fishing the angler expects to hook 
 a fish frequently or he moves on down the stream for a 
 better place. In fishing for muscallonge it must be done 
 by trolling. A boatman is necessary and he must be a good 
 one, for the boat must be kept moving at a good speed. 
 The rod should be short, three to five feet, with spring 
 enough to hold the fish and set the hook without breaking 
 the line. The writer has some notions which differ from 
 many muscallonge fishers. He uses the same rod and line 
 that he uses for bass and generally uses a strong quadruple 
 reel, though many use a much larger reel and a larger line, 
 and they believe they must have such an outfit. 
 
 The lure generally in use is the number nine Skinner 
 spoon hook, though a larger size is favored by some. A num- 
 ber seven spoon hook is just as sure to hook and hold the 
 muskie. Another lure is the wooden minnow six inches long, 
 sufficiently weighted to keep it three to six feet beneath 
 the surface. Eighty to one hundred feet of line should be 
 played out and the boatman should then locate a bunch of 
 reeds, sunken logs, or "dead head" logs, and continually 
 circle around these, for it is in such places that the muskies 
 will be found. 
 
 When a strike is had, hold a firm grip on the rod, 
 throwing the point upwards and reeling in at every slack of 
 the line. Should the muskie make a rush away from the 
 boat let him have the line, keeping it taut. He will jump 
 out of the water and attempt to throw the hook from his 
 mouth. With a taut line this is quite impossible; but should 
 he rush toward the boat, and jump before the line can be 
 reeled in he will throw the hook twice out of three times, 
 and it is very essential that the slack should be taken up 
 at once as fast as the line can be reeled in. The fish, being 
 well hooked, will soon tire and with spasmodic plunges, 
 will be brought along side the boat. Here the best method 
 is to shoot him through the head with a pistol. Then he 
 can be lifted into the boat with gaff or net. An automatic 
 gaff is very handy in landing these fish if no pistol is at 
 hand. Muscallonge range from eight to sixty pounds in 
 weight. 
 
FISHES AND FISHING 
 
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FISHES AND 45 
 
 YELLOW PERCH. 
 
 (Perca flavescens.) 
 
 This is one of the most desirable food fishes found in 
 Western waters, and by many is considered superior to black 
 bass or the pike perch (wall-eyed pike). It grows to two 
 pounds in weight, and rises well to almost any kind of bait. 
 
 PIKE PERCH— Walleyed Pike. 
 
 (Stizostedion vitreum.) 
 
 The Pike Perch, commonly called "Wall Eyed Pike," is 
 generally regarded as the best of food fishes found in the 
 western waters. Its flesh is fine grained and of sweet flavor. 
 Its bones are large and it may be served in various ways with 
 equal relish. 
 
 Ordinarily the Pike Perch are found in deep cool water 
 and are 'most successfully taken in trolling early in the morn- 
 ing or late in the afternoon or evening. Their average weight 
 is about two and one-half pounds, though they have been 
 caught weighing as high as 22 pounds. 
 
 The best all round bait for these fish is the frog, golden 
 shiner, or crawfish, though they will sometimes bite a shrimp. 
 They do not respond readily to the artificial lure. They are 
 not game fish. The same tackle that is used for bass is best 
 for Pike Perch fishing. 
 
 SAND PIKE— Jack Salmon. 
 
 This is a fish common to the Mississippi river, and which 
 belongs to the perch family. It is inferior to the Yellow or 
 Ringed Perch or the Pike Perch (Wall Eyed Pike), for the 
 table, though it is by no means to be discarded. 
 
46 FISHES AND FISHING 
 
 THE SCALED OR ASIATIC CARP. 
 
 This is the scaled carp found generally in all waters 
 of the West. 
 
 Considerable discussion is now in progress in the West 
 over proposed legislation to destroy this fish, or, at least, 
 restrict its propagation to certain waters, to prevent it de- 
 stroying game fish and other more edible and desirable food 
 fish. 
 
 The carp is a soft fish, and will not keep long unless 
 bled and- drawn and immersed in cold water until cooled. 
 The fish may then be kept on ice for a week or two. If 
 handled in the usual way, they are scarcely fit to eat on the 
 following day unless caught in the winter and frozen. They 
 are a third rate food fish, though by some they are consider- 
 ed good. 
 
 The fish and game commission of California and others 
 who have studied the carp planted there claim that these 
 fish destroy the celery and all other vegetation upon which 
 wild ducks feed, and that 'the ducks do not now frequent the 
 lakes. 
 
 These fish subsist on roots and animal life, and destroy 
 the vegetation by burrowing in the bottom and sides of 
 streams and lakes, often digging holes ten to fifteen inches 
 in depth. In doing this they roil the water and break up 
 the spawning beds of bass, pike, perch and other and better 
 fish. 
 
 Carp were first imported into this country when a resi- 
 dent of California, in 1872, brought five fish from Holstein, 
 Germany, and put them into a private pond on his farm. 
 In 1877 the California game and fish commission imported 
 eight young carp from Japan, they being of the same variety 
 as those from Germany. This was the beginning of the 
 experience with carp in this country. In California, Oregon 
 and parts of Washington they swarm in the irrigation ditches, 
 swamps, lakes and rivers, and even in the water works 
 reservoir of Sacramento, where for years four men, with 
 seines, and twelve sea lions, were employed to get rid of the 
 fish. This was done and black bass were substituted. 
 
 Carp were first introduced into Germany from Asia. 
 There are several varieties, all coming from the far East — 
 the Asiatic, scaled carp, the leather carp (German), the tench, 
 the goldfish and others. 
 
 The only time to catch the carp is during one hour at 
 sunrise and one hour at sunset. Use a very small hook, baited 
 
FISHES AND FISHING 47 
 
 with a worm. The line snouiu ue uai^-cuiuied and have no 
 gut leader. Attach a small cork float to the line six inches 
 above the hook. Cast your hook a few feet from shore, 
 and then throw small pieces of bread into the water. After 
 five or ten minutes the carp will take the bread and the 
 worm on your hook as well. Give the fish plenty of time 
 to suck in your bait. After the float has remained under 
 water one or two minutes haul in your fish. He will hardly 
 struggle until you have him in the basket, but there he will 
 flop around for three hours. Do not try to catch carp after 
 a heavy rain, as they will not bite then. 
 
 MIRROR— or King Carp. 
 
 (Cyprinns carpio specnlaris.) 
 
 The Mirror or King Carp has unusually large scales ir- 
 regularly placed in short rows on its body. It is a peculiar 
 looking fish and will readily be distinguished from other 
 varieties — the Asiatic or scaled carp and the leather carp, 
 the latter having very few scales or none at all. Reference 
 to the habitat of the Asiatic Carp and the methods for catch- 
 ing this fish also apply to the Mirror or King Carp. 
 
 The Carp family is very extensive, embracing forty vari- 
 eties and about two hundred and fifty species in the United 
 States alone. 
 
 THE TENCH. (Tinea tinea.) 
 
 The Tench is a fish of the Carp family. It came from 
 Europe and has been extensively planted in this country. 
 It reaches the weight of ten pounds and is found in the 
 Mississippi river, having come up this stream from Illinois 
 rivers, where the Tench was extensively planted years ago. 
 In the irrigation ditches of Montana, Idaho and Colorado, this 
 and other varieties of Carp have been planted. It is con- 
 sidered the most edible of all the Carp fishes. 
 
43 
 
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52 FISHES AND FISHING 
 
 THE WHITE FISHES. 
 
 While the common whitefish is the only member of the 
 tribe that has received much attention from fish-culturists, 
 it is probable that several other species of whitefish will 
 in time be extensively propagated. The lake herring ( A rgy- 
 rosomus artedi) has already been artificially hatched to a 
 limited extent at Put-in Bay station, and the long-jaw or 
 bloater (Argyrosomus prognathus), the bluefin or blackfin (A. 
 nigripinnis), the tullibee (A. tullibee), and others will doubt- 
 less become the subjects of fish-cultural work in certain lakes. 
 The eggs of all these fish can be hatched by the same methods 
 as are used with the common whitefish, but the spawning 
 seasons differ. 
 
 The lake herring is readily distinguished from the com- 
 mon whitefish by its smaller size, projecting lower jaw, long 
 and numerous gillrakers, absence of arch on back, etc. It 
 is the most abundant of the whitefishes, being especially nu- 
 merous in Lakes Erie, Michigan, and Huron, and larger quan- 
 tities are taken each year than of all other species combined. 
 The average length is 12 to 14 inches and the average weight 
 is under a pound, although a maximum weight of 3 or 4 
 pounds is attained. The fish is generally known as "herring" 
 but has numerous other names, among which are cisco, blue- 
 back herring, greenback herring, grayback herring, and Mich- 
 igan herring. 
 
 The spawning season of the lake herring begins somewhat 
 later and terminates sooner than that of the whitefish. The eggs 
 are procured and hatched in the same manner as are those 
 of C. clupeformis, and require about the same time for in- 
 cubation, namely, 4 to 5 months, depending on the temperature 
 of the water. The eggs are smaller than those of the com- 
 mon whitefish, 70,000 making a fluid quart. 
 
 These two species are readily hybridized artificially. The 
 milt of either species will impregnate the eggs of the other 
 as effectively as if there were no cross fertilization. Large 
 specimens of apparently hybrid fish of this character have 
 been obtained in Lake Erie. The use of milt of the lake 
 herring for impregnating whitefish eggs is resorted to only 
 when the eggs would otherwise be lost. 
 
 The round whitefish or menominee (Coregonus quadril- 
 ateral is) is propagated by the New York Fish Commission. 
 It is very widely distributed, ranging from New Brunswick 
 to Alaska, and is abundant in some of the Adirondack lakes, 
 
FISHES AND FISHING 
 
 53 
 
 where its eggs are taken and hatched in comparatively large 
 numbers. It rarely exceeds a pound in weight, hut its food 
 qualities are good, and it is taken for market in considerable 
 quantities in Lakes Huron and Michigan. 
 
 In the New York lakes, where the fish is known as the 
 frostfish, the spawning season is from the middle of Novem- 
 ber to the early part of January, although the period in any 
 one lake is less prolonged. The eggs are heavy, adhesive, 
 and 1-8 inch in diameter; the average yield per fish is 3,500, 
 but 12,000 have been taken from a 1%-pound fish. In the 
 very cold water of these lakes the incubation is protracted, 
 being 150 days with the water at 33 degrees F. The sac 
 is absorbed in 10 to 20 clays. 
 
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60 FISHES AND FISHING 
 
 THE CHANNEL CATFISH. (Ictalurus punctatus.) 
 
 There are seventeen varieties of catfish listed by the gov- 
 ernment but there are probably not more than three or four 
 varieties in the west except those which find their way up the 
 Mississippi or Missouri rivers. 
 
 The channel catfish is extremely shy and is rarely caught 
 in daytime, and then only in deep water, except during spring 
 freshets. When the water is roily enough to be almost liquid 
 mud, allowing so little light to penetrate the water that all 
 minnows and most scale fishes hunt the shallow water near 
 shore, the channel cats may be found foraging in the deep 
 water of the swiftest and most turbulent portions of the chan- 
 nel. 
 
 Dark summer nights are the best to catch channel catfish, 
 and the darker the better. Between midnight and daybreak 
 of very dark nights, especially if a heavy fog has settled low 
 on the water, the fisherman, slipping along quietly in his boat 
 will hear the hoarse bellowing of the bullfrog, the plaintive 
 cry of the whip-poor-will, and occasionally a splash as if an 
 old cow had fallen into the river. The splash is made by a 
 large catfish chasing minnows into very shallow water. 
 
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64 FISHES AND FISHING 
 
 BULLHEAD, or Horned Pout. 
 
 (Ameiutus nebulosus.) 
 
 The bullhead is of the family of catfishes. Its breeding 
 powers are tremendous, and it is said that a single fish will 
 produce a half million young. It grows from six to twenty 
 inches in length. It will take almost any kind of bait, worms 
 preferred. The usual method of dressing these fish is to skin 
 them. Unlike most other fish they are full blooded and when 
 dressed have the appearance of raw beef. They are sweet and 
 are regarded by many as superior to most fish for the table. 
 They are generally found in sluggish streams. 
 
 RED HORSE. 
 
 (Moxostoma Macrolepedotum.) 
 
 The Red Horse of Northern waters, mostly found in the 
 rivers and creeks, belongs to the sucker family. Indeed, there 
 are so many suckers which are known by other names that it 
 is difficult for the angler to correctly classify them. 
 
 The Common Red Horse grows to eighteen or twenty inch- 
 es in length, The rays of the dorsal fin are thirteen or fif- 
 teen. The fish is of red bronze color, and when young is 
 sometimes known as the golden sucker. It may be caught in 
 the same manner as suckers, with hook and line, red angle 
 worms, dough or honey balls or ripe cherries being successful 
 lures. The bait must be kept near the bottom .perfectly quiet. 
 To make a nois^ is fatal to this class of fishing. 
 
 BUFFALO FISH. 
 
 (Ictiobus cyprinella.) 
 
 The Buffalo fish is also a species of the sucker family. 
 They are found in the large rivers of the west and do not at- 
 tract the attention of the angler. They bite hard and fight 
 hard, though not gamey. They often grow to weigh twenty 
 pounds though those of three or five pounds are most often 
 seen. They suck their food, though they are able, with larger 
 mouths, to take much larger bait than the common sucker. 
 There are several species of buffalo fish, which derives its 
 name from the peculiar hump on the anterior portion of its 
 back, like that of a buffalo. 
 
FISHES AND FISHING 
 
 (^ 
 
 NORTHERN SUCKER. 
 
 Several varieties of suckers are found in the western 
 lakes and streams, but generally they are not taken with hook 
 and line, although this may be done. These fish are fre- 
 quently speared but as there is little sale for them, except 
 among the poorer classes, they are not often disturbed. The 
 sucker is most desirable when it is three inches in length. 
 At this size it makes splendid bait for pike and bass, and 
 when six inches in length is a sure attraction for muscallonge. 
 When small the suckers are almost pure white, which ac- 
 counts for their attractiveness. As they grow larger they 
 become darker on the back. 
 
 The Smelt or Gudgeon. — Notropis hudsonius amarus. 
 
 The spawn eater or smelt (Notropis hudsonius) is one 
 of the chubs taken by the angler on black bass and trout 
 streams. It grows to about ten inches in Lake Erie and 
 other large waters and ranges from Western Minnesota east 
 to New York. It is abundant in the Great Lakes, and in the 
 streams of Minnesota and Wisconsin. The coloration is pale 
 with, usually, a round black spot at base of caudal fin, which 
 is always present in the young. There is also a broad lateral 
 silvery band which in some waters becomes dusky. It is 
 said to be a good table fish and is a choice lure for the black 
 bass, the pike and the muscallonge, for which purpose it is 
 used extensively by anglers. 
 
66 PISHES AND FISHING 
 
 SHEEPHEAD. (Archosargus Probatocephalus.) 
 
 The sheephead is similar to the carp, though it has not 
 so been classified by the United States Fisheries Commission. 
 The sheephead is found in the Mississippi river as far north 
 as its source, in the Missouri river as far north as Omaha and 
 in most southern streams. It is something of a sucker, and 
 really belongs to the sucker family. It has a small mouth and 
 will suck in any small bait such as dough, angle worms, ber- 
 ries, or small pieces of liver or fried meat. It is a fairly good 
 table fish if cooked at once. 
 
 THE ROACH— or Golden Shiner. 
 
 The roach, or golden shiner, is known too as the "boys'' 
 fish. It is found in all streams, and is more noticeable in 
 small shallow sandy bottom creeks. It is the fish we hooked 
 with a pin when we first began angling. It is caught in nets 
 and sold mostly for bass and pike perch bait, and is believed 
 to have no equal as a lure. Its color is olive green with a 
 silvery band along its sides, while the scales sparkle and 
 glisten in the sunlight like tinsel, attracting fish for a long 
 distance. It grows to eight or nine inches in length, but" is 
 more desirable for bait when about three inches long. During 
 the fall and winter months the roach makes an excellent 
 pan fish when cooked in the same manner as trout. 
 
 THE COMMON CHUB— or Fall-Fish. 
 
 The common chub, or fall-fish, is found east of the Mis- 
 souri river. It seldom grows more than a foot in length, and 
 is the species most frequently met with by trout fishermen, 
 and it is upon its presence or absence in a trout stream that 
 anglers predicate the continued fruitfulness of such waters. 
 Wherever it gets a foothold in the smaller streams, it means 
 good-bye to the trout, owing to the fondness of the chub for 
 the spawn and young fry or brook trout. But compensatory 
 nature gives the angler consolation in that whatever stream 
 the black bass lives and thrives, it means destruction to the 
 chub for which the bronzebacker has an excessive hungering. 
 
FISHES AND FISHING 
 
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74 FISHES AND FISHING 
 
 THE STURGEON. 
 
 (Acipenser Sturis.) 
 
 There are six species of sturgeon in the waters of the 
 United States. The common and the short-nosed sturgeons 
 (Acipenser sturis) and (A. brevirostris) are found only on the 
 Atlantic Coast, ascending rivers to spawn. The white stur- 
 geon and green sturgeon (A. transmontanus) and (A. mediro- 
 stris) inhahit only the waters of the Pacific Coast. The lake 
 sturgeon or rock sturgeon (A. rubicundus) exists in the Great 
 Lakes, the Upper Mississippi Valley, and other northern in- 
 terior waters. The shovel-nose sturgeon or white sturgeon 
 (Scaphirhynchus platyrhynchus) is found in the Mississippi 
 and other streams of the Southern and Western States. 
 
 While all of the sturgeons are edible and caught for 
 market, the most valuable species are the common sturgeon 
 and the lake sturgeon, which alone have been artificially prop- 
 agated. 
 
 DOG FISH. 
 (Amia Calva.) 
 
 This fish is mentioned because of the necessity that ex- 
 ists for its extinction and acquainting amateurs with its 
 dangerous characteristics. It is a fish that one might eat 
 wnen hunger threatened starvation. In many of the waters 
 of the west the angler will frequently hook a dogfish when 
 casting or trolling for bass, and must land and kill it to recover 
 his hook. An automatic gaff is convenient for taking these 
 fish from the water. The gaff will hold the fish firmly until 
 the hook is removed and until the cord just back of the head 
 has been severed, and danger from its sharp teeth are passed. 
 
 These fish are great destroyers of other fish and of spawn- 
 ing beds of the food and game fishes. 
 
 AMERICAN EEL. 
 
 (Anguilla Chryspa.) 
 
 Eels are frequently caught in the rivers of the west. Oc- 
 casionally one is taken with hook and line, but more frequent- 
 ly they are brought to the surface while seining. They live 
 and get their living in the mud. The United States Fish Com- 
 mission reports "planting" several hundred Eels in a western 
 lake, in about one foot of water. Within ten minutes say the 
 commissioners every eel had bored into the mud at the bottom 
 of the lake and disappeared. The eel is regarded as very de- 
 structive to the spawn of other fish, and it is well that they 
 are not more numerous in our lakes and streams. 
 
FISHES AND FISHING 
 
 75 
 
 FROG. 
 
 Spring Frog or Leopard Frog (Rana virescens). 
 
 In taking frogs for market, lines baited with red cloth, 
 worms, or insects are extensively used; guns, small-bore 
 rifles, and spears are also employed, and cross-bows are 
 adopted for this purpose in Canada. They are often hunted 
 at night, a lantern furnishing light for the hunter's aim, and 
 at the same time blinding or dazing the frogs. The peculiarly 
 formed tongue— loose behind, so that it may be thrown out 
 to quite a distance — is covered with a viscid secretion so 
 that the frog readily captures any insects or small animals 
 that approach it closely. Tadpoles are commonly satisfied 
 to wait patiently for their food, and even the adults do not 
 often search actively for food. Sexual maturity is reached 
 in about three or four years, being latest for those varieties 
 that pass the first winter in the tadpole stage. It is generally 
 believed that frogs live for twelve, fifteen or even twenty 
 years. 
 
 During the tadpole stage they furnish tempting morsels 
 for fish, reptiles, some mammals, and other frogs, and espe- 
 cially for wading birds, like herons and cranes. Their de- 
 fenseless condition and the shallowness of their natural 
 habitats at this period make them ready prey, and it is in 
 the prevention of this, wholesale destruction that man may 
 profitably intervene. In the adult frog stage the relentless 
 pursuit by birds and reptiles is continued until of the hun- 
 dreds of eggs deposited few become reproducing individuals. 
 Only slight revenge for all this slaughter can be taken. 
 They may occasionally capture disabled fish or small fish 
 of sluggish habits found in the mud or on the bottom, and 
 
76 FISHES AND FISHING 
 
 instances are recorded of their eating snakes, toads, and 
 young birds, but insects and lower forms are their staple diet. 
 The species of frogs commonly eaten are the bullfrog 
 (Rana catesbiana), the green frog (Rana clamata), the spring 
 frog (Rana virescens), and the western bullfrog (Rana pre- 
 tiosa and Rana aurora). 
 
 FRESH WATER ' ' CLAMS. ' ' (Unios.) 
 
 In nearly all of the lakes and streams of the Middle West 
 are to be found mussels, which are known here as fresh 
 water, soft shelled clams, and though not one person in a 
 thousand has ever eaten them they are an edible delicacy. 
 Frequently these "clams" are found at the edge of lake or 
 stream, near the shore, and in some localities they are gather- 
 ed and used for fish bait, especially for crappies. 
 
 To catch these "clams" the old method employed by 
 Indians and Canadian explorers is probably the best. Take 
 an old fish net or hammock or branch of a tree, weight it 
 down so that it will drag on the bottom, fasten with long 
 ropes to a row boat and row slowly. As soon as the net 
 or brush touches the shells, which are partly open to catch 
 food, they will close and fasten to the drag. In this way 
 hundreds may be gathered in an hour where the "clams" 
 are reasonably plentifu 7 
 
PISHES AND FISHING 77 
 
 ENEMIES OF FISH. 
 
 The common enemies of small fish are kingfishers, ducks, 
 mud hens (coots), fishhawks, snakes, frogs, muskrats, owls, 
 turtles, cormorants, herons, opossums, crawfish and water 
 rats. All of these are destroyers of small fry, and it is for 
 the purpose of killing off these fish destroyers that a gun of 
 small size is recommended in the angler's outfit. 
 
 While the above named enemies of small fish are very 
 destructive in small lakes, there are no greater destroyers 
 of fish life than the big fish. The dogfish, the bass, the pike 
 (pickerel), the catfish are very cannibalistic and will fre- 
 quently attack other fish of nearly their own size. It is 
 not uncommon to find a pound fish in the gullet of a five 
 pounder, though the writer has never known an instance 
 where the big fish had swallowed another of the same variety. 
 Bass are often found to have devoured small suckers, tench, 
 sunfish and perch, but so far as observed no bass have been 
 found in their stomachs. The dogfish is very destructive to 
 spawning beds, and in this respect is not much different from 
 the carp, which spawns on the surface of the water and 
 then raids the spawning beds of the bass, pike and perch, 
 and, returning devours much of its own spawn. 
 
 The fish destroyers are numerous and it seems a Provi- 
 dential arrangement to keep down the supply. 
 
 THE LAMPREY. 
 
 (Petromyzon marinus unicolor.) 
 
 The greatest enemy of fish in some of the western lakes, 
 especially those of shallow depth and consequently warm 
 water, is the lake Lamprey, or Lamprey Eel. This fish like 
 animal is not an eel and resembles the latter only in ap- 
 pearance. It is more commonly known in the East as "rock 
 sucker" because it is sometimes found clinging by its mouth 
 to stones. A peculiarity of this fish is that it requires three 
 to four years to reach maturity and reproduce its kind, when 
 it dies, seldom living more than three months after maturity. 
 
 The Lamprey may be called a blood sucker. Its mouth 
 fastens to the side of a sucker, pickerel, catfish, bass or any 
 other fish that it may come in contact with, and it cannot 
 be shaken off until its appetite is satisfied. It is not often 
 that a fish thus attacked survives, the lamprey generally 
 sucking the life out of the fish before releasing its hold. 
 
78 
 
 FISHES AND PISHING 
 
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FISHES AND FISHING 
 
 HOW TO CATCH FISH. 
 
 The means for catching fish are so numerous that it 
 would require a volume larger than this book to describe 
 them all. However, some of the most common methods are 
 given as well as some of the secrets known only to life long 
 fishermen, many of whom learned these secrets from the 
 Indians and Southern Aborigines. 
 
 The most common bait in use for lake and river angling 
 is the frog or minnow, though the fly and other artificial 
 baits are rapidly supplanting them as being more successful, 
 inexpensive and cleaner to handle. The writer, who has con- 
 tinued a line of experiments from the time he used a willow 
 pole for a rod, a piece of twine for a line and a bent pin for 
 a hook, covering a period of many years, has almost wholly 
 discarded the live bait, finding much more satisfaction and 
 pleasure in the use of the various artificial baits. Especially 
 is this true of the bass fly. But one must have a variety of 
 such bait and understand when and how to use them. After 
 all, a knowledge of the habits of the fish, the waters in which 
 they are found, the direction of the wind and temperature, 
 are most essential. 
 
 Bait casting affords the most sport and is more likely to 
 result in good catches than either trolling or still fishing. 
 
 Having secured a good reel, whether it cost a large sum 
 or only a couple of dollars, a rod is essential. A lancewood 
 rod will answer, though some anglers who can afford it will 
 insist on a steel or split bamboo rod, but in any event these 
 should be selected with a view to the class of fishing proposed. 
 
 With a good reel, good rod and well balanced bait, 
 whether natural or artificial the angler should, with a slight 
 experience, be able to get both sport and fish. 
 
 Fly casting is the common form of hooking brook trout, 
 though many anglers still adhere to the earth worm bait 
 of their boyhood days. The artificial fly will, however, prove 
 more effective. In fact, it is about the only successful method 
 now employed. 
 
 Fly casting for black bass is becoming a common prac- 
 tice with those who care more for the sport than they do 
 for fish; but a skilled angler will not return home empty 
 handed. The "Professor," and "Brown Hackle," are among 
 the most attractive lures. 
 
 The same tackle used for taking brook trout may be used 
 for hooking crappies, but to take these fish the fly casting 
 should be done before sunrise or after sunset. Little success 
 
80 PISHES AND PISHING 
 
 will attend fly fishing for crappies during any other time of 
 the day. Use the Seth Green or Moth Miller, or some similar- 
 ly bright fly, and for two hours, if located right, the angler will 
 he treated to a series of surprises. 
 
 The writer has found the Moth Miller the most success- 
 ful lure. Crappies are not gamey. They do not strike like 
 a brook trout, nor put up such a game fight, but they are a 
 fairly good substitute, and the angler who has always fished 
 for them with angle worms or clams, will be surprised and 
 pleased at the experiment. 
 
 SECRETS OF CATCHING FISH. 
 
 Trout lures consist generally of the common earth worm 
 in the early spring or the white wood worm found under 
 the bark of trees. During the summer when the flies are 
 abroad the artificial fly may be used with great success. But 
 if the angler wants to stir up the big fellows he should 
 bait with a chub minnow, a golden shiner or similar small 
 fish about two to three inches in length. It is the big fish 
 that are looking for big bait. The big ones are lazy and 
 when they see a nice fat shining minnow apparently leisurely 
 swimming by, it looks like easy food; there is a dash, a 
 ,splash, a strain on the line and the big fellow is hooked. 
 It is up to the angler to land him. 
 
 While the author of this book discourages the use of 
 artificial means of catching fish it is deemed a part of his 
 mission to show how fish may be caught without either hook, 
 line or spear. These methods are contrary to law. 
 
 By the use of Fish Berries (Cocola Indicus), one may 
 capture a tub full of fish in a short time. First ascertain 
 where the fish are located. Then scatter pills of fish berries 
 which have been prepared by mixing the' powder with flour 
 and water and then drying in the air. When these pills 
 are scattered over a school of fish they are eagerly swallowed. 
 In about five minutes the fish will come to the surface belly 
 up. Now is the time to gather them in with the landing net 
 and place them in a tub of water previously provided in the 
 boat. They will lie apparently dead for ten to twenty minutes 
 when they will revive and be as lively as ever. These fish 
 should be put in a live box and kept for a few hours before 
 being cooked. Perhaps a few may die but if so it is generally 
 from rough handling and not because of the fish berries, 
 which though a poison simply put the fish to sleep. 
 
 Another plan is that of jugging. In Germany and several 
 
FISHES AND FISHING 81 
 
 other kingdoms of the old country poachers often follow this 
 practice. 
 
 They take a pint or quart bottle, place in it a cup full of 
 unslacked lime, drop in a half cup of water, fasten down the 
 cork quickly with wire and gently drop the bottle down among 
 the fish. In from ten to thirty minutes the lime has become 
 slacked, the gas forms and an explosion follows which stuns 
 the fish and they rise to the surface, where they are gathered 
 in with landing nets. This method is preferable to the fish 
 berries, as there is no possible ill effects from the lime. 
 
 Another similar method is the use of a half gallon jug 
 filled with a pint of lime and a cup of water. This is used 
 when the water is very deep and big fish are sought. The 
 jug should be weighted with a heavy stone or it will not sink 
 to the bottom. It will take about forty to sixty minutes for 
 the jug to explode, but it will stun the fish within a radius of 
 fifty feet. 
 
 A few drops of oil of rhodium or oil of cummin dropped on 
 the bait will attract fish and they will never refuse to bite. 
 This is a very old secret but experiments show that the slow 
 moving fish are the ones that most readily take this doctored 
 bait, not the bass or the trout, which come at the bait with 
 a rush. But there are times when bass are not biting when 
 the above oils will start them going. 
 
 HOW TO CATCH MINNOWS. 
 
 There are several ways, but it depends on how you are 
 situated. If the minnows are to be taken from a lake the net 
 should be about forty feet long and wide enough to reach the 
 bottom while the top is on the surface. With one person at 
 each end after dropping the net, gradually draw in to shore, 
 scooping up the fish in the belly of the net. 
 
 The most successful method of catching minnows is at 
 the mouth of a creek, with an umbrella shaped net. Often 
 these streams are but a few feet wide and if properly netted 
 and the minnows are driven up by another person wading the 
 stream from the mouth of the creek hundreds may be obtained 
 in a single haul. 
 
 CARE OF FISH. 
 
 No fish should be kept to die in the boat, but should be 
 killed outright, unless they are placed in a tank for future 
 
82 FISHES AND FISHING 
 
 use. A basket affords the best receptacle for fish when taken 
 and should be provided wherever possible. 
 
 When a sufficient number of fish have been taken, and 
 this should be no more than is necessary to supply the family 
 table, and perhaps a few for a neighbor, they should like game 
 birds, be drawn and packed in grass in the fish basket. Ten 
 minutes will suffice to draw the fish of a day's catch. Then 
 if the angler has time, the fish should be scaled. A lightning 
 fish scaler costs but 25 cents, and will repay its cost in once 
 using it. 
 
 CARE OF TACKLE. 
 
 A good angler will take good care of his tackle. The reel 
 should be oiled before starting out and should be kept free 
 from dirt, and should be provided with a leather case. Some 
 reels cost as much as a good watch, but few think of giving 
 them as much care. 
 
 Nothing but a good line should be used. A good line will 
 outlast a dozen cheap ones. When through fishing for the 
 day the line should be hung up to dry before being rewound. 
 
 The proper way to assemble a rod is to start with the 
 tap, connecting the joint to the handle, then attach the reel 
 and thread the line on the rod. When the rod is taken apart 
 the ferrules should be plugged with cotton or paper before 
 putting away. 
 
 Each class of hooks should be kept in a separate box, 
 packed in the tackle box where it can be found without dis« 
 turbing the other tackle. 
 
FISHES AND FISHING 
 
 83 
 
84 FISHES AND FISHING 
 
 CAMP AND FISHING HINTS. 
 
 A good shelter tent, which can be carried in a compact 
 space, may be constructed from a canvas sheet 6x12 feet in 
 size, with large brass eyelets at the ends. With this canvas 
 one may make a tent cover as protection from the sun, rain 
 or wind, using a cross pole propped at each end in the branch- 
 es of two small trees. This makes a good roof, strings passed 
 through the eyelets being fastened to the ground or shrubs. 
 To make a wind shelter, this canvas may be passed around 
 three small trees, forming a semi-circular enclosure. It is 
 unnecessary to add that outing parties will find such an ad- 
 dition to their equipment a great convenience. 
 
 There are many other conveniences for an outing trip to 
 be found in all the large supply houses, and the angler must 
 choose for himself or herself, according to their means and 
 requirements. It would? be impossible to enumerate them all, 
 many of which are good and serviceable, and many of which 
 are worthless. 
 
 In washing flannels and woolens don't wring them dry; 
 hang them out without wringing and they will not shrink. 
 
 Telescope or field glass is a great convenience. 
 
 To test the freshness of meat insert the blade of a knife 
 into the flesh; your nose can tell. 
 
 Fish decay quickly. Trout should be drawn as soon after 
 catching as convenient. Large fish should have the gills re- 
 moved as soon as possible in hot weather. 
 
 To make jerked meat from fresh killed venison or beef, 
 cut the meat from the bones > then cut the meat into strips 
 lengthwise with the grain, about three inches square; salt the 
 strips and keep tbem under cover for five or six hours; hang 
 the strips up to the limb of a tree fotf a few hours ; dry them 
 partially in a smoke barrel or box for 6 hours, salt again and 
 hang up for two or three days. Such meat will keep for 
 twenty years if kept dry. 
 
 To get cold water take a corked jug; to the cork attach 
 a strong cord; to the handle of the jug attach a small rope; 
 row out into the lake where it is very deep; tie a heavy stone 
 to the jug to make it sink; drop the jug overboard, being 
 careful that the line attached to the cork goes out freely. When 
 the jug has reached the bottom, pull out the cork. The jug 
 will fill with cold water. When full draw in with the line at- 
 tached to the handle. The water will be very cold, especially 
 if the lake is fed by underground springs. 
 
 A good compass should be taken along where much tramp- 
 
FISHES AND FISHING 
 
 85 
 
 ing through the woods is anticipated, for it is very easy to 
 get lost. A man naturally turns to the right in the woods, 
 while a woman leans to the left. This has been demonstrated 
 hundreds of times. 
 
 A device for looking into the depths of the water may be 
 constructed of haif inch pine, five inches square at each end 
 and four to five feet long. The lower end is covered with 
 
 glass and the upper end is cut to fit the face. With such a 
 telescope one may see "things" at a depth of twenty to twen- 
 ty-five feet on clear days. Such "telescopes" are often used 
 when snaring through the ice in winter or in searching for 
 "clams" or crawfish in shallow water. 
 
 Whistle — Very often the whistle may show your presence, 
 or may be used as a signal. The rule of the woods is: One 
 long shrill blast — Game here, come, Two long blasts: 
 Where are you? Three long blasts: Wait, I am coming. 
 Three blasts at intervals: I am lost. The same signals are 
 used with rifle or shot gun. 
 
 ■Sunglass, or flint lighter — Very often hunters lose their 
 matches or they become wet. The sunglass or "reading glass" 
 or the flint lighter then come in handy. The glass can only 
 be used when the sun shines, but the flint lighter, if kept in 
 a rubber or oil skin cover, may be used at all times even if 
 the hunter is unfortunate enough to be "dumped" in the water. 
 
86 FISHES AND PISHING 
 
 Electric Light — The pocket electric flash light will be 
 found to be an important adjunct to the huntsman's kit. It 
 can be used in all kinds of weather and is always ready. 
 
 Pistol, Small Rifle or Shotgun — Any of these are valuable 
 acquisitions to the angler's outfit, for the reason that one of 
 ten encounters wolves, wild cats, raccoons, squirrels or tramps. 
 Except the latter (which are the most dangerous) one may 
 secure fine specimens by having fire arms. Never keep a load- 
 ed gun in wagon, boat or tent. 
 
 Axe and Knife — A good hunting knife or axe is essential. 
 With such keen edged tools one may easily construct a tempor- 
 ary camp and feel assured of safety in the wildest locality. 
 
 Tenting Outfits — Tents may be selected to suit the hunt- 
 er or angler, but no one should forget the necessity of a couple 
 of pounds of wire nails as a quick means of fixing the frame. 
 
 Camp Grounds — Select a high place, sloping to river or 
 lake, dig a trench on the upper and side lines near the base 
 of the tent, so that in case of rain the interior of the tent will 
 not be flooded. 
 
 Lost in the Woods — If you find you are lost, sit down. If 
 you have lost your bearings try to realize your position by the 
 compass. If you have "blazed your way" with the axe it will 
 be very easy to retrace your steps. This is what you should 
 have done. 
 
 Blazing the Trail — When you leave the main road and 
 go into the woods, with your axe clip off the bark of the trees, 
 about shoulder high, at least every fifty feet. If this course 
 is pursued one can never be lost. 
 
 Take only old clothes for outing or fishing. An extra pair 
 of shoes will come in handy, as well as two changes of under- 
 clothing. In wading the trout streams in warm weather the 
 writer generally wears a pair of canvas shoes, a pair of over- 
 alls, flannel shirt and dark coat. Never wear bright colors 
 while fishing trout. Brook trout can see farther than any 
 other fish. Never wear white waist or hat; olive green or dull 
 grey are good colors. 
 
 To build a camp fire drive two three inch stakes in the 
 ground at an angle of 90 degrees. Find four green logs, short 
 ones, lay one above the other against these stakes. Dig an 
 
FISHES AND FISHING 87 
 
 oblong hole at the foot of the ground log, about six inches deep, 
 about 18 by 24 inches in size, then build fire, using small dry 
 twigs underneath. After the fire is well started lay over all 
 two dry logs. After this fire is sufficiently burned, cooking 
 may be commenced, and all of the dishes prescribed in -this 
 book may be cooked. 
 
 Take care of your matches — A screw top bottle is one of 
 the best means. Have such a bottle always filled and held in 
 reserve for emergency. You might fall in the water destroy 
 your matches and put your flint lighter out of business. The 
 matches in the bottle will always be safe. 
 
 In tenting, a convenient, bed is made by having a canvas 
 sheet 3 feet wide by 7 feet long. Get two six or eight inch 
 logs, 3 feet long and fasten to each end of the canvas, the 
 canvas having brass eyelets. Then get two small saplings 
 of sufficient length and fasten them to the two logs on each 
 side of the canvas. This will make a very convenient bed. 
 
 Every camper and outer should provide himself or herself 
 with a dozen yards of mosquito net. 
 
 When in permanent camp a good plan to keep water cool 
 is to have a keg, dig a hole in the ground about the water level, 
 place the keg therein and having a lid on the top of the keg, 
 cover it with four or five layers of wet cloth. This will keep 
 the water thirty to forty degrees colder than if kept open in 
 camp. 
 
 A great deal depends on the location of a camp. And it is 
 worth a few hours' consideration in its selection. It should be 
 in close proximity to good water, fuel and protection from 
 storms. 
 
 In buying waterproof boots the canvas covered gum boot 
 is the best as it will stand harder usage than the all-rubber 
 boots and is much lighter. 
 
 Never take any whiskey or other stimulant in the boat. 
 It is a dangerous proposition. If one must have it leave it 
 in camp to be taken after your return. 
 
88 FISHES AND FISHING 
 
 CAMP SUPPLIES, 
 
 One of the most difficult problems confronting the camper 
 is that of taking as small an outfit as possible and still have 
 necessities for camp life. There are knock down stoves and 
 full sets of camp furniture to be had at every supply house. 
 The aim has been to condense the equipment into the smallest 
 possible space and reduce it to the smallest weight. 
 
 The writer is not much in favor of camp stoves unless the 
 camp be made during the winter months when a stove is es- 
 sential in the tent or cabin. Rather the stove is to be dis- 
 couraged during the summer months. The camp fire and a 
 knowledge of camp cooking without the stove will furnish 
 more real enjoyment during an outing trip than if the con- 
 veniences of the kitchen are transplanted to the woods. 
 
 With the necessary pots and pans any one who will ob- 
 serve the directions given in this book may serve up roasts, 
 fries, broils, stews or baked dishes that will be far more pala- 
 table than home or hotel cooking. 
 
 To equip an outdoor camp for a party of four they should 
 have aside from their tent equipment, the following, 
 
 1 Axe. 
 
 1 Camp coffee pot. 
 
 1 Camp fry pan. 
 
 3 Stew kettles, two of equal size and one smaller. 
 
 2 Bake pans. 
 
 4 Camp plates. 
 
 4 Camp cups. ." 
 
 4 Knives. 
 
 4 Spoons. 
 
 4 Forks. 
 
 1 Salt cellar. • ., 
 
 1 pepper dredge. 
 
 1 Large spoon. 
 
 1 Large fork. 
 
 I Ladle dipper. 
 
 I Turnover. 
 
 I Whetstone. 
 
 1 Can opener. 
 
 1 Butcher knife. 
 
 The camp ration must be chosen with great care and with 
 regard to the locality in which the camp is to be pitched". No 
 allowance is made for game or fish which may be procured. 
 For each week of camp life for four persons the following 
 
FISHES AND FISHING 89 
 
 quantities and articles are suggested, after thirty years of 
 experience: 
 
 20 Pounds of flour. 
 
 6 Pounds of Corn meal. 
 
 5 Pounds of Navy beans. 
 
 6 Pounds of Salt .pork. 
 10 Pounds Select bacon. 
 15 Pounds Potatoes. 
 
 7 Pounds Onions. 
 
 3 Pounds of dried fruit. 
 
 I Large ham. 
 
 1 Gallon of sour pickles. 
 
 I Quart of Syrup. 
 
 1 Box of mustard. 
 
 1 Sack of salt. 
 
 3 Pounds of coffee. 
 
 2 Pounds of Tea. 
 6 Pounds Sugar. 
 
 3 Pounds Cheese. 
 
 1 Can baking powder. 
 
 1 Can baking soda. 
 
 1 Pkg. matches. 
 
 Soap. 
 
 Candles. 
 
 If for a longer trip take same amount for each week. 
 
 HOW TO COOK FISH. 
 
 We have all heard about how to cook wild fowl and fish 
 by encasing them in clay, but the clay is not always obtain- 
 able; what then? Take a bass, perch or pike, dress it. After 
 rinsing it well place a piece of bacon or salt pork inside, then 
 wrap the fish in two or three layers of brown paper. Soak the 
 whole package until wet through. Now remove the coals from 
 the fire, dig a trench through the hot ashes, imbed the fish en- 
 cased in the brown paper, draw the hot ashes and coals around 
 it, and if necessary to maintain heat, build a small fire over the 
 fish. In thirty to forty minutes the fish will be ready to 
 serve. 
 
 PLANKED FISH. 
 
 It all depends upon the kind of fire you have, when cook- 
 ing planked fish. First clean the fish. Place inside it a 
 
90 FISHES AND FISHING 
 
 piece of bacon or salt pork, and a little celery or onion. Nail 
 the fish to a wide board in such a way that it may be turned 
 towards the fire. It is essential to have a fire of hot coals, 
 and the cooking of such a fish will require forty-five to sixty 
 minutes time. 
 
 TO SMOKE FISH. 
 
 The great northern pickerel, muscallonge, wall eyed pike, 
 black bass, striped perch and white fish as well as many other 
 varieties of fish, may be preserved by smoking, if simple di- 
 rections are followed. 
 
 Procure a barrel or box or small canvas enclosure. Con- 
 struct three layers of cross bars, of wire, willow saplings or 
 netting. Place on these frames the fish desired to be smoked, 
 first having dressed them and split them down the back (it 
 is best to remove the backbone), lay them flat on the frames. 
 Build a smudge under them and smoke for two to four hours 
 under a steady hot smoke. After this, if possible, dry the fish 
 in a hot oven for fifteen or twenty minutes. If an oven is not 
 available, nail the fish to a board and place them near a camp 
 fire for half an hour. Salt them thoroughly and they will 
 keep for several months, and will equal the best finnan haddie 
 or other smoked fish. 
 
FISHES AND FISHING 91 
 
 CAMP COOKING. 
 
 To roast potatoes put them in hot ashes and cover; keep 
 fire enough on top to insure steady heat. They will cook in 
 forty-five minutes if ashes are properly prepared. 
 
 To roast corn on the ear follow the same plan as for pota- 
 toes, leaving the husks on; forty minutes time will be requir- 
 ed; remove from ashes, pull off husks and serve. 
 
 To roast eggs follow the same plan; five to six minutes 
 will cook them nicely. 
 
 Liver and bacon — Drop slices of liver in hot water for 
 two minutes; remove and drop into frying pan where bacon 
 has been previously cooked. 
 
 To cook rabbit — Skin and dress; remove head; cut in 
 small pieces at the joints and fry in butter or with bacon. If 
 for stew cook same as stewed chicken. 
 
 To cook Partridge, Quail or Prairie Chicken; dress, skin 
 and fry; or dress and encase in clay and roast in hot coals 
 and ashes, either with feathers on or removed. 
 
 Baked Beans — The night previous soak beans, one cup 
 for two persons, using plenty of water and a large dish. In 
 morning drain and place in kettle and boil until skins will 
 separate when blown upon. Place in closed jar, with piece 
 of fat bacon or salt pork; add tablespoon sugar; cover jar 
 with tight cover, place jar in hot ashes and cover with hot 
 coals or fire; cook for two hours. Leave an inch or two of 
 space on top of beans for expansion and gas. If placed in 
 campfire and left over night will be ready for breakfast. 
 
 Tea is the best for a camp or long trip through woods. 
 A small quantity will go a long ways; it is easily prepared. 
 Use a pinch of tea for each person; steep a few minutes until 
 right color is obtained. Tea is used by all old time hunters 
 and cruisers. 
 
 Pancakes — Mix night before. Flour and water (milk if 
 available), in morning add pinch of salt, little sugar and flour 
 enough to make a soft batter. Add teaspoon soda to each 
 quart batter; fry in bacon drippings. 
 
 Soups and stews are frowned down by campers, because 
 of the necessary dishes. 
 
92 FISHES AND FISHING 
 
 EMERGENCY MEDICINES. 
 
 Keep the mouth shut, the head cool, the bowels open and 
 the feet dry, and there will be little use for your medicine 
 case. Still there will be times when the emergency case will 
 be found necessary. Constipation and diarrhoea, cramps, chills 
 and wounds are the most common affections to contend with 
 on an outing trip. 
 
 For constipation use cathartics, any kind; for diarrhea 
 use sun cholera cure or apply warm bandages to stomach. 
 Browned flour, vinegar and salt is good for a drink. Hot gin- 
 ger tea is good. 
 
 For cuts or wounds, bandage thoroughly. If an artery 
 has been cut tie bandage above the wound and use a stick to 
 tighten the bandage, then go for a surgeon, if it is a dangerous 
 case. 
 
 Baking soda is a great relief for ivy poisoning. 
 
 For toothache use Wizard Oil, or warm solution of 
 vinegar and salt. Peroxide of Hydrogen is also very good in 
 allaying tooth troubles. 
 
 For earache, put a small portion of finecut tobacco in a 
 tablespoon with water; steep over fire, drop few drops in ear; 
 pain will cease at once. 
 
 For fever and ague take frequently 2 grain capsules of 
 quinine. 
 
 It is a good plan to have a dozen mustard plasters. They 
 can be had at any drug store. 
 
 The hypodermic syringe is also worth consideration in 
 cases of fatigue, drowning, over exertion. Learn how to use 
 it. 
 
 For poisoning warm water and mustard is good. 
 
 If struck by lightning place patient on ground, throw water 
 in face and remove clothes; let patient lie close to ground. 
 
PISHES AND PISHING 
 
 93 
 
 PROPER FISHING BOAT. 
 
 Proper boat for fishing. It is a fiat bottom boat twelve 
 to eighteen inches in depth, eighteen feet long and four feet 
 six inches in width, with fixed seats at each end. There will 
 be less liability of danger and more comfort from using such 
 a boat than any other. Fishermen do not require speed and 
 a single pair of oars in such a boat will propel two or four 
 persons at sufficient speed. 
 
94 FISHES AND FISHING 
 
 CHOICE OF FLIES. 
 
 Fly fishing is in its infancy in America generally, and 
 especially in this part of that happy land. In the European 
 countries flies are classified for use according to the country 
 and according to season. Thus there are sand flies suitable for 
 Norway, for Ireland, the Dee, the Tweed, the Usk. So there 
 are trout flies for the Severn, Wye, Dugg, Teme, Mormow, 
 etc.; for the Yorkshire, Cumberland and Westmoreland 
 rivers and streams and for the various lakes. Fishermen 
 in this part of the world do not distinguish between 
 streams. Substantially the same flies are used through the 
 Rocky mountains, Wisconsin and Minnesota and in New Eng- 
 land. In Canada the subject has advanced a step further in 
 evolution. On the Nepigon, for example, it is an established 
 tradition that you use number one salmon flies, especially Jock 
 Scott, Silver Doctor, "Rams Bottom's President," Durham 
 Ranger, Dusty Miller, etc. For the Maine salmon fishing large 
 flies are used; in Northeast Canada the flies run very small. 
 
 In countries where the art has reached a further state of 
 development, flies are arranged according to the months. A 
 standard English book describes as the best flies for April, Iron 
 Blue Dun, Olive Quills, Gold Ribbed Hare's Ear, Goose Dun, 
 March Brown and Hammond Adopted, Rough Olive, White 
 Church and the Grannum. The best flies for May, Red Palm- 
 ers, Olive Duns, Cow Dun Alder, a Black Gnat, Yellow Dun, 
 Ginger Quil, Pink Wickham. One celebrated entomological ar- 
 rangement, according to season, is "Rolands." The flies there- 
 in described for April and May, like those just enumerated, 
 are rather neutral cinnamon colors for April and more yellow 
 and blue colors for May. 
 
FISHES AND FISHING 
 
 95 
 
 MINNOWS FOR BAIT. 
 
 The use of minnow bait for catching wall-eyed pike, pick- 
 erel, perch, and sometimes bass, is frequently employed in this 
 section. Anglers differ as to the proper method of hooking 
 this bait. If it is true that big fish swallow the minnow head 
 first, it would seem that the first cut here shown would be the 
 proper method for attaching the hook. 
 
 But if the big fish swallow the minnows tail first, then the 
 method shown in the following cut would seem to be appro- 
 priate. 
 
 The big fish take the frog through a rear attack. They 
 also take the minnow in the same manner, but whether they 
 do so at all times is a question. They evidently do take smali 
 fish head first when not attached to a hook, but when used 
 as bait it has been proven that they will swallow the minnow 
 in most any way. 
 
96 FISHES AND FISHING 
 
 OPEN SEASON FOR FISHING. 
 
 The laws of the western states have recently been chang- 
 ed, the principal changes being in the dates for taking certain 
 fish. The following extracts from the game laws cover every 
 point likely to arise, or about which there may be any dispute. 
 There will be no other changes before spring of 1909, if then. 
 
 Minnesota. 
 
 Brook trout — any variety — April 15th to Sept. 1st. 
 
 Black Bass, Gray Bass or Oswego Bass, May 29th to 
 March 1st, following. 
 
 Pike, Perch, Muscallonge, Sunfish, Lake Trout, Catfish or 
 any other variety of fish — May 1st to March 1st, following. 
 
 Pickerel, Suckers, Bullheads, Redhorse and Carp may be 
 taken at any time with either hook and line or spear. There 
 is no limit to the number of these fish that may be taken. 
 Artificial light may be used except during May and June. 
 
 It is unlawful to have in possession for sale or to sell any 
 brook! trout or black bass at any time. All other fish" may 
 be sold provided they are caught in the manner prescribed 
 by law, with hook and line, except in certain cases, where 
 seines are permitted and are licensed by the game and fish 
 commission. 
 
 The number of fish that may be taken in one day is limit- 
 ed to twenty-five, except pickerel, suckers, redhorse, carp and 
 bullheads. Crappies and sunfish are restricted to 25. 
 
 Nonresidents temporarily in Minnesota may ship outside 
 the state any fish caught here provided the shipper accom- 
 panies the fish and the package or box is properly and plainly 
 marked, giving name of shipper, the consignee and the con- 
 tents of the package. Fifty pounds is the limit that may thus 
 be taken. 
 
 One hook and one line is all the law permits, but the com- 
 mission has ruled that the "gang" hook, tandem hook or artifi- 
 cial bait constitutes one hook. 
 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Brook Trout — any variety — May 1st to August 15th. Ten 
 pounds is the limit for a day's catch. 
 
 Black Bass, Yellow Bass or Oswego Bass, Green Bass, 
 Rock Bass, Silver Bass, White Bass, Pike, Catfish, Muscal- 
 longe and Sturgeon — May 25th to March 1st, following. Under 
 the law these are designated as the game fish of Wisconsin. 
 
FISHES AND FISHING 97 
 
 Rough. Fish — In Wisconsin Buffalo fish, Carp, Dogfish, 
 Garfish, Eelpout, Red Horse, Sheepshead and Suckers are legal- 
 ly known as Rough Fish. A license is required to take the 
 rough fish with nets or seines as in Minnesota, though the fee 
 is five dollars, whereas in Minnesota it does not exceed one 
 dollar. 
 
 The sale of Brook Trout is prohibited and they cannot be 
 shipped either within or without the state, unless accompanied 
 by the shipper. 
 
 North Dakota. 
 
 Pike, pickerel, perch, crappies, trout, buffalo, bass and 
 muscallcnge between May 1st and January 1st, except in 
 streams and lakes where fish has been planted, there from 
 May 1st to October 1st. Hook and line only can be used. 
 
 South Dakota. 
 
 (Same as North Dakota.) 
 
 Upper Michigan. 
 
 Speckled trout, grayling, California trout and landlocked 
 salmon, from May 1st to September 1st, with hook and line 
 only. Less than six inches long protected. Black bass may be 
 taken with hook and line only, from May 20th to April 1st 
 following thereafter, must not be sold during closed season. 
 
98 FISHES AND FISHING 
 
 OPEN SEASON FOR GAME. 
 
 Minnesota. 
 
 Turtle dove, snipe, prairie chicken or pinnated, white- 
 breasted or sharp-tailed grouse, woodcock, upland plover and 
 golden plover, September 1st to Nov. 1st. 
 
 Quail, partridge, ruffed grouse or pheasant, other than 
 Mongolian, Chinese, ring neck or English pheasant, October 
 15th to December 15th. 
 
 Wild duck, wild goose, brant, or any variety of aquatic 
 fowl, September 1st to December 1st: 
 
 Unlawful to shoot or kill more that twenty-five game biras 
 per day. 
 
 Deer, November 10th to November 30th. 
 
 Male moose, November 10th to November 30th. 
 
 To hunt big game, such as deer and moose, license re- 
 quired; non-resident's fee, $25.00; for small game $10.00, issued 
 by county auditor; resident's fee, $1.00 
 
 Elk protected at all times. 
 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Woodcock, partridge^ pheasant or grouse of any variety, 
 plover or snipe, September 1st to December 1st. 
 
 Prairie chicken, September 1st to October 15th, in follow- 
 ing counties: Adams, Barron, Burnett, Bayfield, Buffalo, 
 Clark, Crawford, Douglas, Dunn, Eau Claire, Jackson, Juneau, 
 Marquette, Monroe, Pepin, Polk, Portage, Richland, Sawyer, 
 Vernon, Washburn, Wanshara, Wood. 
 
 May take in one day or have in possession : 
 
 Fifteen prairie chickens, grouse or woodcock. 
 
 Twenty-five partridge or pheasant. 
 
 Thirty wild geese, wild ducks, plover or snipe. 
 
 Non-residents with license may take fifty game birds from 
 state when he accompanies them, not |aqr.e than above num- 
 ber of any variety. 
 
 Wild duck, brant or other aquatic fowl, excepting wild 
 geese, September 1st to January 1st. 
 
 Wild geese, September 1st to May 1st. 
 
 Deer, November 10th to November 30th, except in Adams, 
 Richland and Marquette counties, where open season is Novem- 
 ber 20th to December 1st. 
 
 Closed all year in Calumet, Columbia, Fond du Lac, Man- 
 
FISHES AND FISHING 99 
 
 itowoc, Sauk, Sheboygan, La Crosse, Monroe, Trempeleau and 
 Vernon. 
 
 Unlawful to hunt without a license. Fee to non-residents 
 is $25.00 for hunting all game (not protected), including deer; 
 $10.00 for hunting game other than deer. Fee to residents, 
 $1.00. For rabbit or squirrel, September 1st to March 1st. 
 
 Michigan (Upper Peninsula). 
 
 Ducks, geese and all wild water fowl, September 1st to 
 January 1st. Jack snipe, bluebill, canvas-back, pin-tail whist- 
 ler, spoon-bill, butter-ball and saw bill ducks, March 2nd to 
 April 10th. No device permissible. 
 
 Prairie chicken, wild turkey and wild pigeon, protected un- 
 til 1910. 
 
 Partridge, quail, spruce hen and woodcock, October 15th 
 to November 30th. 
 
 Deer, November 10th to 30th, inclusive. No person is per- 
 mitted to kill more than two in one year. 
 
 Moose, elk and caribou are protected until 1913. 
 
 For black and gray squirrels, October 15th to November 
 30th. 
 
 License required to hunt deer. Fee to non-residents, 
 $25.00; residents $1.50. 
 
 North Dakota. 
 
 Prairie chicken, pinnated, sharp-tailed and ruffled grouse 
 or woodcock September 1st to October 15th. 
 
 Wild duck, wild goose, crane or brant, Sept. 1st to May 1st. 
 
 Deer, from November 10th to December 1st; hounds or 
 dogs, also spring guns, prohibited in hunting same. 
 
 Permit required for hunting within state, issued by county 
 auditor and endorsed by game warden. Fee for non-residents, 
 $25.00; for residents, 75 cents. 
 
 L,<#C. 
 
100 FISHES AND FISHING 
 
 LIST OF SPECIES OF FISHES KNOWN IN THE 
 GREAT LAKES OR THEIR CONNECT- 
 ING WATERS. 
 
 From Report of U. S. Fish Commission. 
 
 In the following list are given the fishes known to live 
 in the Great Lakes or their connecting waters. This includes 
 not only the streams and smaller lakes directly tributary to 
 the Great Lakes but also the upper St. Lawrence River and the 
 waters tributary to it. The species not known to occur else- 
 where than in the hydrographic basin of the Great Lakes are 
 indicated by a star. 
 
 1. Petromyzon marinus unicolor (De Kay). Lamprey eei. 
 
 2. *Ichthyomyzon concolor (Kirtland). Silver lamprey. 
 
 3. Lampetra wilderi (Gage). Brook lamprey. 
 
 4. Polyodon spathula (Walbaum). Paddle-fish. Only one 
 
 specimen recorded from Great Lake Basin; that from 
 Lake Erie. 
 
 5. Acipenser rubicundus Le S. Lake sturgeon. 
 
 6. Lepisosteus osseus (L.). Long-nosed gar. 
 
 7. Lepisosteus platostomus Rafinesque. iShort-nosed gar. 
 
 8. Amia calva Linnaeus. Dog-fish or bowfin. 
 
 9. Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque). Channel cat-fish. 
 
 10. Ameiurus lacustris (Walbaum). Great Lakes cat-fish. 
 
 11. Ameiurus natalis (Le Sueur). Yellow cat-fish. 
 
 12. Ameiurus vulgaris (Thompson). Bullhead. 
 
 13. Ameiurus nebulosus (Le Sueur). Common bullhead. 
 
 14. Ameiurus melas (Rafinesque). Small black bullhead. 
 
 15. Noturus flavus Rafinesque. Stone cat. 
 
 16. Schilbeodes gyrinus (Mitchill). 
 
 17. Schilbeodes exilis (Nelson). 
 
 18. Schilbeodes miurus (Jordan). 
 
 19. *Carpiodes thompsoni Agassiz. Lake carp sucker. ♦ 
 
 20. Catostomus catostomus (Forster). Long-nosed sucker. 
 
 21. Catostomus commersonii (Lacepede). Common sucker. 
 
 22. Catostomus nigricans Le S. Black sucker. 
 
 23. Erimyzon sucetta oblongus (Mitchill). Chub sucker. 
 
 24. Minytrema melanops (Raf.). Striped sucker. 
 
 2.5. Moxostoma anisurum (Rafinesque). White-nosed sucker. 
 
 26. Moxostoma aureolum (Le Sueur). Common redhorse. 
 
 27. Moxostoma breviceps (Cope). Short-headed redhorse. 
 
 28. Campostoma anomalum (Raf.). Stone-roller. 
 
 29. Chrosomus erythrogaster Rafinesque. Red-bellied dace. 
 
FISHES AND FISHING 101 
 
 30. Pimephales promelas Raf. Fat-head minnow. 
 
 31. Pimephales notatus (Rafinesque). Blunt-nosed minnow. 
 
 32. Semotilus corporalis (Mitchill). Fall-fish. 
 
 33. Semotilus atromaculatus (Mitchill). Creek chub. 
 
 34. Leuciscus elongatus (Kirtland). Red-sided minnow. 
 
 35. Leuciscus neogaeus (Cope). 
 
 36. Leuciscus margarita (Cope). 
 
 37. Opsopoeodus emiliae Hay. 
 
 38. Opsopoeodus megalops (Forbes). 
 
 39. Abramis crysoleucas (Mitchill). Roach. 
 
 40. Hybognathus nuchale Agassiz. 
 
 41. Cliola vigilax (Baird & Girard). 
 
 42. Notropis anogenus Forbes. 
 
 43. Notropis cayuga Meek. Cayuga minnow. 
 
 44. Notropis heterodon (Cope). 
 
 45. * Notropis fretensis (Cope). 
 
 46. Notropis blennius (Girard). Straw-colored minnow. 
 
 47. *Notropis volucellus (Cope). 
 
 48. Notropis hudsonius (De Witt Clinton). Shiner. 
 
 49. *Notropis hudsonius selene (Jordan). Lake Superior 
 
 shiner. 
 
 50. Notropis whipplii (Girard). Satin-fin minnow. 
 
 51. Notropis cornutus (Mitchill). Red-fin. 
 
 52. *Notropis cornutus frontalis (Agassiz). 
 
 53. *Notropis cornutus cyaneus (Cope). 
 
 54. Notropis atherinoides Rafinesque. 
 
 55. Notropis arge (Cope). 
 
 56. Notropis rubrifrons (Cope). 
 
 57. Notropis umbratilis (Girard). 
 
 58. Notropis umbratilis cyanocephalus (Copeland.) 
 
 59. Ericymba buccata (Cope). 
 
 60. Rhinichthys cataractae (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Long- 
 
 nosed dace. 
 
 61. Rhinichthys atronasus (Mitchill). Black-nosed dace. 
 
 62. Rhinichthys atronasus lunatus (Cope). 
 
 63. Hybopsis dissimilis (Kirtland). 
 
 64. Hybopsis storerianus (Kirtland). 
 
 65. Hybopsis kentuckiensis (Raf.). River chub. 
 
 66. Couesius plumbeus (Agassiz). 
 
 67. Couesius dissimilis (Girard). 
 
 68. Exoglossum maxillingua (Le Sueur).' Cutlip minnow. 
 
 69. Anguilla chrysypa Rafinesque. Common eel. 
 
 70. Hiodon alosoides (Rafinesque). Mooneye. 
 
 71. Hiodon tregisus Le Sueur. Toothed herring. 
 
102 FISHES AND FISHING 
 
 72. Dorosoma cepedianum (Le Sueur). Hickory shad. 
 
 Probably introduced through canals from Mississippi 
 basin, and possibly go through the Erie Canal. 
 
 73. Pomolobus chrysochloris Rafinesque. Probably not na- 
 
 tive, but introduced from the Mississippi basin by 
 means, of canals. 
 
 74. Pomolobus pseudoharengus (Wilson). 
 
 75. Coregonus quadrilateralis Richardson. Round white-fish. 
 
 76. Coregonus clupeiformis (Mitchill). Common white-fish. 
 
 77. Coregonus labradoricus Richardson. Labrador white- 
 
 fish. 
 
 78. *Argyrosomus osmeriformis (H. M. Smith). Smelt of 
 
 New York lakes. 
 
 79. Argyrosomus artedi (Le Sueur). Lake herring. 
 
 80. Argyrosomus artedi sisco Jordan. Cisco of Lake Tippe- 
 
 canoe. Only in certain small lakes in Wisconsin con- 
 nected with Lake Michigan and certain small lakes in 
 northern Indiana in the Wabash basin.. 
 
 81. *Argyrosomus hoyi Gill. Hoy's white-fish. 
 
 82. * Argyrosomus prognathus (H. M. Smith). Long-jaw 
 
 white-fish. 
 
 83. *Argyrosomus nigripinnis Gill. Blackfin white-fish. 
 
 84. * Argyrosomus tullibee (Richardson). Tullibee white- 
 
 fish. 
 
 85. *Argyrosomus tullibee bisselli Bollman. 
 
 86. Cristivomer namaycush (Walbaum). Lake trout. 
 
 87. *Cristivomer namaycush siscowet (Agassiz). Siscowet. 
 
 88. Salmo salar Linnaeus. Atlantic salmon. 
 
 89. Salmo salar ouananiche McCarthy. Ouananiche. 
 
 90. Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill). Brook trout. 
 
 91. *Thymallus tricolor Cope. Michigan grayling. 
 
 92. Umbra limi (Kirtland). Mud minnow. 
 
 93. Lucius vermiculatus (Le Sueur). Grass pike. 
 
 94. Lucius reticulatus (Le Sueur). Pickerel. 
 
 95. Lucius lucius (Linnaeus). Great pike. 
 
 96. Lucius masquinongy (Mitchill). Muskallunge. 
 
 97. Fundulus diaphanus (Le Sueur). Grayback minnow. 
 
 98. Fundulus diaphanus menona (Jordan & Copeland). 
 
 99. Fundulus dispar (Agassiz). 
 
 100. Fundulus notatus (Raf.). Top minnow. 
 
 101. Eucalia inconstans (Kirtland). Brook stickleback. 
 
 102. *Eucalia inconstans cayuga Jordan. 
 
 103. *Eucalia inconstans pygmaea (Agassiz). 
 
 104. Pygosteus pungitius (Linnaeus). Nine-spine stickleback. 
 
FISHES AND FISHING 103 
 
 105. Gasterosteus bispinosus (Walbaum). Common stickle- 
 
 back. 
 
 106. Percopsis guttatus Agassiz. Trout percb. 
 
 107. Aphredoderus sayanus (Gilliams). Pirate perch. 
 
 108. Labidesthes sicculus (Cope). Skipjack. 
 
 109. Pomoxis annularis Rafinesque. Crappie. 
 
 110. Pomoxis sparoides (Lacepede). Calico bass. 
 
 111. Ambloplites rupestris (Raf.). Rock bass. 
 
 112. Chaenobryttus gulosus (Cuv. & Val.). Warmouth. 
 
 113. Apomotis cyanellus (Rafinesque). Blue-spotted sun-fish. 
 
 114. Lepomis megalotis (Rafinesque). Long-eared sun-fish. 
 
 115. Lepomis pallidus (Mitchill). Bluegill. 
 
 116. Eupomotis euryorus (McKay). Red-eared sun-fish. 
 
 117. Eupomotis gibbosus (L.) Pumpkin-seed. 
 
 118. Micropterus salmoides (Lacepede). Large-mouthed 
 
 black bass. 
 
 119. Micropterus dolomieu Lacepede. Small-mouthed black 
 
 bass. 
 
 120. Stizostedion vitreum (Mitchill). Wall-eyed pike. 
 
 121. Stizostedion canadense (Smith). Sauger. 
 
 122. Stizostedion canadense griseum (De Kay). 
 
 123. Perca flavescens (Mitchill). Yellow perch. 
 
 124. Percina caprodes (Rafinesque). Log perch. 
 
 125. Percina caprodes zebra (Agassiz). 
 
 126. Hadropterus aspro (Cope & Jordan). Black-sided darter. 
 
 127. Cottogaster copelandi (Jordan). Copeland's darter. 
 
 128. *Cottogaster cheneyi Evermann & Kendall.- Cheney's 
 
 darter. 
 
 129 Cottogaster shumardi (Girard). Darter. 
 
 130. Diplesion blennioides (Rafinesque). Green-sided darter. 
 
 131. Boleosoma nigrum (Rafinesque). Johhny darter. 
 
 132. Boleosoma nigrum olmstedi (Storer). Darter. 
 
 133. Ammocrypta pellucida (Baird). Sand darter. 
 
 134. *Etheostoma boreale (Jordan). Northern darter. 
 
 135. Etheostoma coeruleum Storer. Rainbow darter. 
 
 136. Etheostoma flabellare Raf. Fan-tailed darter. 
 
 137. Etheostoma flabellare lineolatum (Agassiz). 
 
 138. Boleichthys fusiformis (Girard). 
 
 139. Microperca punctulata Putnam. Least darter. 
 
 140. Roccus chrysops (Raf.). White lake bass. 
 
 141. Aplodinotus grunniens Rafinesque. Fresh-water drum. 
 
 142. Cottns ictalops (Rafinesque). Blob. 
 
 143. *Cottus ricei Nelson. Rice's blob. 
 
 144. Cottus pollicaris (Jordan & Gilbert). 
 
104 FISHES AND FISHING 
 
 145. *Cotttis spilotus (Cope). 
 
 146. *Uranidea franklini (Agassiz). 
 
 147. *Uranidea kumlienii Hoy. 
 
 148. Uranidea gracilis (Heckel). 
 
 149. *Uranidea formosa (Girard). 
 
 150. *Uranidea hoyi Putnam. 
 
 151. *Triglopsis thompsoni Girard. Fresh-water sculpin. 
 
 152. Lota maculosa (Le Sueur). Ling. 
 
FISHES AND PISHING 105 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Preface 3 
 
 Fishes Known by Many Names 4 
 
 Whipping Trout Streams 5 
 
 Trout — How to Angle for 6 
 
 Flies and Tackle 6 
 
 Spotting 6 
 
 Reels and Rods 6 
 
 Fly Casting , 7 
 
 Tandem Flies 7 
 
 Landing Net and Creel 7 
 
 Trout — Brook— Description of 9-20 
 
 Variety of Color 9 
 
 Anatomy of 9 
 
 Grayling — Description of 10 
 
 Rainbow — Description of 12 
 
 Von Behr — Description of 20 
 
 Loch Leven — Description of 20 
 
 Rocky Mountain — Description of 20 
 
 Yellowstone — Description of 20 
 
 Steelhead — Description of 20 
 
 Bass — Anatomy of 21 
 
 Large Mouth 22 
 
 Small Mouth 22 
 
 Crappie — Description of 22 
 
 Crappie — Fly Casting for 35 
 
 Strawberry — Description of 23, 38 
 
106 FISHES AND FISHING 
 
 Rock — Description of 23 
 
 White— Description of 38 
 
 Warmouth — Description of 38 
 
 Common Names of 24 
 
 Growth and Weight 25 
 
 Fly Casting for 26 
 
 Natural Habitat 26 
 
 Sunfishes — Description of 38 
 
 Pickerel — Description of 39 
 
 Muscallonge — Description of 41 
 
 Unspotted — Description of 41 
 
 Fishing for 42 
 
 Tackle Required 43 
 
 Perch — Yellow or Ringed 45 
 
 Pike Perch (Wall Eyed Pike) 45 
 
 Sand Pike, or Jack Salmon 45 
 
 Carp — Scaled or Asiatic 4G 
 
 History of 46 
 
 Mirror or King 47 
 
 Leather 47 
 
 Tench 47 
 
 Drum (Fresh Water) 51 
 
 Whitefishes 52 
 
 Mooneye — Description of S8 
 
 Lake Herring — Description of 52 
 
 Tullibee 52 
 
 Catfishes — Channel — Description of 60 
 
 How to Catch Them 60 
 
 Bullhead or Horned Pout 64 
 
 Redhorse 64 
 
 Buffalo Fish 64 
 
 Suckers 65 
 
PISHES AND FISHING 107 
 
 Smelt or Gudgeon 65 
 
 Sheephead G6 
 
 Roach or Golden Shiner 66 
 
 Chub or Fall Fish , 66 
 
 Gar — Short Nosed 70 
 
 Sturgeon — Short Nosed 71-74 
 
 Dog Fish 74 
 
 Eel — American 74 
 
 Frog , 75 
 
 Clam — Fresh Water 76 
 
 Enemies of Fish , 77 
 
 Lamprey 77 
 
 Fish— How to Catch . . 79 
 
 Bait for Different Fish 79 
 
 Bait and Fly Casting 79 
 
 Tackle for Various Fish 79 
 
 Flies Best Adapted 79 
 
 Fish — Secrets of Catching 80 
 
 Minnows — How to Catch 81 
 
 Fish — Care of 81 
 
 Tackle— Care of 82 
 
 Camp Hints S4 
 
 To Wash Flannels 84 
 
 Testing Freshness of Meat 84 
 
 To Prepare Fish , 84 
 
 Jerked Meat 84 
 
 To Keep Water Cool S4 
 
 Use of Compass 84 
 
 Water Telescope , 85 
 
 Sun Glass or Flint Lighter 85 
 
 Electric Lighter 85 
 
 Pistol or Rifle 86 
 
108 FISHES AND FISHING 
 
 Axe and Knife 86 
 
 Tenting Outfits 86 
 
 Camp Location 80 
 
 Lost in the Woods 86 
 
 Blazing the Trail SQ 
 
 Camp Fire — Building of 86 
 
 Camp Supplies for Cooking 88 
 
 Camp Rations 89 
 
 How to Cook Fish 89 
 
 Planked Fish 89 
 
 Smoked Fish 90 
 
 Camp Cooking Recipes 91 
 
 Medicines for Emergency 92 
 
 Boat for Fishing 93 
 
 Flies— Kind to Use 94 
 
 Minnows — How to Hook 95 
 
 Fish Laws— Western States 96-97 . 
 
 Game Laws — Western States 98-99 
 
 Fishes of the West— Species of 100-104 
 
PISHES AND PISHING 109 
 
 INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Brook Trout — Speckled 8 
 
 Grayling Trout 10 
 
 Rainbow Trout 11 
 
 Von Behr Trout — German Brown 14 
 
 Loch Leven Trout 15 
 
 Rocky Mountain Trout 16 
 
 Yellowstone Trout 17 
 
 Lake Trout IS 
 
 Steelhead Trout 19 
 
 Bass — Anatomy of 21 
 
 Bass— Small Mouth 28 
 
 Bass — Large Mouth , 29 
 
 Bass— Rock 30 
 
 Bass— White 31 
 
 Bass — Warmouth 32 
 
 Bass — Strawberry , 33 
 
 Crappies 31 
 
 Sunfish (Blue Eared) 36 
 
 Mooneye — Toothed Herring 37 
 
 Pickerel (English Pike) 39 
 
 Muscallonge 40 
 
 Muscallonge — Unspotted 41 
 
 Perch— Yellow 43 
 
 Perch (Pike)— Wall Eyed Pike 44 
 
 Carp — Scaled or Asiatic 48 
 
 Carp — Mirror or King 49 
 
110 FISHES AND FISHING. 
 
 Carp — Leather 50 
 
 Drum Fish— Fresh Water 51 
 
 White Fishes — Lake Herring 54 
 
 Whitefish — Mountain 55 
 
 Whitefish — Rocky Mountain 5G 
 
 Whitefish — Williamson's 57 
 
 Tullibee 58 
 
 Catfish— Channel '. 59 
 
 Bullhead 61 
 
 Red Horse 62 
 
 Buffalo Fish , 03 
 
 Smelt, or Gudgeon ' 65 
 
 Roach, or Shiner 67 
 
 Chub, or Fall Fish 68 
 
 Sheephead 69 
 
 Gar— Short Nosed 70 
 
 Sturgeon — Short Nosed 71 
 
 Dog Fish 72 
 
 Eel — American 73 
 
 Frog 75 
 
 Lamprey 78 
 
 Camping 83 
 
 Telescope — Water 85 
 
 Boat — Proper for Fishing 93 
 
 Minnows for Bait 95 
 

 
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