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ICH A BOD (iO( )D\V1 N 
 
HISTORY 
 
 OF 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 BY 
 
 EVERETT S. STACKPOLE 
 
 Author of "Old Kittery and Her Famiires, 
 "History of Durham, N. H.," etc. 
 
 VOLUME IV 
 
 THE AMERICAN HISTORICAL SOCIETY 
 NEW YORK 
 
<%^ 
 
 
'^ 
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 V». Chapter Page 
 
 I. The Crisis 3 
 
 II. New Hampshire Regiments in the Civil War 15 
 
 III. Miscellaneous Organizations 45 
 
 IV. Native Sons of New Hampshire in the Civil War 57 
 
 V. Civil Affairs During the Rebellion 77 
 
 VI. After the War 99 
 
 VII. Political Affairs till 1884 121 
 
 VIII. Literature 141 
 
 IX. Arts and Sciences 167 
 
 X. Jurists 183 
 
 XI. In the Newspaper World 197 
 
 XII. Other Prominent Men 213 
 
 XIII. The Churches of the Nineteenth Century 229 
 
 XIV. Temperance Reform 251 
 
 XV. The Capital 261 
 
 XVI. The Vacation State 303 
 
 XVII. The New Hampshire of the Future 3^5 
 
 Appendix A — Gleanings from Court Files 333 
 
 Appendix B— The Present Constitution of New Hampshire 345 
 
 Index of Subjects and Places 3^7 
 
 Index of Names 370 
 
chapter I 
 THE CRISIS 
 
chapter I 
 
 THE CRISIS 
 
 Magnitude of the Civil War — Slavery Its Principal Cause — The Republican 
 Party Wins the Election — The Moral Forces of the North United — 
 New Hampshire ably Represented in Congress — Gov. Ichabod Goodwin — 
 Slavery Condemned by Governor and Legislature — Fall of Fort Sumter 
 — Call for 75,000 Soldiers — Emergency Fund — Recruiting Stations — 
 Col. Joseph C. Abbott — Secretary Thomas L. Tullock. 
 
 LOOKING back over the past from our present point of view, 
 in the midst of tlie European war, the conflict waged between 
 North and South in the early sixties does not loom so greatly in 
 meinory as it did then in excited imagination. At the beginning it 
 was thought by both parties to the strife that it would be an afifair 
 of three months or so, and soldiers enlisted for that short term of 
 service. Before a year had past the nation realized that Greek 
 had met Greek, that Anglo-Saxon was in the death struggle with 
 Anglo-Saxon, and that neither would yield till strength was all 
 gone. Then it was called the greatest war that was ever fought, 
 considering the length of the battle line, from Virginia to Texas, 
 the number of troops engaged, the frightful losses, and the dura- 
 tion of the fight. In the northern army there were enrolled 
 2,688,523 men, of which number a million and a half were in actual 
 battle. Those who fell upon the battlefield numbered 56,000, while 
 35,000 more died of wounds in hospitals and 184,000 more died 
 of disease and perished in rebel prisons, making a total of 300,000 
 wiho sacrificed their lives to preserve the Union. Those statistics 
 once overwhelmed the imagination. The cost in money ran up into 
 the billions and made the promises to pay of the United States 
 worth only about a third of their face value. 
 
 It was a great war in the imagination of the North. Its 
 carnage and devastation were realized only where the battles went 
 on. The people of New Hampshire in common with most northern 
 states read newspaper reports and then tried in fancy to picture 
 the scenes. It 'was impossible to do so fully. Life went on in 
 the same old rounds of gaiety and hustling business. Times were 
 
 3 
 
4 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 good ; the price of labor went higher ; many got rich in manufactur- 
 ing munitions and suppHes ; the pinch of poverty was not felt ; the 
 destruction of property was not seen. About the only forcible 
 reminder that we were engaged in a terrible war came with the 
 news that some relative or acquaintance had been killed, wounded, 
 or sent to a southern prison ; yet even then the community scarcely 
 interrupted its dance and amusement. We were always expecting 
 and determined to win. 
 
 Since then we have read of greater battles, with more powerful 
 engines of destruction, with sickening heaps of slain and mutilated, 
 with destruction of cities and vast extent of territory. Three 
 million lives are sacrificed in a single year. Great armies are 
 wiped out in a single battle. Beastly atrocities are heralded around 
 the world, and we say that it is a great and terrible war, greater 
 numerically, financially, and in casualities than our Civil War. 
 Imagination fails to paint the present picture along side of the 
 scenes held in memory. Both are hazy and indistinct to the non- 
 combatants afar oflf. 
 
 The greatness of an event or series of events is measured by 
 the outcome. The American Revolution and the Civil War were 
 great conflicts; the War of 1812 and the Spanish-American War 
 were small affairs that ought never to have been and that accom- 
 plished but little. In the former cases the issues involved were the 
 creation and the preservation of a free nation. The moral victories 
 gained make those wars to bulk large in history. There was some- 
 thing worth fighting and dying for; the gain outbalanced the 
 sacrifice. Even now the destinies of many nations, the freedom 
 of the masses, a Christian civilization are being weighed in the 
 balance, and the war is therefore great ; terrible yet magnificent ; 
 wicked yet holy; frightful yet the harbinger of a greater and more 
 enduring peace. By pains and penalties mankind learn their lessons. 
 There seems to be no path to progress except through loss and 
 suflfering. We have not yet tamed the beasts of greed, selfish 
 ambition, love of conquest and delight in killing. When will the 
 nations learn war no more? Not till freedom is the acknowledged 
 right of all and love sways the counsels of statesmen. 
 
 Slaveholders had threatened the war and abolitionists had fore- 
 told it. Compromise after compromise had been made to avoid it, 
 the North always yielding something to the demands of the South. 
 
A HISTORY 5 
 
 The southerners said tliey were contending for State Rights ; the 
 people of the North said they were fighting to preserve the Union. 
 All the time the real bone of contention was, whether slavery should 
 be extended or restricted, whether it should be perpetuated or in 
 some way cease to be throughout the nation. It became more and 
 more apparent that slave states could not exist along side of free 
 states in peace and harmony ; their peculiar interests were con- 
 tinually in conflict. It was an economic as well as a moral question. 
 The dominant race in the South was prosperous because of slavery ; 
 they thought that their plantations could not be made profitable 
 without slaves. The North was prosperous through the manufac- 
 tories by reason of free labor, and skilled workmen could be 
 obtained only from the ranks of freemen. Manual labor under the 
 direction of educated brains was an honor in the North ; it was 
 unknown in the South, w^here to work with the hands was menial 
 service. The habit and air of command, to which the whites of 
 the South were accustomed, afifronted the free spirit of the North. 
 Angry words often resounded in the halls of congress, and senators 
 came to blows and duels. Meanwhile, the Abolitionists, the Free 
 Soilers, the Liberty Party, the Republicans were becoming more 
 numerous in the North, whittling down Democratic majorities and 
 uniting the friends of human liberty. 
 
 The triumph of the Republican party, with Lincoln and Ham- 
 lin at its head, brought the nation to its great crisis. Of three 
 hundred and three electoral votes they received one hundred and 
 eighty, while Breckenridge and Lane, the leaders of the southern 
 party, had seventy-two votes ; Bell and Everett, thirty-nine votes ; 
 and Douglas and Johnson only twelve votes. Great was the political 
 excitement at the time of the election. The great debates between 
 Lincoln and Douglas had set everybody thinking and talking. Men 
 voted ominously; they foresaw the effects of their ballots. About 
 the four party tickets clustered the timid and the bold, the compro- 
 misers and the resolute. All through the North voters were com- 
 pelled by public opinion to take sides, to fling out their colors. The 
 Democratic party began to divide into sympathizers with the South 
 and War-Democrats. The former soon came to be called "Copper- 
 heads," and some of them endured the hatred and molestation that 
 had been heartily accorded to the tories in the time of the Revolu- 
 tion. Then the word Democrat throughout the North became a 
 
6 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 term of reproach, since the War-Democrats soon became Repub- 
 licans, after the fighting began. Nearly all were Republicans who 
 stood for the Union and human liberty. The moral forces of the 
 North were at last united. Once more the pulpits spoke out with 
 prophetic vigor. The abolitionists began to see the fulfillment of 
 their dreams. Whittier sent forth Massachusetts' challenge to 
 Virginia. Julia Ward Howe published the Battle-Hymn of the 
 Republic, The air was full of martial music and songs of Liberty 
 and Union forever. A great and terrible war had begun, but it 
 was also a glorious and triumphant war. It was no retrograde 
 movement toward the dark ages ; it was rather a sweeping advance 
 toward the light of the millenium. The moral element that entered 
 so powerfully into the conflict is what united the North and made 
 ultimate victory sure. The soul of John Brown was marching on. 
 New Hampshire was ably and loyally represented by its political 
 leaders. In the United States senate were John P. Hale and Daniel 
 Clark, supported by other natives of the Granite State, such as 
 William Pitt Fessenden, Salmon P. Chase, Henry Wilson, James 
 W. Grimes and Zachariah Chandler. In the lower branch of 
 congress were Harry Hibbard, George W. Morrison, Aaron H. 
 Cragin, Mason W. Tappan and Gilman Marston. No State was 
 more ably represented in congress. In the executive chair of the 
 State sat Governor Ichabod Goodwin. He was elected in 1859 as 
 a Republican by a vote of 36,326, about four thousand more than 
 his Democratic competitor, Asa P. Cate, had. The following year 
 Governor Goodwin was re-elected by a slightly increased majority 
 over the same opposing candidate. He was the oldest son of 
 Samuel and Nancy (Gerrish) Goodwin, born at North Berwick, 
 Maine, October 10, 1796. With an education received at South 
 Berwick Academy he entered the counting-house of Samuel Lord 
 of Portsmouth, who was related by marriage. Soon he was super- 
 cargo and then master as well of a vessel, and in maritime business 
 he continued for ten years. In 1832 he established himself as a 
 merchant in Portsmouth, and business prosperity attended him. He 
 was president of two railroads for twenty-four years, and also of 
 the First National Bank. As a Whig he served in the lower branch 
 of the State legislature six terms between 1838 and 1856, and was 
 the last candidate of the Whig party for governor receiving only 
 about two thousand votes. He died in Portsmouth, July 4, 1882. 
 
A HISTORY 7 
 
 His youngest daughter, Susan Boardman, married Admiral Dewey. 
 The position of New Hampsihire as affected by the main politi- 
 cal issue before the nation is well set forth in the first message of 
 Governor Goodwin : 
 
 New Hampshire is an integral part of the nation ; one of the original 
 thirteen of this now multiplied confederacy of independent States. She 
 adheres, she always has adhered, and she always will adhere to the Union 
 and the Constitution. She does not stop to calculate their value; for her 
 that problem is already and forever solved; that question finally adjudicated. 
 She says, they shall be preserved. I believe I speak the sentiment of the 
 great mass of her people, when I say that New Hampshire knows no 
 patriotism that is bounded by State lines or sectional limits. All such 
 pretended patriotism, whether appearing in New England or in Carolina, 
 she repudiates us at once factious, and endangering the permanency of 
 our republic. Whatever State, or section, or party, in this country adopts 
 the doctrine of nullification, or the scheme of disunion, does by that very 
 act acknowledge its inherent weakness and the utter hopelessness of its 
 political aims. 
 
 But while New Hampshire cheerfully recognizes the rights of all other 
 States, she will firmly maintain her own; while she will never encroach 
 upon the rights of the South, she will be the last to surrender those of 
 the North; while she will never meddle with the domestic institutions of 
 her sister States, she is bound to prevent the extension of the curse of 
 slavery, as of any other great political and social evil, over territory now 
 free, belonging to and under the control of the United States ; bound by 
 the broadest and highest patriotism, by her very attachment to the Consti- 
 tution and the Union, to prevent it ; bound to prevent it by all the power 
 and influence she has under the Constitution, in controlling the legislation 
 of Congress and the administration of the federal government. 
 
 This part of the governor's message called forth a joint resolu- 
 tion from the legislature, that is a distinct advance upon anything 
 previously declared on the subject of slavery by the government 
 of New Hampshire. They said that the institution of domestic 
 slavery "violates the first principles of justice; is a fruitful source 
 of domestic discord and an element of national weakness, trampling 
 under foot not only the rights of the slave, but endangering the 
 liberties of freemen; that it is anti-Republican, at war with the 
 interests of free labor, upon which the growth, development and 
 prosperity of our country mainly depends." Tihey then condemn 
 the decision of the United States supreme court in the Dred Scott 
 case; "the people of New Hampshire reject and abhor the doctrine 
 therein contained, that the Constitution authorizes man to hold 
 
8 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 property in man." Any action on the part of government or people, 
 conniviing at the horrid and inhuman slave traffic would justly 
 subject the government and citizens of the United States "to the 
 reproach and execration of all civilized and Christian people." 
 The administration of President Buchanan and of his predeces- 
 sor in office came in for their proper share of disapproval as 
 "tending to a centralized despotism." 
 
 The message of Governor Goodwin in i860 only reiterates in 
 a few lines the position taken the preceding year, and national 
 affairs provoked no action by the legislature. But near the end 
 of his administration came a turn in national events that was 
 feared, if not expected. On the fourteenth of April, 1861, it being 
 a Sunday, Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor, South Carolina, com- 
 manded by Major Robert Anderson, surrendered after a bombard- 
 ment from shore batteries and Fort Moultrie for two days. There 
 were but seventy men in the fort; fifty cannon were riddling its 
 walls; and provisions were exhausted. The news flew throughout 
 the nation, accompanied by President Lincoln's proclamation, made 
 on the following day, calling for seventy-five thousand volunteers 
 to serve three months. The quota asked of New Hampshire was 
 one regiment of seven hundred and eighty men. At the same time 
 congress was asked to convene on the fourth day of the following 
 July. The proclamation shows how little were known the plans and 
 determination of the southern leaders. It was thought that a mere 
 handful of raw militia would overawe the secessionists and that 
 there would be no war. The North responded as the patriots of 
 the Revolution answered the call of Lexington. In two days after 
 the proclamation four hundred Pennsylvania troops had marched 
 to Washington. The next day the sixth Massachusetts' regiment 
 marched through Baltimore, and again the North was thrilled and 
 aroused by the attack of an armed mob, wherein some on both 
 sides were slain. In this attack was killed Luther Crawford Ladd, 
 who was born in Alexandria, New Hampshire, December 22, 1843. 
 The news received of the fall of Fort Sumter reached New Hamp- 
 shire while people were engaged in public worship. The next day 
 mass meetings were held and recruiting offices were opened immedi- 
 ately. Volunteers poured in from all ranks of society to the number 
 of over two thousand. The militia system of New Hampshire had 
 fallen into decay, and nothing remained of it except a few volun- 
 
A HISTORY 9 
 
 tary companies and the "Governor's Horse Guards," a regiment 
 of cavalry organized in i860 more for show than for service, whose 
 only duty was to dress in gay uniforms and escort the governor 
 on public occasions. Joseph C. Abbott was then Adjutant-General 
 and he issued enlistment papers for twenty-eight places, calling for 
 volunteers between the ages of eighteen and forty-five. They were 
 uniformed, armed and equipped at the expense of the State, and 
 their pay was to be the same as of men of corresponding rank in 
 the army of the United States, eleven dollars per month for privates. 
 No money had been voted for such an emergency. Banks and 
 private citizens became surety to the governor to the amount of 
 $680,000. Of this amount only $100,000 were needed to organize, 
 equip and dispatch two regiments to Washington. When the legis- 
 lature convened in June, the expense was readily assumed by the 
 State, not, however, without opposition on the part of the Demo- 
 crats led by Harry Bingham. His recorded protest was signed by 
 ninety-one members of the House.^ They could not, or would not, 
 see that the pressing emergency admitted no delay and demanded 
 unusual action. They saw instead, or affected to see, a dangerous 
 precedent. The Governor and his Council were assuming despotic 
 power. They were spending the money of the State without due 
 authorization. They had not given a sufficient account of "the 
 nature, extent, validity and equity" of expenditures for raising and 
 equipping troops. The power that belonged constitutionally to the 
 representatives of the people had been taken from them and sur- 
 rendered to the executive branch of the government, whose action 
 was in a measure sealed from the eyes of the people. Who knows 
 for what purpose the money had been, or will be, expended ? Per- 
 haps the war may be waged for "conquest, subjugation, national 
 consolidation, and the extinguishment of State sovereignties," to 
 which the protestants were unalterably opposed. The bill, in their 
 judgment, contained "loose, irresponsible and extravagant" provi- 
 sions. The Democratic party had always advocated the maintenance 
 of the Union and desired still to prevent disruption, but this bill 
 might mean "the desolation of Southern homes, the overthrow of 
 Southern institutions, and the destruction of our own race there." 
 The protest contains many good words and phrases, with a profes- 
 sion of loyalty and patriotism, but it was a partisan measure, to 
 
 1 Journal of the House, 1861, pp. 205-9. 
 
lO 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 oppose the Republicans, to put obstacles in the way of crushing 
 the rebellion, and to extend to the South aid and sympathy. The 
 only conclusion south of Mason and Dixon's line would naturally 
 be, that the North was divided into opposing factions. No such 
 protest to Southern action could have been permitted there. The 
 action of Governor Goodwin was quite in contrast with that of the 
 governors of Tennessee, Missouri, Maryland and Delaware, who 
 responded to President Lincoln's call with decided opposition or 
 evasion and delay. 
 
 Between the 17th and the 30th of April the advance guard 
 was mustered at "Camp Union" in Concord, upon the fair-grounds 
 of the Merrimack County Agricultural Society. A list of the 
 recruiting stations, with the men in charge and the number of 
 enlistments, is of special interest and worthy of perpetual record : 
 
 No. of Men 
 
 Towns 
 Concord 
 Salem 
 Bradford 
 Portsmouth 
 Dover 
 Manchester 
 Newport 
 New London 
 Lancaster 
 Laconia 
 Claremont 
 Conway 
 Hampton 
 Peterborough 
 Littleton 
 Plymouth 
 Keene 
 
 West Lebanon 
 Contoocookville 
 Nashua 
 
 North Stratford 
 Exeter 
 
 Niagara Company 
 Abbott Guards 
 Cheshire Light Guards 
 Mechanics' Phalanx 
 Granite State Guards 
 Milford Company 
 
 Whole number 
 
 Enlisting Officers 
 E. E. Sturtevant 
 J. D. Drew 
 M. W. Tappan 
 W. O. Sides 
 G. W. Colbath 
 J. L. Kelley 
 L. McL. Barton 
 A. J. Sargent 
 L S. M. Gove 
 W. H. Wyman 
 W. P. Austin 
 Joshua Chapman 
 C. F. Dunbar 
 
 E. Weston 
 W. H. Rowtll 
 J. H. Thompson 
 H. C. Handerson 
 
 F. Comings 
 J. N. Patterson 
 J. O. Greenleaf 
 S. E. Chase 
 C. H. Bell 
 A. S. Edgerly 
 W. H. D. Cochrane 
 T. A. Barker 
 J. N. Bruce 
 Ichabod Pearl 
 George Gillis 
 
 223 
 62 
 10 
 
 37 
 230 
 
 135 
 40 
 12 
 62 
 60 
 81 
 23 
 53 
 75 
 56 
 13 
 
 130 
 
 35 
 43 
 73 
 18 
 
 53 
 71 
 78 
 11 
 17 
 11 
 
 94_ 
 
 2004 
 
A HISTORY II 
 
 So many volunteers offered themselves that it was thought 
 best to organize two regiments of seven hundred and eighty officers 
 and men each. Therefore some of the companies and squads that 
 came into Concord from various parts of the State were sent to 
 Portsmouth for the purpose of guarding Fort Constitution, whose 
 defense was considered of very great importance for the protection 
 of Portsmouth harbor and the seacoast. Perhaps the reason why 
 only thirty-seven men are reported from Portsmouth in the list 
 given above is that the need of all the men they could get was felt 
 at home. Brigadier-General George Stark, of Nashua, was sent 
 to take charge of the enlisted men at that city and to organize the 
 second regiment. The camp at Portsmouth was called "Camp Con- 
 stitution." Soon orders were received from the War Department 
 at Washington to organize a second regiment of ten hundred and 
 forty-six officers and men, enlisted for three years or for the war. 
 Of the men who had already enlisted for three months, four 
 hundred and ninety-six at once re-enlisted for three years, or during 
 the war. They were allowed furloughs of from three to six days, 
 to enable them to make arrangements for so long an absence from 
 home. Before the end of May other enlistments were enough to 
 make up the prescribed number for the second regiment. They 
 came principally from the southern half of the State. All expected 
 that there would be no actual fighting, and that they would soon 
 return to their homes. After a month of drill in Concord the first 
 regiment took train. May 25, 1861, and proceeded to Washington. 
 
 The man who did much to organize the first volunteers was 
 Joseph C. Abbott. He was the son of Aaron Abbott, whose ances- 
 tor was among the very first settlers of Concord, and was born 
 there July 15, 1825. After graduating at Phillips Academy. An- 
 dover, he studied law at Concord and was admitted to the bar in 
 1852. For a time he edited the Daily American, of Manchester, and 
 the Nczv Hampshire Statesman, of Concord. In 1859 he became 
 one of the editors and proprietors of the Boston Atlas and Bee. 
 In politics he was affiliated with the Whig and with the American 
 parties. He served on the commission for adjusting the boundary- 
 between New Hampshire and Canada. In 1856 he was appointed 
 adjutant-general of the State militia and held that office at the 
 outbreak of the Civil War. He drafted a law which re-organized 
 the militia. He was commissioned Lieut. -Colonel and later Colonel 
 
12 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 of the seventh New Hampshire regiment, which he organized. 
 After one year of service he was brevetted brigadier-general and 
 given command of a brigade. After the war he removed to Wil- 
 mington, North Carolina, where with others he purchased timber- 
 land and engaged in business. He was a member of the North 
 Carolina constitutional convention, a member of the state legislature 
 and served as United States senator, 1868-71, to fill out an unex- 
 pired term. He was appointed a port collector by President Grant 
 and inspector of ports by President Hayes. He died in Wilmington, 
 North Carolina, October 8, 1882, respected as a man of ability and 
 noble character, acting his part well in the varied positions that 
 he filled. 
 
 Another man who aided Governor Goodwin greatly in getting 
 the first volunteers equipped was Thomas L. Tullock, Secretary of 
 State at that time. He was born in Portsmouth, February 11, 1820. 
 For four years he was postmaster of that city. After serving three 
 years as Secretary of State, 1858-61, he was appointed navy agent, 
 to purchase material for the construction of ships of war at the 
 navy yard in Portsmouth harbor, where several thousand workmen 
 were employed, a score of vessels were built for the United States 
 navy, and as many more refitted. Among them was the Kearsage, 
 that sank the Alabama. The number of workmen at the navy yard 
 in 1861 had been reduced to one hundred; before the year ended it 
 was increased to eighteen hundred. 
 
 Mr. Tullock later became collector of internal revenue for the 
 District of Columbia and postmaster of Washington. He died June 
 20, 1883. He was "instrumental in forming the nucleus of the 
 very perfect collection of portraits of governors and statesmen 
 which adorn the State House" at Concord. 
 
Chapter II 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE REGIMENTS IN 
 THE CIVIL WAR 
 
Chapter II 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE REGIMENTS IN THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 The First Regiment — Officers and Promotions — Return of the Regiment — 
 Raid on the Office of the Democratic Standard — Rendezvous of the 
 Second Regiment at Camp Constitution, Portsmouth — Col. Oilman 
 Marston — Col. Edward L. Bailey — Battles and Losses of this Regi- 
 ment — Harriet P. Dame, the Army Nurse — Third Regiment — Col. Enoch 
 Q. Fellows — Col. John H. Jackson — Gen. John Bedel — The Regiment 
 Engaged in Thirty Battles — Fourth Regiment Recruited at Manchester 
 — Col. Thomas J. Whipple — Col. Louis Bell — Losses of the Regiment — 
 Prominent Officers of the Fourth — The "Fighting Fifth" — Col. Edward 
 E. Cross — Major Edward E. Sturtevant — Col. Charles E. Hapgood — 
 Gen. George W. Ballock — The Sixth at Keene — Col. Phin P. Bixby — 
 Lt.-Col. Henry H. Pearson — The Seventh at Manchester — Col. Haldi- 
 mand S. Putnam — Lt.-Col. Thomas A. Henderson — Major Daniel Smith 
 — Camp Currier at Manchester — Hawkes Fearing, Colonel of the Eighth 
 —Lt.-Col. Oliver W. Lull— The Ninth at Concord— Col. Herbert B. 
 Titus — Lt.-Col. George H. Chandler — Col. John H. Babbitt — Fortunes 
 of the Tenth — Gen. Michael T. Donahoe — Irish in the Civil War — 
 Col. Walter Harriman of the Eleventh — Lt.-Col. Moses N. Collins — 
 Major Evarts W. Farr — Losses of the Twelfth — Col. Joseph H. Potter 
 — Col. Aaron F. Stevens of the Thirteenth — Col. Robert Wilson of 
 the Fourteenth — Col. John W. Kingman of the Fifteenth — Rev. James 
 Pike, Colonel of the Sixteenth — Col. Henry O. Kent of the Seventeenth 
 —The Eighteenth and Col. Charles H. Bell. 
 
 THE first regiment, as has been said, was enlisted for three 
 months and gathered at "Camp Union," Concord. No boun- 
 ties were then offered, though this inducement had to be offered later 
 to p>ersuade men to enlist. The colonel of the regiment was Mason 
 W. Tappan, the lieutenant-colonel was Thomas J. Whipple of La- 
 conia, and the major was Aaron F. Stevens of Nashua. Colonel 
 Tappan served as representative to congress and was offered the 
 command of the fourth regiment, but refused it. See sketch of 
 him in the chapter on Congressmen. 
 
 The journey of the regiment to Washington was one continued 
 ovation. Crowds assembled at the railroad stations along the route 
 to cheer them on. At Worcester a banquet was served ; at New 
 York a silk flag was presented by natives of New Hampshire living 
 
 15 
 
i6 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 in that city, and patriotic speeches were made. The flag was paid 
 for by small subscriptions. Accompanying the troops were one 
 hundred and sixteen horses, sixteen baggage wagons, containing 
 tents and provisions for thirty days, and one hospital wagon. Six- 
 teen nurses were in attendance, who dined at the Astor House. 
 The regiment marched through the streets of Baltimore, headed 
 by the Manchester Cornet Band playing "Yankee Doodle," and 
 they received no molestation other than derisive remarks, mingled 
 with some cheers and waving of the stars and stripes. One riot 
 was enough for Baltimore. The regiment arrived at Washington 
 May 28th, passed up Pennsylvania Avenue and by the White 
 House. The historian says that President Lincoln sent a message 
 to Colonel Tappan that his was the best appointed regiment that 
 had come to Washington, and doubtless some similarly pleasing 
 message was sent to every regiment that was reviewed. The Presi- 
 dent knew a good thing when he saw it, and he could see it in 
 every regiment that arrived. In fact nothing else looked so good 
 to him at that perilous time, when the rebels were planning to 
 capture the capitol, if possible. 
 
 The regiment encamped about two miles from the city and 
 remained there till June tenth, when they joined a brigade com- 
 manded by Colonel Charles P. Stone and marched to Rockville, 
 distant nineteen miles. Some were overcome by heat on the march 
 and were helped along by wagons and the horses of officers who 
 dismounted for the relief of the exhausted. Their march was 
 thereafter on the northerly side of the Potomac to Harper's Ferry, 
 where they crossed into Virginia and made a circuit of Charles- 
 town, Bunkers Hill, Martinsburg, and back into Maryland at 
 Williamsport. There was slight skirmishing, in which nobody of 
 the regiment was hurt. Some shots were fired across the river at 
 Conrad Ferry, killing and wounding a few of the enemy, but the 
 rebels were oftener seen at close quarters when the men from both 
 armies fraternized while bathing in the river. They had no enmity 
 and all wanted to go home. A few leaders stirred up the rebellion 
 and set the masses a fighting as though their liberties were at stake. 
 The masses never would have dreamed it, if left to their own 
 thoughts and wishes. Not one out of a thousand cared a fig about 
 State Rights, and only those greedy for wealth cared about the 
 extension of slavery. 
 
A HISTORY 17 
 
 The first regiment returned to Concord and were mustered 
 out on the twelfth of August. Their total losses were only thirty- 
 five, of whom only four died, seven deserted and thirteen were 
 discharged for disability. Concord gave them a warm reception 
 and the soldier hoys warmed up the office of the Democratic 
 Standard, a newspaper pubHshed by John B. Palmer and edited 
 by Edmund Burke, in which Jefiferson Davis had been extolled as 
 a "patriot" and the soldiers of Lincoln's army were blackguarded 
 as "Lincoln's mob, robbers and murderers." This was too much 
 for outraged patience. An assault was made ; pistol shots were 
 fired through the door into the hall, wounding two; the printing 
 office was gutted and a bonfire was made in the street ; the Palmers 
 were lodged some days in the State Prison to protect them from 
 harm. 
 
 Although the first regiment engaged in no battle, they served 
 well by standing and waiting. They got experience and discipline, 
 and many of them re-enlisted. Especially the officers were willing 
 to be promoted and serve their country longer, Lieutenant-Colonel 
 Whipple was made Colonel of the fourth regiment. Major Stevens 
 was Colonel of the thirteenth; Adjutant Fellows was Colonel of 
 the third, and also of the ninth; Captain Bell was Colonel of the 
 fourth on the resignation of Colonel Whipple ; Captain Burton was 
 Lieutenant Colonel of the heav>^ artillery; Quartermaster Batchelder 
 served in the army of the Potomac as Brigade and Division Quarter- 
 master; Captain Sturtevant was Major of the fifth regiment and 
 was killed at the battle of Fredericksburg ; Captain Drew was Lieu- 
 tenant-Colonel of the fourth ; Lieutenant Sawyer was Major of the 
 fourth; Lieutenant Fuller was Adjutant of the fourth; Captain 
 Kelley, who, some say, was the first man in New Hampshire to 
 enlist, was afterward Brigade Quartermaster; Captains Greenleaf 
 and Sleeper and Lieutenants Clough and Wallace were Captains 
 in the fourth ; Lieutenant Israel L. Drew was First Lieutenant in 
 the fourth and died at Annapolis; Fife Major Pike was Principal 
 Musician in the fourth. Doubtless these promotions were well 
 deserved. 
 
 The second regiment of volunteer infantry from New Hamp- 
 shire had their rendezvous at Camp Constitution, Portsmouth. They 
 enlisted for three months and were commanded by Colonel Thomas 
 P. Pierce of Manchester. Then an order came from the War 
 
i8 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 Department to send no more men for three months' service. It 
 was becoming plain that there was to be a war and probably a long 
 one. The President asked for three hundred thousand men for 
 three years. About half the men at Portsmouth re-enlisted. Colonel 
 Pierce resigned on the fourth of June, and Hon. Oilman Marston, 
 then a member of Congress, was commissioned Colonel. He was 
 wounded at the battle of Bull Run and was promoted later to 
 Brigadier-General of United States Volunteers. Edward L. Bailey 
 of Manchester became Colonel of this regiment April i8, 1863, 
 having been Lieutenant-Colonel, and was slightly wounded at the 
 battle of Gettysburg. Joab N. Patterson, a native of Hopkinton 
 and a graduate of Dartmouth, enlisted in this regiment as a private 
 and recruited a company at Contoocookville. He served four and 
 a half years in the Union army, passing through the various grades 
 of promotion, and was mustered out, December 19, 1865, as Colonel 
 of the regiment in which he enlisted. He was made Brevet Briga- 
 dier-General, March 13, 1865, "for bravery in battle and good con- 
 duct throughout the war." He was afterwards United States 
 Marshal of the District of New Hampshire. 
 
 The second regiment left Portsmouth by cars, June 20. 1861. 
 At Boston and New York the sons of New Hampshire gave them 
 a warm reception with processions and banquets and speeches. Old 
 Music Hall in Boston was filled, tlie troops being at dinner on the 
 floor and guests and natives of New Hampshire being in the 
 galleries. The regiment arrived at Washington June twenty-third 
 and became a part of a brigade commanded by Colonel Amlirose E. 
 Burnside, who afterward was Major-General commanding the army 
 of the Potomac. The first battle the regiment engaged in was the 
 disastrous one at Bull Run, where Colonel Marston was wounded 
 in the shoulder by a rifle ball, but returned to his regiment as soon 
 as the wound could be dressed. In this battle the regiment was 
 reported to have lost seven killed, fifty-six wovmded and forty-six 
 prisoners. Of those reported killed two afterwards returned from 
 rebel prisons. Of the prisoners some died on the battlefield and 
 some in prisons. 
 
 Limited space forbids that we follow each regiment through 
 the vicissitudes of the years of war. The second regiment was 
 longer in the field than any other. Its ranks were thinned and 
 recruited again and again. Its whole history is an honorable one. 
 
HARRIET P. DAME 
 
A HISTORY 19 
 
 More than three thousand names were enrolled. "Every regiment 
 but two from New Hampshire was supplied, in part, with officers 
 from its ranks, and more than thirty regiments had upon their 
 rosters names of men that were once members of the Second New 
 Hampshire. It marched more than six thousand miles, participated 
 in more than twenty pitclied battles and lost in action upwards of 
 one thousand men." Its principal engagements were Bull Run, 
 Siege of Yorktown, Williamsburg, Fair Oaks, Oak Grove, Peach 
 Orchard, Glendale, Malvern Hill, Kettle Run, second Bull Run, 
 Chantilly, Fredericksburg, Gettysburg, Wapping Heights, Swift 
 Creek, Drury's Bluff, Cold Harbor, Port Walthall, Petersburg, 
 Williamsburg and occupation of Richmond. 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel John D. Cooper died of disease at Balti- 
 more, October 30, 1865. He enlisted as a private and rose by merit 
 to his rank, one of the bravest and most respected of his regi- 
 ment. The remains of the regiment reached Concord on the twenty- 
 third of December, 1865, and a formal reception was given on the 
 twenty-fifth at which the governor and men of distinction made 
 addresses of welcome. 
 
 Any account of the second regiment would be incomplete with- 
 out mention of the army nurse, Harriet Patience Dame, the bravest 
 soldier of them all. When the war broke out she was running a 
 boarding-house at Concord, and some of her boarders from the 
 Methodist Theological Institute went into the Union army and 
 some into the Confederate army. She served throughout the war, 
 shunning no danger upon the battlefield, nor labor within the camp 
 and hospital. Her tent was a center from which radiated medicines, 
 delicacies, food, clothing, shoes and whatever was needed and 
 could be obtained. Twice she was taken prisoner and speedily 
 released, when her occupation was learned. The last release was 
 by command of General Stonewall Jackson. At Fair Oakes a 
 twelve-pound shot went through her tent. Many of the wounded 
 and sick owed their lives to her tender care, and the private soldier 
 was as distinguis'hed in her eyes as the officer. At the suggestion 
 of Governor Jordan her portrait hangs in the corridor of the 
 State House among the soldiers of distinction. Her funeral April 
 28, 1900, was attended by a host of old soldiers with their wires, 
 children and friends, and she was buried with military honors. 
 For some years she held a position in the Currency Division of the 
 
20 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 United States Treasury. She was born in Concord, January 5, 181 5. 
 To the second regiment belonged Corporal Thomas E. Barker, 
 afterwards colonel of the twelfth regiment; Adjutant S. G. Lang- 
 ley, lieutenant-colonel of the fourth; Captain T. A. Barker, lieu- 
 tenant-colonel of the fourteenth; Captain S. G. Griffin, brevet 
 major-general; Lieutenant A. B. Thompson, captain in the United 
 States army and secretary of state of New Hampshire; Sergeant 
 Welcome A. Crafts, colonel of the fifth ; Private Martin A. Haynes, 
 member of Congress ; and Chaplain Henry E. Parker, professor in 
 Dartmouth College for many years. Before the war he had been 
 pastor of the South Congregational church in Concord. 
 
 The third regiment was recruited throughout the State, although 
 Manchester furnished three companies. The governor offered a 
 bounty of ten dollars to every man enlisted. The men were en- 
 camped at Concord and mustered into service between the 22nd 
 and 25th of August, 1861. There were ten hundred and forty- 
 seven men and officers, including a regimental band of twenty- four 
 pieces. 
 
 The colonel was Enoch Q. Fellows of Sandwich. He had spent 
 two years as a student at West Point and had been a brigadier- 
 general in the militia of New Hampshire. He had also served as 
 inspector in the United States custom house, Boston. In the first 
 regiment he had been a private, lieutenant, drill master and adjutant. 
 His commission as colonel of the third regiment was dated the day 
 after he was mustered out of the first. He served less than a year, 
 came north on a furlough, resigned and was appointed colonel of 
 the ninth regiment, which office he resigned on account of sickness. 
 Increasing deafness may have helped the decision. He returned to 
 Sandwich and later represented that town more than once in the 
 state legislature. 
 
 Lieutenant Colonel John H. Jackson was promoted to be 
 colonel. He was once wounded but remained to be honorably 
 discharged February 4. 1864. Before the rebellion he had seen 
 military service as captain in the Mexican War and had been colonel 
 in the state militia. After the Civil War he served several years 
 as inspector in the Boston custom house, being reappointed to a 
 position he had held before the war. He was born at Portsmouth, 
 October 20, 1814, and died at Boston April 10, 1890. There was 
 a Masonic funeral service at Portsmouth, where he was buried. 
 
A HISTORY 21 
 
 John Bedel of Bath enlisted as Major, was promoted a year 
 later to lieutenant-colonel, was wounded July lo, 1863, captured 
 eight days later at Fort Wagner, was in rebel prisons over a year, 
 five months of the time in solitary confinement for lack of proper 
 docility under harsh treatment and was promoted to colonel while 
 he Avas a prisoner, April 6, 1864. He was brevetted brigadier- 
 general of volunteers for gallant and meritorious services. After 
 his return to Bath he represented that town twice in the state legis- 
 lature. He died at his home in Bath, February 26, 1875. He was 
 son of General Moody Bedel of Indian Strean, or Pittsburg, where 
 he was born July 8, 1822, He was educated at Newbury Academy, 
 Vermont, studied law and was admitted to the bar. He was Demo- 
 cratic candidate for governor in 1869-1870. 
 
 The third regiment left Concord in September, 1861, and took 
 part in the expedition against Port Royal, South Carolina. Many 
 men were lost by sickness. Months were spent in skirmishing and 
 doing garrison duty. The first real battle was at Secessionville, 
 June 16, 1862. Out of twenty-six officers and five hundred and 
 ninety-seven men who went into battle one hundred and four were 
 killed or wounded. Here fell Captain Ralph Carlton and Lieut. 
 D. K. Stratton was mortally wounded. The sacrifice accomplished 
 nothing by reason of poor generalship. At Morris Island and in 
 the assault on Fort Wagner more blundering cost many lives, poor 
 recompense for gallantry displayed. When private soldiers reck- 
 lessly throw away their lives under incompetent leadership, the 
 glory of war is not so easily seen. In the Civil War the great 
 majority of commissioned officers had never studied military strategy 
 and the arts of war. It was thought that bravery was all that was 
 needed. After many losses the mistake was discovered, yet the old 
 error persists. The only thing that saved the northern armies from 
 annihilation was, that the southerners knew almost as little about 
 war as the North did. 
 
 Some substitutes filled up the regiment, and horses were fur- 
 nished. The regiment was then known as the Third New Hamp- 
 shire Mounted Infantry. Some of the substitutes deserted, and one 
 caught in the act was court-martialed and shot. After a short time 
 spent at Jacksonville, Florida, the regiment became a part of the 
 army of the James, in Virginia, where they engaged in the siege 
 of Petersburg and the battle of Drury's Bluff. In this last battle 
 
22 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 two hundred New Hampshire men fell in twenty minutes, and there 
 were no machine guns then. Among the dead was Captain Richard 
 Ela. At Flussell's Mills the regiment lost ten officers and eighty- 
 three men, among them Lieutenant Colonel Plimpton, shot through 
 tlie heart. 
 
 This regiment was mustered out of service July 20, 1865. It 
 had participated in thirty engagements during its four years of serv- 
 ice in South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Virginia and North Caro- 
 lina. It ihad on its rolls one thousand seven hundred and seventeen 
 men and one hundred and one officers. Of these one hundred and 
 ninety were killed in battle or died of wounds ; one hundred and 
 ninety-six, nearly all paid substitutes, deserted ; one hundred and 
 thirty-seven died of disease ; seven hundred and forty were dis- 
 charged, three hundred by expiration of time and four hundred 
 and forty by reason of disability. Two hundred and seventy of this 
 regiment re-enlisted in January and February, 1864. Four hundred 
 and eighty-seven were wounded and ninety-one were captured and 
 sent to rebel prisons, where most of them died of starvation. "The 
 prisoners were in close confinement, robl3ed, starved, exposed to 
 cold without fuel, shot at and shot into for attempting to escape, 
 and then put in irons and solitary confinement for months as a 
 punishment." So says history. In these days of good will should 
 such events be entirely forgotten and unmentioned? 
 
 The nucleus of the fourth regiment enlisted for the third, 
 the surplus when that regiment was full. They were sent to 
 Manchester, where companies joined them from Dover, Nashua, 
 Laconia, Great Falls, and Salem, besides several companies raised 
 in Manchester. They were mustered into service September 18, 
 1861, and a few days later departed for Washington, receiving the 
 usual cheers and greetings along the route. The Manchester Comet 
 Band accompanied them. One writer records that revolvers, dirks 
 and Bibles were presented in great quantities, and the Bibles were 
 more effective than the revolvers and dirks. The rifle and bayonet 
 were the main weapons. Governor Berry presented a stand of 
 colors in behalf of the State. Ten hundred and thirty went to the 
 front 
 
 The first Colonel of the fourth regiment was Thomas J. Whip- 
 ple of Laconia. He was born in Wentworth, January 30, 1816, 
 educated at Norwich Military Academy, studied law and settled at 
 
A HISTORY 23 
 
 Laconia. He had seen service as a lieutenant and adjutant in the 
 Mexican War. After acting as Lieutenant-Colonel in the first regi- 
 ment, eleven days after he was mustered out he was appointed 
 Colonel of the fourth. He resigned March 18, 1862, and resumed 
 the practice of law at Laconia. Here he died December 21, 1889. 
 
 Louis Bell succeeded him in command of the regiment. He 
 was born in Chester, March 8, 1837, youngest son of Governor 
 Samuel Bell, graduated at Brown University at the age of eighteen 
 and began the practice of law in Farmington in 1857. Within a 
 few years he was solicitor of Strafford county. He entered military 
 service as captain in the first regiment and after his term of enlist- 
 ment 'had expired was appointed Lieutenant-Colonel in the fourth. 
 All testimony concurs in declaring him to have been a model officer, 
 beloved and respected by all under his command, fearless in danger, 
 solicitous for the welfare of the sick and wounded, gentle and 
 sympathetic, devoid of the roughness of the mock officer. In 1864 
 he had command of a brigade. He was killed at the charge upon 
 Fort Fisher, January 15, 1865, and was brevetted brigadier-general 
 from the date of his death. No life was a more costly sacrifice than 
 his among New Hampshire's slain. 
 
 The fourth regiment took part in the expedition against Port 
 Royal, whence they proceeded to St. Augustine and then to Beau- 
 fort. In the spring of 1863 they participated in the unsuccessful 
 attack on Charleston, South Carolina, and in the siege of Fort 
 Wagner. Three hundred and eighty-five men re-enlisted when their 
 three years had expired, and the regiment was partially filled up 
 with substitutes who had been paid bounties of three hundred dol- 
 lars. A large number of the substitutes or "bounty- jumpers," de- 
 serted. The historian of this regiment says of the substitutes, "A 
 few of them did their duty and returned home honorably ; but taken 
 as a whole they were a useless, burdensome crowd." While the 
 regiment was being reorganized the men who first enlisted were 
 allowed a furlough of thirty days, to visit their homes. Afterwards 
 they served in Virginia and chased the defeated army of the South 
 to Wilmington and Raleigh, North Carolina. This regiment saw 
 a good deal of severe fighting, but the long sieges, where men in 
 the trenches were continually under fire and exposed to sun and 
 rain, took off more men than the pitched battles. At Fort Wagner, 
 Drury's Bluff, Petersburg and Fort Fisher the losses were severe. 
 
24 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 At Drury's Bluff Major Charles W. Sawyer of Dover received a 
 fatal wound. The regiment in this action lost one hundred and 
 forty-two men. At Malvern Hill forty-five more were killed and 
 wounded. The regiment was so reduced that at the attack on Fort 
 Gilmore, September 29, 1864, only forty men could be mustered 
 for the fight. After the capture of Fort Fisher what was left of 
 the fourth New Hampshire regiment slept over the magazine, 
 which suddenly exploded, adding frightful casualities. 
 
 The regiment arrived home at Manchester, August 27, 1865. 
 Only one hundred and forty veterans returned. Fifty were must- 
 ered out in hospitals. During their four years of service, 1,756 men 
 ■were enrolled. Of these 282 were killed in action or died of 
 disease; 340 were discharged for disability occasioned by wounds 
 or disease, and fifty-seven died in rebel prisons. Governor Smyth 
 welcomed the survivors home at Manchester. 
 
 Other men of prominence in this regiment were Major Jeremiah 
 D. Drew, who had been Captain in the first regiment and was 
 promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel in the fourth. His son was a 
 musician and his brother a lieutenant in the same regiment. Hei 
 afterwards made his home in Lawrence, Mass. Lieutenant Charles 
 H. Carlton rose to the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel and was brevetted 
 Brigadier-General. Lieut.-Col. Gilman E. Sleeper lost his health 
 in the army and returned to his home in Salem to die of consump- 
 tion, October 12, 1864. Captain William Badger was commissioned 
 as colonel but could not be mustered in because there were not men 
 enough left in the regiment. He afterwards served as captain in 
 the regular army. Frank W. Parker was a lieutenant in the first 
 regiment and was promoted to be captain and lieutenant-colonel in 
 the fourth. After the war he resumed his former occupation as a 
 teacher and became superintendent of Cook County Normal School, 
 Chicago, and the author of several educational works and a promi- 
 nent lecturer. Many other men were as heroic, able and faithful, 
 but their names are recorded elsewhere. 
 
 Nearly twelve hundred of this regiment were residents of New 
 Hampshire when they enlisted, and two hundred and seventy-five 
 of them lived in Manchester. Their average age at enlistment was 
 twenty-six years. 
 
 The fifth regiment of New Hampshire volunteers became 
 known as the "Fighting Fifth" and it well earned the name. It 
 
A HISTORY 25 
 
 was mustered into service in October, 1861, the muster being com- 
 pleted on the 26th, at Concord. After three days of furlough it 
 left for the seat of war, ten hundred and ten in number, including 
 a band and a corps of buglers. It was commanded by Colonel 
 Edward E. Cross of Lancaster, of whom more will be said in sub- 
 sequent pages. All its field officers had seen military service and 
 had practical knowledge of their duties. Therefore the regiment 
 was admirably drilled and disciplined. Because they were so well 
 fitted for service and could be relied upon they were put in critical 
 positions and sustained terrible losses. 
 
 The regiment first became a part of General Oliver O. Howard's 
 brigade in Maryland, whence they crossed into Virginia and went 
 into Camp California at Alexandria for winter quarters. Schools 
 were organized and the winter was spent in study, drill, guard 
 duty and occasionally building roads and bridges. In the spring 
 they were conveyed to the Peninsula and took part in the siege 
 of Yorktown and the advance on Williamsburg, built the "Grape- 
 Vine Bridge" through the Chickahominy swamp and river, and 
 fought at Fair Oaks, where one hundred and eighty-six of their 
 number were killed and wounded. In the seven days' battle in 
 the Wilderness and retreat to Harrison's Landing the fifth lost over 
 one hundred officers and men. Of the three hundred and nineteen 
 officers and men of the fifth, that went into the battle of Antietam, 
 one hundred and eight were killed or wounded. At the battle of 
 Fredericksburgh one hundred and eighty more fell. Here was 
 killed Major Edward E. Sturtevant, who had been on tlie police 
 force of Concord, and was appointed a captain in the first regiment. 
 His burial place is unknown. No officer was truer and braver. 
 
 It is not possible here to trace the march of the regiment 
 through Gettysburg back into Virginia and on to the capture of 
 Richmond and to the end of the war. The regiment was recruited 
 and its ranks thinned again in many a battle. During its three 
 years and nine months of service it had about twenty-six hundred 
 men enrolled. It lost about thirteen hundred in action. Sixteen 
 of its officers were killed or mortally wounded in battle. The last 
 fight, at Appomattox, was one of the most disastrous for the 
 fifth, for here were lost six officers and one hundred and four men 
 killed and wounded, and four officers and sixty-three men taken 
 prisoners. The prisoners were recovered a few days later. 
 
26 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 Brief mention may be made of some of tlie leaders. Colonel 
 Charles E. Hapgood was commissioned as captain, returned to Con- 
 cord because of ill health and acted as recruiting agent, rejoined 
 his regiment and was promoted to lieutenant-colonel, led his regi- 
 ment at Chancellorsville and Gettysburg and was promoted to col- 
 onel after the death of Colonel Cross at Gettysburg. He was 
 severely wounded at Petersburg. 
 
 George Williamson Ballock was born in Claremont, December 
 3, 1825, He was educated at Norwich University and became a 
 civil engineer in the service of railroads. He enlisted as first lieu- 
 tenant and was detailed as commissary. In 1862 he was promoted 
 as captain and civil engineer and in 1863 he was made chief com- 
 missary, with rank of lieutenant-colonel of cavalry, of the eleventh 
 corps. During Sherman's march to the sea he was chief commissary 
 of subsistence of the left wing. He was assigned to important posi- 
 tions in the Freedmen's Bureau under General Oliver O. Howard, 
 disbursing more than twenty millions of dollars. Later he was 
 superintendent of streets in Washington. He was brevetted major, 
 lieutenant-colonel and brigadier-general for meritorious service in 
 the subsistence department. 
 
 Major Thomas L. Livermore was promoted to colonel of the 
 eig'hteenth New Hampshire regiment. James E. Larkin entered 
 service as lieutenant and rose through various grades to be lieuten- 
 ant-colonel, commanding the regiment from June to October, 1864. 
 After the war he served as postmaster of Concord and internal 
 revenue collector. 
 
 Isaac W. Hammond left a mercantile career to become com- 
 missary sergeant of the fifth New Hampshire regiment and served 
 three years. Afterwards he was deputy secretary of state for ten 
 years and then librarian of the New Hampshire Historical Society. 
 He edited eight volumes of the State Papers. He was a member of 
 the New England Historic-Genealogical Society, honorary member 
 of the Maine Historical Society and a member of the American 
 Academy of Political and Social Sciences. Dartmouth College con- 
 ferred upon him the degree of Master of Arts. 
 
 Francis W. Butler of Bennington enlisted as second lieutenant 
 and rose to be captain of company K. On the 30th of June, 1864, 
 while serving on the staff of Gen. W. F. Smith, he was wounded 
 in an action and died July 30th after arriving home. He was a 
 
A HISTORY 27 
 
 soldier of approved valor and gentlemanly qualities. His portrait 
 hangs in the corridor of the State House. 
 
 The sixth regiment was recruited from the western part of the 
 State and had its rendezvous at Keene. It was mustered into 
 service the latter part of November, 1861, and left for the South 
 the 25th of December, ten hundred and twenty-four ofificers and 
 men. 
 
 Nelson Converse of Marlborough was colonel, who had been 
 major-general in the State militia. Ill health compelled him to 
 resign on the eighth of March, 1862. Lieutenant-Colonel Simon 
 G. Griffith was promoted to the colonelcy, and later was appointed 
 Brigadier-General . 
 
 Phin P. Bixby was a trader at Concord at the outbreak of the 
 war. He was commissioned Adjutant of the sixth regiment, was 
 wounded at the second battle of Bull Run, taken prisoner and 
 carried to Libby Prison, exchanged after five or six weeks, rejoined 
 his regiment and was commissioned Major, October 15, 1862, in 
 place of Obed G. Dort resigned. Major Bixby was again wounded 
 in front of Petersburg, July 15. 1864, which necessitated absence 
 from his regiment about three months. During this time he was 
 promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel in place of Lieut. -Col. Henry H. 
 Pearson of Exeter, who was killed in action at North Anna River, 
 May 26, 1864. At the last battle of Petersburg Lieut.-Col. Bixby 
 had command of a brigade. He was promoted to Colonel, February 
 21, 1865, and was also appointed Colonel of United States Volun- 
 teers,, by brevet, "for gallant and highly meritorious services in 
 the assault before Petersburg, Va., to date from April 2, 1865." 
 
 Henry H. Pearson, born in Newport, Illinois, February 26, 
 1840, was a student at Phillips Exeter Academy, when the war 
 broke out, and there he was held in great respect. He started for 
 Washington and walked from Baltimore to that city, there enlisted 
 and served till after the first battle of Bull Run. Then he returned 
 to Exeter and was commissioned Captain, raised his own company 
 and spent his odd moments in reading military history. The 
 people of Exeter presented him with a sword as a testimonial of 
 esteem. He was engaged in every battle of his regiment up to the 
 time of his death and wrote interesting sketches of tliose battles. 
 For meritorious conduct he was promoted to lieutenant-colonel in 
 December, 1863. A ball from a sharpshooter pierced his forehead, 
 
28 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 and he never spoke, dying in a few hours. No man of his rank 
 excelled him in natural ability, knowledge of military affairs and 
 gallant conduct. He commanded by force of character. 
 
 The sixth regiment joined Bumside's expedition to North 
 Carolina and distinguished itself in the battle of Camden. After 
 encamping a while on Roanoke Island it was ordered to Virginia, 
 where it took part in the second battle of Bull Run. It fought 
 also at Chantilly, Antietam, where it lost one-fifth of its number, 
 Fredericksburgh, where seventy-five of the regiment fell, or one- 
 third of those who went into battle, after which it rested for a 
 time at Newport News. Then it was transferred to Kentucky. 
 After the surrender of Vicksburg the regiment suffered more se- 
 verely from malarial fevers than it ever did from fighting. Hence 
 it proceeded north and rendezvoused finally at Annapolis, Maryland, 
 where it was recruited. It joined the army of the Potomac under 
 General Grant and participated in all the battles of the final cam- 
 paign against Lee's army and in the capture of Richmond. The 
 regiment was mustered out July 17, 1865. and arrived at Concord 
 on the 22d, where a formal reception was given. It had fought 
 in about a score of pitched battles, besides much skirmishing and 
 many reconnoissances. Its losses were many, especially among the 
 officers. During its term of service it marched more than twenty 
 thousand miles and served in seventeen different States. 
 
 The seventh regiment was organized at Manchester under 
 the direction of Joseph C. Ahbott, late Adjutant General of the 
 State, who became Lieutenant-Colonel of the regiment, refusing 
 tlie office of Colonel, in order that a graduate from West Point 
 might fill that office. Indeed the understanding was that he should 
 nominate the commissioned officers. The organization and muster- 
 ing in were completed December 14, 1861. 
 
 The first colonel of this regiment was Haldimand Sumner 
 Putnam, born in Cornish, October 15, 1835, son of Judge John 
 L. Putnam of that town. He was graduated from the Military 
 Academy at West Point with high honors in 1857 and served on 
 the western frontier as Second Lieutenant in the Corps of Topo- 
 graphical Engineers, being promoted later to First Lieutenant. In 
 1861 he was summoned to Washington, sent on a hazardous mission 
 to Fort Pickens, arrested and imprisoned at Montgomery, Alabama, 
 released after a few days and served for a short time on General 
 
A HISTORY 29 
 
 McDowell's staff, participating- in the first battle of Bull Run. For 
 some months before his death he had been acting as brigadier- 
 general and had won the confidence and respect of all. He was 
 mortally wounded at the assault on Fort Wagner, while leading- 
 his men through a terrible storm of shot and shell. He was suc- 
 ceeded in the colonelcy by Joseph C. xA.bbott, who has been men- 
 tioned in connection with the first regiment. 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas Albert Henderson was born at 
 Dover, December i, 1833. He graduated at Bowdoin College in 
 1855 at the head of his class, and at the Harvard Law School in 
 1861 and was admitted to the Suffolk bar. Realizing that the 
 country had need of trained men he spent some months at Norwich 
 University in military study and drill, and in November, 1861, was 
 appointed Adjutant of the seventh New Hampshire regiment. He 
 became Major in August, 1862, and Lieutenant-Colonel in July. 
 1863, after the assault on Fort Wagner. He led his regiment at 
 Drury's Bluff' and Deep Bottom, where he was mortally wounded 
 by the severing of an artery. Able, brave, self-sacrificing, an honor 
 to his college and his State. 
 
 The regiment made another great sacrifice in the death of 
 ]\Iajor Daniel Smith, who was born at Duriham, January 27, 1823. 
 He had been a surveyor, Lieutenant-Colonel in the State militia 
 deputy sheriff of Strafford county, city marshal of Dover and 
 twice representative of that place in the legislature. He contracted 
 fever at Beaufort, South Carolina and returned home to die, August 
 26, 1862. He filled all his offices with distinguished ability and 
 faithfulness, and was hig'hly esteemed as a citizen and soldier. 
 
 The seventh regiment spent a month in barracks in New York 
 City and then went to Dry Tortugas, on one of the Florida Keys. 
 Thence it went to St. Augustine, after having lost about two hun- 
 dred through sickness. Then it went to Folly Island, and took 
 part in the attack on Fort Wagner, where in a brief charge two 
 hundred and eighteen were killed, wounded and missing. At the 
 battle of Olustee. Florida, in February, 1864, two hundred and nine 
 were lost. In April following the regiment was transferred to 
 the army of the James and took part in the battles preceding the 
 fall of Richmond, including the siege of Petersburg and the cap- 
 ture of Fort Fisher. When the regiment was mustered out July 20, 
 1865, there were less than one hundred men of the original volun- 
 
30 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 teers. Three hundred and twenty men and twenty^two officers 
 returned. Of the original field and staff officers only one remained, 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Augustus W. Rollins of Rollinsford, who en- 
 listed as Major. Major Jeremiah S. Durgin of Penacook died in 
 1867 as the result of exposure and hardships in this regiment. He 
 enlisted as captain and was promoted September 30, 1864. 
 
 The eighth regiment was mustered at Manchester and entered 
 the service of the United States December 23, 1861, Their encamp- 
 ment was on the Fair Grounds north of the city and was called 
 Camp Currier, in honor of Hon, Moody Currier, who was after- 
 wards governor of the State. The regiment left camp January 24, 
 1862, for Fort Independence, Boston harbor, where three weeks 
 w^ere spent. On the way the troops were entertained at Faneuil 
 Hall, Boston. Thence they sailed for Ship Island, Mississippi, as 
 a part of the expedition under command of General Benjamin F. 
 Butler. Thence they went to New Orleans by way of Lake Ponchar- 
 train, capturing Forts Wood and Pike on the way. During the 
 summer the regiment was employed in clearing the rebels out of 
 Louisiana, and in this campaign lost its first one killed in action. 
 Captain John Q. A. Warren of Nashua. Two days later, October 
 27, 1862, fell Captain John Kelleher of Manchester. The regiment 
 took part in tlie battle at Port Hudson. In the first assault, out 
 of three hundred engaged, one hundred and twenty-four were 
 killed or wounded, Lieutenant-Colonel Lull being among the slain. 
 The surrender of Port Hudson followed quickly upon the capture 
 of Vicksburg by General Grant. Afterwards the eighth was 
 mounted and participated in the Red River campaign and in the 
 disastrous expedition to Sabine Pass. In December, 1864, three 
 hundred and five re-enlisted and the remainder came home, having 
 served three years. Those who remained formed a battalion under 
 command of Captain James H. Landers of Concord, and they did 
 duty in the vicinity of Natchez till the end of the rebellion. Of 
 the seventeen hundred men who were enrolled in this regiment 
 one hundred and seventy-five returned to Concord to be "received" 
 and discharged. They had fought seven pitched battles and en- 
 gaged in fifty-three distinct skirmishes. Captain Dana W. King 
 was in command of the returning battalion, who was brevetted 
 Lieutenant-Colonel by the governor of the State. 
 
 Colonel Hawkes Fearing of Manchester commanded the eighth. 
 
A HISTORY 31 
 
 He was born in Hingham, Mass., May 20, 1826, and served in the 
 Massachusetts militia as private and captain, and as Ueutenant- 
 colonel in the fourth Massachusetts regiment for three months. 
 Colonel Fearing was once wounded, served for some time as com- 
 mander of a brigade, returned to Concord to raise recruits and went 
 back with six hundred new men. After the war he returned to 
 Hingham and filled various positions of trust and honor. 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Oliver Woodbury Lull was born in Weare, 
 January 14, 1826 and died fighting at the head of his regiment at 
 Port Hudson, May 2^, 1863. He had taught school and practiced 
 law at Mil ford, N. H., and was First Lieutenant in the Governor's 
 Horse Guards. A sword given by the people of Milford and a 
 horse by the people of Nashua attest the esteem in which he was 
 held. The night before he fell he encouraged his men by saying, 
 "Some of us will be sure to fall, but you know that all good 
 soldiers go to heaven." After being wounded, when told that he 
 could not live, he exclaimed, "Thank God, I die for my country." 
 Such was the spirit in which thousands breathed their last breath. 
 To say that any man was truer and braver than any other is a 
 great mistake ; that an unnumbered host were as true and as brave 
 as any is the exact historic truth. They had the spirit of martyr- 
 dom, the willingness to die for others and in defense of great 
 principles, as well as to save the Union. 
 
 The ninth regiment was organized at Concord in July, 1862. 
 There was a bounty offered to every volunteer, twenty dollars, sub- 
 sequently increased to fifty, and sixty dollars to new recruits for 
 the old regiments. The regiment left Concord August 25, under 
 command of Colonel Enoch Q. Fellows, who had resigned his com- 
 mission in the third regiment. 
 
 This regiment was put at once into active fighting. Within 
 twenty days of their departure they took part in the battles of 
 South Mountain and Antietam, losing ten killed and over one hun- 
 dred wounded, among the latter being Lieutenant-Colonel Titus 
 and Captains Cooper and Whitfield. At Frederisksburg a des- 
 perate and prolonged charge was fruitless, resulting only in with- 
 drawal after a loss of four killed and eighty-two wounded. In 
 February, 1863, the regiment was ordered to Newport News, 
 whence it was sent by way of Baltimore to Lexington, Kentucky. 
 After fattening for a short time in the Blue Grass region it did 
 
32 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 duty in Kentucky and Tennessee, where a large percentage suffered 
 and were disabled by fevers. During 1863 and 1864 eight hundred 
 and twenty-eight recruits were sent to this regiment, but four 
 hundred and forty-four of them never arrived, or they deserted 
 soon after arrival, proving the worthlessness of mercenaries. After 
 about a year the ninth was ordered back to Annapolis, Maryland, 
 and its numlbers were swelled by convalescents and recruits to five 
 hundred and twenty-eight. Soon they were in Virginia and at the 
 battle of Spottsylvania were driven back in a charge with a loss 
 of forty- two killed, ninety- four wounded and seventy missing. In 
 the battle of the "Mine" again half of their number fell. There 
 was heavy fighting about Petersburg and all through the Wilder- 
 ness campaign. In the final march on Richmond this regiment did 
 not participate, but the few of them left were doing guard duty 
 near Petersburg. It took part in the grand review at Washington 
 and was mustered out in June, 1865. 
 
 Herbert B. Titus was teaching school in Chesterfield, his native 
 town, when the first call came for volunteers. He at once enlisted 
 and exhorted others to do so. He was commissioned Second Lieu- 
 tenant in the second regiment and served till June, 1862, when he 
 was promoted to Major of the ninth. He became Lieutenant- 
 Colonel of the same on the 26th of August, and on the resignation 
 of Colonel Fellows was promoted to Colonel, November 22, 1862. 
 He held this rank till the regiment was mustered out. He was 
 wounded by a rifle ball at the battle of Antietam. March 13, 
 1865, he was brevetted Brigadier-General for gallant and meritori- 
 ous services during the war. Afterwards he practiced law in New 
 York City. 
 
 George H. Chandler, brother of Senator William E. Chandler, 
 was a member of this regiment. He graduated at Dartmouth Col- 
 lege in i860, read law with his brother at Concord and was for a 
 short time deputy Secretary of State. He became Adjutant of the 
 ninth and was promoted to Major. He was wounded at the battle 
 of Spottsylvania, was detailed to aid the Navy Department in some 
 investigation, and returned to his regiment in April, 1865, as Lieu- 
 tenant-Colonel. He graduated at the Harvard Law School and 
 began practice in Baltimore, Maryland. He died August 12, 1883, 
 while visiting a brother at Boscawen, lamented and esteemed for 
 scholarship, gentlemanly qualities and soldierly bearing. 
 
A HISTORY 33 
 
 Colonel John H. Babbitt was born in Keene, June 12, 1835. 
 He was living in Bloomington, Illinois, when the war began, was 
 commissioned Second Lieutenant in the fifty-eighth Illinois regi- 
 ment and soon after was promoted to Captain. He was wounded 
 at Fort Donelson and again at Shiloh, when he returned to his home 
 in Keene to recuperate. After recovery he was commissioned Cap- 
 tain in the ninth New Hampshire regiment and three months later 
 was promoted to he Lieutenant-Colonel. This position was held 
 till May 7, 1864, when he was ordered to take command of the 
 thirty-second Maine regiment. He was severely wounded at Spott- 
 sylvania and, December 5, 1864, was discharged from service for 
 disability. 
 
 The tenth regiment was mustered at Manchester in September, 
 1862 and was composed principally of men of Irish birth or descent. 
 The State gave a bounty of fifty dollars to each volunteer, and this 
 was supplemented by liberal bounties from towns, in order to avoid 
 the alternative of a draft, or conscription. Nearly six companies of 
 this regiment came from Manchester. The entire number of officers 
 and men was nine hundred and twenty-eight. It left Manchester 
 September 22, 1863 and arrived at Washington, on the 25th, having 
 been banqueted at Worcester and Philadelphia and having suffered 
 a railroad collision between Baltimore and Washington, wherein 
 some were fatally injured. It encamped at Maryland Heights, 
 near Harper's Ferry and soon formed a part of the army of the 
 Potomac. The defeat at Fredericksburg cost the tenth three officers 
 wounded and fifty men killed and wounded. A good deal of skirm- 
 ishing follewed, and the regiment did heroic work at Drury's Bluff 
 and Cold Harbor. In the latter battle ninety of the regiment fell 
 in five minutes under a withering fire of musketry and cannon, yet 
 the rest pressed on and held the trenches taken. At Fort Harrison 
 the regiment distinguished itself for bravery and endurance. Soon 
 after some of their number were entrapped and sent to Salisbury 
 prison, where most of them died. The remains of the tenth regi- 
 ment were among the first to enter Richmond. It was mustered 
 out in June, 1865. Though of foreign birth this regiment showed 
 as much bravery and loyalty to the flag as any other. On one 
 occasion to prevent the colors from falling into the hands of the 
 enemy the State flag was destroyed, and the stars and stripes were 
 wrapped around the body of Sergeant John H. Durgin, who died 
 a prisoner at Salisbury, but the flag was never heard from. 
 
34 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 Michael T. Donahoe was born at Lowell, Mass., November 
 22, 1838 and was educated in the schools of that city and at the 
 College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, Mass. At the outbreak 
 of the rebellion he was living in Manchester and raised a full 
 company for the third regiment, becoming its captain. For dis- 
 tinguishing conduct he was commissioned Colonel of the tenth, 
 August 6, 1862. He came home to Manchester and by public and 
 private appeals to his countrymen within a month had enlisted the 
 necessary number of volunteers. At Fort Harrison, on the 29th 
 of September, 1864, a horse was shot under him, and later in the 
 day he was severely wounded. He was appointed Brigadier-General 
 of United States volunteers, by brevet, to date from March 13, 
 1865. After the war he held an important position on the Concord 
 Railroad. He was a brave and efficient officer and a prominent 
 and respected citizen. 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel John Coughlan of this regiment was born 
 in Vermont of Irish parents. He was elected to the State legisla- 
 ture from Manchester in 1859, the first Roman Catholic elected 
 to any State office in New Hampshire. He worked hard to raise 
 the tenth regiment and in the absence of Colonel Donahoe was 
 often in command. He was promoted Colonel of United States 
 Volunteers, by brevet, for gallant conduct in the field, to date from 
 March 13, 1865. He was afterward detailed as Provost-Marshal 
 of the department of Virginia and North Carolina. 
 
 A zealous admirer^ of bis compatriots of the Emerald Isle has 
 claimed rather too much for the Irish- in the Civil War. He esti- 
 mates that 4.631 Irishmen served in New Hampshire regiments 
 while official report allows only 3,067. He arrives at this number 
 by adding to the Irish companies all who had an Irish surname in 
 other companies and also half of those who bore the surnames 
 Jones, Smith, Brown, Dunn, Barrett, Crosby, Griffin. Cox, Cook, 
 Black, White, etc., since many of such surnames are found in 
 Ireland. Probably all of these and many others were of Scotch 
 and Welch and English origin, even if their ancestors lived on 
 Irish soil for a generation or two. He does not add, what is true, 
 that a lot of the Irish substitutes were deserters, and that the 
 
 1 Hon. John C. Linehan, in First New Hampshire Regiment, p. 233. 
 
A HISTORY 35 
 
 Irish living in the South fought just as vahantly for the Confed- 
 eracy. The Irish tenth regiment were good fighters, but the per- 
 centage of their losses was not half that of several other regiments 
 from New Hampshire. 
 
 The eleventh regiment was mustered into service at Concord 
 in September, 1862. It arrived at Washington on the fourteenth 
 of that month. Its first battle was at Fredericksburg, where it 
 lost fourteen killed and one hundred and fifty-six wounded. Like 
 old veterans they were immovable under a deadly and prolonged 
 fire. Captain Amos B. Shattuck was mortally wounded in this 
 battle. 
 
 The regiment was transferred to Kentucky and Tennessee and 
 took part in the siege of Vicksburg. Many suffered and died here 
 from disease, and the remainder were transferred back to the army 
 of the James, after having participated in the siege of Knoxville 
 and several minor engagements. They made moccasins of green 
 hides in place of shoes, so difficult was it to get supplies. Colonel 
 Harriman had come North for recruits and with six hundred 
 marched over the mountains to East Tennessee, a distance of two 
 hundred and forty miles, to rejoin his regiment. After restmg at 
 Annapolis they took part in the battle of the Wilderness, where in 
 a heroic charge they drove the enemy from their last entrenchment 
 at the point of the bayonet. Here Colonel Harriman was captured 
 and Lieutenant-Colonel Collins was killed. Then followed the 
 siege and capture of Petersburg, the march to Appomattox and the 
 surrender of Lee's army. The eleventh was at the grand review 
 in Washington and was mustered out on the fourth of June. The 
 reception at Concord, three days later, was cordial and joyous. The 
 regiment had participated in twelve battles. 
 
 The eleventh was commanded by Colonel Walter Harriman, a 
 native of Warner. In his early life he taught school and was a 
 free lance as a Universalist preacher, giving eloquent addresses 
 throughout the State. In 1849-50 he represented Warner in the 
 legislature and in 1853-54 he was State Treasurer. In 1858 he 
 was again a member of the House and in 1859-60 a member of 
 the Senate of the State. Up to this time he was affiliated with 
 the Democratic party. As editor of the Union Democrat of Man- 
 chester in 1861 he upheld President Lincoln and from this time 
 be acted with the Republican party. He was with his regiment 
 
36 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 in the field all the time except four months that he was a prisoner. 
 For seven weeks with other captured ofificers he was kept in a 
 prison in Charleston, South Carolina, where they were most exposed 
 to the fire of Union batteries on Morris Island, but the building 
 was unharmed. Colonel Harriman was exchanged and led his 
 regiment at Petersburg. He was brevetted Brigadier-General, for 
 gallant conduct during the war. He came home to be at once 
 elected Secretary of State for New Hampshire and was re-elected 
 in 1866. In 1867 he was elected Governor and re-elected the fol- 
 lowing year by an unprecedented majority. In 1869 he was ap- 
 pointed naval officer at Boston by President Grant. A commanding 
 presence and natural gifts of intellect, as well as a warm heart, 
 made him a popular favorite, and he was never defeated in an 
 election contest. 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Moses N. Collins was born at Brentwood, 
 April, 1820. He was educated at Gilmanton and Hampton Acad- 
 emies and taught school several years in Maryland. He began the 
 practice of law in Exeter in 1857 and was successful. He repre- 
 sented Brentwood and later Exeter in the State legislature. First 
 he was appointed Major in the eleventh regiment and was pro- 
 moted to be Lieutenant-Colonel before the regiment left the State. 
 A musket ball pierced his head in the battle of the wilderness, 
 May 4, 1864. Thus his all was given in patriotic devotion. 
 
 Major Evarts W. Farr, who has been named in the roll of 
 congressmen, served in the eleventh regiment. He enlisted in April, 
 1861 and on the fourth of the following June received a commission 
 as First Lieutenant in the second regiment. In the following 
 January he was promoted Captain. At the battle of Williamsburg 
 his right arm was shattered by a ball. He was conveyed to 
 Fortress Monroe ; here his arm was amputated and he returned 
 home. In six weeks he was back to the front and September 4th 
 he was commissioned Major in the eleventh regiment and com- 
 manded its left wing at the battle of Fredericksburg. After being 
 with his regiment in Kentucky and Mississippi he was detached 
 to act as judge advocate on court-martial duty. His subsequent 
 career has been already noted. 
 
 Adjutant Charles R. Morrison, a native of Bath, was practicing 
 law when the rebelHon began. He took part in the battles of 
 Fredericksburg, Vicksburg, East Tennessee, Jackson. Wilderness, 
 
MAJOi: EVAliTS W. FAHI! 
 
A HISTORY 37 
 
 and Spottsylvania. He was twice wounded at Fredericksburg and 
 again at Spottsylvania. After the war he resumed the practice of 
 law in Manchester and later in Concord. He was the author of 
 several legal works, as well as of "Proofs of Christ's Resurrection 
 from a Lawyer's Standpoint." His brother, James S. Morrison, 
 living in the South, became a Lieutenant in the Confederate army. 
 
 Major James F. Briggs, Quartennaster of the eleventh, after- 
 wards became a member of the United States congress. 
 
 Captain Leander W. Cogswell was commissioned as Lieuten- 
 ant-Colonel but was never mustered, for lack of numbers in the 
 regiment. After the war he represented his native town, Henniker, 
 several times in the State legislature, and was State Treasurer and 
 savings bank commissioner. 
 
 The twelfth regiment was recruited mainly in Belknap and 
 Carroll counties within ten days in August, 1862, and was mustered 
 at Concord the following month. It was made up of men of 
 character and good standing and they made for themselves an 
 honorable record. Its first pitched battle was Chancellorsville, 
 where three commissioned officers were killed and fifteen wounded 
 out of twenty-eight, and out of five hundred and forty-nine enlisted 
 men forty-two were killed, two hundred and twelve were wounded, 
 and fifty-one were captured. The aggregate loss included consid- 
 ably more than half their number. Again at Gettysburg this regi- 
 ment fought valliantly and lost ninety-four men in killed and 
 wounded. 
 
 In the rapid and prolonged marching before and after the 
 battle of Gettysburg many became sick from fatigue and exposure. 
 "More than half the regiment were without shoes or stockings, 
 their feet raw from exposure to the sand and sun, and their 
 clothing was literally in rags." In this condition it marched through 
 Washington and guarded rebel prisoners at Point Lookout. While 
 here three hundred and fifty recruits joined the regiment, and one 
 hundred more recruits deserted on the way. At the battle of 
 Drury's Bluff the twelfth was four days and four nights in the 
 front line without any relief. At Cold Harbor it lost one hundred 
 and sixty-five men out of less than three hundred engaged. The 
 opposing lines of works were about seventy-five yards apart, and 
 many of the wounded were left upon the field for three days, before 
 they could be removed. "Twenty of the dead of the regiment were 
 
38 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 found within five yards of the enemy's works." The regiment 
 served seventy-two days in the trenches at the siege of Peters- 
 burg, where some were wounded and more were lost from sickness 
 caused by burning heat of the sun by day and dampness by night. 
 This regiment was only half an hour behind the Fourth Massachu- 
 setts Cavalry in marching into Richmond and they helped to ex- 
 tinguish the fires which bad been kindled in various places by the 
 retreating foe. It encamped across the James river from Rich- 
 mond, at Manchester, where it was mustered out June 21, 1865, 
 and arrived at Concord on the 27th. 
 
 Colonel Joseph H. Potter commanded the twelfth. He was 
 bom at Concord, October 12. 1821, attended school in Portsmouth, 
 graduated at West Point in 1843, served in the Mexican War and 
 thereafter in the United States army as Captain and Adjutant. 
 At the battle of Chancellorsville he was severely woimded and 
 taken prisoner. Five months later he was exchanged and ordered 
 to Columbus, Ohio, as Provost Marshal. Later he was in com- 
 mand of a brigade and appointed Brigadier-General of volunteers. 
 May I, 1865. He was present at the surrender of General Lee 
 and thereafter was an officer in the regular army. Died in Colum- 
 bus, Ohio, December i, 1892. 
 
 The thirteen regiment was organized at Concord in Sep- 
 tember, 1862. It was composed of two companies each from 
 Rockingham, Hillsborough and Strafford counties and one each 
 from Merrimack, Carroll, Grafton, and Coos counties. The 
 volunteers were largely farmers and mechanics. They left Con- 
 cord on the sixth of October for Washington and encamped at 
 Fort Albany, on the south side of the Potomac. It took part m 
 the battle of Fredericksburg, losing three officers and thirty-nine 
 men. During 1863 it operated in the vicinity of Suffolk and 
 Norfolk, Virginia, and worked on the fortifications of Ports- 
 mouth. In 1864 it participated in the battles of Drury's Bluff. 
 Cold Harbor and the siege of Petersburg. After sharing in 
 fifteen engagements the regiment marched into Richmond 
 among the first. It was finally discharged at Concord, July i, 
 1865. Its bravery and devotion are attested by its losses, which 
 were proportionally great, in some engagements half of the 
 fighting force falling. Theirs was the first Union flag hoisted in 
 Richmond. The report of the Adjutant-General of New Hamp- 
 
A HISTORY 
 
 39 
 
 shire says, "It has captured five pieces of artillery in one charge, 
 and with its Division taken sixteen pieces more; has captured 
 three battle flags, and taken more prisoners from the enemy 
 than the number in its own ranks; and has never been driven 
 from the field, or from its position by the enemy." But equally 
 praiseworthy regiments did not have so good fortune. 
 
 The thirteenth was commanded by Colonel Aaron F. 
 Stevens, who was born at Derry, August 9, 1819. He was 
 educated in the schools of Derry, Hillsborough and Nashua and 
 began the practice of law in Nashua in 1845. He was appointed 
 solicitor of Hillsborough county in 1856. He represented Nashua 
 as a Whig several times in the State legislature and was one 
 of the leading Republicans when that party was formed. Hav- 
 ing served as Major in the first regiment and demonstrated his 
 fitness, the command of the thirteenth was offered him, which 
 he accepted. "He distinguished himself for gallantry, courage, 
 coolness and skill as an officer on many bloody fields, and was 
 often commended by his superior officers." In the assault on 
 Fort Harrison he was severely wounded within a few yards of 
 the fort, and for this and other meritorious acts was appointed 
 Brigadier-General of United States Volunteers, by brevet, 
 December 8, 1864. See list of congressmen for subsequent 
 career. 
 
 Person C. Cheney, afterwards governor of the State, was 
 Quartermaster in the Thirteenth. 
 
 The fourteenth regiment was mustered in at Concord in 
 September, 1862, the last of the three years regiments, and was 
 raised principally in the western parts of the State, four com- 
 panies coming from Cheshire county. For some time it did 
 guard duty in Washington and vicinity. Early in 1864 it was 
 ordered to the Department of the Gulf, but malarial diseases 
 sent it back to Virginia, where it were active in the valley of 
 the Shenandoah, in General Sheridan's army. At the battle 
 of Winchester the regiment lost thirteen officers and one hun- 
 dred and thirty men were killed, wounded and missing. New 
 Hampshire afterwards erected a suitable monument near Win- 
 chester to those who fell in that battle, members of the four- 
 teenth, September 19, 1864. The regiment joined in chasing 
 the rebels up the valley, capturing many cannons and prisoners, 
 and changing defeat into victory at Cedar Creek and Fisher's 
 
40 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 Hill. In January, 1865, it was ordered to Savannah and arrived 
 just as Sherman's army was leaving-. Thence it moved to 
 Augusta and was on guard when Jefferson Davis went through 
 the place in a carriage as a prisoner, receiving the jeers of 
 Confederate soldiers as he was driven through their midst. This 
 regiment lost in all above two hundred men by death, seventy 
 of them falling in battle. It was discharged the last of July, 
 1865. 
 
 The Colonel of the Fourteenth was Robert Wilson, born 
 in Peterborough, September 24, 181 1, son of Hon. James Wilson. 
 He graduated at Amherst College in 1832 and took rank as an 
 officer in the State militia. His regiment had no arms, and 
 he picked out a lot of old flint lock guns, altered into percus- 
 sions, and with these went to Washington, where he had to wait 
 for months before Springfield rifles could be furnished. On ac- 
 count of ill health Colonel Wilson was obliged to resign and 
 was honorably discharged, September 6, 1864. He was suc- 
 ceeded by Colonel Alexander Gardner, who was a native of 
 New York State, educated at Kimball Union Academy, had 
 been admitted to the bar in New York, had edited a paper and 
 fought in the border war in Kansas, and was practicing law in 
 Claremont, N. H., in 1862, when he was commissioned Adjutant 
 of the fourteenth regiment. He was promoted Major and was 
 often in command of the regiment in the absence of Colonel 
 Wilson. Again he was promoted, and this time he became Col- 
 onel the day before he was mortally wounded at Opequan 
 Creek, near Winchester, Va., September 19. 1864. He was 
 buried at Claremont with Masonic honors. Samuel A. Duncan 
 was the first Major of the fourteenth. He was born at Plain- 
 field, June 19, 1836, prepared for college at Kimball Union 
 Academy and graduated at Dartmouth in 1858 with the highest 
 honors. After teaching in the High School at Quincy, Mass., 
 two years he was called to be a tutor at Dartmouth, and from 
 there he entered the army. After passing an examination with 
 two hundred others, in which he ranked first, he was appointed 
 Colonel of the Fourth Regiment of United States Colored In- 
 fantry, organized in Baltimore in 1863. In February, 1864, 
 he was placed in command of a colored brigade. At Petersburg 
 his command made a notable charge after being exposed six 
 hours in line, and captured six pieces of artillery. He was 
 
A HISTORY 41 
 
 wounded on the 29th of September, 1864, but continued in com- 
 mand and was brevetted Brig-adier-General for gallantry at 
 New Market Heights and subsequently was brevetted Major 
 General of Volunteers. After the war he was special agent in 
 the War Department and later principal Examiner in the United 
 States Pension office. 
 
 Carroll D. Wright, who has been previously sketched, en- 
 listed as Adjutant of the fourteenth and was promoted to be 
 Colonel, December 6, 1864. 
 
 The fifteenth regiment was composed of men enlisted for 
 nine months. It was organized at Concord in the fall of 1862. 
 John W. Kingman was its Colonel, a native of Barrington and 
 a graduate of Harvard College in the class of '43. At the time 
 of his enlistment he was practicing law with his father-in-law, 
 the Hon. Daniel M. Christie, in Dover. Every officer, by his 
 urging, signed a temperance or total abstinence pledge, before 
 leaving Concord and kept it throughout their time of service. 
 This regiment took part in the first attack on Port Hudson and 
 in the siege which led to its surrender. The fighting at Port 
 Hudson and still more the climate of Louisiana thinned the 
 ranks of the regiment, and not much more than half its num- 
 bers were fit for duty, when it was discharged at Concord. 
 All testimonials agree that nine months volunteers fought as 
 bravely as more thoroughly seasoned troops, but it can not 
 be claimed that they were as effective. It takes discipline, drill, 
 hardship, experience and fighting to make a first class soldier, 
 and this is truer now than then. Henry W. Blair, afterwards 
 United States Senator, enlisted as Major in this regiment and 
 was promoted to be Lieutenant-Colonel. He was twice wounded 
 at Port Hudson. 
 
 The sixteenth regiment was mustered into service for nine 
 months in November, 1862. Its Colonel was a graduate of 
 Wesleyan University and a Methodist minister, Rev. James 
 Pike, who had also been a member of congress. The Adjutant, 
 Luther T. Townsend, graduate of Dartmouth, was also a Meth- 
 odist minister, and was afterward for many years a Professor 
 in the Theological School of Boston University and author of 
 many books. The Lieutenant-Colonel was Henry W. Fuller 
 of Concord, a graduate of Dartmouth and a lawyer, who en- 
 listed as Major and was promoted. The regiment joined the 
 
42 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 expedition commanded by General Banks and saw service in 
 Louisiana and in the siege of Port Hudson, losing- many men 
 by sickness and in battle. Its men were sacrificed by incompe- 
 tent leadership. 
 
 The seventeenth regiment was composed of men from the 
 western and northern parts of the State and the enlistments 
 numbered seven hundred and ninety-one. The Colonel was 
 Henry O. Kent of Lancaster, a graduate of Norwich University 
 and a lawyer. The Lieutenant-Colonel was Charles H. Long 
 of Claremont, and the Major was George H. Bellows of Walpole. 
 The regiment encamped at Concord and were furloughed till 
 the first of April, 1863. Then orders were received from the 
 Secretary of War to consolidate the seventeenth regiment with 
 the second, which was done in time to have them take part in 
 the battle of Gettysburg. The original officers were mustered 
 out at the time the transfer of the men took place. The men 
 enlisted for nine months. Their military record is found in the 
 history of the second regiment. 
 
 The eighteenth regiment was recruited in the latter part of 
 1864 in answer to the call for five hundred thousand volunteers. 
 Charles H. Bell of Exeter was commissioned Colonel and James 
 W. Carr of Manchester, Lieutenant-Colonel. Both resigned, 
 and Thomas L. Livermore of Milford was appointed Colonel, 
 who had been Major in the fifth regiment. He remained with 
 the regiment till he was mustered out. June 23, 1865. Joseph 
 M. Clough of New London was commissioned Lieutenant-Col- 
 onel, who was wounded at Fort Steadman and was in actual 
 command of the regiment at the last. The eighteenth had com- 
 paratively a brief term of service, but it experienced severe fight- 
 ing at Fort Steadman, and in the attack on Petersburg and 
 its capture. It was mustered out on the 29th of July. Of the 
 961 members of this regiment 375 were farmers, 343 mechanics 
 and craftsmen, and only 78 were laborers. Sixty-seven per 
 cent, were natives of New Hampshire. The average age was 
 25.59 years. One hundred and sixty-seven were eighteen and 
 under. Major William I. Brown was killed in the battle of 
 Fort Steadman, March 29, 1865. He had been Lieutenant and 
 Adjutant in the Ninth regiment. 
 
chapter III 
 MISCELLANEOUS ORGANIZATIONS 
 
chapter III 
 MISCELLANEOUS ORGANIZATIONS 
 
 The First New England Cavalry — The First New Hampshire Cavalry — 
 Col. John L. Thompson — First N. H. Battery of Light Artillery — 
 Graphic Description of its Battles — Heavy Artillery at Fort Constitu- 
 tion — Three Companies of Sharpshooters — Brigade Band — The Strafford 
 Guards — Dartmouth Cavalry — New Hampshire Men in the Marine 
 Corps — Total of New Hampshire Soldiers in the Civil War. 
 
 THE governors of the six New England states were author- 
 ized by the War Department, in the fall of 1861, to raise 
 a regiment, to be called the First New England Cavalry. Each 
 State was to raise two companies. All the States except Rhode 
 Island and New Hampshire raised a full regiment. Rhode 
 Island raised eight companies and New Hampshire four, and 
 these were united to form the New England Cavalry. The 
 four companies from New Hampshire formed a battalion, com- 
 manded by David B. Nelson of Manchester. He resigned June 
 4, 1862, and Captain John L. Thompson of Plymouth was pro- 
 moted to fill his place. The battalion was mustered into service 
 at Concord and on the 22nd of December, 1861, was ordered to 
 Pawtucket, Rhode Island, where it encamped with the rest of 
 the regiment. On the 14th of the following March the regi- 
 ment was ordered to Washington, where the name was changed 
 to the First Rhode Island Cavalry, which did not please the 
 men from New Hampshire, and the governor refused afterwards 
 to send recruits to fill up the regiment. In May the four New 
 Hampshire companies were ordered to Fredericksburg, and there 
 they had their first encounter with the enemy. Captain Ains- 
 worth and seven men were killed and ten men were wounded, 
 but the battalion captured one hundred and fifty officers and 
 men, besides horses, wagons and military stores. The rest 
 of the regiment Joined the battalion on the first of June. 
 
 Their next fight was in the second battle of Bull Run, 
 August 29, 1862, when the cavalry guarded the rear in the 
 retreat. They participated in the battle of Chantilly, September 
 
 45 
 
46 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 I, and had almost daily skirmishes. A picket post at Mount- 
 ville, composed of parts of two companies was attacked by a 
 whole brigade commanded by General Stuart, and Captain 
 Loranzo D. Gove of Hanover was killed, and Lieutenant Joseph 
 F. Andrews and about twenty-iive men were captured. 
 
 The regiment became reduced to about three hundred, of 
 which the New Hampshire battalion numbered one hundred, 
 when they were surrounded, while encamped at Middleburg. 
 They resolved to cut their way through. More than half their 
 number were killed, wounded or captured. After the recovery 
 of the sick and the return of those on detached service the regi- 
 ment numbered only two hundred and fifty, and Lieutenant- 
 Colonel Thompson had command. During the autumn it was 
 engaged in the battle of Auburn and Bristoe Station and fol- 
 lowed the fortunes of the army of the Potomac. 
 
 In January, 1864, the New Hampshire battalion was de- 
 tached from the First Rhode Island Cavalry, to form the nucleus 
 of a regiment made up wholly of men from the Granite State. 
 Nearly all the men re-enlisted. The old companies were filled 
 up, and three new companies were added. John L. Thompson 
 was promoted to be Colonel. Benjamin T. Hutchins of Concord 
 was Lieutenant-Colonel. The regiment was attached to the 
 Third Division of the cavalry corps, commanded by General 
 Wilson, who made a raid into the enemy's country and was 
 met by superior numbers, commanded by General Fitz Hugh 
 Lee. Abandoning wagons and guns they fought their way back 
 to City Point, the regiment losing one officer and seventy men 
 killed, wounded and missing. In this raid eighty miles of rail- 
 road track were destroyed, besides two locomotives, two trains 
 of cars and large quantities of tobacco and cotton. Many horses 
 and mules were brought into the union lines and twenty-five 
 hundred negroes as contraband of war. 
 
 The First New Hampshire Cavalry took part in Sheridan's 
 raid which ended in Richmond. At Waynesborough the enemy 
 were found strongly posted in rifle-pits, with guns in position 
 behind earthworks. Colonel Thompson's men lead the charge. 
 "The men rode up to the rifle-pits, leaped their horses over 
 the works, and with their sabers alone captured about fifteen 
 hundred prisoners, all the artillery, wagons, other property, and 
 the colors of every regiment and detachment engaged." 
 
A HISTORY 47 
 
 Five other companies left the State in March, 1865, cckii- 
 posed of substitutes to a large extent, many of whom deserted. 
 They had been paid large bounties, and so verily they had their 
 reward. Those who remained did detached duties and never saw 
 any fighting. The regiment was mustered out on the 29th of 
 June and arrived at Concord on the i6th of July, 1865. Accord- 
 ing to the Adjutant-General's report three hundred and eighty- 
 five of this regiment deserted, mostly of the late recruits and 
 substitutes. The rest of the regiment did their duty manfully. 
 
 John Leverett Thompson was a dashing cavalry officer, 
 dear to the heart of General Sheridan. He was born at Ply- 
 mouth, February 2, 1835, son of William C. Thompson (Dart- 
 mouth, 1820) and grandson of Senator Thomas W. Thompson 
 (Harvard, 1786). He fitted for college at Kimball Union Acad- 
 emy and spent two years at Dartmouth and a year at Williams 
 College. Both institutions afterward gave him the degree of 
 Master of Arts. After graduating at the Harvard Law School 
 in 1858 he studied at the universities of Berlin, Munich and 
 Paris. He at once enlisted as private in the First Illinois Light 
 Artillery and was made a sergeant. In poor health he returned 
 to Plymouth and was commissioned First Lieutenant in the 
 First New England Cavalry and rose through the grades to 
 be Colonel of his regiment. He was brevetted brigadier-general, 
 March 13, 1864 "for distinguished and meritorious service." 
 Resuming law practice in Chicago he made a deep and lasting 
 impression upon the social and professional ranks of that city. 
 At the time of his death, January 31, 1888, he was president of 
 the Union League and of the Dartmouth College Alumni Asso- 
 ciation of Chicago. As a commander in action he w^as fearless 
 prompt, tactful, far-seeing; in character he was upright, con- 
 scientious, firm and sympathetic, an ornament to his State and 
 profession. 
 
 The First New Hampshire Battery of Light Artillery was 
 recruited at Manchester in August, 1861. It numbered one hun- 
 dred and fifty-five men. The Captain was George A. Gerrish 
 of Manchester, who was wounded at Fredericksburg, resigned 
 because of disability, and died at Portsmouth, September i, 
 1866. Frederick M. Edgell of Orford was promoted from First 
 Lieutenant to fill Captain Gerrish's place and later was pro- 
 moted to Major in the First Regiment of Heavy Artillery from 
 
48 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 New Hampshire. George K. Dakin then became Captain, who 
 afterwards became a Lieutenant in the United States regular 
 army. 
 
 This battery, with six bronze guns and fine equipment, 
 proceeded to Washington in November and encamped. There 
 was no projectile to fit their guns, and after two exchanges they 
 received six twelve-pound howitzers. All the winter was spent 
 at Munson's Hill, seven miles from Washington. Then came 
 marching and retreating, skirmishing and fighting, camping in 
 winter quarters and drilling, for three long years. This battery 
 took part in twenty-seven battles, including second Bull Run, 
 Antietam, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Wilder- 
 ness, Spottsylvania, Cold Harbor, Deep Bottom and siege of 
 Petersburg, and ended with Lee's Surrender, April 9, 1865. At 
 the expiration of the three years term of enlistment, September 
 25, 1864, ^our officers and fifty-nine men were mustered out, 
 and forty-two re-enlisted. These were transferred to the First 
 Regiment of New Hampshire Heavy Artillery and became Bat- 
 tery M of that organization. They were at the grand review 
 in Washington and were mustered out at Concord, June 9, 1865. 
 
 Some unknown artist in the use of easy words has given 
 a graphic sketch of the military history of this battery. A few 
 quotations may serve as a vivid picture of what war was before 
 the days of machine guns and high explosives. At Antietam 
 "passing through a small piece of woods we came out into an 
 open ploughed field. Here an awful sight met our gaze. In 
 the center of the field stood part of a caisson and parts of one 
 or two gun carriages belonging to a Massachusetts battery, 
 and the poor boys in blue who had worked their guns till there 
 were neither men to fire them nor horses to draw them off lay 
 around in the rough ploughed land all round their carriages 
 dead or dying. Not ten yards in front of where this battery had 
 stood was a rail fence, and behind that the rebels had marched 
 up their line of battle many times, for their dead actually lay 
 corded up behind that fence to such a degree that when we 
 were ordered to pass through we tore down the fence and at- 
 tempted to pass, but had to move away many dead bodies 
 before the horses could be made to go through. Horses will 
 never step upon a man's body if they can find room for their 
 
A HISTORY 
 
 49 
 
 feet without, but here they lay so thick that the restive animals 
 could not be forced through." 
 
 On another occasion "by means of trees and fence-posts the 
 writer was able to trace out the line of one shot made by the 
 battery during the fight. Starting from the known position of 
 his own gun and walking off in the line of fire, he first found 
 a dead rebel whose left shoulder and arm were gone. Six or 
 eight yards in the rear of him another poor fellow lay with a 
 large part of his body and thigh shot away ; and again, at an- 
 other six yards, lay a third, with the loss of a foot and half a 
 leg, — indicating at least one shot from the N. H. Battery had 
 done its fearful work in literal earnest." 
 
 An officer was shot in the rear of the battery and a sharp- 
 shooter was sent to fix the rebel who was shooting in that 
 direction. "I was much amused at his manner of going to work. 
 He took off his cap and putting it on his ramrod showed it 
 over the earthwork. Of course Johnnie Reb let go at it, thinking 
 to kill the careless man under it. His bullet struck into the 
 bank, and instantly our sharpshooter sprang over the bank and 
 run the ramrod down the hole make by the Johnnie's ball, then 
 lying on his back and sighting along the ramrod he instantly 
 perceived from the direction that his game was in the top of 
 a thick, bushy elm tree, about one hundred yards in front. It 
 was then the work of less than a second to aim his long tele- 
 scope rifle at that tree, and crack she went. Down tumbled 
 Mr. Johnnie like a great crow out of his nest and we had no 
 more trouble from that source." 
 
 Here is the way it looked at Cemetery Ridge, in the battle 
 of Gettysburg. "It was a dreadfully hot spot ; on the top of a 
 rise of ground not more than three hundred yards from the 
 enemy's line, which reached round us on three sides, they 
 could concentrate their fire upon our position, and the great 
 wonder is, as we look back upon it, that they did not knock 
 us all to pieces. The ground was strewn with broken carriages, 
 dead horses and dead and dying men, — poor fellows who had 
 faithfully served the guns of their own battery and were now 
 left to take their chances in the rear of our guns. And to 
 crown all and make the picture still more hideous, every few 
 minutes a shell from the enemy would come tearing through 
 the ground and knocking down the headstones would scatter 
 
50 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 the broken stone, the sand, earth, and bones of the deceased 
 among- the living, adding stench, horror and sacrilege to the 
 rest of the awful scene." 
 
 Here is an illustration of ruse de guerre: "Gen. Howard 
 sent a staff officer with orders that all the batteries should load 
 their guns, leave three or four rounds of ammunition on the 
 ground close to the guns, and then the men were, upon a given 
 signal, to leave their guns and run back under cover of the 
 hill and the woods, so as to give the impression that we were 
 retreating. This was done, and the ruse worked charmingly. 
 Lee, supposing we were preparing to evacuate our position, sent 
 a heavy column across the plain to attack our left center. When 
 they had got fairly started our expected signal was given and 
 rushing back to our guns we gave them as warm a reception as 
 we could ; but when they still kept on, closing up the great gaps 
 in their column, and the order was shouted from battery to 
 battery, 'Load with canister,' then came a slaughter that was 
 terrific. Hundreds fell, and hundreds more, including Gen. 
 Archer's whole brigade, threw down their guns, and leaping 
 the low stone wall in front of our infantry line at the foot of 
 Cemetery Hill, they poured on through our lines as prisoners 
 of war, saying it was much safer and easier to come our way 
 than to attempt to pass back over that open field under such 
 a fire." 
 
 Troops then fought in the open, not sheltered in dugouts. 
 The artillery did its work at close range, not at a distance of 
 five, ten, or more miles. The charge after charge with the 
 bayonet was made by men shoulder to shoulder, not deployed 
 in Indian fashion. It was not an uncommon thing for a regi- 
 ment to lose half or more of its men in a few hours, sometimes 
 in twenty minutes. Is war growing more deadly, or has mili- 
 tary science lessened the slaughter? 
 
 In April, 1863, a company of Heavy Artillery was raised 
 to garrison Fort Constitution, in Portsmouth harbor, and 
 Charles H. Long was its Captain, who had been Lieutenant- 
 Colonel of the seventeenth. In August of the same year another 
 company was raised to garrison Fort McClary, in Kittery, com- 
 manded by Captain Ira McL. Barton, formerly a Captain in the 
 fifth regiment. These companies remained at their posts till 
 May, 1864, building meanwhile barracks and a hospital. Then 
 
A HISTORY 51 
 
 they went to Washington and were assigned for duty in the 
 defense of that city. In the latter part of 1864 Captain Barton 
 returned to New Hampshire and raised four more companies, 
 and recruits offered themselves in such numbers that soon there 
 was a whole regiment of Heavy Artillery, consisting of eleven 
 companies. Captain Long was commissioned Colonel, and Cap- 
 tain Barton Lieutenant-Colonel. The remainder of the Light 
 Battery formed the twelfth company, though it acted somewhat 
 independently of this regiment, which only did guard duty in 
 forts and was not engaged in any battles. The end of the re- 
 bellion was drawing nigh. The Heavy Artillery was mustered 
 out June 15, 1865, and arrived at Concord four days later. 
 
 New Hampshire furnished three companies of Sharpshoot- 
 ers, which formed part of Colonel Berdan's First and Second 
 Regiments of United States Sharpshooters and continued in 
 service throughout the war. Company E took part in thirty 
 battles and skirmishes, including most of those fought in Vir- 
 ginia and Pennsylvania. It was commanded by Captain Amos 
 B. Jones, who was promoted to Major of the Second United 
 States Sharpshooters. It was afterwards commanded by Cap- 
 tain William P. Austin, who was discharged on account of 
 wounds. May 16, 1863, and by Captain William G. Andrews, 
 who was also wounded but remained to be mustered out with 
 his company. Both enlisted as lieutenants. Companies F and 
 G contained ninety-five men and three officers each and entered 
 service in November and December, 1861. Company F was 
 commanded by Captain Henry M. Caldwell of Dunbarton, who 
 died July 12, 1862; by Edward T. Rowell of Concord, who was 
 promoted to Major, July i, 1864; by Samuel F. Murray of 
 Auburn, who was honorably discharged December 29, 1864; 
 and by Asel B. Griggs of Orford, who was transferred to Com- 
 pany K Fifth New Hampshire Volunteers, December 23, 1864. 
 Company G was commanded by Captain William D. McPherson 
 of Concord and Captain Howard P. Smith of Hudson. These 
 companies served in all the principal engagements of the army 
 of the Potomac, including Bull Run, South Mountain, Antietam, 
 Fredericksburg and the battles of the Wilderness. Some were 
 mustered out in November and December, 1864, but the major- 
 ity re-enlisted and were consolidated into Company K of the 
 Fifth New Hampshire Volunteers. All these sharpshooters 
 
52 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 rendered good service as skirmishers, on picket duty, and in 
 battle, and are credited with having killed, disabled, and cap- 
 tured more rebels than any other arm of the United States 
 service, a distinction that sets the thoughtful questioning. It 
 is sad that anyone's chief duty should be to shoot as many of 
 the enemy as possible, but when a righteous war demands it, 
 the duty must be fulfilled. 
 
 New Hampshire furnished the Second Brigade Band of the 
 Tenth Army Corps. It contained at different times twenty- 
 three musicians and was led by Gustavus W. Ingalls as Band 
 Master. It served as a post band at Hilton Head, South Caro- 
 lina. It was organized February lo, 1863, and remained in serv- 
 ice till July 4, 1864. It played inside Fort Sumter and in 
 Charleston after the evacuation. 
 
 A few other organizations did garrison duty. The Strafford 
 Guards, of the State Militia, were mustered into United States 
 service for sixty days, to guard Fort Constitution at New Cas- 
 tle. This company was commanded by Captain Israel B. Little- 
 field of Dover. The National Guards, commanded by Captain 
 James O. Chandler of IManchester, rendered similar service at 
 the same place. There were about eighty in each company. 
 The Martin Guards, commanded by Captain George E. Hough- 
 ton of Manchester, served ninety days at Fort Constitution, 
 having about the same number of men. The Lafayette Artil- 
 lery, commanded by Captain John H. Tarbell of Lyndeborough 
 was composed of men largely from that and adjacent towns. 
 They did garrison duty at Fort Constitution for ninety days 
 in 1864. An unattached company of volunteers was stationed 
 at Fort Constitution in 1862, many of whom were transferred 
 to Company E of the Ninth New Hampshire regiment. 
 
 A company of Dartmouth Cavalry was organized toward 
 the end of the war, composed of thirty-five students from Dart- 
 mouth, twenty-three from Norwich University, four each from 
 Bowdoin and L"''nion colleges, while Williams and Amherst con- 
 tributed one each, and twenty-seven were non-college men. The 
 governors of New Hampshire and Massachusetts refused to 
 accept the company, but Governor Sprague of Rhode Island 
 accepted their ofifer, and they did duty in the army of the 
 Potomac, for three months, the time for which they enlisted. 
 
 In the United States Marine Corps were 366 men from New 
 
A HISTORY 
 
 53 
 
 Hampshire. The State also had 2122 men enrolled in the regi- 
 ments of other States. The United States Navy had 3160 men 
 from the Granite State, of whom 300 were officers. Of the 
 men in the navy one hundred and twenty went from Dover and 
 two hundred and forty-eight from Portsmouth. 
 
 The total of soldiers in New Hampshire organizations was 
 32,486, of whom 1,934 were killed or died of wounds. The 
 total deaths from battle and disease were 4840. There died in 
 rebel prisons 242. The deserters numbered 4,260, most of whom 
 had been paid big bounties as substitutes, and many of whom 
 found protracted residence in Canada, whence some of them 
 had come. Two hundred deserters voluntarily returned or 
 were captured, and thirteen were executed for desertion, with- 
 out any apparent effect upon the remainder. The aggregate of 
 all men accredited to New Hampshire in army and navy and 
 State organizations that saw service was 38,943, or more than 
 one out of ten of its population at that time. 
 
Chapter IV 
 
 NATIVE SONS OF NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 IN THE CIVIL WAR 
 
Chapter IV 
 
 NATIVE SONS OF NEW HAMPSHIRE IN THE CIVIL 
 
 WAR 
 
 Gen. Benjamin F. Butler — Gen. Christopher C. Andrews — Gen. John G. 
 Foster — Gen Fitz-John Porter — Gen. John B. Sanborn — Gen. John D. 
 Webster — Col. Franklin F. Flint — Gen. Everell F. Button — Gen. Benja- 
 min F. Kelley — Col. Edward E. Cross — Col. Fletcher Webster — Col. 
 Thornton F. Brodhead — Gen. Byron McCutcheon — Major Edgar A. 
 Kimball — Gen. Reuben D. Mussey — Major Henry L. Patten — Col. Jesse 
 H. Gove— Col. Charles E. Blunt — Gen. Richard N. Batchelder — Gen. 
 George W. Gile— Commander Tunis A. M. Craven — Rear Admiral 
 George E. Belknap — Rear Admiral George H. Wadleigh — Commodore 
 John G. Walker — Commodore George H. Perkins — Rear Admiral Enoch 
 G. Parrott — Capt. James S. Thornton — Commodore Charles W. Picker- 
 ing — Surgeon John M. Brown — Surgeon Luther V. Bell — Surgeon 
 Alpheus B. Crosby — Surgeon George F. French. 
 
 IN addition to the numbers mentioned in previous chapters 
 many sons of the Granite State, scattered throughout the 
 northern States, enlisted in other regiments. Some of them 
 rose to prominence. Here can be sketched briefly only a few 
 who rendered distinguished service. 
 
 General Benjamin Franklin Butler made his national repu- 
 tation as a military commander rather than as a lawyer and 
 politician, though in the courts of law he was keen, aggressive 
 and successful, and the State of Massachusetts had to reckon 
 with him in politics for many years. He was born in Deerficld, 
 November 5, 1818. His father died when he was quite young, 
 and his mother with her two children moved to Lowell, Mass. 
 Here he fitted for college and entered Waterville, now Colby 
 College, Maine, graduating in 1838. The practice of law was 
 exactly suited to his natural abilities, and an office at Lowell 
 and another at Boston, with a partner in each, kept him and 
 them busy. In politics he ranked with the Democrats till the 
 firing upon Fort Sumter. He was a member of the national 
 Democratic convention at Charleston, South Carolina, which 
 could not agree on a presidential candidate after fifty-seven 
 
 57 
 
58 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 ballotings. A portion withdrew and at Baltimore nominated 
 Stephen A. Douglas for President of the United States, and Mr. 
 Butler was a member of that convention. At the beginning of 
 the Civil War he was acting as brigadier-general of militia in 
 Massachusetts and in that ofifice was sent by Governor Andrews 
 to Baltimore with troops. The city was kept quiet. Then he 
 was moved on to Fortress Munroe as a Major General. His 
 refusal to return negroes to their southern masters because they 
 were "contraband of war" made him and the phrase famous 
 throughout the North. The expedition to Hatteras Inlet was 
 commanded by him, in which Forts Hatteras and Clarke were 
 captured. Later he was sent to New Orleans as commander of 
 the fifteen thousand men that constituted the land forces. As 
 governor of that city he was firm, stern, and in southern esti- 
 mation atrocious. Jefferson Davis proclaimed him an outlaw. 
 This was because he would not tolerate insults offered to 
 northern soldiers by women of New Orleans and issued an 
 order concerning them that was threatening and might well 
 be considered insulting in turn. Here cotton was contraband 
 of war, and the merchants were incensed because they were 
 not allowed to ship cotton bales to England. It is said that 
 they offered him increasing sums of money for such a privilege, 
 till at last he ordered them out of his presence, because they 
 were getting too near his price. But with som^e faults perhaps 
 he seemed to be the man for his place, for New Orleans then 
 needed a firm and determined governor. Later he conducted 
 the unsuccessful expedition against Fort Fisher. After the 
 war he was elected a member of Congress from Massachusetts 
 as a Republican and sought to be the candidate of that party for 
 the governorship of the State. In this he failed, but finally the 
 Democrats seated him in the gubernatorial chair, in 1882, and 
 again he made himself admired and hated for inv'estigating and 
 reforming the eleemosynary institutions of Massachusetts. He 
 died in Washington, D. C, January 11, 1893. His loyalty and 
 ability never were questioned. Evildoers, North and South, 
 never had any friendship for him. He was an upholder of law 
 and order, and that is right, when the law is what it ought to 
 be. Otherwise, change it, — peaceably if you can, — forcibly if 
 you must. Constitutional law favored slavery in the South ; 
 the law had to be changed by force of arms. 
 
A HISTORY 
 
 59 
 
 Christopher Columbus Andrews was born in Hillsborough, 
 October 27, 1829. After studying at Francestown Academy and 
 teaching a district school he pursued the study of law at Har- 
 vard and was admitted to the bar in 1850. Boston was his 
 place of residence for a short time, whence he went to Kansas. 
 Then he served in the Treasury Department at Washington 
 and settled in the practice of law at St. Cloud, Minnesota, in 
 1857. He was correspondent for several Boston papers and 
 edited the Minnesota Union. When the Civil War began he 
 enlisted as Captain in the Third Minnesota regiment and was 
 advanced to the office of Colonel in 1863, being present at the 
 capture of Vicksburg and of Little Rock. In the following year 
 he was promoted to Brigadier-General, and March 9, 1865, was 
 brevetted Major-General. His command lay in Alabama and 
 in Texas. In 1869 he was appointed Minister to Norway and 
 Sweden, in which post he continued eight years and a half. In 
 1882 he was appointed by President Arthur Consul General to 
 Brazil and was recalled by President Cleveland in 1885. Later 
 he was chief forest-fire warden of Minnesota. He was author 
 of several military and legal works and contributed frequent 
 articles to periodicals. 
 
 Gen. John Gray Foster was born at Whitefield, May 27, 
 1823. He graduated at West Point in 1846 and served in the 
 Mexican War, being wounded severely at Molino del Rey and 
 brevetted Captain of Artillery at the close of the war. In 1854 
 he was appointed Assistant Professor of Engineering at West 
 Point. He had charge of the repairing of Fort Moultrie and 
 building of Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor and was second 
 in command at Fort Sumter when it was bombarded, April 14, 
 1861. For this service he was made brevet Major of Engineers 
 and Brigadier-General of Volunteers. He accompanied the 
 Burnside expedition into North Carolina, participated in the 
 battle of Roanoke Island and in the capture of Newbern, where 
 two thousand rebels were surrendered, with batteries and de- 
 fences. He was left in command of the Department of North 
 Carolina and defeated General Hill in his attack on Washington, 
 N. C, in April, 1863. He commanded a little later in the Depart- 
 ment of Ohio and then in the Department of the South. In 
 March, 1865, he was promoted Major of Engineers and brevet 
 Major-General in the regular army. He conducted important 
 
6o NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 submarine operation in Boston and Portsmouth harbors. His 
 professional abilities were manifest in whatever position he was 
 placed and his whole life was an honor to the place of his birth. 
 He died at Nashua, September 2, 1874. 
 
 Gen. Fitz-John Porter was born in Portsmouth, in 1822, 
 son of Captain John Porter of the United States Navy. He was 
 educated at Phillips Exeter Academy, and graduated at West 
 Point in 1845. He served throughout the Mexican War and 
 was brevetted Captain and Major for gallant and meritorious 
 conduct. After that war he was on duty at West Point as 
 Adjutant and Instructor till 1855. Then he became chief of 
 staff of General Johnston in the Utah campaign for suppression 
 of the Mormon rebellion. In the autumn of i860 he was at army 
 headquarters in New York City as Assistant Inspector-General. 
 He helped to organize the three months volunteers of Pennsyl- 
 vania, serving on the staff of General Patterson and later of 
 General Banks. He was promoted to be Colonel of the 15th 
 United States Infantry and Brigadier-General of volunteers in 
 1861. Later he commanded a division in the Peninsula cam- 
 paign. After the surrender of Yorktown he had command of 
 the Fifth Corps and was successful in several engagements, par- 
 ticularly at Gaines's Mill and Malvern Hill. This campaign 
 won him promotion to be Major General of volunteers and 
 Brevet Brigadier-General in the regular army. He served under 
 General Pope in the second battle of Bull Run and subsequently 
 under General George B. McClellan, commanding a corps of 
 twenty thousand men, which was held in reserve at the battle 
 of Antietam. On the 12th of November, 1862, he was relieved 
 of his command and was soon after placed under arrest for 
 trial by court-martial on charges made by General Pope. He 
 was charged with disobedience to orders at the battle of Bull 
 Run and for failure to co-operate. The court-martial found him 
 guilty of the charges preferred, and he was dismissed from the 
 service January 27, 1863, disqualified from ever holding any 
 office, civil or military. Then began an endeavor, lasting 
 through twenty-five years, to vindicate and reinstate him. The 
 board of examination of old and new evidences reported an 
 absolute vindication. General Grant expressed himself as fully 
 convinced that injustice had been done General Porter and that 
 it would have been better for the country and would have 
 
A HISTORY 6i 
 
 shortened the war, if Porter's advice and plans had been fol- 
 lowed. In 1886 Congress passed a bill, restoring his name to 
 the army rolls and he was placed upon the retired list, without 
 allowing him pay for the years lost. The attempt to make him 
 the scapegoat for the defeat of Pope's army was historically a 
 failure. General Porter was for many years one of the most 
 prominent citizens of New York City, a gentleman of culture, 
 a soldier of marked ability, a patriot of persistent type. An 
 equestrian statue of him adorns the city of his birth. 
 
 John Benjamin Sanborn was born in Epsom, December 5, 
 1826. He was educated at Dartmouth College, admitted to the 
 bar in 1854 and settled in St. Paul, Minnesota. He became 
 Adjutant-General of the State in 1858 and was Quartermaster- 
 General at the beginning of the Civil War, in which office he 
 equipped and sent to the front the first five regiments from 
 Minnesota, besides a regiment of cavalry and two batteries. In 
 1861 he was commissioned Colonel of the 4th Minnesota regi- 
 ment, and was promoted to be Brigadier-General of Volunteers. 
 He fought in the campaign under General Grant that led to the 
 fall of Vicksburg. Then he was made commander of the De- 
 partment of Southwest Missouri and defeated the rebel General 
 Price in several engagements. After the war he led a campaign 
 against the Indians and quieted them. He died in St. Paul, 
 Minn., May 16, 1904. 
 
 John Dana Webster w^as born at Hampton, August 25, 181 1, 
 and died in Chicago, 111., March 12, 1876. He was son of the 
 Rev. Josiah Webster of Hampton. After graduating at Dart- 
 mouth College in 1832 he read law and became a clerk in the 
 engineer and war offices in W^ashington. In 1838 he entered 
 the army as second lieutenant of topographical engineers, served 
 throughout the Mexican War and was promoted Lieutenant 
 and Captain. He resigned his commission in 1854 and entered 
 into business in Chicago. Offering himself for service when 
 the Rebellion broke out he was commissioned Colonel of the 
 First Illinois Artillery, and acting as chief of General Grant's 
 staff was present at the capture of Forts Henry and Donelson 
 and at the battle of Shiloh. He was detailed in October, 1862, 
 to make a survey of the Illinois and Michigan Canal. Again 
 he received a military commission, this time as Brigadier-Gen- 
 eral of volunteers, and was military governor of Memphis. Again 
 
62 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 he was General Grant's chief of staff in the Vicksburg campaign 
 and he held the same post under General Sherman from 1864 
 to the end of the war. He was brevetted Major-General of 
 Volunteers, March 13, 1865. Afterward he was assessor of 
 internal revenue for Chicago, 1869-72, assistant United States 
 Treasurer, and collector of revenue. 
 
 Franklin Foster Flint was born in Walpole, August 29, 
 2821. He graduated at West Point in 1841, and served in the 
 Florida War and on the western frontier, as Lieutenant and 
 Captain, taking part in the Utah campaign in 1858. In the 
 Rebellion he was Major in the i6th Infantry, in charge of mili- 
 tary posts and Inspector-General of the Department of Ohio. 
 He was promoted Lieutenant-Colonel in 1863 and had com- 
 mand of a regiment at Tallahassee, Florida, up to 1868, when 
 he was made Colonel of the 4th Infantry in command of posts 
 in Wyoming and Arkansas. He retired from service in i8b2 
 and died at Highland Park, Illinois, September 13, 1891. 
 
 Everell Fletcher Button was born in Sullivan county, N. H. 
 At the age of eight he moved with his parents to Sycamore, 
 Illinois. He enlisted as First Lieutenant in the 13th Illinois 
 Infantry and was afterwards Major in the 105th Illinois and 
 promoted to be Lieutenant-Colonel. At the end of the war he 
 was made Brigadier-General, by brevet, "for gallant and meri- 
 torious conduct." He later served as county clerk of the su- 
 preme court for the northern division of Illinois ; also as presi- 
 dent of the national bank in Sycamore, where he died June 8, 
 1900. 
 
 Gen. Benjamin F. Kelley was born in New Hampton, April 
 10, 1807. At the age of nineteen he settled in Wheeling, Vir- 
 ginia, and he raised the first Union regiment south of Mason 
 and Dixon's line. He also won the first battle fought, in which 
 he was severely wounded by a ball passing through his breast 
 and lung. This was at Philippi on the third of June, 1861, 
 after a night march of twenty-six miles. He was commissioned 
 Brigadier-General and did active service during the war in his 
 section of the country. At the end of the war he was brevetted 
 Major-General of volunteers. Afterwards he held the offices 
 in succession of collector of internal revenue and examiner of 
 pensions. In 1886 Congress by a special act gave him a pen- 
 sion of one hundred dollars a month, the motion being seconded 
 
A HISTORY 63 
 
 by several who had served in the rebel ranks, who spoke of 
 his manly and noble conduct. "General Kelley never struck a 
 foul blow and never failed to put forth his arm — and to put it 
 forth vigorously and promptly — for the protection of defense- 
 less non-combatants." He died in Oakland, Maryland, July, 
 1891. 
 
 Colonel Edward E. Cross won as much fame as any of the 
 men of New Hampshire who fell on the field of honor. He was 
 born in Lancaster, April 22, 1832, son of Hon. Ephraim Cross. 
 With a common school education he entered a printing office 
 at the age of fifteen and remained two years. Then he assisted 
 his father in steamboat-building in Canada and visited the prin- 
 cipal cities in the Dominion. At the age of twenty he went to 
 Cincinnati and was employed as reporter and local editor of the 
 "Times." For two sessions of Congress he was special cor- 
 respondent of that paper in Washington, and wrote letters for 
 the New York Herald and other papers. Some years were 
 spent in company with trappers and buflfalo hunters on the 
 western plains, and sketches of adventures and experiences were 
 contributed to the press. He also wrote sketches and poems 
 over the signature, "Richard Everett." While in Ohio he 
 stumped the State in favor of the American party. In 1858 he 
 started for Arizona with a mining company, taking along the 
 first steam engine and the first printing press that ever crossed 
 the Rock}^ Mountains. The Journey lasted six months and 
 over seventeen hundred miles were traversed. There were some 
 encounters with the Apaches and Mr. Cross had a bloodless 
 duel with an officer. He was sometimes called upon to preside 
 at lynch courts. He led expeditions against the Indians, and 
 during one of these the mining company, with which he was 
 connected, were massacred. Then he went over into Mexico 
 and held a lieutenant's commission in the Mexican Liberal 
 Army, and was given command of a large garrison in El Fuerto. 
 When he heard of the firing on Fort Sumter, he resigned his 
 office and came back to New Hampshire and offered his services 
 to Governor Berry. As its Colonel he organized "the fighting 
 fifth," and they fairly earned the name. Here is the way he 
 described their conduct at Antietam : 
 
 "My brave boys, knowing that all depended upon promptly checking 
 
64 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 the rebels, raised the wild Indian yell and poured an awful volley into their 
 ranks. Their center regiment was literally smashed to pieces, and before 
 they could rally their forces, several regiments hastened to my assistance. 
 Then came the most terrific fighting. I had been in seven battles before, 
 but they were nothing in comparison with Antietam. We shot down the 
 rebel color-bearers as fast as they could get up, killed their officers, broke 
 their ranks and piled them in heaps among the tall corn. I never felt 
 better in my life, and if the rebels didn't hear the Apache whoop that day 
 it was not my fault, for I yelled it until I was hoarse. My men fought 
 nobly, gloriously; never shrank. Not a man but the wounded and the dead 
 fell out. My officers also conducted themselves like heroes. As for myself 
 I was hit five times but not seriously injured." 
 
 At the battle of Fredericksburg Colonel Cross was twice 
 wounded by fragments of shells and lay four hours between the 
 lines, with bullets from both sides hissing about a foot above 
 him. He said that he laid himself out decently with his feet 
 to the foe and awaited death, which did not then come to him. 
 At Fair Oaks he commanded the brigade of General Howard, 
 after that officer had been disabled. He was in command of a 
 brigade at Gettysburg, when he was mortally wounded. A 
 minnie ball entered the abdomen and came out near the spine. 
 His last words were, "I did hope I would live to see peace and 
 our country restored. Thank Heaven, I have done my duty. I 
 think the boys will miss me. Oh! welcome death! Say fare- 
 well to all." He was buried at Lancaster with Masonic honors. 
 
 Col. Fletcher Webster, son of Senator Daniel Webster, was 
 born at Portsmouth, July 23, 1813, graduated at Harvard in 1833, 
 studied law, and was private secretary to his father, when the 
 latter was Secretary of State. He was secretary of legation in 
 China under Hon. Caleb Gushing in 1843, and a member of the 
 Massachusetts lower house in 1847. He held the office of sur- 
 veyor of the port of Boston from 1850 to 1861. When the call 
 to arms came, he said that his father had defended the Constitu- 
 tion and the Union, and he would do the same, though in a 
 different way. He was commissioned Colonel of the 12th Mass. 
 Regiment and was killed in the second battle of Bull Run, 
 August 30, 1862. 
 
 Col. Thornton Fleming Brodhead was born in what is now 
 Newfields, December 5, 1820, son of the Rev. John Brodhead, 
 who was a member of Congress at one time. He was educated 
 at Phillips Exeter Academy and studied law at Harvard, begin- 
 
A HISTORY 65 
 
 ning the practice of his profession at Detroit, Michigan. He 
 served as Adjutant throughout the Mexican War and was bre- 
 vetted Captain. He was wounded and captured while leading 
 a charge. Returning to Detroit he became a State senator and 
 postmaster. The First Michigan Cavalry was raised by him, 
 and he was commissioned its Colonel. He died of wounds 
 received in the first battle of Bull Run. 
 
 Byron McCutchcon was born in Pembroke, May 11, 1826, 
 son of Rev. James and Hannah (Tripp) McCutcheon. He 
 fitted for college at Pembroke Academy and at Ypsilanti, Mich., 
 and graduated at the University of Michigan in 1861. He was 
 commissioned Second Lieutenant of the 29th Michigan Infantry 
 and was promoted Captain, Major and Lieutenant-Colonel, 1862- 
 64. and brevetted Brigadier-General "for conspicuous gallantry." 
 Twice was he wounded at Spottsylvania Court House, and he 
 fought at Vicksburg, the Wilderness, Petersburg and a dozen 
 other battles. He graduated at the Law School of the Univer- 
 sity of Michigan in 1866 and practiced at Manistee and Grand 
 Rapids. He served as county attorney and regent of the uni- 
 versity and represented Michigan in the 48th, 49th and 50th 
 congresses. 
 
 Edgar Addison Kimball was born in Pembroke, June 3, 
 1822. He was educated at Norwich University and became a 
 printer and editor of the Spirit of the Age, at Woodstock, Ver- 
 mont. He was commissioned Captain in the 9th United States 
 Infantry in the Mexican War and was promoted Major. He 
 was the first to scale the walls of Chepultepec and seize the 
 Mexican colors. For some years he was connected with the 
 New York Herald. As Major of the 9th New York regiment 
 he lead a charge at Roanoke Island and was conspicuous for 
 bravery at Antietam and Fredericksburg. He was shot and 
 killed by Michael Corcoran, Colonel of a rival Zouave regiment, 
 the 69th New York, at Suffolk, Virginia, April 12, 1863. 
 
 Reuben Delavan Mussey, son of Dr. Reuben D. Mussey, 
 eminent surgeon and professor, was born at Hanover, May 30, 
 1833, and graduated at Dartmouth in 1854. He engaged in 
 newspaper work in Boston, Cincinnati and Washington. He 
 organized the Henry Clay Guards for the defense of the capital 
 and was commissioned Captain in the Federal Army. He or- 
 ganized colored troops, was appointed Colonel and was brevet- 
 
66 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 ted Brigadier-General at the end of the war. In 1866 he was 
 military secretary to President Johnson. He was admitted to 
 the bar and was Professor of Law in Howard University. 
 Marietta College gave him the degree of Doctor of Laws. Died 
 in Washington, D. C, May 29, 1892. 
 
 Henry Lyman Patten was born in Kingston, April, 1836. 
 Graduated at Harvard in 1858. Was a professor in Washing- 
 ton University, St. Louis. Entered Law School at Cambridge, 
 Mass. As an officer in the 20th Massachusetts regiment he 
 served through the Peninsula campaign, was wounded at Glen- 
 dale and again at Petersburg. Was promoted Major and had 
 command of his regiment. Again was wounded at Deep bot- 
 tom, a leg was amputated and he died soon after. 
 
 Col. Jesse H. Gove was born in Weare, in 1824, and was 
 educated at Norwich University. He served as a lieutenant in 
 the Mexican War, though sickness prevented him from action 
 in battle. Afterwards he made his home at Concord and took 
 much interest in the State militia. October 13, 1861, he was 
 commissioned colonel of the 22nd Massachusetts regiment and 
 was killed at the battle of Gaines's Mill, Va., while leading his 
 command. He was a soldier of approved valor and ability, 
 greatly esteemed by his regiment. His portrait adorns the 
 entrance hall of the State capitol at Concord. 
 
 Charles Edward Blunt was born in Portsmouth, February 
 I, 1823. He graduated at West Point in 1846. He rose 
 through the grades of Captain, Major, Lieutenant-Colonel to be 
 brevetted Colonel for meritorious service during the war. 
 After the war he was an officer on the Corps of Engineers and 
 had charge of river and harbor improvements and defenses, on 
 the St. Lawrence, Lake Ontario, in Portsmouth harbor, on 
 the coast of Maine, and of the survey of the Niagara Ship 
 Canal. He died July 10, 1892. 
 
 Gen. Richard N. Batchelder was born in Meredith, now 
 Laconia, July 27, 1832. He was educated in the common 
 schools of Manchester and was engaged with father in railroad 
 construction. Having an unusual talent for business he early 
 attained rank and the confidence of his community, being made 
 collector of the city of Manchester and a bank director. He 
 was also a member of the legislature two years. In 1861 he 
 was commissioned Quartermaster of the First New Hampshire 
 
A HISTORY 67 
 
 regiment and later became Chief Quartermaster of the Army 
 of the Potomac, with rank of Colonel. He was then thirty-one 
 years of age and had been promoted over several graduates of 
 West Point. He had charge of immense baggage trains, of 
 5000 wagons and 27,000 horses and mules, yet he handled them 
 all with the comprehensive grasp of a great military commander. 
 All the generals testified to his surpassing ability. He was 
 made Quartermaster-General of the army in 1890 and brevetted 
 at the close of the war Brigadier-General of Volunteers. He 
 died at Washingfton, D. C, January 4, 1901. 
 
 George W. Gile was born at Bethlehem, January 25, 1830. 
 He entered military service as lieutenant in the 22nd Pennsyl- 
 vania Infantry and rose steadily to the rank of Colonel. He 
 was brevetted Brigadier-General, May 6, 1865, "for energy and 
 good conduct in assisting to repel the attack on Fort Slocum, 
 D. C." He was thrice brevetted for gallant and meritorious 
 conduct, after the battles of Bull Run, South Mountain, and An- 
 tietam. At the last battle he was wounded while in command 
 of his regiment. He died February 26, 1896. 
 
 Of New Hampshire's more than three hundred officers in 
 the navy during the Civil War some arose to distinction. Tunis 
 A. M. Craven was born in Portsmouth, January ii, 1813. He 
 was a midshipman from 1829 to 1837. In 1841 he was a lieu- 
 tenant, assisting in the coast survey. He commanded the 
 Atrato expedition, to survey the isthmus of Darien, by way of 
 the Atrato river, for a ship canal. He commanded the Mohawk 
 when it was stationed off the coast of Cuba to intercept slavers 
 and captured a brig with five hundred negroes on board, whom 
 he sent back to Africa. For rescuing the crew of a Spanish 
 merchant vessel the Queen of Spain presented him with a gold 
 medal. In 1861 he was given command of the Tennessee and 
 for two months he blockaded the rebel privateer Sumter in 
 Gibraltar, till officers and crew abandoned her. At the battle 
 of Mobile Bay he had command of the monitor Tecumseh, which 
 was sunk by the explosion of a torpedo, and he went down with 
 his vessel by making way for the pilot to escape. 
 
 Rear Admiral George Eugene Belknap was born in New- 
 port, January 22, 1832. He entered the navy in 1847 ^"^ served 
 throughout the Civil War. Afterwards he made deep sea sound- 
 ings of great importance, in the Pacific ocean. He was pro- 
 
68 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 moted to be Commodore in 1885 and was superintendent of the 
 Naval Observatory at Washington. In 1886 he commanded the 
 Navy Yard at Mare Island, California. In 1889 he became Rear 
 Admiral and till 1892 commanded the Asiatic squadron. He 
 was retired because of age in 1894 and from that time till his 
 death was president of the Board of Commissioners of the 
 Massachusetts Nautical Training School. Dartmouth College 
 gave him the degree of Doctor of Laws. He was author of a 
 work on deep sea soundings. He died at Key W^st, Florida, 
 April 7, 1903. 
 
 Rear Admiral George Henry Wadleigh was born in Dover, 
 September 28, 1842. He graduated at the United States Naval 
 Academy in 1863 and immediately entered active service as 
 ensign, serving on the "Lackawanna." He was present at the 
 attack on Fort Powell, the battle of Mobile Bay and the sur- 
 render of Fort Morgan. He served on the "Richmond" in 1865. 
 As commander of the "Alliance" he was sent on a special cruise 
 in search of the "Jeannette" in the Arctic Ocean and reached a 
 point over eighty degrees north latitude. Then he was light- 
 house inspector and later had charge of the Navy Yard at 
 Boston. As commander of the "Minneapolis" in 1892-4 he 
 cruised off the coast of Asia Minor to protect American mis- 
 sionaries. Again he had charge of navy yards at Boston and 
 at League Island. He retired from the navy in 1902 and made 
 his residence in Dover. He is author of "Notable Events in 
 the History of Dover." 
 
 Commodore John Grimes Walker was born in Hillsborough, 
 March 20, 1835, nephew of Governor Grimes of Iowa. He en- 
 tered the Naval Academy in 1850 and was a lieutenant at the 
 beginning of the Civil War. He served at the taking of New 
 Orleans and Vicksburg and in almost all of the naval engage- 
 ments on the Mississippi river and its tributaries. He com- 
 manded the gunboat "Shawmut" at the capture of Wilmington, 
 North Carolina, in 1865. The following year he was made 
 assistant superintendent of the Naval Academy at Annapolis. 
 He was secretary of the light-house board for five years. In 
 1891 he was made a commodore and for eight years he acted 
 as chief of the bureau of navigation in the Navy Department at 
 Washington. He was president of the Nicaragua Canal Com- 
 mission and also of the Isthmian Canal Commission, to report 
 
Tn^/^^-^ 
 
A HISTORY 69 
 
 on all practicable routes for a canal across the isthmus. At one 
 time he had command of the North Atlantic squadron. He died 
 at York Beach, Maine, September 16, 1907. 
 
 Commodore George Hamilton Perkins was born in Hopkin- 
 ton, December 20, 1826, son of Judge Hamilton Perkins. He 
 graduated at the Naval Academy, Annapolis, in 1856 and was a 
 lieutenant at the outbreak of the war, having already served in 
 Central and South American waters and on the African coast. 
 His first exploit was as executive officers of the "Cayuga" in 
 Farragut's fleet, in passing Forts Jackson and St. Philip on the 
 lower Mississippi, which had seventy-five and fifty-five guns 
 respectively and were garrisoned by seven hundred men. Per- 
 kins' vessel was the first to pass amid a storm of shot and shell. 
 His ship was hit thirty-two times. He kept on and captured a 
 regiment of rebels on the river bank, releasing the officers on 
 parole. At batteries further up the river fourteen more hits 
 were received. Captain Bailey and Lieutenant Perkins were 
 ordered to go on shore and demand from the mayor the sur- 
 render of the city. They made their way unarmed through a 
 mob of hooting rebels, who demanded that the intruders should 
 be hanged. Two days later the forts below the city surrendered 
 and General Butler with 15,000 troops or more took possession 
 of New Orleans. Eleven rebel vessels had been sunk or cap- 
 tured in the fight on the river. 
 
 Perkins was a Lieutenant Commander in December, 1862, 
 and the following year had command of the "New London," 
 conveying powder and dispatches between New Orleans and 
 Baton Rouge. He ran the batteries at Port Hudson success- 
 fully five times, but was disabled in the sixth attempt. He had 
 command of the "Chickasaw" in the operations that led to the 
 surrender of Mobile, the reduction of Forts Gaines, Powell and 
 Morgan, and the capture of a rebel ironclad, the "Tennessee," 
 that received more pounding from the "Chickasaw" than from 
 all the rest of Farragut's fleet. In 1865-6 Perkins was superin- 
 tendent of ironclads at New Orleans. He was promoted to be 
 Commander in 1871 and for the next five years was ordnance 
 officer in Boston and light-house ins])ector. He commanded the 
 "Ashuelot" in the Asiatic squadron in 1879-81 and had charge 
 of the torpedo station at Newport in 1882. Then he was pro- 
 moted to be Captain and had command of the "Hartford" in the 
 
TO NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 Pacific squadron, 1885-6. He was placed on the retired list in 
 1891, after forty years of service in the navy. Congress by a 
 special bill made him a Commodore, without increase of pay, 
 May 9, 1896. 
 
 Commodore Perkins bought a large tract of land near Lake 
 Winnepocket, formerly "Long Pond," in the town of Webster, 
 and out of an old square farm-house made, by renovations and 
 additions, a beautiful summer resort. The wilderness was made 
 to blossom and produce hay and vegetables. He kept on buying 
 and improving farms till he had sixteen of them, containing 
 eighteen hundred acres. He had in all, in his last year, sixty 
 horses, one hundred and ten cattle and three hundred and fifty 
 sheep. History does not record that he made as much money 
 by farming as he did by serving in the navy. 
 
 Commodore Perkins died in Boston, October 28, 1899. His 
 bronze statue stands in the rear of the State House at Concord. 
 The inscription makes Admiral Farragut say that Commodore 
 Perkins was "the bravest man that ever trod the deck of a 
 ship." His biographer quotes Farragut as saying, "No braver 
 man ever trod a ship's deck." The last is nearer to the truth. 
 He was a very brave and able commander, and there have been 
 many others. 
 
 Rear Admiral Enoch Greenleaf Parrott was born in Ports- 
 mouth, December 10, 1814. He entered the navy in 1831 and was 
 commissioned Lieutenant in 1841. He accompanied General 
 Fremont in the expedition from Monterey to Los Angeles, 
 1846-48. He was promoted Commander in 1861 and with the 
 brig "Perry" captured the Confederate privateer, Savannah. In 
 command of the steamer "Augusta" he served under Dupont at 
 the capture of Port Royal. He was in command of the "Monad- 
 nock" in the attacks on Fort Fisher and at the surrender of 
 Charleston. In 1866 he was made Captain ; in 1870, Commo- 
 dore; in 1873, Rear Admiral. He was retired from the navy in 
 1874 and died in New York city. May 10, 1879. 
 
 Captain James Shepard Thornton was born at Merrimack, 
 February 25, 1827, a descendant of Hon. Matthew Thornton. 
 He entered the navy in 1840 and served in the Mexican War. 
 He was executive officer of Farragut's flagship, the "Hartford," 
 at the taking of New Orleans and Vicksburg. At the battle 
 of Mobile he commanded the "Winona" and sunk several Con- 
 
A HISTORY 
 
 71 
 
 federate vessels. He was executive officer on the "Kearsage," 
 when it sunk the rebel privateer "Alabama," off Cherbourg, 
 France, in 1864. Special trains ran from Paris to see the fight. 
 In 1866-67 he was stationed at the Navy Yard in Portsmouth 
 harbor; was made Commander in 1866, and Captain in 1872; 
 died at Germanton, Pa., May 14, 1875. 
 
 Charles Whipple Pickering was born at Portsmouth, De- 
 cember 23, 181 5, and died at St. Augustine, Florida, February 
 29, 1888. He was a midshipman in 1832 and lieutenant in 1838. 
 For a short time he had command of the "Kearsarge" and later 
 of the "Housatonic," when she was destroyed by a torpedo near 
 Charleston, S. C, February 17, 1865, at which time Lieutenant 
 Pickering was wounded. He was ordered to the Pacific navy 
 yard in 1865, made Commodore in 1867 and retired from the 
 service. 
 
 Of the many who served as surgeons in the army and navy 
 during the Civil War a few can be mentioned. John Mills 
 Brown was born in Hinsdale, May 10, 1831. He graduated at 
 the Medical School of Harvard in 1852 and was appointed 
 assistant surgeon of the United States Navy Yard the follow- 
 ing year, and served till 1855 at Mare Island, California, and 
 then on ships on the western coast. In 1861 he was commis- 
 sioned surgeon on the "Kearsage," and he wrote the account of 
 the fight with the "Alabama" for the Century Magazine. In 
 1865 he was ordered back to California and superintended the 
 building of the Naval Hospital at Mare Island, remaining in 
 charge there ten years. Being commissioned Medical Director 
 in 1878 he came East and the following year was appointed a 
 member of the board of visitors to the Naval Academy at 
 Annapolis. As naval representative to the International Med- 
 ical Congress he visited England, and about the same time 
 was made a member of the national board of health and had 
 charge of the United States Naval Museum of Hygiene. In 
 1884 he represented the United States at the International 
 Medical Congress at Copenhagen, and in 188S he became Sur- 
 geon-General and Chief of the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery. 
 He retired from service in 1893, having reached the time limit; 
 died December 7, 1894, and was buried in the national cemetery 
 at Arlington, Va. 
 
 Luther V. Bell, M.D., LL.D., was bom in Francestown, 
 
72 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 December 20, 1806, son of Governor Samuel Bell. Having prac- 
 ticed medicine six years at Derry, in 1836 he became superin- 
 tendent of the McLean Asylum for the Insane at Somerville, 
 Mass., and continued there many years. In 1856 he was the 
 candidate of the Whig party for governor of Massachusetts. 
 At the asylum for the insane he is said to have had the care 
 of 2696 patients, sixty per cent, of vi^hom recovered. He w^as 
 the author of several standard medical works. When the Civil 
 War broke out he offered his services and was appointed sur- 
 geon of the nth Massachusetts regiments. In August, 1861, 
 he was promoted to be brigade surgeon and died the eleventh 
 of the following February. He attained eminent rank in his 
 profession, was an ardent patriot and a kindly, sympathetic 
 helper of his fellow men. 
 
 Alpheus Benning Crosby was born in Gilmanton, Feb- 
 ruary 22, 1832, son of Prof. Dixi Crosby, who filled the chair 
 of surgery in Dartmouth Medical College. The son was fitted 
 for college at Hanover and graduated at Dartmouth in 1853. 
 Adopting the profession of his father he studied at Dartmouth 
 and the College of Physicians in New York, serving also as 
 interne in the United States Marine Hospital at Chelsea, Mass. 
 On receiving his degree as a physician he was appointed Dem- 
 onstrator of Pathological Anatomy in Dartmouth Medical Col- 
 lege and filled the ofifice five years. In 1861 he was appointed 
 surgeon in the First New Hampshire regiment and after three 
 months' service was commissioned brigade surgeon of United 
 States volunteers. Promoted to the rank of medical director 
 he served on the staffs, successively, of Generals Stone, Casey, 
 Sedgwick and Peck. At the end of his service in the army he 
 returned to his work at Hanover and by invitation added to his 
 labors the duties of the chair of surgery in the University of 
 Vermont and the University of Michigan. In 1870 he succeeded 
 his father in the chair of surgery at Dartmouth and delivered a 
 course of surgical lectures in the Medical Department of Bow- 
 doin College. In 1871 he was surgical professor in the Long 
 Island Medical College and the following year he accepted a 
 professorship in the Bellevue Hospital Medical College, New 
 York, which he retained till his death. Similar invitations to 
 other medical schools he was obliged to refuse. He wore him- 
 self out prematurely in his efforts to accomplish the largest good 
 
A HISTORY 
 
 73 
 
 possible and lectured to his class at Dartmouth forty-eight 
 hours before his death, which occurred August 8, 1877. He 
 was among the most eminent surgeons and teachers of sur- 
 gery that this country has produced, and the goodness of his 
 heart is attested by all who knew him. 
 
 Dr. George Franklin French was born in Dover, October 
 30, 1837. After fitting at Dover High School he graduated at 
 Harvard with degree of A. B. in 1859, ^^d had from the same 
 institution the degree of M. D. in 1862, and of A. M. in 1871. 
 As surgeon in the Union army he saw service at Alexandria, 
 Va., and on General Grant's staff at Vicksburg. Accompanying 
 Sherman's army in its march through Georgia to the sea he 
 established a field hospital at Rome, Ga., of 3500 beds, and at 
 Atlanta, of 5000 beds. He was surgeon-in-chief of the First 
 Division of the Fifteenth Army Corps, and at the close of the 
 war was brevetted Lieutenant-Colonel and offered a commission 
 in the regular army, which he declined. Thereafter he prac- 
 ticed his profession in Portland, Maine, and Minneapolis, Minn., 
 serving in the latter city as professor in the Minneapolis Hos- 
 pital College, as president of the State Medical Examining 
 Board and as president also of the Minneapolis Academy of 
 Medicine. He died in Minneapolis, July 13, 1897. 
 
Chapter V 
 
 CIVIC AFFAIRS DURING THE 
 REBELLION 
 
chapter V 
 CIVIC AFFAIRS DURING THE REBELLION 
 
 United Demand of Unionists for the Abolition of Slavery— Peace Confer- 
 ence—Congress Throws a Sop to Cerberus — Gov. Nathaniel S. Berry- 
 Citation from His Message— Resolves of the Legislature— Sanitary 
 Commission and Christian Commission— Hov^r the Soldiers Voted— Gov. 
 Joseph A. Gilmore— A Higher Law then the Constitution— Population 
 of the State and Number of Representatives— Enlargement of the 
 State House— The State Debt— The Draft— National Cemetery at 
 Gettysburg— Case of Lieut. Andrew J. Edgerly— Case of Thomas Weir 
 — Ratification of Amendment to the United States Constitution— Elec- 
 tion of Lincoln and Johnson— New Hampshire Represented well. 
 
 * I ""HE election of 1861 was, to some extent, a test of loyalty. 
 A Life-long Democrats foimd it hard to change their minds 
 and still harder to change their votes. Therefore they called 
 themselves War-Democrats and for a time continued to vote 
 the ticket of good old Jefifersonian democracy, w^hatever that 
 might mean, while they acted with the Republicans in the en- 
 deavor to crush the rebellion. Gradually votes changed, and 
 the Republican party in the North kept growing stronger, while 
 the remaining Democrats were suspected at least of having 
 affiliations with the South. The minority in the State legisla- 
 ture talked as loudly as the Republicans about the preservation 
 of the Union, but they were equally strenuous to conserve 
 State rights and not meddle with the peculiar institutions of the 
 South. Gradually the Republican party came to adopt the 
 principles of the abolitionists and to demand the extinction of 
 slavery, first in the District of Columbia, then in the territories 
 and at last, by the Proclamation of Emancipation as a war 
 measure, throughout the whole country. But at the beginning of 
 the Civil War there was no plan for the uprooting of African 
 slavery on American soil. Public opinion grew to demand it, 
 and as a military measure it seemed wise and almost necessary. 
 Colored troops could not be utilized while slaves, and the pros- 
 pect of liberty made every negro a friend to the Union army, 
 wherever it went. First they became "contraband of war," as 
 
 77 
 
78 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 General Butler phrased the situation, and then "God's free- 
 men," as the poet Whittier sang; the chorus of voices grew in 
 numbers and loudness, like the voice of many waters, while 
 the freedmen thrumbed their banjos, like an innumerable com- 
 pany of "harpers harping with their harps." The year of jubilee 
 had come. 
 
 There was a Peace Conference to try to patch up an agree- 
 ment between the North and the South, which spent itself in 
 fruitless talk. The delegates from New Hampshire were Levi 
 Chamberlain, Asa Fowler and Amos Tuck, and the State al- 
 lowed three hundred dollars each to the first two and three 
 hundred and thirty-five dollars to the last for expenses. The 
 South, under the leadership of Jefferson Davis as Secretary of 
 War, had been getting ready for rebellion for years, and a 
 Peace Conference meant for them only a delay in order to pre- 
 pare more fully for the inevitable struggle. 
 
 The United States congress threw a sop to Cerberus, March 
 2, 1861, in the form of a joint resolution as a proposed amend- 
 ment to the Federal Constitution, as follows : 
 
 No amendment shall be made to the Constitution which shall authorize 
 or give to Congress the power to abolish or interfere within any State 
 with the domestic institutions thereof, including that of persons held to 
 labor or service by the laws of said State. 
 
 This was meant as a pledge to the Southern States, that 
 slavery should not be hindered within their borders, if they 
 would not secede. The offer was not sufficient ; they wanted 
 also the privilege to carry with them their slaves wherever they 
 wished to go, and to have their runaways arrested and sent back 
 to them. Whittier voiced the indignation of the North : 
 
 "Thank God, not yet so vilely can Massachusetts bow." 
 
 The House of Representatives of New Hampshire ratified 
 the proposed amendment and sent it to the Senate, where it 
 was postponed and never came up for further consideration. 
 
 In the election of 1861 Nathaniel S. Berry was chosen gov- 
 ernor by 35,467 votes. The opposing candidate was Gen. 
 George Stark, who received 31,452 votes. Governor Berry was 
 a man of the people, a friend of human liberty, as a Methodist 
 class-leader naturally would be. He had been a candidate while 
 
A HISTORY 79 
 
 the hosts of emancipation were growing, often victoriously 
 defeated. He was born at Bath, Maine, September i, 1796. The 
 death of his father left the family penniless, and at the age of 
 nine years Nathaniel was chore boy in a tavern. His mother 
 married Benjamin Morse, and the family moved to Lisbon, N. H., 
 where Nathaniel was apprenticed to a tanner. At the age of 
 twenty-one he removed to Bristol, to take charge of a tannery 
 at a salary of two hundred dollars per annum. In 1820 he be- 
 gan the manufacture of leather, and in 1826 introduced into the 
 State the process of tanning with hot liquids. The business was 
 removed to Hebron in 1840 and there continued till 1857, when 
 his tannery was burned. He was affiliated with the Democratic 
 party till 1840, when he helped to organize the Free-Soil party 
 and was its first candidate for governor. Five times he served 
 as a member of the lower House and twice as State senator. 
 He was made judge of the court of common pleas in 1841, and 
 judge of probate in 1856. After serving two years as governor 
 he made his home at Andover, Mass., 1864-78, and then for five 
 years he lived at Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Then he returned to 
 Bristol, New Hampshire, to end his days there, April 27, 1894. 
 He was the War Governor of New Hampshire. All the seven- 
 teen regiments, except the first, were organized and equipped 
 during his term of office. His messages and administration evince 
 business ability and complete loyalty. The integrity of his 
 character and his political principles brought him to the front 
 in the hour of the nation's greatest need. He was not a whit 
 behind the noted War Governors of other Northern States. He 
 was a class-leader for thirty years, delegate to the general con- 
 ference of the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1872 and organizer 
 of the first temperance society in the State, among men of his 
 own tannery. 
 
 In his inaugural Governor Berry characterized the seizure 
 of forts, arsenals, mints and public property as "high-handed acts 
 of treason" and asked the legislature to appropriate one million 
 dollars to aid in suppressing the rebellion. At this time for- 
 tunately the debt of the State was small, only about thirty thou- 
 sand dollars. He cautioned the legislature against "external 
 mercenary efforts exerted in matters of legislation. This should 
 be everywhere guarded against, and especially the corrupting 
 influence of men habitually frequenting the sessions of our legis- 
 
8o NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 lature, tendering their brokerage assistance in the disposal of 
 offices, and directing in matters of government. The tolerance 
 in any way of such men or such influences about our public con- 
 cerns is certain to be productive only of injury and mischief." 
 Yet the lobbyists, it is said, continue to beset the legislators of 
 State and nation down to the present day, sometimes as the 
 corruption agents of great corporations, sometimes to extort 
 graft from the corporations themselves. The brewers and dis- 
 tillers make it necessary that all manner of reform leagues 
 should also have agents on hand to influence legislation. The 
 greater battles of civilization are here fought. The forces of 
 evil have the "sinews of war" ; the friends of righteousness and 
 the moral reformers wield the sword of truth and put on the 
 shield of faith. For them there is no money to gain and much 
 to lose. 
 
 While the governor's message bristled with patriotism and 
 all minds were aroused intensely by news from the battle front, 
 and the prospective burden of taxation was great, the legislature 
 made an appropriation this year to purchase the oil painting of 
 Daniel Webster that hangs in the representatives' hall. The 
 legislature voted three hundred dollars for this purpose, on con- 
 dition that two hundred dollars be given by private citizens in 
 New Hampshire and five hundred dollars more by natives of 
 New Hampshire living in Massachusetts. 
 
 In his second message, 1862, Governor Berry was able to 
 express his joy that the curse of slavery had been removed from 
 the national capital, and his confident hope that it would soon 
 be prohibited in the territories. He voices the resolution of the 
 North saying, that "there can be but one result to the struggle 
 in which we are engaged — submission to the first principles of 
 government inaugurated and established by our fathers. The 
 inheritance we have received from them, we will transmit to our 
 posterity. Foreign thrones and dynasties may change, but the 
 institutions of Freedom, as established and administered here 
 by WASHINGTON and those of his successors who have been 
 actuated by a like spirit, were designed for all time. Whatever 
 in them was perishable or temporary, owing to the ill-judged 
 wrongs of the mother country, time, they felt assured, would 
 heal, and ultimately relieve us from them. It was designed that 
 this country should expand in the spirit of liberty; that this 
 
A HISTORY 8i 
 
 spirit should grow with its growth and strengthen with its 
 strength, and everything alien to it should die out and grad- 
 ually pass away, overshadowed and controlled by the great 
 power of freedom, of which our flag was to be the chosen sym- 
 bol, wherever it might wave. A base, rebellious spirit has, how- 
 ever, attempted to revierse this order of things and make an 
 institution national, fundamental and permanent, which was 
 originally only sectional, exceptional and temporary. This bane, 
 which once extended largely over the whole Union, it was sup- 
 posed the increase of just sentiments of moral and religious 
 obligation would gradually limit and terminate. The progress 
 of the age and regard to the true honor and permanent pros- 
 perity of the nation demand this result. Higher motives than 
 these demand it. We may well tremble in view of this national 
 sin, when, like Jefferson, "we reflect that God is just." The 
 people of this country have determined that this alarming evil 
 shall not pass beyond the original bounds prescribed to it ; that 
 it shall not master, control, and turn to its own selfish purposes 
 the constitution and government of the country. They have 
 determined to crush back the hydra to his den, and let it die 
 out as our fathers designed it should die, under the progress of 
 enlightened wisdom and that philanthropy and charity which, 
 in its destined march, is to bring good will to all men. The 
 fearful lesson we have had in the conflict with slavery ; its dis- 
 asters to all its promoters ; its evident weakness in its death- 
 struggle with freedom — all portend a change in the estimation 
 in which this great evil will be hereafter held, and foretell, in 
 legible characters, written in view of all the nations, that its 
 days are numbered." Thus the war to maintain the Union soon 
 came to be also a war to free four millions of slaves and abolish 
 forever slavery in this free land. One year of fighting had made 
 such an utterance possible from the governor of a northern State. 
 The war had taken on a new phase. 
 
 The Republican majority in the legislature were of the 
 same opinion and spirit as the governor and on the nineteenth 
 of June, 1862, introduced the following resolutions : 
 
 I. That it is with profound satisfaction that the people of New Hamp- 
 shire are relieved (by the action of Congress abolishing slavery in the 
 District of Columbia and the Territories) from all responsibility for the 
 existence of the barbarous system of human slavery, as practiced in the 
 
82 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 presence of foreign ministers in the capital of the nation, which now, 
 by the action of the national administration, is consecrated to human 
 freedom. 
 
 2. That those great measures of national beneficence, the homestead 
 act and the Pacific railroad act, binding together the widely extended 
 material interests of a great nation, and thereby developing the national 
 resources and prompting the national happiness, meet our hearty approval. 
 
 3. That the proposition of the President, adopted by Congress, granting 
 material aid to such States as shall take measures for the abolishment of 
 slavery was imperatively demanded by the necessities of the country, and 
 has placed our government actively in harmony with the civilizing tendencies 
 of the age. 
 
 4. That New Hampshire will respond with alacrity to the call of the 
 government for all the troops necessary to suppress this most iniquitous 
 rebellion, and maintain at all hazards the integrity of the Union and the 
 Constitution. 
 
 5. That the time has now come when the blood and treasure which 
 have been sacrificed in subduing this wicked rebellion demand that the 
 property of wilful rebels, alienated by their treason, should be summarily 
 confiscated and used in such manner as shall aflford some indemnity for 
 the past and security for the future. 
 
 6. That those measures rendered imperative by the exigencies and 
 necessities of a war for the salvation of the nation, the Constitution and 
 all the rights secured by it, are equally constitutional with those measures 
 adopted in accordance with the provisions of that instrument in time of 
 peace. 
 
 7. That we recognize slavery as the principal cause of the rebellion 
 and the war which has been fixed upon us; that every fact in its inception 
 and prosecution shows a long-planned, deep-laid scheme to perpetuate 
 slavery and render subservient to it all the interests of freedom; that 
 wherever slavery has strength, there is incessant treason and implacable, 
 insidious hostility to the Government; that wherever slavery has no 
 strength, there is abiding loyalty and unyielding, generous and enthusiastic 
 support of the Government; that the Government having exhausted those 
 efforts and measures of conciliation which would have satisfied a mistaken 
 and excited people, not in deadly hostility to it, it now becomes the duty 
 of that Government (if this rebellion shall not immediately cease from 
 destroying its peace and prosperity and threatening the very existence of 
 the nation), by the use of the war power— a power placed in the hands 
 of the Government by slavery, through treason, rebellion and war upon 
 it—to end both the rebellion and the war by removing the cause. 
 
 8. That we will heartily support any measure, and cheerfully bear 
 any amount of taxation which may be necessary to compensate loyal men 
 for all slaves liberated in accordance with the recommendation of the 
 President through Congress, and for all taken by the necessities of war in 
 suppressing the rebellion. 
 
 9. That copies of these resolutions be sent to the President of the 
 
A HISTORY 83 
 
 United States, the Governor of each State, and to our Senators and Repre- 
 sentatives in Congress. 
 
 Later in the session the committee on National Affairs, to 
 whom were referred certain portions of the governor's mes- 
 sage, brought in a majority report that was substantially in 
 accord with the above resolutions and indeed embodied some of 
 them in almost the same words. A minority report also was 
 offered, supporting and praising the army and navy for what 
 they had done in trying to break up rebellion and secession and 
 preserve the Union, but also reaffirming the old Democratic 
 position that nobody, neither President, Congress, nor other 
 States, had any right to regulate nor interfere with the domestic 
 institutions of a sovereign and independent State. All such 
 legislation was an unwarranted interference with the rights of 
 States, which rights would remain intact as soon as the rebel- 
 lion ceased, which indeed had not been forfeited by rebellion. 
 The thought of the minority report was that the seceding 
 States should truly be flogged for their wicked secession and 
 that they should be compelled to remain in the Union, or return 
 to it, with all the rights they ever had, with the provoking cause 
 of the war remaining as before, with slavery at their own 
 sovereign disposal, with no confiscation of property except 
 through trial by jury. They affirmed that the abolitionists were 
 in theory as much at fault as the secessionists, and that their 
 schemes for confiscation, emancipation and similar unconstitu- 
 tional measures left little hope for the restoration of the Union. 
 In the debate the old arguments for State rights were rehearsed. 
 The logic of events seemed to have no weight with theorists. 
 The Democrats supported the minority report. Amendments 
 were offered and voted down. The Senate could not at first 
 agree with the House. A joint committee of conference, report- 
 ing through Senator William E. Chandler, finally offered the 
 following resolution, as a substitute for a portion of the resolu- 
 tions of the House, which was adopted. It is sufficiently pointed 
 and clear and was intended to make it easier for President Lin- 
 coln to issue the Proclamation of Emancipation. 
 
 That Congress has power, under the constitution, to confiscate the 
 property of traitors and rebels, and that such power should be resorted to, 
 wherever and to the extent which the safety of the country, the government 
 
84 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 and the constitution may demand ; that while we approve of the past policy 
 of the National Government, we fully believe that forbearance toward 
 willful traitors should cease, and that the President, as Commander-in-Chief 
 of the army, will be justified in exercising the power and emancipating the 
 slaves of those now in armed and persistent rebellion against the govern- 
 ment as a military necessity, and that Congress will be justified in providing 
 all lawful and constitutional means for the same purpose, to the end that 
 this fearful waste of life and property may cease, that some indemnity for 
 past losses may be obtained, and security given to the Union and the cause 
 of civil freedom for the future. 
 
 The needs of sick and disabled soldiers pressed upon north- 
 ern hearts. The Civil War created a new era in humanitarian- 
 ism. Two powerful orgfanizations were formed to alleviate suf- 
 fering and lessen the death roll. The United States Sanitary- 
 Commission, of which the Rev. Henry Whitney Bellows, Uni- 
 tarian minister of New York city, was the first and only presi- 
 dent, and the United States Christian Commission, which did 
 substantially similar work and added thereto some preaching and 
 distribution of tracts and Bibles, by their agents followed the 
 Union armies. It seems that the Evangelicals and the non- 
 Evangelicals were not able to work together under one organi- 
 zation in feeding the hungry, clothing the naked, and healing 
 the wounded. The Jews had no dealings with the Samaritans. 
 The work of the Red Cross societies now does about the same 
 work for all armies and in all cases of great human need, and 
 no denominational differences appear. Humanity has become 
 higher than creed. In 1862 New Hampshire voted two thou- 
 sand dollars to aid wounded and disabled soldiers to return 
 home. Hon. Larkin D. Mason of Washington, Colonel Frank 
 E. Howe of New York city, and Robert R. Carson of Phila- 
 delphia, were appointed agents to look after, provide and care 
 for the sick and wounded soldiers of New Hampshire, who were 
 in the hospitals of those cities or passing through them. These 
 made monthly reports to the Adjutant-General of the State. 
 The Commissions furnished medicines, clothing, ambulances, 
 field hospitals, trained nurses and delicacies. Women through- 
 out the State made bandages, lint, and garments. Collections 
 were taken ; fairs and sales were held to aid the soldiers. The 
 Sanitary Commission alone distributed $15,000,000 in supplies 
 and $5,000,000 in money. 
 
 The army called away many voters and the great majority 
 
A HISTORY 85 
 
 of them were Republicans. This was, doubtless, the reason why 
 a Republican legislature sought to find a way of utilizing the 
 votes of soldiers and the Democrats opposed any way of doing 
 so. At first it was proposed that they vote at home by proxy, 
 and that was "unconstitutional." On the first day of the ses- 
 sion of 1863 a soldiers' voting bill was introduced, and the 
 opinion of the justices was sought as to its constitutionality. 
 Their opinion was signed by Samuel D. Bell, Chief Justice, and 
 Henry A. Bellows, George W. Nesmith and William H. Bart- 
 lett. Associates, that the bill permitting soldiers to vote in places 
 other than those pointed out in the Constitution of New Hamp- 
 shire "in its most prominent feature is in conflict with the pro- 
 vision and spirit of our Constitution." The bill was a general 
 one, and no distinction was made between the election of State 
 officers and the election of repreesntatives to Congress and 
 presidential electors. Nobody then noticed the distinction, but 
 shortly afterwards the Supreme Court of Vermont declared the 
 soldiers' voting bill in that State to be constitutional ; since the 
 Federal constitution was silent as to the place of voting for 
 electors and representatives to Congress, the legislature of the 
 State could provide that they should be voted for outside of the 
 State. This furnished a precedent for a subsequent decision of 
 the Supreme Court of New Hampshire. The whole matter was 
 referred to the legislature of 1864. 
 
 Meanwhile Governor Gilmore used his influence to get as 
 many men at the front as possible released on furlough, that 
 they might come home and vote at the State elections, and in 
 the winter of 1864 especially three hundred and ninety soldiers 
 of New Hampshire had free transportation given them home 
 and return. Only about two-thirds of them arrived home 
 in time to vote, the others being detained by a washout on 
 the Boston and Maine Railroad, near Newmarket. The sol- 
 diers were allowed to carry side arms and they were to wear 
 them on all occasions, as though on uninterrupted military duty. 
 This was in consequence of threats that they would not be 
 allowed to vote. The writer remembers well that in his native 
 town in Maine every possible trig was put in the way of the 
 returned soldier's voting, by Democratic officials. One sol- 
 dier's vote was challenged on the assertion that he was a 
 pauper, and he disproved it by showing a roll of greenbacks 
 
86 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 worth three hundred dollars. After much delay he v/as allowed 
 to vote. 
 
 In the legislature of 1864 a new bill was presented, per- 
 mitting soldiers in the field to vote for presidential electors and 
 representatives to Congress. This, too, was opposed as "un- 
 constitutional," and the opinion of the Justices was sought 
 They rendered a decision and later elaborate reasons therefor, 
 referring especially to the action of the Supreme Court of Ver- 
 mont. They affirmed that there was nothing in the bill per- 
 mitting soldiers to vote at the front that was contrary to the 
 Constitution of the State; that it was an ancient practice that 
 proprietors of granted towns often held legal meetings outside 
 of those towns; and that other States had permitted their 
 soldiers to vote, while they were at the front. But Governor 
 Gilmore wanted an amendment to the State Constitution and 
 was disposed to veto the bill passed by the legislature. After 
 the lapse of five days the bill would become a law without his 
 signature. He delayed a reply till the last moment and then 
 sent his veto in an irregular manner. There was in the House 
 quite a brilliant display of parliamentary tactics to prevent the 
 reading of the governor's veto till the fatal hour had flown. 
 The excitement was great, and there were shouts of "Revolu- 
 tion." The obstructionists prevailed and the bill was declared 
 lawful by the Justices of New Hampshire. Whether the gov- 
 ernor purposely delayed his veto does not appear, but it is 
 quite evident that the Republican majority purposely prevented 
 its being read in time, though every member of the House knew 
 that the veto was before them on the table. 
 
 It is only another illustration that constitutions and laws 
 must not stand in the way of the people's conviction concern- 
 ing what is right and good. The Constitution must not be 
 made a shibboleth of unprogressiveness, above plain human 
 rights. The war made necessary an enlarged interpretation of 
 the Constitution to suit extraordinary and unforeseen exigen- 
 cies. Sympathizers with slavery and southern rights kept 
 appealing to the letter of an ancient law, like political pharisees. 
 It is interesting to know the result of the balloting in the 
 field at the presidential election of 1864. Lincoln had 2066 votes, 
 and McLellan had 690. The three Republican congressmen, 
 Marston, Rollins and Patterson, had 2053 votes and the three 
 
A HISTORY 87 
 
 Democratic opponents, Marcy, Clark and Bingham, had 157 
 votes, or together 535 votes less than the McLellan electors. 
 This may mean the popularity of "Little Mac" with many of 
 the soldiers, or the unpopularity of Democratic candidates for 
 Congress.^ 
 
 In the election of 1863 there was no choice of governor. 
 The Democratic candidate, Ira A. Eastman, had 32,833 votes; 
 Joseph A. Gilmore had 29,035, and Walter Harriman had 4,372. 
 The legislature decided the contest in favor of Joseph A. Gil- 
 more by 192 votes, while Ira A. Eastman had 133, and Walter 
 Harriman had one. This plurality of Democratic votes in the 
 State alarmed the Republicans and led to the act permitting 
 the soldiers to vote. The reverses to the Union army were 
 causing some measure of temporary discouragement, and many 
 were calling for peace by compromise. 
 
 Governor Gilmore was born in Weston, Vermont, June 10, 
 181 1. In early manhood he settled in Concord and was one of 
 the leading business men, becoming superintendent of the Con- 
 cord railroad. He was a member of the State senate in 1858 and 
 1859. His messages show him to have been an ardent patriot 
 and a man of energy, bold enough to do things that provoked 
 criticism from his political opponents. He died in Concord, 
 April 27, 1867. His re-election in 1864 was by 37,006 votes, a 
 majority of 5,666 over his opponent, Edward W. Harrington. 
 
 Governor Gilmore's inaugural message states that the de- 
 posits in the savings banks had increased by nearly a million 
 dollars during the preceding year. One reason of this was that 
 the soldiers in the field had allotted a portion of their wages to 
 their families at home, and such remittances amounted to $867,- 
 613. Moreover, manufactures were stimulated by the war, and 
 wages were higher. The patriotism of the governor shines out 
 in such utterances as, "New Hampshire will be the last State 
 to betray the cause for which they are offering up their lives." 
 "They will never submit to an ignominious peace, or a dis- 
 honorable surrender of our liberties. They will rejoice that the 
 folly and treason of those who have conspired against our na- 
 tional existence have already dealt a death blow to that 
 accursed system of human bondage which has so long disgraced 
 
 1 Voting in the Field, by Josiah H. Benton, 191 5, pp. 204-222. 
 
88 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 our country and the age. They will sanction the use of every 
 constitutional means which experience has shown to be neces- 
 sary for the vigorous prosecution of the war. They will stand 
 up boldly and manfully to the contest, till victory crowns the 
 efforts of our brave soldiers, and an unconditional restoration of 
 the Union rewards their sacrifices." 
 
 The committee on National Affairs, to whom were referred 
 parts of the governor's message, brought in a majority report, 
 headed by Daniel M. Christie of Dover, one of the ablest law- 
 yers of the State, a man of wide influence and power. They 
 said, in emphatic terms, that no peace could be negotiated with 
 traitors and rebels in arms ; that no proposition could be enter- 
 tained that had for its object the dissolution of the Union; 
 that the war must be prosecuted till victory crowned the efforts 
 of the Union army; that the federal constitution gave to the 
 Government all the powers necessary to suppress rebellion ; and 
 that traitors in arms could not plead their rights under the 
 constitution. To this the minority, led as usual by Harry Bing- 
 ham, replied that no plea of military necessity could justify any 
 violation of the sacred constitution ; that a solemn protest should 
 be made against the President's Emancipation Proclamation, 
 "holding the same to be unwise, unconstitutional and void"' ; 
 that no compensation should be paid out of the United States 
 treasury to free slaves in any States, since this would be "bur- 
 densome upon the people, unjust in its very nature, and wholly 
 without warrant of the Constitution." Thus the opposing 
 political parties, by their leaders, kept appealing endlessly to 
 the same constitution for support of their wishes, just as con- 
 flicting denominations among Christians keep appealing to the 
 letter of the same Bible to support favored tenets. With suf- 
 ficient skill both Constitution and Bible can be interpreted in 
 such a way as to suit almost anybody. Then the appeal will 
 have to be made to something, or somebody, higher than either 
 Constitution or Bible. Where is the seat of authority in poli- 
 tics as well as in religion? Is the free untrammeled voice of 
 the people the voice of God? Is the consensus of the wisest 
 and best the highest law? The rule of a thoroughly good and 
 wise aristocracy, yes, of an unlimited ideal monarch, might be 
 excellent, if such could be always found and placed in the seat 
 of authority. A few men made our constitutions; a few jurists 
 
A HISTORY 89 
 
 have interpreted them ; in time of national stress the people 
 arise and say what ought to be and shall be, and constitution- 
 alists have to yield and seek a demanded interpretation, else 
 there is a revolution. The rebellion had to be crushed, if the 
 Constitution and the heavens should fall. Human slavery must 
 cease in this free land, if all civil enactments are thereby broken. 
 The w^ar failed to open the eyes of the wilfully blind. 
 
 The triumphant re-election of Governor Gilmore in 1864 
 quieted all doubt as to the attitude of New Hampshire in na- 
 tional issues and blasted the temporary hopes of the Democratic 
 party. The military campaigns looked more hopeful ; the sol- 
 diers were voting as well as fighting at the front ; sympathizers 
 with the South were more cautious. In Governor Gilmore's 
 second message he says, "History will bear record, that along 
 the valley of the Merrimack, and beneath the shadow of our 
 granite hills, the first great battle of 1864 was fought and won. 
 From that time speculation in regard to the position of New 
 Hampshire ceases. Neither flattery nor threats can corrupt her 
 unchangeable loyalty. The fact that the citizen soldiers of our 
 State contributed their share to that glorious result which struck 
 dismay to the rebel leaders requires no extenuation or apology. 
 If our battle-scarred veterans have not the right to vote, I 
 know not who has." 
 
 The governor called attention to the fact that New Hamp- 
 shire had a population of 326,073, who were represented by three 
 hundred and thirty-three members of the lower house, while 
 New York State, with a population of 3,880,735, had only one 
 hundred representatives in her legislature. He questioned 
 whether the unwieldly proportions of the House secured any 
 better legislation than New York and other States got with 
 smaller numbers of legislators. The answer to this may be a 
 comparison of the legislation of New York with that of New 
 Hampshire since the Civil War. Large numbers may be un- 
 wieldy, but they are full as likely to be honest. 
 
 At this time plans were made for the enlargement of the 
 State House, and the people of Manchester thought it would 
 boom their big city, if the State capitol were there. Therefore 
 the Manchester leaders offered to build a new State House worth 
 half a million dollars without any expense to the State. The 
 
90 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 bribe was not accepted, and the city of Concord voted one hun- 
 dred thousand dollars to repair and enlarge the State House. 
 
 The debt of the State had run up from $30,000 in 1861 to 
 about $1,825,000 after two years of bloody strife. Plans were 
 offered by the governor to fund this debt by the issuing of bonds 
 at six per cent, interest, payable after fifteen or more years. He 
 thought it probable that the United States would ultimately 
 assume the greater part of the war debt of the States, as was 
 done after the Revolutionary War. He thought that a special 
 tax, which for years had been laid on railroads and banks, 
 ought to be imposed on manufacturing corporations also. He 
 was president of a bank and superintendent of a railroad. 
 
 This year a draft was ordered to secure the quota of men 
 desired for the Union army, 5053. There were threats of re- 
 sistance, especially at Jackson and Portsmouth, and "in one or 
 two instances there was some slight collision with the authori- 
 ties." The same was true in some other States, but the result 
 everywhere was a speedy yielding to rightful authorities. It 
 was not deemed safe, after a night's reflection, for a small town 
 to offer armed resistance to the civil and military forces of all 
 the northern States. So the towns furnished "substitutes" at a 
 great price, "who proved but heartless and inefficient soldiers." 
 The number of men held to service under this draft was 2971. 
 To the next call of the President for 200,000 men the State 
 responded mainly by re-enlistments of veterans, yet a new 
 draft was ordered for the twelfth of May to cover a slight de- 
 ficiency. The governor and council offered a state bounty of one 
 hundred dollars to each recruit. The expense thereby incurred 
 was more than half a million dollars. 
 
 The governor complained that while Connecticut had six 
 general officers who had risen from the command of regiments; 
 Maine had twelve ; and Massachusetts had sixteen ; New Hamp- 
 shire had only one. He thought that New Hampshire citizens 
 in Washington would do well to look at this disproportion. Of 
 course superior fitness and abilities could not be the reason for 
 the promotions of men from other States. 
 
 In the year 1863 a National Cemetery was planned, at 
 Gettysburg, and Hon. Ira Perley of Concord was the commis- 
 sioner from New Hampshire to look after the disposition of the 
 bodies of those who fell in that battle. An appropriation of 
 
A HISTORY 
 
 91 
 
 $1815 was made in 1864 for suitable monuments and grave- 
 stones, and one of $705 was added in the following year. 
 
 Two illustrations may point out the intense political feel- 
 ing that prevailed in the North during the rebellion. It appears 
 that Lieutenant Andrew J. Edgerly of the 4th New Hampshire 
 Volunteers was wounded and being sent home on recruiting 
 service used his privilege in voting the Democratic ticket and 
 inducing others to do likewise. The Secretary of War, through 
 his Adjutant General, dismissed Lieutenant Edgerly from the 
 service of the United States "for circulating Copperhead tickets 
 and doing all in his power to promote the success of the Rebel 
 cause in his State." This order naturally embittered all those 
 who had voted the Democratic ticket, in that the order "falsely 
 assumed the cause of the Democratic party to be the rebel 
 cause, thereby indirectly charging nearly one-half of the people 
 of New Hampshire with the guilt of treason." A resolution was 
 oflfered by Mr. Sinclair, of Bethlehem, "That we disapprove of 
 the above order as a foul slander upon the Democratic party — 
 as unjust to Lieut. Edgerly — as insulting to the people of New 
 Hampshire, and as endangering our free institutions by estab- 
 lishing a precedent of unwarrantable interference with the free- 
 dom of elections." This was referred to the Committee on the 
 Judiciary, whose report was indefinitely postponed.^ 
 
 Lieutenant Edgerly's case was subsequently investigated 
 by the committee on military aflfairs in the National House of 
 Representatives, and Congress passed a bill, fully exonerating 
 him and giving him an honorable discharge dating from March, 
 1863. He removed to Haverhill and represented that town in 
 the legislature in 1874. The same year he was appointed by 
 Governor Weston Adjutant-General of the State and served 
 till 1876. He was born in Barnstead, 1828, and died in Medford, 
 Mass., 1890. 
 
 The other case was that of Thomas Weir of Enfield, who 
 enlisted in the "Fighting Fifth." Before going to the front he 
 placed his two youngest daughters with the Shaker Society at 
 Enfield, agreeing never to take them away so long as they 
 were contented to remain. He was discharged from the army 
 for disability in May, 1862, returned to Enfield and sought to 
 
 2 Journal of the House, 1863, pp. 144, 318; also Hist, of Haverhill. 
 
92 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 get his daughters back from the Shakers, but was refused. He 
 procured a revolver, met, on the eighteenth of July, Caleb M. 
 Dyer, trustee of the society, in the highway, and deliberately 
 shot him, inflicting a wound from which he died within forty- 
 eight hours. Weir was tried, convicted of murder and sen- 
 tenced to be hanged. Sympathy for him was aroused because 
 he had been a Union soldier. A bill was passed in the legis- 
 lature, permitting the governor to commute the sentence. Then 
 his pardon was sought. He remained in prison till July, 1880, 
 and then was pardoned by Governor Natt Head and set at 
 liberty. Such contrasted partiality is no credit to the historic 
 record of the Republican party in New Hampshire, who suffered 
 passion and prejudice to rule. But war upsets laws, customs 
 and fair dealing. To fight for one's country is no proper atone- 
 ment for deliberate murder committed thereafter, and to vote 
 as one pleases is the right of every American citizen.^ 
 
 In the June session of 1864 came up the question of ratify- 
 ing the proposed amendment to the Constitution of the United 
 States, "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a 
 punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly 
 convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place sub- 
 ject to their jurisdiction." Mr. Clarke of Manchester intro- 
 duced the following resolution : 
 
 Whereas, said resolution is now pending in the said House of Repre- 
 sentatives; and whereas further, the system of negro slavery heretofore 
 existing and maintained in a portion of the States of this Union has been 
 the primary cause of hostility and division between the different sections 
 of the country, finally arraying its supporters in armed rebellion against 
 the federal authorities, and uniting a great majority of the slave masters 
 in an attempt to found a separate government, to the end that slavery may 
 be protected and perpetuated, therefore, 
 
 Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives in General Court 
 convened. That in order to re-establish the supremacy of the government 
 of the Union, and secure a permanent peace, it is necessary, not only to 
 crush the military power of the rebellion and to enfranchise the slaves of 
 rebels, but also to root out and destroy the system of slavery itself ; and 
 to accomplish the purposes for which the Constitution was passed, it has 
 become necessary to amend that instrument in the manner proposed. 
 
 Resolved, That the State of New Hampshire desiring to see this amend- 
 
 3 Memorial of Hon. Harry Bingham, LL.D., edited by Henry Harrison 
 Metcalf, under the direction of Edgar Aldrich, Albert S. Batchellor, and 
 John M. Mitchell, literary executors, p. 132. 
 
A HISTORY 93 
 
 ment adopted without delay, hereby request the Representatives in Congress 
 from New Hampshire to do all in their power to secure the concurrence 
 of the House of Representatives, by the necessary two-thirds vote, in the 
 adoption of said resolution before the close of the present session of 
 Congress; and if possible, in season to enable the Legislature of New 
 Hampshire to act thereon during its present session. 
 
 Resolved, That the Secretary of State be directed to forward immedi- 
 atelly a copy of these resolutions to each of the Representatives in Congress 
 from New Hampshire. 
 
 Mr. Samuel Swett of Andover voiced the usual Democratic 
 protest in a minority report of the committee to whom the 
 above resolutions were referred. The proposed action was, of 
 course, "unconstitutional." The time was unfavorable for a 
 calm and dispassionate consideration of fundamental laws. A 
 portion of the country was under military law and this hindered 
 full discussion and free action. The rebel States would have no 
 voice nor vote in the matter. The adoption of the amendment 
 would widen the breach already too dangerous and too fatal 
 between the States of the Union. Its aim was the centralization 
 of power in the Federal Government, to the gradual absorption 
 and final destruction of the several States. However, the resolu- 
 tions were adopted by a party vote, and the States still have 
 some rights and liberties; in fact, some States seem to have 
 found ways of evading constitutional amendinents. Constitu- 
 tions and international treaties vanish before the determined 
 will of rulers and people. 
 
 The House resolved to endorse the policy of emancipating 
 the slaves of rebels and the employment of negro troops in the 
 Union armies, as well as of abolishing the system of negro 
 slavery. The minority opposition affirmed that "war is not the 
 proper remedy for our national troubles, and that if the people 
 of America would save and restore their shattered Constitution 
 and avert from themselves and their posterity the slavery of a 
 military despotism and of a public debt, the interest of which all 
 the avails of their labor and economy can never meet, they must 
 bring this war to a speedy close — and that therefore we advise, 
 invite and urge negotiations, proposals and efforts for a settle- 
 ment of all our national difficulties upon the basis of a restored 
 Union, under the Constitution, and if that can not be efifected, 
 then upon some other basis which will give peace to our dis- 
 tracted country on terms alike honorable to every section." 
 
94 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 The minority affirmed also, that "the present unfortunate con- 
 dition of our country is due to want of statesmanship and not 
 to lack of valor." 
 
 To one who reads all this and much more like it, in the 
 legislative action and newspaper comments of the times, the 
 forbearance and toleration of the federal government in time of 
 war is something wonderful. Liberty of speech and of the 
 press ran to license and treasonable opposition, lending aid and 
 comfort to the enemy. With nearly half of the voters of the 
 North arrayed against the policy of President Lincoln, with 
 unchecked criticism of all that was said in the halls of Congress 
 or done at the battle front, the Republican party managed and 
 fought out the war to victory and freedom, with little help 
 from a large portion of the Democratic party in the North. 
 Impartial history can not smooth over its rough places. The 
 words, "rebel," "treason," "copperhead," are unpopular now 
 and have faded out of use, and this is well ; the Democratic party 
 is more trustworthy than it once was, and this is better; but a 
 political party can never escape the responsibility of its own 
 past record, the inheritance of which may prove, in times of 
 stress, a millstone about its neck. The prolonged debate be- 
 tween the two great political parties might be thus stated — the 
 Constitution as interpreted in favor of extreme State rights 
 versus the Constitution as interpreted in favor of human rights 
 and universal liberty. All should be thankful that the latter 
 triumphed. 
 
 An extra session of the legislature was called by Governor 
 Gilmore in August, 1864, a few weeks after the previous session 
 had adjourned. The occasion was this: an act was passed for- 
 bidding the State Treasurer to pay any claim without the ex- 
 amination and approval of an Auditor of Accounts, and then the 
 legislature adjourned without electing such an auditor, since the 
 House and Senate could not agree upon a candidate. Salaries 
 of officials and wages of soldiers could not be paid. The gov- 
 ernor had sought aid from the justices of the supreme court, 
 and they ruled that he might appoint an auditor, which he did 
 in the person of his son-in-law, Edwin S. Barrett. But this was 
 not the end of his troubles, for he found the State treasury 
 empty. The bonds ordered to be sold at par, bearing six per 
 cent, interest, could not be sold, while the United States were 
 
A HISTORY 95 
 
 offering two hundred millions, in bonds bearing seven and 
 three-tenths per cent, interest and one-quarter per cent, com- 
 mission to agents to sell those bonds. The governor in his 
 spicy message reminded the legislature that the time had passed 
 when New Hampshire Sixes would bring fifteen per cent, 
 premium. The act passed in the previous session was a nullity, 
 and something must be done. The price of substitutes, he says, 
 in Concord at that time was one thousand dollars, "and these 
 men are in most cases such as will prove a curse to our army." 
 Five thousand men were required within twenty-three days, and 
 money must be procured in order to get the men. The lan- 
 guage of the message is plain and critical, uncomplimentary to 
 the judgment of the legislators. This was, of course, resented 
 by the Democratic opposition, and a report submitted to the 
 senate by Daniel Blaisdell of Hanover is a model of sarcasm. 
 The governor, however, was authorized to procure $1,500,000 
 at the best rates possible, half of the amount to be obtained 
 after bids had been received. This debt was to be funded later 
 by issue of such bonds as could be sold. 
 
 The legislature of 1864 referred to the people the question 
 whether a convention should be held to amend the constitution 
 of the State, the ends proposed being: i. To enable soldiers out 
 of the State to vote in time of war. 2. To abolish religious 
 tests. 3. To diminish the number of representatives in the 
 House to one hundred and twenty members. 4. To provide for 
 future amendments. Two hundred and eleven towns voted on 
 the question, and the majority in favor of a convention was 
 3,070. Of the 18,422 affirmative votes 1907 were in favor of 
 limiting the action of the proposed convention to the amending 
 of the constitution so as to allow soldiers to vote when out of 
 the State. Meanwhile the supreme court of the State had de- 
 cided that such voting was already constitutional. Therefore, 
 the legislature of 1865 voted that it was inexpedient to call a 
 constitutional convention. 
 
 In the fall of 1864, after a campaign of great excitement, 
 much stump speaking, torch-light processions, political rallies 
 and fireworks, Lincoln and Johnson, the nominees of the Re- 
 publican party, were elected President and Vice-President of 
 the United States. Andrew Johnson of Tennessee was the 
 substitute for Hamibal Hamlin of Maine, a movement to add 
 
96 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 strength to the ticket in the middle States. The Republicans 
 too soon had reason to regret this action, for the tailor of Ten- 
 nessee, when he came to be President, was not so obedient to 
 party wishes as could be desired. 
 
 New Hampshire at this time was ably represented in the 
 councils of the nation. Salmon P. Chase was chief justice of 
 the supreme court. Senator Daniel Clark was president pro 
 tem, of the Senate. Hon. John P. Hale was minister to Spain. 
 On the resignation of Senator Clark, George G. Fogg was ap- 
 pointed senator to fill out his unexpired term, and Aaron H. 
 Cragin was elected senator in place of John P. Hale. See 
 biographical sketches of senators. 
 
chapter VI 
 AFTER THE WAR 
 
Chapter VI 
 
 AFTER THE WAR 
 
 Orderliness of Discharged Soldiers— Gov. Frederick Smyth— The War Debt 
 — The Bloated Bondholders— State Banks Become National Banks — 
 What to Do with the Freedmen — Rights of the Reconstructed South- 
 Ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment — Cost of the Civil War to 
 New Hampshire — Gov. Walter Harriman — His Illuminating Message- 
 Impeachment of President Andrew Johnson — Gov. Onslow Steams — 
 Ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment — Harry Bingham's Opinion of 
 the Negro— The Campaign for Equal Suffrage Begins— Population of 
 New Hampshire in 1870 — The Labor Reform Party — Gov. James A. 
 Weston — Kilkenny Cats in the Legislature— Gov. Ezekiel A. Straw — 
 War Debts Transferred from Towns to State— Salary-Grabbers— The 
 Liberal Republican Party Nominates Horace Greeley for President — 
 James A. Weston again Governor — Political Spoils — Beginning of the 
 Boston and Maine System— Gov. Person C. Cheney— The Financial 
 Panic of 1873 and Resumption of Specie Payment — The Credit Mobilier 
 — Condition of Banks — The Counting-out of Senators — Total Abstinence 
 and Reform Clubs — Percentage of Illiteracy — Aid for the Centennial 
 Exhibition — Civil Service Rules Unknown — Sixth Constitutional Con- 
 vention—Church and State completely Separated in 1902— Hitchcock's 
 Survey of the State— Rise and Fall of the Greenback Party— Gov. 
 Benjamin F. Prescott — The Referee Law — Law against Tramps — A New 
 State Prison — Gov. Natt Head — Insurance Companies and Savings 
 Banks— Gov. Charles H. Bell— Gov. Samuel W. Hale— State of Public 
 Institutions — Gov. Moody Currier. 
 
 "And we all felt gay 
 When Johnnie came marching home." 
 
 O UCH was the popular song at the end of the great struggle. 
 ^ For the time the Nortli forgot the half million of lives lost 
 and rejoiced that some came back, that the cause they fought 
 for had been won, that the Union was preserved, and that slavery 
 in the United States was forever abolished. The disbanded sol- 
 diers became the same peaceful and industrious citizens that they 
 had been before the war. There was no spirit of militarism, no 
 mihtary caste, no disregard of civil authority. Our armies have 
 always been for protection of the people and their rights, not to 
 
loo NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 domineer over the people. This thought is well expressed in the 
 Governor Smytli's message of 1866: 
 
 Since your last adjournment the New Hampshire troops in the service 
 of the United States have all been mustered out, and our fellow-citizens, 
 our friends and associates, who sprang to arms at the call of the country, 
 and who survived the dread ordeal of battle and the more fatal dangers 
 of the camp, have returned quietly to their accustomed pursuits and have 
 been joyfully welcomed in a thousand happy homes. It is a matter of 
 congratulation and surprise that soldierly qualities, unsurpassed in history, 
 were so readily assumed and so easily laid aside. In other countries the 
 disbanding of great armies has been followed, often, by scenes of violence 
 and disorder; here, on the contrary, all is peace and harmony in all the 
 towns and villages of our industrious Commonwealth. The soldier is only 
 too glad to resume those habits of steady application and attention to 
 business which have enabled New Hampshire to maintain a credit unim- 
 paired and a prosperity second to none among the States of the Union. 
 Such facts are more eloquent and convincing arguments in favor of our 
 institutions than can be conveyed by any power of speech, and they show 
 that the true safety of a nation lies in the virtue and intelligence of its 
 people. 
 
 The election of 1865 resulted in the clioice of Frederick Smyth 
 as governor by a majority of over five thousand. He was bom 
 in Candia, March 9, 1819. He had to carve out his own future 
 by study and industry. One term at Phillips Exeter Academy, 
 the cost of which he had gathered in trade, was all that he could 
 allow himself in schooling, l3eyond what he received in common 
 schools. In 1839 he settled in Manchester as clerk in a store and 
 soon he became a trader, displaying marked business ability. Tak- 
 ing an active interest in politics he became successively city clerk, 
 mayor, and representative to the State legislature, first as a Whig, 
 and later as a Republican. Four times he was elected Mayor of 
 Manchester, the last time with scarcely any opposition. In i860 
 he was president of the State Republican convention and soon after 
 was appointed by Secretary Chase one of the agents to obtain 
 subscriptions to the national loan. He was agent on the part of 
 the United States to the International Exhibition at London and 
 was made one of the jurors. At the beginning of the war he was 
 cashier of the Merrimack River Bank, which afterward became 
 the First National Bank of Mancliester. His faith in the govern- 
 ment led him to invest largely in United States bonds. In 1866 
 he was, by vote of Congress, made one of the managers of the 
 
A HISTORY loi 
 
 National Homes for Disabled Soldiers and served fourteen years 
 in that capacity. He was a commissioner to the International 
 Exhibition in Paris in 1878. Dartmouth College gave him the 
 degree of Master of Arts. He died in Manchester, April 22, 1899. 
 All agree that his administration as governor during two terms 
 was characterized by great business ability, and that the finances 
 of the State were managed to her advantage. His messages are 
 longer than usual, dealing with all the public questions then under 
 consideration. 
 
 The war debt had run up to $4,236,873, on which the annual 
 interest was $258,000. The governor estimated that the demands 
 upon the State treasury in 1865, unprovided for, would be $2,642,- 
 950. The first business was to provide for this indebtedness. The 
 previous legislature had authorized the sale of bonds to the extent 
 of $3,500,000, but only four hundred and twenty-four thousand 
 had been sold, six per cent, interest not being sufficient induce- 
 ment to obtain purchasers. The interest was payable in currency, 
 then worth only half as much as gold. The governor asked for 
 authority to make the interest on State Sixes payable in gold, and 
 he expressed the conviction that currency would be equal to gold 
 long before the bonds matured ; the resumption of specie payment 
 proved his foresight. He asked for the issuance of bonds bearing 
 seven and three-tenths per cent, in currency, thus making the 
 State bonds equal to those of the United States. The fearful and 
 unbelieving would buy the currency bonds and so get a high rate 
 of interest at once ; the shrewder and more confident would buy 
 bonds paying six per cent., in gold, exchange the gold for its 
 double in currency, and wait for the resumption of specie payment, 
 thus getting eventually twelve per cent, interest and incidentally 
 helping the State out of a hard squeeze! The epithet, "bloated 
 bondholders," became quite a common one at that time, for money- 
 lenders all through the war and thereafter took advantage of the 
 pressing needs of nation and States to elevate the price of gold 
 and to get the highest rates of interest possible. The treasurer 
 of the United .States wept over the iniquity of Wall Street. 
 Governor Smyth expressed the belief that the nation would soon 
 assume the war debts of the States, and he argued that this ought 
 to be done, in order to oblige the southern States to pay their 
 proportionate share of the financial cost of the war that they 
 
I02 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 alone were responsible for. Their own debts, of course, had to 
 be repudiated, and confederate scrip became worth about as much 
 as paper money was at the close of the Revolutionary War, — 
 valuable only for souvenirs and historical purposes. "There is 
 no apparent reason why New Hampshire should come out of this 
 war impoverished by her loyalty, and Georgia escape payment for 
 her treason," the governor said. The legislature was ready to 
 endorse that sentiment. Some thought that the State should, in 
 like manner, assume the war debts of the towns and cities, but 
 the reasons therefor were not equally cogent. 
 
 Touching upon agriculture the message of the governor shows 
 that New Hampshire was raising more wheat, corn, rye and potatoes 
 to the acre than some of the western States, but he does not tell 
 how much more it cost to cultivate an acre among the rocky hills of 
 New Hampshire than on the fertile prairies of the West. New 
 Hampshire was then producing all the beef and mutton needed at 
 home and some overplus to send abroad. 
 
 According to the report of the Bank Commissioners, of the 
 forty-five banks organized under State laws, called banks of dis- 
 count, fourteen had given up their charters and become National 
 Banks, induced so to do principally by a heavy tax laid by Congress 
 upon the issues of State banks after July i, 1866. Many other 
 banks in New Hampshire were preparing to follow their example. 
 "Those banks going into national banking have sold their gold 
 during the year," says the report. Of course they did and so 
 eventually doubled the money which had heretofore been the basis 
 of their circulation. These national banks could not be taxed 
 by the State, and so the governor foresaw the end of the time- 
 honored Literary Fund, used for the maintenance of public schools, 
 and urged the legislature to provide for the schools in some other 
 way. It was thought by some legislators that the taxing of sav- 
 ings banks should be the substitute. There were then twenty-nine 
 savings banks in the State, whose aggregate deposits amounted to 
 nearly $8,000,000. No depositor had ever experienced a loss 
 through the mismanagement or dishonesty of any officer of these 
 institutions. 
 
 Attention was called to memorials for those who fell at Gettys- 
 burg, of whom the bodies of only forty-nine New Hampshire 
 men had been recognized, and of these the names of twenty-seven 
 
A HISTORY 103 
 
 were known, only a small part of the men of New Hampshire 
 that gave up their lives in that battle. Mention was made also of 
 the regimental flags, that they might be carefully preserved and 
 suitably displayed in the halls of the State House. 
 
 Governor Smyth congratulated the legislature on the victori- 
 ous ending of civil strife and declared that its great purpose would 
 not be attained till throughout the nation were established free 
 schools, free churches and a free toallot. The assassination of 
 President Lincoln, "the most wicked fruit of a barbarous system," 
 was named in sorrow, for the first shock of anger and consterna- 
 tion had subsided. The event should serve to strengthen the reso- 
 lution to make universal freedom a synonym of universal suffrage. 
 
 "All must agree that the States which have been in rebellion 
 should not hereafter be controlled by rebels and traitors; and as 
 we do not propose to admit again into the Union the cause of all 
 this evil, so let us extend to the loyal citizen, of whatever color, 
 those rights justly earned by patience, devotion and firm, unwaver- 
 ing faithfulness to the common cause. The weakness, dependence 
 and ignorance of the race whose broken shackles have paved our 
 way to victory are so many potent reasons why its condition should 
 no longer be left uncertain or insecure. The question of negro 
 suffrage is one of those defenses behind which the spirit of slavery 
 will yet intrench itself, and by which it will seek to regain some 
 fragment of the power it has justly lost. If we would have an 
 enduring and prosperous peace, we shall level every obstruction, 
 concede nothing to the prejudice of slavery, and give the freedman 
 the right to assert that manhood peacefully at the ballot-box, 
 which he has so nobly proved on the battle-field. Let no fears or 
 apparent difficulties in the way deter us. There is no danger so 
 great to a nation as the existence of a flagrant injustice in its 
 midst, sanctioned and protected by its authority." 
 
 What to do with the freedmen in the South was the absorbing 
 question of the hour. The newspapers were full of the subject. 
 There was great fear of ignorant negro domination in the South. 
 The "carpet-baggers" from the North were planning to get control 
 of the votes of enfanchised negroes and thus get themselves elected 
 to office, and they succeeded in part. Yet the Republican party 
 felt that the right of suffrage was due to the negro and that the 
 party could not hold national control without his vote. President 
 
I04 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 Johnson had declared in a proclamation that the people of North 
 Carolina had the right by legislative enactment to prescribe the 
 qualifications of electors and the eligibility of persons to hold 
 office, a power which all the States had always exercised. A reso- 
 lution endorsing this position of the President was voted down in 
 the House of Representatives in New Hampshire, yet the majority 
 resolved, 
 
 That we have full confidence in the ability, integrity and patriotism 
 of Andrew Johnson, President of the United States ; and while, under the 
 peculiar situation of the country, no one can anticipate the exigencies which 
 may arise, believing that he will be fully equal to every emergency, we 
 pledge to him and the government our united action and earnest support. 
 
 That, with proper safeguards to the protection of the ballot-box, the 
 elective franchise should be based upon loyalty to the Constitution and 
 Union, recognizing and affirming the equality of all men before the law ; 
 and that, in the reorganization of the rebellious States, both justice and 
 safety require that ample provision be made for the protection of the 
 freedmen. 
 
 Again Harry Bingham led the opposition in a report of the 
 minority, who also desired to express their confidence in President 
 Johnson, believing that he would be guided by the principles laid 
 down in the following resolution : 
 
 That those States which have been in rebellion and have now sub- 
 mitted to the Constitution and the Laws, ought to be permitted to resume 
 their original rights as States in the Union ; that punishments ought to be 
 inflicted and pardons granted, according as one or the other will best serve 
 to pave the way for the full and perfect restoration of all the States to 
 their original rights and position in the Union ; that any interference by 
 Federal authority with matters and things by the Constitution subject 
 exclusively to the control of the States, being illegal, is without any justi- 
 fication whatever. 
 
 The minority report was rejected by a vote of 57 to 137, but 
 both reports, doubtless, got into the newspapers and so had their 
 proper weight in forming public opinion, which is about the only 
 effect of "resolutions" offered in conventions and halls of legis- 
 lation. Resolutions that things ought to be, do not always bring 
 those things to pass. Sometimes they cater to public opinion 
 already formed, when there is no purpose on the part of politicians 
 to translate the resolutions into conduct. The nominal enfranchise- 
 ment of the ignorant negro did not long make him a voter ; when 
 negroes, or any others, know enough and have property enough, 
 
WALTKU HAKKIMAN 
 
A HISTORY los 
 
 they will get their rights, and their votes will be sought by opposing 
 parties. 
 
 The fourteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United 
 States was ratified in the lower house of the legislature of 1866 
 by a vote of 207 to 112. after the usual minority report expressing 
 alarm at the invasion of State rights. 
 
 During the last year of Governor Smyth's administration he 
 succeeded in refunding the State debt at six per cent, interest 
 and in paying off $254,313 of the debt. There then remained 
 $3,747,776. In a valedictory address to the Senate and House he 
 summed up the money cost of the Civil War to New Hampshire. 
 The total expenditures for war purposes amounted to $6,852,628. 
 Of this amount there were paid for bounties $2,389,025; for reim- 
 bursement to towns of aid furnished families of soldiers $1,835,985. 
 The general government had reimbursed the State, for war ex- 
 penses, $897,122, much of which Governor Smyth had secured 
 after repeated rejections. The expenses incurred by cities and 
 towns of New Hampshire, on account of the war, amounted to 
 $7,250,541, including United States bounties advanced to the extent 
 of $965,012. Thus the State of New Hampshire, with a total 
 valuation of $130,000,000, contributed $13,000,000, or one-tenth of 
 her property to preserve the Union, and more than one-tenth of 
 her entire population served in the army and navy, or more than 
 half of her legal voters. 
 
 Another work of much value begun at this time was the 
 publication of the Province Papers, under the auspices of the New 
 Hampshire Historical Society and the editorship of the Rev. Dr. 
 Nathaniel Bouton. That work has been continued down to the 
 present time and is not yet finished, although more than thirty 
 volumes of Province, State and Town Papers, Revolutionary Rolls, 
 Town Charters, Probate Records, etc., have been printed. 
 
 The State election of 1867 resulted in the choice, by over three 
 thousand majority, of General Walter Harriman as governor, of 
 whom something has already been said in connection with the 
 history of the Eleventh Regiment, of which he was colonel. His 
 popularity was due to his gifts as an orator, and on the political 
 stump he had no superiors in the State and was often called upon 
 for service in other States. Serious charges were made against 
 him hy officers in his regiment, and the legislature was asked to 
 
io6 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 appoint a committee to examine them and sift the evidence, but 
 a substitute resolution was voted by a Republican majority: 
 
 That Col. Walter Harriman of the Eleventh Regiment New Hampshire 
 Volunteers by his steadfast and determined adherence to his country, as 
 above party, and by his valor and tried patriotism, whereby he has incurred 
 that fierce partisan malignity which can find nothing too pure and sacred 
 for its attack, has endeared himself to the hearts of the people of this 
 State and deserves and will receive their confidence and respect. (Journal 
 of the Senate and House, Special Session, p. 147.) 
 
 The charges against him were signed by some good men, and 
 at this distance it would seem that they deserved an impartial 
 investigation, but party spirit made hasty decisions, and it may be 
 that the charges were due to political malice. Governor Harriman 
 had voted with the Democratic party up to the beginning of the 
 war and was then known as a War-Democrat, which was equiva- 
 lent to an Assistant-Republican and in most cases soon denoted 
 an outright member of the dominant party. Governor Harriman 
 had gained experience in politics by acting as a member of the 
 legislature and as Secretary of State. He was easily re-elected 
 governor in 1868. 
 
 His inaugural address is illuminating. Altliough the debt 
 upon the State was between three and four millions of dollars, the 
 people were not poor, for they had three times as much money in 
 the savings banks as was needed to pay the debt. In fifty years 
 the population had increased fourfold and the manufactures ten- 
 fold. New Hampshire had one hundred and thirty distinct branches 
 of manufacture in twenty-five hundred establishments, employing 
 a capital of twenty-three millions of dollars. The number of 
 persons working in these manufactories was 32,340 and the annual 
 value of their products was $37,000,000. The governor urged the 
 development of water power and the encouragement of manu- 
 factures as a means of raising the price of farms and making 
 agriculture more profitable. The legislature of 1866 had made 
 it legal for banks to charge any rate of interest agreed upon, not 
 exceeding seven and three-tenths per cent; the governor could 
 not see why banks should be allowed to receive rates of interest 
 which would be usury for an individual and recommended a change 
 in the law. His advice was followed by the legislature. 
 
 National affairs had but little attention. A resolution approv- 
 
A HISTORY 107 
 
 ing the reconstruction policy of Congress was not carried, and 
 the minority report contained something worth heeding. It was in 
 part as follows : 
 
 Resolved, That the only sure relief of our country from its present 
 d-fficulties is by forgiveness of past political offences, on the sole condition 
 of submission and obedience to the paramount law of the land, and by a 
 speedy restoration to the condition of a reunited people. 
 
 Resolved, That the burden of national debts should be equally borne 
 by the property of the country; and that, therefore, the exemption from 
 taxation of about one-third part of the entire wealth of the country, in 
 the shape of government securities, is an outrage upon the rights of the 
 people, in violation of every principle of justice, and hostile to the general 
 welfare; it protects the rich bond-holder at the expense of the laboring 
 masses, and compels the poor man to pay the deficit in taxes resulting from 
 this unjust exemption. 
 
 Both reports were indefinite'ly postponed. The Republicans 
 were not sure and united on the reconstruction policy, and the 
 minority report must have appealed to some of them. President 
 Andrew Johnson was asked to visit Concord, and so was Thaddeus 
 Stevens, whom all good Democrats hated, but neither could come. 
 The opposition of these two invited guests became marked the 
 following year, when President Johnson was impeached "for high 
 crimes and misdemeanors," implied in forcing the resignation of 
 Secretary Stanton from his cabinet, and for intemperate and un- 
 dignified speaking, while he was "swinging round the circle." 
 It was the first time the politicians tried to imitate the policy of 
 small republics and get rid of a president that had become dis- 
 agreealble to his former friends. The whole country was excited. 
 The trial was before the United States Senate, and Chief Justice 
 Salmon P. Chase, native of New Hampshire, presided. The two 
 senators from New Hampshire voted for conviction, but two other 
 senators, natives of the Granite State, Grimes of Iowa and Fes- 
 senden of Maine, voted for acquittal, being better jurists than 
 politicians. The most powerful arguments against Johnson and 
 his policy were expressed in a sarcastic and humorous biography 
 of the Tennessee tailor, written by Petroleum V. Nasby, nome de 
 plume of Mr. Locke, editor of the Toledo Blade. As a campaign 
 document of the presidential contest of 1868 it had no equal in 
 pith, point and power. It disposed of President Johnson and the 
 Democratic party more easily than "Cervantes smiled Spain's chiv- 
 
io8 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 airy away'' by means of Don Quixote. The election of President 
 Grant and Vice-President Colfax in 1868 dispelled the political 
 unrest of many minds, New Hampshire casting her electoral vote 
 in favor of these Republican nominees. Later Andrew Johnson 
 reappeared as United States senator from Tennessee, but his polit- 
 ical influence was a negligible quantity. Nasby said of him, that 
 he was somewhat thick as alderman and mayor, but when he 
 attempted to roll himself out into President, Senate, House and 
 Judiciary, he was rather thin in spots. 
 
 Onslow Stearns became governor in 1869 by a majority of 
 3,772 votes over his Democratic competitor, John Bedel. Governor 
 Stearns was born in Billerica. Mass., August 30, 1810. The dis- 
 trict school, the academy and farm-work engaged his close atten- 
 tion till 1827, when he went to Boston to become a clerk. In 
 1830 he assisted a brother, in the engineering department, in the 
 construction of the Chesapeake and Ohio canal. Later they con- 
 tracted to build several railroads. Mr. Stearns became superin- 
 tendent of the Nashua and Lowell Railroad in 1838 and served till 
 1845, when he was made manager of the Northern Railroad, be- 
 coming its president in 1852 and retaining that office till his death. 
 He superintended the building of the Northern Railroad and its 
 branch from Franklin to Bristol. His ability in the construction 
 and management of railroads was widely known and he refused 
 several offered positions, accepting only for a year the presidency 
 of the Old Colony and Newport Railroad in Massachusetts. His 
 political career was begun as a Whig and ended as a Republican. 
 He was a member of the State senate in 1862 and 1863, the last 
 year serving as president of the senate. He was a delegate to 
 the Republican National Convention in 1864. During his adminis- 
 tration as governor, 1869- 1870, the State debt was reduced nearly 
 one-third and the tax nearly one-half. He reformed the manage- 
 ment of the State prison, that before had been a drain upon State 
 revenues, and made it self-supporting. He was the first Republican 
 governor to nominate a Democrat, Hon. William S. Ladd, for 
 Justice of the Supreme Court, holding that an opponent in politics 
 might possibly interpret law honestly and impartially. He died 
 at Concord, where his home had been for many years, December 
 29, 1878. His abilities and positions enabled him to accumulate 
 riches easily, which he used with liberal hospitality and generous 
 
A HISTORY 109 
 
 donations for the public good. Presidents Grant and Hayes were 
 entertained at his home. 
 
 At the governor's suggestion the annual parades and encamp- 
 ments of the militia were discontinued, thus saving ten thousand 
 dollars to the State. The fifteenth amendment to the Constitu- 
 tion of the United States, that the rights of citizens should not 
 be denied or abridged "on account of race, color or previous con- 
 dition of servitude," was ratified by the legislature. The vote 
 in the House was 187 to 131. The design was, to secure equal 
 political right to the freedmen in the South, but the southern 
 States were at liberty to set up educational and property tests, 
 or any other not included in the wording of the amendment, and 
 soon they felt obliged to establish such tests as to practically elimi- 
 nate the negro vote, thus nullifying the intention of the amendment. 
 It has since been tacitly conceded by the Republican party that 
 the wholesale enfranchisement of the negroes in the South was 
 a political blunder and that a race of illiterates can not be safely 
 entrusted with the ballot. The opposition to the fifteenth amend- 
 ment on the part of Democrats in New Hampshire was voiced by 
 their leader, Harry Bingham, though he was not a member of the 
 legislature, when the amendment was under discussion. In an 
 address made at Concord, January 5, 1870 he gave utterance to 
 the following words, which now have to be interpreted in the 
 light of the marvelous growth and improvement of the freedmen 
 during tlie last half century: 
 
 One pillar after another of the Constitution is being battered down ; 
 states are abolished, put under military rule, reconstructed and then abolished 
 again ; courts are suspended, ignored, defied, summarily ousted from their 
 jurisdictions. A radical, usurping, omnipotent Congress has seized all the 
 powers of the government and tyrannizes with absolute sway over states 
 and over the people. For the purpose of so degrading the masses of the 
 people that they will tolerate Radical slavery, they have been put either on 
 equality with or beneath the negro — an inferior race who do not possess 
 the seeds of progress, and who are barbarous by nature. Because the 
 Radical can control the negro, and make him carry ballots as his old master 
 made him carry spades, he can be relied upon to vote the Radical ticket; 
 therefore he is loyal and must be enfranchised. But because the white 
 cannot be relied upon to vote the Radical ticket, therefore he is disloyal 
 and must be disfranchised. To perpetuate Radical supremacy, the ignorant, 
 savage negro is made the political master of the educated, civilized white 
 man. To perpetuate Radical supremacy, the heathenism and cannibalism 
 
no NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 of Africa are exalted above the Christianity and civilization of Europe and 
 America. 
 
 We are told by Radical philosophers, I believe, that the negro is inferior 
 because he never had a chance to be otherwise. If you would know what the 
 negro is, what his capabilities are as a governing power, what he 
 would do if he had a chance, you must go to the shores of Guinea, and into 
 J^ the interior of Africa, where the negro has had all the chances there are— 
 
 where he has held undisputed sway since the world began. There you will 
 find the negro to-day what he always has been, what he always will be when 
 left to himself, an unmitigated savage, living like the gorilla, the monkey 
 and the wild animals by which he is surrounded, upon the spontaneous 
 productions of the soil.i 
 
 This is only a re-echo of the estimate put upon the negro by 
 southern slaveholders before the Civil War. A common argument 
 against them, — and Mr. Bingham elsewhere repeats it, — was, that 
 the negro race were under the curse of God, because somewhere 
 in the Old Testament tlie words are found, "Cursed be Canaan; 
 a servant of servants shall he be unto his brethren."- It was im- 
 possible then to convince those who found it convenient to use 
 this argument, that the negro race of Africa were not descendants 
 of that disrespectful son of the drunken Noah, and they would 
 have it also that the sins of the fathers should be visited upon the 
 children unto uncounted generations, notwithstanding the prophet 
 Ezekiel contradicted that old saw in his day. But the negro is 
 now beginning to size up the white man, allowing that sometimes 
 even a man with a white skin may have a "black" heart, and dem- 
 onstrating that many men with black skins have the hearts of 
 heroes and the educated brains of poets, authors, teachers, preachers 
 and orators. The American negro is getting a fair chance and is 
 grasping his opportunity. He will take care of himself in the 
 future, and of the children of his old master, too, if need be. 
 
 In the legislature of 1869 agitation began in New Hampshire 
 for a moral reform, that has been growing ever since. Two peti- 
 tions were presented, asking for an amendment to the Constitution, 
 so that women might have the right to vote. One petition was 
 presented by Nathaniel White and sixty others of Concord, and 
 the other by Abby P. Ela and thirty others, women of Rochester. 
 The petitioners had "leave to withdraw," but they have been coming 
 back to this day and will persist, till the East follows the example 
 
 1 Memorial of Hon. Harry Bingham, pp. 204-5. 
 
 2 Genesis, IX: 25. Cf. Ez. XVIII: 20. 
 
A HISTORY III 
 
 of the West and gives equal suffrage to all who are worthy of it. 
 
 A curiosity of this time was a petition of Sarah Crosby and 
 fourteen others to abolish the marriage laws of the state and the 
 probate courts. The House resolved that it was inexpedient to 
 legislate upon the subject.^ 
 
 According to the census of 1870 the population of New 
 Hampshire was 318,300, or less than it was ten years before by 
 7»773- Only Coos, Hillsborough and Merrimack counties had 
 gained. 
 
 In 1871 a new party, called "Labor Reformers," made its 
 appearance in New Hampshire and broke up the rule of the Re- 
 publicans, which had been uninterrupted since 1855. Their candi- 
 date was Lemuel P. Cooper, and he had only 760 votes, but that 
 was enough, with the 314 votes cast for Albert G. Comins, to 
 defeat the reverend and honorable James Pike of Newmarket, 
 who had been prominent in ecclesiastical, military and political 
 circles. He had 33,892 votes. James A. Weston, the Democratic 
 candidate, had 34,799 votes, lacking 113 of the number necessary 
 for a choice. There were fifty-eight scattering votes for a score 
 of candidates. The election of a governor was thrown into the 
 legislature where a coalition of the Democrats and Labor Reform- 
 ers elected James A. Weston by a vote of 167 to 159 for James 
 Pike. In return for aid received the Democrats voted for William 
 H. Gove of Weare for Speaker of the House and Alvah Smith of 
 Lempster, who had received only four votes at the polls, for mem- 
 t)er of the Senate. But Mr. Smith was a disappointment to the 
 scheming politicians, for he would not vote as told, and hence 
 the nominally dominant party could effect but very little in legisla- 
 tion, the Senate being equally divided. 
 
 James Adams Weston was born in Manchester, August 2j, 
 1827. He got education enough in common schools and academies 
 to teach winter terms of school and become a civil engineer. At 
 the age of nineteen he was assistant engineer of the Concord 
 Railroad and superintended the laying of its second track, and in 
 1849 he was its chief engineer and so continued for many years. 
 He was also engineer and manager of other railroads. In Man- 
 chester he was the popular leader of the Democratic party and was 
 elected mayor of that city in 1861, 1867, 1869, 1870 and 1874. He 
 
 3 Journal of the House, 1870, p. 182. 
 
112 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 was the unsuccefful candidate of the Democratic party for gov- 
 ernor in 1872 and 1873 and again was elected to that office in 
 1874. His character as well as business abilities placed him at the 
 head of his profession as a civil engineer, made him prominent in 
 the management of Manchester banks, and pushed him forward as 
 the standard-bearer of his political party. In all the positions 
 he held he won the confidence and esteem of the people. He died 
 in Manchester, May 8, 1895. 
 
 There is nothing distinctive in the message of Governor 
 Weston, nor in the action of the legislature of 1871, except that 
 more time was spent in calling the roll for yea and nay votes than 
 in any preceding gathering of the law-makers. Neither party had 
 force enough to coine out of the trenches and take the field, and 
 so they played politics, which is a species of warfare, behind 
 barbed wire entanglements. The yeas and nays were ascertained 
 by roll-call seventy-five times, and there were three hundred and 
 twenty-seven members of the House, so that the legislators had 
 plenty of time to read the two newspapers, a copy of which for 
 each member they had voted to themselves at the expense of the 
 State. The House did pass an act to punish horse thieves and 
 refused to increase the tax on dogs. Further than that there is 
 nothing of public interest worth recording in the annals of history. 
 The Kilkenny cats were trying to eat each other up. Harry Bing- 
 ham had returned to the House, where he remained for eleven 
 more consecutive years as representative from Littleton. This in- 
 sured animation and able leadership to the Democratic party, and 
 the Constitution was well guarded. 
 
 The next year the Republicans w-ent to Manchester, mother 
 of governors, and picked out for their candidate the most influ- 
 ential man, Ezekiel A. Straw, so that the city might be divided 
 against itself. The result proved that they were wise as serpents, 
 if not harmless as doves. Although Mr. Weston had about 1800 
 votes more than he had the year before, Mr. Straw had about 
 3300 more than the Republican candidate of 1871, and the Labor 
 Reform leader fell oflf considerably. So Mr. Straw became gov- 
 ernor by a vote of 38,325, the largest vote any gubernatorial candi- 
 date had received up to that time. 
 
 Ezekiel Albert Straw was born in Salisbury, December 30, 
 1819. He was educated in the schools of Lowell, Mass., and at 
 
A HISTORY 113 
 
 Phillips Academy, Andover. He was in the employ of the Amos- 
 keag Manufacturing- Company from 1838 till his death, first as 
 civil engineer thirteen years, then as agent of the land and water- 
 power department, then in charge of the machine shops and finally 
 of the mills, so that he was active manager of the entire business 
 of the company. He was treasurer and principal owner of the 
 Namaske Mills from 1856 to 1864 and after the latter date the sole 
 proprietor. In 1841 he was sent to England to obtain information 
 and machinery for the establishment of the Manchester Print 
 Works. In the State legislature he served from 1859 to 1864 and 
 was president of the senate in 1866. He also served on the 
 staff of Governor Stearns, and had been chairman of the Finance 
 Comimittee during the period of the Civil War. No man in the 
 State was better qualified to manage its business affairs, and the 
 voters seem to have recognized that fact. His administration justi- 
 fied their expectations. Dartmouth college gave him the degree of 
 Master of Arts. He died in Manchester, October 23, 1882. 
 
 The ruling ideas of the governor's message were reform of 
 abuses, relief from the burdens of taxation and economy in the 
 expenditure of public money. During the preceding year a large 
 portion of the war debts of cities and towns had been assumed by 
 the State, and the addition to the public debt was thus $2,205,695, 
 making the total debt of the State in 1871, $4,565,782, of which 
 a reduction of $427,658 had 'been made in one year. The towns 
 and cities had been relieved to the extent of about twenty-five per 
 cent, of their taxation, and the governor therefore advised that 
 $600,000 be levied for further reduction. Thus effort was made 
 gradually and within reasonable time to rid the State of debt, not 
 passing it on to future generations and meanwhile paying large 
 amounts in annual interest. The national debt was decreasing 
 through the collection of internal revenue, there being collected in 
 New Hampshire in 1868 $1,940,000, which was decreased to about 
 one-eighth of that sum in 1871. The statesman who will pay oft* 
 debts and at the same time decrease taxation is the one in popular 
 demand. About this time congressmen at Washington were making 
 themselves odious by voting to themselves a large increase of salary 
 and collecting back pay, for which they got the name of "Salary- 
 Grabbers." The legislature of New Hampshire passed a resolu- 
 tion strongly condemning such action, and indeed the opposition 
 
114 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 throughout the nation was so great that the next Congress restored 
 the old salary, although the grabbers had gone off with their spoils. 
 Governor Straw's recommendation as to the improvement of 
 public schools has produced marked results since his time. He 
 said: 
 
 Too much prominence is given to book knowledge; the young brain 
 is stimulated and crammed, and the scholar is too apt to leave his school 
 impressed with the belief that he is to obtain his livelihood by the use of 
 his wits, and that to labor with his hands, in aid of his brain, is derogatory 
 to his position. This should not be so; the eye and the hand should be 
 trained to artistic and mechanical employment at the same time, or alternat- 
 ing with the education of the brain in the book-school. 
 
 He advocated a system of manual and industrial training, so 
 that pupils might go forth from school, not only knowing a lot, 
 but also able to do something. He also called attention to the 
 inefficiency of the prohibitory law to prevent the sale of intoxicating 
 liquors in large cities and towns, and raised the question whether 
 local option would not decrease the evil. 
 
 In 1872 a new political party appeared in the presidential 
 contest, called the Liberal Republican party. It was made up of 
 Democrats who were dissatisfied with the pro-slavery attitude of 
 their party and Republicans who did not like the reconstruction 
 policy of their party. The Liberal Republicans and the Democrats 
 united in Missouri in 1870 on a basis of reforms and universal am- 
 nesty. On the first day of May, 1872, this fusion held a national 
 convention at Cincinnati and nominated Horace Greeley for president 
 and B. Gratz Brown of Missouri for vice-president, and on the ninth 
 day of July following the Democratic national convention adopted 
 the platform and candidates of the fusion party. They were so 
 overwhelmingly defeated at the polls, that the fusion party van- 
 ished before the next presidential election. The leopard had not 
 changed his spots, nor the Ethiopian his skin. This national elec- 
 tion of 1872 is of special interest to the people of New Hamp- 
 shire, because Horace Greeley was a native of the Granite State, 
 and so also was Henry Wilson, elected as vice-president with 
 General Grant's second election as president. Of Greeley it is 
 more fitting to say something in connection with journalists, while 
 a sketch of Wilson appears in the list of United States senators. 
 
 In 1874 James A. Weston had 35,608 votes for governor, and 
 
A HISTORY 115 
 
 Luther McCutchins, the candidate of the Republican party, had 
 34,143 votes. Neither was elected by the people, because the 
 Prohibition party had cast 2,097 votes for John Blackmer. A con- 
 vention of the Senate and House elected James A. Weston by a 
 vote of 182 to 151 for Luther McCutchins. Then filibustering was 
 resumed in the house and every efifort was made to block legisla- 
 tion and kill time by calling the roll for yeas and nays one hun- 
 dred and seven times, beating the record of 1871. The published 
 Journal of the House contains little else than the njmies of the rep- 
 resentatives repeated over and over again to the disgust of the 
 reader. Thus in misuse of time and printer's ink the State was the 
 loser of thousands of dollars, but that is nothing to politicians. 
 Legislators must act under party discipline, to further the interests 
 of party leaders rather than for the benefit of all the people. It 
 has been said that a statesman is a dead politician, but it is hard 
 to see any statemanship in the filibustering of the years 1871 and 
 1874 in the New Hampshire legislature. Perhaps the politicians 
 have not been dead long enough. Their virtues may shine forth 
 in succeeding generations. No inaugural message of the governor 
 appears in the Journals of the Senate and House. The Democrats 
 were in full control and nearly every Republican officer in the 
 State was replaced by a Democrat, so that the chief business of 
 the governor and legislature was to get possession of the "spoils," 
 a word well suited to political booty. Moreover, a new arrange- 
 ment of councilor and senatorial districts was affected, city ward 
 lines were altered and the judiciary system was changed by abol- 
 ishing the Supreme Judicial Court and establishing a Superior 
 Court of Judicature and Circuit, or trial. Court. All this was 
 done in order to insure the triumph of the Democratic party in 
 succeeding elections, but the common people, the voters, arose in 
 their might and overturned the plans of wily men. It was this 
 legislature that sanctioned the union of the Boston and Lowell 
 and the Nashua and Lowell Railroads, thus beginning the forma- 
 tion of the Boston and Maine system. The railroad combination 
 was not a party measure, and good men differed in opinion con- 
 cerning the wisdom of the movement. 
 
 The Republicans regained control in 1875. Person C. Cheney 
 of Manchester had 39,292 votes and Judge Hiram G. Roberts of 
 Rollinsford had 39,121 while the Prohibition candidate, Nathaniel 
 
ii6 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 White, had 773, enough to throw the election of governor into 
 the legislative assembly. There Person C. Gheney had 193 votes 
 and Hiram R. Roberts had 186. The following year the political 
 contest was hotter than ever before, and Mr. Cheney was re- 
 elected, this time by a popular majority of more than three thou- 
 sand over Daniel Marcy, the Democratic candidate 
 
 The year 1873 is remembered as a time of financial panic 
 caused by over-capitahzation and the suspension of specie pay- 
 ment. The failure of Jay Cooke and Company was the prelude ; 
 distress and anxiety followed. The antidote was applied in 1875 
 by an act of Congress fixing January i, 1879, as the day for 
 resumption of specie payment. The measure was advocated espe- 
 cially by Horace Greeley in the New York Tribune, and his 
 saying became a proverb, "The only way to resume is to resume." 
 After the act of Congress paper money gradually became equiva- 
 lent to gold, so that when the day of resumption arrived, actually 
 more gold was deposited in treasury vaults than was asked for.* 
 
 About this time the newspapers were filled with scandal con- 
 cerning the Credit Mobilier in America, an imitation of such an 
 institution that arose in France in 1852, a company that gave 
 credit on movable personal property. The American company 
 was formed in 1859 and in 1867 its charter was purchased by a 
 company formed for the construction of the Union Pacific Rail- 
 road. Its capital stock was increased to $3,750,000. It rose in 
 value and paid enormous dividends, and somehow much of its 
 stock was found to be in the possession of senators and representa- 
 tives at Washington. The public thought it was there to influ- 
 ence legislation. General Dix was president of the road and 
 congressman Oakes Ames of Massachusetts had a contract to build 
 667 miles for $47,000,000. The United States government gave 
 in bonds $16,000 per mile to help build the railroad, besides 5,000 
 sections of land. The total cost was $60,000,000. The government 
 practically (built the road and gave it away to speculators. The 
 
 4 A cartoon of the times is well remembered, representing the Secretary 
 of the United States Treasury on guard at the opened door of the treasury 
 vault, viewing the bags of gold within and one eye turned backward, with 
 a rhyme, 
 
 "A cautious look he stole around ; 
 
 His bags of chink he chunk ; 
 And many a ghastly smile he smole, 
 And many a wink he wunk." 
 
A HISTORY 117 
 
 House committee of investigation recommended the censure of 
 Oakes Ames and another congressman ; the Senate committee rec- 
 ommended the expulsion of Senator James M. Patterson of New 
 Hampshire, only five days before his term was to expire, and 
 no action was ever taken on the recommendation. It is evident that 
 the design was to make of Senator Patterson a scapegoat to bear 
 away the sins of many others. He had been an honored professor 
 in Dartmouth College, and his character was never under sus- 
 picion among the people of New Hampshire. After his return 
 from Washington he served a long time as State Superintendent 
 of Public Schools. 
 
Chapter VII 
 POLITICAL AFFAIRS TILL 1884 
 
Chapter VII 
 
 POLITICAL AFFAIRS TILL 1884 
 
 Gov. Person C. Cheney — Number of Savings Banks — Doubted Control of the 
 State Senate — Total Abstinence Furthered by Reform Clubs — Ninth 
 Census — Centennial Exhibition— The Spoils of Office Re-distributed — 
 Sixth Constitutional Convention — Complete Religious Equality — A New 
 Survey of the State — The Greenback Party in the National Election of 
 1876 — Gov. Benjamin F. Prescott — Faultiness of Legal Procedure — The 
 Referee Law — Exodus of Tramps from New Hampshire — A New State 
 Prison — Biennial Election, — Gov. Natt Head — Cost of Insurance in 1879 
 — Savings Banks — Gov. Charles H. Bell — He Recommends the Prohibi- 
 tion of the Manufacture of Intoxicating Liquors — Warns against Bribery 
 in Elections — Political Wrangle over the Election of a United States 
 Senator — Gov. Samuel W. Hale — State of Public Affairs and Institutions 
 — State Industrial School — Normal School at Plymouth — Asylum for 
 the Insane — Education for the Blind and the Deaf-Mutes — State In- 
 debtedness about 1884 — Banks and Insurance — National Guard — Board 
 of Agriculture — Fish-Culture — Roads and Forests — Extent of Railroads 
 — Population — Gov. Moody Currier. 
 
 P ERSON C. CHENEY was born in that part of Holderness 
 ^ whicii is now Ashland, February 25, 1828. He was educated 
 in academies at Peterborough, Hancock and Parsonsfield. Engag- 
 ing in the manufacture of paper with his father at Peterborough 
 he represented that town in the legislatures of 1853 and 1854. 
 In 1862 he was Quartermaster of the 13th regiment and served 
 with the army of the Potomac. By reason of exposure and over- 
 work lin the campaign before Fredericksburg a long and dangerous 
 sickness was brought on and he was constrained to resign his com- 
 mission and return home, being honorably discharged in August, 
 1863. He then sent a substitute into the field. Removing to Manches- 
 ter in 1866 he continued in the paper industry and his business capac- 
 ity became so well known that be was elected mayor of that city in 
 the years 1872-75. Dartmouth gave him the degree of Master 
 of Arts. In 1876 be was appointed United States Senator, to fill 
 out the unexpired term of Austin F. Pike, or until the meeting of 
 the legislature the following June, when he declined to be a candi- 
 
 121 
 
122 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 date for re-election. He was a member of the Republican National 
 Committee from 1892 till his death in 1901. For about six months, 
 1892-93, he was minister plenipotentiary and envoy extraordinary 
 to Switzerland. Bates College elected him a trustee and he founded 
 a scholarship in that institution. He died in Manchester, June 
 19, 1901, highly esteemed for upright and honorable character in 
 all business relations and long recognized as a political leader. 
 
 There is little of historical interest in the message of the 
 governor. The savings banks then numbered sixty-eight, with an 
 aggregate deposit of $30,214,585. The Salmon Falls Bank was 
 the only bank of discount doing business under a State charter. 
 Its capital stock was $50,000 and it paid an annual dividend of 
 ten per cent. The governor recommended the abolition of the 
 religious test in the approaching constitutional convention, and 
 that suitable preparation be made for the celebration of the one 
 hundredth anniversary of national independence. 
 
 In the legislature of 1875 the Democrats held control in the 
 Senate by a strict interpretation of law. In two senatorial districts 
 the Democratic nominees, James Priest and John Proctor, had 
 more votes than any other candidates but not a majority over all. 
 In the second district the votes intended for Nathaniel Head had 
 been cast for Natt Head, by which name he was commonly known, 
 although the check-list gave his name as Nathaniel and he himself 
 owned that name. Consequently the governor and council felt 
 obliged to throw out the 3,771 votes cast for Natt Head and thus 
 seat James Priest in the Senate, In the fourth district by casting 
 out about sixty votes thrown for men who had not been for seven 
 years residents of the district a majority was found for John 
 Proctor and he was seated. Thus the Democrats had seven men 
 in the Senate, and the Republicans five. The five Republicans 
 revolted and set up a Senate of their own, appealing to the Superior 
 Court of Judicature for their decision concerning the right of 
 Messrs. Priest and Proctor to sit in the Senate. The Superior 
 Court was constrained by law to sanction the decision of the 
 governor and council and declared that they had no authority to 
 declare who was properly elected. Each House must judge in 
 such a matter. Therefore the five revolters returned to their seats 
 in the Senate, defeated, as they thought, by the letter of a law, 
 against the intentions of voters. The governor in his message 
 
A HISTORY 123 
 
 suggested some diange in the law or constitution, to prevent the 
 recurrence of such mistakes. The event stirred up much political 
 strife and aroused a feeling that somehow an injustice had been 
 done, yet it is not easy to see how the decision could have been 
 legally other than it was. The Republican majority in the House 
 took up the matter, which was none of their business, since they 
 had no authority nor responsibility to determine who should be 
 seated in the Senate, each branch of the legislature being, accord- 
 ing to the Constitution, "final judges of the elections, returns, and 
 qualifications of their own members." Much loud talk was made 
 in the House about the "arbitrary and unconstitutional action of 
 the governor and council," and the newspapers spoke of the affair 
 as the "Senate Steal." All this had its desired influence in affect- 
 ing the vote at the next election, when the Republicans came into 
 full power. The majority of the people will vote for what they 
 think is right, regardless of what laws and constitutions may say, 
 and this fact is the hope and salvation of a republic, li the law 
 Is not right and works injury, it must be changed, but, while it 
 exists on the statute books, judges and rulers must obey it. 
 
 In the year 1876 there was a notable movement in favor of 
 total abstinence from the use of intoxicating drinks, furthered by 
 the organization of Reform Clubs, although many persons were 
 drawn into such clubs, who had always been total abstainers. Gov- 
 ernor Cheney, in his second message, thus speaks of the movement : 
 
 At no time, probably, in the history of the State, has the public con- 
 science been more thoroughly aroused to the great evil of intemperance. 
 In no equal period have so many citizens of this State taken upon themselves 
 a solemn pledge to abstain from that which intoxicates. This reform move- 
 ment has pervaded all classes. The high and the low, the rich and the poor, 
 alike have felt and recognized its power. It has had the sympathy of 
 every religious sect, of all political parties, and has engaged the active 
 efforts of many of their representative men; but it has found its readiest 
 and most effective champions in men but recently the victims of drinking 
 habits. Nor has it lacked, nor can it lack, the earnest support of the 
 women of New Hampshire. In many instances these combined influences 
 have reached the dealers in intoxicating drinks, and not a few of them have 
 voluntarily closed their places of sale. In other instances a sentiment has 
 been created which has led to a more complete enforcement of the law. 
 . . . It speaks well for the law, which has now remained on our statute 
 books nearly twenty-one years, that opposition to it scenes to subside in 
 proportion as moral forces become effective. 
 
124 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 The ninth census reported the population of New Hampshire 
 as 318,300, of whom the number over ten years of age that could 
 not read was only 7,618, the percentage of illiteracy being less than 
 in any other State, showing the efficiency of the public school 
 system. 
 
 To aid the Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia the legisla- 
 ture of 1875 voted to purchase ten thousand dollars' worth of the 
 stock of the Centennial Board of Finance, which had been in- 
 corporated by the Congress of the United States. It is not known, 
 probably it iwas not expected, that anything would ever be realized 
 on that stock. The centennial commission of New Hampshire were 
 authorized to spend five thousand dollars to have the State becom- 
 ingly represented in the Exihibition. A building was erected at 
 Philadelphia, known as the New Hampshire building, costing the 
 modest sum of three thousand dollars, a large part of which was 
 raised by private subscription. The State had fifty exhibitors in 
 the mechanical department, and was well represented in the agri- 
 cultural, educational and historical departments. The women of 
 New Hampshire assisted in the construction of the Woman's 
 Pavilion. 
 
 Governor Cheney recommended the placing of the statues of 
 John Stark and Daniel Webster in the hall of statuary of the 
 National Capitol. A resolution concerning this matter was re- 
 ferred to the next legislature. 
 
 Addresses to the governor were introduced into the House, 
 calling for the removal of over fifty persons, whose names are given 
 in the addresses, from office, indicating that now other victors 
 wanted the "spoils." The offices included those of sherifif, solici- 
 tor, judge of probate, pilot commissioners, register of probate, 
 justice of the police court and attorney-general. It was thought 
 that a sheriff could not be safely trusted, unless he were a Repub- 
 lican. But this legislature was only following the example of the 
 preceding Democratic administration and indeed the custom of 
 national administrations for many years. Civil service rules were 
 then unknown. There is no proper law yet for a proportional 
 representation of the minority in putolic offices. 
 
 Edward H. Rollins was elected United States senator by a 
 vote of 201 to 172 for John G. Sinclair. This was a viva voce 
 vote in the House. The Senate concurred, and a joint session 
 confirmed the election. 
 
A HISTORY 125 
 
 The old Republican regime was reinstated, undoing all the 
 work that the Democrats had done in a preceding legislature, 
 restoring the old judiciary system. 
 
 The sixth constitutional convention assembled at the capitol 
 December 6, 1876. Three hundred and forty-eight persons of the 
 three hundred and seventy-two elected voted on the first ballot. 
 Daniel Clark was chosen president on the second ballot, having 
 one hundred and eighty-five votes, while William H. Y. Hackett 
 of Portsmouth had one hundred and twelve votes. The conven- 
 tion was in session eleven days. Thirteen amendments were sub- 
 mitted to the people, who voted upon them March 13, 1677. 
 Eleven of the amendments proposed were adopted. The basis 
 of representation was changed from ratable polls to population, 
 granting a representative to every town 'having six hundred in- 
 habitants and two representatives to a town having eighteen hun- 
 dred inhabitants. Provision was made for biennial sessions of the 
 legislature. The number of senators was increased from twelve 
 to twenty- four. It was provided that registers of probate, solici- 
 tors and sheriflfs should be elected by popular vote. The religious 
 test was abolished although the word "Protestant" was not struck 
 out from the bill of rights till the year 1902. The time of holding 
 elections was changed from March to November. The removal 
 of persons from office for political reasons was prohibited. It was 
 voted that no money raised by taxation should be used for the 
 support of the schools and institutions of any religious sect or 
 denomination. 
 
 The majority of the convention of 1876 were not ready to 
 obliterate all distinctions between Roman Catholics. Protestants, 
 Jews and other religionists. They held that New Hampshire was 
 still a Protestant State. Many wanted to so phrase the constitu- 
 tion as to place all persons, of every shade of religious belief, upon 
 terms of equality before the law, but it took another quarter of 
 a century to educate the people to this thought. Perhaps the con- 
 tinued influx of Roman Catholics, Jews and adherents of the Greek 
 and Armenian Churches helped to the decision of 1902, when 
 Church and State were completely separated, without any damage 
 to either. For many years the objectionable phrases had not 
 diminished the liberty or rights of any citizen, whatever his religion 
 might be. The phrases were dead letters of the constitution. 
 
126 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 The legislature of 1868 enacted a statute providing for a 
 "thorough geological and mineralogical survey of this state, with 
 a view to discover and examine all beds or deposits of ore, coal, 
 clay, marls, and such other mineral substances as may be useful 
 or valuable, and to perform such other duties as may be necessary 
 to complete such survey," Accordingly Mr, Charles H. Hitchcock 
 was secured as State Geologist to superintend the survey and annual 
 reports were made till 1878, when the work was completed and 
 published in three large volumes, with many illustrations, maps 
 and charts. Mr, Hitchcock was assisted by George L. Vose of 
 Paris, Maine, afterwards professor in Bowdoin College, whose 
 work was principally in the White Mountains ; by J. H. Huntington 
 of Norwich, Conn., whose field of labor was Coos county; by 
 Prof, E, W. Dimond of Hanover, chemist ; by Prof. E. T. Quimby 
 of Dartmouth College, who had charge of tlie United States 
 Coast Survey and made a trigonometrical survey of the State; 
 and by six students from the class of 1871 at Dartmouth College. 
 A station was established on the summit of Mount Washington, 
 and here a party of men spent a winter, connected by telegraph 
 with Hanover. One result of this survey was the raised map of 
 New Hampshire that hangs in the entrance hall of the State 
 House, a wonderful representation of the mountains, rivers, towns 
 and general lay of the land. The survey revealed no deposits of 
 precious metals more than had been known before. Gold, silver, 
 lead and iron were found in small quantities in many places. 
 Fossils and coral formations indicate that northern New Hamp- 
 shire was once beneath the ocean, and boulders and glacial drift 
 show that an enormous sheet of ice has moved even over the 
 summit of Mount Washington. The Creator has taken millions 
 of years to get New Hampshire ready for the abode of man. 
 
 In the presidential election of 1876 New Hampshire cast 
 41,525 votes for Rutherford B. Hayes and 38,450 for Samuel J, 
 Tilden, while the candidate of the Prohibition party received only 
 eighty-seven votes and no votes are credited to the candidate of 
 the Greenback party, Peter Cooper. That party does not seem 
 to have made much impression upon New Hampshire, although 
 it polled 81,737 votes throughout the United States. At its begin- 
 ning in 1874 it advocated paper currency only, ''based on the 
 faith and resources of the nation," exchangeable on demand for 
 
A HISTORY 127 
 
 interest-bearing bonds — and the bonds were to be exchangeable 
 for more paper currency, A great many simple-minded people 
 thought this would be an easy way of making money, and that 
 thus the nation might pay off its debts and bring a lot of money 
 into circulation. In 1878 the Labor-reform and Greenback parties 
 united and in the State elections of that year the fusion party polled 
 a million votes, of which New Hampshire cast 6,507 for Warren 
 G. Brown for governor. The party elected fourteen congress- 
 men, and quite a furore resulted. "Fiat-money," "rag-money" 
 were the epithets hurled at it. Men who knew nothing about 
 banking and had never entered the world of finance were talking 
 glibly about the profoundest problems in political science. The 
 labor-reformers had something worth saying and these floated the 
 party for a while, demanding a shorter work-day, abolition of 
 child-labor, and a living wage. In the presidential election of 1880 
 this party cast only 307,306 votes for their candidate, James B. 
 Weaver of Iowa, and four years later the Greenbackers united 
 with the Anti-monopolists, under the leadership of Benjamin F. 
 Butler, and polled 133,825 votes. The labor-reformers had aban- 
 doned the Greenback party, and it died of paucity of ideas and im- 
 pecuniosity. 
 
 In the election of 1877 the Republicans triumphed, giving to 
 Benjamin F, Prescott 40,755 votes, over four thousand more than 
 were thrown for Hon. Daniel Marcy of Portsmouth. Asa A. 
 Kendall had three hundred and thirty-nine votes. Benjamin 
 Franklin Prescott was born in Epping, February 26, 1833. After 
 being educated at Pembroke Academy, Philips Exeter Academy, 
 and Dartmouth College, where he was graduated in 1856, he 
 taught school and studied law four years. In 1861 he became 
 associate editor of the Independent Democrat, then the leading 
 anti-slavery paper in the State. From 1865 to 1869 he was special 
 agent of the United States Treasury Department for New Eng- 
 land. He was secretary of the Republican State Committee for 
 fifteen years from 1859. From 1872 to 1877, except the year 1874, 
 he was Secretary of State. He was re-elected governor in 1878 
 by a majority of fifteen hundred over Frank A. McKean. Both 
 Dartmouth College and the New Hampshire College of Agricul- 
 ture and Mechanic Arts made him one of their trustees. His 
 services as a public speaker were in demand to a wide extent. 
 
128 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 He took a conspicuous part in the one hundredth anniversary 
 of the battle of Bennington, was present at the laying of the 
 corner stone of the monument there in 1887, and participated in 
 its dedication in 1891. To the anniversary of that battle, in 1877, 
 New Hampshire sent three companies of militia at public expense. 
 Governor Prescott was for six years one of the railroad com- 
 missioners. He led the movement of collecting for the State 
 House, for Phillips Academy, and for Dartmouth College, portraits 
 of distinguished sons and alumni. Through his efforts nearly 
 three hundred portraits were secured. He died in Concord, Febru- 
 ary 21, 1895, remembered as a man of excellent ability and spirit, 
 an honor to the State in all the positions he filled. 
 
 Governor Prescott's messages to the legislature have length 
 and breadth. Of necessity they deal with many commonplace mat- 
 ters and follow the usual line of suggestions. Here is what he 
 says about the faultiness of legal procedure. 
 
 "For many years, certainly so far back as my memory goes, 
 there has been much complaint of the slow pace of legal pro- 
 ceedings. That can hardly be called an administration of justice 
 which keeps suits so long in court that the rich cannot afford, 
 and the poor are unable, to contend for their legal rights. The 
 law's delay has long been a by-word. The complaint is, that 
 cases remain on the docket year after year, awaiting trial; that 
 parties, exhausted by trouble, anxiety and cost, abandon their 
 suits and their rights in despair, and go out of court with dimin- 
 ished respect for free government ; that many suffer serious 
 wrongs and losses, without resorting to the legal remedy, 
 because they believe it is not likely to improve their condition, 
 and that, for these reasons, the law is employed too much for 
 revenge, and too little for relief and redress. Some, no doubt, 
 may desire a quicker decision than is possible in the nature of 
 the case, and unreasonably complain of the delays that are 
 unavoidable. But the fact of delay is so notorious, and the 
 complaint so general, as to demand investigation and the adop- 
 tion of remedial measures, if any are necessary and practicable. 
 I have taken some pains to ascertain facts from the clerks of 
 our courts, in order to speak from the figures and not generalize. 
 One year ago there were 4.400 continued cases ; and on the 
 dockets of the circuit court more than 6,000 have been entered 
 
A HISTORY 129 
 
 since that time." The remedy he recommended was an in- 
 crease in the number of judges. Also he would abolish the 
 custom of allowing the defeated party a retrial of his case, a 
 custom that prevailed in no other State. A man condemned to 
 the gallows or to imprisonment for life could have a second trial 
 only on showing adequate reasons therefor, but property was 
 considered of more value than human life, and a civil suit about 
 an unimportant matter must be tried a second time, if one party 
 demanded it, although the cost of a jury court was estimated 
 to be one hundred dollars a day. The money saved from abol- 
 ishing the second trials would more than pay the expenses of 
 additional judges needed. 
 
 The referee law, enacted about this time, removed a great 
 number of small suits from the courts and greatly decreased 
 the expense of litigation. The poor thus had some chance of 
 success in contending against the rich, and the decision of a 
 referee was more acceptable than that of a jury, in small cases. 
 The ancient, oriental system of trial before a judge that sat in 
 the gateway of the city has some points of superiority over the 
 trial by a jury of twelve men, especially when the judge, or 
 referee, has the requisite wisdom and character; otherwise it 
 is the worst system imaginable. The ignorant judge, or one 
 that can be bribed, is a curse to all parties. 
 
 At this time tramps were investing the state. Governor 
 Prescott recommended strong action to abate the nuisance and 
 menace to society. A large number of able-bodied men, singly 
 and in bands, were wandering about, refusing to work even for 
 a night's lodging or a meal of victuals, "filthy, lazy, idle and 
 vicious." Such vagrancy had become a profession, and a sent- 
 ence to a short period on some county farm, where they did 
 no work, were well fed and provided with the comforts of life, 
 was just the sort of punishment that the tramp liked. It was 
 a pleasure and a luxury to him. To be compelled to work with- 
 out compensation was the remedy suggested. Accordingly the 
 legislature of 1878 enacted a law, which sent a tramp to the 
 State Prison for fifteen months or more, where he was sub- 
 jected to hard labor, and a reward of ten dollars was offered to 
 anyone who would secure the conviction of a tramp. Immedi- 
 ately such vagrants disappeared like mists before the wind. 
 Governor Natt Head, in his message the following year, said 
 
I30 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 that the law had "proved to be nearly perfect. It has rid us of 
 a class of vagrants whose presence was a constant annoyance 
 and danger, and whose support was a heavy burden." The 
 law was adopted by several other States. It still remains upon 
 the statute book, but a revival of its enforcement is well worth 
 considering. 
 
 A new State Prison was erected at this time, for which the 
 legislature appropriated $230,000. It was built about a mile 
 north of the old one. and twenty-seven acres of land were se- 
 cured for its use. On the old site dwelling houses have been 
 erected. 
 
 Natt Head, as he was generally called, was elected governor 
 in 1879 under the new law of biennial election. It had been 
 the custom for a long time to re-elect a governor if possible, 
 so as to give him two years of office. Henceforth he was elected 
 for two years, and no effort has been made down to the present 
 time to re-elect a governor, although the Constitution does not 
 prohibit it. Now there might be as much prejudice against a 
 second term of the governor of New Hampshire as there is 
 against a third term of the president of the United States. It 
 is hard to break an old custom, even if there is little reason in 
 it. 
 
 Natt Head was born in Hooksett, May 20, 1828, of Welsh 
 and Scotch ancestry. His education was received in the com- 
 mon schools and Pembroke Academy. Early he became in- 
 terested in military matters. Hooksett was represented by him 
 in the legislature of 1862. Governor Gilmore made him adjutant, 
 inspector and quartermaster-general in 1864, and Mr. Head did 
 much for the recruiting and equipping of soldiers in the last 
 year of the Civil War. His reports as adjutant-general are of 
 great historical value, including the whole military history of 
 New Hampshire as to enlisted men. He was elected to the 
 State Senate, as many thought, in 1875, and unseated through 
 a technicality, though the Justices decided against him. The 
 people remembered it and gave him an unexpected majority 
 for governor over both Democratic and Greenback candidates. 
 He served in the Senate in 1876 and 1877, being its president 
 in the latter year. With his administration as governor there 
 was general satisfaction. He died in Hooksett, November 12, 
 1883. 
 
C'llAUl.KS H. BELL 
 
A HISTORY 
 
 131 
 
 The governor's message shows that the State paid in 
 premiums to fire insurance companies, during the preceding 
 year $417,764 and received back in settlement of losses $360,848. 
 The difiference shows what it cost the State for protection. 
 Policies covered risks to the amount of $64,000,000. The amount 
 paid for accident and life insurance was $260,383, and the 
 amount received by representatives of insured persons was 
 $219,484. This was exclusive of the amounts received from 
 various mutual relief associations. Insurance Commissioners 
 had been created by law some years before, and they have con- 
 tinued ever since to watch the insurance companies and guard 
 the rights and interests of the insured. At that time only one 
 fire insurance company of State origin was doing business. 
 
 The sixty-six savings banks were paying four, four and a 
 half, and five per cent, interest on over twenty-six million dollars 
 deposited, a falling off of deposits to the extent of five or six 
 millions, because United States bonds were paying full as well 
 and by some were considered safer. Hence money was with- 
 drawn from the savings banks for the purchase of government 
 bonds. The State tax then was one per cent, of deposits, and 
 thus the savings banks paid about three-fourths of the taxes 
 of the State. The governor suggested that a tax of three- 
 fourths of one per cent, might relieve the situation. A bill to 
 that effect was indefinitely postponed. 
 
 In 1881 Charles H. Bell of Exeter was elected governor by 
 a vote of 44,432, the largest vote cast up to that time for a 
 governor, about three thousand more than all his competitors, 
 received. The Greenback party had shrunk to one-twelfth its size 
 two years before. Gov. Charles Henry Bell came of a family of 
 governors and jurists. He was born in Chester, November 
 18, 1823, son of Gov. John and Persis (Thorn) Bell, nephew of 
 Gov. Samuel Bell. He was fitted for college at Pembroke and 
 Phillips Exeter Academies and was graduated at Dartmouth rn 
 1844. Admitted to the bar in 1847 he practiced a few years 
 at Great Falls and removed to Exeter in 1854. Taking an active 
 part in politics he w^as elected to represent that town in the 
 legislature in 1858-60, 1872-73. He was a member of the State 
 Senate in 1863 and 1864. He served as Speaker of the House 
 and President of the Senate. For a short time he sat in the 
 United States Senate by appointment in 1870. In the constitu- 
 
132 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 tional convention of 1889 he was the presiding officer. Dart- 
 mouth College gave him the degree of Doctor of Laws and 
 elected him a trustee. He was also trustee of Phillips Exeter 
 Academy and of Robinson Seminary. After 1868 he did little 
 law business and devoted his time to literary pursuits, making 
 extensive historical researches and publishing a History of Ex- 
 eter, a Biography of John Wheelwright, with extended and 
 learned examination of the so called Wheelwright Deed, and 
 similar works. From 1869 to 1887 he w-as President of the New 
 Hampshire Historical Society. He died at Exeter, November 
 II," 1893. For general scholarship and ability, for integrity of 
 character, for calm dignity, for sociability of nature, and for 
 clear and condensed style of writing, Gov. Charles H. Bell ranks 
 among the very first. 
 
 The governor's message shows an acquaintance with law 
 and its defects. In his judgment the laws of marriage and 
 divorce ought to be so changed as to decrease the evil of hasty 
 marriages, followed by too frequent divorces. The law in New 
 Hampshire until very recently required no publication of inten- 
 tions prior to the date of the marriage, and parties came into 
 the State from across its borders for the sake of a privilege not 
 accorded in their own States. The party guilty of conduct that 
 is cause for dissolving one marriage should not be allowed 
 another at pleasure. It was also recommended that, since the 
 sale of intoxicating liquors as a beverage was prohibited by law, 
 its manufacture should be forbidden and made unlawful. If one 
 is wrong, the other must be. He says that "the improper use 
 of money to influence popular elections is a crying evil of our 
 times. It has become so general that little or no secrecy is made 
 of it, and that well-meaning men assume to justify it. But 
 nothing can be more fatal to the security of our free institutions. 
 When the longest purse secures the election to office, we may bid 
 farewell to liberty and virtue in the government." He suggests 
 ignominious punishment to stamp out the practice so degrading 
 to the voter. 
 
 In the legislature of 1881 the question arose whether a 
 United States senator should then be elected to suceed Senator 
 Rollins in March 1883, or whether his sucessor should be elected 
 by the next legislature, which would not convene till June 1883, 
 or three months after the expiration of Senator Rollins' term of 
 
A HISTORY 133 
 
 office. The question was referred to the committtee on the jtt- 
 diciary, who made both a majority and a minority report. The 
 former was signed by William E. Chandler for the committee 
 and favored a postponement of the election of a senator till 
 1883, suggesting that if necessary the governor could appoint 
 somebody to fill the vacancy from March to June, as was done 
 in the appointment of Senator Charles H. Bell in 1879. Th^ 
 minority report was a long one, signed by Henry Morrison, and 
 favored an election by the legislature of 1881. The opinion of 
 the Supreme Court was sought by the Senate without consult- 
 ing with the House, and their opinion was treated as only that 
 of six lawyers, countermatched by six equally good lawyers in 
 the House. It was not a strictly party question. The issue seems 
 to have been, that if the legislature of 1881 elected, then the 
 senator in office, Edwin H. Rollins, would probably be re-elected; 
 if the election were postponed, he might be defeated. The ma- 
 jority report was defended by Mr. Chandler, General Marston 
 and Harry Bingham, the last being at his best in arguing a con- 
 stitutional question. The Rev. Alonzo H. Quint of Dover argued 
 for the minority report. The election was postponed, and in 
 1883 Austin F. Pike was chosen to succeed Senator Rollins, to 
 serve from three months before he was elected. Since the 
 United States senate was not then in session, the need of an 
 acting senator from New Hampshire was not felt. It was thought 
 better so to decide than to elect a senator two and a half years 
 before he would be able to take his seat. It is easy to interpret 
 almost any law to suit desired ends. 
 
 The State Board of Health was established by the legisla- 
 ture of 1881. 
 
 Samuel Whitney Hale was elected governor by a small 
 majority in 1883, receiving 38,402 votes. He was bom at Fitch- 
 burg, Massachusetts, April 2, 823. The district school and 
 academy, with the farm, gave him an education. At the age 
 of twenty-two he began a business career with a Brother at 
 Dublin, whence he removed to Keene and became a manufac- 
 turer of chairs, employing one hundred men in the shop and five 
 hundred women and children outside. He also engaged in the 
 purchase and sale of shoe pegs, exporting great quantities to 
 Germany and sometimes selling a thousand bushels in a day. 
 In 1882 he bought and managed a woolen mill in Lebanon. He 
 
134 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 was a member of the legislature in 1866-7, ^^^^ i^ 1869-70 he 
 served on the governor's council. In 1880 he was a delegate 
 to the Republican national convention at Chicago. In earlier 
 life he was a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, but 
 after his removal to Keene became affiliated with the Congrega- 
 tionalists. He died in Brooklyn, New York, October 16, 1891, 
 and was buried in Keene. 
 
 His was a business administration. There is little to relate 
 outside of the ordinary routine of State affairs. Since it is not 
 the plan of this work to chronicle the political history of New 
 Hampshire later than the year 1884, we may note more particu- 
 larly the state of public affairs and institutions. The State In- 
 dustrial School had been in operation twenty-five years, built 
 upon the old Stark farm in Manchester. It had ninety-two boys 
 and eighteen girls as inmates. Up to that time eleven hundred 
 boys and girls had been received into the institution, and only 
 two 'had died there. Careful records showed that seventy-five 
 per cent, of the discharged inmates became exemplary and useful 
 citizens. The only thing needed was a greater variety of in- 
 struction in those branches of industry which would furnish to 
 the graduates the means of obtaining a respectable livelihood, 
 and a preceding legislature had made a liberal appropriation for 
 this purpose. 
 
 The State Normal School at Plymouth had graduated four 
 hundred pupils, the majority of whom came from the northern 
 counties, Grafton county furnishing more than one-third. In 
 1883 there were only forty pupils in the school. Some thought 
 its location was unfavorable. Many who had teaching in view 
 went to the Normal Schools of other States. A second Normal 
 School was then under consideration, which has since been 
 built at Keene. 
 
 The Asylum for the Insane had been in operation forty 
 years. Of its 4,473 inmates during that time 1.593 had recovered. 
 Then there were 284 patients. The State had made liberal appro- 
 priations and new buildings were erected as fast as they were 
 required. 
 
 There were one hundred and twenty-one convicts in the new 
 State Prison, all but one males. No prisoner had escaped for 
 thirteen years. The number of prisoners diminished after the 
 enactment of the tramp law, which drove the lawless and lazy 
 
A HISTORY 135 
 
 out of the State. Under the contract system of labor the institu- 
 tion fell short of paying its expenses by $3,522. 
 
 The State continued to send its deaf, dumb and blind to 
 special institutions. Twenty were in the American Asylum at 
 Hartford, Conn., two at the Clark Institute at Northampton, 
 Mass., and two at the Horace Mann School in Boston, all insti- 
 tutions for the education of the deaf and dumb. The State paid 
 $175 annually for each pupil. New Hampshire had three pupils 
 at the Massachusetts School for the Feeble-Minded and Idiotic, 
 and ten at the Perkins Institution for the Blind, in South Boston. 
 The census of 1880 showed that there were forty deaf and dumb 
 youths growing up in New Hampshire without any instruction. 
 
 The indebtedness of the State was $3,383,060. The revenue 
 for the year ending May 31, 1883, was $935,675, and the expendi- 
 tures were $792,286. By having biennial sessions of the legisla- 
 ture the State was saving $168,000 in two years. The State was 
 in no hurry to pay ofT its war debt, preferring to pay heavy in- 
 terest for many years and pass along the burden. A slight 
 reduction of the public debt was made annually. 
 
 The first savings bank in the United States was chartered 
 in Massachusetts in 1816; two were chartered in New Hamp- 
 shire in 1823, and in 1883 there were sixty-six such institutions, 
 with deposits aggregating $39,124,000. The Ashuelot Savings 
 Bank had recently failed. Two commissioners received three 
 dollars per day for actual services. They had been paid by the 
 banks, but a law made in 1881 put this obligation upon the 
 State, for greater safety. 
 
 The system of insurance under the direction of Commis- 
 sioners had been in operation thirteen years. During this time 
 the aggregate of premiums paid in New Hampshire was $5,993,- 
 286 for insurance against losses by fire, and the Aggregate pre- 
 miums paid for life insurance were $5,978,545. For seven years 
 there had been no loss through the inability of insurance com- 
 panies to pay. New Hampshire had only one fire insurance 
 company and no company for life insurance. The fire and life 
 insurance companies of other States were paying annual taxes 
 to New Hampshire of $7,578. 
 
 The National Guard consisted of three regiments of infantry, 
 of eight companies each, fifty-three men and three officers to a 
 company. There were also two four-gun batteries and two com- 
 
136 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 panics of cavalry. The officers numbered 117 and the enlisted 
 men 1,098. Their annual encampment lasted only five days, and 
 they drilled occasionally. The National Guard had taken the 
 place of the old militia. 
 
 For thirteen years New Hampshire had maintained a Board 
 of Agriculture at an expense of $50,000. The relation between 
 this board and the College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts 
 was not close, the professors of the latter institution not com- 
 ing into contact with the farmers of the State. Literature and 
 lectures were used to enlighten the farmers, yet agriculture did 
 not keep pace with manufactures. A whole library of informa- 
 tion will not enable rocky farms at some distance from a railroad 
 station to offer sufficient inducement to hold ambitious young 
 men. 
 
 Fish-culture had cost the State, in seventeen years, $29,953. 
 Ponds and lakes had been stocked with black bass and salmon. 
 The efiforts to entice salmon back to the Merrimack river had 
 not been successful. The State owned a hatching-house at 
 Plymouth. 
 
 The State had done something in building good mountain 
 roads, and the business of caring for summer tourists was esti- 
 mated at from five to eight millions of dollars annually. The 
 forests were fast disappearing, the public lands having been 
 sold, and a commission was then considering means for the 
 preservation of the forests. The rain-fall and water-power were 
 seriously affected. The people were beginning to think of mak- 
 ing the White Mountains a public park for the entire country. 
 
 Fifty years had elapsed since the first railroad had been 
 built in New Hampshire, and in the year 1883 the mileage was 
 1,218 miles. Two million passengers were transported annually 
 and three million tons of freight, costing the people of the State 
 five million dollars annually. Consolidation was the watchword. 
 
 The population of the State was 346,991 and its wealth was 
 estimated to be $200,000,000. The value of its annual product 
 of manufactures was $75,000,000. 
 
 Perhaps the chapter of political history may be fittingly 
 closed with a brief sketch of the life of Governor Moody Currier, 
 who was elected in 1885 by a vote of 42,413 over both his com- 
 petitors, John M. Hill and Larkin D. Mason. Mr. Currier was 
 born in Boscawen, April 22, 1806, and died at Manchester August 
 
MOODY CURRIER 
 
A HISTORY 137 
 
 23, 1895. His father was Moody Morse Currier, born at Warner 
 October 2, 1785, and his mother was Rhoda Putney. His grand- 
 father was Dr. John Currier from Newbury, Mass., who mar- 
 ried, March 19, 1781, Sarah, daughter of Dr. John Clement of 
 Hopkinton, and died in 1808, aged fifty-two. The boyhood of 
 Moody Currier was spent on a farm in Bow. He fitted for col- 
 lege at Hopkinton Academy and was graduated at Dartmouth 
 in 1834 with very high honors. After teaching in Concord a short 
 time he was principal of Hopkinton Academy one year and then 
 principal of Lowell High School five years. He was clerk of 
 the State Senate in 1843-4 and a member of that body in 1856-7, 
 serving the last year as its president. During the first year or 
 more of the Civil War he was a member of the governor's coun- 
 cil and chairman of the committee for raising and equipping 
 soldiers, in which he was very efficient. Marked business ability 
 connected him with several banks and railroads. His work as 
 a teacher made him a master of refined English, and he was 
 always the polished gentleman. His addresses at the acceptance 
 of the monument to Daniel Webster in 1886 and at the dedication 
 of the Stark monument in 1890 are brief, compact, clear and 
 forceful. To delve in literature and cultivate the society of the 
 Muses was his recreation and delight. He knew their gait and 
 could hear them when they sang, but his volume of poetry 
 lacks fire, inspiration and moral vigor, though it may well soothe 
 a troubled soul and give hope to the despondent. As a gentle- 
 man of culture and noble character, as a business man of large 
 ability, as a wise and trustworthy executive. Moody Currier 
 is remembered and will long hold a place of honor. The poor 
 farm-house in Bow and the luxurious mansion in Manchester 
 are boundary marks in an honorable career. 
 
Chapter VIII 
 LITERATURE 
 
Chapter VI 11 
 
 LITERATURE 
 
 A Swarm of Historians — Hon. Lorenzo Sabine — Edward M. Blunt — "Mrs. 
 Partington" — Joseph C. Neal — Richard B. Kimball, Novelist — 
 Nathaniel Holmes and the Baconian Theory — Harriet N. Farley — Con- 
 stance F. Woolson — James T. Fields — Thomas B. Aldrich — The Poets 
 of Portsmouth — The Tuneful Three Hundred — Celia L. Thaxter — 
 Albert Laighton — Harriet M. Kimball — Edna Dean Proctor — Amanda 
 B. Harris — Mrs. Sarah J. Hale — Horatio Hale — Rev. James Freeman 
 Clarke — Prof. Thomas C. Upham — Rev. Ephraim Peabody — Samuel G. 
 Drake and Francis S. Drake— George B. Prescott, Electrician — Thomas 
 W. Knox— Kate Sanborn — Charles C. Coffin, War Correspondent — Salma 
 Hale — Edwin M. Hale — Edwin A. Jenks — Joseph E. Worcester, Lexi- 
 cographer — William D. Ticknor— Daniel Lothrop — "The Waverley Maga- 
 zine" — George H. Moore, Librarian — Judge Mellen Chamberlain — Ains- 
 worth R. Spofford — Sam Walter Foss. 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE has had a swarm of local historians, and 
 their number seems to be increasing. More than fifty town 
 histories have been published, some in two or three large vol- 
 umes. These for the most part give details of local events and 
 genealogies of old families, that are of great interest to resi- 
 dents of the towns described and to their descendants. There 
 is an unavoidable sameness to such histories. Many trace back 
 to the same beginnings and tell anew the first discoveries and 
 the Masonian claims. All have their share in the Indian wars. 
 There is the same story of roads, schools and churches. The 
 distinguishing features are the genealogies, without which a 
 town history has little worth and sale. A more condensed form 
 of town history may be seen in the county histories of consider- 
 able size and frequency, and of variable worth. Portraits of 
 prominent and wealthy men and bits of natural scenery illustrate, 
 if they do not adorn, such compilations. Among the best local 
 histories may be mentioned Brewster's Rambles about Ports- 
 mouth, Dow's History of Hampton, Gov. Bell's History of 
 Exeter, Miss Mary P. Thompson's Landmarks in Ancient Dover, 
 the History of Durham, in two volumes, the History of Con- 
 
 141 
 
142 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 cord, in two volumes, prepared under the supervision of the 
 City History Commission and edited by James O. Lyford, who 
 also is author of a good History of Canterbury in two volumes, 
 Rev. Nathan F. Carter's History of Pembroke in two volumes, 
 Hon. Ezra S. Stearns' History of Rindge and History of Ply- 
 mouth, Moses T. Runnel's History of Sanbornton, Rev. John H. 
 Saunderson's History of Charlestown, Richard W. Musgrave's 
 History of Bristol, John R. Eastman's History of Andover, Wil- 
 liam H. Child's History of Cornish, and James R. Jackson's 
 History of Littleton in three volumes. Many of the town his- 
 tories have been compiled with laborious research and corres- 
 pondence extending over a long time and are labors of love for 
 native towns, or intended as advertisements. 
 
 The sources of the general history of the State have been 
 published to a large extent in the Province Papers, State Papers, 
 Town Papers. Revolutionary Rolls, etc., in over thirty volumes, 
 under the successive editorship of Rev. Nathaniel Bouton, D. D., 
 Isaac W. Hammond, Albert S. Batchellor, and Henry A. Met- 
 calf, State Historians. Much more remains to be published, 
 found in Province Deeds, Court Records and Files, and Vital 
 Statistics of Towns. 
 
 Several histories of the State have been written. That by 
 the Rev. Jeremy Belknap, D. D., has been often mentioned in 
 this work and is of permanent value. That by Professor San- 
 born is a collection of historical essays. That by John N. Mc- 
 Clintock is a hasty compilation, yet gathers up materials of 
 historical value. 
 
 A history that extends beyond State lines was written by a 
 son of New Hampshire, Lorenzo Sabine, born in Lisbon, Feb- 
 ruary 28, 1803, son of Rev. Elijah R. Sabine, a minister of the 
 Methodist Episcopal Church. His school education was limited. 
 Early he became a bank clerk, removed to Eastport, Maine, and 
 represented that town in the legislature three times. He was 
 also collector of customs at Passamaquoddy. His first edition 
 of "The American Loyalists" appeared in 1847 ^^'^^ was enlarged 
 into two volumes in 1864, a work of extended research in original 
 sources. He wrote also a Life of Commodore Edward Preble. 
 Bowdoin College honored him with the degree of Master of 
 Arts in 1846 and Harvard in 1848. After removing to Boston he 
 w^as sent to congress for a short time to fill out an unexpired 
 
A HISTORY 143 
 
 term, in 1852-3. As an agent of the United States Treasury De- 
 partment he wrote a "Report on the Principal Fisheries," in 1853. 
 His "Notes on Duels and Dueling" was published in 1855. His 
 address before the New England Historic Genealogical Society, 
 on the one hundredth anniversary of the death of General Wolfe, 
 September 13, 1859, was published with annotations. For some 
 time he was secretary of the Boston Board of Trade and pre- 
 pared four volumes of its annual reports. His extensive library 
 of historical and other works was bequeathed to the New Hamp- 
 shire Historical Society and is kept in a room specially set apart 
 therefor. He died at Boston Highlands, April 14, 1877. Con- 
 stantly employed in earning" a living he used his spare moments 
 to educate himself broadly and to produce something of perma- 
 nent historical value. 
 
 A work of great usefulness was produced by Edmund M. 
 Blunt, born in Portsmouth, June 20, 1770. For a time he was a 
 bookseller and publisher of the Newburyport Herald. In 1796 
 he published "The American Coast Pilot." a book that is still in 
 use. It has passed through about thirty editions and has been 
 translated into most of the languages of Europe. It describes 
 all the ports of the United States, sailing directions, lists of light- 
 houses and other information important to seamen. He also 
 published in 1817 a "Strangers' Guide to New York City," and 
 numerous nautical works came from his pen. He died January 
 2, 1862. 
 
 In the realm of humorous literature who has not read or 
 heard of Mrs. Partington and her son Ike ? They figured in 
 school "exhibitions" of fifty years ago. Benjamin Penhallow 
 Shillaber was born in Portsmouth July 12, 1814. Educated in 
 the public schools he entered a printing office at the age of fif- 
 teen. After two years he went to Boston, serving there as a 
 printer, and thence took a voyage to British Guiana. In 1840 
 he became connected with the Boston Post and remained with 
 that newspaper ten years. In 1847 he began publishing his "Say- 
 ings of Mrs. Partington." In 1851 he took charge of the comic 
 paper called The Carpet Bag. He was afterward editor for ten 
 years of the Saturday Evening Gazette. In 1853 he published 
 "Rhymes with Reason and Without." The "Life and Sayings of 
 Mrs. Partington" was published in book form in 1853, ^"^ ^^^y 
 thousand copies were sold. In 1879 he brought to light "Ike 
 
144 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 and His Friends," followed by the Partington series. In 1882 
 his "Wide Swath" was printed, a collection of verses including 
 "Lines in Pleasant Places." Other works were "Knitting Work," 
 "Partington Patch Work," "Cruises with Captain Bob," and 
 "Double Runner Club." He died in Chelsea, Mass., March 25, 
 1890. For a long time he ranked among the first humorists of 
 the country. There was wisdom as well as wit in Mrs. Partin- 
 ton's sayings, that found their way into many households and 
 current newspaper literature. Mr. Shillaber's style has had no 
 successful imitator. 
 
 The mention of humorous literature suggests the name of 
 Joseph Clay Neal, born in Greenland, February 3, 1807, son of 
 a retired clerg}^man. His parents died when he was very young. 
 He had a natural fondness for writing and contributed to peri- 
 odicals till 1831, when he became editor of the Pennsylvanian. 
 Ill health sent hi mto Europe, and on his return he established 
 Neal's Saturday Gazette, which he edited till his death, July 18, 
 1847. His humorous delineations of character were gathered into 
 "Charcoal Sketches, or Scenes in Metropolis/' republished in 
 London with the approval of Charles Dickens. His other work 
 that was well received was "Peter Ploddy and Other Oddities." 
 The man that will make us laugh is always welcome ; the really 
 humorous author is read once and then we quit his company to 
 seek the next one. The joke will not bear repetition ; its novelty 
 is its essence. 
 
 Probably New Hampshire has had no novelist of wider 
 reputation than Richard Burleigh Kimball, born in Plainfield, 
 October i, 1816. At the age of eleven he was ready to enter 
 college, but this event was postponed two years. He graduated 
 at Dartmouth in 1834 and two years after was admitted to the 
 bar in Waterford, New York, where he practiced law till his 
 removal to New York city. Here he continued to act as a law- 
 yer till fifteen years before his death, taking time, however, for 
 much travel and for literary pursuits. He is said to have crossed 
 the Atlantic thirty times. His first book was the one by which 
 he became best known, entitled "St. Leger, or the Threads of 
 Life," a philosophical novel. The scene was laid in Scotland. 
 The book had twenty-three editions in this country and was 
 published also in London and Leipzig, besides being translated 
 into French and Dutch. This work was followed the same year, 
 
A HISTORY 145 
 
 1850, by "Cuba and the Cubans." His "Romance of Student Life 
 Abroad" came out in 1857, the fruit of study in Paris in earlier 
 years and of travel in Europe. His life in New York city gave 
 rise to his "Undercurrents of Wall Street," in 1861, "Was He 
 Successful," 1863, "Henry Pov^ers, Banker," 1868, "Lectures Be- 
 fore the New York Law Institute" and "Today in New York," 
 1870. Other works were "The Prince of Kashna," 1865, "In the 
 Tropics," 1863, and "Stories of Exceptional Life," 1887. Dart- 
 mouth College gave him the degree of Doctor of Laws in 1873. 
 His last work was "Half a Century of Recollections," published 
 in 1893, shortly after his death. He founded the town of Kimball, 
 Texas, and built a portion of the railroad from Galveston to 
 Houston. His mission seems to have been to gather up knowl- 
 edge and money and to distribute both for the welfare of others. 
 Thereby he found his own. 
 
 Another lawyer who became known in literature was Na- 
 thaniel Holmes, born in Peterborough, July 2, 1814, of Scotch- 
 Irish descent. Fitting for college at Phillips Exeter Academy 
 he graduated at Harvard in 1837 and was admitted to the bar 
 in Boston two years later. He practiced law in St. Louis and 
 became a judge of the supreme court of Missouri. From 1868 to 
 1872 he held the Royall professorship of law in Harvard Uni- 
 versity. In 1856 he took part in organizing the Academy of 
 Science in St. Louis and was its secretary twenty-two years. 
 He was made an honorary member of the Bacon Society of 
 London by reason of his publication, in 1866, of "The Author- 
 ship of Shakespeare." It is a learned and well reasoned setting 
 forth of the theory that the plays commonly attributed to Wil- 
 liam Shakespeare were in reality written by Lord Francis Bacon. 
 The theory has been further elaborated by many writers, with 
 additional and powerful evidences. The style of Mr. Holmes' 
 work shows a mind familiar with literature as well as with law. 
 Four editions of this work were printed, the last in two volumes 
 with a supplement in 1886. His acquaintance with philosophy 
 appears in "Realistic Idealism in Philosophy Itself," published 
 in two volumes in 1888. In 1889 he delivered the historical 
 address at Peterborough on the one hundred and fiftieth anni- 
 versary of the settlement of that town. 
 
 Harriet N. Farley, daughter of the Rev. Stephen Farley, 
 pastor of a church at Claremont, 1806-19, was born in that town 
 
146 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 February i8, 1817. Her father was later principal of Atkinson 
 Academy, and there and at Hampton Falls Academy she was 
 educated to be a teacher. After several experiments as a teacher 
 in country schools she so disliked the work that she went to 
 Lowell, Mass., and was for many years an operative in a mill. 
 In 1841 while thus employed she started and edited a paper, 
 called "The Lowell Offering," written entirely by women em- 
 ployed as operatives in factories. She was its owner and pub- 
 lisher, doing- about all the work except the bare printing. It 
 had a circulation of four thousand copies. A volume, made up 
 chiefly of selections from this magazine, was published under 
 the title, "Shells from the Strand of the Sea of Genius," in 1847. 
 She wrote also "Laws of Life," "Happy Homes at Hazel Nook" 
 and "Christmas Stories." A collection from the Lowell Offering 
 was published in London, in 1849, entitled "Mind Among the 
 Spindles." Her autoibiography appeared in Mrs. Hale's "Woman's 
 Record." In 1854 Miss Farley married John Intaglio Don- 
 levy of Philadelphia, an inventor, who died in 1872. After 
 her marriage she seems to have disappeared from the world of 
 literature. The noise of spindles may have been more conducive 
 to literary work than the clatter of dishes. It has been said that 
 leisure and opportunity for reflection are necessary for the finest 
 products of the pen, but the history of literature has much to 
 say for the toilers. 
 
 Another native of Claremont is Constance Fenimore Wool- 
 son, born in 1848, great niece of the novelist, James Fenimore 
 Cooper. Her parents removing to Cleveland, Ohio, she was 
 educated in a seminary there and in a French school in New 
 York city. She began writing about the year 1869 and produced 
 a goodly number of stories. Most of the time she resided in 
 Florida; after 1879 she went abroad and lived in England. She 
 died in Venice, Italy, January 24, 1894. Among her productions 
 are "East Angels," "Anne," "Rodman the Keeper," "Castle No- 
 where," "Lake Country Sketches," "Southern Sketches," "Jupiter 
 Lights," and "Horace Chase." Her best known poems are "Ken- 
 tuck)^ Bells" and "Two Women." 
 
 A prolific writer of stories is Eliza Orne White, born in 
 Keene, August 2, 1856, daughter of the Rev. William Orne White 
 and his wife, Margaret Eliot (Harding). She was educated in 
 the schools of Keene and in a private school in Roxbury, Mass. 
 
A HISTORY 147 
 
 In 1871 she removed with her parents to Brookline, Mass. The 
 year 1876 was spent in traveling in Europe. At the age of 
 eighteen she began contributing stories for the Christian Register. 
 The following include her principal works down to 1914, "Miss 
 Brooks," "When Molly Was Six," "The Coming of Theodore," 
 "A Little Girl of Long Ago," "A Browning Courtship and Other 
 Stories," "A Lover of Truth," "Ednah and Her Brothers," "Les- 
 ley Chilton," "An Only Child," "A Borrowed Sister," "After 
 Noontide," "The Wares of Edgefield," "Brothers in Fur," "The 
 Enchanted Mountain," and "The First Step." Her early pen 
 name was "Alex." 
 
 Portsmouth is the birthplace of several authors of distinc- 
 tion. One of the most prominent as author and introducer of 
 authors was James T. Fields, born December 31, 1817. He 
 passed through the public schools of that place and was ready 
 for college, when something turned his attention to the book 
 business and at the age of seventeen he entered as a clerk what 
 was long known as the Old Corner Book-store, in Boston. In 
 1839 he became junior partner in the firm, then known as Tich- 
 nor. Reed and Fields, which passed through many changes till 
 it became Houghton, Mifflin and Company. He speedily col- 
 lected many friends, more books in his private library, and 
 some money, all of which were needful for the development of 
 the rare companion, discerning critic of literature and character, 
 and benevolent man he was. He contributed to the Atlantic 
 Monthly and in 1862 became its editor. From the editorship and 
 from business he withdrew in 1870 and devoted the rest of his 
 life to lecturing and writing. His "Yesterday with Authors" 
 made him at once known in the literary world, and nothing that 
 he produced exceeded it in worth. Other works were "Haw- 
 thorne," "In and Out of Doors with Charles Dickens," "Bi- 
 ographical Notes and Personal Sketches," and two volumes of 
 poems. With Edwin P. Whipple, a friend of many years, he 
 was co-editor of a "Family Library of British Poetry." He was 
 a judge of literature even more than a producer of it. He 
 seemed to know intuitively what the public would like to read 
 and consequently the money value of a manuscript. He inter- 
 preted great authors in such a way as to lure readers on to know 
 them. As a lecturer there was something attractive in his pres- 
 ence, manner and tone, that won attention to what he said, and 
 
148 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 his thought was always worth considering. As a middleman 
 between great authors and fond readers his equal would be hard 
 to find. "It was the personality of the speaker, so potent, so 
 notable, so gracious and kindly, so winning and inspiring, that 
 constituted the chief element of his influence upon all classes. 
 For both the learned and the unlearned, young students and 
 illiterate farmers, in cultured cities, popular academies, and raw 
 villages, owned the persuasive charm of his presence and speech, 
 and acknowledged their debt to him."^ 
 
 Mr. Fields remembered fondly his native place and read 
 poems in the reunions of 1853 ^"d 1873. He is best described by 
 the poet Whittier in "The Tent on the Beach." 
 
 Perhaps the greatest literary celebrity of the "Old Town 
 by the Sea," was the person who wrote it, Thomas Bailey Aid- 
 rich, born November i, 1836. At the age of eleven he became a 
 clerk in the counting house of an uncle in New York city and 
 remained there three years. It was at this time, before he was 
 tv^'enty years old, that he wrote the most famous of his early 
 poems, "Babie Bell." It was occasioned by the death of a child 
 in his aunt's family, and was written on the backs of bills of 
 lading, while he was unloading a vessel. The manuscript was 
 declined by several magazines and was first published in the 
 Journal of Commerce. It was widely copied and appreciated 
 in every home where the dread messenger had taken away a 
 little one. It is full of pathos, hope and resignation, simply and 
 fittingly expressed, the natural effusion of a sympathetic heart. 
 Aldrich's early efforts were contributions to the Knickerbocker 
 Magazine and Putnam's Magazine. In 1855 he published "The 
 Bells ; a Collection of Chimes." He served three years on the 
 staff of the Home Journal, published by N. P. Willis, and con- 
 tributed to the Atlantic Monthly, of which he was the editor 
 from 1881 to 1890. His works are too well known to be named 
 here. Perhaps the most popular prose work was "Marjorie 
 Daw," though some might prefer the "Story of a Bad Boy." 
 He himself said that the faculty of rhyming deserted him for 
 several years, after his early effusions, but it returned with 
 grace and gentleness, and it seems to have been perfectly natural 
 to write poetically about commonplace things. The meaning of 
 
 1 Sketch by Olive E. Dana, in Granite Monthly, Vol. X., p. 2Q3. 
 
A HISTORY ■ 149 
 
 everyday things, hidden from the many, he saw and expressed 
 to their delight. The poet, like Burns and Whittier, that can 
 speak for the common folks, will not soon be forgotten. 
 
 The house in which Aldrich spent his early years, owned 
 by his grandfather, Thomas D. Bailey, has been purchased by 
 his family and friends and restored with the old furniture, just 
 as it was when the poet lived there. In the fireproof building on 
 the same lot are stored his personal effects and a large collection 
 of books and bound volumes of manuscripts and autographs of 
 eminent authors. About twenty-five hundred persons visit the 
 place annually. At the dedication of the building in 1908 ad- 
 dresses were made by several, and Mark Twain said, "For com- 
 bined sociability and humorous pleasantness no man was Aid- 
 rich's peer; he was always witty and always brilliant if there 
 was anyone present capable of striking his flint at the right 
 angle."2 
 
 "The Poets of Portsmouth" is a book published fifty years 
 ago, containing selections from forty authors who were born 
 in that city, and it is presumable that during the last half cen- 
 tury the home product has not diminished. Is Portsmouth en- 
 chanted and enchanting? Are the children taught to prattle in 
 regular succession of long and short syllables? It seems that 
 the Tuneful Nine, unseen, pervade the air, dance on the streets 
 amid the busy throng, dwell in old houses, beautiful and rare, 
 and sing to listening ears a constant song. The visitor should 
 be on his guard, lest he catch the inspiration. 
 
 But New Hampshire's eighteen miles of seacoast is not her 
 only source of poetic inspiration. The Muses have their summer 
 home among the lakes and mountains, and there the afflatus is 
 like divine love, impartial and universal, if we are to judge by 
 "The Poets of New Hampshire," a collection of specimen poems 
 of three hundred poets of the Granite State, published in 1883. 
 Many must have been left out of the collection, for every com- 
 piler has his favorites and never selects those specimens that the 
 reader thinks to be the best. So we look in vain among the 
 noble three hundred for the poems that thrill our souls. Readers 
 as well as writers have moods and changing appetities ; it is not 
 always the poet's fault that his lines do not suit us. Wait till 
 
 2 See article by Charles A. Hazlett in the Granite Monthly, XLVII., 
 p. 105-9. 
 
ISO NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 the mood changes and we fit ourselves to the poem. It is such 
 a blessed relief to the writer, to put his flights of fancy and 
 prosy notions into verse, that the common herd of men should 
 be compassionate and even kind enough to applaud the uncom- 
 prehended lay. "Honor the loftiest poet" was the shout Dante 
 heard, as together with Virgil he entered Limbo,^ and poets 
 that are not so lofty may win admiration and even Paradise by 
 passing through purgatorial discipline. Aldrich collected by 
 purchase one of his own earlier publications and burned the 
 whole lot. One who criticizes one's own poems to that extent 
 is likely to gain a reputation — besides saving time and patience 
 to readers. Charles Wesley wrote six thousand hymns, and a 
 score or so of them survive because they are the fittest in the 
 judgment of millions. Most genuine poets have to write much 
 in order to produce a few immortal lines. So let every school 
 boy and girl cultivate the society of the muses and keep on 
 scribbling. 
 
 The poems of Celia (Laighton) Thaxter are of a high order. 
 She was born at Portsmouth June 9, 1836. Her father, Thomas 
 B. Laighton, doubtless descended from the Thomas Leighton 
 who was one of the first settlers on Dover Neck, became the 
 keeper of a light-house on White Island, one of the Isles of 
 Shoals, when Celia was about five years old. Ten years later 
 he bought Appledore Island, anciently called Hog Island, and 
 built a house for the accommodation of sportsmen and summer 
 visitors. One of the visitors was Levi Lincoln Thaxter, and he 
 took Celia to the mainland as his bride, when she was sixteen 
 years of age. He died in 1884 and was buried in the churchyard 
 at Kittery Point. Thereafter she made her summer home on 
 Appledore in a cottage near to the hotel of her brothers, where 
 she cultivated and painted flowers, studied the sea and sky, and 
 wrote out what was irrepressible. Her winters were spent in 
 Portsmouth and Boston till her death, August 26, 1894. She was 
 buried on Appledore. James Russell Lowell published her first 
 poem, "Landlocked" in the Atlantic Monthly without her knowl- 
 edge. In 1867 she began a series of papers called "Among the 
 Isles of Shoals," which appeared in book form in 1873. She 
 gained the admiration and the friendship of many of the best 
 
 3 Dante's Inferno, IV., 80. 
 
('KIJA ( I.AKiHTOX) THAXTElt 
 
A HISTORY 151 
 
 writers and noblest characters. The charm of her poetry lies 
 largely in her minute acquaintance with the ways of the sea as 
 she watched it lovingly through many years. Winds and tem- 
 pests, waves and ships, clouds and skies, and the little sandpiper 
 had moral lessons for her. She mused upon little common things 
 so long in her early years that she saw their hidden meaning 
 and brought them into the soul for teachers, after the manner of 
 Him who taught by parables. When one points out the corre- 
 spondence between our inner world of thought and feeling and 
 the outer world that surrounds us and so makes both worlds 
 better understood and appreciated, then we recognize the poetic 
 seer and the great teacher : 
 
 "Thou great Creator! Pardon us who reach 
 For other heaven beyond this world of thine, 
 
 This matchless world, where thy least touch doth teach 
 Thy solemn lessons clearly, line on line. 
 
 And help us to be grateful, we who live 
 
 Such sordid fretful lives of discontent, 
 Nor see the sunshine nor the flower, nor strive 
 
 To find the love their bitter chastening meant." 
 
 The poems of Albert Laighton are above the ordinary. He 
 was born in Portsmouth, January 8, 1829, and died there Feb- 
 ruary 6, 1887. He was a cousin of Celia Laighton Thaxter, and 
 he lived in the house in which Aldrich was born. His poem, 
 "My Native River," surpasses all that has been said and sung 
 about the Pascataqua. He began making verses when he was 
 fifteen years of age and kept at it in a desultory way. In 1858 
 he delivered a poem on Beauty before the literary societies of 
 Bowdoin College, parts of which were published with many short 
 poems in a booklet the following year. A current of religious 
 faith runs through his verses, as through the "Hymns of the 
 Soul," by Professor Thomas Upham. Indeed without religious 
 faith what poet has ever soared on high and carried his readers 
 with him? The unseen things that are eternal are the most 
 powerful realities in the world of thought and emotion. 
 
 Another Portsmouth author of much religious poetry is 
 Harriet McEwen Kimball, born November 2, 1824. She has 
 "been called the Keble of the American church. She wrote 
 "Swallow Flights," "Blessed Company of All Faithful People," 
 ■etc. Her complete works were issued in 1889. 
 
152 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 Edna Dean Proctor has gained recognition among the fore- 
 most poetical writers of New Hampshire. She was born in Hen- 
 niker, September i, 1829. She began to publish poems at the 
 age of twenty and has never ceased. In early life she taught 
 school in New Haven and Woodstock, Conn., and for nine years 
 was instructress in the family of H. C. Bowen. Thus she was 
 introduced to the coluinns of the New York Independent. Dur- 
 ing the Civil War many national poems and songs of freedom 
 came from her pen. Her first book was an anti-slavery story, 
 entitled "Aunt Sallie." Her first volume of poems was pub- 
 lished in 1866. "Columbia's Banner" was written for national 
 school celebrations on Columbus Day. She wrote "Doom of the 
 White Hills" in response to President Harrison's request to aid 
 in preventing the destruction of the White Mountain forests. 
 In 1847 she taught a select school in Concord. After traveling in 
 Europe she published "A Russian Journey." When the two 
 hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the settlement of New 
 Hampshire was celebrated by the New Hampshire Historical So- 
 ciety, the poem for the occasion was delivered by her. She is 
 perhaps as well known as any of the poets of the Granite State.* 
 
 Amanda Bartlett Harris, a native of Warner, has written 
 much in the way of poetry and stories. "Wild Flowers and 
 Where They Grow," "The Luck of Edenhall" are specimens of 
 her work. 
 
 Mary D. (Chellis) Lund, a native of Goshen, born February 
 13, 1826, died June 2, 1891. She wrote forty volumes of Sunday 
 School and temperance literature, besides many articles for 
 periodicals. 
 
 For half a century Godey's Ladies' Book has been widely 
 and favorably known. Its editor was Sarah J. (Buell) Hale, 
 born in Newport October 24, 1788. Her husband, David Hale, a 
 lawyer, died about 1822 and left her with five children. She 
 published a volume of poems in 1823 and a novel, "Northwood," 
 in 1827. In 1828 she went to Boston as editor of the Ladies' 
 Magazine, which later was removed to Philadelphia with the 
 title changed to Ladies' Book, and continued with that publica- 
 tion till 1877. While in Boston she originated the Seaman's Aid 
 Society. For twenty years she urged the national celebration 
 
 < See Cogswell's Hist, of Henniker, pp. 698-9. 
 
A HISTORY 153 
 
 of Thanksgiving Day, till its adoption by President Lincoln in 
 1864. She published the "School Song Book," which contained 
 the famous poem beginning with the line, "Mary had a little 
 Iamb." Her largest work was one of a thousand pages, 
 "Woman's Record," containing brief biographies of celebrated 
 women down to 1868. Her brother, Horatio Hale, instructed 
 her in Latin, mathematics and philosophy, and it was her habit 
 to spend two hours every day in reading or study with her hus- 
 band. Twenty-five volumes are found in her list of publications. 
 
 Her son, Horatio Hale, was graduated at Harvard and ere 
 his graduation was philologist to the United States Exploring 
 Expedition, commanded by Captain Wilkes, publishing after his 
 return "Wilkes' Expedition Around the World," in several large 
 volumes at the expense of the United States. This work secured 
 commendations from the highest sources for its research in his- 
 tory, ethnography and philology. It contained, among many 
 other things, a comprehensive grammar of Polynesia, in which 
 many dialects, widely separated, are compared. After Mr. Hale's 
 return he divided his time between linguistic studies and law. 
 
 New Hampshire's most famous writer of religious litera- 
 ture was probably James Freeman Clarke, born at Hanover, 
 April 4, 1810. He was brought up in the family of his grand- 
 father, James Freeman, pastor of King's Chapel, Boston, and 
 was educated in the Boston Latin School, Harvard College, and 
 the Divinity School at Cambridge. From 1833 to 1840 he was 
 pastor of a Unitarian church in Louisville, Kentucky. Then he 
 returned to Boston and took charge of the Church of the Dis- 
 ciples, with which organization he remained many years. It was 
 esteemed a liberal organization and ranked with the Unitarians, 
 yet when Mr. Clarke exchanged pulpits with Theodore Parker 
 in 1845, fifteen of Clarke's leading parishioners forsook him. It 
 was not the first time that Boston people claiming freedom of 
 thought in religion for themselves denied it to others. Mr. 
 Clarke used to say that "a rational Unitarian has no quarrel with 
 a rational Trinitarian," but the difficulty is, that so many of 
 both schools of thought are irrational and uncharitable; but 
 that time is fast passing away. Mr. Clarke's best known work 
 was "Ten Great Religions," a comparison of the World's re- 
 ligious beliefs. It was read by people of all denominations who 
 wanted to know what the wise of many ages have been teach- 
 
154 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 ing. A book that makes for Christian unity is "Orthodoxy, its 
 Truths and Errors," which some Unitarians thought to be more 
 orthodox than they wished it to be. Other works were "Com- 
 mon Sense in Religion," "Essentials and Non-Essentials in Re- 
 ligion," "Steps of Belief" and "Christian Doctrine of Prayer." 
 He wrote also "How to Find the Stars" and a volume of poems, 
 entitled "Exotics." He was professor of Natural Religion and 
 Christian Doctrine at Harvard, 1867-71, and lecturer on religion, 
 1876-7. He died in Jamaica Plain June 8, 1888. His autobiogra- 
 phy down to the year 1840 was completed and edited by Edward 
 Everett Hale. His successor in the pastorate of the Church of 
 the Disciples was Charles Gordon Ames, also a native of New 
 Hampshire, reared in Canterbury, a man of genius and prophetic 
 insight, author of many religious tracts and sermons. The 
 church they served was organized to "co-operate in the study and 
 practice of Christianity," and there Trinitarians and Unitarians 
 lived and labored lovingly together, as in the earlier days of 
 New England. James Freeman Clarke left a lasting impress 
 upon the religious thought and spirit of the age. 
 
 A writer of great influence for good was Thomas Cogswell 
 Upham, born in Deerfield, January 30, 1799. After graduation 
 at Dartmouth College in 1816 and at Andover Theological Sem- 
 inary in 1821 he was pastor for a year at Rochester, whence he 
 was called to the professorship of Mental and Moral Philosophy 
 in Bowdoin College. Here he remained till 1867, then retiring 
 to Kennebunkport, Maine, where he lived, although his death 
 occurred in New York city, April 2, 1872. His study was the 
 activities of the human mind, and especially its religious activi- 
 ties. In 1827 appeared his first philosophical work, supplemented 
 in 1834 by his treatise on the Will. He first made clear the 
 distinction between the Intellect, the Sensibilities and the Will 
 in mental activities, a distinction that was adopted and followed 
 by many philosophical teachers and writers. "Disordered Men- 
 tal Actions" appeared in 1840. Probably he is more widely 
 known by his works of religious devotion, "Interior Life," "Life 
 of Faith," and "Divine Union," as well as his lives of Madame 
 Guyon and Fenelon. He also wrote "Cottage Life" and "Letters 
 from Europe." "Interior Life" is well worth study to save one 
 from religious hallucinations and to cultivate sound piety and 
 devotion. It is not a book of casuistry or of moral and religious 
 
A HISTORY 155 
 
 precepts, but it helps one to do one's own thinking and to do it 
 rightly. 
 
 A preacher and writer of note in his day was the Rev. 
 Ephraim Peabody, born at Wilton, March 22, 1807. He was 
 fitted for college at Phillips Exeter Academy and was graduated 
 at Bowdoin in 1827. He received his degree of Doctor of 
 Divinity from his Alma Mater in 1848. His work as a Unitarian 
 preacher was done in Cincinnati, New Bedford and King's 
 Chapel, Boston. His published sermons and poems are of a 
 high order. The Westminster Reviexv likened him to Frederick 
 Robertson, the famous preacher of Bristol, England. At the 
 centennial celebration of his native town he delivered an address. 
 He is described as a man of rare features, tone and spirit. A 
 daughter was the first wife of President Charles W. Eliot of 
 Harvard University. Dr. Peabody died in Boston November 28, 
 1856. He was the father of Professor Francis G. Peabody of 
 Harvard University. 
 
 As an antiquarian and writer upon first things in New Eng- 
 land no one has excelled Samuel G. Drake, born in Pittsfield, 
 October 11, 1798. Educated in the common schools he became 
 a school teacher before he reached the age of twenty, and while 
 thus employed produced his first literary work, an edition of 
 Church's History of King Philip's War, with notes and additions. 
 Later he owned an antiquarian bookstore in Boston and became 
 an authority on Indian history. In 1832 he published "Indian 
 Biography" and the following year "The Book of the Indians, or 
 a Biography and History of the Indians in North America,'' 
 which reached its eleventh edition. In 1839 was published his 
 "Indian Captives," or original narratives of persons who had 
 been in captivity among the Indians. Mr. Drake was one of the 
 founders of the New England Historic Genealogical Society, in 
 1847, and conducted its "Register" for fifteen years. In 1858 he 
 helped to found the Prince Society. The Drake and Mather 
 genealogies came from his pen. He spent two years in research 
 in the British Museum and official archives of England for 
 information relating to the founders of New England and pub- 
 lished the results. Another publication was "The Antiquities of 
 Boston," a book that shows minuteness of research and fulness 
 of detail in footnotes. The scope of this work was from 1630 
 to 1770, and he left an uncompleted volume of subsequent history 
 
156 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 of Boston. He wrote also a Memoir of Sir Walter Raleigh, 
 "The Witchcraft Delusion in New England," "History of the 
 Five Years' French and Indian War in New England," and many 
 articles for the press. The article on Massachusetts in the Ency- 
 clopaedia Brittanica was written by him. Few writers have 
 produced so many works that indicate great painstaking and sound 
 judgment. He died in Boston, June 14, 1875. 
 
 Francis Samuel Drake, son of the one just named, inherited 
 his father's interest in books and antiquities. He was born in 
 Northwood, February 22, 1828. He was educated in the schools 
 of Boston and his father's bookstore. After twenty years of 
 study he published "A Dictionary of American Biography," in 
 1872, which was incorporated in Appleton's Cyclopaedia of 
 American Biography. Mr. Drake published also a History of the 
 Members of the Massachusetts Society of the Cincinnati, with 
 brief biographies; "Life and Correspondence of Henry Knox, 
 General in the Revolutionary Army"; "The Town of Roxbury" ; 
 "Tea Leaves"; and "Indian History for Young Folks." He died 
 in Washington, D. C, February 22, 1885. 
 
 George Bartlett Prescott is well worthy of mention as an 
 inventor and writer on subjects connected with electricity. He 
 was born in Kingston, September 16, 1830. He was educated 
 in private schools in Portland, Maine, and at the age of sixteen 
 had made a special study of electricity. He was successively 
 manager of offices in New Haven, Boston and Springfield, from 
 1847 to 1858. In the latter year he was made superintendent of 
 lines operated by the American Telegraph Company. In 1866 he 
 was called to a similar position with the Western Union Tele- 
 graph Company and became its electrician residing in New York 
 city. From 1873 to 1880 he was electrician of the International 
 Ocean Telegraph Company. He was one of the earliest pro- 
 moters of the telephone and connected as an ofificial with several 
 companies. He invented many improvements in telegraphing 
 and with Thomas A. Edison was joint owner in all the quadru- 
 plex systems in this country and in Europe. He introduced in 
 1870 the duplex telegraph and in 1874 the quadruplex telegraph, 
 one of the most important inventions known to electricians. In 
 1852 he discovered that the Aurora Borealis was of electric origin 
 and published an account of it in the Boston Journal. Subse- 
 quently, on various occasions, he removed the batteries from tele- 
 
A HISTORY 157 
 
 graph wires and operated the latter by means of a current in- 
 duced by the Aurora Borealis. An account of such experiments 
 may be found in the Atlantic Monthly of 1859. He wrote many 
 pamphlets in opposition to government control of the telegraph ; 
 also "History, Theory and Practice of the Electric Telegraph" ; 
 "Dynamo-Electricity"; "Bell's Electric Speaking Telephone, Its 
 Invention, Construction, Application, Modification and History" ; 
 and "The Electric Telephone." After a very laborious and useful 
 life he died in New York city, January 18, 1894. 
 
 An entertaining writer of travels was Thomas Wallace 
 Knox, born in Pembroke, June 25, 1835. Self-educated with 
 little aid from the public schools, at the age of twenty-three he 
 was principal of an academy in Kingston. Afterwards he became 
 editor of the Daily Nezvs in Denver, Colorado. He served in two 
 campaigns of the Civil War and was lieutenant-colonel on the 
 staff of the governor of California. Later he was war corre- 
 spondent of the New York Herald. In 1865 was published his 
 "Camp Fire and Cotton Fields." The following year he made a 
 trip with an expedition to establish a line of telegraphs through 
 Asia and traveled five thousand miles in sledges and wagons. 
 On his return he published "Overland Through Asia." He in- 
 vented a system of topographical telegraphy which he sold to 
 the United States government for use in transmitting by tele- 
 graph the well known wind and storm maps of the weather 
 bureau. It became his habit to write two books each year, and 
 such was his method that the same amount of work was done 
 each day — an animated writing machine. His books may be 
 numbered by the dozen. Fifteen volumes were entitled "The 
 Boy Travelers." In later life he wrote a "History of the Re- 
 publican Party." He was a close friend and correspondent of 
 the noted explorer, Henry M. Stanley. 
 
 Katherine Abbott Sanborn, better known a few years ago 
 as Kate Sanborn, was born in Hanover, July 11, 1839, daughter 
 of Professor Edwin D. Sanborn. Her mother was daughter of 
 Hon. Ezekiel Webster of Boscawen. Under the tuition of her 
 father she made a special study of Latin and elocution. At the 
 age of twelve she earned her first money as an author. Many 
 years were spent in teaching, at Mary Institute, St. Louis, in a 
 private day school at Hanover, in Packer Institute, Brooklyn, 
 and five years as Professor of English Literature in Smith Col- 
 
158 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 lege. For twelve years she gave private instruction in elocution 
 in New York city and lectured on literary themes. In 1884 was 
 published her "Round Table Series of Literary Lessons." Among 
 her works are "Home Pictures of English poets," the result of 
 travel in England ; "Vanity and Insanity, Shadows of Genius" ; 
 "The Wit of Women"; "A Year of Sunshine"; "A Truthful 
 Woman in Southern California"; "My Literary Zoo"; "Adopt- 
 ing an Abandoned Farm," and its sequel, "Abandoning an 
 Adopted Farm." The last two were the outcome of attempted 
 farming in Metcalf, Mass., where her home has been for several 
 years. She made larger profits in writing anecdotes and stories 
 about farming than in cultivating the soil, and some affirmed that 
 her veracious anecdotes were made up out of whole cloth, which 
 makes no difference from a literary point of view. Truth is 
 superior to fact; facts are illustrations of truth, and imaginative 
 facts are fine materials for writers of current literature, while 
 they are of little use to a historian. In 1894 Miss Sanborn was 
 elected president of a club of New Hampshire Daughters in 
 Boston. 
 
 As a war correspondent nobody had a higher reputation than 
 Charles Carleton Cofifin, born in Boscawen, July 26, 1823. He 
 was brought up on a farm and got some education at Boscawen 
 and Pembroke Academies, but constant reading, conversation 
 and observation were his real educators. Having picked up some 
 knowledge of surveying he was employed on the Northern Rail- 
 road and later on the Concord and Portsmouth Railroad. Mean- 
 while he was writing poems and prose for the Concord news- 
 papers and for Littell's Living Age. In 1840 he constructed the 
 telegraph line from Harvard observatory to Boston, by means 
 of which uniform time was given to Massachusetts trains. Then 
 he was employed on the Boston Journal and the Atlas. Under 
 the nome de plume of Carleton he reported the movements and 
 engagements of the armies of the Potomac and of the Mississippi 
 during the Civil War, generally with more fulness, better judg- 
 ment and greater speed than anybody else. During the war of 
 Austria with Germany and of Austria with Italy he was at the 
 front, sending weekly messages to the Journal. This corre- 
 spondence was continued during two years and a half that he 
 was making a trip around the world. In completing the circle 
 he journeyed five days and nights without a break in a stage 
 
CHARLES C. COFFIN 
 
A HISTORY 159 
 
 coach over the Rockies. He delivered over two thousand lec- 
 tures, one course being before the Lowell Instiute at Boston. 
 He published "The Great Commercial Prize," advocating the 
 Northern Pacific Railroad, in 1858. His books were many and 
 of great interest to boys. Among them were "Days and Nights 
 on the Battlefield," "Following the Flag," "Winning His Way," 
 "Four Years of Fighting," "The Seat of Empire," "Old Times in 
 the Colonies," "Drum-Beat of the Nation," "Boys of '76," which 
 was the most popular of all, and "History of Boscawen," as a 
 labor of love for his native town. He died at Brookline, Mass., 
 March 2, 1896. So respected and trustworthy was he in all his 
 work as a correspondent that he won the name of "Old Re- 
 liable." He was a man of earnest Christian character, having the 
 confidence of leaders in the army and in national affairs.^ 
 
 Salma Hale, who has been mentioned in the list of con- 
 gressmen, at the age of seventeen published a "New Grammar 
 of the English Language," revised in 1831. He wrote a "History 
 of the United States," for which he was awarded a gold medal 
 and four hundred dollars by the American Academy of Belles 
 Letters, and which had several editions. Other works were 
 "Annals of the Town of Keene" and "The Administration of 
 J. Q. Adams and the Opposition of Algernon Sidney." 
 
 His son, George Silsby Hale, lawyer, was born at Keene, 
 September 24, 1835. Philips Exeter Academy and Harvard 
 educated him. While he was teaching he studied law and began 
 practice in Boston. He was lecturer at Harvard Divinity School, 
 1893-4. As associate editor he published three volumes of "Law 
 Reports," and he was editor of "United States Digest." Other 
 works were "Memoirs of Joel Parker," "Memoirs of Theron 
 Metcalf," and a history of Boston charities in the Memorial 
 History of Boston. He died at Bar Harbor, Maine, July 27, 
 1897. 
 
 Edwin Moses Hale was born in Newport, February 2, 1829. 
 He went to Newark, Ohio, at the age of fifteen and educated him- 
 self to be a homoeopathic physician. He was professor of 
 Materia Medica in Hahnemann College for eighteen years. His 
 principle works were "New Remedies," translated into German, 
 French and Spanish ; "Diseases of the Heart," also translated 
 
 5 Granite Monthly, Vol. VIII, pp. 97-106. 
 
i6o NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 into Spanish ; "Therapeutics of Sterility," etc., to the number 
 of fourteen. He was a student of botany, zoology and archae- 
 ology and published a series of papers on "Ant Life." He died 
 in Chicago, January 15, 1899. 
 
 Newport brings to mind a more recent author, born there 
 October 30, 1830, Edwin Augustus Jenks.. Specimens of real 
 poetry, "The Return" and "The Life-Stream," may be seen in 
 the History of Newport. He was a contributor to the leading 
 magazines. A later prose work was "Six Incursions by a Pred- 
 atory Pew Into Some Theologic Fastnessess," which reveals 
 plainly that he was a better poet than theologian. He died in 
 Concord. 
 
 Now we come to the man from whose work all these writers 
 took every word they used. It was Joseph Emerson Worcester, 
 author of the dictionary that was a rival for a long time to 
 Webster's Unabridged. He was born in Bedford, August 24, 
 1784. He fitted himself for Yale College and graduated there 
 after two years of study in 181 1, after which he taught school in 
 Salem, Mass. In 181 1 he published a "Geographical Dictionary, 
 or Universal Gazette," of which a new edition was issued in 1823. 
 A Gazeteer of the United States followed. Then he removed 
 to Cambridge, Mass. In 1819 he published "Elements of Geogra- 
 phy, Ancient and Modern," and then "Sketches of the Earth and 
 Its Inhabitants." In 1830 was produced his "Pronouncing and 
 Explanatory Dictionary" ; in 1846 his "Universal and Critical 
 Dictionary"; in i860 "Dictionary of the English Language." 
 His was the first dictionary to make use of illustrations. He re- 
 ceived the degrees of Doctor of Laws from Brown and Dart- 
 mouth. The study of words lies at the basis of all literary work 
 and oral expression, and he who brings to light their root mean- 
 ing and growing significance is a common benefactor. Dr. Wor- 
 cester died in Cambridge, Mass., October 27, 1865. 
 
 It would be easy to make a long list of ministers who have 
 published almost innumerable sermons, addresses, pamphlets, 
 articles in periodicals and books on religious and especially doc- 
 trinal subjects. Many of these are controversial in their nature 
 and had no permanency. They can not be classed as literature. 
 If the authors had preached and written upon universal truths 
 rather than upon particular beliefs, their books would have en- 
 riched the literature of their native State. Changing opinions 
 
A HISTORY i6i 
 
 never can be the basis of enduring literature, however fine the 
 mode of expression may be ; the truth of the living God, simply- 
 told, is interesting unto all ages. 
 
 But what are fine thoughts, expressed in choice words, 
 without wise publishers to spread them abroad? New Hamp- 
 shire has furnished her full share of these. First may be men- 
 tioned William D. Ticknor, born in Lebanon, August 6, i8io. 
 At an early age he was employed with an uncle in Boston as a 
 money broker, and soon became teller in a bank. The love of 
 books could not be destroyed by the handling of money; rather 
 money became the means to a desired end. In 1832 he started 
 business as a publisher with John Allen. The firm name changed 
 with the lapse of years, yet Mr. Ticknor was the leading man 
 till his death, April 10, 1864, in Philadelphia, while on a trip with 
 his intimate friend, Nathaniel Hawthorne. James T. Fields was 
 for years a prominent member of this firm. Together they pub- 
 lished the Atlantic Monthly and the North American Review, 
 and a long list of the most important books of English and 
 American authors. Mr. Ticknor established the periodicals, 
 "Our Young Folks," and "Every Saturday," the latter edited by 
 Thomas B. Aldrich. He was the first to recognize the rights of 
 foreign authors and in 1842 he paid to Tennyson one hundred 
 pounds for the privilege of publishing his poems in America, 
 although he had legal right to do so without consent or re- 
 muneration. Thus he established a precedent afterwards gen- 
 eraly recognized. His business was conducted in the "Old Cor- 
 ner Bookstore" in Boston, on the corner of Washington and 
 School streets, and here was the meeting place of distinguished 
 authors and booklovers, among them Dickens, Thackeray, Trol- 
 lope, Longfellow. Emerson, Lowell and others. Mr. Ticknor 
 had rare literary taste and business judgment, coupled with 
 sociability and hospitality. He was more intent upon pub- 
 lishing good literature than upon making a fortune, and so suc- 
 ceeded in doing both. 
 
 Another well known publisher was Daniel Lothrop, born in 
 Rochester, August 11, 183 1. He was fitted for college at the 
 age of fourteen but turned aside to business, for which he had 
 remarkable abilities. At the age of seventeen he hired and 
 stocked a drug store in Newmarket and soon after another one 
 in what is now Laconia, associating two brothers with himself. 
 
i62 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 It was noticeable that a large part of the stock in his stores 
 consisted of books. The three brothers remained in partnership 
 forty years, though in different lines of business and in different 
 cities. In 1850 Mr. Lothrop bought out a book store in Dover, 
 which became a literary center. In 1868 he removed to Cornhill, 
 Boston, and a few years later increase of business sent him to 
 larger quarters on Washington street. Books written by Ameri- 
 cans he preferred to publish, and to give encouragement to young 
 authors. He specialized in books for children and Sunday 
 Schools, that would elevate character and give an impulse toward 
 right living. In 1874 he originated "Wide Awake," a magazine 
 for young folks and the family. Other periodicals of his were 
 "The Pansy." "Our Little Men and Women," and "Babyland." 
 Having purchased "Wayside," the old home of Hawthorne in 
 Concord, Mass., he made it again the abode and resting place of 
 those literarily inclined, and here he spent his last years. His 
 death occurred March 18, 1892, and he was buried amid the famous 
 authors of Concord. 
 
 Many now living will remember the "Waverly Magazine," 
 published by Moses A. Dow, a native of Littleton. Before he 
 was thirty years old he had started nine periodicals and all were 
 failures. Not subdued, he ventured once more with a capital of 
 less than five dollars and ability to borrow fifty more. This was 
 in 1856, and he lived to have an annual income of $150,000 from 
 the "Waverly Magazine." It cost him almost nothing for original 
 contributions, and nothing was copied or stolen from other 
 writers. So many liked to see their productions in print, that he 
 published almost everything that was sent in, poetry, essays, 
 stories, and news. The circulation was immense. The common 
 folks found an open forum. Some of the scribblers grew to be 
 authors. The magazine was readable and entertaining and some- 
 times instructive. The way for a publisher to get rich quick 
 is to print what the masses want, rather than what they need. 
 There is no disputing about literary tastes. 
 
 After all the work of author and publisher, books, in order 
 to be of great use. must be gathered and classified in great 
 libraries. Such institutions have developed rapidly during the 
 last half century, and to have a big private library now is the 
 desire only of the few. The public library is much better, be- 
 cause it can be fuller and better indexed. Here those who love 
 
A HISTORY 163 
 
 books meet on the level. New Hampshire has furnished some 
 librarians of wide reputation. George Henry Moore was one of 
 them, born in Concord, April 20, 1823, son of Jacob Bailey 
 Moore, who was associated with Dr. Farmer in publishing his- 
 torical collections. After graduating at the University of New 
 York he became assistant librarian in the library of the New 
 York Historical Society and in a short time librarian in chief. 
 In 1872 he was appointed superintendent and trustee of the 
 great Lenox Library, where he remained many years. His 
 Alma Mater honored him with the degree of Doctor of Laws. 
 He was author of "The Treason of Charles Lee." "Employment 
 of Negroes in the Revolutionary War." "Notes on the History 
 of Slavery in Massachusetts." "History of Jurisprudence in New 
 York," and "Washington as an Angler." 
 
 Judge Mellen Chamberlain w^as born in Pembroke, June 4, 
 1821. After teaching a few years he went to Dartmouth and 
 finished his course there in 1844. Then he taught three years 
 in Brattleboro, Vermont. While studying law at Harvard he 
 worked in the library. Becoming a lawyer in Boston, he was 
 elected to serve in the House and in the Senate of Massachusetts, 
 and was judge of a municipal court from 1866 to 1878. In the 
 latter year he was chosen librarian of the Boston Public Library, 
 one of the most responsible positions in this country. He had 
 previously made a rare collection of manuscripts and portraits 
 pertaining to American history. He wrote the History of Chel- 
 sea, Mass., where he lived fifty years, and many articles for the 
 Massachusetts Historical Society's Collections. He resigned his 
 post in 1890 and died in Chelsea, June 25, of that year. 
 
 Ainsworth Rand Spofiford. librarian of Congress, was born 
 in Gilmanton, September 12, 1825. He acquired a good English 
 and classical education and had an innate love for books. He 
 went to Cincinnati in 1844 and was one of the founders of the 
 Literary Club of that city, acting as assistant editor of the Daily 
 Commercial. Removing to Washington in 1861 he was appointed 
 first assistant in the library of Congress, which was then in the 
 capitol building, and in 1864 he was chief librarian. The new 
 Congressional Library, costing $6,000,000, was erected under 
 his direction, said to be the finest library building in the world, 
 built, as has been heretofore said, of granite from Concord, N. H. 
 Mr. Spofiford, at the beginning of his duties as librarian there, 
 
i64 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 had about 70,000 books to care for and before he finished his 
 career he had probably 1,000,000. The library has a capacity of 
 4,500,000 volumes, and manuscripts there exist by the hundred 
 thousand. Mr. Spofford originated the law making that library 
 the permanent depository of all copyrights. Thus two copies 
 are secured of every book published in the United States, that 
 is copyrighted, and copies of books not copyrighted are pur- 
 chased, if they have any worth, so that here is a complete library 
 of American literature. About twenty-five thousand volumes 
 were added yearly some time ago, and now the yearly increase 
 is probably twice that number. Mr. Spofford was a frequent con- 
 tributor to the literature of periodicals and encyclopaedias. Am- 
 herst honored him with the degree of Doctor of Laws. His 
 address at the dedication of New Hampshire's State Library in 
 1895 is replete with fine thought well expressed, helpful to all 
 who wish to know what books to read and how to read them. 
 The purification, education, usefulness and happiness of a human 
 soul depend upon the thoughts therein awakened and cherished, 
 and books are today the most potent means for the conveyance 
 of thought. It is not the book that blesses us ; it is the thought 
 contained in the book. If the thought is brought home to our 
 minds in some oher way, as by music or painting, we are equally 
 blessed. 
 
 Last but not least among the poets and librarians was Sam 
 Walter Foss, a native of Candia. Removing to Portsmouth he 
 was educated in the High School there and was graduated at 
 Brown University in 1882. For a time he was editor of the 
 Lynn Transcript and later of the Yankee Blade, published in 
 Boston and having a wide circulation. He also held an editorial 
 position on the Boston Globe. In 1893 he published his "Book of 
 Country Poems," and in 1907 "Songs of the Average Man." He 
 was chosen librarian of the Somerville, Mass., Public Library 
 in 1898 and held that position at the time of his death, February 
 26, 191 1. He was a poet of rare humor and kindness of heart, 
 growing in popular favor. 
 
SAM WALTEFl FOSS 
 
Chapter IX 
 ARTS AND SCIENCES 
 
chapter IX 
 
 ARTS AND SCIENCES 
 
 Practical Achievements Worthy of Mention — Larkin G. Mead, Sculptor- 
 Daniel C. French — Adna Tenney and Ulysses D. Tenney, Painters — 
 Roswell M. Shurtleflf— Joseph Ames— Albert G. Hoit— Edward W. 
 Nichols— John R. Tilton— Mrs. Amy M. (Cheney) Beach, Musician— The 
 Hutchinson Family — Lyman Heath — John R. Eastman, Astronomer — 
 Prof. Charles A. Young — John Evans, Geologist — Warren Upham — 
 Charles F. Hall, Arctic Explorer— Col. Stephen H. Long— Elliott Coues, 
 Naturalist — Almon H. Thompson, Geographer — Prof. Augustus A. 
 Gould, Geologist — Edvi^ard W. Nelson. Scientific Explorer — Prof. Ed- 
 ward W. Scripture, Psychologist — Charles H. Hoit, Playwright. 
 
 UP to a comparatively recent time it has been the practice of 
 historians to chronicle little else than the doings of kings, 
 warriors and statesmen. Great authors and artists have had 
 but slight attention shown them, and scientists, in the modern 
 meaning of the word, did not exist. As for the common people 
 they were not much better than slaves and deserved mention 
 only as they fulfilled the will of their masters. Within the last 
 century the people have been coming into notice through the 
 rise of republics, and whosoever has produced anything of per- 
 manent value is accounted superior to an idle king or to a war- 
 rior who attempts to make might right. Hence some chapters 
 in this work are devoted to the natives of New Hampshire 
 who have accomplished something of value in the realms of art, 
 science, invention, literature, and practical achievement. 
 
 A noted sculptor was Larkin Goldsmith Mead, born in 
 Chesterfield, January 3, 1835. In early life he removed to Brat- 
 tleboro, Vermont, and while yet a youth he fashioned a "Snow 
 Angel" after a fall of damp snow. Rain moistened it and the 
 frozen image remained several days to be admired by those who 
 passed by. The writer hereof remembers to have seen its repro- 
 duction in marble in the studio of Mr. Mead in Florence, Italy, 
 and good judges think it to be the finest thing he produced. 
 Having studied in Brooklyn with Henry Kirke Brown, Mr. Mead 
 
 167 
 
i68 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 produced in 1857 his colossal statue of "Vermont," placed on 
 the dome of the State House at Montpelier, and in 1861 the 
 statue of Ethan Allan for the same building. From 1862 till 
 his death, October 15, 1910, he resided in Florence, having mar- 
 ried an Italian lady. All American tourists were welcomed to 
 his studio, where copies and models of his principal works were 
 displayed. His groups are "The Returned Soldier," "Columbus' 
 Last Appeal to Queen Elizabeth," "Cavalry," "Infantry," "Ar- 
 tillery," and "Navy." For the soldiers' monument at St. Johns- 
 bury, Vermont, he sculptured "America." Ideal figures of his 
 creation are "Echo," "Sappho," "Venice," and the "Mississippi," 
 a colossal work typifying the greatest river in the world some- 
 what as the Nile was represented in ancient sculpture. He made 
 the statue of Abraham Lincoln for the monument at Springfield, 
 Illinois ; also the "Recording Angel" in the rotunda of the capi- 
 tol at Washington. Another group was "The Return of Pros- 
 perine from the Realms of Pluto." 
 
 Daniel Chester French was born in Exeter, April 20, 1850. 
 His father, Henry Flagg French, was lawyer, judge and assist- 
 ant secretary of the United States Treasury. In 1867 the fam- 
 ily removed to Concord, and there at the age of eighteen the 
 young sculptor began to model. After study in Boston and 
 New York he first became known to the public by his groups 
 of birds and animals, in which he excelled. His first public work 
 was a bronze statue, "The Minuteman," unveiled at Concord, 
 Massachusetts, April 19, 1875. The following year Mr. French 
 spent at Florence in the family of the sculptor, Preston Powers, 
 and worked chiefly in the studio of Thomas Ball. His bronze 
 statue of John Harvard, necessarily an ideal, since no portrait 
 is in existence, was erected at Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 
 1883. He received a medal in the Paris salon of 1891 for the 
 large relief, "The Angel of Death Staying the Hand of the 
 Sculptor," as a memorial to Martin Milmore, the young sculptor 
 who produced the Soldiers' Monument on Boston Common. 
 French's work may be seen in Forest Hill Cemetery. Other 
 productions are "Peace and Vigilance," a marble group in the 
 custom house at St. Louis, "Law, Power and Prosperity," in the 
 United States court house at Philadelphia, "Science Directing 
 the Forces of Electricity and Steam" in the post office at Bos- 
 ton, and "Labor Sustaining Art and the Family," in the same 
 
A HISTORY 169 
 
 post office. Among his statues are those of Galaudet and Lewis 
 Cass at Washington, Thomas Starr King at San Francisco, and 
 Rufus Choate at Boston. His "Heroditus and History" is in 
 the Congressional Library at Washington. A monument to 
 John Boyle O'Reilly in Boston, consists of seated figures repre- 
 senting Patriotism, Erin and Poetry. He also designed and 
 modeled the bas-relief bronze doors of the Boston Public 
 Library. Attention has been called in this work to his group 
 over the entrance of the building of the New Hampshire His- 
 torical Society. His statue of Alma Mater is at Columbia Col- 
 lege. Four groups, representing Europe, Asia, Africa and Amer- 
 ica, may be seen on the front of the custom house at New York. 
 His statue of Abraham Lincoln is at Lincoln, Nebraska. A 
 statue of James Aglethorpe is at Savannah, Georgia. Thus this 
 son of New Hampshire has become widely known and his works 
 have ministered to the delight and refinement of many minds. 
 Is he not a hundred times greater than the mere millionaire? 
 
 Among painters Roswell Morse Shurtleff deserves mention, 
 born at Rindge, June 14, 1838. He was graduated at Dartmouth 
 College in 1857 and at once took charge of an architect's office 
 in Manchester. In 1859 he went to Boston and began drawing 
 on wood, studying in an evening class at the Lowell Institute. 
 In i860 he settled in New York and made illustrations for news- 
 papers, studying in the Academy of Design. In the Civil War 
 he illustrated newspapers by scenes at the front, being a lieuten- 
 ant and adjutant of the 99th New York regiment. Wounded and 
 captured he was confined in prisons at Yorktown and Richmond 
 eight months till he was released on parole. He painted the 
 "Race for Life," now in the art gallery of Smith College. Other 
 works are "Wolf at the Door," "Autumn Gold," "Gleams of 
 Sunshine," "A Song of Summer Woods," "Forest Melodies,' "Si- 
 lent Woods," "Mid-Day in Mid-Summer." His water colors in- 
 clude "A Mountain Pasture," "Forest Stream," "Mountain 
 Mists" and "Edge of the Wood." His "Silent Woods" and 
 "Mountain Stream" are in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. 
 
 Adna Tenney, born in Hanover, February 26, 1810, became 
 a well known portrait painter, although he did not begin to ex- 
 ercise his art till he was thirty years of age, having previously 
 been a farmer. In 1844 he studied for a short time in a Boston 
 studio. He painted portraits of several of the Faculty of Dart- 
 
I70 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 mouth College, of John P. Hale and Franklin Pierce. Thirty 
 portraits of his production hang in the State House, among them 
 being those of Governors Berry, Prescott, Stearns, and Baker. 
 He died in Oberlin, Ohio, August 17, 1900. 
 
 His nephew, Ulysses Dow Tenney, was born in Hanover, 
 April 8, 1826, and took his first lessons in painting from his 
 uncle. He studied also with Francis Alexander in Boston. For 
 many years he resided in Manchester and then in New Haven, 
 Connecticut, but doing most of his painting in Manchester, 
 Portsmouth, Concord and Hanover. Some of his portraits are 
 the full length one of President Franklin Pierce, that hangs in 
 the Representatives' Hall of the State House, and also that of 
 John P. Hale in the same Hall. In the corridors of the State 
 House may be seen his portraits of Gen. John A. Dix, Gover- 
 nors Hill, Colby, Harriman, Head, John Bell, Weston, Charles 
 Bell, Goodell and others, making fifty-four portraits in this build- 
 ing. Also at Portsmouth he made portraits of Gen. William 
 Whipple, Admiral Farragut, Professor Benjamin Silliman, Sec- 
 retary Long of the United States Navy, and others. He died in 
 Portsmouth, August 7, 1908. 
 
 Alfred Cornelius How^and, born in Walpole, February 12, 
 1838, studied art at Dusseldorf and Paris, after some study and 
 practice in New York and Berlin. He was made a member of 
 the National Academy in 1882. His "Fourth of July Parade" 
 was exhibited at the World's Columbian Exhibition. "The Yale 
 Fence" is now owned by Yale University. "Driving a Bargain" 
 is in the Leighton Gallery, Milwaukee. Other paintings are 
 "The Pot Boiler," exhibited at Munich, "Morning on the River 
 Banks," "The Village Band," "On the Hoosac," "They're Com- 
 ing," etc. 
 
 Joseph Ames, born in Roxbury, July 16, 1816, wholly self- 
 taught, went to Boston and opened a studio as a painter of por- 
 traits. While in Rome he painted a portrait of Pius IX. He 
 lived in Boston and for a short time in Baltimore and New York. 
 His best known pictures are portraits of Prescott, Emerson and 
 President Felton of Harvard. Among his ideal paintings are 
 "Miranda," "Night," "Morning." "The Death of Webster," and 
 "Maud Muller." "His many likenesses of Webster became like 
 Stuart's Washington the popular type of the original." One of 
 his portraits of Webster hangs in the main hall of the building of 
 
A HISTORY 171 
 
 the New Hampshire Historical Society, and in the upper hall is 
 a portrait of Peter Harvey by him, the superiority of which is 
 apparent to one who looks around the room. He died in New 
 York, October 30, 1872. 
 
 An earlier painter was Albert Gallatin Hoit, born in Sand- 
 wich, December 13, 1809, who died in Roxbury, Massachusetts, 
 December 18, 1856. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1829 and 
 became a painter of portraits and landscapes. After working in 
 Portland, Bangor, Belfast and St. John, he settled in Boston in 
 1839. While in Europe in 1842-43, he copied many pictures in 
 Florence with rare fidelity to the original, especially in the color- 
 ing. The portrait of Daniel Webster in the Hall of Representa- 
 tives of the State House is by him. In 1840 he was commis- 
 sioned to go to Ohio to paint a portrait of President Harrison. 
 Edward W. Nichols was born in Orford, December, 1820, 
 son of a Baptist clergyman. He taught music till the age of 
 twenty-three. Then he studied law at Burlington, Vermont, but 
 his natural taste inclined him to landscape painting. He visited 
 Italy in the fifties and on his return opened a studio in New 
 York. He had a large circle of admirers of his landscapes, espe- 
 cially the uplands of his native State. He died at Peekskill, New 
 York, September 18, 1871. 
 
 John Rollins Tilton was born in Loudon in 1833 and died 
 in Rome. Italy, March 22, 1888. He was a student of the Vene- 
 tian school and painted many landscapes that are in collections of 
 art in England and the United States. Among his paintings 
 are "The Palace of Thebes," shown at the Royal Academy, Lon- 
 don, in 1873, "Como." and "Venice." His "Venetian Fishing 
 Boats" and "Rome from Mount Aventine" are in the Corcoran 
 Gallery, Washington. His "Lagoons of Venice" was at the 
 Philadelphia exhibtiion in 1876. 
 
 A musical prodigy was born in Henniker, September 5, 1867. 
 She was named Amy Marcy Cheney. It is recorded that at the 
 age of twelve months she could sing forty songs correctly and 
 that she composed waltzes before she was four years old. She 
 was instructed by the ablest musicians in playing the piano- 
 forte, but was self-taught in musical theory and composition. 
 She made her first appearance as a pianist in Music Hall, Boston, 
 at the age of sixteen. Thereafter she played with the Symphony 
 Orchestra and with Theodore Thomas' Orchestra. She married 
 
172 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 H. H. A. Beach, a physician of Boston, and has been a com- 
 poser of music of classical character. Three years were spent in 
 writing a mass, which was given by the Handel and Haydn So- 
 ciety in 1892. She has written about sixty numbers, including 
 "The Rose of Avontown," Gaelic Symphony, "The Minstrel and 
 the King," cantatas, anthems, songs and sonatas for the piano 
 and violin. 
 
 In the town of Milford were born and reared the thirteen 
 children of Jesse and Mary (Leavitt) Hutchinson. Four of 
 the children, Judson, John, Asa and Abby, made up the famous 
 quartet known as the "Hutchinson Family," who toured the 
 States, singing for anti-slavery and temperance reform. They 
 were also received with enthusiasm in Europe. Their brother 
 Jesse was business manager, occasional substitute and writer of 
 songs, such as "The Old Granite State," "Good Time Coming" 
 and "The Emancipation Song." They first sang in the year 
 1839 and thereafter for many years they returned to the farm for 
 the summer months and gave concerts the rest of the year. 
 Judson Hutchinson wrote many songs, among them being "If 
 I Were a Voice," Away Down East," and "Anti-Calomel." The 
 brothers together founded the town of Hutchinson, Minne- 
 sota. After the death of one of the original quartet, Asa Hutch- 
 inson, with his wife and three children, formed a company and 
 gave concerts for twenty years. This family brought out the 
 familiar song, "Tenting To-night," composed by Walter Kit- 
 tredge, a native of New Hampshire. The Hutchinson family, 
 it is said, gave eleven thousand concerts. They won admiration 
 by homely common sense in their songs, by patriotism, and by 
 the pathos with which they sang. Theirs were songs of the 
 heart and went to the hearts of others. Almost all of their songs 
 were composed by some member of the family. 
 
 Lyman Heath, violinist and composer, was born in Bow, 
 August 24, 1804, and died in Nashua, June 30, 1870. He became 
 a teacher of music at the age of twenty-one and gave concerts 
 for many years. Among his compositions were "The Grave of 
 Bonaparte," and "The Burial of Mrs. Judson." 
 
 From musicians we turn to some who have listened to the 
 music of the spheres. John Robie Eastman, astronomer and mathe- 
 matician, was born in Andover, July 29, 1836, and was gradu- 
 ated at Dartmouth in 1862. At once he was appointed assistant 
 
A HISTORY 173 
 
 in the National Observatory at Washington and here he re- 
 mained. In 1865 he was appointed Professor of Mathematics in 
 the U. S. Navy with the rank of Lieutenant Commander. From 
 1865 to 1898 he was engaged in astronomical work at the ob- 
 servatory and accompanied several expeditions to observe 
 eclipses and transits. He was sent to Syracuse, Italy, to observe 
 the solar eclipse of December 22, 1870. His principal astronomi- 
 cal work was the preparation of "The Second Washington Star 
 Catalogue," containing results of 75,000 observations, one-quar- 
 ter of which were made by him. He retired in 1898 with rank 
 of captain and spent his last years in his native town, rounding 
 out a life of usefulness by writing an excellent history of An- 
 dover. He also represented that town in the legislature. He 
 died at Andover, September 26, 1913. 
 
 Charles Augustus Young was born at Hanover, December 
 14, 1834, son of Professor Ira Young. He was graduated at 
 Dartmouth in 1853 at the head of his class. He taught the 
 classics three years in Phillips Academy, Andover, and was nine 
 years Professor of Mathematics, Natural Philosophy and Astron- 
 omy in Western Reserve College. In 1862 he was captain of a 
 company that enlisted for service of one hundred days in the 
 Civil War. From 1865 to 1877 he was Professor of Astronomy 
 and Natural Philosophy at Dartmouth, at the end of which 
 period he became Professor of Astronomy at Princeton, New 
 Jersey. He was the inventor of an automatic spectroscope and 
 made many new observations on the solar spectrum. In 1891 
 he received the Jannsen medal of the French Academic des 
 Sciences. He was a member of many expeditions for astronomi- 
 cal observations and he popularized his scientific knowledge, lec- 
 turing at the Lowell Institute in Boston, at Mount Holyoke, 
 Williams College and St. Paul's School in Concord, in regular 
 courses of instruction. He published a popular treatise on "The 
 Sun," and several text-books on astronomy. The degrees of 
 Doctor of Science and Doctor of Laws were conferred on him in 
 recognition of his scholarship and services. He was also hon- 
 orary member of many scientific associations. He died at Han- 
 over, January 3, 1908. 
 
 In mentioning geologists we simply drop from the heavens 
 to earth and consider a detailed portion of astronomy. John 
 Evans was born at Portsmouth, February 14, 1812, son of Judge 
 
174 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 Richard Evans. He was graduated at the St. Louis Medical 
 School but turned from medicine to geology and served in the 
 geological surveys of Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa and Ne- 
 braska. A large deposit of fossil bones in the "Mauvaises Terres" 
 of Nebraska was discovered and described by him. He was 
 commissioned by the United States government to conduct the 
 geological survey of Washington and Oregon territories. His 
 death occurred in Washington, D. C. April 13. 1861. 
 
 Warren Upham, born in Amherst. March 3, 1850, was grad- 
 uated at Dartmouth in 1871. From 1871 to 1872 he was civil 
 engineer for the water works of Concord and in making rail- 
 road surveys in the White Mountain region. Thereafter for 
 twenty years he was engaged in geological surveys in New 
 Hampshire, Minnesota and in the service of the United States. 
 In the first volume of the geological survey of New Hampshire 
 the chapters on the history of the White Mountains and on the 
 river system of New Hampshire were written by him, as well as 
 some two hundred pages of detailed reports of surveys in the 
 third volume. He wrote much for the annual reports of the 
 Minnesota geological survey and "Geology of Minnesota," and 
 for the United States Geological Survey he prepared "The Upper 
 Beaches and Deltas of Lake Agassiz" and "Altitudes between 
 Lake Superior and Rocky Mountains," "The Glacial Lake Agas- 
 siz," and "Catalogue of the Flora of Minnesota." For many 
 years he was associate editor of "American Geologist" and "Gla- 
 cialists' Magazine." In 1889 he was associated wnth G. F. 
 Wright in the authorship of "The Ice Age in North America" 
 and in 1896 of "Greenland Icefields and Life in the North At- 
 lantic." In 1895 he became secretary and librarian of the Minne- 
 sota Historical Society, in which ofifice he compiled a volume of 
 Minnesota Biographies. 
 
 One who has made his name well known as an explorer of 
 the arctic regions was Charles Francis Hall, born in Rochester 
 in 1821. He learned the trade of blacksmith, engaged in journal- 
 ism and became familiar with the stationery and engraving busi- 
 ness. Becoming interested in the fate of the explorer, Sir John 
 Franklin, he proposed to the New York Geographical Society to 
 head an expedition in search of him, and in May, i860, he set 
 sail from New London. Connecticut, in a whaling vessel. The 
 vessel was blocked by ice and Hall left it after a few weeks. 
 
A HISTORY 175 
 
 Among the Esquimaux he discovered relics of the Frobisher ex- 
 pedition. In two years and a half he acquired much knowledge 
 of Esquimaux life, speech and habits. Like other explorers he 
 could not rest while something more remained to be discovered. 
 He sailed again in July, 1864, and lived five years among the na- 
 tives of the North, during which time he gathered up various 
 relics of the Franklin expedition. He succeeded in getting an 
 appropriation of $50,000 from the United States government for 
 an expedition to the North Pole, and in July, 1871, he sailed the 
 third time for the tip end of the earth, in the ship called the 
 Polaris as a hopeful prediction. On the 29th of August, 1871, 
 he reached the farthest point north ever attained up to that time, 
 latitude 82 degrees and 16 minutes. He died November 8. 1871, 
 and his grave is the farthest one north. A British expedition 
 caused to be inscribed over it, that he gave his life for the cause 
 of science. He published after his first expedition, "Arctic Re- 
 searches" and "Life Among the Esquimaux." His narrative the 
 "Second Arctic Expedition," left in manuscript, was purchased 
 by Congress for $15,000 and published after his death. Though 
 he attained not the complete object of his search, he prepared 
 the way for another American to reach the Arctic Pole. 
 
 Stephen H. Long was born in Hopkinton, December 30, 
 1784, and was graduated from Dartmouth in 1800. Immediately 
 he entered the service of the United States, and in 1814 was 
 second lieutenant of engineers. He was appointed Professor of 
 Mathematics in West Point Military Academy in 181 5 and the 
 following year was brevetted major of topographical engineers, 
 gradually rising to the rank of colonel. From 1818 to 1823 
 Colonel Long had charge of governmental explorations of the 
 territory between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains, 
 and in 1823-4 he explored the sources of the Mississippi. After 
 that he surveyed the line of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad and 
 was engineer in chief of the Atlantic and Great Western rail- 
 road. In i860 he was assigned to duties connected with the im- 
 provement of the navigation of the Mississippi. From 1835 to 
 1838 he resided in Hopkinton and was interested in local im- 
 provements, attempting to introduce the manufacture of silk. 
 The narrative of his exploration of the Minnesota and Red river 
 valleys and canoe route from Winnipeg to Lake Superior was 
 
176 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 published in two volumes, mostly written by W. H. Keating. 
 Colonel Long died in Alton, Illinois, September 4, 1864. 
 
 One of the leading scientists of our country was Elliott 
 Coues, born at Portsmouth, September 9, 1842. He removed to 
 Washington and graduated at Columbia University in 1861, re- 
 ceiving the degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1863. As assistant 
 surgeon in the United States army he saw much duty in Ari- 
 zona and three years in South Carolina, publishing several scien- 
 tific papers about the natural history of those regions. In 1869 
 he was elected Professor of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy 
 in Norwich University, Vermont. In 1873 he was appointed 
 surgeon and naturalist of the United States northern boundary 
 survey commission from the Great Lakes westward. Also he 
 edited the publications of the United States survey from 1876 to 
 1880, and meanwhile conducted zoological explorations in the 
 West, contributing several volumes to the reports of the sur- 
 vey, notably "Birds of the Northwest," "Fur-bearing Animals," 
 "Birds of the Colorado Valley" and several installments of a 
 universal "Bibliography of Ornithology." He was invited by 
 the leading scientists of England to make his residence in Lon- 
 don and identify himself with the British Museum. He wrote a 
 "History of North American Mammals," which was ordered to 
 be printed by act of Congress. Being ordered again to Arizona, 
 as some thought, through jealousy, he felt forced to resign his 
 commission as surgeon in order to give his whole time to scien- 
 tific pursuits. He was elected to the chair of anatomy in the 
 National Medical College, where he was a faithful and efficient 
 instructor and lecturer for ten years. Nearly all his life he acted 
 as collaborator of the Smithsonian Institute, presenting to the 
 United States valuable specimens collected in his travels and 
 explorations. Among his works were "New England Bird-Life" 
 and "Dictionary and Check List of North American Birds." His 
 "Key to North American Birds" was a standard text-book on 
 ornithology and was reprinted in London. In the latter part of 
 his life he became interested in psychical research and while on 
 a visit to England joined the society for that purpose. Although 
 he had been in philosophy a materialist, he became convinced 
 that materialism did not offer a sufficient explanation of vari- 
 ous mental phenomena. It occurred to him that the Darwinian 
 theory of evolution should be extended further to explain phe- 
 
A HISTORY 177 
 
 nomena of hypnotism, clairvoyance, telepathy and the like. 
 Hence he published "Biogen; a Speculation on the Origin and 
 Nature of Life," and Biogen became the caption of a series of 
 six volumes under his editorship. He had charge of the zoologi- 
 cal, biological and anatomical department of the Century Dic- 
 tionary. Other works were "Field Ornithology," "Signs of the 
 Times," "Travels of Lewis and Clark," and numerous articles in 
 scientific periodicals. He died in Baltimore, December 25, 1899. 
 
 The man who has had charge of the geographical work of 
 the United States geological survey for many years is Almon 
 Harris Thompson, born at Stoddard, September 24, 1839. He 
 was graduated at Wheaton College, Illinois, served as lieutenant 
 in the Civil War and was superintendent of schools in Lacon and 
 Bloomington, Illinois, till 1870. He accompanied several explor- 
 ing expeditions in the Colorado and Mississippi valleys. 
 
 A scientist of note was Augustus Addison Gould, born at 
 New Ipswich, April 23, 1805. He was graduated at Harvard 
 College in 1825 and after teaching school in Maryland two years 
 and studying medicine he began practice in Boston. But natural 
 history interested him more than medicine. "For two years he 
 taught botany and zoology at Harvard and was one of the found- 
 ers of the Boston Society of Natural History. He was also a 
 charter member of the National Academy of Sciences and was 
 connected with sixteen scientific societies. American and foreign, 
 and was author of more than one hundred scientific books and 
 papers beside those which were strictly professional. He was a 
 pioneer in many fields of New England zoology, and his books 
 were accepted as authoritative on the subjects treated. He was 
 also active in the medical societies, being president of that of 
 the State at the time of his death." (Chandler's Hist, of New 
 Ipswich, p. 451). He was joint author with Professor Louis 
 Agassiz of "Principles of Zoology," used as a text-book in col- 
 leges, republished in Bohn's Classical Library and translated 
 into German. He made a special study of shells and was pre- 
 eminent in conchology. Together with Francis Kidder he pub- 
 lished a history of his native town, covering the period from 
 1736 to 1852, manifesting the same thoroughness here as in sci- 
 entific studies. He died September 15, 1866. 
 
 Edward William Nelson, born in Manchester, May 8, 1855, 
 was graduated from Cook County Normal School, Chicago, in 
 
178 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 1875. He accompanied the expedition for scientific explorations 
 in Alaska, 1877-81, and was naturalist of the United States reve- 
 nue steamer Corwin during her cruise in the Arctic expedition in 
 search for the Jeannette, in 1881. He was chief field naturalist 
 of the United States Biological Survey, 1907-12, and has spent 
 much time in scientific explorations in Mexico. His published 
 works include a report on Natural History Collections made in 
 Alaska, "Birds of Bering Sea and the Arctic Ocean," "Squirrels 
 of Mexico and Central America," "The Esquimaux about Bering 
 Straits," "Rabbits of North America," and numerous papers 
 about birds and mammals. 
 
 Scientists gather facts, classify them and seek to learn the 
 underlying law, so that future conduct may be guided. It has 
 been thought that science is more reliable than philosophy, be- 
 cause it is based upon facts in the material universe, while phil- 
 osophy has rested too much upon apriori speculations. In re- 
 cent years the psychologists have established their laboratories 
 for experimenting with the activities of the human mind, so that 
 these, too, may be reduced to law. One of the foremost in this 
 field of study is Edward Wheeler Scripture, born in Mason, 
 May 21, 1864, and graduated at the College of the City of New 
 York in 1884. His studies were continued at Berlin, Zurich and 
 Leipsic, and at the last named university he took his degree of 
 Doctor of Philosophy. He became instructor in experimental 
 psychology at Yale University and later director of its psycho- 
 logical laboratory. Among his published works are "Elements 
 of Experimental Phonetics," "Thinking, Feeling and Doing," 
 "The New Psychology,' "Researches in Experimental Pho- 
 netics," "Stuttering and Lisping," and many papers contributed 
 to the Yale Psychological Laboratory Studies, of which maga- 
 zine he is editor. In 1893 he discovered a method of producing 
 anaesthesia by direct application of electricity, an alternating 
 current of high frequency being made to pass through a portion 
 of the body in such a way as to cut ofif transmission of feeling 
 by the nerves, so that no pain may be felt in the limbs while the 
 current continues. He has also invented an instrument for de- 
 tecting color-blindness, which has been widely accepted by rail- 
 roads and in the marine service. Thus scientific study of mental 
 activities leads to practical results, and at least mental philos- 
 ophy is being reduced to a science. Speculative philosophy will 
 
A HISTORY 179 
 
 be indulged in so long as there are thinkers desirous of tracing 
 all knowledge up to unity, but it may be based upon ascertained 
 facts rather than upon apriori assumptions. 
 
 Man has been called the "laughing animal." Whoever 
 provokes a smile is accounted a friend. Laughter is a counter- 
 irritant to weeping, an anaesthetic for pains and sorrows. Com- 
 edy and farce win the multitude, while real life has tragedy 
 enough for nearly all. One of the wittiest play-wrights of re- 
 cent times was Charles H. Hoyt, born in Concord, July 26, i860. 
 He was educated in a private school at Charlestown and in the 
 Boston Latin School. He read law but abandoned it for journal- 
 ism, working five years on the Boston Post. His first produc- 
 tion put upon the stage was a "Bunch of Keys," in 1883. Its 
 success soon made him a theatrical manager, and Hoyt's Madi- 
 son Square Theatre became well known. More than a dozen 
 plays flowed from his pen. They were always full of excellent 
 humor. His "Trip to Chinatown" was played six hundred and 
 thirty-nine nights in New York. His home was in Charlestown 
 and in 1892 he represented that town in the legislature and was 
 the candidate of the Democratic party for Speaker of the House. 
 He died November 20, 1900. (Granite Monthly, XVII, 143-152). 
 
chapter X 
 JURISTS 
 
chapter X 
 
 JURISTS 
 
 Salmon P. Chase— Nathan Clifford— John Appleton— Charles L. Woodbury 
 — Charles A. Peabody — Joel Parker — Charles H. Ham — Henry E. How- 
 land — Daniel G. Rollins — Addison Gardner — Philip Eastman — Benjamin 
 W. Bonney — Ira Perley — Henry A. Bellows — Charles Doe — Andrew S. 
 Woods — Jonathan E. Sargent — Nathaniel G. Upham — William C. Clarke 
 — Harry Bingham. 
 
 SALMON PORTLAND CHASE was born in Cornish, Jan- 
 uary 13, 1808, son of Ithamar Chase. When he was eight 
 years of age his father removed to Keene and died the following 
 year. The son went West and was brought up by his uncle, 
 Bishop Philander Chase. At the age of eighteen he was gradu- 
 ated from Dartmouth College, in 1826. Then he studied law 
 four years in Washington, D. C, in the office of William Wirt. 
 He began the practice of law in Cincinnati in 1829. Here he 
 compiled the Ohio statutes and championed the cause of the 
 slave, which for a time barred him from political office. He was 
 elected as a Whig to the Cincinnati city council in 1840; in 1841 
 he identified himself with the Liberty Party and took part in the 
 national conventions at Buffalo in 1843 ^^^ ^^ Cincinnati in 
 1847. I^ 1848 he was a member of the Free Soil national con- 
 vention at Buffalo, which nominated Van Buren. He was 
 elected to the United States Senate and served from March 4, 
 1849 to March 3, 1855. I" the latter year he was elected gover- 
 nor of Ohio as a Free Soil Democrat, and was reelected in 1857 
 as a Republican. Again he was elected to the United States 
 Senate in i860 and took his seat March 4, 1861, but resigned the 
 next day to become secretary of the treasury in President Lin- 
 coln's cabinet, which position he held till July i, 1864. He had 
 himself been a prominent candidate for the presidency in i860. 
 He was appointed chief justice of the United States Supreme 
 Court, December 6, 1864, and held that office till the end of 
 life, presiding at the impeachment trial of President Andrew 
 Johnson. He died in New York City, May 7, 1873. The Hon. 
 
 183 
 
i84 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 William Wirt said of him, "A lawyer, orator, senator, governor, 
 minister, magistrate, whom living a whole nation admired, 
 whom dead a whole nation lamented." 
 
 Nathan Clifford was born in Rumney, August i8, 1803. He 
 fitted for college at Haverhill Academy and paid his expenses at 
 Dartmouth College by teaching in Hampton Literary Institute. 
 At the age of twenty-four he began the practice of law in York 
 county, Maine. He was a member of the Maine house of repre- 
 sentatives, 1830-34. being speaker the last two years. He was 
 attorney general of Maine, 1834-38. He was elected as a Demo- 
 crat to the 26th and 27th congresses, 1839-43. Then he became 
 attorney general of the United States and served from October 
 17, 1846, to March 17. 1848. He was commissioner to Mexico 
 with the rank of envoy extraordinary and minister plenipoten- 
 tiary from March 18, 1848, to September 6, 1849, ^"^ was the 
 agent in concluding the treaty with Mexico at the close of the 
 Mexican War. He was appointed by President Buchanan as- 
 sociate justice of the United States Supreme Court and held 
 that office till his death, in Cornish, Maine, July 25. 1881. He 
 was president of the famous electoral commission that decided 
 the election of President Hayes. 
 
 John Appleton, born in New Ipswich, July 12, 1804, was 
 graduated at Bowdoin College in 1822 at the age of eighteen. 
 After studying law at Alfred, Maine, he was admitted to the 
 bar in Amherst, New Hampshire, in 1827 and at once began 
 legal practice in Dixmont, Maine, whence he removed to Sebec 
 and later to Bangor. In 1841 he was appointed reporter of de- 
 cisions. Eleven years later he was elevated to the supreme judi- 
 cial bench and became chief justice of the State in 1862, hold- 
 ing that office twenty-one years. It is said of him that he "was 
 longer on the bench, decided more cases and wrote more de- 
 cisions" than any other judge in Maine. He published a "Treat- 
 ise on Evidence" in i860, in which he advocated a reform in 
 legal procedure, allowing parties to suits, civil and criminal, to 
 be heard as witnesses. His proposed change in the laAv of evi- 
 dence has been adopted in nearly all the States. The degree of 
 Doctor of Laws was given him by his Alma Mater, of which in- 
 stitution he was a trustee for many years. He died February 
 7, 1891. 
 
 Charles Levi Woodbury, born in Portsmouth, May 22, 1820, 
 
A HISTORY ■ 185 
 
 was son of Hon. Levi Woodbury. He was educated principally 
 in Washington. After practicing law four years in Alabama he 
 settled in Boston about the year 1845. In 1870-71 he was a 
 member of the General Court of Massachusetts. From 1858 to 
 1861 he was United States district attorney for the First Ju- 
 dicial District. His chief field of labor was in the federal courts 
 at Boston and Washington. He wrote many articles for peri- 
 odicals and his judicial decisions appear in the three volumes 
 of the reports of his district. He died at Boston, July i, 1898. 
 
 Charles Augustus Peabody was born in Sandwich, July 10, 
 1814, and died in New York City, July 3, 1901. His education 
 was obtained in several academies and through teaching at 
 Beverly, Massachusetts, and Baltimore, Maryland. He was 
 graduated at Harvard Law School in 1837 and after practicing 
 in New York for a while was elected judge of the supreme court 
 for that city and served one year. In 1858 he was appointed 
 state commissioner of quarantine. In 1862 President Lincoln 
 made him judge of the United States court in Louisiana, where 
 he served till 1865, the last two years as chief justice. Return- 
 ing to New York he resumed the practice of law, in which he 
 continued for twenty years. He was vice-president of the As- 
 sociation for the Reform and Codification of the Law of Nations 
 and in 1885 was delegate of the United States governmient to 
 the international congress on commercial law. His summer 
 home was at Kearsarge House, North Conway (Granite 
 Monthly, XXXI, 122). 
 
 An honor to the bar and bench was Joel Parker, born in 
 Jaffrey, January 25, 1796. He was graduated. at Dartmouth in 
 181 1 and began practice of law at Keene. Although his cases 
 were faultlessly prepared, he had not the art of winning favor- 
 able verdicts from a jury, having more knowledge of law than 
 of men. Keene sent him to the legislature in 1824-26. He was 
 associate justice of the supreme court of New Hampshire in 
 1833 and chief justice in 1836. In 1840 he was chairman of the 
 committee to revise the laws of the State. From 1847 to 1857 
 he was Professor of Medical Jurisprudence at Dartmouth, lec- 
 turing also in other colleges, and from 1847 till his death he held 
 the chair of Royall Professor of Law at Harvard. Among his 
 published works are "Daniel Webster as a Jurist," "A Charge 
 to the Grand Jury on the Uncertainty of Law," "The Non-Ex- 
 
i86 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 tension of Slavery," "Personal Liberty Laws and Slavery in the 
 Territories," "The Right of Secession," "Constitutional Law," 
 "Habeas Corpus and Moral Law," "The War Powers of Con- 
 gress and the President,' "Revolution and Reconstruction," 
 "The Three Powers of Government," and "Conflict of De- 
 cisions." He contributed also valuable papers to the Massa- 
 chusetts Historical Society. For several years he was one of 
 the trustees of Dartmouth College. His death occurred in 
 Cambridge, Massachusetts, August 17, 1875. 
 
 Charles Henry Ham was born in Canterbury, January 22, 
 1831, and died in Montclair, New Jersey, October 16, 1902. His 
 education was in the public schools. For five years he was in 
 the employ of the Concord Railroad, reading law as he had 
 leisure. Feeble health hampered him in early years and he took 
 a voyage to Labrador with good results. Going to Chicago he 
 became clerk in a banking house for a short time, writing for 
 the newspapers from time to time. He became successively 
 editor of the Chicago Tribune and the Chicago Inter-Ocean. 
 He held the office of appraiser of customs at the port of Chi- 
 cago under several federal administrations and was a member 
 of the general board of United States appraisers from its forma- 
 tion in 1890. He became pre-eminent as a writer and authority 
 on customs law. His book on Manual Training was published 
 in several languages. 
 
 One of the most prominent lawyers of New York City was 
 Henry Elias Howland, born in Walpole, June 30, 1835. He 
 fitted for college at Kimball Union Academy and was graduated 
 at Yale in 1854, and at Harvard Law School in 1857. At once 
 he was admitted to the bar in New York and was in partner- 
 ship with Mr. Sherwood for about twenty years. He was made 
 judge of the marine (now city) court in 1873. He has been a 
 member of the corporation of Yale University, president of the 
 University Club, president of the Society of Mayflower De- 
 scendants, and member of many of the prominent clubs of New 
 York. All his life he has kept up his acquaintance with and in- 
 terest in the inhabitants of Walpole, where he is frequently 
 seen. 
 
 Daniel G. Rollins, bom in Great Falls, October 18, 1842, 
 was graduated at Dartmouth in i860 and studied at the Harvard 
 Law School. For some time he practiced law at Portland, 
 
A HISTORY 187 
 
 Maine, whence he removed to New York. From 1866 to 1869 
 he served as United States attorney for the southern district 
 of New York. Subsequently he was district attorney of New 
 York county and surrogate of the county. In 1887 he was the 
 Republican candidate for a New York judgeship. He died in 
 Somersworth August 30, 1897. 
 
 Addison Gardner, born in Rindge March 15, 1797, was grad- 
 uated at Union College in 1819. He practiced law at Rochester, 
 New York. He was district attorney for Monroe county in 
 1825 and for ten years from 1825 was circuit judge. In 1844 
 he was elected lieutenant-governor, in 1847 judge of the court 
 of appeals and in 1854 became chief judge of that court. He 
 died in Rochester, June 5, 1883. 
 
 Philip Eastman, born in Chatham, February, 1799, died in 
 Saco, Maine, August 7, 1869. He entered Dartmouth Univer- 
 sity and when that institution was abolished he went to Bow- 
 doin College, where he was graduated in 1820. He practiced 
 law in North Yarmouth, Harrison and Saco, Maine. In 1840-42 
 he served in the Maine senate. He was a commissioner under 
 the treaty of Washington in 1842 to locate grants and pos- 
 sessory claims to settlers on the St. John and Aroostook rivers, 
 and subsequently was a commissioner of Cumberland county. 
 He published "General Statutes of Maine," as chairman of a 
 legislative commission for that purpose and a digest of the first 
 twenty-six volumes of the "Maine Law Reports." 
 
 Benjamin West Bonney was born in Littleton, February 2, 
 1803, and died in New York City, August 18, 1868. He was 
 graduated at Dartmouth in 1824, practiced law in New York 
 and was made judge of the supreme judicial court in i860. 
 Dartmouth honored him with the degree of Doctor of Laws 
 and he was one of the board of trustees of that institution. 
 
 Ira Perley, though not a native of New Hampshire, spent 
 his life there. He was born in Boxford, Massachusetts, No- 
 vember 9, 1799, and was graduated at Dartmouth College in 
 1822, one of the very few who were perfect in deportment and 
 scholarship. After graduation he filled the position of tutor for 
 two years. He settled at Hanover in the practice of law and 
 was appointed treasurer of the college. As a young man he 
 used to entertain the other members of the bar at times by 
 songs and anecdotes. After nine years of practice at Hanover 
 
i88 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 he removed to Concord and in 1850 was appointed associate 
 justice of the superior court, but gave up the office after two 
 years. When the courts were reorganized in 1855 he became 
 chief justice of the supreme judicial court and held that office 
 till his resignation in 1859. Again he was appointed chief jus- 
 tice in 1864 and served till he was seventy years of age, thus 
 holding the seat of justice twelve years. He is remembered as 
 a learned judge, learned not only in the law. but in literature. 
 All his lifetime he continued to read the Latin classics and 
 French and Italian authors in their own languages. The best 
 English authors were well known to him. The study of the 
 best writers gave him a rich vocabulary and command of the 
 right words to fit any occasion that might arise. He knew how 
 to pack into a few words a great deal of thought. His decisions 
 are said to be models of style and clearness. His mind worked 
 rapidly and he could accomplish much while others were only 
 getting ready to act. Verbosity and irrelevant talk bored him 
 sometimes to the point of hasty and impatient expression. Dis- 
 honesty in the practice of law he could not tolerate. Rarely he 
 had need of referring to legal authorities. His memory held 
 the principles of law, and from these he reasoned quickly to 
 conclusions. Being sure of the premises he was in no doubt 
 as to the conclusions. Judge Perley died at Concord, February 
 26, 1874. His biographers rank him with the greatest jurists 
 of the United States. 
 
 It is said on good authority that Henry Adams Bellows 
 was born in Walpole, October 25, 1803. although one writer 
 says that Rockingham, Vermont, was his native place. He was 
 educated at Walpole and in an academy at Windsor, Vermont. 
 He began to stud}^ law at the age of twenty and was admitted 
 to the bar in 1826. He began practice at Walpole but removed 
 to Littleton in 1828 and there resided till his removal to Con- 
 cord in 1850. He was regarded as at the head of his profession 
 in northern New Hampshire, judicious, skillful, resourceful and 
 not easily disturbed. His cases were thoroughly studied, and 
 neither time nor labor was spared in their preparation and con- 
 duct. It was said that after his removal into Merrimac county 
 the average duration of jury trials was increased by one-third, 
 so minute was he in cross examinations and so much imitated 
 by others. He served in the legislature as representative from 
 
A HISTORY 189 
 
 Littleton in 1839 and from Concord in 1856 and 1857, when he 
 was chairman of the judiciary committee. In later years his 
 advice was frequently sought and freely given respecting pro- 
 posed legislation. He was appointed associate justice of the su- 
 preme court of New Hampshire in 1859 and ten years later he 
 was made chief justice, in which oflfice he continued to the close 
 of his life. Dartmouth College gave him the degree of Master 
 of Arts in 1859 ^"^ of Doctor of Laws in 1869. In religious be- 
 lief he was a Unitarian and in spirit and conduct he possessed 
 the characteristics of a true Christian. He was conscientious, 
 kind, patient, impartial, careful in forming opinions and tenaci- 
 ous of them when formed, humorous in conversation and able 
 to tell an anecdote so as really to amuse the susceptible. To 
 laugh at his stories was not considered a duty. He died at 
 Concord, March 11, 1873. 
 
 Charles Doe was a lawyer and judge that sustained the 
 reputation of the bar and bench of New Hampshire. He was 
 born at Derry, April 11, 1830, descendant of Nicholas Doe, one 
 of the early settlers of Oyster River, now Durham. He was 
 graduated at Dartmouth in 1849 and studied law with Daniel 
 M. Christie in Dover and at the Harvard Law School. His 
 legal practice was principally in Dover, and he was made solici- 
 tor of Strafford county in 1854 and served three years. He was 
 appointed associate judge of the supreme court in 1859 and in 
 1874 was removed for political reasons, that is, for no good rea- 
 son. Again he was called to the bench as chief justice in 1876 
 and held that office till his death, March 9, 1896. His home was 
 in Rollinsford for many years, where he was thought eccentric 
 because he would remove the window-sash from his sleeping- 
 chamber throughout the winter. He had simply learned be- 
 fore others the open-air treatment. 
 
 Andrew Salter Woods, born in Bath, June 2, 1803, was of 
 good old Scotch stock, whose father came from the north of 
 Ireland. It is noticeable how many young men reared in the 
 northern part of New Hampshire, in the valley of the Connecti- 
 cut, came to prominence in the legal profession. Dartmouth 
 College allured them and pushed them on. Woods was gradu- 
 ated in 1825, read law with Ira Goodall of Bath and formed a 
 partnership with him. Their office was crowded with clients, 
 and two thousand writs in one year, principally for the collec- 
 
I90 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 tion of debts, is the record. After twelve years of practice 
 Woods was made associate justice of the superior court in 1840, 
 and chief justice in 1855. He was legislated out of office by a 
 political upheaval ; somebody of the opposite party wanted his 
 place. He resumed practice of law at Bath, where he continued 
 till his death, June 20, 1863. It is not claimed that he was 
 highly educated in the law as written in books, but the funda- 
 mental principles of law he knew without studying many books, 
 and sound judgment enabled him to reach wise conclusions. 
 A keen conscience and common sense, with a little book learn- 
 ing, make a pretty good judge, such as New Hampshire often 
 had in the early days. 
 
 Jonathan Everett Sargent, born in New London, October 
 23, 1816, fitted for college at Hopkinton and Kimball Union 
 academies and was graduated at Dartmouth in 1840, defraying 
 his expenses to a large degree by teaching. After graduation 
 he taught in Virginia and Maryland, meanwhile reading law. 
 After having been admitted to the bar in Washington, D. C, 
 he returned to his native State and became a partner of 
 William P. Weeks at Canaan. Later he opened an office in 
 Wentworth and built up a large practice. In 1844 he was 
 solicitor for Grafton county. Three times he was representa- 
 tive in the legislature, and in 1853 he was Speaker of the House. 
 The following year he was a member of the senate and presi- 
 dent of that body. 
 
 In 1855 he was made justice of the court of common pleas 
 and served till that office was abolished in 1859. Then he was 
 appointed a justice of the supreme judicial court and remained 
 in office till 1874, being chief justice for the last year and a 
 half. In 1874 he resumed legal practice in Concord. He was 
 a delegate to the constitutional convention in 1876 and the fol- 
 lowing year was chairman of a committee to revise the statutes 
 of the State. He was much interested in historical studies and 
 served in 1888-9 as president of the New Hampshire Historical 
 Society. Dartmouth College honored him with the degree of 
 Doctor of Laws in 1880. He was more than a lawyer and 
 judge ; he was also a kind neighbor, a genial friend, a man well 
 read in general literature and a leading citizen of exemplary 
 character. With neither money nor influential friends to boost 
 him he climbed to the top of his profession by patient hard 
 
A HISTORY 191 
 
 work and honest conduct. His business ability placed him at 
 the head of the National State Capital Bank in Concord. He 
 died in Concord, January 6, 1890. 
 
 Nathaniel Gookin Upham, born in Deerfield, January 8, 
 1801, was graduated at Dartmouth in 1820, having been fitted 
 at Phillips Exeter Academy. His law practice was begun at 
 Bristol, but soon he removed to Concord, and at the age of 
 thirty-five he was appointed a justice of the superior court. 
 After ten years on the bench he resigned the judgeship in order 
 to become superintendent of the Concord Railroad. Later he 
 became president of that company and altogether spent twenty- 
 three years in its service. In 1853 he was chosen by President 
 Pierce to adjust claims between citizens of the United States 
 and of Great Britain. This occasioned a trip to London to con- 
 fer with the British commissioner, and together they adjusted 
 claims amounting to several million dollars. In 1862 he rend- 
 ered a similar service as umpire in a commission for the settle- 
 ment of claims between the United States and New Granada. 
 
 In politics he was a Democrat till the time of the Civil 
 War, when he cast all his influence in favor of preserving the 
 Union. Several of his addresses were published, a eulogy on 
 Lafayette, "Rebellion, Slavery and Peace," and "Progress of 
 Civil Liberty in New Hampshire." The last was delivered 
 when he was president of the New Hampshire Historical So- 
 ciety. His biographers speak of him as conscientious, religious, 
 inflexibly honest, studious of the law and of the business in 
 which he was engaged, interested in promoting in all possible 
 ways the welfare of his city. 
 
 William C. Clarke, born in Atkinson, December 10, 1810, 
 was graduated at Dartmouth in 1832. After studying law at 
 Harvard Law School and serving one year as principal of Gil- 
 manton Academy he began the practice of law at Meredith, 
 whence he removed to Manchester in 1844. He was first solici- 
 tor of Belknap county. At Manchester he was made city solici- 
 tor in 1849 ^rid 1850. In 1851 he was appointed judge of 
 probate of Hillsborough county and in 1855 he declined the offer 
 of an appointment as judge of the supreme court of the State. 
 In 1863 he was made attorney general of the State and held that 
 office till his decease, April 25, 1872. In all his business activi- 
 ties as director of banks, trustee of institutions, treasurer and 
 
1^2 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 clerk of the Manchester and Lawrence Railroad and prosecut- 
 ing- attorney he was faithful and efficient, winning the confi- 
 dence and esteem of many. 
 
 A prominent lawyer who never sat upon the judges' bench 
 was Harry Bingham, of Littleton, yet from college days to the 
 end of life he was known as "Judge Bingham," the familiar 
 title being a recognition of the man's judicial traits. Though 
 born in Concord, Vermont, March 30, 182 1, he was of a New 
 Hampshire family and he spent his active life in this State. 
 While studying at Dartmouth, where he was graduated in 
 1843, he employed the winters in teaching school, the way then 
 open but now unfortunately nearly closed for college students 
 to pay their expenses. He was admitted to the bar in 1846 and 
 practiced for over half a century at Littleton. No lawyer had 
 more cases in court, and no cases were better handled. He en- 
 joyed the confidence of the community, and this was evidenced 
 by his election eighteen times to the House and twice to the 
 Senate of his State. Here he was the acknowledged leader of 
 the Democratic party, that seven times made him their nomi- 
 nee for the United States senatorship. It was a disappoint- 
 ment to his own ambition and some think a distinct loss to the 
 State that he failed to represent it at the national capitol. His 
 speeches and public addresses, no less than his pleadings at the 
 bar, demonstrate that he had the gifts and learning of a states- 
 man. Especially was he well grounded in his acquaintance with 
 constitutional law, to which at times he gave, as some think, a 
 too literal interpretation. In the conventions of the Democratic 
 party, both in the State and nation, he took a prominent part. 
 He found time to acquaint himself with general literature, know- 
 ing that to be a great lawyer one must be more than a lawyer. 
 His address on "The Influence of Religion upon Human Prog- 
 ress," delivered before the New Hampshire Historical Society 
 in 1907, shows an acquaintance with the history of religions 
 throughout the world such as is rarely possessed by a layman, 
 and his interest in religion is the more remarkable, since he 
 never united with any church, though often seen at the services 
 of the Episcopal Church. The Portsmouth Times, after his 
 demise, called him "the ablest member of the New Hampshire 
 bar and the strongest leader of the Democratic party in the 
 State." Dartmouth College gave him the honorary degree of 
 
A HISTORY 193 
 
 Doctor of Laws, and it was no vain title ; he was an actual 
 teacher of the law to many. His reading was wide and he had a 
 tenacious memory and ability to recount interestingly to others 
 the experience and acquisition of a long life. One reason of his 
 success at the bar was that he always believed in the justice of 
 the cause he undertook. Harry Bingham died at Littleton, 
 September 12, 1900.^ 
 
 1 See Memorial of Hon. Harry Bingham, LL.D., Lawyer, Legislator, 
 Author, edited by Henry Harrison Metcalf, under the direction of Eldgar 
 Aldrich, Albert S. Batchellor, John M. Mitchell, literary executors. Con- 
 cord, 1910. 
 
chapter XI 
 IN THE NEWSPAPER WORLD 
 
chapter XI 
 IN THE NEWSPAPER WORLD 
 
 Journalistic Prophets — Newspapers as Educators — Horace Greeley and the 
 New York Tribune — Charles A. Dana and the New York Sun — Charles 
 W. March — Rev. Hosea Ballou as Preacher and Editor — Rev. Henry 
 Wood — Charles W. Brewster and the Portsmouth Journal — Franklin 
 B. Sanborn and the Springfield Republican — Charles L. McArthur — 
 George W. Kendall and the New Orleans Picayune — Stillson Hutchins 
 and the Washington Post— Rev. Alonzo H. Quint and the Congrega- 
 tional Quarterly — Rev. John H. Morrison, Editor of the Christian Reg- 
 ister and the Unitarian Review — Joseph C. Foster — Frank P. Foster — 
 David Atwood — James M. Bundy and the New York Evening Mail and 
 Express — Horace White and the New York Evening Post. 
 
 THE Hebrew prophets have been called "open-air journal- 
 ists." They were moral reformers who took the only way 
 then open to reach the hearts and minds of the common people. 
 They sought to stir up opposition against national sins. The 
 printing-press revealed a new, swift and far-reaching way to 
 accomplish similar ends. The pen became mightier than the 
 voice. The printed page cried aloud, not now in the wilderness 
 but on the crowded street and in quiet homes. The reformer 
 can now sit in the seclusion of his study and scatter his burning 
 thoughts all over the country, and many can do this who have 
 little power as orators. The imagination of the reader clothes 
 the thought of the writer with the latter's personality, and the 
 reputation of a man never seen adds weight to whatever comes 
 from his pen. The modern prophet with a message in his soul 
 thus finds a way to deliver it. The thought that really burns 
 and glows within studies no novel means of expression. "The 
 words come skelpin rank and file," almost before one kens. It 
 matters not so much how one shouts "fire," so long as he feels 
 the danger to himself and others. He can not shout it indiffer- 
 ently. His style of expression is the outflow of fire within, a 
 realizing sense of the situation. In such a case nature outdoes 
 art and the cry of the man in dead earnest is at once listened to 
 and obeyed by many. They rush to put out the conflagration. 
 
 197 
 
198 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 The century past has witnessed the career of a number of 
 such journaHstic prophets who wrote in burning and winged 
 words. To pubhsh a book once a year did not suit the character 
 of their message nor could this method relieve their souls. The 
 message was to them new every morning and fresh every eve- 
 ning. Nothing but a daily newspaper could be a sufficient chan- 
 nel for the outflow of their freshet. They had no ambition to 
 break into literature ; they wanted rather to break into im- 
 prisoned minds and set them free. A great journalist must be a 
 great moral reformer, if he wants to accomplish something more 
 than to make money and sway elections. A mere distributor of 
 news, real and manufactured, ought not to be called a journalist; 
 an advertising sheet is not a journal. A newspaper should be 
 an educator of the public in things most essential to good citi- 
 zenship and exalted character. It should be a discerner of the 
 signs of the times and warn the people of approaching danger, 
 as well as point out the way of escape. The real editor sits on 
 a watch-tower and answers the constant question, "What of the 
 night?" He must be able to see the distant dawn. 
 
 Such an editor was Horace Greeley, born in Amherst, Feb- 
 ruary 3, 181 1. The story of his early poverty and struggles is 
 well known. It is told that at the age of four years he was quite 
 a phenomenon in reading and spelling, which accomplishments 
 he seems to have grasped without the trouble of learning. He 
 read everything he could get hold of, such was the lack of books 
 in his home. The Bible he had read at the age of five. His 
 father was forced by debt to remove to Westhaven, Vermont, 
 and there Horace Greeley worked and read on a farm from the 
 age of ten to fifteen. Then he sought employment in a printing 
 office at Poultney, Vermont. His manners were uncultivated 
 and unsubdued to the rules of polite society, though natural 
 kindness needs no studied ways of expression. He had, as some- 
 body has said, an "incapacity for clothes." They never seemed 
 to fit him. They looked like his penmanship, too hastily put on 
 to look well. To write legibly required too much time and 
 checked the free flow of thought. He ought to have had a type- 
 writer and a shorthand reporter constantly with him. From 
 Poultney he followed his father to the southern boundary of New 
 York State and there found odd jobs of farming and typesetting. 
 In 183 1 he arrived in New York City with ten dollars and began 
 
/7^^/^'^C 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^. 
 
A HISTORY 199 
 
 hunting for work. His first job was to set up a New Testament 
 in very fine type. Soon he was working on the Evening Post, 
 the Comtnercial Advertiser, and Spirit of the Times. Then he 
 and Francis V. Story formed a partnership for job printing and 
 the pubHcation of the Morning Post, which latter was not suc- 
 cessful as a business enterprise. ThtNezv Yorker was the next 
 venture and then he was editor of the Jeffersonian with a salary 
 of five thousand dollars. In 1840 he was editor of a campaign 
 paper called the Log Cabin, whose first edition was 48,000 
 copies and it reached a circulation of 90,000. All this work was 
 only preparatory to his career as editor of the New York 
 Tribune, which he began in 1841 with six hundred subscribers 
 and sold for a cent per copy, while the Sun sold half as much 
 news for two cents and sought to crowd the Tribune out. The 
 opposition advertised Greeley and his paper. 
 
 Mr. Greeley was by nature opposed to any form of op- 
 pression. His sympathies were with the toilers. Hence slavery 
 invoked his wrath and he acknowledged no palliation of the 
 monstrous evil. He was not reckoned among the abolitionists, 
 yet they read his paper and found it an ally. In politics he was 
 as independent as he was in the matter of dress, said what he 
 wanted to and what, according to his convictions, ought to be 
 said. He sought no political office, yet he seems to have been 
 disappointed because the political leaders did not offer him any. 
 The editorials of many newspapers are the driest part and are 
 rarely read; those of the Tribune were what sold the paper. 
 What Horace Greeley wrote was copied all over the country. 
 It was moral earnestness clothed in easy and forceful words. 
 His vocabulary was picked up on the farm and in the printing 
 office and enlarged by omnivorous reading. The study of Greek 
 and Latin had not spoiled his English. Long words and sen- 
 tences he had little use for. The flourishes of rhetoric and the 
 captivating flights of poetic fancy he left for other writers. He 
 was overrunning with ideas and gave a hospitable reception to 
 every new ism that arose without being carried away by it. 
 Some of the fundamental principles of socialism he advocated 
 without being called a Socialist. He was a temperance man 
 without advocating prohibition, except where public opinion de- 
 manded it. He grew to be hostile to slavery, when he saw that 
 the times demanded the emancipation of the slaves in the South, 
 
200 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 If he dififered from Lincoln, Grant, Seward, or anybody else, he 
 did not hesitate to give expression to the difference. He sup- 
 ported them when they supported his ideas of what ought to be. 
 
 His principal literary work was the "Great American Con- 
 flict," or history of the struggle between freedom and slavery, 
 enough in itself to win reputation as an author. About the time 
 of his marriage he wrote some verses, but was wise enough to 
 assert long afterward that he was not a poet. 
 
 In politics he was a Whig, a Republican, a Liberal Repub- 
 lican and an Assistant Democrat. His former friends mourned 
 when in 1872 he accepted the endorsement of the Democratic 
 party to his nomination for the presidency by the Liberal Re- 
 publicans. He did not seek the nomination, but ambition did 
 not permit him to refuse it. He found himself the nominal leader 
 of a party that he had strenuously and bitterly opposed for 
 years, and in opposition to President Grant, whose first election 
 he had favored. His old anti-slavery admirers lifted up their 
 heals, voices and votes against him. The disappointment of his 
 political defeat may have hastened his death, which occurred in 
 1872. I can see him now as he stood upon the rear platform of 
 a railway train at Brunswick, Maine, and made a short address 
 to a great throng drawn by curiosity to see him, and I remem- 
 ber the widely published cartoon entitled "Maine's Opinion of 
 Greeley," in which he was represented as being kicked out of 
 doors by the voters of the Pine Tree State, a prophecy which had 
 speedy fulfillment. The aberration of the last year of his life 
 was somewhat parallel to the unfortunate speech of Daniel 
 Webster, that alienated so many former frineds. Both mistakes 
 have been forgiven by those who remember the general effect of 
 their lines. 
 
 Horace Greeley knew how to gather to his aid young writers 
 of promise like Henry J. Raymond, George William Curtis, Bay- 
 ard Taylor and Margaret Fuller. One of the number was 
 Charles Anderson Dana, born in Hinsdale, August 8, 1819. His 
 boyhood was spent at Gaines, New York, and Guildhall, Ver- 
 mont, whither his parents had moved. At the age of twelve he 
 went to live with an uncle at Buffalo, New York. After two 
 years at Harvard College he was obliged to leave on account of 
 failing eyesight, but he received the degree of Bachelor of Arts 
 with his class of 1843. ^^ the same year his journalistic career 
 
\d 
 
 -^KyiA-^^i^. 
 
^. 
 
 ^^ ^i^^C^^-tZ^ — «--<L- - 
 
A HISTORY 20I 
 
 began with the Harbinger, a paper connected with the Brook 
 Farm experiment at Roxbury, Mass. In 1844 he was assistant 
 editor of the Boston Chronotype and in 1847 he was assisting 
 Greeley on the Tribune. In 1862 he was too radical for Greeley 
 in demanding the utmost prosecution of the war and was more 
 intensely anti-slavery than Greeley. In 1864 he was assistant 
 secretary of war. In 1855 he had begun to compile with George 
 Ripley the "New American Cyclopedia," and the original edition 
 was completed in 1863. In 1867 he started the Chicago Repub- 
 lican, and January 27, 1868, he issued the first number of the 
 New York Sun as editor and proprietor, making it in 1872 a 
 Democratic paper. He continued to edit it till his death, Oc- 
 tober 17, 1897, and he made it a paper well known for its literary 
 finish. For a time after the death of Greeley the Sun outshone 
 the waning Tribune, and it has maintained till the present a very 
 high rank among newspapers. The impetus given it by Charles 
 A. Dana has not lost its force. 
 
 Another New Hampshire man that assisted Horace Greeley 
 on the Tribune was Charles Wainwright March, born in Ports- 
 mouth, December 15, 181 5, descendant of Hon. Clement March, 
 of Greenland. After graduating at Harvard in 1837 he practiced 
 law for a short time at Portsmouth and served in the legislature, 
 but removed to New York and became an editorial writer on the 
 Tribune and the Times as well as correspondent of the Boston 
 Courier, under the pen-name of "Pequot." He was regarded as a 
 brilliant essayist. His principal productions were "Daniel 
 Webster and His Contemporaries" and "Sketches in Madeira, 
 Portugal and Spain." He died in Alexandria. Egypt, January 
 24. 1864. 
 
 Hosea Ballou is better known as the founder of the Uni- 
 versalist denomination than as a journalist, yet he had experi- 
 ence in many lines of activity. He was born in Richmond, April 
 30, 1771, son of a Baptist minister who had six sons. Three of 
 them became Baptist ministers and the other three preached the 
 doctrines of Universalism. So poor was his father that he 
 learned to write by use of birch bark and charcoal. His chief 
 educator was the family Bible. He was admitted to the Baptist 
 church at the age of eighteen and cast out when he became a 
 Universalist. There was nothing against his character and con- 
 duct ; he was accused only of thinking erroneously and talking 
 
202 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 out his thoughts to others. At the age of twenty-one he began 
 to preach, having had but a trifling amount of schooling. He 
 learned by teaching in Rhode Island week days and preaching 
 Sundays. For seven years after 1794 he was at Dana, Massa- 
 chusetts, preaching also in Oxford and Charlton. At the age 
 of thirty he removed to Barnard, Vermont, and here he wrote 
 his "Notes on the Parables" and "Treatise on the Atonement." 
 In 1807 he became pastor of the Universalist church at Ports- 
 mouth. In 181 5 he removed to Salem, Massachusetts, and after 
 two years was settled as pastor of the Universalist church at 
 Boston, where he remained thirty-five years. In addition to his 
 ministerial duties he wrote many controversial papers, essays 
 and hymns, lectured often and preached wherever he could. In 
 1819 he established the Universalist Magazine, which later be- 
 came the Universalist Expositor, and still later the Universalist 
 Quarterly Review. As a writer and speaker he was logical, 
 clear, impassioned, earnest. His message he felt to be a divine 
 conviction. Love moved him and made him speak. All of the 
 previously established churches opposed his teachings, for he 
 undermined the basis of their theories. Universalism has been 
 greatly modified by changes in its advocated theories, and the 
 opposing churches have changed their teachings for the better. 
 Hosea Ballou began a movement that has had a wide and radical 
 influence upon the theology of the last century. He lived to see 
 established a thousand Universalist churches, to preach ten 
 thousand sermons and to write enough to make a hundred vol- 
 umes. Some of his interpretations of certain passages of scrip- 
 ture would sound strange to some of his followers to-day, but 
 his main contention has been gaining ground through influences 
 outside of the Universalist denomination. He was a worthy 
 man and an honor to New Hampshire. 
 
 The Rev. Henry Wood, D.D., was born in Loudon, April 
 10, 1796, and was graduated at Dartmouth in 1822. After serv- 
 ing a short time as tutor there and at Hampton-Sidney College 
 he studied at Princeton Theological Seminary and became a 
 Congregational minister. From 1841 to 1853 he was editor of 
 the Congregationalist Journal, at Concord. In 1854-6 he was 
 United States consul at Beirut, Syria. Then he became a chap- 
 lain in the United States navy and served for a time in Japan, 
 where he taught twenty-five young men English to fit them for 
 
A HISTORY 203 
 
 interpreters. He introduced the first Protestant minister in 
 Japan, offered the first prayer and preached the first sermon in 
 English in that country. He died at Philadelphia, October 25, 
 
 1873- 
 
 Charles Warren Brewster was known for over half a cen- 
 tury as editor of the Portsmouth Journal. He was born in that 
 town September 13, 1812, and died there August 4, 1868. He 
 began as an apprentice in the office of the Journal and after fif- 
 teen years became its proprietor. He served several terms in the 
 legislature and was a member of the constitutional convention 
 of 1850. He was the principal writer of his own paper and with 
 patient research gathered up and printed a lot of local history 
 and tradition, which he afterward published in two volumes 
 under the title, "Rambles about Portsmouth." Another publica- 
 tion of his was "Fifty Years in a Printing-Office." He had a 
 pleasing style and his newspaper gave satisfaction to many po- 
 litical opponents. His conduct as a consistent Christian was 
 well known, and this added weight to whatever he wrote. His 
 "Rambles about Portsmouth" needs some revision under the 
 light of recently discovered and published historical data. The 
 claim that he was descended from Elder William Brewster has 
 never been proved. His first known ancestor was John Brews- 
 ter, of Portsmouth. 
 
 An author and journalist who has produced much interest- 
 ing matter of historical value is Franklin Benjamin Sanborn, 
 born at Hampton Falls, December 15, 1831. He fitted for col- 
 lege at Phillips Exeter Academy and was graduated at Harvard 
 in 1855. For the next eight years he was principal of a private 
 school at Concord, Massachusetts, writing and speaking for the 
 Free Soil party and acting secretary of the Massachusetts State 
 Kansas Committee. He was brought into intimate contact with 
 John Brown and was suspected of compHcity in the raid on 
 Harper's Ferry. For this cause an attempt was made to kidnap 
 him, but he was rescued by citizens of Concord. Though sym- 
 pathizing with John Brown in his efforts to make Kansas a free 
 state, he and the society he represented had nothing to do with 
 the attack on Harper's Ferry. Nevertheless, such was the popu- 
 lar excitement that it was thought best for Mr. Sanborn to make 
 his residence in Canada for a short time. In 1863 he became 
 editor of the Commonwealth and the same year was appointed 
 
204 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 secretary of the board of state charities, a position which he held 
 a long- time. In 1868 he accepted a position on the editorial staff 
 of the Springfield Republican, a newspaper that for many years 
 was highly esteemed and widely read as a moulder of public 
 opinion. In 1869 Mr. Sanborn, with Bronson Alcott and Wil- 
 liam T. Harris, founded the Concord School of Philosophy. In 
 1865, with Dr. S. G. Howe, and others, he organized the Ameri- 
 can Social Science Association and was its secretary thirty-two 
 years. He helped to organize the National Prison Association 
 in 1871 and the National Conference of Charities in 1874. His 
 principal literary productions have been "Life and Letters of 
 John Brown," biographies of Thoreau, Alcott and Dr. Howe, 
 "Reminiscences of Sixty Years," a "History of New Hampshire," 
 and frequent contributions in poetry and prose to different peri- 
 odicals. His reports as secretary of various organizations would 
 make forty volumes. Whatever he has written is interesting for 
 its historic details and familiar style of expression. As a writer 
 of sonnets and short poems he belongs to no mean rank. His 
 History of New Hampshire is compact, clear, and entertaining. 
 It grasps the main principles of government and states the sali- 
 ent points of the State's history as fully as can be done within 
 the limits of an octavo volume. Nobody surpasses Mr. Sanborn 
 in ardent and continued interest in his native State. His resi- 
 dence is in Concord, Massachusetts. 
 
 Charles Lafayette McArthur was born at Claremont, Janu- 
 ary 7, 1824. He was educated principally in a printing-office. 
 His first venture was The Carthagian, published at Carthage, 
 New York. He went West and was a local reporter on the 
 Detroit Free Press. After serving as secretary of the expedition 
 to make a treaty with the Sioux Indians he became senior edi- 
 tor of the Milwaukee Sentinel, the first daily paper published in 
 Wisconsin. In 1846 he was city editor of the New York Sun. 
 In 1847 he and John M. Francis purchased the Troy Budget. 
 Spending two years in Europe he wrote a series of letters for 
 publication. In 1865 he went to Cuba on a secret government 
 commission. His connection with the Budget continued until 
 1859. Then he established the Troy Daily Arena and sold it 
 soon to go into the Civil War as quartermaster of the Second 
 New York Volunteers. President Lincoln appointed him cap- 
 tain and quartermaster in the regular army. Subsequently he 
 
A HISTORY 205 
 
 served as brigade and division quartermaster. Twice he was 
 brevetted "for faithful and meritorious service." In 1884 he es- 
 tablished the Troy A'ezsjs, the first Sunday paper in the State of 
 New York outside of the great city. This he sold and became 
 editor and proprietor of the Troy Daily Whig. The Budget is 
 said to have died of too much copperheadism, and he reestab- 
 lished it as the Troy Northern Budget. He served in the legis- 
 lature of New York and spent much time in travel in his later 
 years. He died at Troy, October 25, 1893. 
 
 George W. Kendall was born in Amherst, now Mont Ver- 
 non, August 22, 1809, and died at Oak Spring, near Bowie, 
 Texas, October 22, 1867. He learned the printer's trade at Bur- 
 lington, Vermont, went to New Orleans in 1835, and two years 
 later established the New Orleans Picayune, in company with 
 Francis A. Lumsden, the first cheap daily paper in that city and 
 one of the most influential in the South. He joined the Santa 
 Fe trading expedition and was taken prisoner and confined in 
 Mexico seven months. During the Mexican War he accom- 
 panied the armies of Generals Taylor and Scott as correspond- 
 ent. After spending two years in foreign travel he bought a 
 large grazing farm in Texas and there he spent the most of his 
 remaining life, raising $50,000 worth of wool in a single year, 
 and occasionally contributing editorials for the Picayune, an in- 
 terest in which he retained. He published "Narrative of the 
 Texan Santa Fe Expedition," in two volumes, which had a large 
 sale, and "The War between the United States and Mexico." 
 
 Stillson Hutchins, born at Whitefield, November 14, 1838, 
 went to Iowa in 1856 and started a country newspaper. He be- 
 came known as a political writer and had charge of Democratic 
 papers, first at Des Moines and then at Dubuque, where he 
 owned the Herald. After the Civil War he established the 
 Times at St. Louis, which he sold at a good price. In 1877 he 
 established the Washington Post, issued every day. His enter- 
 prises have been attended with financial success. Having pur- 
 chased Governor's Island in Lake Winnepiseogee he there ex- 
 pended $100,000 in a summer resort, where his numerous friends 
 have been entertained. His winter residence is on Massachu- 
 setts Avenue, in Washington. He has served in the legislature 
 of Missouri and in that of New Hampshire. 
 
 The Rev. Alonzo Hall Quint, born in Barnstead, March 22, 
 
2o6 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 1828, was graduated at Dartmouth in 1846 and at Andover Theo- 
 logical Seminary in 1852. He attained distinction as a preacher 
 and counselor in the Congregational churches, being from 1856 
 to 1882 secretary of the general association of Massachusetts 
 churches and secretary of the national council of Congregational 
 churches from 1871 to 1883. He was moderator of the council 
 in 1892. In the Civil War he was chaplain of the Second Massa- 
 chusetts Infantry. He served two years in the Massachusetts 
 legislature. From 1859 to 1876 he was an editor and proprietor 
 of the Congregational Quarterly. He wrote the "Burial Hill 
 Declaration," accepted as an expression of Congregational belief 
 by the national council of 1865. He served long pastorates at 
 Jamaica Plains, New Bedford and Somerville, Massachusetts, 
 and at Dover, New Hampshire. While in the last mentioned 
 place he became greatly interested in local history, assisting 
 Hon. John Wentworth in the preparation of the Wentworth 
 Genealogy and publishing "The First Parish in Dover, New 
 Hampshire." He gave the oration at the dedication of the mon- 
 ument of Gen. John Sullivan, at Durham, and he served in the 
 New Hampshire legislature of 1881 and 1883. Dartmouth gave 
 him the honorary degree of Doctor of Divinity in 1866 and he 
 was a trustee of that institution. He contributed about four 
 hundred historical articles to the Dover Inquirer, a part of 
 which has been republished in a book entitled "Historical 
 Memoranda of Ancient Dover." Other published works are 
 "The Potomac and the Rapidan, or Army Notes from the Fail- 
 ure at Winchester to the Re-enforcement of Rosecrans," "The 
 Records of the Second Massachusetts Infantry" and "Common 
 Sense Christianity," a work published after his death, which oc- 
 curred at Roxbury, Massachusetts, November 4, 1896. As an 
 historian he was painstaking, careful and interesting; as a coun- 
 selor in church and state his advice was valued and widely 
 sought; as a minister of the Gospel he was successful and hon- 
 ored. One life like his counts for a hundred of average persons. 
 He kept at work and honors came to him. 
 
 The Rev. John Hopkins Morrison, born in Peterborough, 
 July 25, 1808, fitted for college at Phillips Exeter Academy and 
 was graduated at Harvard in 1831. In eary life he worked sev- 
 eral years on a farm at low wages, and to assist in securing an 
 education he taught many terms of school. At Exeter he was 
 
A HISTORY 207 
 
 befriended by the Hon. Jeremiah Smith, and afterward he repaid 
 the debt of gratitude by writing the "Life of Jeremiah Smith." 
 He published also "Disquisitions and Notes on the Gospel of 
 Matthew," and was editor for some time of the Christian Regis- 
 ter and of the Unitarian Review. He began his ministry as as- 
 sociate pastor with Dr. Peabody at New Bedford and was pas- 
 tor at Milton, Massachusetts, for thirty-four years. Another lit- 
 erary production was "The Life of Robert Swain," besides many 
 sermons and addresses. He died at Boston, April 26, 1896. His 
 life illustrates how an American youth may struggle up from 
 poverty to affluence, from obscurity to leadership. By losing 
 his life for the good of others he found it. 
 
 Joseph Coggin Foster was born at Milford, April 24, 1818, 
 and was bred as a printer in the office of the Farmer's Cabinet 
 at Amherst. He studied at Madison University, Hamilton, New 
 York, now Colgate University, and received his theological 
 training at New Hampton Institution. His pastorates in the 
 Baptist churches were at Brattleboro, Vermont and Beverly, 
 Massachusetts. From 1881 to 1896 he was editor of The Watch- 
 man and weekly Boston correspondent of the Watch Tower, 
 New York. The Central University of Iowa gave him the hon- 
 orary degree of Doctor of Divinity. He died at Augusta, 
 Georgia, March 16, 1899. 
 
 Frank Pierce Foster, physician, was born at Concord, No- 
 vember 21, 1841, and was graduated from the College of Physi- 
 cians and Surgeons, New York, 1862. He was assistant surgeon 
 in the United States army in 1865, and has since been in general 
 practice in New York City. He has been editor of the Medical 
 Journal and co-author of an Illustrated Encyclopaedic Medical 
 Dictionary. 
 
 David Atwood. born in Bedford, December 15, 181 5, worked 
 on a farm and went in the summer time to common schools till 
 he was sixteen years of age. Then he went to Hamilton, New 
 York, and served five years as an apprentice in learing the print- 
 er's trade, in an office devoted to the printing of law books. 
 For three years thereafter he was engaged in selling law books, 
 traveling extensively in the middle and western states. In 1839 
 he made his first venture as a journalist and publisher, putting 
 forth the Hamilton Palladium, a weekly newspaper vvitli a soph- 
 omoric title, devoted to the interests of the Whig party. The 
 
2o8 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 newspaper was not successful, his health broke down and he 
 went to Illinois and took a farm. Raising sheep brought to him 
 more health and money than a country newspaper could, but 
 journalism kept wooing him. Going to Madison, Wisconsin, he 
 took editorial charge of the Madison Express, which later he 
 purchased, changing the name to The State Journal. Within five 
 years he bought out The Daily State Journal, with which he 
 was connected for a long time. Meanwhile he was reporter for 
 legislative bodies. He has been a member of the legislature, as- 
 sessor of internal revenue, Mayor of Madison and member of the 
 United States Congress. While living in New York he rose to 
 the rank of colonel in the militia and in Wisconsin he was 
 quartermaster-general and major-general. His newspaper be- 
 came the leading Republican organ in Wisconsin. He died De- 
 cember II, 1889. 
 
 James Mills Bundy, born at Colebrook, April 15, 1835, re- 
 moved with his father's family to Beloit, Wisconsin. He was 
 educated at Beloit College and the Harvard Law School. He 
 began newspaper work on the Milwaukee Daily Wisconsin. 
 During the Civil War he was major on the stafif of General John 
 Pope. In 1866 he accepted a position on the editorial stafif of 
 the New York Evening Post, as dramatic and musical editor, 
 doing also at times the duties of literary editor. In 1868 he be- 
 came editor of the Evening Mail. This attained a national repu- 
 tation. It was bought by Cyrus W. Field in 1879 and the Eve- 
 ning Express was merged with it as the Mail and Express. 
 Major Bundy wrote the life of President Garfield in seven weeks 
 after having gathered his information, meanwhile doing editorial 
 duty on his newspaper. As a journalist he attained a wide and 
 powerful influence. He died in Paris, France, September 8, 1891. 
 
 Charles Ransom Miller was born in Hanover, January 17, 
 1849, ^^^ w^s graduated at Dartmouth in 1872. He began his 
 journalistic career on the Springfield Republican, working with 
 it till 1875. He then accepted a position on the New York 
 Times, becante an editorial writer in 1881 and two years later 
 was promoted to editor in chief, which position he has held a 
 long time. 
 
 Horace White, born in Colebrook, August 10, 1834, removed 
 with his parents to Beloit, Wisconsin, and graduated at Beloit 
 College in 1853. The same year he became city editor of The 
 
A HISTORY 209 
 
 Evening Journal. He accompanied Abraham Lincoln in his po- 
 litical campaign against Stephen A. Douglass in 1858-9, as the 
 agent of the associated press. During the Civil War he was 
 Washington correspondent of the Chicago Tribune. Purchasing 
 an interest in the Tribune he became its editor-in-chief from 1865 
 to 1874. After making an extended European tour he bought in 
 1884 an interest in the New York Evening Post and became one 
 of its editors and in 1889 its chief editor. He is author of "Money 
 and Banking." He retired from active work as editor in 1903. 
 Another work of his is the "Life of Lyman Trumbull." He died 
 in New York, September 16, 1916. 
 
chapter XII 
 OTHER PROMINENT MEN 
 
Chapter XII 
 
 OTHER PROMINENT MEN 
 
 What Makes a Man Worth Mention? — Marshall P. Wilder — Hiram Hitch- 
 cock — Edward Tuck — George Walker — Horatio J. Perry — Amos T. 
 Akerman — Gov. Levi K. Fuller — Henry Wells — Benjamin P. Cheney — 
 Gen. George Stark — Joseph B. Walker — Bishop Osmon C. Baker — 
 Bishop William B. W. Howe — Rev. Baron Stow^e, D.D. — Rev. Nathaniel 
 Bouton, D.D. — Austin Corbin — Rear Admiral Asa Walker — Gen. Leonard 
 Wood — William Ladd, "the Apostle of Peace." 
 
 WHAT makes a man prominent in the history of his State? 
 Is it the fact that he has succeeded in getting himself 
 elected to high and varied offices? Is it that he has led in mili- 
 tary campaigns? Is it that he has been a distinguished member 
 of one of the learned professions, law, medicine, and theology? 
 Is not the man worth remembering the one who has done some- 
 thing to make his fellowmen wiser, happier and better? Who- 
 ever has helped notably in the great march of human progress 
 deserves credit therefor in the popular estimation. Abilities, 
 character and achievement make men prominent. Learning and 
 money may be helpful, but they are not enough ; without char- 
 acter they may the sooner sink one into oblivion. 
 
 Marshall Pinckney Wilder, born in Rindge, September 22, 
 1798, possessed by nature the elements of great manhood. He 
 was brought up on a farm and had a natural love for agriculture 
 and horticulture. When he was offered the opportunity of a col- 
 lege course, he preferred farming and trading. After some ex- 
 perience in both in his native town he went to Boston in 1823 
 and became a wholesale merchant in West India goods. Thus 
 he became rich, and having riches with natural abilities and a 
 benevolent spirit he accomplished his heart's desire. While in 
 Rindge he manifested much interest in military affairs and rose 
 to the rank of colonel in the militia. In 1857 he was elected 
 commander of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of 
 Boston. For forty years he was a director in the National Bank 
 and the National Insurance Company, and for twenty-six years 
 
 213 
 
214 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 he was a director in the Mutual Life Insurance Company. He 
 served in the lower house of the Massachusetts legislature in 
 1839 and was president of the senate in 1850. He was a promi- 
 nent leader in the political party that nominated Bell and 
 Everett in i860. He helped to secure the Natural History rooms 
 and in founding- the Institute of Technology. For years he was 
 president of the State Board of Agriculture, of which he was one 
 of the original promoters. He was also president from 1868 to 
 1884 of the New England Historic Genealogical Society and 
 from 1840 to 1848 of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society 
 and of the American Pomological Society many years from its 
 origin in 1848. His tastes found exercise in the scientific and 
 practical study of agriculture and horticulture, in the cultiva- 
 tion of his grounds at Dorchester and in the importation of trees 
 and plants. His experiments in hybridization and fruit culture 
 made him known and honored throughout the United States and 
 in England. In 1867 he was one of the United States commis- 
 sioners at the Paris Exhibition. The history of his native town 
 quotes approvingly the following appreciation : "Mr. Wilder has 
 excelled in all that he undertook, because he knew the measure 
 of his own abilities. His plans and experiments appertaining to 
 the grand object of his pursuits, the cultivation of fields, fruit 
 and flowers, were matured with deep thought and executed with 
 zeal, resulting from a clear, practical head. Look at the pros- 
 pective of a long and vigorous life consecrated to the public, in 
 which every step he advanced became a fulcrum on which to 
 start some greater and higher movement. From the standpoint 
 of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society he originated the 
 American Pomological Society ; then the Norfolk Agricultural 
 Society ; then the State Board of Agriculture, the Massachu- 
 setts Agricultural College, and the United States Agricultural 
 Society. As the zealous patron and promoter of the noblest of 
 all sciences his name will fill a luminous page in the history 
 of human progress and improvement,^ — a page which will suffer 
 no deterioration by the lapse of years, and which will have its 
 interpreter on every hillside and in every valley, where rural 
 taste and refinement are found. Well did Governor Bullock, on 
 a late public occasion, allude to Mr. Wilder as 'one who has ap- 
 plied the results of a well-earned commercial fortune so liberally 
 that in every household and at every fireside in America, where 
 
EDWARD TUCK 
 
A HISTORY 215 
 
 the golden fruit of summer and autumn gladdens the sideboard or 
 hearthstone, his name, his generosity and his labors are known 
 and honored.' " He died in Roxbury, Mass., December 16, 1886. 
 
 We turn next to a man of large business activity, Hiram 
 Hitchcock, born in Claremont, August 27, 1832. When ten 
 years of age he removed to Hanover with his parents. He was 
 educated at the Black River Academy in Ludlow, Vermont. 
 In 1859 with others he established the Fifth Avenue hotel in 
 New York and for many years was active in its management. 
 On returning from a tour in Europe during the year 1866 "he 
 lectured upon his observations abroad before educational or- 
 ganizations, and 1872 received the degree of Master of Arts from 
 Dartmouth College. He served for several years as trustee of 
 the New Hampshire College of Agriculture and the Mechanic 
 Arts and was chosen a trustee of Dartmouth College in 1878. 
 He was one of the promoters who erected Madison Square Gar- 
 den in New York ; one of the founders of the Garfield National 
 Bank and the Garfield Safe Deposit Company, and at the time of 
 his death was vice-president of both institutions. He was a 
 director of the New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty 
 to Animals, treasurer of the Academy of Arts, a life member of 
 the Academy of Design, a member of the American Geograph- 
 ical Society, a member of the New England Society, of the 
 Chamber of Commerce and the University Club. He was also 
 president of the Nicaragua Canal Association and was largely in- 
 strumental in securing from Nicaragua and Costa Rica large 
 concessions relative to the canal, and was president of the Mari- 
 time Company of Nicaragua." He died in New York, December 
 30, 1900.1 
 
 Edward Tuck, son of the Hon. Amos Tuck, was born in 
 Exeter, August 25, 1842. He fitted for college at Phillips Exeter 
 Academy and was graduated from Dartmouth in 1862, having 
 entered college as a sophomore and ranking among the first in 
 his class. A winter vacation he employed in studying French 
 with a family in Canada. After graduation he studied law in his 
 father's office in Exeter, but trouble with his eyes sent him 
 abroad, where he continued the study of French as he was able. 
 He took the examinations for the diplomatic service and was as- 
 
 1 Granite Monthly, XXX. 115. 
 
2i6 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 signed to the consulate in Paris. Within a year Mr. Tuck was 
 left in charge of affairs at the embassy. Upon the appointment 
 of Hon. John Bigelow as minister Mr. Tuck was appointed vice- 
 consul and became acting consul at Paris. In 1866 he accepted a 
 position in the banking house of Munroe & Company, New York 
 and Paris, spending a part of his time in New York and a part 
 abroad. In 1871 he was made a partner in the company and re- 
 tired in 1881. Although he retains his house in New York his 
 residence has been principally in Paris till the present time. His 
 interest in his native State has been shown in varied ways. 
 Dartmouth received a gift of $500,000 besides $135,000 for a reci- 
 tation hall, as a memorial of his father. To the town of Strat- 
 ham was presented Stratham Hill as a public park. The magnifi- 
 cent building of the New Hampshire Historical Society is due to 
 his generosity and public spirit. He has erected a hospital near 
 Paris and is ministering to the wounded in the terrible war now 
 raging. His interest in literature and art continues, and in finan- 
 cial affairs is shown by occasional contributions to the London 
 Economist and Statist and to the Nineteenth Century. His 
 career testifies to abilities, character, generosity, altruism 
 and patriotism unsurpassed. The principles which he wished to 
 have adopted in the conduct of the Amos Tuck School of Ad- 
 ministration and Finance at Dartmouth College were thus stated 
 by him, "Absolute devotion to the career which one selects, and 
 to the interests of one's superior officers or employers ; the de- 
 sire and determination to do more rather than less than one's re- 
 quired duties ; perfect accuracy and promptness in all undertak- 
 ings, and absence from one's vocabulary of the word 'forget' ; 
 never to vary a hair's breadth from the truth nor from the path 
 of strictest honesty and honor, with perfect confidence in the 
 wisdom of doing right as the surest means of achieving success. 
 To the maxim that honesty is the best policy should be added 
 another; that altruism is the highest and best form of egoism 
 as a principal of conduct to be followed by those who strive for 
 success and happiness in public or business relations as well as 
 in those of private life." 
 
 George Walker, diplomatist, was born in Peterborough, 
 1824, and died in Washington, D. C, January 15, 1888. He was 
 educated at Yale and Dartmouth, where he was graduated in 
 1842. After studying at Harvard Law School he began practice 
 
A HISTORY 217 
 
 at Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1847, and continued there till 
 1875. He represented that city in both branches of the legis- 
 lature. Banking was his special study ; he helped to introduce 
 the national system of banking into Massachusetts and was pres- 
 ident of the Third National Bank in Springfield. He was sent to 
 Europe as confidential messenger of Secretary Hugh McCullock, 
 and twice later was the agent of the United States Government 
 abroad. He served as consul general in Paris from 1880 to 1887. 
 After 1875 his residence was in New York City, where he was in 
 the banking business. 
 
 Horatio Justus Perry, born in Keene, January 23, 1824, was 
 graduated at Harvard in 1844 and pursued studies in the Law 
 School. In the Mexican War he was aid-de-camp of General 
 Shields. In 1849 he was appointed secretary of legation in Spain 
 and continued in Madrid till 1855. Afterward he was interested 
 in submarine telegraphing and projected the system of lines 
 reaching through all the principal West India islands and con- 
 necting North and South America. At the beginning of the 
 Civil War he was appointed charge d'affaires in Spain, virtually 
 minister half of the time till 1865. Through his influence that 
 country issued a proclamation of neutrality. He was recalled 
 in 1869 on account of a difiference with Hon. John P. Hale, who 
 had been appointed minister to Spain. He continued to reside 
 in Madrid, but died in Lisbon, Portugal, February 21, 1891. 
 
 Amos Tappan Akerman was born in Portsmouth in 1823, 
 and was graduated at Dartmouth in 1842. For several years he 
 practiced law in Portsmouth and about 1850 removed to Elber- 
 ton, Georgia. He was opposed to secession but served in the 
 Confederate army as quartermaster, swept along by the current 
 of public opinion. After the war he was a Republican, support- 
 ing the reconstruction policy of the government. In 1866 he 
 was appointed United States attorney for the district of Georgia 
 and served till 1870. President Grant appointed him to a posi- 
 tion in his cabinet as attorney general of the United States, 
 which ofifice he held till 1872, when he resigned and returned 
 to the practice of law in Georgia. In 1873 he was the Repub- 
 lican candidate for United States senator, but was defeated in 
 the election. He died at Cartersville, Georgia, December 21, 
 1880. 
 
 Governor Levi K. Fuller was born in Westmoreland, Feb- 
 
2i8 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 ruary 21, 1841. His parents removed to Windham county, Ver- 
 mont, in 1845, si^d there he learned telegraphy and the printer's 
 trade. At the age of sixteen he was awarded a prize for an im- 
 provement in the steam engine. Apprenticed as a machinist in 
 Boston he took a course of scientific study in evening schools. 
 Returning to Brattleboro, Vermont, he was employed as a ma- 
 chinist and mechanical engineer and later was engaged in the 
 manufacture of machinery. He became connected as superin- 
 tendent of the Estey Organ Company and for twenty years was 
 vice-president of the company, making about one hundred inven- 
 tions. Business obliged him to decline the offer of President 
 Grant to make him a commissioner to the Vienna exposition. In- 
 terested in scientific study he had his private observatory and 
 telescope. He was colonel in the militia, state senator in 1880, 
 lieutenant-governor in 1886 and governor of Vermont in 1892. 
 He was a member of the Baptist church and generous in his 
 gifts to religious and benevolent causes. He died at Brattleboro, 
 Vermont, October 10, 1896. 
 
 Henry Wells, expressman, was born in New Hampshire, 
 December 12, 1805, and died in Glasgow, Scotland, December 10, 
 1878. He was the first to suggest the establishment of an ex- 
 press from Albany to Buffalo. In 1845 it was extended to Chi- 
 cago. He and William G. Fargo established a letter express from 
 New York to Buffalo for six cents, while the government's 
 charge for the same distance was twenty-five cents. In 1846 he 
 was concerned in establishing a European express with offices in 
 London and Paris. Consolidation in 1850 resulted in the forma- 
 tion of the American Express Company with Mr. Wells as presi- 
 dent. In 1852 the firm of Wells, Fargo and Company was 
 formed for conducting express business in the far west. He was 
 president of the American Express till 1868 after it was reor- 
 ganized with a capital of $1,000,000. Mr. Wells gave $150,000 to 
 found and endow Wells Female College at Aurora, New York, 
 one of the first institutions for the higher education of women in 
 this coimtry. 
 
 Benjamin Pierce Cheney also became well known as an ex- 
 pressman. He was born in Hillsborough, August 12, 1815. Be- 
 fore he was sixteen years old he was driving a stage between 
 Nashua and Exeter and he continued in this occupation five 
 years, most of the time driving between Nashua and Keene, fifty 
 
A HISTORY 219 
 
 miles. Later he became general manager of the system of stage 
 lines through New Hampshire and Vermont to Canada, with 
 residence in Boston at a large salary. In 1852 with others he 
 founded Cheney and Company's Express between Boston and 
 Montreal. Consolidating several lines he founded the United 
 States and Canada Express, with many branches in northern 
 New England. In 1879 the business he had founded was merged 
 in the American Express Company, of which he was director, 
 treasurer and large stockholder. He was one of the pioneers in 
 the Northern Pacific and other western railroads, and one of the 
 founders of the Market National Bank and of the American Loan 
 and Trust Company in Boston. He gave $50,000 to Dartmouth 
 College, founded Cheney Academy in Washington Territory and 
 erected the statue of Daniel Webster in the State House yard 
 at Concord. He died at his home, "Elm Bank," near Wellesley, 
 Massachusetts, July 23, 1895, having sustained through a long 
 and useful life the reputation of a temperate, industrious, reso- 
 lute, persevering, honest, trusted and efficient man of business. 
 General George Stark, great grandson of General John 
 Stark, was born in Manchester, April 9, 1823, and died in Nashua, 
 April 13. 1892. "He early adopted the occupation of a civil en- 
 gineer, being employed by Manchester corporations and in vari- 
 ous railroad surveys, including the location of the Concord and 
 the Vermont Central roads. Subsequently he was for some 
 time the engineer of the Old Colony Railroad, and later, suc- 
 cessively, of the Nashua & Wilton, Stony Brook & Boston, Con- 
 cord & Montreal roads. From 1849 till 1852 he was superin- 
 tendedent of the Nashua & Lowell Railroad, and in the latter 
 year accepted the office of superintendent of the Hudson River 
 road. In 1857 he became managing agent of the Boston & 
 Lowell, in which capacity he served for eighteen years, accom- 
 plishing a vast amount of work, involving great improvements 
 and many extensions of the system. He retired from the latter 
 position in 1875 and was immediately selected by the bondhold- 
 ers of the Northern Pacific Railroad to take charge of the work 
 of resuscitating that enterprise, which he effectually carried out. 
 Having accomplished this object he withdrew from railroad af- 
 fairs, in which he had won a higher reputation than any other 
 New Hampshire man^ and was engaged for some years in the 
 banking business in Nashua." He served as representative from 
 
220 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 Nashua in i860 and the following year was the Democratic can- 
 didate for governor of the State. Governor Haile commissioned 
 him brigadier-general in the militia. He was colonel of the Gov- 
 ernor's Horse Guards in 1860.- 
 
 Joseph Burbeen Walker, born in Concord, June 12, 1822, 
 was great grandson of the Rev. Timothy Walker. On his moth- 
 er's side he was descended from John Burbean, tailor, from Scot- 
 land, who was admitted as an inhabitant of Charlestown, Massa- 
 chusetts, in 1653, married Sarah Gould and lived in Woburn, 
 Massachusetts. Mr. Walker fitted for college at Phillips Exeter 
 Academy, was graduated at Yale in 1844 and studied law at the 
 Harvard Law School. Although he was admitted to the bar in 
 1847, he found agriculture more to his taste and devoted himself 
 to the cultivation of a large, inherited farm, as well as to banking. 
 Agricultural experiments and researches in historical and other 
 literature seem to have been his delight. He was for many years 
 president of the State Board of Agriculture and gave frequent 
 addresses at farmers' institutes on such subjects as drainage, 
 forestry and production of hay. For several years he was a 
 member of the forestry commission. For fifty years he served 
 as a member of the board of trustees of the State Hospital. 
 His interest in public education was manifested during the thir- 
 teen years that he was a member of the school board. He was 
 one of the most active members of the New Hampshire Histori- 
 cal Society, serving successively as its librarian, secretary, vice- 
 president and president, and contributing valuable articles to its 
 proceedings. He was never a politician and served only two 
 years as a member of the House of Representatives, when he 
 was active in securing the establishment of the State College at 
 Durham and delivered the address at the dedication of its main 
 building. For twenty-one years he was a director of the Merri- 
 mack County Savings Bank and was president of the New 
 Hampshire Savings Bank from 1865 to 1874. Upon the organi- 
 zation of the Mechanics National Bank in 1880 he became one of 
 its directors and so continued thirty years. An article by him 
 on banking appears in The New England States. He was a 
 member of the State Senate in 1893 and was repeatedly urged 
 to consent to be a candidate for governor, but the office had no 
 
 2 Granite Monthly, XIV., 159. 
 
A HISTORY 221 
 
 allurement for him. He was interested in railroading" and served 
 as director and clerk for a time of the old Concord, Northern 
 and Portsmouth railroads. The New England Historic Gene- 
 alogical Society elected him as its president because of the inter- 
 est shown in historical researches. As a member of the North 
 Congregational Church, as a citizen devoted to the welfare of his 
 city, as a man of wide range of business, he won the confidence 
 and esteem of a large circle of acquaintances and friends. He 
 died at Concord, January 8, 1913. 
 
 The most prominent man of the Methodist Episcopal 
 church that New Hampshire has produced was Bishop Osmon 
 C. Baker, born in Marlow, July 30, 1812. He was fitted for col- 
 lege at Wilbraham Academy and entered the first class of 
 Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut, failing to grad- 
 uate because of ill health. For ten years he was a teacher in 
 Newbury Academy, Vermont, half of the time as principal. 
 Then he entered the ministry, uniting with the New Hampshire 
 Conference and serving pastorates at Rochester and Manchester. 
 In 1847 he was made presiding elder, the earlier name for dis- 
 trict superintendent, and shortly after he was elected a professor 
 in the Biblical Institute at Concord. Here he taught till his elec- 
 tion to the office of bishop in 1852. The duties of this office 
 necessitated a great deal of travel, and traveling by stag'e in the 
 West was no pastime. His health broke down under the severe 
 strain and he returned to his home in Concord to linger a few 
 years as an invalid till his death, December 20, 1871. His work 
 on the interpretation of the Methodist Discipline was for a long 
 time the standard authority in Methodist ecclesiastical law. 
 Whether in the class-room or in the pulpit Bishop Baker was 
 always a teacher, displaying none of the arts of oratory but giv- 
 ing clear expression to well considered statements of truth as he 
 saw it. He did more than any other to remove from the minds 
 of many Methodists a prejudice against theological schools by 
 inaugurating one at Newbury Academy and developing it at 
 the Concord Biblical Institute. The prejudice vanished with 
 ignorance. 
 
 A bishop of the Episcopal church born in Claremont, March 
 31, 1823, was Wiliam Bell White Howe. He was graduated at 
 the University of Vermont in 1844 and in 1871 was made bishop 
 of the diocese of South Carolina. The University of the South 
 
222 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 honored him with the degree of Doctor of Divinity, and Colum- 
 bia College made him a Doctor of Sacred Theology. He died at 
 Charleston, South Carolina, November 25, 1894. 
 
 A man who became well known in the Baptist denomina- 
 tion was the Rev. Baron Stowe, D.D., born in Croydon, June 
 16, 1801. He was educated at Newport Academy and Columbia 
 College, Washington, D. C. He was the editor of the Columbian 
 Star for three years. He served pastorates at Portsmouth and 
 Boston, in the latter city twenty-five years. His principal liter- 
 ary productions were "History of Baptist Mission in India," 
 "Daily Manna," "The Whole Family in Heaven and Earth," 
 "Missionary Enterprise," "Christian Brotherhood," and "Calling 
 and Election Made Sure." He died in Boston. December 27, 
 1869. 
 
 One of the best known and most highly esteemed ministers 
 of the Congregational churches in New Hampshire during the 
 past century was the Rev. Nathaniel Bouton, D.D., who from 
 1825 to 1867 was pastor of the North Congregational Church in 
 Concord. He was born in Norwalk, Connecticut, June 29, 1799, 
 and was graduated at Yale in 1821 and at Andover Theological 
 Seminary in 1824. His labors in the ministry were abundant 
 and unusually successful, yet he found time to serve almost 
 every good cause. He was a trustee of Dartmouth College 
 thirty-seven years and secretary of the board eighteen years. 
 For six years he was president of the New Hampshire Mission- 
 ary Society. He was always actively interested in the history of 
 Concord and of the State and after his retirement from the active 
 ministry he was appointed State Historian and prepared for pub- 
 lication ten volumes of the early province records. He also pub- 
 lished a History of Concord and many historical papers and ad- 
 dresses. He was a member of the Historical Societies of New 
 Hampshire, Maine, Wisconsin and Pennsylvania. He died in 
 Concord, June 6, 1878. 
 
 Austin Corbin, born at Newport, July 11, 1827, was grad- 
 uated at Harvard Law School in 1849. After practicing law as a 
 partner with Governor Metcalf he removed to Davenport, Iowa, 
 in 1851, and there organized the First National Bank, being the 
 first one opened for business in the United States, June 29, 1863. 
 Remaining in Davenport till 1865 he then went to New York 
 and formed the Corbin Banking Company. Railroads claimed 
 
A HISTORY 223 
 
 his particular attention. He unified and developed the Long 
 Island system of railroads and built one to the western half of 
 Coney Island, where he erected large hotels and made it a fash- 
 ionable summer resort. 
 
 Rear Admiral Asa Walker was born in Portsmouth, No- 
 vember 13, 1845. He graduated at the naval academy at An- 
 napolis in 1866, after which he served more than a year on the 
 Sacramento, from which he went to the Kittery navy yard 
 on ordnance duty. In 1868 he went to the Pacific station and 
 served three years, during which time he was thrice promoted, 
 as ensign, master and lieutenant. Subsequently he served at the 
 naval academy, in the south Atlantic station and in the Asiatic 
 station. Most of the time until 1897 he was doing duty at the 
 naval academy. From that date until May 1899 he had command 
 of the Concord, in which he took part in the battle of Manila 
 Bay, May i, 1898. Again he returned to the naval academy and 
 in 1899 was commissioned captain. He became a member of 
 the navy examining board in 1900 and thereafter had command 
 of the cruiser San Francisco and the receiving ship Wabash, 
 at the Boston navy yard. He was commissioned Rear Admiral 
 January 7, 1906, and a few weeks later was made superintend- 
 ent of the Naval Observatory. In 1907 he was retired and per- 
 mitted to go to his home in Annapolis, where he died March 7, 
 1916. 
 
 General Leonard Wood was born in Winchester, October 
 9, i860. He was graduated at the Harvard Medical School in 
 1883 and for one year was house surgeon at the Boston City 
 Hospital, after which he began general medical practice in Bos- 
 ton. He joined the army in 1885, having been appointed a lieu- 
 tenant and assistant surgeon. Serving under General Miles he 
 was sent in the summer of 1886 with Lawton's expedition against 
 the Apaches under Geronimo, in which he had command of the 
 infantry and sometimes of the scouts. He proved himself 
 to be a born commander and leader, enduring all the hardships 
 of a strenuous campaign and closing with the capture of Geron- 
 imo and his band. At the outbreak of the Spanish-American 
 War he and Theodore Roosevelt devised the scheme for the or- 
 ganization of the "Rough Riders," with Wood as colonel and 
 Roosevelt as lieutenant-colonel. It was a regiment of cavalry, 
 made up of cowboys, adventurers, scouts from the West and 
 
224 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 young men of wealth and position from the eastern States. In 
 the battle of San Juan Hill they served as dismounted cavalry 
 and won distinction, after which Wood was promoted to Briga- 
 dier General. After the capture of Santiago he was appointed 
 its governor, where he displayed his remarkable gifts of adminis- 
 tration. He was commander of the department of Santiago as 
 civil governor of the province and military governor of the city. 
 He cleaned up the city and gained the respect and good will of 
 the people, acting often as mediator in their disputes. He taught 
 them to respect civil law and to govern themselves. In 1898 
 he was made Major General of volunteers and in 1903 he at- 
 tained to the same rank in the regular army. He was awarded 
 the congressional medal of honor, March 29, 1898, "for dis- 
 tinguished conduct in campaign against Apache Indians in 1886 
 while serving as medical and line officer of Captain Lawton's 
 expedition." He was military governor of Cuba from December 
 12, 1899, until the transfer of the government of Cuba to the 
 Cuban Republic, May 2, 1902. Then he was sent on duty to 
 the Philippine Islands and for three years was governor of More 
 Province. Then he became commander of the Philippine Di- 
 vision and later commander of the Department of the East. He 
 was special ambassador to the Argentine Republic in 1901 and 
 became Chief of Staff of the United States Army July 16, 1910, 
 serving till April, 1914. After that he became again commander 
 of the Department of the East. His career in the army is re- 
 markable from the fact that he had no military training at West 
 Point. He learned to do things by doing them, and whatever 
 he has undertaken he has done well. Rapid promotion followed 
 achievement. 
 
 William Ladd, "the Apostle of Peace," won a reputation as 
 a philanthropist. He was born in Exeter, May 10, 1778, and was 
 graduated at Harvard College in 1797. He began life as a sailor 
 on one of his father's vessels and became a skillful navigator 
 and a man of wealth, residing in Portsmouth in a house that 
 has been properly marked as historic. After leaving the busi- 
 ness of seagoing he settled in Minot, Maine. He became inter- 
 ested in arbitration and the delivery of mankind from the curse 
 of war, going so far as to deny the right to defensive war. He 
 was the leading spirit in the organization of the American Peace 
 Society, which held its first meeting May 8, 1828. The move- 
 
A HISTORY 225 
 
 ment spread rapidly and many branch societies were formed in 
 the northern states. The headquarters of the society were re- 
 moved to Hartford, Connecticut, in 1835, and two years later 
 to Boston, Massachusetts. Mr. Ladd edited the Friend of Peace 
 as the organ of the society and also its successor The Harbinger of 
 Peace. He was the third president of the society. His death 
 occurred in Portsmouth, April 9, 1841. The house where he lived 
 is often visited by those from distant parts of the country who share 
 his views and spirit. 
 
Chapter XIII 
 
 THE CHURCHES OF THE 
 NINETEENTH CENTURY 
 
Chapter XIII 
 
 THE CHURCHES OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 
 
 Inertia of Religious Bodies — The "Standing Order"— Toleration Act— De- 
 cline of Protestant Population — Need of Protestant Union — Present 
 Number of Congregationalists — The State Conference — Standards of 
 Doctrine — Benevolent Contributions — Unitarians — Baptists and Free 
 Baptists Uniting — Methodists and Their Peculiarities — Universalists — The 
 Protestant Episcopal Church — Presbyterians — The Christian Church — 
 Adventists — Shakers — Osgoodites — Pentecostal Church — The Salvation 
 Army — Mental Therapeutics — Christian Science— Mrs. Mary Baker G. 
 Eddy — Changes in Religious Thought — Consequent Change in Activities 
 — Evangelists and Revivals of a New Type Needed — Sketch of the 
 Roman Catholic Church in New Hampshire — Nothing to Be Feared 
 from Rome — Need of a Fuller Acquaintance between Protestants and 
 Roman Catholics — Survival of the Fit as Tested by Character. 
 
 A FORMER chapter has told something of the state of the 
 ■*• ^ various religious denominations at the close of the eigh- 
 teenth century. All the denominations that then had arisen have 
 persisted to the present time, and several new ones have made 
 their appearance. It is far easier to start a new church and de- 
 velop a denomination than it is to break it up and assimilate it 
 with other religious bodies. Churches obey the law of inertia. 
 They get started and it is almost impossible to stop ; or they 
 cease activity and it requires a moral earthquake to set them 
 going again. It is harder for masses than for individuals to 
 change their minds. The denominations sprung out of mighty 
 convictions in the souls of a few. Those convictions were not 
 always well grounded and a long process of education through 
 experience was necessary to separate elements of truth from ad- 
 mixture of error. Sometimes the error received more emphasis 
 than the truth, and an erroneous conviction may hinder for a 
 long time the real progress of the Kingdom of God. False no- 
 tions dig themselves in, get intrenched in human thought, where 
 logical batteries cannot reach them. If some liquid fire reaches 
 the emotions, the dug-ins rush forth to speedy death, — or to a 
 new life. 
 
 229 
 
230 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 The Congregationalists were the "orthodox" or "the stand- 
 ing order" till 1819, when the Toleration Act was passed. There- 
 after ministers were not hired and churches were not sup- 
 ported by towns as such. All churches depended upon volun- 
 tary support, and since there were many zealous evangelists 
 who were glad to talk from Sunday to Sunday wherever they 
 could get a chance, churches rapidly multiplied beyond the ra- 
 tional needs of the population. A rivalry of denominations 
 appeared. Each became eager to build a church in a new and 
 growing town. Not infrequently differences of opinion on 
 abstruse theological questions split a local church into two op- 
 posing rivals, who took to themselves different names and stood 
 for different theories. The advanced thinker in the pulpit could 
 not always lead and feed his flock. They preferred to graze in 
 old pastures rather than follow up some rocky ravine. Conse- 
 quently a small number seceded and contending for the old 
 against the new had at once the sympathy and aid of the unpro- 
 gressive. The new church thus formed flourished for a genera- 
 tion or so, and the old church had an audience that was small 
 but very respectable. Each one stood ready to swallow up the 
 other. 
 
 The Protestant population ceased to increase about the year 
 1850 because of emigration to the West. Many country towns 
 have now one-third of their former population and are trying to 
 keep up as many denominational churches as in more prosperous 
 times. Hence in many places all strength and resources are ex- 
 pended to keep church machinery in motion, to pay expenses and 
 appear to be alive, when the great majority of the surrounding 
 population are indifferent to public worship and are rarely seen 
 at church on Sunday. Thus the church is for the benefit of its 
 few members and their children, not having learned to lose 
 themselves for the benefit of the entire community. There is a 
 loud call for the martyrdom of churches, laying down their lives 
 for the welfare of the indifferent and ungodly. The law of 
 self-sacrifice which underlies vital Christianity is applicable to 
 organized collections of believers as much as to individuals. He 
 that loseth his life shall save it. 
 
 In 1800 there were one hundred and thirty-eight Congrega- 
 tional churches, and the services were well attended. Indeed 
 the congregations on Sundays were composed principally of 
 
A HISTORY 231 
 
 those who were not members of any church and could not be 
 induced to join any church. An occasional "revival" swept in a 
 few of the old procrastinators and more of the unhardened 
 young. The majority of the town's people were outside of the 
 covenant of grace and were thought of, if not spoken to, as sin- 
 ners unsaved. So long as they went to meeting, and helped pay 
 the bills, and observed fairly well the moral law, nobody felt 
 alarmed about their prospects for eternity. They were called 
 "first cousins to the church" in playful mode of speech. Often 
 they behaved and could be trusted in trade as well as the average 
 deacon. The principles of Christianity were engrafted upon their 
 lives. They were at least "babes in Christ" without knowing it 
 themselves and without being so recognized by others. 
 
 The Congregational churches have grown to be one hun- 
 dred and eighty-seven in 1915, eighteen of them being vacant 
 and thirty-three supplied. The number of church members 
 reached the maximum in 1845, when the number reported was 
 21,689. Since that time there has been a fluctuating decline, so 
 that in 191 5 there are 19,463 reported. That means about one in 
 twenty of the Protestant population. The ratio of church mem- 
 bership to the entire Protestant population is one to four, when 
 the membership of all Protestant churches is considered. 
 
 A general association of Congregational ministers was 
 formed as early as 1737 at Exeter, and fifty years later there 
 were eight local associations. In those days the ministers ruled 
 the churches. The General Association of Congregational 
 churches had its first meeting in Boscawen, September 20, 1809, 
 yet this was an association of ministers only, two delegates 
 being allowed to each local association. No laymen were ad- 
 mitted till the year i860, when twenty-three ministers and eigh- 
 teen laymen, all but one deacons, made up the convention. The 
 basis of representation has been changed from time to time, the 
 lay element gradually increasing, till now each Congregational 
 church may send its pastor and two delegates to the State Con- 
 ference, the name now used. The ministers no longer rule the 
 churches ; on the contrary many of the churches rule their min- 
 isters. Settled ministers, or pastorates of forty years in length 
 are exceedingly rare exceptions. The average length of a pas- 
 torate is not more than four or five years. 
 
 The standard of doctrine for many years was that contained 
 
232 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 in the Shorter Catechism of the Westminster Assembly. It was 
 not till 1899 that the Association declared that "The basis of our 
 fellowship is loyalty to Jesus Christ in an historic faith, which 
 has found its latest expression in the Burial Hill declaration and 
 in the creed of the Commission of the Congregational Council 
 of 1883." Let it not be thought that any congregationalist is 
 conscientiously bound to accept and try to believe all that those 
 statements of doctrine contain. They are accepted simply "for 
 substance of doctrine," with right of private interpretation and 
 liberty to change one's mind on evidence without necessity of 
 abandoning the church of one's choice. Every local Congrega- 
 tional church has a perfect right to adopt a new creed as often 
 as it wishes so to do, and many churches have recently thrown 
 away the ancient Calvinistic formulas and adopted the briefest 
 possible statement of general religious principles, broad enough 
 to admit all lovers of Jesus. Emphasis is no longer laid upon 
 doctrinal belief, but rather on Christian character and conduct. 
 All shades of religious opinion and belief may be found in the 
 ranks of Congregationalism. Many ministers and members are 
 declared Universalists, and the doctrine of the Trinity is so 
 stated that rational Unitarians have no objection to it. Even 
 the Apostles' Creed is discarded in some churches in favor of one 
 that can be repeated in unison without any mental reservation 
 on the part of any worshiper. To-day no effort is made to pack 
 into a creed all that, according to the notions of some, all Chris- 
 tians ought to believe. Doctrinal sermons and discussions are 
 rarely heard from the pulpit and in conventions, while social 
 righteousness and moral reforms win a hearing, as in the times 
 of the Hebrew prophets. Freedom in doctrinal belief and strict- 
 ness of moral life go well together, and such liberality is grow- 
 ing in all denominations. 
 
 Among the Congregationalists of New Hampshire the 
 benevolent societies that have arisen during the last century 
 and are still flourishing are the New Hampshire Home Mission- 
 ary Society, organized in 1801, the New Hampshire Bible So- 
 ciety, dating from 1812, the Ministers' and Widows Charitable 
 Fund, started in 1813, and local contributory organizations to aid 
 the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions and 
 other general benevolent societies of united Congregationalism. 
 Over $60,000 have been accumulated for the fund for worn out 
 
A HISTORY 233 
 
 preachers and their widows, so that now the income from invested 
 funds and the annual contributions of churches and friends make it 
 possible for such as have given their lives for others to receive 
 in old age, if needy, as much as from fifty dollars to two hundred 
 dollars per year. Verily they have their reward, not so abund- 
 ant on earth as it should be. Poor by making many rich ! The 
 total benevolent contributions of the Congregational churches 
 in the year preceding the annual meeting of 191 5 were $63,701. 
 
 The division of Congregationalists into Unitarian and 
 Trinitarian churches that was quite extensive in Massachusetts 
 at the beginning of the nineteenth century did not affect to any 
 great extent the churches of New Hampshire. Two churches 
 were divided and five became Unitarian. About thirty years 
 ago a similar division took place at Francestown. The division 
 of a church on such an issue now is scarcely conceivable. The 
 union of these two old branches of Congregationalism is now 
 possible and desirable, since both call themselves disciples of 
 Jesus and seek the same ends. There are now twenty-eight 
 Unitarian churches in New Hampshire. The number of church- 
 members is not published. 
 
 The Baptists, who had seventeen churches in 1801, report 
 in 1914 eighty-seven churches and 9,226 members, benevolent 
 contributions totaling $106,087 and church property to the value 
 of $800,000. The Free Baptists that originated in New Hamp- 
 shire and had seventeen churches in 1801 have grown to be eighty 
 churches and 6,250 members in the State and have become 
 numerous in several other States. Their educational institution 
 in the State is at New Hampton. Their Theological School was 
 removed to Lewiston, Maine, and connected with Bates College 
 under the name of Cobb Divinity School, but recently has 
 been discontinued. Another collegiate institution of this de- 
 nomination has flourished for a long time at Hillsdale, Michi- 
 gan. Of late there has been persistent effort to reunite the 
 Baptists and Free Baptists, since the causes of the past division 
 have been removed. They agree about the practice of immer- 
 sion, and some churches are liberal enough to receive into mem- 
 bership by letter from other denominations without asking any 
 questions about mode of baptism, and the practice of open com- 
 munion with all lovers of the Christ is increasing in Baptist 
 
234 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 churches, after the traditional example of the English Baptists. 
 The missionary work of the two denominations has been unified. 
 The national associations have voted to unite the two denomina- 
 tions. The practical union of some local churches is desirable 
 and in time, doubtless, will be effected. 
 
 At the beginning of the nineteenth century the Methodists 
 had four churches in New Hampshire; in the report of 191 5 one 
 hundred and forty-five churches are named with over fourteen 
 thousand members and probationers, so that in numbers they 
 rank as the second Protestant denomination. The value of 
 their churches and parsonages is estimated to be about a million 
 and a quarter dollars. Some peculiarities have made them pros- 
 perous. At the beginning their preachers were itinerant evan- 
 gelists, not allowed to stay long in one place and always seeking 
 immediate results of their work. The permitted length of pas- 
 torate among them has grown from six months to a year, two 
 years, three years, five years, and now an itinerant Methodist 
 minister may stay as long as the people want him and the bishop 
 is willing, being reappointed from year to year. The average 
 length of pastorate, however, is about three years, and this has 
 affected the policy of other denominations. When it is consid- 
 ered that a minister has to address the same congregation a 
 hundred times or more in one year, it is evident that in three 
 years he can tell the hearers all he knows and something more. 
 Something besides thirst for religious truth must draw people 
 to church. Some of the peculiar institutions of Methodism are 
 passing away. The class-meeting has disappeared in many of 
 the churches, and no longer their members meet once a week to 
 tell experiences and renew vows. The old fashioned camp- 
 meetings are no more held, where in one common society tent 
 from fifty to a hundred persons used to worship, eat and sleep. 
 Camp-meetings have been held at Colebrook, Groveton, Epping, 
 Claremont, Wilmot and the Weirs. Some of these grounds have 
 been abandoned ; in other places may be seen cosy cottages in 
 beautiful groves, where people of some means may spend sum- 
 mer vacations and attend religious services if they feel so in- 
 clined. The regular annual "protracted meeting," or revival 
 campaign of from three weeks to three months is now an excep- 
 tional practice of the churches. Nothing but their polity now 
 
A HISTORY 235 
 
 distinguishes Methodists from the members of other denomina- 
 tions. 
 
 The Universalists have become thirty or more churches 
 and over twelve hundred members, but these figures do not fully- 
 express the spread of the basal principle of that denomination. 
 The number in other denominations who believe that sometime 
 and somewhere there must be an end of sin and suffering has 
 been steadily increasing, though how that end shall be attained 
 is unknown. The stock preaching of early Universalism was 
 doctrinal discussion of the negative type, an effort to demolish 
 opposing barriers. Too little stress was laid upon spiritual life. 
 Since the belief of all the denominations is tending toward funda- 
 mental unity, more effort is made to bring all men into com- 
 munion with the common heavenly Father. Formerly many called 
 themselves Universalists who cared nothing for religion of any 
 sort and would not affiliate with any church. It was enough 
 for them to believe and assert that all men finally would be 
 saved. Such rampant Universalism is not now paraded. The 
 raison d'etre of the Universalist denomination no longer exists, 
 and its members would find fellowship in other churches on 
 the basis of christian character rather than of doctrinal belief. 
 
 The Protestant Episcopal Church was represented by three 
 parishes at its first State convention in 1802. It now has nearly 
 seventy parishes and missions and over six thousand com- 
 municants. Since 1843 it has had its resident bishop. The late 
 Bishop Niles, well known in Concord for over forty years, was 
 succeeded by Bishop Edward M. Parker in 1914. This church 
 has made a strong impression upon the life of the State by its 
 schools at Concord and Holderness and by its training of the 
 young in all its parishes. 
 
 Presbyterianism has made no gain during the last century 
 in New Hampshire. It had nine churches in the year 1800. 
 Some of these have been merged into or combined with Congre- 
 gational churches. 
 
 The Christian Church gathered its first congregation in 
 Portsmouth in 1803. It now has about twenty-five churches and 
 a membership of nearly fifteen hundred. Its original aim was to 
 unite the various Protestant denominations under a common 
 name, but it was as sectarian as the rest and has remained so. 
 
 Another denomination, that arose about the year 1843, 
 
236 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 when William Miller and his followers proclaimed the personal 
 coming of Christ as immediately at hand, is that known as the 
 Advent Church. Various times have been set for the fulfill- 
 ment of ancient prophecies, and almost every startling event is 
 interpreted by somebody as a precursor of the "Parousia" or 
 coming of Christ. At times there have been assemblies of de- 
 vout believers to welcome the Lord, and a few fanatics have 
 ascended to the housetop and put on ascension robes. The 
 scoflfers still cry, "Where is the promise of His coming?" The 
 conviction is growing that the method of interpreting certain 
 scriptural texts is erroneous. Literalists never can give a true 
 interpretation of any writing, and poetry especially demands a 
 sobered imagination. There were in 1900 forty-seven Advent 
 churches and about two thousand members. 
 
 Some other denominations have a few adherents. The 
 Shakers have persisted at Enfield and Canterbury, but there is 
 no increase. There are but few of the Society of Friends, called 
 Quakers, though their first church, at Dover, still flourishes. 
 The Osgoodites, followers of Jacob Osgood and Nehemiah Ord- 
 way, were gathered into congregations at Warner and Canter- 
 bury nearly a century ago, but they have not endured to the 
 present. They believed in the unrecompensed ministry of lay- 
 men, and all paid ministers were "hireling priests." They 
 claimed to exercise the power of healing sickness by prayer and 
 laying on of hands. 
 
 Half a century ago there was an extensive revival of the 
 doctrine of Entire Sanctification, or Christian Perfection, as it 
 is called among the Methodists. Other denominations called it 
 "Holiness," or "The Higher Christian Life," or "The Pentecostal 
 Baptism." The call was unto complete consecration of believers 
 and perfect harmony of the will with divine law. The psychol- 
 ogy of the movement was crude, and many misinterpreted their 
 own religious experience and deduced therefrom erroneous the- 
 ology, but the aim was good and the search for closer com- 
 munion with God was rewarded in spite of errors. Some fanati- 
 cism resulted, as in all great religious awakenings. The en- 
 thusiasm gradually subsided, yet out of it grew the Pentecostal 
 Church, composed principally of comeouters from other denom- 
 inations. Because of schisms and harsh criticisms Christianity 
 lost more than it gained through enthusiasm. 
 
A HISTORY 237 
 
 The Salvation Army has established posts in the principal 
 cities. It seeks those whom others neglect. Processions and 
 drum-beat call whosoever will to open-air meetings, where 
 prayers, exhortations and songs invite willful sinners to repen- 
 tance. The Army is not a church, but a band of revivalists. 
 Their converts rarely affiliate with any church, and most of 
 them lose their zeal sooner or later, yet the transformation of 
 character in some cases has been wonderful, and the Army has 
 done good work in feeding the hungry and clothing the poorly 
 clad, in rescuing drunkards and ministering to prisoners. They 
 are supported by voluntary contributions, and other denomina- 
 tions are glad to have an organization to do work that is not 
 inviting to the educated and refined. The slums do not take 
 kindly to the churches, and the churches have little to do with 
 the slums, except to contribute money for their redemption. 
 How to make oil and water mix is the problem. It might be 
 well to experiment with christian humility and brotherly love. 
 
 Within the last half century widespread interest has been 
 awakened in the healing of the sick by mental therapeutics. 
 The means employed have been prayer, anointing with oil, lay- 
 ing on of hands, mental suggestion and visitation of shrines and 
 sacred places. The desired end is to develop "faith," or belief 
 on the part of the sick person that he has no sickness nor pain. 
 Shakespeare is quoted with the authority of Sacred Scripture, 
 "There's nothing either good or bad but thinking makes it so." 
 If thought can be fixed upon something else, pain is not felt, 
 and often nature works a cure. Many have pressed an important 
 truth too far, claiming that faith is a sufficient remedy for all 
 diseases, that all sickness is because of sins committed, and 
 that pain is a delusion of the mind. So-called clinics have been 
 established in connection with some churches. Annual conven- 
 tions by the seaside have called many of the hopeful to see, hear 
 and be healed. Doubtless sufferings have been lightened and 
 recoveries from some diseases have been numerous. It is 
 equally certain that some trusting souls have been disappointed 
 and made sadder, and that death has followed shortly after many 
 "remarkable cures." Hypnotism has played some part in such 
 healing of the sick. "Divine healing" is a term which some peo- 
 ple prefer to use. 
 
 A truly astonishing movement of this general character 
 
238 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 arose in New Hampshire and has been called Christian Science. 
 Its leader was Mrs. Mary Baker G. Eddy, who was born in Bow, 
 July 16, 1821, daughter of Mark and Abigail (Ambrose) Baker. 
 It is almost impossible to write a true sketch of her life at this 
 time and to rightly estimate her character and motives. 
 Biographies have been written from the viewpoints of adverse 
 criticism and of idealizing love. Certain facts are omitted in 
 each account and certain other facts are explained and inter- 
 preted differently. One account gives her a saintly disposition 
 from childhood up; another asserts that she was naturally or 
 by reason of chronic sickness and spleen irritable, unbalanced, 
 exacting and selfish. One author claims that her teaching was 
 wholly original ; another gives evidence that she took the basis 
 of it from one Phineas P. Quimby. It is certain that she had 
 very little education, except what she got by reading and the 
 experiences of a checkered life. She had some natural talent 
 for versifying and exercised it in writing pathetic and religious 
 verse, some of which has been set to music and sung. After 
 long- years of groping about she became determinedly estab- 
 lished in the belief that all sickness could and should be cured by 
 "metaphysical healing." She overcame tremendous obstacles 
 occasioned by her own ill health, unfortunate associations and 
 early lack of financial means. She wrote a book, called Science 
 and Health, the first edition of which, in 1875, is destitute of 
 science, philosophy, logic and conformity to rules of grammar. 
 The book was subsequently rewritten by the Rev. Mr. Wiggin, 
 a Unitarian preacher, and much improved in its thought and 
 expression. The latest editions of that book bear so little re- 
 semblance to the first edition, that persistent efforts have been 
 made to call in and destroy the edition of 1875, which abounds 
 in expressions of rambling thought on abstruse subjects in 
 philosophic words and phrases, the meaning of which in many 
 instances neither she nor anybody else could understand. She 
 was struggling for clear ideas on subjects httle comprehended. 
 She stated nothing new, but mixed up what others have been 
 saying through past centuries. Her philosophy, so far as it can 
 be called by that name, has close affinity with the absolute 
 idealism of some German writers, that thought is all and every- 
 thing else only appears to be. Mrs. Eddy had a deeply religious 
 
A HISTORY 239 
 
 spirit and manifested, especially in her prosperity, kindness of 
 heart and a friendship that attracted many. That friendship 
 seems to have lacked constancy, whenever her wishes and plans 
 were opposed. She developed, with assistance of advisers, great 
 business ability, power of organization and leadership in the 
 propagation of her views. Thus she was enabled to amass great 
 wealth and she used it for the founding of a new religious de- 
 nomination, called the Christian Science Church. It was care- 
 fully guarded from going astray and was meant to perpetuate 
 her name and teachings. Nevertheless others have tried to 
 improve upon her teachings as to form and substance and prob- 
 ably will continue to do so. So long as persons are both sick 
 and religious, in their distress and extremity they will pray 
 unto God for help and welcome almost any offered remedy, and 
 medical science has learned and asserted that about seventy per 
 cent, of all sick persons will get well under almost any treat- 
 ment or lack of it. So far as any so-called religion is grounded 
 in self-evident or intuitional truth it will survive, having grad- 
 ually sloughed off its errors. There is considerable truth in 
 the book called Science and Health, truth that has been often 
 and better stated in other books. It is not an intentional hum- 
 bug or attempt to deceive. The denomination founded by Mrs. 
 Eddy has nineteen churches in New Hampshire, the principal 
 one being at Concord, the gift of the founder. The mother- 
 church, so-called, is a beautiful and expensive structure in Bos- 
 ton. The followers of this new cult may be found by the hun- 
 dred thousand throughout the United States and some other 
 countries. Many readers and lecturers are engaged in propagat- 
 ing Christian Science, and abundant literature assists them.^ 
 Perhaps the greatest and most radical change in religious 
 thought has been wrought during the last century by the 
 literary and historical criticism of the Bible. New methods of 
 interpretation and new results have thus been forced upon 
 candid students. The aim and the effect has not been to over- 
 
 1 See the Life of Mary Baker Eddy, by Sibyl Wilbur, put forth by the 
 Christian Science Publishing Company, Boston, 1915 ; the Life of Mary 
 Baker G. Eddy, by Georgine Milmine, published by Doubleday, Page and 
 Company, New York, 1909; compare Science and Health, edition of 1875, 
 rarely found, with Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures, published 
 by Allison V. Stewart, Boston, 1915. 
 
240 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 throw Christianity but to establish it more securely. The 
 churches and the colleges have been brought into accord. No 
 longer is there conflict between science and well formulated the- 
 ology; there never was any between science and true religion. 
 The Bible remains as the greatest textbook in religion that the 
 world has ever seen, but its literal infallibility has been abun- 
 dantly disproved and is no longer held by competent inter- 
 preters. The age-long practice of building up systems of 
 religious thought by means of "proof-texts" is now discon- 
 tinued, since in this way anything imaginable can be "proved" 
 from the Sacred Scriptures and still remain repugnant to com- 
 mon sense. The fundamental truths of the Bible, if not intui- 
 tional or self-evident, at least commend themselves to the good 
 judgment of all the pure in heart, and there is no room for 
 controversy and wrangling concerning them. The historical 
 facts, illustrative of truth, have different degrees of worth and 
 are not always authoritative examples. The ethics of the Old 
 Testament no longer are held up for imitation, especially when 
 higher moral law has been revealed in the New Testament or in 
 any other way. External authority has given way to conscien- 
 tious and rational convictions in the religious consciousness of 
 the honest and sincere inquirer after truth. Thus the division 
 line today is not between denominations but between individ- 
 uals. Creeds, dogmas, forms of worship, moral teachings and 
 religious rites are all subjected to thoughtful study, and only 
 that which is good and useful is held fast. Such is the increas- 
 ing tendency of the age in which we live, and it argues greater 
 and loftier things for the future. 
 
 While the old denominations survive in name and new ones 
 have arisen, changes have occurred that have affected the 
 thought and conduct of them all. Old things are passing away 
 and all things are becoming new. Science, philosophy, history 
 and archaeology have forced upon religious thought new con- 
 ceptions of God, man and their relations. The doctrines of 
 evolution and of the immutability of law have changed our con- 
 ception of the Creator and of prayer addressed to Him. The 
 prayer meeting has diminished in consequence, feebly attended 
 or abolished in some churches. A new psychology has taken 
 away the miraculous from religious experience, and the narra- 
 
A HISTORY 241 
 
 tion of the strange and startling phenomena in conversion does 
 not stir hearers as in former times. ReHgion is made up less 
 of emotion and more of moral principle. We labor less for the 
 salvation of hardened sinners and more for the right education 
 of children. The Sunday School has taken the place of the 
 afternoon sermon, and young people's societies claim the even- 
 ing hour. To listen to tv^^o sermons on the Lord's day is no 
 longer thought necessary nor profitable by the great majority 
 who attend church. The great missionary movement for the 
 extension of Christianity around the globe was begun about a 
 century ago and has not spent its force. Christianity now ex- 
 presses itself best in humanitarianism, in doing good to all men. 
 Hence have arisen most of our colleges, hospitals, asylums and 
 orphanages. Good works are the proof of saving faith. The 
 various denominations conduct religious work in about the 
 same ways, and their devotional services are very similar. Min- 
 isters and members pass easily from one denomination to an- 
 other. The middle wall of partition has been broken down. 
 The time is at hand when the different branches of Protestant- 
 ism can and should unite, and this is a necessity to save the 
 hill towns from going back to paganism. 
 
 A tendency towards union of Protestant churches, at least 
 in good works, appears in the Young Men's Christian Associa- 
 tion, in a similar association for young women, in the Woman's 
 Christian Temperance Union and in many local charitable or- 
 ganizations. The commingling of persons of opposing opinions 
 in benevolent activity removes prejudices and discloses the fact 
 that all good persons are alike at heart. The denominations 
 need only to understand each other better. Another hopeful 
 sign is the union of several denominations in a revival move- 
 ment. Formerly the evangelist confined his labors to one church 
 in a community, and the rest looked on and stood ready to 
 receive the converts. Now a revival in a large city is quite 
 unattempted without the aid of some evangelist of reputation, 
 who demands as a sine qua non that at least all the "evangelical" 
 churches in that city shall co-operate in the movement, that a 
 great chorus shall be organized and drilled, that a special taber- 
 nacle shall be built, or the largest hall secured, and that exten- 
 sive work shall be done before his coming. All this preparation 
 
242 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 ensures victory, which is ascribed of course to the divine Spirit. 
 Even the churches not esteemed by some as "evangelical" are 
 sometimes invited to join in such a movement and respond 
 with alacrity when the well educated evangelist, the "interpre- 
 ter, one among a thousand," is found to lead the united forces. 
 Such a campaign of education and good works appeals to the 
 genuine followers of Jesus, removes denominational barriers 
 and prepares the way for a reunited Protestantism. 
 
 The history of religion in the Granite State during the last 
 century would be very incomplete without some account of the 
 founding and development of the Roman Catholic Church, that 
 now embraces in its communion from one-quarter to one-third 
 of the entire population. 
 
 Authorities in the Roman Catholic Church date the begin- 
 ning of their church history in New Hampshire with the cele- 
 bration of the Mass at some point near Woodman's garrison, at 
 Oyster River, now Durham, the morning after the Indian 
 massacre of July 17, 1694. It is thought that the two priests 
 who officiated were Father Thury and either Father Bigot or 
 Father Rasle. It is worthy of note that the Protestant meeting 
 house, three miles below Durham Falls, was not burned at that 
 time, while the garrisons and houses near were all destroyed. 
 Some chalk marks were found on the pulpit, which some per- 
 sons have interpreted as a "defacing" of the meeting house. 
 This must be an error ; the sparing of the house should, rather, 
 be interpreted as due to reverence for any place of worship and 
 is in contrast with the burning of the chapel of Father Rasle at 
 Norridgewock, when in 1724 that place was devastated by 
 soldiers. All good Roman Catholics, and all good Protestants 
 as well, are taught a decent respect for a place where God is 
 worshiped, even if the worshipers are thought to be in error. 
 Of course there have been many infractions of this teaching in 
 the course of human history, for combatants in war often forget 
 to be devout. Two priests, doubtless, accompanied the French 
 and Indians to Oyster River as chaplains, to soften the asperities 
 of war and restrain the spirit of revenge. 
 
 Of the captives taken at that time and in other incursions 
 from Canada many were trained and educated in Roman Cath- 
 olic families and institutions and became devout adherents of 
 
A HISTORY 
 
 243 
 
 that church. Such did not return to the States. Several became 
 nuns, and one at least was at the head of a nunnery. 
 
 The constitution and laws of New Hampshire followed the 
 English rule at that time and discriminated against the Roman 
 Catholic Church, and oaths of allegiance were administered, in 
 which some of the fundamental doctrines of that church were 
 solemnly denied. The irreligious wars of England and Ireland 
 had made each party to appear dangerous to the other. Even 
 down to the time of the Know-Nothing party many thought 
 that the republic ought to guard against the encroachments of 
 the Roman Catholic Church, and some are afraid of it still. At 
 a very late day New Hampshire cast out of its constitution and 
 laws every word that discriminated against any church or that 
 hindered a person of any religious belief from holding office. 
 
 There were many persons from Ireland among the early 
 settlers in New Hampshire, besides the so-called Scotch-Irish 
 Presbyterians from the northern part. Not a few, both male 
 and female, were kidnapped and "spirited" away by night, to 
 serve as apprentices and housemaids in New England, and 
 this practice went on for over thirty years after the invasion of 
 Ireland by Oliver Cromwell, till a royal edict was issued against 
 it. The children of such forced immigrants grew up under the 
 influence of Protestants, just as the captives carried to Canada 
 grew up as Roman Catholics. 
 
 In 1792 Rev. Francis A. Matignon fled from the horrors 
 of the French Revolution and arrived in Boston. Four years 
 later came the Rev. John Cheverus. Both of these made visits 
 to Portsmouth, and at Bedford Father Cheverus was the guest 
 of Theodore Gough. Afterwards Father Cheverus was conse- 
 crated as bishop of the See of Boston. 
 
 The Rev. Daniel Barber of Claremont early became a con- 
 vert to the Roman Catholic Church, and many of his family and 
 neighbors followed his lead. His son Virgil Barber and son 
 Samuel became priests of the Jesuit order, while Virgil's wife 
 and three daughters entered a convent. The Barber family had 
 previously been communicants of the Episcopal Church. Their 
 activity led to the establishment of a Roman Catholic church 
 in Claremont, in 1818, where the first Mass was said in the 
 western part of New Hampshire, by Father French in the 
 
244 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 house of the Rev. Mr. Barber. Some families from Cornish and 
 some from Windsor, Vermont, embraced the faith and became 
 associated with this church. A brick church was erected and 
 in the upper part was an academy, where Father Virgil Barber 
 began the instruction of some young men for the priesthood, 
 among them being Father Tyler, who afterward was vicar- 
 general of Boston and bishop of Hartford, Conn. In 1825 this 
 church had one hundred and fifty adherents, yet the church was 
 closed a few years later by reason of the departure of Father 
 Barber to another field of labor. 
 
 In 1826 Father Barber found in Dover about one hundred 
 Roman Catholics, mainly operatives in the mills built there in 
 1812, and here Bishop Fenwick said Mass in the house of Mrs. 
 Burns, in 1827, and a year later laid the cornerstone of a church. 
 This was dedicated September 26, 1830. 
 
 In 1835 there were seven hundred and twenty Roman Cath- 
 olics in New Hampshire, while the Protestant population was 
 254,000. In 1842 the Roman Catholic population had grown to 
 1,370. Soon after began the great stream of Irish immigra- 
 tion, occasioned by the famine in Ireland. There were many 
 Roman Catholics in Manchester as early as 1844, and the first 
 church there was dedicated in 1850, replaced in 1852 by the 
 church of St. Anne. In 1853 the diocese of Portland was cre- 
 ated and New Hampshire was included within its limits. Then 
 David W. Bacon became its first bishop. Under his admin- 
 istration missions were opened at Manchester, Nashua, Con- 
 cord, Great Falls, Salmon Falls, Exeter, Keene, Lebanon, Lan- 
 caster and Laconia. A score of handsome churches were buil 
 and others were enlarged and beautified. The Rev. James A. 
 Healy succeeded Bishop Bacon in 1875. Pope Leo XIII cre- 
 ated the new See of Manchester in 1884, when the Roman 
 Catholic population of the State was about 45,000. There were 
 then thirty-seven priests and sixty-five Sisters of Mercy with 
 establishments at Manchester, Laconia and Dover, a score of 
 Sisters of Jesus and Mary at Manchester, with an equal num- 
 ber of the Order of the Holy Cross at Nashua. These were 
 engaged in the education of youth. The church had rapidly 
 increased by influx of French people from Canada. 
 
 The first bishop of the diocese of Manchester was the Right 
 Reverend Dennis M. Bradley, who was born in Castle Island, 
 
A HISTORY 245 
 
 County Kerry, Ireland, February 25, 1846. His widowed 
 mother brought her five children to Manchester when the future 
 bishop was but eight years of age. He was graduated at Holy 
 Cross College, Worcester, Mass., in 1867. Under his guidance 
 and because of the rapid influx of Roman Catholics from other 
 countries the growth of his diocese was swift and widespread. 
 Churches sprang up at Jaffrey, Greenville, Wolfeborough, Wil- 
 ton, Hooksett, Groveton, North Stratford, Colebrook, Derry, 
 Goff's Falls, Gonic, Sanbornville, Marlborough, Harrisville, 
 Bennington, Hillsborough, Canaan, Hanover, Westville, White- 
 field, Wambeck, Bartlett. Stcwartstown, Berlin, Twin Moun- 
 tain. Woodsville, Ashland and Tilton, and wherever Roman 
 Catholic workmen were employed they were sought out by mis- 
 sionary priests and their spiritual needs were cared for. It is 
 wonderful how quickly immigrants, that came here poor and 
 took any sort of manual labor they could get, built for them- 
 selves churches and chapels. 
 
 In the year 1910 there were about one hundred and twenty- 
 six thousand Roman Catholics in New Hampshire, reckoning 
 all who had been baptized in infancy in that communion. The 
 priests, secular and regular, numbered one hundred and thirty- 
 seven. There were ninety-nine churches, twenty-four chapels 
 and thirty-four stations. Over thirteen thousand children were 
 in parochial schools. Seven orphanages were caring for seven 
 hundred and eighteen children. There were five homes for 
 working girls, four homes for aged women, and four hospitals. 
 Flourishing educational institutions are St. Anselm's College 
 and Mount St. Mary's Academy, both at Manchester, the latter 
 under the management of the Sisters of Mercy. 
 
 Of the Roman Catholic population the largest component 
 was the French Canadians, who numbered 66,200. The Irish 
 came next with 52,250. There were 5,000 Poles, 1,500 Lithu- 
 anians, and 750 Ruthenians. Since 1910 many Italians have 
 swelled the ranks of the Roman Catholic Church. 
 
 Mention has been made of the tendency toward liberal 
 thought and a wider brotherhood in Protestantism ; is there a 
 similar tendency in Roman Catholicism? It is inevitable. Edu- 
 cation, whether it is obtained in the public schools or in the 
 parochial schools, in Protestant or in Roman Catholic colleges, 
 gives breadth to religion. Individuals learn to think for them- 
 
246 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 selves, and diversity of opinions and interpretations results. 
 Scientific and philosophic studies, as well as study of the original 
 texts of the Bible, are now encouraged in the higher schools of 
 learning of the Roman Catholic Church. The authorized ver- 
 sion of the Sacred Scriptures may be found in almost every 
 home. The old-time hostility between Protestants and Roman 
 Catholics has quite disappeared in the American repubhc. 
 Every broad-minded Roman Catholic cherishes quite a com- 
 fortable hope for the non-Catholics, whose misfortune is their 
 "invincible ignorance," a phrase quite likely to be misunder- 
 stood by uninformed Protestants. The Roman Catholic Church 
 in the United States is quite different from the same church 
 in Mexico, South America, Spain and even Italy, and universal 
 education has made the difference, barring the nationality and 
 the climate. If reforms and improvements in doctrine and con- 
 duct are needed, the progress of education and political free- 
 dom will bring them about. 
 
 The need of understanding each other is felt. If each would 
 study the doctrinal belief and religious practices of the other 
 sympathetically, not for the purpose of controverting and over- 
 throwing and proselyting, but for the purpose of getting there- 
 from elements of truth, it would probably dawn upon many 
 minds that fundamentally the faith of our hearts is about the 
 same, even when dogmatic conclusions seem to set us apart. 
 We are all children of the same heavenly Father, and the heart- 
 felt acceptance of that truth tends to liberality and charitable- 
 ness. The cultivation of social relationships and neighborly 
 kindnesses leads to clearer and broader views. The frequent 
 intermarriages of Protestants and Roman Catholics, of Ameri- 
 can-born and foreign-born, is a hopeful sign of better citizens 
 in the future. 
 
 A just comparison of the Protestant population with the 
 Roman Catholic should take into consideration the fact, that in 
 the foregoing statistics only adult Protestants are enumerated, 
 while all baptized children are numbered in the statistics of 
 the Roman Catholic Church as members. If the number of 
 adherents of the Protestant churches were reckoned in the 
 same way, counting in all the children of Protestant families, 
 the numbers reported would be multiplied by three or four. 
 
A HISTORY 
 
 247 
 
 The church which produces the highest type of character 
 in the entire community or State ought to be the dominant one. 
 The Protestant churches select for their membership those 
 whom they believe to be transformed in character, the elect, 
 while the Roman Catholic Church takes in if it can the entire 
 population of a country, as in Italy and Spain. The comparison 
 in a State like New Hampshire ought to be made between the 
 entire Roman Catholic population and the entire Protestant 
 population without regard to actual church membership. Which 
 stands higher in christian character, morals, education .and 
 good citizenship? The answer can not be expressed in tabu- 
 lated reports. The reply should not be made too confidently 
 by either Protestant or Roman Catholic. Each may learn much 
 from the other and so be stimulated to more earnest endeavor 
 for the common good. 
 
Chapter XIV 
 TEMPERANCE REFORM 
 
Chapter XIV 
 
 TEMPERANCE REFORM 
 
 Changed Meaning of the Word Temperance — License for Revenue — Preva- 
 lence of the Drinking Habit in Former Times — Dr. Nathaniel Bouton 
 one of the Earliest Reformers — Total Abstinence Societies — The Wash- 
 ingtonians — Judge Jonathan Kittredge — John B. Hill — John Preston — 
 John N. Stearns — William H. Gove — Total Abstinence Expected of 
 Church Members — Popular Demand for a Prohibitory Law in 1847 — 
 The Law Enacted in 1855 — The Liquor Forces Organized for Nullifica- 
 tion of Law — Anti-Saloon League Organized in 1899 — Local Option Law 
 enacted in 1903 — A Majority of the Voters now Opposed to It — Moral 
 Suasion Should be Re-enforced by Legal Compulsion. 
 
 ** I ""HE word temperance, that formerly meant moderation in 
 -'- the use of alcoholic liquors as a beverage, has come to 
 mean total abstinence from their use and prohibition of their 
 manufacture and sale. At least this is now the meaning of the 
 word in the mouths of radical reformers. This change in mean- 
 ing indicates great progress. The old evil of intoxication is 
 with us yet, but it is unmasked and recognized in its hideous 
 deformity. From the beginning of New Hampshire history 
 the sale of wines and other alcoholic drinks was licensed, not 
 for the purpose of diminishing use of the same, but rather for 
 the purpose of revenue. Those who sold liquors without license 
 — many did then as now — were fined at court. Alcohol was the 
 fruitful source of quarrels, fighting, crimes and poverty, yet 
 such had been the habits of Anglo-Saxon peoples for many cen- 
 turies that some form of intoxicating beverage was thought to 
 be a necessity to make life endurable for men. Many women 
 could get along without it, and a few men were teetotalers, but 
 they were rare exceptions. On all social occasions wine was 
 served, if it could be obtained. Every inn or "ordinary" was 
 licensed to sell liquor by the glass. Almost all grocery stores 
 furnished it to their customers. Workmen in the field, in the 
 lumber camp and in the mill were supposed to need it as much 
 as they needed regular meals. Grog was furnished to soldiers 
 
 251 
 
252 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 in the army and to sailors at sea. In 1722 it is written that 
 "many persons within this province do keep private tippling 
 houses and so become nurseries of intemperance and debauch- 
 ery." In 1787 it was enacted that "It shall be the duty of the 
 Selectmen carefully to inspect all licensed houses, and in no 
 case to license persons that keep disorderly houses." 
 
 In the earlier days the most common drink was malt beer, 
 made from barley, and every farmer could brew it. Later it 
 was made of corn with a mixture of roots and herbs. It was 
 the usual drink in the haying field. Then cider after fermenta- 
 tion became a frequent beverage, and barrels of it were con- 
 sumed in almost every farmhouse. This was good for the 
 wives and children as well as the men, and it produced in many 
 cases the style of drunkards known as sots. It was found 
 later that distilled liquors would produce the desired efifect 
 quicker than either beer or cider, and so men drank mixtures of 
 gin, brandy and whiskey, whether they liked the taste of it or 
 not, for the express purpose of getting drunk. Flip, toddy and 
 egg-nog were the names by which liquors were sold by the 
 glass. Some ministers could not preach without it, and they 
 needed more after finishing the sermon. It was indispensable 
 at weddings and funerals, at hauling bees and even at the raising 
 of meeting houses. Something like the Irish "wake" was ob- 
 served among some of the early Scotch-Irish settlers. 
 
 The temperance reform began in Concord and generally 
 throughout the State about the year 1827, and the Rev. Na- 
 thaniel Bouton contributed as much as anyone to advance it. 
 He gathered facts and statistics and preached against the use 
 of intoxicating liquors, feeling that the needed reform should 
 begin with the professed people of God. At that time he says 
 that four and a half gallons each year were sold in Concord to 
 every man, woman and child, costing not less than nine thou- 
 sand dollars, more than twice the amount paid in town, county 
 and State expenses and in the support of public schools. Nine- 
 teen stores sold liquor to drink; twenty years later only one 
 furnished the beverage. Dr. Bouton preached the first tem- 
 perance sermon in Concord, April 12, 1827, on a Fast Day. 
 Some disbelieved ; some mocked ; some said he was slandering 
 the town. Three years later the first temperance society was 
 
A HISTORY 253 
 
 formed in Concord. Its members promised to abstain from all 
 ardent drinks, but that word did not then include beer, cider and 
 wine. Copies of the Temperance Recorder and Temperance Herald 
 were sent to every family in town. Temperance meetings were 
 'held in every school district. 
 
 In 1835 a Total Abstinence Society was formed in Con- 
 cord, whose members promised not to drink or furnish to others 
 any intoxicating liquors, including wine and porter. They also 
 promised to abstain from the use of tobacco. A society of young 
 men went further and put the ban upon beer and cider. In five 
 years this society numbered three hundred and seventy-six 
 members. 
 
 In 1841 Washingtonian Total Abstinence Societies were 
 spreading throughout the land, and public lecturers were de- 
 voting their whole time and energies to the suppression of 
 intemperance. Among those who rendered good service were 
 Judge Jonathan Kittredge, a native of Canterbury, a graduate of 
 Dartmouth, a practitioner of law in Lyme and Canaan, the son 
 of Dr. Jonathan Kittredge. He had himself recovered from the 
 habit of drinking to excess and well knew its evils. Some of his 
 published temperance lectures have been preserved and show 
 that he arrayed about all the arguments and facts against the 
 evil that are now in common use. His addresses were repub- 
 lished in England, France and Germany. He estimated in 1828 
 that New Hampshire had 2,441 common drunkards and 3,663 
 intemperate or occasional drunkards, and that the State con- 
 sumed 732,483 gallons of ardent spirits annually, at a cost of 
 $366,241. The cost throughout the United States was more than 
 the amount required to pay all the expenses of government, 
 and for roads, canals and pensions. He estimated the amount 
 consumed as sixty million gallons at a cost of thirty million 
 dollars, and that the number of drunkards was four hundred 
 and eighty thousand. 
 
 Another temperance reformer was John Boynton Hill, born 
 in Mason, November 25, 1796. He was graduated at Harvard in 
 1821, taught an academy in Maryland, studied at the Harvard 
 Law School and was admitted to the bar in 1825. After prac- 
 ticing a short time in Dunstable, Townsend, Massachusetts, and 
 Exeter, Maine, he settled in Bangor, Maine, as partner of Chief- 
 
254 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 Justice Appleton. Both were earnest anti-slavery and temper- 
 ance reformers. Mr. Hill draughted the first Maine liquor law. 
 He returned to Mason in 1866 and published a history of that 
 town. 
 
 John Preston of New Ipswich, when ten years of age, ran 
 barefoot through the snow to give an alarm of fire and suffered 
 therefrom for fifty years. This did not prevent him from work- 
 ing his own way through Harvard College, where he was gradu- 
 ated in 1823. He practiced law in Townsend, Massachusetts, 
 and in New Ipswich, where in 1835 he secured the adoption in 
 town meeting of a resolution for the suppression of the sale 
 of liquor. In politics he was a Whig and then a Free Soiler, 
 ardently opposed to slavery, intemperance and every wrong. 
 Seven terms he served the town in the legislature. In the State 
 senate he was the only one who was not a Democrat. He was 
 the Free Soil candidate for congress in 1845 ^"^ candidate for 
 the United States senate in 1852. He was a reformer by nature 
 and education, and his native town put upon its records a 
 testimonial adopted in town meeting to his noble character and 
 deeds. 
 
 John N. Stearns of the same town, born May 24, 1829, 
 was actively engaged in temperance work in New York as 
 publishing agent of the National Temperance Society. Under 
 the pen name of Robert Merry he established the Merry Museum 
 in connection with Samuel G. Goodrich, or "Peter Parley." 
 Mr. Stearns was Worthy Patriarch of the Sons of Temperance 
 in 1866 and served as editor of the National Temperance Advocate. 
 
 William Hazeltine Gove, born in Weare July 10, 1817, died 
 there March 11, 1876. Early in life he taught in Lynn, Massa- 
 chusetts, and in Rochester, New York. He became an ardent 
 opponent of slavery and intemperance, and as a stump speaker 
 for the Free Soil party gained the name of "the silver-tongued 
 orator of New Hampshire." Several times he was elected to the 
 legislature. He was a Free Soiler, Republican, Labor Reformer 
 and Democrat in succession, without change of moral principles. 
 Once he was speaker of the house of Representatives and later 
 he was president of the senate. He was editor of the Temperance 
 Banner at Concord and later of the White Mountain Torrent. By 
 tongue and pen he advocated the cause of the Washingtonian Tem- 
 perance Society. 
 
A HISTORY 255 
 
 Almost all of the ministers of the Protestant churches 
 became advocates of total abstinence. Formerly members of a 
 church had sometimes been disciplined for drunkenness, but 
 now total abstinence came to be recognized as a condition of 
 receiving persons into the church. The evils of intemperance 
 v^ere so held up to public view, that in the judgment of all 
 good people the habit of even private drinking of alcoholic 
 liquors was thought to be inconsistent with Christian principles. 
 Thus example reinforced exhortation and instruction. About 
 this time the Concord distillery went out of business to the 
 great joy of the temperance people. Reformed men were going 
 through the country, telHng their tales of suffering and salva- 
 tion. Crime and poverty were seen to decrease. Some lecturers 
 were intemperate in their remarks, and some newspapers retali- 
 ated with aspersions upon the church and clergy. Farmers 
 were saving their money and liquor sellers were losing their 
 revenues. The former were glad and the latter were mad. 
 The conscience of the rum-seller is located in his pocket-book; 
 at least that is his most sensitive spot. Whatever touches that 
 must be combated. 
 
 In 1847 there was popular demand for a prohibitory law. 
 A referendum was submitted to the voters, "Is it expedient that 
 a law be enacted by the General Court, prohibiting the sale of 
 wines, or other spirituous liquors, except for chemical, medicinal 
 and mechanical purposes?". The vote was taken in March, 
 1848, and 12,174 voted for prohibition and 5,729 gainst it. Not- 
 withstanding this Vox Popiili the General Court, or legislature, 
 of 1849 did not enact the prohibitory law but only made some 
 amendments to the license laws, showing that legislators, 
 under certain influences, do not keep up with public opinion in 
 dealing with wrongs. It is often the case that the masses of 
 the people are more moral than their elected representatives. 
 Petitions flowed into the legislature of 1849. The liquor forces 
 did everything in their power to prevent any legislation that 
 would hinder or lessen the sale of intoxicants and thus diminish 
 their gains. The moral and financial welfare of the State must 
 not stand in the way of making a few men rich ! That has been 
 the bone of contest for over half a century. If reform brought 
 riches instead of sacrifices, all evils would cease except selfish- 
 
256 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 ness, the tap-root of all evil. Amendments to amendments and 
 motions to postpone indefinitely fill the pages of the House 
 Journal of 1849. 
 
 License, high or low, never has much checked an evil ; 
 rather it gives the evil respectability and protection. Hence 
 the temperance advocates kept clamoring for legal prohibition. 
 In previous pages the advice of Governor Metcalf in his message 
 of 1855 has been cited. Under his leadership the legislature 
 enacted a prohibitory law, forbidding the sale but not the man- 
 ufacture of intoxicating liquors. Here was the weak point of 
 the law. The manufacture of beer, ale and porter at Ports- 
 mouth was a standing argument against the law. The law was 
 not enforced as it should have been. The attention of all 
 people was centered on the Civil War. Money-sharks took 
 advantage of this to sell liquor illegally. The back towns were 
 quite well freed from the curse, but the larger towns and cities 
 continued to supply beverages to the thirsty and to increase 
 the gains of law-breakers, who adulterated the liquors sold. It 
 mattered not much to the drinker, so long as his taste was 
 deceived and his nerves and brain were benumbed. Science has 
 proved that alcohol in any form is not a stimulant, as was once 
 commonly supposed, but a paralyzer of brain functions, begin- 
 ning with the highest faculties. The moral sense is the first 
 one blotted out by alcoholic drinks. "God is not in all His 
 thoughts." 
 
 The liquor manufacturers and retailers have taken advan- 
 tage of the rivalry of political parties to secure a nullification of 
 law. Those forces are so organized and financed as to hold the 
 balance of power in many elections. The saloon-keeper con- 
 trols many votes, and they are cast for Democrat, or for Re- 
 publican, according to previous conduct and pledges given of 
 the respective party bosses, and temperance reformers have 
 never been among the bosses. Efforts have been made to de- 
 velop a Prohibition Party, but thus far without much success. 
 The old political parties have adopted reforms whenever they 
 had to in order to save an election. Sometimes the reform never 
 got any further than the party platform. 
 
 The Anti-Saloon League was organized in New Hampshire 
 in 1899. to secure the enforcement of the prohibitory law. Pub- 
 
A HISTORY 257 
 
 lie officials were called on to do their duty, as they had sworn 
 to do. Sheriffs and policemen have needed too much persuasion. 
 They were affectedly too ignorant of the violations of law. They 
 frequently asked the temperance people to furnish proofs of 
 what they, the officials, already knew. The cry was diligently 
 spread that probition did not prohibit, that more intoxicating 
 liquor was sold under prohibitory law than under license law, 
 and similar falsehoods. The distillers and brewers kept up 
 the cry. The politicians and most of the newspapers joined in 
 the cry for a license law, and the strongest argument for it 
 was the revenue it would bring to lessen taxation, a specious 
 and false argument, for every well informed person knows that 
 the sale of intoxicating liquors always has caused poverty, in- 
 creased taxation to take care of the products of the saloon, and 
 diminished the earning capacity of drinkers. 
 
 The local option law was put to vote in 1903. The prohibi- 
 tory law of 1855 was to remain in force, except where cities and 
 towns gave a majority in favor of license. The popular vote 
 stood 34,330 for license and 26,630 against it. In 1914 the vote 
 throughout the State was 40,439 against license and 32,776 in 
 its favor, showing a change in eleven years of a majority of 
 over seven thousand in favor to a like majority in opposition. 
 The system has been weighed in the balance of public opinion 
 and found wanting. Yet the legislature continues to defeat the 
 wishes of the advocates of prohibition. That license fee of from 
 $250 to $1,200 and the approaching elections turn the scales 
 against the reformers for the present. But the wave of pro- 
 hibition has swept through the South and West, and it will soon 
 flood New England with clean water instead of dirty rum. So 
 monstrous an evil can not long persist against the scientific 
 enlightenment that thoughtful people are receiving. The public 
 press is doing the work of the temperance reformer to a larger 
 extent than ever before. Civic Leagues to obtain righteous laws 
 and the enforcement of the same are at this time more prominent 
 than Temperance Societies. The Woman's Christian Temper- 
 ance Union since 1866 has been doing good work in the State. 
 Moral suasion has done about all it can ; legal compulsion is the 
 thing now demanded. 
 
Chapter XV 
 THE CAPITAL 
 
Chapter XV 
 
 THE CAPITAL 
 
 The Capital an Epitome of the State— Concord a Fine Residential City — 
 Oldest Concord Represented by Markers— State Library— Building of 
 The New Hampshire Historical Society — Public Library of the City — 
 The Post Ofifice— City Buildings— New Hampshire State Hospital— The 
 Margaret Pillsbury General Hospital— State Prison— The Capital and 
 Its Offices — Monuments That Adorn Its Grounds — Hall of Fame and 
 Art Gallery Needed — Board of Agriculture — New Hampshire Depart- 
 ment of the Grand Army of the Republic — Editor of State Papers — 
 Bureau of Labor — Tax Commission — Insurance Commission — Depart- 
 ment of Public Instruction — Vital Statistics — Fish and Game Commis- 
 sioners—Office of the Adjutant-General— Hall of the House of Repre- 
 sentatives — The Senate Chamber — Commissioner of Motor Vehicles — 
 Office of the Secretar>' of State — The Council Chamber and Governor's 
 Room — Board of Charities and Correction — Public Service Commission 
 — State Department of Highways— Board of Health— Excise Commis- 
 sion — Forestry Commission — Bank Commission — Office of the Attorney- 
 General — Office of the State Treasurer — Cost of Maintaining State 
 Government. 
 
 TT is a familiar saying that Paris is France. A nation's life 
 A centers at its capital. The forces that are felt in the activi- 
 ties of a State have their seat at its capital. Here are many of 
 its public institutions. Here its law^makers convene to plan for 
 the w^elfare of the entire State. Here its political schemes are 
 hatched by "Jethro Bass" of "Coniston."i Here the slate is made 
 up, containing the names of officeholders for several years to 
 come — unless the other party, or some new party, upsets the 
 plans of the political managers. Here it is determined who shall 
 go to Congress and how long he shall stay. The leaders gather 
 here and many have made their residences here, after getting 
 started, or discouraged, in some smaller place. Governors, 
 
 1 Winston Churchill, the well known author, although not a native of 
 New Hampshire, has his home at Cornish and has taken a prominent 
 part in political movements, the Progressive party having made him their 
 candidate for Governor at one time. His novel "Coniston," so plainly 
 pictures the inside of politics that many readers think they see in his prin- 
 cipal characters real persons with changed names. 
 
 261 
 
262 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 judges, United States officials retired find a pleasant resting 
 place in Concord. It is a residential city chiefly, though per- 
 haps half of its population of twenty thousand or more are 
 supported by manufacturing. As becomes a residential city of 
 considerable wealth, the houses are well built, rather too closely 
 crowded in the central part, and the streets are in good condi- 
 tion. The State highway runs through it and is the thorough- 
 fare for automobiles. Shade trees abound. The one long busi- 
 ness street has a double row of brick blocks that would do credit 
 to any city. Concrete and granolithic sidewalks reach into the 
 outskirts. Macadamized roads are taking the places of the old 
 country roads leading into the city. Concord paid a good deal 
 of money to the State for the privilege of having the capitol 
 here ; the State is continually paying it back in indirect ways. 
 
 Residential wealth is unenterprising. There is no feverish 
 haste to boom Concord. It is good enough and big enough 
 already for those who want quiet and ease. Money invested in 
 stocks and bonds suits the taste of those who have finished life's 
 work, as well as of those who have inherited sufficient for the 
 comforts and some of the luxuries of life. There is no water 
 power immediately at hand to tempt capitalists. The region has 
 very fine granite, but no monopoly of building material. A 
 visitor would naturally be impressed with the thought that Con- 
 cord is a nice place to rest in. There is a goodly company of 
 State officials, bankers, lawyers, physicians, and men retired 
 from business, that make up a delightful society for the well-to- 
 do classes. As usual in New England the Protestant churches 
 are too many, and in most of them the audiences are thin. The 
 schools are excellent, and St. Paul's, a large and flourishing 
 private school in the western suburb, has a wide and winning 
 reputation. 
 
 Such is about the impression made by a residence of a 
 year or two. There is no intention to write of Concord as a city, 
 but only as the capital of the State and to mention those things 
 that pertain to the history of the commonwealth. 
 
 The old settlement at Penacook, or Rumford, was at the 
 north end of Main Street, on slightly elevated land overlooking 
 the Indian cornfields. Here the Rev. Timothy Walker built his 
 spacious house, still standing as one of the oldest landmarks. 
 
A HISTORY 263 
 
 It is a privilege to look inside of it and see the portraits of the 
 Walker family, including- Count Rumford and daughter. It 
 needs one of New Hampshire's many poets to describe such 
 places, and so the task is left to them. In the yard one can 
 scarcely help noticing the round, massive piece of granite, that 
 once formed the horseblock at the first church, when everybody 
 that did not have to walk rode to meeting on horseback. The 
 stone was a convenience for mounting and dismounting. A 
 little way south of the Walker house stood the store, in the 
 upper part of which convened the first legislative assembly that 
 met in Concord. The building has been moved across the street 
 and is now a residence. The large old elms are one by one 
 disappearing, worn out with old age. The business that once 
 centered in this part of the city has moved south half a mile or 
 so. One can but see and admire the new Walker school build- 
 ing, that stands pretty nearly on the spot where the spacious 
 meeting house was erected in 1756, and where so many political 
 conventions were once held. The Methodists got possession of 
 it, after a new church was built, and converted it into a Theo- 
 logical School, called Concord Biblical Institute. It was burned 
 after the school had been transferred to Boston. The grounds 
 that surrounded the old meeting house indicate that the settlers 
 planned on a liberal scale, when land was cheap and plenty. 
 West of the lot and of State Street may be seen the first burial 
 ground, where memorial inscriptions tell of the honored and 
 beloved. One pauses to read the names of Rev. Timothy 
 Walker, Henry Rolfe, Countess Rumford, Colonel Stickney, the 
 Bradley family and President Franklin Pierce. 
 
 In walking down Main Street one notices the frequent 
 markers, that tell of garrison houses in the times of Indian wars, 
 or that this or that distinguished person was born or lived here, 
 for Concord is proud of her traditions and has good right to be. 
 The house where lived for a short time S. F. B. Morse, the 
 inventor of the electric telegraph, is pointed out, and here he 
 found his wife. Miss Lucretia Pickering Walker, great-grand- 
 daughter of the first minister. He was then a painter of por- 
 traits. Look into the Italian garden, constructed by Governor 
 Rollins as a memorial to his mother, daughter of John West, 
 whose house stood here. Notice the marker that tells where 
 
264 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 the first log- meeting house stood. Then pass on to the County 
 Building on a slight elevation with a broad lawn around it. 
 This building was rebuilt in 1906 on the foundation of a previous 
 edifice which was a combination of City Hall and County Court- 
 house, and here was the beginning of a city library. The build- 
 ing would do credit to any county. It was the desire of many 
 that the State House should be built on this site. Their dis- 
 appointment is our present gain. 
 
 The business portion of Main Street is all of recent growth. 
 The old hotels or taverns of generations past have been demol- 
 ished. The Eagle House has spread its wings and soared. The 
 Phoenix has risen from its former self. At the lower end of 
 Main Street we come to an old residence quarter, and here are 
 shown the houses or sites of houses where lived Robert Rogers, 
 the famous Ranger, Governor Isaac Hill and President Franklin 
 Pierce. 
 
 Leaving the State House for later mention let us look at 
 the group of public buildings in its vicinity. The State had no 
 library worthy of the name till 1895, when the State Library 
 Building was dedicated. Prior to that date there was a collec- 
 tion of law books in the State House, safely locked up and 
 little used. In 1866 a room was fitted up and a board of trustees 
 appointed. The Secretary of State or his deput}'^ served as 
 librarian. Soon the number of books outgrew accommodations, 
 and in 1889 plans began to be formed for a suitable building. 
 The result in edifice and collection of books is in every way 
 gratifying. It is now one of the public institutions of the State, 
 open every day except Sundays and holidays for the accommo- 
 dation of readers and students. Its collection of law books is 
 ample for legal purposes. The historical collection contains 
 about all that has ever been printed, pertaining to State, county 
 and town history of New Hampshire, and much may be learned 
 here about other States. There is also a large number of gene- 
 alogical works and special effort is made to obtain all books 
 written by New Hampshire authors. It is a student's library, 
 made up largely of books of reference. When the building was 
 completed there were stored in it 50,000 volumes. It now 
 (1916) has 154,000 volumes, besides many thousand pamphlets 
 and manuscripts. It grows from day to day, and soon enlarged 
 
N.H. HIST. SOC.BLG-CONCORD,N. 
 
A HISTORY 265 
 
 stackroom must be provided in an additional wing. The upper 
 hall, not originally designed for books, is now filled with shelves, 
 and they are crowded with books. The western part of the first 
 floor is occupied as a court room for the Supreme Court of the 
 State. It is not necessary to speak of the edifice itself and at- 
 tempt to describe it in architectural phrases. A picture tells 
 that story to the general reader better than words can do. The 
 building material is rock-faced stone from the quarry at Con- 
 way, with trimmings of Concord granite. Italian renaissance 
 tells the style of architecture. The inside furnishing is of quar- 
 tered oak. The cost to the State was $313,687 and the city con- 
 tributed $25,000 for the purchase of adjacent land. Thus there 
 is space for future enlargement, and since the building is prac- 
 tically fire-proof and is separate from other buildings by a safe 
 distance, it is likely to remain a long time as the abode of legal 
 and historical lore. The occasion of its dedication was a notable 
 one, when Judge Isaac W. Smith, President William J. Tucker 
 of Dartmouth College and Ainsworth R. Spofiford, LL.D., Li- 
 brarian of Congress, made the principal addresses. That of Mr. 
 SpofTord on "The World of Books" is worthy of a permanent 
 place in literature. 
 
 This is a State Library in the broadest sense. Any inhabi- 
 tant of the State may obtain books therefrom by paying the 
 cost of transportation. This is wise and just, since the whole 
 State is taxed to support it. Thus it forms an important part 
 of the system of education, and its maintenance is in fulfillment 
 of the State's Constitution, wherein it is made the duty of the 
 State "to cherish the interests of literature" and encourage all 
 institutions for the promotion of the public welfare. 
 
 The next building that claims our attention is that of the 
 New Hampshire Historical Society, the most beautiful edifice 
 in New England, it is safe to say, and one might extend the 
 geographical limits much farther without any danger of contra- 
 diction. Its exterior is built of Concord granite, and that is 
 handsomer and more durable than marble, especially for a cold 
 climate. Notice in the front projections the large slabs of pink 
 granite from East Lyme, Conn. The style is conformed closely 
 to Grecian models, chiefly of the Doric order of architecture, 
 though an Ionic pilaster and capital may be seen on each side 
 
266 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 of the entrance, and Corinthian capitals appear in the reading- 
 room. Over the portal is placed an emblamatic group sculp- 
 tured from a block of granite that weighed twenty-two tons. 
 The group was designed by a native of New Hampshire, Daniel 
 Chester French. The seal of the Historical Society is in the 
 center ; on the right is an aged woman, who holds a skull in her 
 right hand and is intently gazing at a tablet such as might have 
 been seen in ancient Rome or Niniveh. She represents Ancient 
 History. On the left of the shield is the figure of a youth with 
 his hand upon a globe and he is perusing a scroll. The sugges- 
 tion is Modern History. Above the seal is the wise old owl. 
 The seal itself has upon it an open book with radiating light 
 above it. Massive bronze grilles roll back to disclose doors of 
 mahogany and glass, reminding him who enters of Milton's 
 gates of Paradise, "harmonious sound on gold hinges moving," 
 and he is not disappointed on entering, especially if he is a 
 lover of the beautiful in art and the instructive in literature. 
 The monks of Sienna have sent variegated marble to compose 
 and adorn the rotunda or entrance hall, whose walls, arches and 
 ceiling are formed of selected blocks so as to harmonize its 
 many shades of color. The floor is of stone in mosaic patterns. 
 The visitor faces a noble staircase and a bronze tablet, whose 
 inscription tells the name of the donor, and looking about he 
 will see in alcoves bronze, life-size busts of Amos Tuck and his 
 son, Edward Tuck. The latter is a native of New Hampshire 
 and has long resided in Paris as a banker. This building is in 
 loving remembrance of his father and of his native State. No 
 expense and no pains have been spared to make the building as 
 beautiful, as serviceable and as enduring as human art and 
 skill can produce. 
 
 To the left is the reading room, with deep alcoves for the 
 books most used ; to the right is the lecture hall, with a portrait 
 of Daniel Webster, an oil painting of Constantinople and the 
 Bosporus, and flags of New Hampshire regiments in the Ameri- 
 can Revolution. The doors, and furniture throughout are of 
 mahogany. On the upper floor are a stack-room, rooms for the 
 books donated by Lorenzo Sabine and by Governor Charles H. 
 Bell, and rooms for the display of portraits, medals, old china 
 ware, swords, Indian arrow-heads and axes of stone, silverware 
 and antiques of great variety, that are associated with the his- 
 tory of New Hampshire. 
 
A HISTORY 267 
 
 While a fine building does not make a library, it is an 
 embodiment of thought that makes as valuable and lasting 
 impression as books can do. A studious person may gaze long 
 and often at the exterior or interior of this building and always 
 find something to charm, soothe, expand and elevate the mind. 
 Is not that what a collection of books is for? Books might be 
 placed in such surroundings as to make one almost hate them ; 
 to render them alluring they need to be housed in a building that 
 is in itself an illuminated edition of great and beautiful thought. 
 
 This building was dedicated in 1912, Guy Lowell being the 
 architect, and in four years the number of books contained 
 therein has doubled, being now over 30,000, besides many 
 pamphlets and manuscripts. Mr. Edward Tuck has endowed 
 it and additions to endowment are made from time to time. The 
 State makes a small annual appropriation and annual fees of 
 over six hundred members help to meet current expenses. The 
 collection of historical and genealogical works bears especially 
 upon the history of New Hampshire, then upon that of New 
 England, the United States, England and the whole world. The 
 State Library and the Historical Society work together, so as 
 not to duplicate too much and to make expended funds produce 
 the largest possible collection of best books. 
 
 The New Hampshire Historical Society was chartered in 
 1823, and ever since it has been composed of leading citizens 
 of the State and of natives who have sojourned in other States. 
 The objects of the society, as told in its constitution, are "to 
 discover, procure and preserve whatever may relate to the 
 natural, civil, ecclesiastical and literary history of the United 
 States in general, and of this State in particular." For some 
 years its books and annual meetings were in the State House. 
 From 1840 onward the home of the society was in the building 
 of the Merrimack County Bank, on North Main Street. In 1869 
 the building was purchased by the society, and it remains in the 
 society's possession, though unoccupied since 1912. Eleven 
 volumes of historical collections have been published and four 
 volumes of proceedings. The usefulness of the society now far 
 exceeds that of its past and its future prosperity is well secured. 
 Nothing that pertains to the history of any part of New Hamp- 
 shire can be written well without its aid. The benefit of its 
 
268 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 accumulations might be more widely distributed by frequent 
 publications of manuscripts and addresses not accessible to the 
 public. 
 
 Two great libraries are not enough for Concord, and so the 
 city has its own, right in sight of the other two, a little south 
 of the State House. It is a decent and unpretentious brick build- 
 ing, and some wealthy citizen would do himself honor by donat- 
 ing $100,000 or more for a larger public library. Here the lead- 
 ing newspapers, magazines, works of fiction and current litera- 
 ture may be found, with books of reference and many photo- 
 graphs and maps. This library is a valuable assistant to the 
 public schools. One can get a liberal, if not a profound, educa- 
 tion by reading the newspapers and magazines, and the stress 
 of business often makes such forms of literature the only ones 
 within the grasp of daily workers. By all means let everybody 
 who wants to know more than he now does have every possible 
 incentive and help to learn. The present city library is a re- 
 modeled dwelling house, dedicated in 1888, the gift of WiUiam 
 P. and Clara M. Fowler in loving memory of their parents, Asa 
 and Mary C. K. Fowler, who were for fifty years honored resi- 
 dents of Concord. 
 
 It is fitting that the public buildings of the United States 
 should be costly enough to be beautiful and durable, and a 
 State capital demands one of the best. Therefore every loyal 
 American citizen is pleased to look upon a Gothic structure of 
 Concord granite that was planned in 1882 and occupied seven 
 years later as a post office and United States court house com- 
 bined, and he does not feel impoverished when he is told that it 
 cost $230,000, besides fifteen thousand dollars contributed by 
 the city for the purchase of land. The building occupies the 
 center of a complete square, with a broad lawn about it, for a 
 magnificent building should never be set upon a little piece of 
 land and thus hidden from view and exposed to fire. Concord 
 has become the center of a wide-reaching postal system, that 
 demands more and more room for the transaction of the in- 
 creasing business of Uncle Sam. Even now an addition is being 
 made to the post office at a cost of sixty thousand dollars, and 
 although the building as a whole will not be so symmetrical as 
 before and will need enlargement again in a few years, we will 
 
A HISTORY 269 
 
 rejoice that as a nation we are growing rich with great rapidity 
 and can well afford to build us more stately mansions. 
 
 Southwest of the post office square is a group of brick 
 buildings of recent date, that are more useful than ornamental. 
 The group consists of City Hall, Auditorium and Armory, 
 crowded together in unseemly and disordered arrangement, with 
 not a square foot of land to spare. It is out of harmony with 
 the other public buildings in sight. 
 
 Five churches and a public school building, all worthy 
 structures, complete the remarkable group of edifices that may 
 be seen from the rear of the State House, and one would have 
 to travel far to find a group equally impressive in its architecture. 
 Concord is like ancient Jerusalem, "a city that is compact to- 
 gether, whither the tribes go up." 
 
 The institution of the State that appeals most to human 
 sympathy is the New Hampshire State Hospital, a name chosen 
 in mercy to conceal its main purpose, for here those bereft of 
 reason are assembled from all over the State. It was created 
 by legislative act in 1838 and was opened for the reception o£ 
 patients in 1842- There has been a steady growth ever since, 
 and the number of insane people seems to be on the increase. 
 Perhaps insanity is more readily recognized now than it was 
 then. Perhaps relatives and friends are more eager to avail 
 themselves of the benefits of this institution. The report of 
 1914 shows 1,110 patients, precisely the same number of men as 
 of women. The increase of late has been at the rate of more 
 than fifty annually. During seventy-one years 11,381 patients 
 were admitted, of whom 4,363 recovered and many more im- 
 proved. The excess of patients over capacity was one hundred 
 and sixty-three at the last report. There is now in process of 
 erection a large addition to the Walker building. This building 
 is for those who are quiet and can be employed in industrial 
 occupations both inside and outside of the buildings. Such 
 patients do the printing of the institution and make brooms, 
 brushes, slippers and men's hose. Besides a large amount of 
 farm work is done by patients, for the institution owns one 
 hundred and seventy-five acres of land, the larger part border- 
 ing on Pleasant Street, where the buildings are located on ele- 
 
 2 See Chapter XI. of Vol. III. 
 
270 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 vated ground, and fifty acres are distant about a mile. The 
 value of farm products in 1914 was $31,298. The women do all 
 the sewing and mending of the hospital. Some work in the 
 kitchen and do housework. Others make rugs, knit stockings 
 and weave baskets. The cultivation of a garden of fiowers or 
 vegetables engages the attention of some female patients and is 
 beneficial. Everything possible is done to restore reason, to 
 improve health, to diminish suffering, and to make the last days 
 easy. 
 
 There is a very large hospital for the sick, a special building 
 for the nurses, the Twitchell building for those who are able to 
 pay liberally, an administration building, a heating and lighting 
 plant, a farm house, barn, etc. Eighty-five nurses are employed, 
 besides many attendants. There is a training school for the 
 education of nurses and affiliation with similar hospitals in New 
 York. 
 
 Records show that comparatively few young persons be- 
 come insane, but as years increase and cares and labors multiply 
 the human mind gets unbalanced. The largest cause of insanity 
 is alcohol in some form. The imps that troop along after the 
 demon of rum are heredity, old age, ill health, overwork, worry, 
 grief, syphilis, epilepsy and morphine. As to the former occu- 
 pations of the insane the largest number come from those who 
 have done housework. The next largest class are operatives in 
 mills and shops. It is not the brain-workers that get crazy; it 
 is rather those who do one little thing over and over again so 
 that there is little chance for the exercise of the brain. Quite a 
 large number of farmers become insane, perhaps because they 
 do too little brain-work. Only one patient out of four hundred 
 has been a minister, teacher, lawyer, or physician. Let the 
 reader take warning and keep himself busy in thinking and 
 studying about something worth while. Those who have little 
 to do and nothing to think about, or who have only one idea, are 
 most liable to lose what little mind they have. New and fresh 
 ideas will sometimes drive out the obsessing devils. 
 
 Of the four hundred and twelve admitted one year only one 
 hundred and seventy-six were natives of New Hampshire, so 
 that the Granite State is comparatively "clothed and in its right 
 mind." It is doing a lot of benevolent work for natives of other 
 
A HISTORY 271 
 
 states and countries. Many inmates have come from Canada 
 and Ireland. 
 
 Donations and bequests have increased the permanent funds 
 to $304,000. The total expenditures for the year 1914 were 
 $265,483. The weekly cost per capita was $4.70. The superin- 
 tendent and treasurer of the institution is C. P. Bancroft, M.D., 
 assisted by five physicians. The institution will probably last 
 a long time ; the only forces that can destroy it are Eugenics, 
 Hygiene, Temperance, a fair distribution of wealth and labor, 
 and Christian morals. 
 
 Opposite the grounds of the State Hospital, on the north 
 side of Pleasant Street, is the New Hampshire Centennial Home 
 for the Aged, founded in 1876. For a few years it occupied a 
 large dwelling house that had been used as a boarding school 
 for young ladies. As funds and applicants for admission in- 
 creased, a new brick structure took the place of the old building. 
 Now there are forty-five inmates, who have come from many 
 different towns. The conditions of admission are, that the 
 applicant shall be sixty years of age or more, a deposit of three 
 hundred dollars, residence in the State for at least ten years, 
 good health and ability to care for oneself. It is for both sexes, 
 yet only one man is there, and he is the husband of another 
 inmate. Donations and bequests have increased the permanent 
 fund to about $200,000. Similar homes in other cities have 
 sprung up in imitation of the example of this one. 
 
 Go out Pleasant Street about a mile and you may see the 
 State Home for Aged members of the Odd Fellows fraternity, 
 dedicated in 1887. It was built on five acres known as the 
 "President Pierce property." The Masonic fraternity have their 
 home for the aged at Manchester. 
 
 The first general hospital of the State was established by 
 Dr. Shadrach C. Morrill in 1884 at Concord. Up to 1890 twelve 
 thousand dollars had been expended and the institution was five 
 thousand dollars in debt. Then Mr. George A. Pillsbury of 
 Minneapolis was on a visit to Concord, where he had formerly 
 lived, and conceived the idea of erecting a memorial hospital 
 and naming it for his wife. A new site was bought and a brick 
 building erected, and since it has been known as the Margaret 
 Pillsbury General Hospital. It was dedicated October 5, 1891. 
 
272 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 It was furnished by the citizens of Concord. A training school 
 for nurses was established in 1889 and up to 1914 had graduated 
 ninety-two nurses. The number of patients treated up to that 
 date was 9,133, besides 1,133 out patients. The institution can 
 accommodate forty patients and it has a permanent fund of 
 $150,000. Of necessity a large part of the work done has been 
 gratuitous. Concord also has a Memorial Hospital for Women 
 and Children, the first one established in New Hampshire, in 
 1896. It was established "to assist worthy and dependent women 
 and children who wish to be under the care of women physicians 
 and attendants." 
 
 We have passed in review the institutions that minister to 
 the sick and afflicted, enough to excite our sympathy and com- 
 passion. At the north end of the city another institution exists, 
 where criminals are confined, the State Prison. Are sympathy 
 and compassion felt for the inmates here? The hospitals are for 
 the benefit of those sent there, and indirectly society is benefitted 
 when the sick and insane are properly cared for and especially 
 when they are restored to health and reason. Every possible 
 effort is made to heal and restore to society the inmates of 
 hospitals. Is the same policy pursued with reference to crim- 
 inals? Are all possible efforts made to restore them to a right 
 mind and to society as helpers? In time long past criminals 
 have been treated as though they had forfeited all the natural 
 rights of man. Those out of prison have cared little for those 
 inside. The feeling has been that lawbreakers deserved to suf- 
 fer and should receive their deserts. We are learning that it is 
 not always just and wise to inflict upon men what they deserve. 
 We are beginning to test the efficacy of forgiveness and love. 
 Formally criminals were punished, made to suffer physical and 
 mental pain, in some sort of proportion to the offenses commit- 
 ted ; now we are told that punishment should be remedial and 
 may be remitted altogether, if a better remedy can be found. 
 We are beginning to see that many crimes are the result of 
 heredity, alcohol, bad surroundings and ignorance, the same 
 causes that produce insanity and sickness. The conviction is 
 forced upon us that many criminals are to be pitied as much as 
 blamed, that they should be educated and transformed, that the 
 causes of their sad condition should be removed, and that they 
 should be given another and better chance in life. 
 
A HISTORY 273 
 
 Until 1810 in New Hampshire criminals were confined in 
 county jails, clothed and fed in idleness at the public expense, 
 and nothing was done for their happiness and welfare. Then 
 a prison was built, and the prisoners were given something to 
 do. Some years they paid all expenses and earned a balance for 
 the State. The financial result depended largely upon the 
 business capacity of the warden. The cells were small ; the 
 rules were strict ; silence was enforced ; there was little exercise 
 in the open air ; striped suits were worn ; no athletic games 
 were allowed ; the lock-step was hated. 
 
 In the year 1880 a new State Prison was completed at a cost 
 of $234,841, built of Concord granite, of which there was an 
 unlimited quantity close at hand. It had two hundred and sixty 
 cells, each eight feet long, six wide, and seven and a quarter 
 high, not spacious and not uncomfortable. I have slept in a 
 man's cell, in a convent of the Greco-Russian Church on Mount 
 Tabor in Palestine, and my apartment was not bigger than a 
 cell in the New Hampshire State Prison. I did not feel cramped 
 nor confined. A room of that size can be made comfortable, if 
 an open or grated door allows circulation of air, and the room 
 and bed are kept clean. Nothing is gained by making prisoners, 
 live in filth, and damp, unwholesome dungeons. I have visited 
 the ancient prison of Rome and the dungeon connected with the 
 palace of the Doges of Venice, underground two stories, damp, 
 dark, cold and repulsive. Hopelessness and suffering were the 
 ends sought by the builders of such prisons. Cruelty to prison- 
 ers gave happiness to those who held them in retentless grip. 
 Civilized nations are rising above that spirit and policy. Kind- 
 ness bears good fruit among confined criminals, just as every- 
 where else. Nothing has been lost by discarding the old suits of 
 black and red stripes. A game of baseball on a Saturday after- 
 noon with freedom to converse with one another does not make 
 the prisoners worse. Allowing them to work on the farm or on 
 the public highway is attended with almost no risk and is bene- 
 ficial to health. Giving the prisoners a chance to earn some- 
 thing for themselves and families is wise and just. The aboli- 
 tion of the lock-step has increased self-respect and removed 
 hatred. A band of music and an orchestra composed of pris- 
 oners furnish medicine for minds diseased, both among the 
 
274 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 insane and among criminals. A library of good books is as 
 much needed and appreciated in the institution at the north end 
 of Concord as in that at the south end. Sunday services are 
 observed with decorum, and the truth is listened to quite as well 
 as in fashionable churches. Genuine repentance for sin and 
 transformation of character sometimes are experienced by bad 
 men shut up in prison. The ignorant are taught to read, write 
 and cypher as far as the rule of three, and having learned also 
 to do something useful and having received a new suit of clothes 
 and ten dollars many go forth to a new and better life. 
 
 Formerly some were pardoned, and such is the case with a 
 few now, but more are released on parole, put on their good 
 behavior. The sentence is suspended and a parole officer watches 
 the conduct of the trusted probationer and reports from time to 
 time. The results are good. From 1906 to 1914 two hundred 
 and sixty-eight were paroled, and only ten of them were recom- 
 mitted. The term of parole of one hundred and ninety-three has 
 expired, and they are again members of outside society. The 
 New Hampshire State Prison is a very good place to keep out 
 of. Even criminals who are allowed to stay out on parole do 
 better than those who are obliged to remain inside for many 
 years. 
 
 The State prison has existed for a little more than a century 
 and 4,105 persons have been confined within its walls. The 
 majority have been under thirty years of age. The average 
 number in prison during recent years is about two hundred and 
 fifty. Some are leased on contract to stone cutters ; some work 
 on public roads; some are engaged in farming. In 1914 the re- 
 ceipts from all sources were $66,182 and the expenditures were 
 $44,755, leaving a balance of $21,410, which was turned into the 
 treasury of the State. A law has been enacted, permitting the 
 governor and council to allow to prisoners and their families 
 some portion of the surplus earned, but the last report states 
 that no distribution has been made and recommends an increase 
 of the warden's salary to $2,500, with free rent, heat and light. 
 It looks to an outsider as though the laborers might more justly 
 and wisely receive something in the way of wages. Even crim- 
 inals ought to be protected from anything that looks like peon- 
 age, which may become worse than slavery. Transgression of 
 
A HISTORY 275 
 
 law does not necessarily entail forfeiture of all rights. Justice 
 tempered with mercy belongs to the evil doer, and when he gets 
 what is due him and what he needs, he is more likely to become 
 a safe and useful citizen. Reform schools have done great good 
 to boys ; why not try every possible way of reforming unfor- 
 tunate and even wicked men? 
 
 It is of interest to consider the previous habits of prisoners. 
 Of the ninety-two who were admitted during the year previous 
 to August 31, 1914, only eleven were total abstainers, forty-eight 
 were intemperate and the rest were moderate drinkers. The 
 State is taking care of the products of the licensed saloon. Eighty 
 of the ninety-two were users of tobacco, a habit that tends to 
 benumb the moral powers of the human mind, as scientists tell 
 us, as effectually as intoxicating liquors. There are more single 
 than married men. The majority are natives of the United 
 States, and they come from all ranks of society and occupations. 
 Ordinary laborers are the most numerous. There have been 
 from sixty to ninety United States naval prisoners. The love 
 of money, leading to theft, burglary, forgery, fraud, is the tap- 
 root of much evil. Unbridled passion hurries others to crime. 
 Alcoholic beverages smooth the downhill grade. Since the year 
 1869 no prisoner has escaped. 
 
 The chief attraction of the capital city is the capitol, or 
 State House. The front entrance to the yard is through a 
 massive arch of granite, erected in 1892 at a cost of twenty 
 thousand dollars to commemorate the soldiers of Concord that 
 took part in the Civil War. The original design of having 
 bronze tablets afifixed thereto, bearing the names of the soldiers, 
 has not yet been put into effect. The memorial as it is reminds 
 the beholder of great deeds, performed by men unknown. Some 
 future generation may complete the work. 
 
 The grounds within the State House yard were put in good 
 order in the year 1915, at an expense of about sixteen thou- 
 sand dollars. Granolithic walks were laid around the entire lot 
 and within the yard. The ground was newly graded and seeded 
 with lawn grass. A heavy inside curbing of granite took the 
 place of the old balustrade, which was erected in 1864. A visitor 
 would first notice the statue of President Franklin Pierce, with 
 an elaborate display of granite about it. It is of bright bronze. 
 
276 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 He is dressed as a civilian, yet what seems to be a military cloak 
 is thrown over his shoulders and reaches to his feet, so that 
 the statue as seen from the rear is shrouded in lifeless mystery. 
 On the granite base are cut the names of the battles in which 
 he took part in the Mexican War, and altogether too much is 
 said about the civil offices he held. It looks like a studied effort 
 to glorify the man. If that cloak had been left oflf and the statue 
 stood further within the yard on a massive granite pedestal like 
 the other three statues, and the inscription had been just what 
 is on his tombstone, "Franklin Pierce, fourteenth President of 
 the United States," only this and nothing more, it would have 
 impressed the beholder with far more of dignity and power. 
 Some say it is a good likeness, and some say that the statuette 
 of Franklin Pierce in the building of the New Hampshire His- 
 torical Society is much truer to life. 
 
 Directly in front of the State House and in the middle of 
 the broad walk leading thereto is the statue of the great states- 
 man, honored by all the country, Daniel Webster. It was dedi- 
 cated June 17, 1886 and was the gift of Benjamin Pierce Cheney 
 of Boston, a native of the Granite State. The sculptor was 
 Thomas Ball, of Florence, Italy. On the front of the granite 
 base in raised letters is simply the name, Daniel Webster. There 
 was no need of saying more in this case. Not to know him 
 argues thyself unknown. On one side of the base is a bronze 
 tablet bearing the coat of arms of New Hampshire with the 
 place and date of Webster's birth ; on the other side is the coat 
 of arms of Massachusetts, with the place and date of his death. 
 On the rear is the name of the donor. Webster holds in his left 
 hand a scroll or roll of manuscript, suggesting the Constitution 
 he expounded and defended. At his feet are ponderous books 
 of law. His posture is commanding, expressing dignity and 
 strength, readiness and reserve power. The beholder can easily 
 read into it all the good things he knows about Webster as a 
 statesman and orator. At the dedication addresses were deliv- 
 ered by Judge Nesmith, President Bartlett of Dartmouth Col- 
 lege, Governor Robinson of Massachusetts, Governor Hill of 
 New York, Governor Robie of Maine, Governor Pingree of Ver- 
 mont, and Hon. John A. Bingham of Ohio, one of the most elo- 
 quent speakers of his time. An original poem by William C 
 
A HISTORY 277 
 
 Sheppard was read, and the Handel society of Dartmouth Col- 
 lege sang the song well known to every collegian, the ode of 
 Horace, Integer Vitae. 
 
 The Stark monument was dedicated October 23, 1890. There 
 was no need to recite his life upon the bronze tablets. The 
 words BUNKER HILL and BENNINGTON are enough. This 
 monument was erected at the expense of the State, twelve 
 thousand dollars having been voted for that purpose. The 
 sculptor was Carl Conrads of Hartford, Conn., and he caught 
 the spirit of the great commander and clothed it in the military 
 dress of generals of the American Revolution. The dedicatory 
 address was delivered by Hon. James W. Patterson, and an 
 original poem was read by Allan Eastman Cross of Manchester. 
 
 Mention has been made heretofore (Chapter X. of Vol. Ill) 
 of the statue of Senator John P. Hale and of the part that he 
 took in the movement for the abolition of slavery in the United 
 States. This memorial is a worthy companion of the others 
 in the State House yard. Stark, Webster and Hale were each 
 in their appointed way valiant and mighty defenders of the 
 nation. Their fame belongs not to New Hampshire alone. Let 
 the visitor pause and read upon the Hale monument his imper- 
 ishable words, uttered in one of the crucial moments of his life. 
 The bronze statue was dedicated August 3, 1892. It was cast 
 in Munich after designs of Mr. F. Von Miller, artist and direc- 
 tor of the bronze foundry where also the statue of Webster was 
 cast. 
 
 The present State House is the result of a century's growth. 
 It was a comparatively small affair in 1816, but has grown in 
 length, breadth and height by additions made in 1864 and in 
 1910, and each addition has added to its beauty and utility. The 
 stately Doric and Corinthian columns were set up in 1864. The 
 Mansard roof then added has been replaced by a third story of 
 granite. The addition made to the western end in 1910 is more 
 than double the size of the original capitol. The architectural 
 style of the whole is Grecian, while the arched windows of the 
 second floor suggest the Romanesque. The broad rear of the 
 building is so broken up by two entrances and architectural 
 devices as to make it pleasing to the eye of the inexpert at least. 
 Credit is due to the architects, Peabody & Stearns, of Boston, 
 
278 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 who planned the memorial arch. The statue of Commodore Per- 
 kins is, like that of President Pierce, too elaborate in its accom- 
 paniments and there is not space enough about it. Both of 
 those monuments some distant day will have a better setting. 
 New Hampshire is going to have some more great men who will 
 claim a place in the sun. 
 
 The present capitol was built primarily to accommodate the 
 growing business of the State. Instead of hiring offices in 
 neighboring buildings the State now owns its places of busi- 
 ness, so grouped as to assist one another. There are departments 
 that were never dreamed of in 1816 and even in 1864. Let the 
 visitor enter and look around, for every citizen is welcomed to 
 the house that belongs to him and has a right to make inquiries 
 of his elected servants. The oaken doors admit him to the Doric 
 hall with its tesselated pavement of black and white squares of 
 marble. That steel ceiling was perhaps a necessity in the re- 
 construction. Glass cases on either side invite the attention of 
 every lover of his country, for here are the stained and tattered 
 flags that led New Hampshire regiments to battle in the Civil 
 War. They tell their own story better than words can do. For 
 these emblems many have bravely and willingly given their 
 lives. One will have to read much and think long to take in the 
 full meaning of these battle-flags. Their value is in the mem- 
 ories and emotions that cluster about them. Read the long lists 
 of battles that these flags went through and learn how much it 
 costs to be free and honorable. 
 
 Broad corridors lead around to the offices. The visitor will 
 not care to enter the hall for the general committee, that never 
 sees the light of day. This is the one unavoidable imperfection 
 of the reconstruction. There is, however, artificial light and ven- 
 tilation, and the room needs to be used only on special occasions. 
 On the walls of the corridors hang hundreds of portraits of 
 governors, military men, congressmen, presidents of the State 
 senate and others whom pride and affection wish to honor. The 
 winnowing process must go on with the accumulations of years. 
 This picture gallery is not big enough for everybody that has 
 held military and civil offices. The next public building of the 
 State may be a Hall of Fame and Art Museum, devoted to por- 
 traits, paintings and statuary. Here is an opportunity for some 
 
A HISTORY 279 
 
 person of great wealth to outshine all others. Make it big enough 
 so that it will not need, as the libraries do, an annex with every 
 generation. 
 
 In the northeast corner is the office of the Commissioner of 
 Agriculture, Arthur L. Felker. This department is the out- 
 growth of a century. The first organized agricultural society 
 in the State was in Rockingham county in 1814. The other 
 counties soon followed this example, and the State made small 
 appropriations in aid of these local societies. In 1820 a Board 
 of Agriculture was organized under a law then enacted and a 
 printed report was made in 1822. The county societies became 
 inoperative and disorganized, and so the law remained a dead 
 letter for fifty years. The New Hampshire State Agricultural 
 Society was formed in 1850 as a private corporation and pub- 
 lished reports till 1871, when new legislation created a Board 
 of Agriculture under the control of the State. In 191 3 a law was 
 enacted creating a Department of Agriculture to promote agri- 
 culture throughout the State in all its varied branches. The 
 governor, with the approval of council, appoints a Commis- 
 sion of Agriculture who holds office for three years with a salary 
 of $2500. The governor and council appoint ten practical agri- 
 culturists, one from each county, to be an advisory board, paid 
 three dollars a day each and expenses for the time they put into 
 their work. Farmers' Institutes are held in each county and at 
 least one state meeting. There is co-operation with the New 
 Hampshire College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. The in- 
 stitutes teach practical farming, domestic science and art, dairy 
 science and practice, how to raise vegetables and flowers (orch- 
 arding, gardening, raising of poultry, care of bees, forestry, com- 
 bating of destructive insects, animal and plant nutrition, soil 
 testing, tillage, the philosophy of crop rotation, and kindred 
 subjects. The commissioner prepares courses of study to be 
 used in week institutes and elementary schools. He has direc- 
 tion of all that was formerly done by the cattle commission, the 
 agent for the suppression of gipsy and browntail moths, and the 
 state board of agriculture. He co-operates with proper officials 
 in the enforcement of laws pertaining to agriculture and dissem- 
 inates agricultural information by biennial reports and other 
 means approved by the governor and council. If information. 
 
28o NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 conventions, addresses and schools can make successful farmers 
 on rocky soil, then New Hampshire is in a fair way to keep the 
 boys on the farm. 
 
 This department has issued several illustrated publications, 
 advertising farms as summer residences, and it is said that 
 abandoned farms are now scarce in New Hampshire. The move- 
 ment was started by the observance of Old Home Week, first 
 suggested and urged by Governor Rollins. Others besides na- 
 tives have learned to appreciate the beautiful scenery and health- 
 ful air of the New Hampshire hills and mountains. Summer 
 visitors stimulate farming and gardening to some extent. Dairy 
 farms seem to be on the increase, and twenty-one creameries 
 exist in the State, while established milk routes along lines of 
 railroad show how milk is conveyed to the Boston market even 
 from the northern part of the State. 
 
 The New Hampshire Department of the Grand Army of 
 the Republic has its office next to that of Agriculture. It is not 
 properly a State office, but the Commander is given certain duties 
 to perform for the State, in addition to his work as the head of 
 the Grand Army of the Republic in this State. 
 
 The next office is that of the Editor of State Papers, who 
 has been since 1913 Henry H. Metcalf. He has spent most of 
 his life in journalism and is now editor and proprietor of the 
 Granite Monthly. The duties of his office are to edit the publi- 
 cations of the State. The most recent work is the printing in 
 four volumes of the laws of the Province and of the State down 
 to the year 1792. 
 
 The Bureau of Labor was established in the year 1913. 
 thereby abolishing the office of commissioner of labor and put- 
 ting his duties and others added upon the shoulders of a labor 
 commissioner, appointed by the governor and council for three 
 years at a salary of $1600 per annum. A part of his duty is to 
 visit without notice the manufacturing, mechanical and mercan- 
 tile establishments of the State, to learn if the laws pertaining 
 to the employment of help are complied with and if reasonable 
 sanitary and hygienic conditions are maintained. He is the 
 appointed guardian and agent of the workingman, to see that he 
 is protected, not worked too hard, nor too many hours, nor with 
 insufficient remuneration. Any cases of abuse or evasion of law 
 
A HISTORY 281 
 
 he may report to the legislature or may prosecute any offender. 
 His endeavor is to reconcile differences between employer and 
 employees, and if this can not be done, then he urges parties to 
 refer their troubles to a board of conciliation and arbitration, 
 consisting of three persons, whose decision is final. The report 
 for 1915 mentions two cases that have been settled by the board. 
 This is not compulsory arbitration and it is employed only when 
 both parties consent to it in writing. The number of industrial 
 accidents where claims for compensation have to be adjusted is 
 eighteen fatal and 1405 non-fatal during the four years, 1912-16. 
 This was the number reported to the Bureau of Labor. En- 
 deavor has been made to ascertain the number of the unem- 
 ployed, and the result shows that about twelve per cent, of 
 workmen were without work some portion of the year through 
 accidents, sickness, old age, lack of work or material, and un- 
 favorable weather. Strikes and lockouts have not figured of 
 late. This Bureau does an immense amount of correspondence, 
 and all its work is classified and properly arranged, so that any 
 desired information can be produced instantly. The total an- 
 nual cost of the Bureau is only $3,671, which is $978 less than 
 the appropriation. 
 
 The office of the Tax Commission should not be avoided by 
 the visitor, for no tax bill will be presented. This commission 
 was created by a law enacted in 191 1. The commission consists 
 of three persons appointed by the supreme court and commis- 
 sioned by the governor, to hold office six years. The secretary 
 of the commission has a salary of three thousand dollars and 
 the other two have twenty-five hundred dollars each annually. 
 Their duties are "to assess the taxes upon railroad, railway, 
 telegraph, telephone, express and dining, sleeping and parlor car 
 corporations or companies," or corporations owning cars oper- 
 ated for profit in this State. It is also their duty "to exercise 
 general supervision over the administration of the assessment and 
 taxation laws of the State and over all assessing officers in the 
 performance of their duties, to the end that all assessments on 
 property be made in compliance with the laws of the State." 
 Their report for the year 191 5 is a very able one and deserves 
 study. To interpret and apply the tax laws is no easy task; to 
 do so in a manner to satisfy all is impossible. There always 
 
282 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 has been studied evasion of taxes, and there always will be till 
 the law is made such that it can not be evaded. The single tax, 
 or the tax on land alone, is not mentioned in their report, yet 
 single tax leagues are multiplying in the cities of this country 
 and of Europe. The tax on land alone has been put into effect 
 in many cities and towns of western Canada and British Colum- 
 bia. It has been adopted with slight modification in Houston, 
 Texas, and has been under public discussion and voted upon in 
 Seattle and in Missouri. The arguments therefor have great 
 weight with many philosophic thinkers and jurists.* It would 
 certainly simplify and perhaps render unnecessary the work of 
 the Tax Commission. It now costs too much to assess taxes 
 and to collect them, and the present system does not result in 
 an equitable distribution of public burdens. The report says 
 that "A very large amount of evidence was presented to the 
 commission to prove undervaluation of nearly every class of 
 taxable property in the State. Its collection consumed a long 
 time and large sums of money." "Sworn returns of corporations 
 to the secretary of state bore little resemblance to their corporate 
 worth as determined by assessors." The commissioners found 
 that property as a whole in the State was assessed at sixty-one 
 per cent, of its true value. The law requires that every property 
 owner should deliver to the assessors annually a true and com- 
 plete list of all his taxable property, yet only 14.000 inventory 
 blanks were filled out, although there are 122,000 who pay a poll 
 tax. Property is concealed from taxation, notwithstanding the 
 penalty is that it shall be assessed four times as much, when 
 discovered, as such property would be taxed if truly inventoried. 
 The single taxers assert that when it comes to declaration of 
 taxable property the Psalmist made no mistake, when he said 
 that all men are liars, although he said it in haste. After slow 
 and careful reflection he might repeat it with emphasis. This 
 leads many to think there must be something wrong with the 
 system. Each State has its special laws, not based on natural 
 rights, but on expediency. Many kinds of property taxable in 
 other States are exempt here. It looks reasonable that the law 
 
 * Cf . Henry George's discussion of this subject in his great work, 
 Progress and Poverty, and also many publications issued by Single Tax 
 Leagues. 
 
A HISTORY 283 
 
 should be such as to avoid double taxation of property of any 
 kind, yet the report says that "double taxation is confined to 
 bonds, mortgages and other evidences of ov^nership of tangible 
 property, and cash, which is the medium of exchange." The tax 
 commissioners will never be out of work. They save the State 
 more than they cost, by making some property owners pay more 
 taxes than they would if let comfortably alone. 
 
 For sixty-four years a commissioner has been standing guard 
 over the insurance companies in New Hampshire. The com- 
 panies insure against loss by fire, death, accidents and other risks, 
 and then the people are taxed to pay a commissioner to insure 
 them against losses that might be inflicted by the companies. 
 The last report says, "It is interesting to note that in the earliest 
 years of this supervision the revenue-producing function of the 
 office was not considered, the sole duty of the commissioners 
 being to safeguard the insuring public by examination and visita- 
 tion of insurance companies." The commissioner was "a public 
 servant to stand between the companies and the public to save the 
 latter from the wrongful exactions of the former on account of 
 their insolvency and dishonesty." The present commissioner, 
 Robert J. Merrill, thinks that the new supervision should 
 "analyze methods and costs and examine results, not only for 
 the purpose of furnishing safe and honest protection, but to 
 furnish such protection in such a manner and at such a price that 
 the public gets value received for what it pays." Here is stated 
 the sole reason for the existence of the commission. It is not to 
 produce revenue, for it does not produce it, never has produced 
 it and never can. When fees and taxes are taken from institu- 
 tions supported by people of the State, so much additional bur- 
 den is put upon the people for the maintenance of those insti- 
 tutions. The burden put upon the companies is simply shifted to 
 the insured, and they are made to pay for the supervision. Thus 
 insurance costs more than it would, if honest companies did 
 business without paying taxes and fees. When the people take 
 money out of one pocket and put it into another, they are not 
 getting rich, especially if they lose something in the transfer. 
 There is not, strictly speaking, a revenue-producing office in the 
 State House. They are all supported by direct or indirect taxa- 
 tion of the inhabitants and property owners. The indirect taxa- 
 
284 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 tion is more acceptable, because it is not perceived by the many 
 and is often made to appear as a direct income to the people. 
 The last report of the insurance commissioner makes it appear 
 that the income to the State from the insurance companies and 
 associations for the year 1915, from taxes and fees, was $115,211, 
 while the expense was only $6,800. From the year 1890 to 191 5, 
 a quarter of a century, the income has been $1,483,654 and the 
 expense has been only $150,724. Some may think that the 
 State is getting rich. Instead of that it has been paying one 
 hundred and fifty thousand dollars extra to protect its property 
 during the last twenty-five years. The persons insured paid 
 indirectly all those taxes and fees. Do not imagine that the 
 insurance companies have been willing to contribute money to 
 pay the running expenses of the State. The people who work 
 earn all the money and pay all the taxes. The owner of a house 
 rented adds up the interest on the investment, the cost of annual 
 repairs, the water rates, the insurance, the taxes and all other 
 expenses, and then he charges the tenant enough to cover them 
 all. Thus he pays no taxes on that house. It is just so with the 
 trader, who shifts his taxes to the consumer. The insurance 
 companies do the same thing, and those who are insured pay all 
 the bills. 
 
 An enormous amount of business is done by insurance com- 
 panies in New Hampshire. There are seventeen town and two 
 county insurance companies, and their total receipts and ex- 
 penditures were about equal in 1914, $45,000. The insured got 
 back in losses paid $31,972. It cost the difference to run the 
 companies, or the people insured in those companies paid over 
 $12,000 to get their property protected. There are five cash 
 mutual fire insurance companies in New Hampshire. The aver- 
 age ratio of losses paid to premiums received in 1914 was about 
 fifty-four per cent. There are nine stock fire insurance com- 
 panies, whose income was $4,869,327 in the year 1914, and the 
 expenditures were one hundred and two per cent, of the income. 
 There are one hundred and sixty-one other insurance companies, 
 not of New Hampshire, that are doing business in this State, in 
 fire and marine insurance, and they received in premiums $1,- 
 838,832 and paid out in losses $1,695,547. Why are there so 
 many insurance companies? They must be making money, or 
 
A HISTORY 285 
 
 they would go out of business. The rates must be too high, in 
 order to enable so many companies of men to get rich. Perhaps 
 the government of the State could run an insurance company 
 more economically, even as is done in some other countries. 
 
 New Hampshire had six hundred and sixty-one fires in 1914, 
 entailing a total loss on buildings and contents of $2,135,309, and 
 the insurance paid to the losers was $1,467,172, so that property 
 owners are insured only in part. If all property were insured for 
 all it is worth, how long would it remain unconsumed? 
 
 There are twenty-four life insurance companies doing busi- 
 ness in the State, and four assessment casualty companies, be- 
 sides thirty-five fraternal beneficiary associations. The expense 
 of all these is enormous. To keep life and property protected 
 costs as much as a destructive war. So long as houses of wood 
 may be built in close proximity and few brick and stone houses 
 are fireproof, we shall continue to work at feverish heat and 
 burn up our property about as fast as we earn it. 
 
 Insurance of any kind works like a lottery. What some gain 
 others have to lose, and the managers have to be paid first. The 
 owner of a large number of buildings could more economically 
 bear an occasional loss and pay no taxes for insurance. The 
 uncertainty of human life makes a person feel safer and happier, 
 if his life is insured. He does not figure up the cost in most 
 cases; he simply wants to provide for his family in all possible 
 emergencies. A great company of people get together and agree 
 to distribute their losses each time that one suffers. Those 
 who never have a fire and live to long age pay out a lot of 
 money and get nothing but a feeling of safety through protracted 
 years. They also have the satisfaction of having helped a num- 
 ber of fortunate unfortunates. 
 
 On one door of the State House is written Pharmacy Com- 
 mission. It is open occasionally, when somebody wants to be 
 examined and get a license to serve as a druggist. Thus the 
 community is protected from buying poison when they are seek- 
 ing remedial drugs. 
 
 Then we come to the department of Public Instruction, that 
 supervises the schools of the State and plans continually to 
 educate the young people rather than to inform them; to pro- 
 tect children from too hard labor ; to teach through many insti- 
 
286 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 tutions industrial and mechanical arts. Perhaps as much as 
 space will allow has been said about this department in the 
 chapter on education. 
 
 In the southwest corner of the ground floor is the depart- 
 ment of Vital Statistics, under the direction of Dr. Irving A. 
 Watson. He has devised an original way of arranging all the 
 births, marriages and deaths that have been recorded in the 
 towns of the State from the beginning of their history up to 
 date. All are alphabetically arranged by surnames, and geneal- 
 ogists can find quickly what they want, if those ancient people 
 were sensible enough to get themselves properly recorded, and 
 if the town clerks did their duty, and if the original town records 
 have not been burned or lost. Old soldiers come here to get a 
 birth certificate in order to secure a pension. Lads just out of 
 school and eager for a job come here for proof that they are old 
 enough for the job. The recorded marriage is a salutary re- 
 straint to some people and is valuable for the securing of an 
 inheritance. The record of deaths and their causes and the 
 ascertained rate of mortality is useful for the preservation of 
 the health of every community. It is Hke feeling the pulse of 
 a feverish patient. To know how many married couples are 
 divorced sets many a thinking. The last report, 1913-14, shows 
 that 4,292 marriages are offset by 620 divorces, and 9,236 births 
 are to be weighed against 7,475 deaths, in the year 1913. The 
 children of foreign parentage nearly equal in number those of 
 American parents, while the number of marriages where both 
 persons are Americans is about three times the number where 
 both persons are of foreign birth. The mixed marriages in a 
 year foot up to nine hundred and nineteen, with equal hospitality 
 to strangers shown by young men and young women. The 
 causes of divorce are in their order abandonment, extreme 
 cruelty, adultery and habitual drunkenness. The last mentioned 
 leads often to the other three. More than twice as many women 
 as men sue for divorce. One married couple out of seven seek 
 divorce. The diseases that take people off in New Hampshire 
 are in the order of number of victims: heart disease, tubercu- 
 losis, pneumonia, apoplexy, diarrhea and cholera infantum, and 
 cancer, besides a host of minor ills that flesh and ignorance are 
 heirs to. Comparatively few die of old age; most persons die 
 
A HISTORY 287 
 
 before they would if they knew more and behaved better. Such 
 are a few of the facts that may be learned by perusing the report 
 of the bureau of vital statistics. 
 
 The Fish and Game Commissioners seek to protect and in- 
 crease the number of fish, birds and wild animals, such as delight 
 fishermen and hunters. There is plenty of law and they look 
 after its enforcement. The State has three hatcheries, at Cole- 
 brook, Laconia and Conway, and a fourth is recommended, at 
 Warren. These hatcheries distribute 5,425,000 fish in a year 
 to the eight hundred ponds of New Hampshire. Sportsmen are 
 told that they can fish at certain times and take fish of a certain 
 length, and must stop when they get enough. The fishing is 
 chiefly for sport, recreation, health, and not for revenue. The 
 same is true of hunting. Last year over six thousand deer were 
 killed in the State, worth about seventy thousand dollars. The 
 revenue accruing from fines and forfeitures, licenses and per- 
 mits, was over thirty-seven thousand dollars, and a thousand 
 sportsmen brought a lot of money into the State, far more than 
 they carried out. The fee for a hunter's license is ten dollars. 
 A permit to hunt and fish issued to a resident of the State costs 
 one dollar. 
 
 The Adjutant-General is Charles W. Howard, and in his 
 office and last report we learn the condition of the military force. 
 The old militia days have passed, when all able-bodied men were 
 enrolled. New Hampshire may be prepared to quell riots, but 
 she certainly is not ready for war with any foreign power. 
 There are 1,317 enlisted men and ninety-four officers. They are 
 organized into one infantry regiment, one troop of cavalry, one 
 field battery, one battalion of coast artillery, one machine gun 
 company, one signal company and one hospital corps detach- 
 ment. They are armed with the latest weapons, clothed and 
 equipped for instant service, at the expense of the United States 
 government. Most of the military stores are in the arsenal at 
 Concord. There are armories at Concord, Manchester and 
 Nashua, and a forth is in process of erection at Portsmouth. 
 From October to June instruction is given once a week in the 
 armories, and once a year there are five or six days of marching, 
 instruction in camp and maneuvers. There is also target prac- 
 tice at ranges and on the sea coast. The President of the United 
 
288 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 States may call the State troops into active service whenever 
 the need of them arises. They constitute a part of the National 
 Guard. The annual expense is about fifty thousand dollars, 
 and the other expenses of the Adjutant-General's department 
 bring- the total expenses for military purposes up to about 
 $66,000. 
 
 Leaving the office of the State Treasurer for later mention, 
 we will ascend to the second floor by one of the two marble 
 staircases, or by the south elevator, which is always at service. 
 We are brought immediately to the spacious hall of the House 
 of Representatives, considerably enlarged in 1910 to accommo- 
 date New Hampshire's unequalled number of representatives. 
 There are chairs upholstered in leather for four hundred and 
 twenty-one, arranged in four divisions of a semi-circle in grad- 
 ually ascending ranks. On the wall back of the Speaker are full- 
 length portraits of Washington, Webster, Hale, Pierce and the 
 Governors Wentworth. In the rear is a gallery with seats for 
 two hundred and fifty. The hall is well lighted by day or by 
 night, and its acoustic properties are excellent. It has rung- 
 for a hundred years with a good deal of eloquence and patriotic 
 talk, and has witnessed some political wrangles and filibustering. 
 
 The Senate chamber is north of the Representatives' hall. 
 It has seats for twenty-four senators, and each one has a private 
 desk, a luxury that the House can not afford for lack of space. 
 The floor space is thirty-five by forty-four feet, and there is a 
 gallery for visitors. 
 
 In these two halls the legislators meet once in two years 
 and proceed to repeal old laws and make new ones, a process 
 that will always be necessary in order to fit eternal principles 
 to changing conditions. Their so-called laws are only transitory 
 precepts, for fundamental laws can not be changed by man. The 
 legislators could as easily create a universe as make a real law, 
 in the philosophic meaning of that word. 
 
 The first office that meets the eye, near the elevator, is a 
 recently created one, that of the commissioner of motor vehicles, 
 Arthur L. Willis. For ten years, until 1915, the work of this 
 office was done under the direction of the Secretary of State. 
 The number of automobiles during that time has grown to 
 13,502, and the receipts for licenses during the last year were 
 
A HISTORY 289 
 
 $257,776, all of which is turned into the office of the State Treas- 
 urer and goes for the maintenance of good roads. The fee 
 varies from ten dollars to forty, and summer visitors ride at 
 half rates, while there is a neutral zone for fifteen miles each 
 side of the State line, where automobilists from the other side 
 of the line may ride for an annual fee of two dollars. All drivers 
 of automobiles have to pass examination. The fee for a profes- 
 sional chauffeur is five dollars and one dollar for renewal. The 
 fee for an operator or owner of a car, who prefers to do his own 
 driving, is three dollars and one dollar for renewal. During 
 the year 191 5, 4,729 chauffeurs and 12,625 operators were 
 licensed. These figures give some idea of the extent of the auto- 
 mobile business in New Hampshire, and the registration for 
 1916 indicates an enormous increase in this business and pleas- 
 ure. The department of motor vehicles licensed also 1,550 
 motorcycles during the last year. Four clerks are kept busy. 
 Is the office a producer of revenue? No, it only collects an 
 indirect tax. The State probably does not collect any more 
 from persons who live outside the State than its own inhabitants 
 pay to other States. Here is another instance of taking money 
 out of one pocket and putting it into another, thus awakening 
 the pleasing fancy that the State is making money. Meanwhile 
 the automobilists and the riders of motorcycles pay all that is 
 collected, including the salaries of the collectors. But it is an 
 easy and delightful way of paying taxes, and the well-to-do and 
 the extravagant bear the burden, unless they can somehow con- 
 trive to shift it. 
 
 The Secretary of State, Edwin C. Bean, former Speaker of 
 the House of Representatives, has issued the ninth annual report, 
 though the first report, in 1907, contained the sixteenth annual 
 report of returns of corporations. In this office are registered 
 the annual returns of corporations and abstracts of their records, 
 trade marks, commissions of appointments to office by the 
 governor and council, names, residences and date of appoint- 
 ments of notaries public and justices of the peace, resignations, 
 pardons of lawbreakers, paroles from State Prison and licenses 
 for peddlers. A list of fees for legislative counsel, agents and 
 employees for the session of 191 5 is of interest. It foots up to 
 about thirty thousand dollars, besides many blanks and "sal- 
 
290 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 aries" unreported. Sixty-eight lawyers and legal firms are repre- 
 sented, so that the lawmakers should have been well instructed 
 in law. The big fees represented railroads and manufacturing 
 corporations. 
 
 In this office are stored and indexed the records of New 
 Hampshire as a province. The land records comprise fifty 
 thousand manuscript pages of large size. The probate records 
 fill twenty-six volumes of five hundred pages each. A card 
 index of wonderful completeness tells the genealogist and his- 
 torian about what he wants to know without the trouble of look- 
 ing at the full deed or probate record. Of the earliest books of 
 record all names incidentally mentioned are indexed. There is 
 another index of court files, or papers used in court proceedings, 
 arranged in 31,000 numbered folders and comprising 300,000 
 separate pieces. The index, a work of labor and carefulness, 
 the thought of which makes one tired, tells the names of plain- 
 tiff and defendant and what each folder contains, such as writs, 
 deeds, wills, depositions, inquisitions, notes, etc. Here are the 
 "Happy Hunting Grounds" of genealogists. Here is a mine of 
 local and interesting history that has not been sufficiently 
 worked. Here the searcher may stumble upon old original docu- 
 ments of great value. One could reconstruct the history of 
 New Hampshire as a province from the records of this office, and 
 if only the court files were used, the most interesting history of 
 all could be written. Many items therefrom have been utilized 
 in this work.^ 
 
 The fees from the office of the Secetary of State turned into 
 the State Treasurer for the year 1915 amounted to $165,432, 
 although much of this amount was derived from licensing of 
 motor vehicles before the creation of a special department for 
 that purpose. Those who want an abstract of the service per- 
 formed by some ancestor in the Revolutionary or Colonial wars 
 can get the same by correspondence for one dollar. That is 
 easier than to gather genealogical information for nothing. 
 
 At the west end of the State House, on the second floor is a 
 suite of rooms for the use of the governor and council. The floor 
 is of quartered oak covered with a green velvet carpet. The 
 finishing and the furnishings are of mahogany. The council 
 
 5 See Appendix A. 
 
A HISTORY 
 
 291 
 
 chamber is a beautiful apartment in its proportions, coloring and 
 adornments. Portraits of the more recent governors hang upon 
 the walls, quite different in size and lifelikeness from the por- 
 traits of the governors in former years. These too must be 
 crowded into the corridors or into an art museum, to make room 
 for the governors to be. 
 
 The tenth biennial report of the State Board of Charities and 
 Correction gives facts and statistics for the years 1913-14. The 
 board consists of five persons appointed for five years. Their 
 duty is to inspect all state and county charitable or correctional 
 institutions. They have a host of people, old and young, to look 
 after. There are eight hundred and fifteen children in alms- 
 houses, orphans' homes, industrial school and private families 
 where they have been placed, who are dependent on public funds 
 for support. Homes are found for the children as rapidly as 
 possible. There are eighteen orphans' homes and asylums, con- 
 taining one thousand three hundred and fifty-two inmates. The 
 State orphanage is at Franklin and has one hundred and eight 
 boys and fifty-five girls. The school for the feeble-minded at 
 Laconia is filled to its utmost capacity and new buildings are 
 being erected. There are 1,937 persons in the almshouses of the 
 counties, most of them because of old age and feeblemindedness. 
 Five hundred and ninety of them are of foreign birth. Two thou- 
 sand one hundred and thirty-two in one year have been com- 
 mitted to houses of correction, and one thousand eight hundred 
 and sixty-six of them were committed for drunkenness. The 
 jails received in 1914 eight hundred and twenty prisoners. These 
 prisoners cost the counties about $34,000. Three hundred and 
 seven blind persons are reported, and some of them are placed 
 in institutions outside of the State. The deaf and dumb still are 
 sent to the well known institution at Hartford, Conn. The sol- 
 diers' home at Tilton has cared for eight hundred soldiers and 
 sailors since its establishment in 1890. The State has a sana- 
 torium in the town of Benton for the benefit of those afflicted 
 with tuberculosis and between the years 1909 and 1914 four 
 hundred and eighty-three patients were admitted. There is 
 another sanitorium, for the indigent, at Pembroke, established 
 in 1913. The work of stamping out this dread disease has just 
 begun. Indoor life sends the majority to these institutions, and 
 very many wait till it is too late to eft"cct a cure. 
 
292 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 New Hampshire has sixteen homes for the aged, eighteen 
 homes for the young, and six other homes, all of these being 
 private institutions. There are thirty-one hospitals, that are 
 private institutions. There are from a dozen to a score of chari- 
 table associations, and private charity does full as much for the 
 needy as the State does. The outdoor relief given through 
 town overseers of the poor amounts to $241,000 in one year. 
 Everything that pertains to the care of the poor, the sick, the 
 distressed, and the criminals comes under the oversight of the 
 Board of Charities and Correction. The burden seems to grow 
 heavier every year. The cost of prisons, jails, almshouses, insane 
 asylum, homes, orphanages, hospitals, institutions for the blind, 
 deaf and dumb, sanatoria, and such like is enormous. The use 
 of alcoholic beverages is the largest cause of poverty and crime ; 
 yet the State grants licenses to produce criminals, feeble-minded 
 and insane persons and paupers, and then benevolent people 
 and the State and county institutions spend heaps of money to 
 care for the special products of the saloon. Behold economy 
 and statesmanship ! 
 
 The Public Service Commission next claims our attention. 
 There are three commissioners, who employ experts, clerks and 
 assistants and run up a bill of expense to the State of about thirty 
 thousand dollars. Is the commission worth what it costs? What 
 do they accomplish? Here is one little item of work done in 
 1913. Charles C. Battey, assistant engineer in the railroad 
 division, "traveled on foot over the 1,172 miles of track of the 
 Boston & Maine, Maine Central and Grand Trunk railroads in 
 New Hampshire, examined the condition of the road bed, ties, 
 rails, connections, signals, guards, etc., and gave careful atten- 
 tion to each one of the 697 bridges having ten feet or more clear 
 span, including their abutments. He inspected each of the 1,255 
 grade crossings, overhead bridges and underpasses, and each of 
 374 depots or stations. He filed a report in detail of this entire 
 work. Eight bridges were reported as unsafe or requiring at- 
 tention." Four hundred and sixty-nine grade crossings have 
 been improved by the cutting of trees and brush and the removal 
 of other obstructions to the view, fifteen will be protected with 
 flagmen, thirty will be equipped with automatic gongs and 
 lights, and about twenty-five will be rendered safe by restric- 
 tions on the speed of trains. So much for oversight of railroads 
 in one year. The commission also regulates passenger, freight 
 
A HISTORY 
 
 293 
 
 and express rates, so that public carriers can not charge all that 
 the industry will bear. To save life and property is the work 
 of the commission. Does it not pay? All fatal accidents are 
 reported immediately to the commission for investigation. 
 
 The commission has oversight of two hundred and twenty- 
 two active utilities, including telegraphs, telephones, water 
 works, gas, dams, boats, bridges and street railroads. The 
 investigation of gas rates in Manchester saved the people about 
 $24,000 annually, unless poorer gas was furnished after the 
 investigation. Gas meters are tested and ten per cent, are found 
 to be fast, thus increasing the cost. One electric meter was one 
 hundred per cent, fast, and the company had to refund three 
 hundred dollars. Public utilities are not for the sole purpose of 
 money making; they must serve all the people adequately and 
 at fair and reasonable rates. The Public Service Commission 
 furnishes a soul to corporations and makes them subject to 
 moral and civil law. It is one of the most beneficial institutions 
 in the State, and although the fees it collects from boats are not 
 large, yet the people can not afford to abolish the commission. 
 It pays well by protecting the people from overcharges and by 
 providing safeguards against physical injuries and destruction 
 of human life. 
 
 The third floor of the State House is a busy place. The 
 State Department of Highways was created about 1904 and the 
 last biennial report sums up the work of ten years. The total 
 mileage of improved roads is 1,026. Trunk lines, laid out in 
 1909, run from Colebrook, far up in the north, to the state line 
 at Seabrook on the east side and to Winchester on the west 
 side, while the Merrimack Valley road runs from Lincoln to the 
 State line at Nashua. Some pieces of road are built entirely by 
 the State and are called State Roads, but most of the roads are 
 built by towns with some assistance of the State. Cross roads 
 running from one main trunk line to another are in course of 
 construction. The last report tells of thirty bridges built in 
 the White Mountains region, four of them being of concrete and 
 steel. Of the 285 miles of road built in two years 220 miles 
 were of gravel, than which there is no better material, and the 
 rest were of macadam construction and bituminous macadam. 
 The tax on automobiles is sufftcient to keep all these roads in 
 
294 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 repair. In a few years all the roads in New Hampshire that are 
 much used will be in good condition for automobiles and car- 
 riages, and many roads now little used will become lines of 
 frequent travel. Summer hotels will spring up along country 
 routes as in the old days of stage coaches. Every good road 
 brings indirect revenue to the State from many thousands of 
 visitors. A large amount of State bonds has been issued to 
 build these roads, and the annual interest will be felt as a 
 burden, but their building is as much a necessity as the building 
 of railroads was fifty or more years ago. During the years 
 1913-14 the State expended $624,000 for building roads and 
 $295,000 for their maintenance. 
 
 The Board of Health is doing great work for all the inhabi- 
 tants and visitors of the State. Its secretary is Dr. Irving A. 
 Watson and the laboratory of hygiene is conducted under his 
 direction. During the last biennial period twelve thousand 
 chemical and bacteriological examinations were made of speci- 
 mens submitted by the physicians of the State. This depart- 
 ment is constantly on the watch to protect the people from con- 
 taminated water and milk, from adulterated foods, from falsely 
 advertized patent medicines, from fake liquors, and from the 
 pestilence that walketh in darkness. One inspector has been 
 engaged constantly for four years in the inspection of dairies, 
 groceries, bakeries, meat markets, slaughter-houses and local 
 nuisances. A quarterly bulletin is issued, giving the people 
 much needed instruction. The aim is to administer the ounce of 
 prevention, that there may be no necessity for the pound of cure. 
 The restriction and prevention of tuberculosis has received 
 attention. Free public illustrated lectures on health questions 
 are given throughout the State. Reservoirs and ice are in- 
 spected. Nine hundred articles of food were examined by the 
 Board and one hundred drugs. These included one hundred and 
 fifty-four alcoholic liquors. About one-third of the articles and 
 drugs examined were not conformable to proper standards. 
 Seven complaints were filed by the State chemist and legal 
 prosecutions resulted for adding water to milk before its sale. 
 This is almost as bad as watering stock by the speculators. 
 Distilled liquors also contain too much water. Greed poisons 
 food and drink in order to make money faster. The sharpers 
 
A HISTORY 295 
 
 are worse than the microbes in preying upon human victims. 
 Provisions kept too long in cold storage are consumed by hun- 
 gry innocents, when such provisions ought to have been buried 
 or burned. Public schools are medically inspected, and in one 
 town, out of nine hundred and forty children examined, two 
 hundred and eighty-two had various defects, in sight, hearing, 
 teeth, skin diseases, breathing, etc., the majority of which were 
 curable. The annual expense of the Board of Health and the 
 Laboratory of Hygiene is about $12,000. The value of their 
 work can not be estimated in dollars and cents. We can not well 
 understand how people once lived without such protection as 
 is now indispensable. 
 
 In locating the excise commissioners next door to the health 
 commissioners there appears to be a mixture of logic, irony and 
 sense of humor. The work of one office is to prevent disease, 
 and conserve health ; that of the other is to regulate and tax the 
 worst enemy of health and morals. The chemists and bac- 
 teriologists of the health department, men of special scientific 
 training, get $1,500 and $1,800 salary and the three license com- 
 missioners get $1,800 and the chairman $2,500. This is, perhaps, 
 due to the great abilities demanded in license commissioners, as 
 well as to their arduous labors; or is it because so much revenue 
 comes in through the licensing of the sale of intoxicating liquors, 
 that it is felt that such commissioners should be well paid? It 
 is noticeable that the law provides that two, but not three, may 
 be of the same political party. In so important a matter as the 
 sale and drinking of liquor the minority party demands and gets 
 recognition, a rule that is not found in the administration of any 
 other office. There are seven kinds of licenses, all bad, except 
 perhaps that to druggists to sell liquors for medicines, although 
 the physicians do not agree about that. The tendency of 
 science is to eliminate alcohol from the remedial agents. Six 
 hundred and ninety-four applications for licenses to sell liquors 
 were received in one year, and six hundred and eighteen of them 
 were approved. The total amount received from fees and for- 
 feitures was $282,637. The total amount received since the 
 license law went into effect is stated in the last annual report 
 to be $3,705,734, and many readers will be gratified that the 
 State has gained so much money, whereby to reduce direct tax- 
 
296 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 ation. Who contributed all this money? Out of the mouths of 
 how many hungry women and children was much of it taken? 
 How many were sent to jail, to the almshouse, to the asylum 
 for the insane, and to sickness and death because of the liquor 
 sold? Why does not the law make it the duty of commis- 
 sioners to gather up statistics of this sort? Many legal restric- 
 tions are put upon the sale of liquor, but liquor-sellers are in the 
 business to make money and they obey law generally when they 
 must. 
 
 Most of the small towns vote for no license. The circle of 
 towns around a populous city. Concord for instance, can get 
 supplied easily from the city. A dress suit case can carry home 
 the desired refreshment. The expenses of the commissioners, 
 their agents and office are about $16,000. One-half of the fees 
 collected by the commissioners is paid to the city or town 
 whence the fees came, and the other half to the county. Let the 
 whole be paid to the State and no city or town get any special 
 reduction of taxation therefrom, and a lot of places that have 
 been voting for license will be "dry" at the next election. Even 
 teetotalers have been known to vote for license, for the purpose 
 of decreasing direct taxation. 
 
 The Forestry Commission was appointed in 1909, consist- 
 ing of three persons who are paid according to time employed. 
 They choose a State Forester, whose salary is $2,500. The 
 object is to preserve forests from fires, to add to the acreage of 
 forests by reforestation of such land as is not adapted to agri- 
 culture, to prevent the washing down of hills and mountain 
 sides, and to conserve the rainfall as a result. Four tracts of 
 land, comprising over seven thousand acres, are owned by the 
 State. The Crawford Notch is the largest of these tracts. The 
 United States government has bought up over three hundred 
 thousand acres in New Hampshire, most of the land being in 
 the White Mountains region. This tract will be a reservation 
 for the use of all the people. There have been distributed from 
 the nursery at Gerrish, West Concord, 1,618,000 trees. Fire 
 patrols have reported and extinguished hundreds of fires. Printed 
 information is sent throughout the State and lectures are deliv- 
 ered, so that the owners of wood lots may be helped and pro- 
 tected. There are twenty-six lookout stations, from which 1,339 
 
A HISTORY 297 
 
 fires have been discovered in a period of five years. The rail- 
 roads are required to do their part in preventing fires by using 
 spark arresters, by patrolling dangerous parts of the way during 
 drouth, and by paying damages, if fires arise from sparks of 
 engines. Lumbermen are obliged to take care of brush and 
 slash so that fires may not be started therein and fed thereby. 
 Over three thousand acres have been planted. There are four 
 million acres that should be forest land, and only a little over 
 half of that area is covered with forest. This is the only way 
 to make most of this land productive. Some farmers are wisely 
 letting some of their cleared land grow up again to woods. 
 To meet full demands would require the planting of thirty mil- 
 lion trees annually. The State nursery can not supply the pres- 
 ent demand and orders are sent to private nurseries. By plant- 
 ing trees in abundance around the sources of water supply the 
 flow of water is kept constant and pure. Some municipalities 
 own hundreds of acres of forest land and use the products to 
 decrease taxation. Four hundred thousand Christmas trees are 
 cut in New Hampshire in a single year and shipped to fourteen 
 States. The Forestry Commission studies the diseases of trees 
 and seeks to exterminate destructive insects. Rural schools 
 are furnished with trees and the children are taught to set them 
 out for decoration of roadsides and school grounds and for 
 windbrakes. About $30,000 are expended by this department, of 
 which $7,500 go to reimburse towns for fighting forest fires. 
 Without the department property worth several hundred thou- 
 sand dollars would be burned up every year. The people do well 
 to take care of what they have. A penny saved is a penny 
 earned. 
 
 The Bank Commissioners report in 191 5 that there are 
 fifty-seven savings banks under their supervision. In addition 
 there are thirteen trust and banking companies that have sav- 
 ings departments, and twenty buildings and loan associations. 
 Nearly $111,000,000 are deposited in these banks. The dividends 
 paid are three, three and a half, and four per cent. The total 
 dividends declared in the last year were $3,940,372. Such in 
 brief is the seventieth annual report. The commissioners guard 
 the people's money. The savings banks not only invest the 
 earnings of the toilers for them, but they furnish a safe and 
 
298 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 fairly lucrative way of investment for those who know little 
 about the best ways of putting their money out to interest. 
 Bonds can be bought, of fluctuating value, and perhaps they 
 can be sold at the time desired, but the broker must have his 
 commission for both buying and selling. Various overcapital- 
 ized and fake corporations are offering bonds that pay from 
 five to seven per cent. They look good on paper to one who 
 knows nothing about banks, stocks, bonds, and the investment 
 of money. The savings banks are agents of the people of 
 limited means to protect them from being duped. A safe in- 
 vestment at four per cent., without taxation, is better than a 
 risky investment at six per cent, with taxation. ]\Iuch of the 
 money in New Hampshire savings banks is let to farmers and 
 for business enterprises in the State. The commissioners seek 
 to invest the deposits in such ways that the interests of the 
 State will be furthered. They watch the banks also, to prevent 
 dishonesty and speculation with intrusted funds. They are not 
 infallible, and very rarely some bank official for a time goes 
 wrong and is not discovered. The only absolutely safe place to 
 lay up treasures is in Heaven. All that is given away in the 
 right spirit is securely invested and pays satisfactory dividends. 
 
 The Attorney-General, supported by the county attorneys, 
 looks after the lawbreakers, and gives "opinions" or interpre- 
 tations of law. Over a thousand cases have been tried in the 
 county courts in a year, and ninety-six persons have been sen- 
 tenced to state prison. The report of the attorney-general is 
 the least interesting of all the annual reports of State officials. 
 But laws are necessary, and they would be useless, were there 
 not proper persons to enforce them. It will be seen that a 
 large part of the work done in the State House is for the pro- 
 tection of society, that is, of life and property. 
 
 Having thus taken a hasty survey of the business of the 
 State, let us go back to the office of the State Treasurer and 
 learn what it costs to live decently as a well-governed people. 
 The entire cost for the year ending August 31, 1915, was $3,526,- 
 105 and the total receipts were $3,400,296, so that the State's 
 indebtedness was increased $134,972, making the total indebted- 
 ness $1,100,476. Where did all this money come from? Direct 
 taxation brought in $800,000. The rest came by indirect taxa- 
 
A HISTORY 299 
 
 tion. The largest contributors were the raih-oads. the corpora- 
 tions, the savings banks, the saloon-keepers, the receivers of 
 legacies, the automobilists, and the insurance companies. Nearly 
 all these contributions were collected in unseen ways from the 
 people at large. The State is not in the business of making 
 money; it spends the people's money for the welfare of the 
 people, and incidentally a good many officials are well paid for 
 doing it. That is, they are so well paid that when there is a 
 political overthrow, the leaders of the victorious party stand 
 ready to take all the principal offices. It is noticeable that many 
 of the clerks are retained through succeeding administrations, 
 for the women do not vote, and, moreover, in many cases they 
 know all about the work of the office, while the new incomer 
 knows scarcely anything about it. He has to learn of them. 
 They do most of the work, and he does the heavy looking on. 
 His salary may be three or four times what they receive, but 
 of course the capacious intellect of man is needed to guide mat- 
 ters aright politically and financially. One wonders how it will 
 be when the women have the chance, as they always have had 
 the right, to vote. Perhaps some clerk, who is now getting 
 $500 to $800 salary, will run a department and really earn three 
 times as much and get it. One wonders how many of the 
 male employes of the government are in favor of equal suf- 
 frage. 
 
 When a new industry arises or a new manufactory comes 
 into the State, the first thought is to tax it, and when the revenue 
 therefrom is sufficient create a new department and employ 
 some more managers and clerks. Thus the machinery of gov- 
 ernment is constantly increasing. The greater the indirect tax 
 thus collected, the more extravagant the legislators become. 
 The expenses of national. State and municipal government and 
 the increase of public debt through the issue of bonds whereby 
 to borrow money is truly alarming to those who study a little 
 financial problems and look ahead. All these expenses of gov- 
 ernment and all the growing interest on bonds are a severe bur- 
 den laid on the shoulders of working people. Let us not for a 
 moment imagine that the rich pay the taxes. They shift them 
 to tenants, consumers and toilers. It is a sort of sleight-of-hand 
 performance that the average person can not see into without 
 
300 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 a good deal of explanation that the taxers are not eager to give. 
 The old nations of Europe have studied for many centuries 
 to find out new and unnoticed ways of collecting more revenues 
 by indirect taxation. The governments have become exceed- 
 ingly complex, and red tape abounds. The number of officials 
 is far in excess of actual needs. Opposing political parties like 
 to give employment to as many henchmen as possible. Offices 
 become filled with idlers. Little work and large pay are de- 
 manded. The same dangers confront the people of the United 
 States. Republican simplicity is fast disappearing. Politics is 
 made a profession for the sake of the spoils. The rallying cry 
 of a reform party may be "retrenchment and economy," but the 
 cry is forgotten when once the reins of government have been 
 grasped. Thus governments, like individuals, easily learn to 
 live beyond their means and to mortgage the future to pay for 
 present luxuries. Is the government of New Hampshire living 
 at too high a rate? Some think there was pretty good govern- 
 ment when it cost one-fourth or even less of the present expendi- 
 tures. Are we too much governed? Have we too many laws 
 and officials? Do we need simpler laws, a reformed legal pro- 
 cedure, an easier and juster way of collecting taxes, so that 
 industry and enterprise shall be encouraged rather than pun- 
 ished? Let the wise ones answer. 
 
Chapter XVI 
 THE VACATION STATE 
 
Chapter XVI 
 THE VACATION STATE 
 
 What Interests Tourists — No Castles nor Battlefields in New Hampshire — 
 The State not Seen at Its Best from a Parlor Car — The Hotels not 
 Excelled — Everywhere One Can Get Much for Little, or Little for 
 Much — Only Eighteen Miles of Seacoast — Attractions of Rye Beach, 
 New Castle and the Isles of Shoals — Appledore and Gosport — Mountains 
 and Lakes Enough for All — The Chrystal Hills — Crawford Notch — 
 Bethlehem — Lake Winnipisaukee — Hill Towns and Summer Boarders — 
 All Are Invited. 
 
 1\ /T OST travelers and tourists are looking for places of his- 
 ■^^■^ toric interest, the site of an ancient temple, the ruins of 
 and old castle, the mound that indicates a buried city, the palaces 
 of kings, the relics of antiquity, and the battlefields whereon 
 have been decided the destinies of nations. This is why so many 
 people even of limited time and means go to Europe, Egypt, 
 Palestine and to the Far East. The historic past allures them. 
 The more ancient the civilization, the more distant the places, 
 the greater is our desire to see them. That which has survived 
 thousands of years must have great value. To stand where 
 noble utterances have been heard and heroic souls have suffered 
 martyrdom and valiant deeds have been wrought affords an 
 uplift to aspiring minds. Every achievement of the past that 
 has been of any benefit to the human race ought to be remem- 
 bered and the place where it was wrought always has attracted 
 and always will welcome its pilgrims and devotees. 
 
 New Hampshire has not much to offer in the way of historic 
 antiquities. She has no ancient temples save her groves, the 
 oldest of all, and some care is now taken to preserve and beautify 
 them. No castles are to be seen, for the feudal system never 
 half enslaved this land. There are no royal palaces, except that 
 in a free republic every man's cottage is his palace and every 
 citizen is a monarch. Our cities are all of recent date, built 
 chiefly of wood and waiting for a conflagration to sweep them 
 away. One can not stand as on Arthur's Seat and look out on 
 
 303 
 
304 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 the battlefield of Dunbar and Bannockburn and a dozen more 
 places of bloody strife, or as on Mount Tabor and survey the 
 plain of Esdraelon, called the "Battlefield of the World." No 
 armed foe save roving bands of Indians has ever set foot upon 
 New Hampshire's soil. There are no thrills and no romances 
 connected with the places where victims were scalped, though 
 some markers tell the gruesome tales. People do not come to 
 New Hampshire to see the things which man has made, but 
 rather to view the handiwork of the Creator. Here are the ever- 
 lasting hills and mountains, lakes and ponds by the hundred, 
 forests for hunters, streams for fishermen, invigorating air for 
 the sick and weary, a little seacoast and ocean spray, a chance 
 to play and rest and write poetry. The traveler need not go 
 abroad to see the beauties of nature. The artist can find all the 
 landscapes and waterscapes that he will care to portray. 
 
 In traveling through the old countries of Europe one rides 
 on the train through a picture galley, as it were. The arts of 
 civilization have beautified every scene. Cultivated fields, 
 meadows divided by hedgerows, orchards and vineyards on ter- 
 raced mountain slopes meet the eye. Nature had been subdued 
 a long time before the railroads were built. Here, on the other 
 hand, the railroads were built to facilitate the conquest of nature, 
 and they were constructed at the least possible expense, in the 
 low-lands, through swamps and thickets, over barren soil, with 
 no thought to please the eye of the tourist as he gazes from the 
 window of a palace car. The charming scenery waits to be 
 created by the hand of man. Those swamps are going to be 
 drained. Those tangled thickets will all disappear, and the 
 places whereon they grow will be the choice garden spots of 
 the future. Those rocky and barren hillsides will be terraced 
 and will blossom as the rose. By the side of every waterfall will 
 rise a village or city or a power-plant to transmit energy to 
 distant workshops. Those lonely farm-houses will be replaced 
 by cottages of brick, stone or cement, for wood is getting to be 
 too expensive as building material and too unsafe, as in the old 
 countries. Those rough and crooked lanes for carts and carriages 
 will give way to State Roads. Let the traveler see all this 
 transformation in his mind's eye. Let him be patient till New 
 Hampshire becomes another Switzerland, for it is well on the 
 
A HISTORY 
 
 305 
 
 way. Let him travel by automobile, and he will get there 
 sooner and see more to delight the eye. The State Roads take 
 one up out of the low-lands to enchanting points of view. Thus 
 the tourist gets better effects than he can from the car win- 
 dows of trains moving through Europe. 
 
 As for hotels and conveniences of travel distant lands have 
 little to offer in competition. One can find in New Hampshire 
 accommodations in thousands of farmhouses that hold out in- 
 ducements to summer visitors in the way of fresh country 
 produce such as cities know not of, or one can find around 
 Monadnock and Mount Washington, or by the sea, "ordinaries" 
 such as tax the resources of royalty. The summer visitor can 
 get much for little, or he can get little for much, according to 
 his taste. Bayard Taylor wrote a notable account of the way 
 he saw Europe with knapsack and staff; there were no bicycles 
 and automobiles in his time. The mountain-climber can go the 
 long and rough way if he so chooses, but most visitors prefer 
 to take their exercise in playing golf and following up a trout- 
 brook. 
 
 New Hampshire has only eighteen miles of seacoast and 
 therefore the wealthy have pre-empted it ; she has many thou- 
 sand miles of lakeshore, and almost everybody can have a sum- 
 mer cottage thereby. The State has built and is building a 
 boulevard along the Atlantic Ocean from Portsmouth to the 
 southern boundary. Rye Beach has been known and visited 
 for a century by the millionaires ; the multi-millionaires now 
 prefer Dublin, Bretton Woods and palaces in the northern parts 
 among the mountains. Those who have only thousands can 
 build or buy a summer home at Hampton Beach, while weary 
 toilers with brain or muscle can, like the poet Whittier and his 
 friends, Tent on the Beach. At old New Castle (for persons 
 and places are old or young only by comparison). The Went- 
 worth by its name and associations invites guests, for here is 
 certainly one spot made famous in history. The Treaty of Ports- 
 mouth, that ended the war between Russia and Japan, brought 
 ambassadors to the Wentworth for their entertainment, and the 
 Navy Yard opposite on Fernald's and Seavey's islands is the 
 place where daily deliberations were held. On Seavey's Island 
 some may be curious enough to hunt out the spot where pris- 
 
3o6 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 oners taken in the Spanish-American War were confined, and to 
 learn where Henderson's point was before it was blasted away to 
 improve navigation, or to see the dry dock that has been con- 
 structed in the former channel between the two islands of the 
 Navy Yard. About New Castle the lover of the comparatively 
 ancient may find the ruins of forts and towers and some old 
 houses of earliest residents, very old, as much as two hundred 
 years ! Of course the antiquarian would not deign to look at 
 them. 
 
 Let him go out to the Isles of Shoals and see the beginnings 
 of American history, where fishermen had their haunts a century 
 or two before the Pilgrims came to Plymouth. The rocks are 
 left, not much else to mark the abodes of the six hundred people 
 who once inhabited these islands. A memorial stone points out 
 the site of the old church where Richard Gibson and John Brock 
 tried to persuade the wayward fishermen to worship God on 
 Sundays rather than go out for fish. Their reply was, according 
 to tradition, "We came here to fish and not to pray." This was 
 the commercial metropolis, when bills were drawn even at Bos- 
 ton payable in good merchantable fish at the Isles of Shoals. 
 
 In 1661 the whole group of islands were made a township 
 by the Massachusetts General Court under the name of Apple- 
 dore. a name transferred from northern Devonshire, England. 
 After the separation of New Hampshire from Massachusetts the 
 southern half of the group was considered as belonging to New 
 Hampshire. Thus Hog Island and Smutty Nose, alias Church 
 Island, have belonged to Maine. At the time of the separation 
 it is said that forty families crossed over to Star Island in order 
 to be under the jurisdiction of New Hampshire, or to escape bur- 
 dens of taxation. The meeting house on Smutty Nose fell into 
 decay, and courts were no longer held there. Only a few families 
 remained, and they were reported in petitions to be very poor. 
 The fishing metropolis vanished quicker than it came into ex- 
 istence. Roger Kelly, the ancient magistrate, was the only one 
 of consequence left in 1692. The population and business had 
 centered upon Star Island, which was able to furnish one hundred 
 and six able-bodied men for military service and to offer for sale 
 "12000 Kintals of Codfish." In 1715 by an act of the New Hamp- 
 shire Provincial Assembly Star Island was made a township by 
 
A HISTORY 
 
 307 
 
 the name of Gosport. The population gradually declined till in 
 1767 the number of residents was only two hundred and eighty- 
 four. In the time of the Revolution the inhabitants were ordered 
 to quit the island for safety. Most of them never returned. In 
 1775 only forty-four persons lived on the island. In the year 1800 
 the population was one hundred and twelve, as a town record of 
 Gosport shows, "in a state of great poverty and wretchedness, 
 such as to force the tear of commiseration and to draw from the 
 humane every efifort to afford relief." The old town of Gosport 
 has been washed into the ocean. Massachusetts sent a company 
 of soldiers to defend the island in 1690, and after their withdrawal 
 the French made a raid upon it and carried away some of the 
 shipping. There was once a small fort on Star Island, which was 
 repaired in 1745 and mounted with nine four-poundcrs. The fort 
 was dismantled and the guns were sent to Newburyport in the 
 time of the Revolution. 
 
 Absentee landlords in Massachusetts came to own the busi- 
 ness of the island and only fishermen, called "thirdsmen," made 
 their abode there. These were of a rude and disorderly char- 
 acter, as old court records prove. Within the last century the 
 islands have become a place of summer resort, the popularity of 
 which is increasing. The Unitarian Association has made them 
 their place of annual meeting. Large hotels have been built. 
 Small steamers run twice each day to and from Portsmouth. 
 The breezes and the scenery are just as good as in olden times, 
 and the smell of fish, hogs and goats, that once annoyed resi- 
 dents, no longer lades the air. If isolation in the midst of good 
 company, rest without hustling activity, and illimitable quantities 
 of pure ocean air are desired, Star Island is the place to find 
 them. 
 
 The two greatest attractions on earth are the ocean and the 
 mountains. Nations have seated their divinities on mountain- 
 tops. Especially those peaks that are covered much if not all 
 of the time with dazzling snow are the places where Zeus and 
 kindred divinities hold court. They are nearest to the sky and 
 first reached when the gods come down to earth. Some fancy 
 that our ascension to the sky can be effected best from such 
 points of advantage. The aspiration of the soul draws the body 
 with it. There is perpetual joy to one who lives with a broad 
 
3o8 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 outlook before him. Only a poor man will live down in a valley 
 because he must, or because he is poorer in mind than in money. 
 Some like to gaze at the ocean because it seems to be boundless 
 and is ever changing in its visible aspects ; others like the moun- 
 tains better for wide extent of vision and permanent variety of 
 scene. Usually those who have lived long by the sea seek the 
 mountains for a change, while the mountaineers and inlanders 
 fly to the ocean on sultry days. Those who go to New Hamp- 
 shire sanatoria for change and rest sometimes find that the waiter 
 gets the change and the landlord takes the rest, as the story 
 goes. But New Englanders need not leave their customary 
 habitations for change of climate and temperature. All varieties 
 come to him that waits patiently at home. It is change of 
 scenery and company that are most desired ; not inactivity but 
 work of another sort, that is called play. Often the play demands 
 more strenuous exertion than the daily task, but it is recreation 
 because we are under no compulsion to do it and we can stop 
 when we want to. Most weary people need most of all rest to 
 their souls rather than to their bodies. When the soul is rested, 
 the body forgets its aches and pains. A vacation is for the pur- 
 pose of sending the scapegoat heavily laden with sins and cares 
 into the land of forgetfulness. We need often to get outside 
 of ourselves, to leave the world of thought in which is our great- 
 est life, and to get into the world of fact. We have a strange 
 affinity with the beasts of the field and of the forest. Back to 
 nature is the cry of the tired. Away with houses ; let us live for 
 a while out of doors. Lo, the poor Indian, is a wise man. He 
 sleeps in a wigwam only when he is driven in by inclement 
 weather, and he lives in the house of God that has only the sky 
 for a roof. 
 
 The White Hills, or the Chrystal Hills, attracted the first 
 settlers who came to New Hampshire. It was not merely the 
 hope of discovering precious ores, but also the desire to find out 
 what was beyond. Darby Field is credited with being the first 
 white man who ascended what we now call Mount Washington, 
 in 1642. Some have said 1632, but that is too early. He lived 
 at Oyster River Point, in ancient Dover, now Durham. He be- 
 came insane a few years later. Was it because of unfulfilled 
 desire? Having once looked out from the top of Mount Wash- 
 
A HISTORY 
 
 309 
 
 ington, could he no longer be contented elsewhere? P. T. Bar- 
 num said it was "the next greatest show on earth," and most 
 people who go there re-echo his remark. They all know one place 
 still better, or they are seeking for it. Tourists have been going 
 to Mount Washington for over a century, and the stream of 
 visitors grows greater every year. The winding carriage road 
 opened in 1861 and the tiptop house were a wonder over fifty 
 years ago, and when the railroad was built up Jacob's Ladder 
 in 1869, nobody was perfectly contented till he had ascended into 
 the heavens. To be above the clouds and then to see those clouds 
 roll away like the billows of ocean and disclose a hundred miles 
 of landscape even to the Atlantic is worth — all that the industry 
 will bear. A spacious hotel fastened to earth has taken the 
 place of the tip-top house. Everybody wants to go there and 
 nobody stays long except the men employed in the United States 
 Signal Station. At any stage in life we look around for a few 
 moments and want to pass on. The place is not near enough to 
 Heaven after all our effort to get there. 
 
 Good automobile roads wind through the valleys of the 
 White Hills, and where the natural scenery is best hotels have 
 sprung up as by magic. The Notch has been a place of resort 
 ever since its discovery by Timothy Nash and Benjamin Saw- 
 yer in 1771, although they found that an old Indian trail led 
 through it. It was not long before a carriage road was built 
 through the Notch to let Coos county out to market, at Ports- 
 mouth or Portland. The Notch is a narrow defile two miles in 
 length with precipitous rocks on both sides. The head waters 
 of the Saco river flow through it; so does the produce of the 
 West now over the rails of the Portland and Ogdensburg. Half 
 a mile from the entrance to the Notch is the Silver Cascade and 
 a little further southeast is the Flume, where the Saco falls two 
 hundred and fifty feet over three precipices; but all this must 
 be left for the exclusive use of poets. 
 
 The first public house built in the Notch was occupied by 
 Samuel Willey in 1825. He was of the fifth generation from 
 Thomas Willey, who was next neighbor to Darby Field at Oys- 
 ter River Point. He and all his family perished in the landslide 
 of August 28, 1826, nine victims in all. Frightened by the roar 
 of the avalanche they fled from their house and were swept into 
 
3IO NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 the river, where some of their mangled bodies were found. The 
 house remained uninjured. The pathetic story has been told 
 many times in prose and verse. 
 
 A Captain Rosebrook opened a house for summer visitors 
 in the Notch, in 1808, near the base of Mount Washington. 
 Ethan A. Crawford succeeded him in 1817, cut a footpath to the 
 top of the mountain and built a stone cabin, where adventurous 
 climbers might lodge for a night. Beds of moss, blankets and a 
 stove were the furniture. The long residence of the Crawford 
 family in this vicinity gave the name to Crawford Notch. 
 
 Bethlehem is soon reached after passing through the Notch, 
 where thirty hotels along two miles of well built road attract 
 yearly about three thousand visitors. The atmosphere and the 
 scenery are as sure a cure for hay fever as can anywhere be 
 found. The view of the Presidential Range when covered with 
 snow and polished with sunlight is one not easily forgotten. In 
 sailing from Thessalonica to the Piraeus it was once my privilege 
 to see Olympus white with the snows of March, and I have gazed 
 at the Jungfrau at the distance of Interlaken, when winter had 
 not left its summit, but the Presidential Range in April was more 
 impressive for its beauty and grandeur, and the names of its 
 peaks brought historic characters to mind, as inspiring as any of 
 the mythical personages that made trouble at the court of Zeus. 
 From Bethlehem also may be seen to good advantage the valley 
 of the Ammonoosuc. A good carriage road through the Fran- 
 conia Notch leads to North Woodstock, that has become a 
 favorite summer resort. 
 
 One who has sailed across Lake Winnipisaukee (as it is 
 now spelled) is inclined to accept the version of its Indian name 
 that makes it "the Smile of the Great Spirit." He needs not to 
 go to the lakes of Killarney to find natural beauty. Lakes Como 
 and Luzerne have loftier mountains round about them, but the 
 view is not so broad, nor is there so much variety. No wonder 
 that its shores and islands have become places of summer resi- 
 dence. It would be impossible to compare one lake with an- 
 other, one mountain with another, and determine which is the 
 more beautiful. Tastes and moods dififer, and each person reads 
 into the object seen the thoughts and longings of his soul. One 
 person can see beauty where all is commonplace and dull to 
 
A HISTORY 311 
 
 another. Most persons have to be taught to see beauty, gran- 
 deur, sublimity, majesty, and to read the meanings of moun- 
 tains, lakes, waterfalls and forests. It is an important part of 
 education that has been sadly neglected in schools, and happy 
 and better is he who has been brought up from childhood in 
 the midst of natural scenery that stamps some of its character 
 upon the unfolding spirit. We all know the story of the Great 
 Stone Face, as told by Hawthorne. Almost anywhere in New 
 Hampshire one may daily look upon scenes that tend to enoble 
 the mind, to stir up great ambitions, that teach lessons of rever- 
 ance and devotion to high ideals. If a summer vacation here 
 does not make the visitor a better and happier person, it is be- 
 cause he is a hopeless dyspeptic or a confirmed sinner. 
 
 There are hundreds of other lakes, smaller but still beautiful. 
 Each has its summer cottages. There are scores of grand moun- 
 tains, like Monadnock, Chocorua, Kearsage and Moosilaukee, 
 whose towering forms invite the gaze and detain the onlooker. 
 There are many hill-towns, like Peterborough, Francestown, 
 Hopkinton, Boscawen, whose old mansions are opened in the 
 summer to receive guests for the season. It is estimated that 
 there are two thousand inns, great and small, during the vacation 
 time in New Hampshire, and that the business of entertaining 
 visitors, not reckoning the city cousins, employs $10,000,000 of 
 capital. 
 
 A few years ago Governor Rollins gave an impetus to the 
 movement of celebrating Old Home Week. Then followed a 
 systematic advertising of farms for sale. Abandoned farms are 
 now a myth. The owners want a good price before they will 
 give up an acre of rocky land, and they are quite right. Yet 
 nearly one thousand farms have been bought by wealthy persons 
 outside of New Hampshire for summer homes. Large sums of 
 money have been expended, and Governor Wentworth's farm at 
 Wolfeborough is quite outdone by modern plutocrats. The sale 
 of such farms has brought two million dollars into the State, and 
 that means the expenditure of much more. Well can New 
 Hampshire afford to build roads for automobiles and tax the 
 automobiles to keep up the roads. The late Austin Corbin 
 bought farm after farm till he had twenty-five thousand acres, 
 at a price varying from one dollar to twenty-five dollars an 
 
312 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 acre. Twenty-seven miles of wire fence surround it. Within 
 may be seen herds of buffalo, moose, deer, bison and wild boar. 
 From twenty-five to fifty keepers are employed according to the 
 season. But is all this as good as to have the three hundred and 
 seventy-five independent owners of those acres, who once lived 
 there? Must the rich own the country as well as the city and 
 reduce the independent farmers to wage-earners and tenants? 
 New Hampshire needs practical farmers more than she needs 
 wealthy summer residents. There is room enough, however, for 
 both at present, and probably it will be so for a long time. So 
 to all the world New Hampshire says, "Come and visit us and 
 stay as long as you can." 
 
Chapter XVII 
 
 THE NEW HAMPSHIRE OF THE 
 FUTURE 
 
Chapter XVII 
 
 THE NEW HAMPSHIRE OF THE FUTURE 
 
 THE saying is often repeated, that coming events cast their 
 shadows before. Is it not truer that past events cast their 
 shadows into the future? History repeats itself with a dif- 
 ference. On the first page of this work the statement was 
 made that history is the hand-maid of prophecy. A review of 
 the leading events of the nearly three centuries that have passed 
 since New Hampshire was first settled, in connection with the 
 history of the United States and other nations, should enable 
 one to forecast the future to some extent. It is not claimed 
 that thus we arrive in advance at certainties, but possibilities 
 and probabilities are seen through the mists, and they are of 
 such importance that wisdom prepares for them. The poet 
 Lowell makes one of his quaint characters to say, "Never don't 
 prophesy, unless you know." That rule prohibits all prediction. 
 It is sometimes helpful to utter our hopes and fears. If we see 
 the past and the present as they really are, we may foresee 
 somewhat their logical consequences, for the same forces will 
 be working among men about like ourselves and our forebears. 
 Even a cloud as big as a man's hand may foretell abundance of 
 rain. 
 
 For half a century a small but ever increasing company of 
 women in the state and in the nation have been trying to open 
 the eyes of the men to see a self-evident truth, that political 
 rights and privileges should not be determined by sex. It took 
 longer to obliterate the color line, and it is not yet entirely 
 rubbed out in large portions of the nation. Those who have 
 exclusive privileges, obtained by force or fraud, are slow to 
 share them with any others. An unlimited m^onarchy, an oli- 
 garchy, an aristocracy, do not concede political rights to the 
 many, till they are obliged to do so. The spread of education 
 leads the masses to know and demand their rights, and when 
 the claimants are numerous and powerful enough, they get pos- 
 
 315 
 
3i6 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 session of what has always belonged to them. The conviction 
 is growing fast that educated women have the same right as 
 educated men to vote and to hold political office, and that 
 ignorant men and women should be kept away from the ballot- 
 box. No matter how many men and how many women in New 
 Hampshire are now opposed to equal suffrage, anyone who can 
 see as far as the Western and Pacific states discerns the cloud 
 moving eastward. It threatens to become a cyclone to those 
 who oppose its onward movement. All political parties are 
 afraid to openly resist it. Public sentiment has been educated 
 to the point of demanding equal political rights for men and 
 women. The conservative East, made more conservative on 
 this subject by the influx of uneducated foreigners, must surely 
 yield to the more progressive West. If certain eastern states 
 will not of their own accord grant to those women who want it 
 the right to vote, then an amendment to the national consti- 
 tution will sweep their opposition away. For thousands of 
 years women have been the servants of men, simply because 
 the men were physically stronger. In heathen lands and in 
 some parts of half-civilized Europe and America they still bear 
 the heavy burdens and perform hard manual labor. Gradually 
 the age of chivalry is returning with a new order of Knights. 
 Education was once for men and for only a favored few of them. 
 Now education is acknowledged to be the right of all. Con- 
 sider the colleges for young women, how they grow like the 
 lilies. They are prophetic of a new order of government, when 
 political bosses shall not determine elections. It is safe to 
 predict that within a few years — few is a sufficiently elastic 
 word— the women of New Ham^pshire will be voting for good 
 government and filling many of the political offices. 
 
 Another movement that has been gaining in strength and 
 speed for many years and that will be accelerated by the votes 
 of women is the legal prohibition of the manufacture and sale 
 of intoxicating liquors. The wave of enlightened sentiment on 
 this subject also is moving from West to East, from new settle- 
 ments to old. National prohibition is in the air. We shall soon 
 have a prohibitory law that will prohibit in Maine, New Hamp- 
 shire and Vermont. The reluctant states will be forced to fall 
 into line. The people who come to us from abroad, educated 
 
A HISTORY 317 
 
 and habituated to the use of some kinds of alcohoHc beverages, 
 learn in one generation the evils of intemperance. The saloon 
 must go and the tippler must cease. Science has put the ban 
 upon all intoxicants as habitual beverages. Education in the 
 schools and by the press will uproot the monstrous evil. 
 Tvi^enty years is too long a time to w^ait for this. Many will 
 think it madness or foolhardiness to foretell in so brief a time 
 the downfall of a persistent habit and a lucrative traffic that 
 have existed from' the beginning of history. Let such consider 
 the sudden prohibition of intoxicants in Russia, the abolition of 
 human slavery after ages of oppression, the revolutions in 
 government by uprisings of the people, and the rapid changes in 
 modern thought. Humanitarianism and altruism are watch- 
 words of the present. What ought to be, for the welfare of men 
 at large, must be. Let the need of a reform be broadly known, 
 and the evil is doomed. Government by the people must be 
 for the people. Rpublics will not vote against the interests of 
 the masses and for the enriching of a few, after their eyes have 
 been opened. The knell of the liquor traffic is sounding in our 
 ears. 
 
 Notice the changes that will immlediately follow a radical 
 temperance reformation throughout the nation. The saloon 
 will no longer dominate in political life. Hitherto the brewers 
 and distillers with their subordinate agents have held the 
 political balance of power. They have been able to control 
 votes enough to turn the elections to that party that promised 
 most to them. Thus legislation has been corrupted, and the 
 will of the people, even as expressed in law, has been nullified. 
 Because the prohibitory law has not been properly enforced, and 
 officials have yielded to local preference and hush money, ardent 
 advocates of temperance and total abstinence have voted for 
 license in preference to a prohibitory law unenforced. A no- 
 license town that borders on a licensed town or city gets rid of 
 the saloon but sends its thirsty citizens across the border; a 
 prohibition state, that borders upon states where intoxicating 
 liquors can be purchased, gets rid of open saloons in the coun- 
 try and small villages and has saloons more or less secret in 
 the cities, while private citizens import all the liquor they want 
 in original packages. National prohibition of the manufacture. 
 
3i8 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 transportation and sale of intoxicating beverages is needed to 
 effect a complete and lasting cure of the age-long curse. Such 
 a remedy is on its way and will arrive soon. The fight made 
 by intrenched capital will be stubborn, but all signs indicate 
 that right is soon to win. The gain in the improvement of 
 politics alone will be worth all that the reform has cost. 
 
 Another consequence of state and national prohibition en- 
 forced will be a sudden, enormous and joyful decrease of poverty 
 and crime. The jails and almshouses will have few tenants. 
 Courts and lawyers will grow beautifully less. Not so many 
 policemen will be needed. Every community will feel safer. 
 Divorces, that now disgrace our civilization, will be diminished 
 by half. The public health will be greatly improved. Labor 
 will be more constant and efficient. There will be fewer 
 deserted families, and orphanages to a considerable extent may 
 be supplanted by homes. The ranks of the feeble-minded will 
 be gradually thinned, while the pitiable and helpless products 
 of the saloon in the past will be segregated and hindered from 
 propagating their kind. We are now combating a basal law of 
 nature and are providing for the survial of the unfit. Deaf- 
 mutes, the crippled, the blind, the feeble-minded, the inebriates, 
 the criminals have been housed and fed and allowed to have 
 offspring, while the industrious poor and their children are left 
 to shift for themselves. States are slowly learning to segregate 
 by sexes those who are unfit to repeople the earth. 
 
 When women have equal rights with men and the saloon 
 has lost its influence in politics by ceasing to be, it is not very 
 hazardous to predict that New Hampshire will have a House 
 of Representatives one-fourth as large as it now is and four 
 times as efficient. Every town now wants its representative, 
 and the office must be passed around among many aspirants, 
 without much regard to pre-eminent qualifications for the office. 
 The average representative gets two hundred dollars for a 
 session, has an outing without neglect of business, attends the 
 daily sessions with more or less regularity, takes little part in 
 the discussions through inability or indifference, skims his free 
 newspaper and chats with his neighbors. He has a social good 
 time and enjoys his temporary prominence. Not one out of ten 
 is qualified to be a law-maker. In many discussions only a few 
 
A HISTORY 319 
 
 know the principles and facts involved. There can not be ideal 
 legislation till there are ideal legislators, the selected few, who 
 have natural and acquired abilities to discern what is wisest 
 and best for the government of the State. In the good time 
 coming every member of the general court will be an indepen- 
 dent student and thinker, unselfishly seeking the greatest good 
 to the greatest number, with justice and equal rights to all. If 
 one should be able to read and write in order to vote, how much 
 more should one know to be qualified to make laws for the 
 whole people? Laws must be found out before they can be 
 applied to conduct. The person who knows nothing about 
 fundamental laws in the material, industrial, social, political, 
 moral and intellectual worlds, can not in reality represent a 
 community. 
 
 The wise legislators of the new New Hampshire will insti- 
 tute a reform in legal procedure, so that the poor may be able 
 "to obtain right and justice freely, without being obliged to 
 purchase it ; completely and without any denial ; promptly and 
 without delay; conformably to the laws." Such was the vision 
 of those who formed the first constitution of the State. Do the 
 poor now get justice without purchasing it? Are not the costs 
 of legal procedure so great that citizens of moderate means 
 prefer to lose what is justly their due rather than to spend much 
 more in trying to obtain it? What chance in court has the 
 poor man against the rich? How many rich law-breakers get 
 their deserts? The poor and ignorant are at the mercy of the 
 rich and the sharpers. Good government should protect the 
 weak, educate the ignorant and lift the poor out of their poverty. 
 In the long past and up to the present in some countries the 
 aim of government and religious organizations has been to keep 
 the masses of toilers ignorant and poor. Thus they can not en- 
 danger the wealth and power of the ruling few. To overthrow 
 that regime and to bring the toilers into possession of what 
 rightfully belongs to them is the aim of modern revolutions, 
 socialistic organizations, political reform parties and labor 
 unions. 
 
 Reforms in politics progress by means of combinations of 
 voters who force one of the old political parties and then the 
 other to make concession after concession. The Progressives 
 
320 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 melt back into the old parties after their main principles have 
 been adopted, only to reappear as a decisive factor in elections, 
 when new issues arise and further reforms are needed. The 
 greatest of all issues now is involved in the relation of labor 
 to capital. The toilers are demanding higher wages, their proper 
 share of products of combined industry, fewer hours of labor, 
 adequate protection of life and health, better housing, steady 
 opportunity to work, compensation in cases of accident, old age 
 pensions, help for widows and orphans, aboHtion of child labor 
 and education for all. The justice of their demands — no longer 
 requests and pleadings — is gaining recognition. How the de- 
 sired ends may be secured is the question which will absorb 
 public interest as never before, when the excitement of world- 
 war shall have ceased. 
 
 In the multitude of conflicting opinions the line is being 
 drawn between those who favor and those who oppose the 
 ownership by the people of all public utilities, or natural mon- 
 opolies, such as the water works and the lighting of cities, the 
 means of transportation by trolleys, railroads and canals, the 
 waterfalls, mines and forests. What is equivalent in its prac- 
 tical working to the pubHc ownership of all lands by the imposi- 
 tion of the single tax on land alone is under widening considera- 
 tion. The public ownership of the larger manufactories is advo- 
 cated by a smaller number. Some of the advocated reforms 
 have begun. Many municipalities own their own water works, 
 gas and electric plants and trolleys. Why should not the state 
 or the nation own the railroads?. Such is the case among Euro- 
 pean nations. Son^e of the higher institutions of learning, built 
 and managed by capitalists, advocate private ownership and 
 seek to show that national ownership in other lands is a com- 
 parative failure. Their opponents so arrange statistics and 
 figures as to prove that national ownership is superior to the 
 plan now in operation in the United States. We have no wish 
 to argue here for or against either system, but simply to show 
 the trend of public opinion. No one can doubt, who reads the 
 journals, that the advocates of national ownership of railroads 
 are gaining ground. The threatened strikes and the receiver- 
 ships are pointing that way as a practical solution of increasing 
 difficulties and fears. The failures and the looting of railroads. 
 
A HISTORY 321 
 
 the manipulations of stock by the speculators, the enriching of 
 high officials and managers, while stockholders receive no divi- 
 dends, the soaring wages and the increased rates, all occasion 
 discontent and desire for a change. The state might well own 
 and manage its interurban trolleys, as it now does its automo- 
 bile roads, while the railroads of all the states form a complex 
 system that can best be managed as a unit. At least many are 
 coming to believe this and are demanding the experiment. The 
 prediction of such an outcome of present confusion and dissatis- 
 faction is based upon reasoned theories as well as distressing 
 facts. 
 
 Granting such a consummation, what will be the results? 
 Railroads will be managed so as to pay expenses and accommo- 
 date the public at the least possible cost. If there are earnings, 
 they go back to the people who maintain the roads. Private 
 emolument is rendered impossible, and this fact alone will 
 spread contentment. The masses can not understand how rail- 
 road kings got so immensely rich in so short a tim.e. There will 
 be no free passes to bribe legislators and judges. The private 
 car will disappear, and one may travel first, second, or third 
 class, to suit one's taste and purse. There will be no rebates 
 and discriminations in rates. Undivided surpluses will not accu- 
 mulate, while small stockholders are being frozen out. The 
 ripened melon will not be cut by a few. The official with a 
 salary of fifty thousand dollars a year will be supplanted by a 
 better one at one-tenth the cost to the public. There will be no 
 competition between rival roads and companies. Roads will not 
 be built where they are not needed, and neglected parts of the 
 countr}^ will gradually get the roads they need. Strikes will be 
 rendered impossible by wise legislation, and, the fears and un- 
 certainties of manufacturers and traders being removed, there 
 will be less fluctuation in prices. It will be impossible suddenly 
 to run coal up to fifteen dollars a ton, at the risk of causing poor 
 people to perish in the winter cold. The cost of the necessaries 
 of life will not be determined and changed at the nod of a few 
 railroad magnates. All business enterprises that depend upon 
 transportation of materials, raw or manufactured, will be 
 steadier, and capital locked up by fear will be set to work by 
 trust in the national government. Gambling in railroad bonds 
 
322 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 and stocks will cease. The roads built in specially favorable 
 locations will help the other roads that are needed in regions 
 sparsely settled and the short branches, and they will not get 
 their demanded high rate of interest on leases at the expense of 
 regions less favored by nature. Shylock will not get his pound 
 of flesh, even if it is nominated in the bond. The government 
 will take possession and a commission will determine what 
 ought to be paid in compensation, just as when a lot is seized 
 for a school house, for a post office, or for a fort. Then the 
 small stockholder will fare as well as the landshark who has 
 been accustomed to run stock down, buy all he can at a small 
 price and then declare a big dividend and run the stock up again. 
 
 Another railroad reform will be the substitution of elec- 
 tricity for steam. The unused and remote waterfalls well may 
 be seized for such a purpose. There is power enough running 
 to waste in New Hampshire to operate its railroads. Then we 
 shall have passenger trains every fifteen minutes. The roadbed 
 will be oiled, and we may ride through the mountainous scenery 
 of the Granite State without being sufifocated in closed cars to 
 save ourselves from dust, smoke and cinders. 
 
 All reforms in the industrial and commercial world seek a 
 just distribution of wealth. The laborer wants and ought to 
 have all he has earned. Society is tired of enriching a few at 
 the expense of the many. A commonwealth demands more of 
 equality in the good things of earth. The fears of the ignorant 
 that the rich may be looted and the spoils divided among all 
 have no foundation. Nature has made differences in persons, 
 that necessitate differences in material possessions. There will 
 always be the comparatively rich and the comparatively poor, 
 but the difference need not be measured by celestial diameters. 
 The inventor should enrich society as well as himself. The 
 expert financier must serve the state as well as himself. The 
 inheritor of great wealth must share with his community. Even 
 now England is taxing her wealthiest citizens sixty per cent of 
 their annual income to meet the expenses of defensive war. 
 There are majorities of millions who in times of peace need de- 
 fense against sickness and poverty. A graduated income and 
 inheritance tax that runs up to fifty per cent or more in the 
 
A HISTORY 323 
 
 maximum is a reform that may be expected, when the toilers 
 have been wisely led to vote together. 
 
 After enormous and disproportionate wealth has been accu- 
 mulated in a few families, as in ancient Rome, or in the church, 
 as in Italy and Mexico, while the vast majority of the population 
 are without land, and sometimes without work and without 
 food, there come a revolution and a forced confiscation of large 
 properties. There is no other remedy. This country is now 
 passing through a peaceful revolution, effected by education 
 and the ballot, but it is sure, swift and radical. The immense 
 accumulations must be redistributed among the people. Hold- 
 ing corporations cannot forever hold more than they ought to 
 have, while its members escape personal responsibility. Proper 
 remuneration for toil and just redistribution of inflated wealth 
 will not be left to the ignorant and fanatical suggestions of 
 upstarts in politics, but will be the well considered problem of 
 the old political parties. They must consider them and act 
 promptly or lose their existence. The aim must be, not to 
 favor the already too highly privileged classes, but to elevate 
 the masses and make life richer and happier for thenn. New 
 Hampshire may be expected to lead in the campaign of educa- 
 tion and social betterment. The demand of the hour is for fewer 
 party bosses and place-seekers, and for more constructive states- 
 men. 
 
 While labor unions have raised the price of labor, manu- 
 facturers have sought to import cheaper workmen from foreign 
 lands. There are millions that want to come for a dollar a day, 
 but they will not stay at work long at that price. Then the 
 endeavor has been to get more ignorant laborers from more 
 distant lands. Thus the chasm between the rich and the poor 
 is widened. It is not yet a "great gulf fixed." It has been 
 bridged here and there and a few pass over joyfully one way 
 and woefully the other. The chasm should be filled up. How? 
 By making all rich? That is impossible. By making all poor? 
 That, too. can not be. By making all comfortable and happy 
 and the contrasts not too far apart and unchangeable? That is 
 a possible ideal, toward which all lovers of their fellowmen will 
 strive. 
 
324 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 We now have a tariff on manufactured articles imported 
 from abroad, to protect labor as American manufacturers say. 
 The counter statement is, that the tariff is designed to increase 
 the gains of the manufacturer, and this seems to be true when 
 he sells his products abroad for less than the market price at 
 home. How would it do to put a tariff on imported laborers 
 and make the American manufacturers pay it? Let the tariff 
 be high enough to really protect labor here. French Canadians 
 were brought in by the car load a few years ago, because they 
 would work in the mills and shops at lower wages than Yankees 
 and Irishmen demanded. If there is free trade in labor, why 
 not in materials and manufactures? The toilers are crying out 
 against the importation of cheap and dependent laborers. The 
 law against it must be such and so enforced that it can not be 
 evaded. The operative in mills and shops can better afford to 
 lose his purse than his job. This whole labor problem must be 
 solved by legislatures to the satisfaction of the laborers, or there 
 is going to be increasing trouble. It may be a long time before 
 they get their full rights. Many have come up from slavery 
 in the march of history and are not more than half way to 
 complete freedom in many lands and industries. It is impossible 
 to go back to small industries, when the workmen individually 
 owned their tools ; we can go forward to a system, in which 
 the workmen collectively or governmentally may own the build- 
 ings and machinery by which they live. They rightly demand 
 a chance to work that can not be taken away at the will of the 
 employer. 
 
 One who studies immigration statistics and the rapid in- 
 crease of population in the United States sees the time coming 
 when the number of people in New Hampshire will be several 
 times what it now is. Then there will be more factories, and to 
 feed the operatives there m,ust be more intensive farming. 
 There is good land enough. Much of it lies in swamps. It is 
 easier to make good land in New England by drainage than to 
 do so in the far West by irrigation of deserts. The best soil 
 is washed down from the hillsides, and much of it is now car- 
 ried out to sea in the spring floods. Ways must be discovered 
 and applied for conserving and enriching soil. Increased popu- 
 lation will raise the price of farm products, and the waste lands 
 
A HISTORY 325 
 
 of New Hampshire will blossom and bear fruit like the poorer 
 but better tilled land of crowded Europe. 
 
 New Hampshire will continue to be a summer resort. The 
 purchase of large national reservations, good roads and reforesta- 
 tion insure this. There may be danger that too much of the 
 best land and locations will be owned by absentee landlords, 
 but legislation and taxation can avert the evil. Visitors bring 
 money to the State; absentee owners take it away. Absentee 
 ovraers of niiills and shops should be guarded against and re- 
 stricted for the same reason. If one's treasure is laid up in 
 Boston or New York, there will one's heart be also. It is better 
 that the inhabitants of New Hampshire should own and control 
 her lands and industries. Let them be the hosts rather than the 
 guests at summer hotels. 
 
 No one who has watched and reflected upon the public 
 schools thinks that they have reached perfection. It is a current 
 maxim among educators that the teacher has not taught till 
 the pupil has learned. It is not enough that useful knowledge 
 should be committed to memory, sometimes without being 
 understood. The teacher has not well taught in the higher 
 grades till the pupils have learned to think for themselves, to 
 weigh evidences, to compare opposing opinions, to draw con- 
 clusions, to take apart ideas and put them together in varied 
 ways. Most of the pupils now leave school as soon as they are 
 allowed to do so, and they have learned but little. In the school 
 of life they will learn a little more, but they will always be 
 followers of others who teach by word and example. They can 
 not think. Memory and imagination have been cultivated, the 
 latter principally by the exhibitions of moving pictures, but the 
 higher faculties of the human mind are dormant. They see 
 only a small part of what is before their eyes. They hear only 
 the simpler notes of music. They can not distinguish between 
 harmony and discord, between eloquence and noise, between a 
 painting of one of the m'asters and a cheap chronio, between 
 the classics and literature born only for a day. Their unde- 
 veloped taste prefers the inferior. They have been taught a 
 few things, but they are woefully uneducated. So called study 
 in school has been irksome to the majority. They hate books 
 because all they have ever looked into have required hard and 
 
326 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 disagreeable work. Their teachers have kept school and heard 
 recitations, while the pupils have memorized and speedily for- 
 gotten. The saturated sponge soon becomes dry. Intense in- 
 terest has not been aroused in the subjects under consideration. 
 The new education demands teachers who can make the pupils 
 eager to learn. If some things can not be made interesting to 
 some children, then do not try to cram knowledge into reluctant 
 minds. Change the curriculum of such children. Do not require 
 precisely the same of all children. They are alike with an 
 infinite variety of differences. 
 
 The high schools, academies and colleges minister to com- 
 paratively few, and half of those who attends these institutions 
 are not seeking a thorough education, but to learn a few more 
 things and to have a good time. Many who would appreciate 
 the benefits of the higher institutions of learning can not afford 
 to attend them. They must become wage earners at an early 
 age. New Hampshire has not taught her children till all who 
 are capable have learned. If a deathless thirst for knowledge, 
 truth, principles, has been awakened, then for the remainder of 
 life the pupil will be a teacher of himself and others. The 
 process of education has begun and may be finished at the end 
 of eternity. 
 
 There are great institutions and heavy endowments to put 
 the finishing touches upon the school education of the favored 
 few; the multitudes in the elementary schools are without expert 
 training and except for home influences and unusual natural 
 gifts do not start right. The Normal Schools are doing some- 
 thing to prepare young persons to teach a few years. New 
 Hampshire must pay its teachers in the lower grades better 
 wages and give them more respect and honor. The school 
 life of a child should be made one of constant joy. The school 
 house should be a social center for the education, improvement 
 and happiness of those who have ceased to go to school. There 
 is higher education of a noble quality in New Hampshire, but 
 it is not diffused enough. Compulsory education is almost a 
 contradiction in terms, unless it is meant that parents and em- 
 ployers are compelled to give all children a chance to go to 
 school. Alluring education is the prize that should be held out 
 to children. Natural curiosity, the love of mental activity of 
 
A HISTORY 327 
 
 some sort, the beauty of truth and its inspiring power when 
 perceived, such are the spiritual forces to be utilized by the 
 teacher who has felt their power. The education of the future 
 needs to be deeper rather than broader. It should lead to a 
 grasp of principles and develop ability to apply them. 
 
 In all departments of human study there is an increasing 
 tendency toward cooperation and unity. Science searches for 
 truth, unmixed with bias and prejudice. Every discoverer and 
 inventor helps every other. Every genuine philosopher, or lover 
 of wisdom, longs to share his vision with every other seer, and 
 even to open the eyes of the blind. Opposing schools of thought 
 no longer exist. Allopathists, homeopathists, osteopathists and 
 sane practitioners of mental therapeutics are glad to learn from 
 one another and are working for the same end, public health. 
 In every sphere of thought, except that of religion, there is 
 quite general harmony. Here the attempt is made to put a 
 denominational label on truth and to claim a monopoly of it. 
 Here more than anywhere else there is needed a broader and 
 a deeper education. The signs of the times are hopeful. The 
 essentials of religion are being separated in thought from the 
 non-essentials. The call for Christian union is growing louder. 
 The harmful nature of so many rival denominations is more 
 clearly seen than formerly. Charity, brotherly kindness and 
 good sense shout aloud the prophecy from the housetops, that 
 after another generation New Hampshire will have fewer and 
 more liberal churches, and that every lover of God and humanity 
 will seek to help every other. The religion needed is one suited 
 to all worlds, the world of thought, the world of emotion, the 
 world of business, the world of industry, the social world, the 
 political world, the complex and eternal world. In all worlds 
 love is the rule of conduct, the perfect bond, the fulfilling of the 
 law. 
 
 A review of the history of New Ham.pshire shows how 
 patriotism, or love of one's country, has taken on an enlarged 
 meaning. The four original towns were independent settle- 
 ments, who governed themselves without consultation with 
 neighboring settlements, and their interests sometimes conflicted. 
 A common need of protection from the savage foe bound them 
 together into a province. They learned to legislate for the wel- 
 
328 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 fare of the entire population, each town giving up some of its 
 independency for the sake of greater gains. The French and 
 Indian wars united the New England colonies for common 
 defense. The American Revolution made the thirteen colonies 
 one. The lover of his town had grown to be a lover of his 
 state and of the United States as a whole. His patriotic love 
 broadened out with the admission of each state and territory. 
 It is not the flag of the colony or of the state that kindles emo- 
 tion, but the flag of the United States, wherever it floats, be it 
 in Hawaii, Porto Rico, or the far off Philippines. There is 
 community of interests that binds all people under that flag 
 into a patriotic group. The citizen has come to feel the ties 
 that bind millions of people together. He is on his way from 
 provincialism to cosmopolitanism. The more he knows about 
 his expanding nation, the more patriotic he feels. The rivalry 
 of towns and states is only that of friendly helpers. Patriotism 
 does not permit legislation that injures one section of the 
 nation for the sake of benefiting another section. The foreigner 
 from scores of countries becomes a fellow citizen, comrade and 
 brother after he has been here long enough to establish mutual 
 acquaintance. We take him into our national family, and he, 
 too, is an American patriot. His interests are with us. He 
 stands with us for national defense and prosperity. 
 
 Let hope and prophecy extend their vision. We are learn- 
 ing that all men have common interests, that all nations are 
 dependent on all the rest. A famine, an earthquake, a flood, 
 a war, in any part of the world excites our sympathy and secures 
 our aid for the distressed. As soon as it is perceived and 
 acknowledged that all men and all nations have common interests 
 and needs, the bond of brotherhool will be felt. The federation 
 of nations and the universal brotherhood of man will be realized 
 together. Then patriotism will mean loyalty to the true inter- 
 ests of our fellowmen, wherever found. Like the individual, 
 New Hampshire is free and independent within limits, just so 
 far as her freedom and independence do not conflict with the 
 rights and privileges of other states and nations. All the tra- 
 ditions of the past indicate that the New Hampshire of the 
 future will be among the foremost to welcome the federation 
 
A HISTORY 329 
 
 of the world, and she will be all the more free and independent 
 as she recognizes her obligation to love and serve all the nations 
 of the earth. The flag of the United World will float above 
 -even the stars and stripes. 
 
Appendix A 
 GLEANINGS FROM COURT FILES 
 
Appendix A 
 
 GLEANINGS FROM COURT FILES 
 
 IT is the purpose of this appendix to illustrate the wealth of historical and 
 genealogical data that may be found in the indexed court files. Only a 
 
 partial search has been made, yet the results may be of interest to 
 readers and lead others to continue the search. 
 
 Folder No. 21813. February 15, 1741-2. The sheriff was commanded to 
 attach the goods and estate of Daniel Moulton of Portsmouth, mariner, to 
 the value of five thousand pounds, to answer unto "William Vaughan of a 
 place called Damaris Cotty within our county of York," in an action of 
 ejectment from a tract of land in Portsmouth containing about a quarter of 
 an acre with the building thereon, bounded southerly by land of Thomas 
 Hart, westerly by a street leading from Spring Hill down to Piscataqua 
 Ferry, northerly by land of Capt. George Walker and easterly by Pisca- 
 taqua River; also another tract of land containing an acre and a half, 
 beginning at the southwest corner of land now in possession of Elizabeth 
 Pike, widow, formerly in possession of William Fellows, innholder, de- 
 ceased, running southerly by the highway that leads from the Reverend Mr. 
 Fitch's to the north Meeting House, then running east northeast nine 
 degrees and a half to the street that leads from Spring Hill aforesaid to 
 Piscataqua Ferry, then running westerly by said street to the southeast 
 corner of the said piece of land in possession of the said Elizabeth Pike, 
 then running westerly to the southwest corner first mentioned ; also another 
 tract of two acres, beginning at the southeast corner of land in possession 
 of the Reverend Mr. Fitch heretofore belonging to one Joseph Alcock de- 
 ceased, then running west southwest nine degrees south twenty-four and 
 four-fifths rods, formerly owned by Richard Cutt deceased, who on the 
 second day of February anno Domini 1671 deeded this land to William 
 Vaughan, who had married Cutt's daughter Margaret, by whom the right 
 had descended to William Vaughan of Damaris Cotty, son of George 
 Vaughan deceased, who was son of said Margaret. Cutt Vaughan, another 
 son of Margaret, had died without issue. 
 
 Matthew Livermore was attorney for the appellees. Daniel Moulton 
 was the original defendant and associated with him were Charles Cham- 
 bers of Charlestown, Middlesex county, Mass., and Margaret his wife in 
 her right, George Walker of Portsmouth and Abigail his wife in her right 
 and William King of Portsmouth. 
 
 The folder contains a surveyor's plan of all the lands mentioned in the 
 writ, made by James Jeffrey and George Mitchell. The plan shows that 
 Nathaniel Harvey was tlien living at the ferry. Also in this folder is found 
 the original deed of Clement Campion, mariner, to John Webster, dated 
 A.ugust I, 1646. There is also a memorandum kept by Edward Winslow, 
 giving the price of silver money in currency year by year from 1700 to 
 1744. The price varied gradually from seven shillings to thirty-two shillings. 
 
 Another paper found in this folder declares that the boundary line 
 between Portsmouth and Dover was run by Walter Bryant and John Godsoe, 
 surveyors, August 24, 1739, on a straight line "from the head of Kenney's 
 (Thomas Canney) Creek south seventy-nine degrees and forty-five min: 
 west to ye head of Hogsty Cove." The line was run at the request of Capt. 
 William King and Joseph Rawlins. The direction of the surveyors' line 
 
 333 
 
334 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 locates Hogsty Cove a little south of the mouth of Great Bay, and the 
 marsh land from that point around to Cotterill's Delight near Sandy Beach, 
 with four hundred acres of upland, belonged to ancient Dover and was 
 granted by that town to some of its inhabitants. 
 
 In the same folder is found a long deposition by John Do\\niing Esqr., 
 aged eighty-four years, dated at Newington, August lo, 1742. He "testifieth 
 and declareth that about sixty years past he came to Portsmouth in New 
 Hampshire and soon after he came he hired himself with Majr. William 
 Vaughan of said place for one year and further saith that in the time he 
 lived with said Vaughan there was an old fence round the land now in 
 controversy between William Vaughan of Damaris Cotty in the county of 
 York and' Daniel Moulton of Portsmouth, mariner, and others, vizt.j the 
 land lying westward or southwestward of said Majr. Vaughan's Dwelling 
 House which aforesaid land was in one enclosure excepting the Herb Garden 
 which was a within inclosure in the north east corner thereof, which said 
 enclosure is since divided by a way leading from the north Meeting House 
 in said Portsmouth to Deer Street so called by the house and lot of land 
 of Joseph Alcock where the Reverend Mr. Jabez Fitch now dwells, the 
 south east corner of which lot of Joseph Alcocks lays opposite to the south 
 west corner of a lot of land now in possession of Elizabeth Pike formerly 
 in possession of William Fellows deceased, which said lot of land now in 
 possession of Elizabeth Pike aforesaid was then in the time of my said 
 service with Majr. Vaughan in the Tenure and occupation of Mrs. Eleanor 
 Cutt. widow of Richard Cutt of said Portsmouth Esqr., as it was said, 
 lately deceased, further saith that the same time there was a division 
 fence as it now stands between the same lot in Mr. Cutts Tenure and the 
 garden and orchard then and lately till he died in the possession of said 
 Majr. Vaughan, since in the Tenure of said Daniel Moulton and wife 
 Elizabeth, which aforesaid fence continued near the same course further 
 westward to the back or western side of said Mrs. Cutts orchard, which was 
 about that distance westward of the Reverend Mr. Fitch's south east corner 
 as the present orchards are. Further saith that on the southerly side of 
 said westermost lot of Majr. Vaughan's there was then a fence on the west 
 side of the way opposite to the northwest corner now in the possession of 
 Thomas Hart formerly in possession of John Hunking deceased, which said 
 fence continued its course westward on the south side of the Barberry hedge 
 to the south west corner of the present orchard and from there northerly 
 to the division fence aforesaid at the south west corner of Mrs. Eleanor 
 Cutts aforesaid orchard. Further saith that the said Mrs. Eleanor Cutt 
 possessed the land on the southwest and north of said lot of Majr. Vaughan's 
 aforesaid. Further saith in the time of my said service I the Deponent 
 planted most of the apple trees and barberry bushes in said lot of Majr. 
 Vaughan's for him. Further saith that at the same time Majr. Vaughan 
 and Margaret his wife had two sons to wit Cutt the elder and George tlie 
 younger who when he came of age possessed and improved the House and 
 land in which his grandmother Mrs. Eleanor Cutt lived now in possession 
 of the aforesaid Elizabeth Pike, also the aforesaid orchard and pasture 
 westward of said Mr. Fitch's Dwelling House to the highway between said 
 pasture and the lot formerly John Hunkings by the fresh marsh Creek so 
 called. Further saith that the present William Vaughan of Damaris Cotty 
 was the reputed latest son of said George Vaughan deceased. Further 
 saith the north and by east corner of the Parsonage or Glebe land lays 
 situated about thirty rods south and by west from the noted Spring so 
 called which lies near the bend of the river near the middle of the place 
 called Strawberry Bank formerly. Further saith that formerly one John 
 Hunking had a warehouse near the now Dwelling House of Thomas Harts 
 on the southward of the House where the said Majr. Vaughan formerly 
 lived now possessed by the aforesaid Moulton. Further saith that Piscataqua 
 
A HISTORY 335 
 
 river was to the eastward of Majr. Vaughan's House, a stone warehouse on 
 the north and the way from Spring Hill to Piscataqua Ferry on the west. 
 Further saith that when he the Deponent first came to the place called the 
 Bank m Portsmouth aforesaid he often heard it said that a certain man 
 named Francis Rains lived near the north west end of the aforesaid street 
 from the Spring Hill to Piscataqua Ferry. The said John Downing further 
 saith that he never knew or heard that Mr. Richard Cutt or Eleanor his 
 wife lived in the house now in controversy." 
 
 James Libby of Portsmouth, aged about sixty-eight years, the first 
 Tuesday in August 1742, testified that fifty years ago he was employed by 
 Majr. William Vaughan to help gather apples in an orchard of said Vaughan's 
 which is since divided by a street as mentioned in the deposition of John 
 Downing Esqr. 
 
 On the same date as the last "Joshua Pierce of Portsmouth, aged 
 seventy one years and a half deposed that when he was about six years 
 old (his mother being married one Mr. Jos Light who did business for 
 Majr Wm Vaughan at sd Portsmouth) he the deponent came with his sd 
 Fathr in law & mother to sd Portsmouth to live & in his minority was 
 constantly passing and repassing from Fathr Light's House to ve House of 
 Majr Vaughan who lived then and since to his dying Day in ye House where 
 Capt. Daniel Moulton of said Portsmouth one of ye appellees now Dwells," 
 etc. 
 
 At the same time Richard Hilton of Portsmouth, aged about eighty 
 years, deposed to the same effect : also Timothy Davis senior of Portsmouth, 
 aged about sixty two years; there are three depositions dated 10:10:1721, 
 by Elizabeth Harvey aged seventy, John Jackson aged eighty-four, and Mrs. 
 Ann Clark aged seventy two. 
 
 The folder also contains statements copied from the "Register Book 
 page 108," that William Vaughan married Mary Cutt (Margaret?) 8 Dec. 
 1668, that their son Cutt was born 6 March 1673-4, that their son George 
 was born 13 April 1^76, that George Vaughan married Elizabeth Eliot 
 8 Feb. 1701, and that William their son was born 12 Sept. 1703. 
 
 Folders No. 17678 and No. 23171 contain information about the emi- 
 gration from the Pascataqua region to Pascattaway, New Jerse}% and name 
 a number of the emigrants. Many years later depositions were obtained 
 from some in New Jersey and others who had known the family of Henry 
 Langstaff of Bloody Point, Newington. 
 
 John Whitcher of Haverhill, aged sixty nine years, deposed, 5 June 
 1718, "that about fifty years since he knew John Langstaff alias Langstarr, 
 son of Henry Langstaff senr of Bloody Point in New Hampshire deceased 
 when he lived with his father. The said John Langstaff alias Langstarr 
 afterward removed to New Jersey and there lived. In the year 1674 the 
 Deponent removed and lived there also for about three years & a half, all 
 which time he was very well acquainted with the said John Langstaff and 
 knew him to be the same John Langstaff ye reputed son of the alia Lang- 
 staff first above exprest, that all the neighbours there yt went hence to live 
 there, vizt., Benjamin Hull, Mr. Drake & his two sons & several others that 
 went there from this Piscataqua to live knew him the said John Langstar 
 above, always alowed him to liee the son of Henry Langstaff of Bloody 
 Point above sd & they named that place Piscataqua after the name of this 
 Piscataqua, and when I came from thence I brought a letter from the above 
 said John Langstar to his father Henry Langstaff alia Langstar at Bloody 
 Point above sd, which ye said John Langstaff obliged me to Deliver with my 
 own hand, which I did, at the receiving of which the above said Henry Lang- 
 staff alias Langstarr was very much rejoict & thankt me for my kindness & 
 enquired very particular after his sons Settlement." 
 
 The deposition of William Shackford, aged seventy-eight, dated 22 
 April 1 718, is to similar effect. He had been to New Jersey and returned. 
 
336 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 Also Deborah wife of William Shackford, who was daughter of Thomas 
 Trickey of Bloody Point, aged seventy-two, deposed 5 June 1718, that she 
 was born at Bloody Point and knew the Langstaff family well. Her sister, 
 Lydia Webber, aged sixty-eight, deposed at the same time to the same 
 effect. So also did John Tuttle, aged seventy-two, and Christian Remick 
 of Kittery, aged eighty. The last deposition is dated 12 May 1718. He lived 
 on the shore of the river Pascataqua, opposite to Langstaff, and knew the 
 family well. 
 
 In No. 23171 Benjamin Martin of New Jersey, aged about fifty-eight, 
 testifies, 21 July 1718, that about forty-nine years ago he lived in Dover 
 with his uncle, Thomas Roberts, and that John Langstaffe alias Langstarr, 
 who had dwelt in Piscattaway, N. J., forty-nine or fifty years, is the reputed 
 son of Henry Langstarr or Langstaff of Bloody Point. Also Joseph Mar- 
 tin, aged sixty-three, deposed, at the same time that forty-nine or fifty years 
 ago he lived at Welch Cove, Dover, with Anthony Nutter, whose wife was 
 daughter of Henry Langstarr alias Langstaff of Bloody Point, and knew 
 his eldest son, John Langstarr. 
 
 Thus we learn some items of history about Bloody Point and Piscatta- 
 way. New Jersey, as well as about the genealogy of several faimlies. 
 
 Folder No. '21770 contains a promisorv' note, "I James Boyd of Colraine 
 merchant doe promis to pay to John Orr of ye parish of Colraine wever the 
 sum of sixteen pounds starl the first day of May next, vallew reed from 
 him in mony as witness my hand & seal this 14th day of October one thou- 
 sand seven "hundred and seventeen 1717." Signed, James Boyd. 
 
 Sealed and delivered in presence of Hugh Orr (his mark) and John 
 Harper. The papers accompanying show that James Boyd of Portsmouth 
 had died intestate and that John Orr had brought suit against Alexander 
 Caldwell for payment of this note. Thus we learn the place in Ireland 
 from which came the Orr family of Harpswell, Maine, and the Boyd family 
 of Londonderrv, N. H. ^ 
 
 Folder No. 17789. Martha Sloper of Portsmouth, spinster, makes 'my 
 trusty and well beloved friend and Brother, Elisha Kelly of ye Isle of 
 Shoals, Gentleman, my true and lawful attorney." How was she sister of 
 Elisha Kelly? She is thought to have been daughter of Henry Sherburne. 
 
 Folder No. 24316 contains the papers used in a suit for recovery of 
 land by heirs of Nicholas Follett of Portsmouth versus Ichabod Cheslev of 
 Durham. The writ names as heirs widow Sarah Hardy of Exeter, widow 
 Elizabeth Oilman of Newmarket, widow Hannah Burleigh of Ipswich, Essex 
 county, Mass., widow Martha Rust of Stratham, Theophilus Smith Esq. of 
 Exeter and Mary his wife in her right, Samuel Doe of Newmarket and 
 Abigail his wife in her right, Samuel Sherburne of Portsmouth and Mercy 
 his wife in her right, "all of which women are daughters of Abigail late 
 wife of Andrew Wiggin of Stratham aforesaid Esqr. formerly Abigail 
 Follit now deceased, who was a daughter of Nicholas Follit late of Ports- 
 mouth aforesaid and Mariner deceased— Jonathan \\'iggin, Mary Wiggin, 
 Nicholas Wiggin, Zebulun Wiggin, Issachar Wiggin & Nathaniel Wiggin, 
 all lawful issue and next of kin to Nicholas Wiggin deceased, who was a 
 son of the said Abigail, and all minors under the age of twenty one years, 
 who appear by Andrew Wiggin Esqr aforesaid their grandfather & next 
 friend & Andrew Wiggin, Mary Wiggin, Abigail NViggin, Martha Wiggm, 
 Bradstreet Wiggin and Hannah Wiggin all minors under the age of twenty 
 one years, lawful issue & next of kin to Bradstreet Deceased, who was 
 another son of the said Abigail deceased, which minors appear by their 
 said grandfather Andrew Wiggin Esqr & next friend, Nicholas Follit of 
 Newbury in the county of Essex in our province of the Massachusetts Bay, 
 mariner, Francis Follit of Newmarket aforesaid Blacksmith, Caleb Follit a 
 minor under twenty one years, who appears by the said Francis his Brother 
 & guardian & Benjamin Doe of Durham in said province, yeomen, & Han- 
 
A HISTORY 337 
 
 nah his wife in her right, which Nicholas, Francis, Caleb & Hannah are 
 lawtul issue & next of kin to Benjamin Follit late of Newmarket aforesaid, 
 cordwainer, deceased." They sought to recover eighteen acres of land in 
 Uurham claimed by Ichabod Chesley, on the south side of the Mast Path 
 as their right and inheritance from Nicholas Follett late of Portsmouth' 
 tailor, deceased, who was brother of said Sarah Hardy, Elizabeth Oilman, 
 Abigail Wiggin and Benjamin Follett, all children of Nicholas Follett 
 manner, deceased. ' 
 
 The writ goes on to say that the said Abigail died about the year 1736 
 intestate and her surviving issue were the said Bradstreet Wiggin and 
 Nicholas Wiggin both now deceased and the said Hannah Burleigh, Martha 
 Kust, Alary Smith, Abigail Doe and Mercy Sherburne. In about the yea^ 
 1745 said Benjamin FoUit died intestate leaving surviving issue, Nicholas 
 •^"xT^'u "^"^'' Benjamin, Caleb and Hannah. In about the year 1750 the 
 said Nicholas Wiggin died leaving issue, Jonathan, Mary, Nicholas, Zebulun 
 Issachar and Nathaniel, minors. In about the year 1752 the said Bradstreet 
 VViggin died intestate, leaving issue, Andrew, Mary, Abigail, Martha, Brad- 
 street, Phoebe and Plannah, minors. In the year 1754 said Phoebe died 
 intestate. 
 
 Mary Denbo, probably wife of the first Salathiel Denbow, deposed 27 
 Jan. 1756, aged about eighty-two and upwards, that seventy five years 'last 
 P^^u .,^-M-^^^ ^^'^^ J°^" ^^^^^^ °^ Oyster River and was fully acquainted 
 with William Follit, who lived and died in Oyster River about seventy 
 years last past, leaving no issue, for he never had any. Likewise she knew 
 Nicholas Folht of Oyster River and frequently heard her dame Meeder 
 who was sister of Nicholas, call said Williams wife cussen and was com- 
 monly called by others to be cousins in that day and the said Nicholas was 
 always accounted to be the cousin of the said William by your deponent & 
 near the time of the destruction of Oyster River aforesaid the said Nicholas 
 moved to Portsmouth, he following the sea until his death, leaving Abigail 
 Nicholas, Benjamin, Sarah, Elizabeth, Caleb and Philip his reputed issue 
 whom I very well knew. 
 
 Elizabeth Roberts, aged eighty-three, deposed, 2 August 1756, that she 
 lived with her father about sixty-five or seventy years ago on Jones Neck 
 so called where she was well acquainted with William Follit, he then living 
 on Bunkers Neck on the easterly side of the creek, and also with Nicholas 
 Folht who traded with the Wine Islands and that the said Nicholas invited 
 my mother and some others to go over the river to drink wine. 
 
 Capt. Stephen Jones, aged about eighty-nine, knew William Follit and 
 also Nicholas, who lived near the Oyster Bed on the southern side of the 
 river, and they were commonly called cousins, and the said Nicholas died 
 at sea leaving children, Abigail, Nicholas, Benjamin, Sarah and Elizabeth 
 Dated Jan. 27, 1756. 
 
 Abraham Clark, aged seventy-seven, deposed to the same effect, 17 Sept. 
 1756. On the other hand Elizabeth Pinkham, aged seventy-seven, testified 
 at the same time that she never heard them claim relationship though she 
 often saw them in company and drink together, and the said William Follit 
 lived one summer at your deponent's father's house and he never claimed 
 Nicholas as cousin. 
 
 Anna Sias, who was Anna Pitman, aged about eighty-nine, deposed, 
 6 Sept. 1755, that seventy years last past she went to live with William Follit 
 of Oyster River as ser\-ant for the term of six years and in the last year of 
 said time the said William died, having no children, and she commonly 
 heard William and Nicholas call each other cousins in that day and she 
 knew the children of said Nicholas, Abigail, Caleb, Sarah, Elizabeth and 
 Nicholas. 
 
 Folder No. 18309. May 23, 1738, the goods and estate of Samuel Emer- 
 son, gentleman, of Durham, and of Timothy Emerson, tanner, of Durham, 
 
338 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 were attached to satisfy the claim of Reuben Chesley, mariner, Isaac Watson 
 and Lillies his wife in right of his said wife, Timothy Hanson and Kezia 
 his wife in right of his said wife, all of Dover. It is said that Samuel 
 Chesley late of Dover died sometime in the year 1707,'' leaving issue Samuel 
 his oldest son, Philip, Joseph, Benjamin, & Reuben his other sons, the said 
 Lillies & Kezia, his daughters, being all his children." "In about the year 
 of our Lord 171 7 the said oldest son Samuel died without issue & intestate 
 and in about the year of our Lord 1718 the said Benjamin died without issue 
 & intestate, and in or about the year of our Lord 1720 the said Philip died 
 without issue intestate." 
 
 Thus it appears that the genealogv of the Chesley family as published 
 in the History of County of Annapolis, Nova Scotia, page 488, and cited 
 in the History of Durham, N. H., page 55, needs to be revised and cor- 
 rected. 
 
 Folder No. 18231. December 8, 1677, George Walton junior of Ports- 
 mouth was indicted to answer to the complaint of Ferdinando Hooff (called 
 also Hufe) in an action of trespass for carrying away two stacks of hay 
 within his cornfield by the water side at Cape Porpos. 
 
 "Deposition of Andrew Samson aged about 28 years who testifieth that 
 sometime in September last being along with George Walton at Cape porpos 
 in a boate who was bound to cutt grass there, ye sd Walton tooke aboard 
 two stacks of hay which stood by a Ijrooke neere to Richard Palmers within 
 fences of a corn ffeild which hay Robert Booth & John Layton said was 
 Nandy Hooffs, upon which said Walton made answer that he had better 
 take it than it should stand there & rott. The quantity of Hay he judgeth 
 it to be aboute eighty Cocks." Sworn 13 Nov. 1677. 
 
 John Davis, aged 53, testified to the same effect, December 25, 1677, and 
 so did William Agawam, aged 18. Shadrach Walton, aged 20, and William 
 Hilton, aged 24, testified that Richard Palmer sold to George Walton two 
 small stacks of hay two years old, same date as above. The testimony of 
 Samson White, aged 21, of Robert Booth, aged 21, of John Layton, aged 39, 
 was dated November 13, 1677. Most of these lived on the coast of Maine. 
 
 Folder 18416. August 17, 1733, the goods and estate of Joshua Weeks 
 of Greenland were attached, to answer unto William Furber of Newington 
 for trespass upon six acres of land belonging to William Furber deceased, 
 who died intestate in or about the year 1695, leaving issue, sons William 
 and Jethro, and daughters Susanna, Bridget and Elizabeth. The oldest son, 
 \\'illiam, died in 1703 intestate, leaving issue William, oldest son, Jethro and 
 Joshua. 
 
 Sarah Cutt testified, Feb. 6, 1733-4. that her father, Richard Martyn, 
 died April 2, 1695, in the 65th year of his age. 
 
 "Deposition of Thomas Harvey, aged about forty seven years, testifieth 
 & Saith that he well remembers his father Thomas Harvey formerly of 
 Portsmouth, deceased, went from Piscataqua River in a vessel Thirty nine 
 years ago & has not been in Piscataqua since, but as the Deponent was told 
 by some of the same vessels Company he was taken by the French & was 
 carried prisoner into France where he soon after died." Dated February 
 
 John Dam, aged 66, deposed August 6, 1734, and named William Furber 
 as his grandfather. 
 
 Thomas Perkins of Kennebunk, aged 62, deposed August 30, 1733, that 
 48 or 50 years before William Furber used to transport salt hay and thatch 
 from a certain marsh in Greenland. 
 
 Thomas Row-, aged ^T, swore in court that he helped William Furber 
 mow forty six years ago. 
 
 John Johnson, aged 71, testified in court, August 6, 1734. that he knew 
 the land in controversy 55 years ago. 
 
 Folder No. 23359. Robert Bryant of Greenland died in 1724, leaving 
 
A HISTORY 33^ 
 
 children Robert, John, Abraham, Nathaniel, Mary, Rebecca, Charity, Han- 
 nah. Abigail and Deborah. These brought suit against John Avery of 
 btratham in 1742. Probably Abigail had married Benjamin Keniston of 
 Greenland, Deborah had married John Brazell of Greenland, and Hannah 
 had married Philip Harry of Newmarket. 
 
 li^'^^ ^^'"^ folder contains the following depositions. Charles Allen of 
 Wells, aged JT, August 5. 1747, testified that he remembered Robert Bryant 
 formerly of Greenland, that he lived "between the houses now of Jonathan 
 Barker & Bracket Johnson about fifty six or seven years past," "on the 
 northeasterly side of the Countrey Road passing from Exeter to Ports- 
 mouth," and that "his son Robert Bryant sometime after lived with William 
 Philbrook in said Greenland as an apprentice." 
 
 Ebenezer Johnson, aged 71, deposed in July 1747. Joshua Bracket, aged 
 73. deposed at the same time that Robert Bryant lived on the road from 
 Greenland to Stratham three or four rods east of Jonathan Weeks' gate. 
 Richard Place, aged 84, deposed July 13, 1747, and Samuel Piper, aged 7s! 
 deposed at same time. 
 
 Folder No. 27408 contains a copy of the plan of town lots laid out in 
 Bow m the year 1733, with names of all the owners thereof. 
 
 Folder No. 27613. Widow Hannah Jackson was sister of Clement 
 Drew and aunt of Joseph Drew. She complained of them because they 
 called her a witch and said she had bewitched their cattle and hogs. This 
 was about the year 1750 and is perhaps th,e latest mention of witchcraft in 
 the courts. 
 
 Folder No. 27167 contains a deposition of Hannah Pierce, of lawful age, 
 made December 2, 1755. that in June 1747 she went with Daniel Robinson 
 and Mary Church, her sister, to the house of the Rev. Mr. John Blunt of 
 New Castle and saw the said Robinson and Church married to each other, 
 and that Robinson afterward went to sea. The mother of Mary Church 
 was then widow Hannah Blasfield of Portsmouth. 
 
 Folder No. 17831 contains the testimony of J. Emerson of Portsmouth, 
 that he married Mark Curtain and Sarah Lewis, November 9, 1717. 
 
 Folder No. 17891 contains statement that the Rev. John Buss of Oyster 
 River married, August 13, 1702. "the wife of Richard Saunders late of 
 Portsmouth, mariner, unto one Richard Eburn without license." 
 
 Folder No. 15717 contains the testimony of Katherine Durgin, aged 
 sixty-seven years, that John Footman of Dover was "my first born child that 
 I had by Thomas Footman, he being about forty three years of age." Dated 
 Sept. I, 1705. 
 
 Folder No. 23102 has a deposition of John Moody, aged fifty-four years, 
 that "I the deponent knew Elizabeth Phillips who was reputed to be the 
 mother of Richard Clark of Newmarket and that she came to my house 
 with said Clark and then and there conveyed to him by deed of sale bearing 
 date the first day of December anno Domini 1735 all her right and title to 
 several tracts of land which were her fathers Thomas Footman." Dated 
 November 18, 1760. 
 
 In the same suit there is a deposition of Tamsen Drew, aged about 
 eighty years, "that she well remembers William Durgin and his wife who 
 she has often heard was widow to old Thomas Footman formerly of 
 Dover deceased and has been well acquainted with their children and by 
 the best accounts that ever I your deponent had James Durgin their son 
 late of Durham deceased would a ben eighty eight years of age or there- 
 abouts." Dated May 19, 1760. 
 
 Thomas Drew, aged eighty-seven, deposed to the same effect at the 
 same time. 
 
 The deposition of Joseph Hall, aged seventy eight, November 18, 1760, 
 "testifieth & saith that I the deponent well knew Elizabeth Footman when 
 she was a young woman & knew well John & Thomas Footman & Abigail 
 
340 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 York that they were the reputed sons & daughters of Thomas Footman 
 formerly of Dover & I have often heard them call said Elizabeth their 
 sister, I having lived together with them all at garrison & I knew one John 
 Phillips that came from the southward a soldier & I heard it frequently 
 reported that said Phillips married said Elizabeth & soon after said Phillips 
 went off to the southward as was supposed to see his friends & was absent 
 for some short time and then returned to these parts again & then I saw 
 him & he stopped but a short time & returned to the southward with the 
 aforesaid Elizabeth his wife as I was then informed." 
 
 A deed shows that John Phillips was from North Kingston, Rhode 
 Island, that that he had a son, John Phillips. Elizabeth Phillips is called 
 aunt by Thomas Stevenson in a deposition. She also had a niece, Eleanor 
 McCalva, who deposed at the same time. 
 
 Folder No. 24397 contains depositions of Thomas Veasey of Stratham, 
 aged 75, and of Nathaniel Huggins, aged 84, both dated August 3, 1744, and 
 of Samuel Weeks, aged 72, and of Daniel Allen, aged 72, both dated Sep- 
 tember 29, 1742. 
 
 Folder No. 15454. Deposition of Henry Langstar, aged Sixty Six 
 years, tcstifieth and saith yt Capt. Briant Pendletons land in Portsmouth 
 Butting on the Long Reach extended to Dover Line, as he was informed 
 by James Rawlins, and yt the land now in dispute between George Huntress 
 and Richard Gerrish is part of said Land, which to prove I can show the 
 stumps of the bounds mark trees ; and further yt I workt many days on 
 said land with James Rawlins senr in the year 1669 to redeem a mortgage 
 made of his estate to said Pendleton and yt there was no Vacant Land 
 between them butt yt Rawlins came to Portsmouth Line and Pendleton to 
 Dover Line and further saith not. Sworn in Curia 1713." 
 
 In the same suit Rebecca Rawlins mentions "my father James Rawlins 
 Senr deceased, and she could show "pritty neere ye bound mark a little of 
 this side durty gutt." 
 
 Folder No. 15736. The deposition of Mary Wacomb and Margaret 
 Adams of full age Testifieth that Marke Hunking who now dwells neir 
 Little Harbor is the oldest and only surviving son of our honored father 
 Marke Hunking ship carpenter deceased, who dwelt at the same place which 
 our brother Marke now possesses. Sworn in court 12 August 1702. 
 
 They also testify that "to our certain knowledge our father Marke 
 Hunking Deceased hade possession of that Island at Little Harbor where 
 the ferry to New Castle is kept in the yeare of our Lord 1666 and he did 
 then build a stage & kept a fishing shallop at said Island, Jeffrey Currier 
 being then his boats master, and the fish was made or cured at said Island 
 which we are told is now in controversy between our brother Mark Hunking 
 and John Abbot." Sworn in Court 12 August 1702. 
 
 The Margaret Adams here named was, without doubt, the wife of Chris- 
 topher Adams of Kittery. 
 
 Folder No. 21926 contains a deposition of Annas McKean (her mark), 
 aged 72, widow of James McKean of Londonderry, that Robert Boyes came 
 from Boston in 1719 to Londonderry, to build a chimney for her husband. 
 There are many other depositions in the same folder of persons living in 
 Londonderry, "of full age," testifying about the first mill built in that town. 
 
 Folder No. 20615 shows that John Deverson of Portsmouth, in the year 
 1732, had sisters, Elizabeth who married Thomas Beck, Sarah who married 
 Stuart, and Mary who married Joseph Mead. John Deverson was ad- 
 ministrator of the estate of Sarah Ward. 
 
 Folder No. 15735 contains a deposition of Clement Meserve senior, aged 
 fifty-four, Nov. 5, 1706, that he lived years before with Air. Richard Cutt. 
 At the same time George Huntress, aged sixty-three, deposed that he lon^ 
 before lived with Mr. Richard Cutt and took care of his cattle. Much is 
 said about land and inhabitants of Portsmouth in the early days. There 
 
A HISTORY 341 
 
 are also several depositions of persons living in London, concerning the 
 Daniel family of Portsmouth, showing relationships. 
 
 Folder No. 15292 contains much information about one branch of the 
 Corwin family of Salem, Mass., that is not contained in the Corwin 
 Genealogy. 
 
 Folder No. 21799 contains depositions pertaining to the ownership of 
 land at Quamphegan, on the Dover side, near the bridge at South Ber- 
 wick, where formerly John Lovering lived, and naming the successive 
 tenants of the house for about half a century. The depositions are dated 
 in May and June 1734 and were made by Col. John Plaisted, aged 74, James 
 Stakpole, aged about four score, Mary Warren, aged 67, James Grant, 
 aged 63, Alexander Grant, aged 61, Richard Tozer, aged T^, John Cooper, 
 aged 67, Elizabeth Emery, aged 76, and James Guppy, John Tibbetts, James 
 Allen and William Chadbourn, all of full age. 
 
 Folder No. 21784 shows that before Jan. 15, 1693-4 Edward Cate had 
 married "the only daughter & heiress" of Philip Tucker deceased. 
 
 Folder No. 18219 contains a deposition of Thomas Wiggin, aged sixty 
 years and upward, concerning land in Stratham fifty or more years before 
 Dec. 3, 1724, what he had heard from his father. The land had been in 
 the possession of Thomas Reed, who deeded it to his daughter, Elizabeth 
 Kenniston. 
 
 Folder No. 18055 contains depositions of Henry Hobbs of Sligo, aged 
 47, Hatevil Roberts, aged 56 and Thomas Young, aged 64, all dated Sept. 
 5, 1717. They testify that James Stacpole in the year 1680 was in possession 
 of the land on which he had lived ever since. Thomas Young worked with 
 him on that land in the year named. It was the farm originally granted to 
 Joseph Austin in 1656. Recently it was owned by the late Samuel Hale of 
 Rollinsford. The house probably built in 1680 is still tenanted, though 
 removed from its first site. 
 
 Folder No. 181 15 contains depositions that declare that the house of 
 Roger Rose of Oyster River was burned by Indians, probably in the massacre 
 of 1694, and that he removed to Portsmouth. They also state that Jethro 
 Furber married Amie, daughter of Edward and Agnis Cowel of Dover, 
 Edward Cowel's oldest son was Edward and youngest son was Samuel, 
 both under fourteen years of age in 1682, and Jethro Furber was their 
 guardian. Cowel had only these three children. The depositions are by 
 Abigail, widow of Benjamin York, now Abigail Meekins. Her maiden 
 name was Abigail Footman. Abraham Bennick, aged 62, Sarah Hill, daugh- 
 ter of Anthony Nutter, aged 78, and John Doe, aged 68, deposed March 8, 
 1737-8. Joseph Davis, aged 68, and Nathaniel Hill, aged 78, deposed July 
 29, 1738. 
 
 Folder No. 18164 contains an early copy of the grant of the town of 
 New Castle, signed by John Usher, the Lieutenant-Governor. 
 
 Folder No. 15454, dated about 1713, contains a deposition of Obediah 
 Mors, senior, aged 66, that in the year 1670 he was often at the house of 
 Mr. James Rawlins senior, "he being my wife's father," living at Long Reach, 
 Portsmouth. Sept. 3, 1713 Rebecca Rawlins, aged 60, daughter of James 
 Rawlins, deposed. 
 
 Folder No. 15405 contains evidence that "a tract of land known by the 
 name of Swamscut being three miles square hath been possessed by Capt. 
 Thomas Wiggin and his son Mr. Andrew Wiggin forty two years," dated 
 Nov. 8, 1701. Then deposed Bradstreet Wiggin, aged 25, Jonathan Wiggin, 
 aged 22, James Godfrey, aged 65, and Abraham Lewis, aged 42. The 
 folder contains also depositions by William Furber, aged 54, and Thomas 
 Lake, aged 53, made in 1669. Peter Coffin, aged 75, deposed Oct. 6, 1705, 
 and at same date Leonard Weeks, aged 73. 
 
 The above notes are intended simply as samples of intelligence that 
 can be gleaned from the court files of New Hampshire, in addition to the 
 bound volumes that have been indexed by names. 
 
Appendix B 
 CONSTH^UTION 
 
 OF THE 
 
 STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
Appendix B 
 
 CONSTITUTION 
 
 OF THE 
 
 STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 PART FIRST— BILL OF RIGHTS 
 
 1. Equality of men ; origin and ob- 
 
 ject of government. 
 
 2. Natural rights. 
 
 3. Society, its organization and 
 
 purposes. 
 
 4. Rights of conscience unalien- 
 
 able. 
 
 5. Religious freedom recognized. 
 
 6. Public worship of the Deity to 
 
 be encouraged ; right of elect- 
 ing religious teachers ; free 
 toleration ; existing contracts 
 not affected. 
 
 7. State sovereignty. 
 
 8. Accountability of magistrates 
 
 and officers to the people. 
 
 9. No hereditary office or place. 
 
 10. Right of revolution. 
 
 11. Elections and elective franchise. 
 
 12. Protection and taxation recip- 
 
 rocal ; private property for 
 public use. 
 
 13. Conscientiously scrupulous not 
 
 compellable to bear arms. 
 
 14. Legal remedies to be free, com- 
 
 plete and prompt. 
 
 15. Accused entitled to full and 
 
 substantial statement of 
 charge ; not obliged to furnish 
 evidence against himself ; may 
 produce proofs and be fully 
 heard, etc. 
 
 16. No person to be again tried 
 
 after an acquittal; trial by 
 jury in capital cases. 
 
 17. Criminal trials in county, ex- 
 
 cept in general insurrection. 
 
 18. Penalties to be proportioned to 
 
 offenses ; true design of pun- 
 ishment. 
 
 19. Searches and seizures regu- 
 
 lated. 
 
 20. Trial by jury in civil causes; 
 
 exceptions. 
 
 21. Only qualified persons to serve 
 
 as jurors, and to be fully 
 compensated. 
 
 22. Liberty of the press. 
 
 23. Retrospective laws prohibited. 
 
 24. Militia. 
 
 25. Standing armies. 
 
 26. Alilitary, subject to civil power. 
 
 27. Quartering of soldiers. 
 
 28. Taxes to be levied only by the 
 
 people or legislature. 
 
 29. Suspension of laws by legisla- 
 
 ture only. 
 
 30. Freedom of speech. 
 
 31. Meetings of legislature, for 
 
 what purpose. 
 
 32. Rights of assembly, instruction 
 
 and petition. 
 33- Excessive bail, fines and pun- 
 ishments prohibited. 
 
 34. Alartial law limited. 
 
 35. The judiciary; tenure of office. 
 
 36. Pensions. 
 
 37. The legislative, executive and 
 
 judicial departments to be 
 kept separate. 
 
 38. Social virtues inculcated. 
 
 PART SECOND— FORM OF GOV- 
 ERNMENT 
 
 1. Name of body politic. 
 
 2. Legislature, how constituted. 
 
 3. General Court, when to meet 
 
 and dissolve. 
 
 4. Power of general court to es- 
 
 tablish courts. 
 
 5. To make laws, elect officers, de- 
 
 fine their powers and duties, 
 impose fines, and assess taxes. 
 
 6. Valuation of estates. 
 
 7. Members of legislature not to 
 
 take fees or act as counsel. 
 
 8. Legislature to sit with open 
 
 doors. 
 
 HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 
 
 9. Representatives elected bienni- 
 
 ally; ratio of representation. 
 345 
 
346 
 
 10. Small towns may elect a pro- 
 
 portionate part of time. 
 
 11. Biennial election of represen- 
 
 tatives in November. 
 
 12. Qualifications of electors. 
 
 13. Representatives, how elected, 
 
 and qualifications of. 
 
 14. Compensation of legislature. 
 
 15. Vacancies in house, how filled. 
 
 16. House to impeach before the 
 
 senate. 
 
 17. Money bills to originate in 
 
 house. 
 
 18. Power of adjournment limited. 
 
 19. Quorum, what constitutes. 
 
 20. Privileges of members of the 
 
 legislature. 
 
 21. House to elect speaker and offi- 
 
 cers, settle rules of proceed- 
 ing, and punish misconduct. 
 
 22. Senate and executive have like 
 
 powers ; imprisonment lim- 
 ited. 
 
 23. Journal and laws to be pub- 
 
 lished; yeas and nays and 
 protests. 
 
 SENATE 
 
 24. Senate, how constituted; tenure 
 
 of office. 
 
 25. Senatorial districts, how con- 
 
 stituted. 
 
 26. Election of senators. 
 
 27. Senators, how and by whom 
 
 chosen ; right of suffrage. 
 
 28. Qualifications of senators. 
 
 29. Inhabitants defined. 
 
 30. Inhabitants of incorporated 
 
 places ; their rights, etc. 
 
 31. Biennial meetings, how warned, 
 
 governed, and conducted ; re- 
 turn of votes. 
 
 32. Governor and council to count 
 
 votes for senators and notify 
 the persons elected. 
 
 33. Vacancies in senate, how filled. 
 
 34. Senate judges of their own 
 
 elections. 
 
 35. Adjournments limited, except in 
 
 impeachment cases. 
 
 36. Senate to elect their own offi- 
 
 cers ; quorum. 
 
 37. Senate to try impeachments ; 
 
 mode of proceeding. 
 
 38. Judgment on impeachments 
 
 limited. 
 
 39. Chief justice to preside on im- 
 
 peachment of governor. 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 EXECUTIVE POWER— GOV- 
 ERNOR 
 
 0. Title of governor. 
 
 1. Election of governor; return of 
 
 votes; electors; if no choice, 
 legislature to elect one of two 
 highest candidates; qualifica- 
 tions for governor. 
 In case of disagreement, gov- 
 ernor to adjourn or prorogue 
 legislature; if infectious dis- 
 temper or other causes exist, 
 may convene them elsewhere. 
 
 Veto of governor to bills, pro- 
 visions as to. 
 
 Resolves to be treated like 
 bills. 
 
 Governor and council to nomi- 
 nate and appoint officers; 
 nomination three days before 
 appointment. 
 
 Governor and council have neg- 
 ative on each other. 
 
 Field officers to recommend, 
 and governor to appoint, com- 
 pany officers. 
 
 President of senate to act as 
 governor when office vacant. 
 
 Governor to prorogue or ad- 
 journ legislature and call ex- 
 tra sessions. 
 
 Power and duties of governor 
 as commander-in-chief ; lim- 
 itation. 
 
 Pardoning power. 
 
 Militia officers, removal of. 
 
 Staff and non-commissioned of- 
 ficers, by whom appointed. 
 
 Division of militia into bri- 
 gades, regiments, and com- 
 panies. 
 
 Money drawn from treasury 
 only by warrant of governor 
 pursuant to law. 
 
 Accounts of military stores, 
 etc., to be rendered quarterly. 
 57. Compensation of governor and 
 council. 
 
 Salary of judges. 
 
 COUNCIL 
 
 Councilors, mode of election, 
 etc. 
 
 Vacancies, how filled, if no 
 choice. 
 61. Occurring afterward; new elec- 
 tion ; governor to convene ; 
 duties. 
 
 42 
 
 43 
 
 44- 
 
 45 
 
 46 
 
 47 
 
 49 
 
 50 
 
 51- 
 52. 
 53- 
 
 54- 
 
 55 
 
 56. 
 
 58. 
 
 59- 
 60. 
 
A HISTORY 
 
 62. Impeachment of councilors. 
 
 63. Secretary to record proceed- 
 
 ings of council. 
 
 64. Councilor district provided for. 
 
 65. Elections by legislature may be 
 
 adjourned from day to day; 
 order thereof. 
 
 SECRETARY, TREASURER, 
 COMMISSARY-GENERAL. ETC. 
 
 66. Election of secretary, treasurer, 
 
 and commissary-general. 
 
 67. State records, where kept ; duty 
 
 of secretary. 
 
 68. Deputy secretary. 
 
 69. Secretary to give bond. 
 
 COUNTY TREASURERS, ETC. 
 
 70. County treasurers and regis- 
 
 ters of probate, solicitors, 
 sheriffs, and registers of 
 deeds elected. 
 
 71. Counties may be divided into 
 
 districts for registering deeds. 
 
 JUDICIARY POWER 
 
 72. Tenure of office to be expressed 
 
 in commissions; judges to 
 hold office during good be- 
 havior, etc. ; removable by ad- 
 dress. 
 "]},. Judges to give opinions, when. 
 
 74. Justices of the peace commis- 
 
 sioned for five years. 
 
 75. Divorces and appeals, where 
 
 tried. 
 
 76. Jurisdiction of justices in civil 
 
 causes. 
 
 77. Judges and sheriffs, when dis- 
 
 qualified by age. 
 
 78. Judges and justices not to act 
 
 as counsel. 
 
 79. Jurisdiction and terms of pro- 
 
 bate courts. 
 
 347 
 
 80. Judges and registers of probate 
 
 not to act as counsel. 
 
 CLERKS OF COURTS 
 
 81. Clerks of courts, by whom ap- 
 
 pointed. 
 
 ENCOURAGEMENT OF LITERA- 
 TURE, ETC. 
 
 ^2. Encouragement of literature, 
 etc. 
 
 OATHS AND SUBSCRIPTIONS, 
 
 EXCLUSION FROM OFFICE, 
 
 ETC. 
 
 83. Oath of civil officers. 
 
 84. Before whom taken. 
 
 85. Form of commissions. 
 
 86. Form of writs. 
 
 87. Form of indictments, etc. 
 
 88. Suicides and deodands. 
 
 89. Existing laws to continue in 
 
 force, if not repugnant to 
 constitution. 
 
 90. Habeas corpus. 
 
 91. Enacting style of statutes. 
 
 92. Governor and judges prohib- 
 
 ited from holding other of- 
 fices. 
 
 93. Incompatibility of offices; only 
 
 two offices of profit to be 
 holden at same time. 
 
 94. Incompatibility of certain of- 
 
 fices. 
 
 95. Bribery and corruption dis- 
 
 qualify for office. 
 
 96. Value of money, how computed. 
 
 97. Constitution, when to take ef- 
 
 fect. 
 
 98. Revision of constitution pro- 
 
 vided for. 
 
 99. Question on revision to be tak- 
 
 en every seven years. 
 100. Enrollment of constitution. 
 
 STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 Part First 
 
 BILL OF RIGHTS 
 
 Article i. All men are born equally free and independent; therefore 
 all government of right originates from the people, is founded in consent 
 and instituted for the general good. * 
 
 Art. 2. All men have certain natural, essential, and inherent rights^ 
 
348 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 among which are the enjoying and defending life and liberty, acquiring, 
 possessing and protecting property, and, in a word, of seeking and obtaining 
 happiness. 
 
 Art. 3. When men enter into a state of society they surrender up some 
 of their natural rights to that society in order to insure the protection of 
 others ; and, without such an equivalent, the surrender is void. 
 
 Art. 4. Among the natural rights, some are in their very nature un- 
 alienable, because no equivalent can be given or received for them. Of this 
 kind are the rights of conscience. 
 
 Art. 5. Every individual has a natural and unalienable right to worship 
 God according to the dictates of his own conscience and reason ; and no 
 subject shall be hurt, molested or restrained, in his person, liberty or estate, 
 for worshiping God in the manner and season most agreeable to the dictates 
 of his own conscience, or for his religious profession, sentiments or per- 
 suasion, provided he doth not disturb the public peace or disturb others in 
 their religious worship. 
 
 Art. 6. As morality and piety, rightly grounded on evangelical prin- 
 ciples, will give the best and greatest security to government, and will lay 
 in the hearts of men the strongest obligations to due subjection, and as the 
 knowledge of these is most likely to be propagated through a society by the 
 institution of the public worship of the Diety and of public instruction in 
 morality and religion, therefore, to promote these important purposes, the 
 people of this state have a right to empower, and do hereby fully empower, 
 the legislature to authorize, from time to time, the several towns, parishes, 
 bodies corporate, or religious societies within this state to make adequate 
 provision, at their own expense, for the support and maintenance of public 
 Protestant teachers of piety, religion, and morality. Provided, notwithstand- 
 ing, that the several towns, parishes, bodies corporate or religious societies 
 shall at all times have the exclusive right of electing their own public 
 teachers, and of contracting with them for their support and maintenance. 
 And no person of any one particular religious sect or denomination shall 
 ever be compelled to pay towards the support of the teacher or teachers of 
 another persuasion, sect or denomination. And every denomination of 
 Christians, demeaning themselves quietly and as good subjects of the state, 
 shall be equally under the protection of the law ; and no subordination of any 
 one sect or denomination to another shall ever be established by law. 
 And nothing herein shall be understood to affect any former contracts made 
 for the support of the ministry; but all such contracts shall remain and be 
 in the same state as if this constitution had not been made. 
 
 Art. 7. The people of this state have the sole and exclusive right of 
 governing themselves as a free, sovereign, and independent state, and do, 
 and forever hereafter shall, exercise and enjoy every power, jurisdiction, 
 and right pertaining thereto which is not or may not hereafter be by them 
 expressly delegated to the United States of America in congress assembled. 
 
 Art. 8. All power residing originally in, and being derived from, the 
 people, all the magistrates and officers of government are their substitutes 
 and agents, and at all times accountable to them. 
 
 Art. 9. No office or place whatsoever in government shall be hereditary, 
 the abilities and integrity requisite in all not being transmissible to posterity 
 or relations. 
 
 Art. id. Government being instituted for the common benefit, protec- 
 tion, and security of the whole community, and not for the private interest 
 or emolument of any one man, family, or class of men, therefore, whenever 
 the ends of government are perverted and public liberty manifestly endan- 
 gered, and all other means of redress are ineffectual, the people may, and of 
 right ought to, reform the old or establish a new government. The doctrine 
 of non-resistance against arbitrary power and oppression is absurd, slavish, 
 and destructive of the good and happiness of mankind. 
 
A HISTORY 349 
 
 Art. II. All elections ought to be free; and every inhabitant of the 
 state, having the proper qualifications, has equal right to elect and be elected 
 into office; but no person shall have the right to vote, or be eligible to office 
 under the constitution of this state, who shall not be able to read the 
 constitution in the English language, and to write, provided hoivevcr, that 
 this provision shall not apply to any person prevented by a physical disability 
 from complying with its requisitions, nor to any person who now has the 
 right to vote, nor to any person who shall be sixty years of age or upwards 
 on the first day of January, A. D., 1904, and provided furtJier, that no person 
 shall have the right to vote, or be eligible to office under the constitution of 
 this state who shall have been convicted of treason, bribery, or any willful 
 violation of the election laws of this state or of the United States; but the 
 Supreme Court may, on notice to the attorney general restore the privileges 
 of an elector to any person who may have forfeited them by conviction of 
 such offenses. 
 
 Art. 12. Every member of the community has a right to be protected 
 by it in the enjoyment of his life, liberty and property. He is, therefore, 
 bound to contribute his share in the expense of such protection, and to 
 yield his personal service, when necessary, or an equivalent. But no part of 
 a man's property shall be taken from him or applied to public uses without 
 his own consent or that of the representative body of the people. Nor are 
 the inhabitants of this state controllable by any other laws than those to 
 which they or their representative body have given their consent. 
 
 Art. 13. No person who is conscientiously scrupulous about the law- 
 fulness of bearing arms shall be compelled thereto, provided he will pay an 
 equivalent. 
 
 Art. 14. Every subject of this state is entitled to a certain remedy, by 
 having recourse to the laws, for all injuries he may receive in his person, 
 property or character; to obtain right and justice freely, without being 
 obliged to purchase it ; completely and without any denial ; promptly, and 
 without delay; conformably to the laws. 
 
 Art. 15. No subject shall be held to answer for any crime or offense 
 antil the same is fully and plainly, substantially and formally, described to 
 him, or be compelled to accuse or furnish evidence against himself. And 
 every subject shall have a right to produce all proofs that may be favorable 
 to himself, to meet the vvitnesses against him face to face, and to be fully 
 heard in his defense by himself and counsel. And no subject shall be 
 arrested, imprisoned, despoiled, or deprived of his property, immunities, or 
 privileges, put out of the protection of the law, exiled or deprived of his 
 life, liberty, or estate, but by the judgment of his peers or the law of the 
 land. 
 
 Art. 16. No subject shall be liable to be tried, after an acquittal, for 
 the same crime or offense ; nor shall the legislature make any law that shall 
 subject any person to a capital punishment (excepting for the government 
 of the army and navy, and the militia in actual service) without trial by 
 
 Art. 17. In criminal prosecutions, the trial of facts in the vicinity 
 where they happen is so essential to the security of the life, liberty, and 
 estate of the citizen, that no crime or offense ought to be tried in any other 
 county than that in which it is committed, except in cases of general insur- 
 rection in any particular county, when it shall appear 10 the judges of the 
 superior court that an impartial trial cannot be had in the county where 
 the offense may be committed, and, upon their report, the legislature 
 shall think proper to direct the trial in the nearest county in which an 
 impartial trial can be obtained. 
 
 Art. 18. All penalties ought to be proportioned to the nature of the 
 offense. No wise legislature will affix the same punishment to the crimes of 
 theft, forgery, and the like, which they do to those of murder and treason. 
 
350 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 Where the same undistinguishing severity is exerted against all offenses, the 
 people are led to forget the real distinction in the crimes themselvs and to 
 commit the most flagrant with as little compunction as they do the lightest 
 offenses. For the same reason, a multitude of sanguinary laws is both 
 impolitic and unjust, the true design of all punishments being to reform, not 
 to exterminate, mankind. 
 
 Art. 19. Every subject hath a right to be secure from all unreasonable 
 searches and seizures of his person, his houses, his papers, and all his pos- 
 sessions. Therefore, all warrants to search suspected places or arrest a 
 person for examination or trial, in prosecutions for criminal matters, are 
 contrary to this right, if the cause or foundation of them be not previously 
 supported by oath or affirmation, and if the order, in a warrant to a civil 
 officer, to make search in suspected places or to arrest one or more suspected 
 persons or to seize their property, be not accompanied with a special desig- 
 nation of the person or object of search, arrest, or seizure: and no warrant 
 ought to be issued but in cases and with the formalities prescribed by law. 
 Art. 20. In all controversies concerning property and in all suits be- 
 tween two or more persons, except in cases in which it has been heretofore 
 otherwise used and practiced, and except in cases in which the value in 
 controversy does not exceed one hundred dollars and title of real estate is 
 not concerned, the parties have a right to trial by jury; and this method of 
 procedure shall be held sacred, unless, in cases arising on the high seas and 
 such as relate to mariners' wages, the legislature shall think it necessary 
 hereafter to alter it. 
 
 Art. 21. In order to reap the fullest advantage of the inestimable 
 privilege of trial by jury, great care ought to be taken that none but qualified 
 persons should be appointed to serve ; and such ought to be fully compen- 
 sated for their travel, time, and attendance. 
 
 Art. 22. The liberty of the press is essential to the security of freedom 
 in a state; it ought, therefore, to be inviolably preserved. 
 
 Art. 23. Retrospective laws are highly injurious, oppressive, and unjust. 
 No such laws, therefore, should be made either for the decision of civil 
 causes or the punishment 'of offenses. 
 
 Art. 24. A well-regulated militia is the proper, natural, and sure 
 defense of a state. 
 
 Art. 25. Standing armies are dangerous to liberty, and ought not to 
 be raised or kept up without the consent of the legislature. 
 
 Art. 26. In all cases and at all times, the military ought to be under 
 strict subordination to, and governed by, the civil power. 
 
 Art. 27. No soldier, in time of peace, shall be quartered in any house 
 without the consent of the owner ; and, in time of war, such quarters ought 
 not to be made but by the civil magistrate, in a manner ordained by the 
 legislature. 
 
 Art. 28. No subsidy, charge, tax, impost, or duty shall be estal)lished, 
 fixed, laid, or levied, under any pretext whatsoever, without the consent of 
 the people or their representatives in the legislature, or authority derived 
 from that body. 
 
 Art. 29. The power of suspending the laws or the execution of them 
 ought never to be exercised but by the legislature, or by authority derived 
 therefrom, to be exercised in such particular cases only as the legislature 
 shall expressly provide for. 
 
 Art. 30. The freedom of deliberation, speeech, and debate in either 
 house of the legislature is so essential to the rights of the people, that it 
 cannot be the foundation of any action, complaint, or prosecution in any 
 other court or place whatsoever. 
 
 Art. 31. The legislature shall assemble for the redress of public griev- 
 ances and for making such laws as the public good may require. 
 
 Art. 32. The people have a right, in an orderly and peaceable manner, 
 
A HISTORY 351 
 
 to assemble and consult upon the common good, give instructions to their 
 representatives, and to request of the legislative body, by way of petition 
 or remonstrance, redress of the wrongs done them, and of the grievances 
 they suffer. 
 
 Art. t,^. No magistrate or court of law shall demand excessive bail or 
 sureties, impose excessive fines or inflict cruel or unusual punishments. 
 
 Art. 34. No person can in any case be subjected to law martial or to 
 any pains or penalties by virtue of that law, except those employed in the 
 army or navy, and except the militia in actual service, but by authority of 
 the legislature. 
 
 Art. 3=;. It is essential to the preservation of the rights of every in- 
 dividual, his life, liberty, property, and character, that there be an impartial 
 interpretation of the laws and administration of justice. It is the right of 
 every citizen to be tried by judges as impartial as the lot of humanity will 
 admit. It is, therefore, not only the best policy, but for the security of the 
 rights of the people, that the judges of the supreme judicial court should 
 hold their offices so long as they behave well, subject, however, to such 
 limitations on account of age as may be provided by the constitution of the 
 state ; and that they should have honorable salaries, ascertained and estab- 
 lished by standing laws. 
 
 Art. 36. Economy being a most essential virtue in all states, especially 
 in a young one, no pension should be granted but in consideration of actual 
 services ; and such pensions ought to be granted with great caution by the 
 legislature, and never for more than one year at a time. 
 
 Art. ;i7. In the government of this state, the three essential powers 
 thereof — to wit, the legislative, executive, and judicial — ought 10 be kept as 
 separate from, and independent of, each other as the nature of a free 
 government will admit or as is consistent with that chain of connection that 
 binds the whole fabric of the constitution in one indissoluble bond of union 
 and amity. 
 
 Art. 38. A frequent recurrence to the fundamental principles of the 
 constitution and a constant adherence to justice, moderation, temperance, in- 
 dustry, frugality, and all the social virtues, are indispensably necessary to 
 preserve the blessings of liberty and good government. The people, ought, 
 therefore, to have a particular regard to all those principles in the choice of 
 their officers and representatives ; and they have a right to require of their 
 lawgivers and magistrates an exact and constant observance of them in the 
 formation and execution of the laws necessary for the good administration 
 of government. 
 
 Part Second 
 
 FORM OF GOVERNMENT 
 
 Article i. The people inhabiting the territory formerly called The 
 Province of New Hampshire do hereby solemnly and mutually agree with 
 each other to form themselves into a free, sovereign, and independent body 
 politic, or state, by the name of The State of New Hampshire. 
 
 GENERAL COURT 
 
 Art. 2. The supreme legislative power wathin this state shall be vested 
 in the senate and house of representatives, each of which shall have a 
 negative on the other. 
 
 Art. 3. The senate and house shall assemble biennially, on the first 
 Wednesday of January and at such other times as they may judge necessary, 
 and shall dissolve and be dissolved seven days next preceding the said first 
 Wednesday of January biennially, and shall be styled The General Court 
 OF New Hampshire. 
 
352 " NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 Art. 4. The general court shall forever have full power and authority 
 to erect and constitute judicatories and courts of record or other courts, 
 to be holden in the name of the state, for the hearing, trying, and determining 
 all manner of crimes, offenses, pleas, processes, plaints, actions, causes, 
 matters, and things whatsoever, arising or happening within this state, or 
 between or concerning persons inhabiting, or residing, or brought within 
 the same, or whether the same be criminal or civil, or whether the crimes 
 be capital or not capital, and whether the said pleas be real, personal, or 
 mixed, and for the awarding and issuing execution thereon ; to which courts 
 and judicatories are hereby given and granted full power and authority, from 
 time to time, to administer oaths or affirmations for the better discovery of 
 truth in any matter in controversy or depending before them. 
 
 Art. 5. And, further, full power and authority are hereby given and 
 granted to the said general court, from time to time to make, ordain, and 
 establish all manner of wholesome and reasonable orders, laws, statutes, 
 ordinances, directions, and instructions, either with penalties or without, so 
 as the same be not repugnant or contrary to this constitution, as they may 
 judge for the benefit and welfare of this state and for the governing and 
 ordering thereof and of the subjects of the same, for the necessary support 
 and defense of the government thereof; and to name and settle biennially, 
 or provide by fixed laws for the naming and settling all civil officers within 
 this state, such officers excepted the election and appointment of whom are 
 hereafter in this form of government otherwise provided for; and to set 
 forth the several duties, powers, and limits of the several civil and military 
 officers of this state, and the forms of such oaths or affirmations as shall 
 be respectively administered unto them for the execution of their several 
 offices and places, so as the same be not repugnant or contrary to this con- 
 stitution; and. also, to impose fines, mulcts, imprisonments, and other punish- 
 ments; and to impose and levy proportional and reasonable assessments, 
 rates, and taxes upon all the inhabitants of, and residents within, the said 
 state,' and upon all estates within the same, to be issued and disposed of by 
 warrant, under the hand of the governor of this state for the time being, 
 with the advice and consent of the council, for the public service, in the 
 necessary defense and support of the government of this state and the pro- 
 tection and preservation of the subjects thereof, according to such acts as 
 are or shall be in force within the same. Provided, that the general court 
 shall not authorize any town to loan or give its money or credit, directly or 
 indirectly, for the benefit of any corporation having for its object a dividend 
 of profits, or in any way aid the same by taking its stock or bonds. 
 
 Art. 6. The public charges of government or any part thereof may be 
 raised by taxation upon polls, estates, and other classes of property, including 
 franchises and property when passing by will or inheritance; and there 
 shall be a valuation of the estates within the state taken anew once in every 
 five years, at least, and as much oftener as the general court shall order. 
 
 Art. 7. No member of the general court shall take fees, be of counsel 
 or act as advocate in anv cause before either branch of the legislature; 
 and, upon due proof thereof, such member shall forfeit his seat in the 
 
 legislature. , , ^ , , • , . ,t 
 
 Art. 8. The doors of the galleries of each house of the legislature shall 
 be kept open to all persons who behave decently, except when the welfare 
 of the state, in the opinion of either branch, shall require secrecy. 
 
 HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 
 
 Art. 9. There shall be, in the legislature of this state, a representation 
 of the people, biennially elected, and founded upon principles of equality, and, 
 in order that such representation may be as equal as circumstances will admit, 
 every town or place entitled to town privileges, and wards of cities having 
 six hundred inhabitants bv the last general census of the state, taken by 
 
A HISTORY 
 
 353 
 
 authority of the United States, or of this state, may elect one representative; 
 if eighteen hundred such inhabitants, may elect two representatives ; and so 
 proceeding in that proportion, making twelve hundred such inhabitants the 
 mean increasing number for any additional representative; provided, that 
 no town shall be divided or the boundaries of the wards of any city so 
 altered as to increase the number of representatives to which such town or 
 city may be entitled by the next preceding census ; and provided, further, 
 that, to those towns and cities which since the last census have been divided 
 or had their boundaries or ward lines changed, the general court, in ses- 
 sion next before these amendments shall take effect, shall equitably appor- 
 tion representation in such manner that the number shall not be greater than 
 it would have been had no such division or alteration been made. 
 
 Art. id. \\ henever any town, place, or city ward shall have less than 
 six hundred such inhabitants, the general court shall authorize such towns, 
 place or ward to elect and send to the general court a representative such 
 proportionate part of the time as the number of its inhabitants shall bear to 
 six hundred; but the general court shall not authorize any such town, place 
 or ward to elect and send such representative, except as herein provided. 
 
 Art. II. The members of the house of representatives shall be chosen 
 biennially, in the month of November, and shall be the second branch of 
 the legislature. 
 
 Art. 12. All persons qualified to vote in the election of senators shall 
 be entitled to vote, within the district where they dwell, in the choice of 
 representatives. 
 
 Art. 13. Every member of the house of representatives shall be chosen 
 by ballot, and, for two years, at least, next preceding his election, shall have 
 been an inhabitant of "this state; shall be, at the time of his election, an 
 inhabitant of the town, parish, or place he may be chosen to represent ; and 
 shall cease to represent such town, parish, or place immediately on his ceas- 
 ing to be qualified as aforesaid. 
 
 Art. 14. The presiding officers of both houses of the legislature shall 
 severally receive out of the state treasury as compensation in full for their 
 services, for the term elected, the sum of two hundred and fifty dollars, 
 and all other members thereof seasonably attending and not departing with- 
 out license, the sum of two hundred dollars, exclusive of mileage ; provided, 
 however, that when a special session shall be called by the governor, such 
 officers and members shall receive for attendance an additional compensa- 
 tion of three dollars per day for a period not exceeding fifteen days, and 
 the usual mileage. 
 
 Art. 15. All intermediate vacancies in the house of representatives may 
 be filled up from time to time in the same manner as biennial elections are 
 made. 
 
 Art. 16. The house of representatives shall be the grand inquest of the 
 state, and all impeachments made by them shall be heard and tried by the 
 senate. 
 
 Art. 17. All money bills shall originate in the house of representatives, 
 but the senate may propose or concur with amendments, as on other bills. 
 Art. 18. The house of representatives shall have power to adjourn 
 themselves, but no longer than two days at a time. 
 
 Art. 19. A majority of the members of the house of representatives 
 shall be a quorum for doing business, but, when less than two thirds of the 
 representatives elected shall be present, the assent of two thirds of those 
 members shall be necessary to render their acts and proceedings valid. 
 
 Art. 20. No member of the house of representatives or senate shall be 
 arrested or held to bail on mesne process during his going to, returning 
 from, or attendance upon, the court. 
 
 Art. 21. The house of representatives shall choose their own speaker, 
 appoint their own officers, and settle the rules of proceedings in their own 
 
354 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 house, and shall be judge of the returns, elections, and qualifications of 
 its members, as pointed out in this constitution. They shall have authority 
 to punish by imprisonment every person who shall be guilty of disrespect 
 to the house, in its presence, by any disorderly and contemptuous behavior, 
 or by threatening or ill treating any of its members, or by obstructing its 
 deliberations ; every person guilty of a breach of its privileges in making 
 arrests for debt, or by assaulting any member during his attendance at any 
 session ; in assaulting or disturbing anj"^ one of its officers in the execution 
 of any order or procedure of the house; in assaulting any witness or other 
 person ordered to attend by, and during his attendance of, the house, or 
 in rescuing any person arrested by order of the house, knowing them to be 
 such. 
 
 Art. 22. The senate, governor, and council shall have the same powers 
 in like cases, provided, that no imprisonment by either for any offense 
 exceed ten days. 
 
 Art. 23. The journals of the proceedings and all public acts of both 
 houses of the legislature shall be printed and published immediately after 
 every adjournment of prorogation, and, upon motion made by any one mem- 
 ber, the yeas and nays upon any question shall be entered on the journal, 
 and any member of the senate or house of representatives shall have a right, 
 on motion made at the time for that purpose, to have his protest or dissent, 
 with the reasons, against any vote, resolve, or bill passed, entered on the 
 journal. 
 
 SENATE 
 
 Art. 24. The senate shall consist of twenty-four members, who shall 
 hold their office for two years from the first Wednesday of January next 
 ensuing their election. 
 
 Art. 25. And, that the state may be equally represented in the senate, 
 the legislature shall, from time to time, divide the state into twenty-four 
 districts, as nearly equal as may be without dividing towns and unincor- 
 porated places ; and, in making this division, they shall govern themselves 
 by the proportion of direct taxes paid by the said districts, and timely make 
 known to the inhabitants of the state the limits of each district. 
 
 Art. 26. The free holders and other inhabitants of each district quali- 
 fied as in this constitution is provided, shall biennially give in their votes 
 for a senator at some meeting holden in the month of iN'ovcmber. 
 
 Art. 27. The senate shall be the first branch of the legislature, and 
 the senators shall be chosen in the following manner, viz. : Every male in- 
 habitant of each town, and parish with town privileges, and places unin- 
 corporated, in this state, of twenty-one years of age and upward, excepting 
 paupers and persons excused from paying taxes at their own request, shall 
 have a right at the biennial or other meetings of the inhabitants of said 
 towns and parishes, to be duly warned and holden biennially, forever, in 
 the month of November, to vote, in the town or parish wherein he dwells, 
 for the senator in the district whereof he is a member. 
 
 Art. 28. Provided, nevertheless, that no person shall be capable of 
 being elected a senator who is not of the age of thirty years, and who shall 
 not have been an inhabitant of this state for seven years immediately pre- 
 ceding his election ; and, at the time thereof, he shall be an inhabitant of this 
 state for seven years immediately preceding his election; and, at the time 
 thereof, he shall be an inhabitant of the district for which he shall be 
 chosen. 
 
 Art. 29. And every person qualified as the constitution provides shall 
 be considered an inhabitant, for the purpose of electing and being elected 
 into any office or place within this state, in the town, parish, and plantation 
 where he dwelleth and hath his home. 
 
 Art. 30. And the inhabitants of plantations and places unincorporated, 
 
A HISTORY 355 
 
 qualified as this constitution provides, who are or shall be required to assess 
 taxes upon themselves towards the support of government, or shall be taxed 
 therefor, shall have the same privilege of voting for senators, in the planta- 
 tions and places wherein they reside, as the inhabitants of the respective 
 towns and parishes aforesaid have. And the meetings of such plantations 
 and places, for that purpose, shall be holden biennially in the month of 
 November, at such peaces respectively therein as the assessors thereof shall 
 direct ; which assessors shall have like authority for notifying the electors, 
 collecting and returning the votes, as the selectmen and town clerks have 
 in their several towns by this constitution. 
 
 Art. 31. The meetings for the choice of governor, council, and senators 
 shall be warned by warrant from the selectmen, and governed by a mod- 
 erator, who shall, in the presence of the selectmen (whose duty it shall be 
 to attend), in open meeting, receive the votes of all the inhabitants of such 
 towns and parishes present and qualified to vote for senators ; and shall, in 
 said meetings, in presence of the said selectmen and of the town clerk in 
 said meetings, sort and count the said votes, and make a public declaration 
 thereof, with the name of every person voted for and the number of votes 
 for each person ; and the town clerk shall make a fair record of the same, at 
 large, in the town book, and shall make out a fair attested copy thereof, to 
 be by him sealed up and directed to the secretary of the state, with a super- 
 scription expressing the purport thereof ; and the said town clerk shall cause 
 such attested copy to be delivered to the sheriff of the countv in which said 
 town or parish shall He thirty days, at least, before the first Wednesday of 
 January, or to the secretary of the state at least twenty days before the said 
 first Wednesday of January; and the sheriff of each county or his deputy 
 shall deliver all such certificates by him received into the secretary's office at 
 least twenty days before the first Wednesday of January. 
 
 Art. 2)^. And, that there may be a due meeting of senators on the first 
 Wednesdav of January, bienniallv the governor and a majority of the council 
 for the time being shall, as soon as may be, examine the returned copies of 
 such records, and, fourteen days before the first Wednesday of January, 
 he shall issue his summons to such persons as appear to be chosen senators 
 by a plurality of votes to attend and take their seats on that day : provided, 
 nevertJielcss, that, for the first year, the said returned copies shall be ex- 
 amined by the president and a majority of the council then in office; and the 
 said president shall, in like manner, notify the persons elected to attend 
 and take their seats accordingly. 
 
 Art. 2i2>- And in case there shall not appear to be a senator elected by 
 a plurality of votes for any district, the deficiency shall be supplied in the 
 following manner, viz. : the members of the house of representatives and 
 such senators as shall be declared elected shall take the names of the two 
 persons having the highest number of votes in the district, and out of them 
 shall elect, by joint ballot, the senator wanted for such district; and, in 
 this manner, all such vacancies shall be filled up in every district of the 
 state ; all vacancies in the senate arising by death, removal out of the state, 
 or otherwise, except from failure to elect, shall be filled by a new election 
 by the people of the district, upon the requisition of the governor, as soon as 
 may be after such vacancies shall happen. 
 
 Art. 34. The senate shall be final judges of the elections, returns and 
 qualifications of their own members, as pointed out in this constitution. 
 
 Art. 35. The senate shall have power to adjourn themselves, provided 
 such adjournment do not exceed two days at a time; provided, nevertheless, 
 that, whenever they shall sit on the trial of any impeachment, they may 
 adjourn to such time and place as they may think proper, although the 
 legislature be not assembled on such day or at such place. 
 
 Art. 36. The senate shall appoint their president and other officers, and 
 determine their own rules of proceedings. And not less than thirteen mem- 
 
356 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 bers of the senate shall make a quorum for doing business; and. when less 
 than sixteen senators shall be present, the assent of ten, at least, shall be 
 necessary to render their acts and proceedings valid. 
 
 Art. y]. The senate shall be a court, with full power and authority to 
 hear, try and determine all impeachments made by the house of representatives 
 against any officer or officers of the state, for bribery, corruption, malpractice 
 or maladministration in office, with full power to issue summons or compulsory 
 process for convening witnesses before them; but, previous to the trial of 
 any such impeachment, the members of the senate shall respectively be 
 sworn truly and impartially to try and determine the charge in question 
 according to evidence. And every officer impeached for bribery, corruption, 
 malpractice or maladministration in office shall be served with an attested 
 copy of the impeachment and order of senate thereon, with such citation 
 as the senate may direct, setting forth the time and place of their sitting 
 to try the impeachment ; which service shall be made by the sheriff or such 
 other sworn officer as the senate mav appoint, at least fourteen days previous 
 to the time of trial ; and, such citation being duly served and returned, the 
 senate may proceed in the hearing of the impeachment, giving the person 
 impeached, if he shall appear, full liberty of producing witnesses and proofs 
 and of making his defense by himself and counsel ; and may also, upon his 
 refusing or neglecting to appear, hear the proofs in support of the impeach- 
 ment, and render judgment thereon, his non-appearance notw-ithstanding ; 
 and such judgment shall have the same force and effect as if the person 
 impeached had appeared and pleaded in the trial. 
 
 Art. 38. Their judgment, however, shall not extend further than removal 
 from office, disqualification to hold or enjoy any place of honor, trust or 
 profit under this state; but the party so convicted shall, nevertheless, be 
 liable to indictment, trial, judgment and punishment, according to the laws 
 of the land. 
 
 Art. 39. Whenever the governor shall be impeached, the chief justice 
 of the supreme judicial court shall, during the trial, preside in the senate, 
 but have no vote therein. 
 
 EXECUTIVE POWER — GOVERNOR 
 
 Art. 40. There shall be a supreme executive magistrate, who shall be 
 styled Governor of the State of New Hampshire, and whose title shall be 
 His Excellency. 
 
 Art. 41. The governor shall be chosen biennially in the month of 
 November, and the votes for governor shall be received, sorted, counted, 
 certified and returned in the same manner as the votes for senators; and 
 the secretary shall lay the same before the senate and house of representa- 
 tives on the' first Wednesday of January, to be by them examined; and, in 
 case of an election by a plurality of votes through the state, the choice shall 
 be by them declared and published ; and the qualifications of electors of the 
 governor shall be the same as those for senators; and, if no person shall 
 have a plurality of votes, the senate and house of representatives shall, by 
 a joint ballot, elect one of the two persons having the highest number of 
 votes, who shall be declared governor. And no person shall be eligible to 
 this office unless, at the time of his election, he shall have been an inhabitant 
 of this state for seven years next preceding, and unless he shall be of the 
 age of thirty years. 
 
 Art. 42. In cases of disagreement between the two houses with regard 
 to the time or place of adjournment or prorogation, the governor, with 
 advice of council, shall have the right to adjourn or prorogue the general 
 court, not exceeding ninety days at any one time, as he may determine the 
 public good may require; and he shall dissolve the same seven days before 
 the said first Wednesday of January. And, in case of any infectious dis- 
 temper prevailing in the place where the said court at any time is to con- 
 
A HISTORY • 357 
 
 vene, or any other cause whereby dangers may arise to the health or lives 
 of the members from their attendance the governor may direct the session 
 to be holden at some other, the most convenient, place within the state. 
 
 Art. 43. Every bill which shall have passed both houses of the general 
 court shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the governor; if he 
 approves, he shall sign it. but if not, he shall return it. with his objections, 
 to that house in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections 
 at large on their journal and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such re- 
 consideration, Uvo thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall 
 be sent, together with such objections, to the other house, by which it shall 
 likewise be reconsidered: and, if approved by two thirds of that house, it 
 shall become a law. But. in all such cases, the votes of both houses shall 
 be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for 
 or against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house respectively. 
 If any bill shall not be returned by the governor within five days (Sundays 
 excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law 
 in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the legislature, by their adjourn- 
 ment, prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. 
 
 Art. 44. Every resolve shall be presented to the governor, and, before 
 the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or, being disapproved 
 by him, shall be repassed by the senate and house of representatives, accord- 
 ing to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. 
 
 Art. 45. All judicial officers, the attorney-general, coroners, and all 
 officers of the navy and general and field officers of the militia, shall be 
 nominated and appointed by the governor and council ; and every such 
 nomination shall be made at least three days prior to such appointment ; and 
 no appointment shall take place unless a majority of the council agree thereto. 
 Art. 46. The governor and council shall have a negative on each other, 
 both in the norninations and appointments. Every nomination and appoint- 
 ment shall be signed by the governor and council, and every negative shall 
 be also signed by the governor or council who made the same. 
 
 Art. 47. The captains and subalterns in the respective regiments shall 
 be nominated and recommended by the field officers to the governor, who 
 is to issue their commissions immediately on receipt of such recommenda- 
 tion ; f>rovidcd, that no person shall be so nominated and recommended until 
 he shall have been examined and found duly qualified by an examining 
 board appointed by the governor. 
 
 Art. 48. Whenever the chair of the governor shall become vacant, by 
 reason of his death, absence from the state, or otherwise, the president of 
 the senate shall, during such vacancy, have, and exercise all the powers and 
 authorities, which, by this constitution, the governor is vested with when 
 personally present ; but, when the president of the senate shall exercise the 
 office of governor, he shall not hold his office in the senate. Whenever the 
 chair both of the governor and of the president of the senate shall become 
 vacant, by reason of their death, absence from the state or otherwise, the 
 speaker of the house shall, during such vacancies, have and exercise all the 
 powers and authorities which, by this constitution, the governor is vested 
 with when personally present ; but when the speaker of the house shall 
 exercise the office of governor, he shall not hold his office in the house. 
 
 Art. 49. The governor, with advice of council, shall have full power 
 and authority, in recess of the general court, to prorogue the same from 
 time to time, not exceeding ninety days in any one recess of said court; and, 
 during the sessions of said court, to adjourn or prorogue it to any time the 
 two houses may desire; and to call it together sooner than the time to 
 which it may be adjourned or prorogued, if the welfare of the state should 
 require the same. 
 
 Art. 50. The governor of this state, for the time being, shall be com- 
 mander-in-chief of the army and navy and all the military forces of the 
 
LS8 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 state by sea and land : and shall have full power, by himself or by any chief 
 commander or other officer or officers, from time to time to train, instruct, 
 exercise, and govern the militia and navy; and for the special defense and 
 safety of this state, to assemble in martial array and put in warlike posture 
 the inhabitants thereof and to lead and conduct them, and with them to 
 encounter, repulse, repel, resist, and pursue by force of arms, as well by 
 sea as by land, within and without the limits of this state ; and also to kdl, 
 slay, destroy, if necessary, and conquer, by all fitting ways, enterprise, and 
 means all and every such person and persons as shall at any time hereafter, 
 in a hostile manner, attempt or enterprise the destruction, invasion, detri- 
 ment or annoyance of this state: and to use and exercise over the army and 
 navy and over the militia in actual service the law martial, in time of war, 
 invasion, and also in rebellion declared by the legislature to exist, as occasion 
 shall necessarilv require ; and surprise, by all ways and means whatsoever, 
 all and every such person or persons, with their ships, arms, ammunition, and 
 other goods, as shall, in a hostile manner, invade, or attempt the invading, 
 conquering, or annoying this state- and, in fine, the governor hereby is in- 
 trusted with all other powers incident to the office of captain-general and 
 commander-in-chief and admiral, to be exercised agreeably to the rules and 
 regulations of the constitution and laws of the land, provided, that the 
 governor shall not at any time hereafter, by virtue of any power by this 
 constitution granted, or hereafter to be granted to him by the legislature, 
 transport any of the inhabitants of this state or oblige them to march out 
 of the limits of the same without their free and voluntary consent or the 
 consent of the general court, nor grant commissions for exercising the law 
 martial in any case without the advice and consent of the council. 
 
 Art. 51. The power of pardoning offenses, except such as persons 
 may be convicted of before the senate, by impeachment of the house, shall 
 be in the governor, by and with the advice of council ; but no charter of 
 pardon, granted by the governor with advice of council, before conviction, 
 shall avail the party pleading the same, notwithstanding any general or 
 particular expressions contained therein, descriptive of the offense or of- 
 fenses intended to be pardoned. 
 
 Art. 52. No officer, duly commissioned to command in the militia, shall 
 be removed from his oflice but by the address of both houses to the governor 
 or by fair trial in court martial pursuant to the laws of the state for the 
 time being. 
 
 Art. 53. The commanding officers of the regiments shall appoint their 
 adjutants and quartermasters; the brigadiers, their brigade-majors; the 
 major-generals, their aids; the captains and subalterns, their non-commis- 
 sioned officers. 
 
 Art. 54. The division of the militia into brigades, regiments and com- 
 panies, made in pursuance of the militia laws nov/ in force, sliall lie con- 
 sidered as the proper division of the militia of this state, until the same 
 shall be altered by some future law. 
 
 Art. 55. No monies shall be issued out of the treasury of this state 
 and disposed of (except such sums as may be appropriated for the redemp- 
 tion of bills of credit or treasurer's notes or for the payment of interest 
 arising thereon) but by warrant under the hand of the governor for the 
 time being, by and with the advice and consent of the council, for the 
 necessary support and defense of this state and for the necessary protection 
 and preservation of the inhabitants thereof, agreeably to the acts and 
 resolves of the general court. 
 
 Art. 56. All pul)lic boards, the commissary-general, all superintending 
 officers of public magazines and stores belonging to this state, and all 
 commanding officers of forts and garrisons within the same shall, once in 
 every three months, officially and without requisition, and at other times 
 when required by the governor, deliver to him an account of all goods, 
 
A HISTORY 359 
 
 stores, provisions, ammunition, cannon with their appendages, and all small 
 arms with their accoutrements, and all other public property under their care 
 respectively, distinguishing the quantity and kind of each as particularly as 
 may be, together with the condition of such forts and garrisons. And the 
 commanding officer shall exhibit to the governor, when required by him, 
 true and exact plans of such forts, and of the land and sea, or harbor or 
 harbors adjacent. 
 
 Art. 57. The governor and council shall be compensated for their 
 services, from time to time, by such grants as the general court shall think 
 reasonable. 
 
 Art. 58. Permanent and honorable salaries shall be established by law 
 for the justices of the superior court. 
 
 COUNCIL 
 
 Art. 59. There shall be biennially elected by ballot five councilors, for 
 advising the governor in the executive part of government. The freeholders 
 and other inhabitants in each county, qualified to vote for senators, shall, 
 sorne time in the month of November, give in their votes for one councilor, 
 which votes shall be received, sorted, counted, certified and returned to the 
 secretary's office, in the same manner as the votes for senators, to be by the 
 secretary laid before the senate and house of representatives on the first 
 Wednesday of January. 
 
 Art. 60. And the person having a plurality of votes in any county shall 
 be considered as duly elected a councilor; but, if no person shall have a 
 plurality of votes in any county, the senate and house of representatives 
 shall take the names of the two persons who have the highest number of 
 votes in each county and not elected, and out of those two shall elect, by 
 joint ballot, the councilor wanted for the county; and the qualifications for 
 councilors shall be the same as for senator. 
 
 Art. 61. If any person thus chosen a councilor shall be elected governor 
 or member of either branch of the legislature and shall accept the trust, or- 
 if any person elected a councilor shall refuse to accept the office, or in case 
 of the death, resignation or removal of any councilor out of the state, the 
 governor may issue a precept for the election of a new councilor in that 
 county where such vacancv shall happen ; and the choice shall be in the 
 same manner as before directed; and the governor shall have full power 
 and authority to convene the council, from time to time, at his discretion ; 
 and with them, or the majority of them, may and shall, from time to time, 
 hold a council for orderin? and directing the affairs of the state, according 
 to the laws of the land. 
 
 Art. 62. The members of the council may be impeached by the house 
 and tried by the senate for bribery, corruption, malpractice or maladministra- 
 tion. 
 
 Art. 63. The resolutions and advice of the council shall be recorded by 
 the secretary in a register, and signed by all the members present agreeing 
 thereto ; and this record may be called for at any time by either house of the 
 legislature ; and any member of the council may enter his opinion contrary 
 to the resolution of the majority, with the reasons for such opinion. 
 
 Art. 64. The legislature may, if the public good shall hereafter require 
 it, divide the state into five districts, as nearly equal as may be, governing 
 themselves by the number of population, each district to elect a councilor; 
 and, in case of such division, the manner of the choice shall be conform- 
 able to the present mode of election in counties. 
 
 Art. 65. And, whereas the elections appointed to be made by this con- 
 stitution on the first Wednesday of January, biennially, by the two houses 
 of the legislature, may not be completed on that day, the said elections may be 
 adjourned from day to day until the same be completed. And the order 
 of the elections shall be as follows: The vacancies in the senate, if any, 
 
36o NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 shall be first filled up ; the governor shall then be selected, provided there 
 shall be no choice of him by the people; and afterwards, the two houses 
 shall proceed to fill up the vacancy, if any, in the council. 
 
 SECRETARY, TREASURER, COMMISSARY-GENERAL. ETC. 
 
 Art. 66. The secretary, treasurer and commissary-general shall be chosen 
 by joint ballot of the senators and represenatives, assembled in one room. 
 
 Art. 67. The records of the state shall be kept in the office of the 
 secretary; and he shall attend the governor and council, the senate and 
 representatives, in person or by deputy, as they may require. 
 
 Art. 68. The secretary of the state shall at all times have a deputy, to 
 be by him appointed, for whose conduct in office he shall be responsible ; 
 and, in case of the death, removal or inability of the secretary, his deputy 
 shall exercise all the duties of the office of secretary of this state until 
 another shall be appointed. 
 
 Art. 69. The secretary, before he enters upon the business of his office, 
 shall give bond, with sufficient sureties, in a reasonable sum, for the use of 
 the state, for the punctual performance of his trust. 
 
 COUNTY treasurers, ETC. 
 
 Art. 70. The county treasurers, registers of probate, solicitors, sheriffs 
 and registers of deeds shall be elected by the inhabitants of the several towns 
 in the several counties in the state, according to the method now practiced 
 and the laws of the state : provided, nevertheless, the legislature shall have 
 authority to alter the manner of certifying the votes and the mode of elect- 
 ing those officers, but not so as to deprive the people of the right they now 
 have of electing them. 
 
 Art. 71. And the legislature, on the application of the major part of the 
 inhabitants of any county, shall have authority to divide the same into two 
 districts for registering deeds, if to them it shall appear necessary, each 
 district to elect a register of deeds ; and, before they enter upon the business 
 of their offices, shall be respectively sworn faithfully to discharge the duties 
 thereof, and shall severally give bond, with sufficient sureties, in a reason- 
 able sum, for the use of the county, for the punctual performance of their 
 respective trusts. 
 
 JUniClARY POWER 
 
 Art. 72. The tenure that all commissioned officers shall have by law 
 in their offices shall be expressed in their respective commissioners. All judi- 
 cial officers, duly appointed, commissioned and sworn, shall hold their offices 
 during good behavior, excepting those concerning whom there is a different 
 provision made in this constitution; provided, nevertlieless, the governor, 
 with consent of council, may remove them upon the address of both houses 
 of the legislature. 
 
 Art. 73. Each branch of the legislature, as well as the governor and 
 council, shall have authority to require the opinions of the justices of the 
 superior court upon important questions of law and upon solemn occasions. 
 
 Art. 74. In order that the people may not suffer from the long con- 
 tinuance in place of any justice of the peace who shall fail in discharging 
 the important duties of his office with ability and fidelity, all commissions of 
 justices of the peace shall become void at the expiration of five years from 
 their respective dates ; and upon the expiration of any commission, the same 
 ma3% if necessary, be renewed, or another person appointed, as shall most 
 conduce to the well being of the state. 
 
 Art. 75. All causes of m.arriage, divorce and alimony, and all appeals 
 from the respective judges of probate, shall be heard and tried bji, the 
 superior court, until the legislature shall by law make other provision. 
 
 Art. 76. The general court are empowered to give to justices of the 
 peace jurisdiction in civil causes, when the damages demanded shall not 
 
A HISTORY 361 
 
 exceed one hundred dollars and title of real estate is not concerned, but with 
 right of appeal to either party to some other court. And the general court 
 are further empowered to give to police courts original jurisdiction to try 
 and determine, sul)ject to right of appeal and trial by jury, all criminal causes 
 wherein the punishment is less than imprisonment in the state prison. 
 
 Art. tj. No person shall hold the office of judge of any court, or judge 
 of probate, or sheriff of any county, after he has attained the age of seventy 
 years. 
 
 Art. 78. No judge of any court or justice of the peace shall act as 
 attorney, or be of counsel to any party, or originate any civil suit, in matters 
 which shall come or be brought before him as judge or justice of the peace. 
 
 Art. 79. All matters relating to the probate of wills and granting letters 
 of administration shall be exercised by the judges of probate in such manner 
 as the legislature have directed or may hereafter direct; and the judges of 
 probate shall hold their courts at such place or places, on such fixed days as 
 the conveniency of the people may require and the legislature from time 
 to time appoint. 
 
 Art. 80. No judge or register of probate shall be of counsel, act as 
 advocate, or receive any fees as advocate or counsel, in any probate business 
 which is pending or may be brought into court of probate in the county of 
 which he is judge or register. 
 
 CLERKS OF COURTS 
 
 Art. 81. The judges of the courts (those of probate excepted) shall 
 appoint their respective clerks, to hold their office during pleasure ; and no 
 such clerk shall act as an attorney or be of counsel in any cause in the court 
 of which he is a clerk, nor shall he draw any writ originating a civil action. 
 
 ENCOURAGEMENT OF LITERATURE, ETC. 
 
 Art. 82. Knowledge and learning generally diffused through a com- 
 munity being essential to the preservation of a free government, and spreading 
 the opportunities and advantages of education through the various parts of the 
 country being highly conductive to promote this end, it shall be the duty of 
 the legislators and magistrates, in all future periods of this government, to 
 cherish the interest of literature and the sciences, and all seminaries and 
 public schools ; to encourage private and public institutions, rewards and 
 immunities for the promotion )f agriculture, arts, sciences, commerce, trades, 
 manufactures and natural history of the country; to countenance and incul- 
 cate the principles of humanity and general benevolence, public and private 
 charity, industry and economy, honesty and punctuality, sincerity, sobriety 
 and all social affections and generous sentiments, among the people : frovided, 
 nevertheless, that no money raised by taxation shall ever be granted or 
 applied for the use of the schools or institutions of any religious sect or 
 denomination. Free and fair competition in the trades and industries is an 
 inherent and essential right of the people and should be protected against 
 all monopolies and conspiracies which tend to hinder or destroy it. The size 
 and functions of all corporations should be so limited and regulated as to 
 prohibit fictitious capitalization, and provision should be made for the super- 
 vision and government thereof: — Therefore, all just power possessed by the 
 state is hereby granted to the general court to enact laws to prevent the 
 operations within the state of all persons and associations, and all trusts and 
 corporations, foreign and domestic, and the officers thereof, who endeavor to 
 raise the price of any article of commerce or to destroy free and fair com- 
 petition in the trades and industries through combination, conspiracy, 
 monopoly or any other unfair means; to control and regulate the acts of 
 all such persons, associations, corporations, trusts and officials doing business 
 within the state; to prevent fictitious capitalization; and to authorize civil 
 and criminal proceedings in respect to all the wrongs herein declared against. 
 
362 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 OATHS AND SUBSCRIPTIONS — EXCLUSION FROM OFFICES — COMMISSIONS — WRITS — 
 CONFIRMATION OF LAWS — HABEAS CORPUS — THE ENACTING STYLE — CONTIN- 
 UANCE OF OFFICERS — PROVISION FOR A FUTURE REVISION OF THE CONSTITUTION 
 — ETC. 
 
 Art. 83. Any person chosen governor, councilor, senator or representa- 
 tive, military or civil officer (town officers excepted), accepting the trust, 
 shall, before he proceeds to execute the duties of his office, make and 
 subscribe the following declarations, viz. : 
 
 I, A B, do solemnly swear that I will bear faith and true allegiance to 
 the State of New Hampshire and will support the constitution thereof. So 
 help me God. 
 
 I, A B, do solemnly and sincerely swear and affirm that I will faith- 
 fully and impartially discharge and perform all the duties incumbent on 
 
 me as , according to the best of my abilities, agreeably to the rules 
 
 and regulations of this constitution and the laws of the state of New Hamp- 
 shire. So Jiclp mc God. 
 
 Any person having taken and subscribed the oath of allegiance, and the 
 same being filed in the secretary's office, he shall not be obliged to take said 
 oath again. 
 
 Provided, always, when any person chosen or appointed as aforesaid 
 shall be of the denomination called Quakers, or shall be scrupulous of 
 swearing and shall decline taking the said oaths, such person shall take and 
 subscribe them, omitting the word "swear" and likewise the words "So help 
 me God," subjoining instead thereof, "This I do under the pains and penal- 
 ties of perjury." 
 
 Art. 84. And the oaths or affirmations shall be taken and subscribed 
 by the governor, before the president of the senate, in presence of both 
 houses of the legislature ; and by the senators and representatives first elected 
 under this constitution, as altered and amended, before the president of the 
 senate and a majority of the council then in office, and forever afterward 
 I)efore the governor and council for the time being; and by all other officers, 
 before such persons and in such manner as the legislature shall from time 
 to time appoint. 
 
 Art. 85. All commissions shall be in the name of the state of New 
 Hampshire, signed by the governor, and attested by the secretary or his 
 deputy, and shall have the great seal of the state affixed thereto. 
 
 Art. 86. All writs issuing out of the clerk's office, in any of the courts 
 of law, shall be in the name of the state of New Hampshire, shall be under 
 the seal of the court whence they issue, and bear teste of the chief, first or 
 senior justice of the court; but, when such justice shall be interested, then 
 the writ shall bear teste of some other justice of the court, to which the same 
 shall be returnable ; and be signed by the clerk of such court. 
 
 Art. 87. All indictments, presentments and information shall conclude, 
 "against the peace and dignity of the state." 
 
 Art. 88. The estate of such persons as may destroy their own lives 
 shall not for that offense be forfeited, but descend or ascend in the same 
 manner as if such person had died in a natural way. Nor shall any article 
 which shall accidentally occasion the death of any person be henceforth 
 deemed a deodand, or in any wise forfeited on account of such misfortune. 
 
 Art. 89. All the laws which have heretofore been adopted, used and 
 approved in the province, colony or state of New Hampshire, and usually 
 practiced on in the courts of law, shall remain and be in full force until 
 altered and repealed by the legislature, such parts thereof only excepted as 
 are repugnant to the rights and liberties contained in this constitution ; 
 provided, that nothing herein contained, when compared with the twenty- 
 third article in the bill of rights, shall be construed to affect the laws already 
 made respecting the persons or estates of absentees. 
 
 Art. go. The privilege and benefit of the habeas corpus shall be enjoyed 
 in this state in the most free, easy, cheap, expeditious and ample manner, and 
 
A HISTORY 363 
 
 shall not be suspended by the legislature except upon the most urgent and 
 pressing occasions, and for a time not exceeding three months. 
 
 Art. gi. The enacting style, in making and passing acts, statutes and 
 laws, shall be. Be it enacted by the senate and house of reprcseiitatit'es in 
 general court convened. 
 
 Art. 92. No governor or judge of the supreme judicial court shall hold 
 any ofifice or place under the authority of this state, except such as by this 
 constitution they are admitted to hold, saving that the judges of the said 
 court may hold the offices of justices of the peace throughout the state; nor 
 shall they hold any place or office or receive any pension or salary from any 
 other state, government or power whatever. 
 
 Art. 93. No person shall be capable of exercising at the same time more 
 than one of the following offices within this state, viz. : judge of probate, 
 sheriff, register of deeds ; and never more than two offices of profit, which 
 may be held by appointment of the governor, or governor and council, or 
 senate and house of representatives, or superior or inferior courts, military 
 offices and offices of justices of the peace excepted. 
 
 Art. 94. No person holding the office of judge of any court (except 
 special judges), secretary, treasurer of the state, attorney-general, commissary- 
 general, military officers receiving pay from the continent or the state (ex- 
 cepting officers of the militia occasionally called forth on an emergency), 
 registers of deeds, sheriff or officers of the customs, including naval officers, 
 collectors of excise and state and continental taxes hereafter appointed, and 
 not having settled their accounts with their respective officers with whom 
 it is their duty to settle such accounts, members of congress or any person 
 holding any office under the United States, shall at the same time hold the 
 office of governor, or have a seat in the senate or house of representatives 
 or council ; but his being chosen and appointed to and accepting the same 
 shall operate as a resignation of their seat in the chair, senate or house of 
 representatives of council, and the place so vacated shall be filled up. No 
 member of the council shall have a seat in the senate or house of repre- 
 sentatives. 
 
 Art. 95. No person shall ever be admitted to hold a seat in the legis- 
 lature, or any office of trust or importance under this government, who, in 
 the due course of law, has been convicted of bribery or corruption in 
 obtaining an election or appointment. 
 
 Art. 96. In all cases where sums of money are mentioned in this con- 
 stitution, the value thereof shall be computed in silver at six shillings and 
 eight pence per ounce. 
 
 Art. 97. To the end that there may be no failure of justice or danger 
 to the state by the alterations and amendments made in the constitution, the 
 general court is hereby fully authorized and directed to fix the time when 
 the alterations and amendments shall take effect, and make the necessary 
 arrangements accordingly. 
 
 Art. 98. It shall be the duty of the selectmen and assessors of the 
 several towns and places in this state, in warning the first annual meetings 
 for the choice of senators, after the expiration of seven years from the 
 adoption of this constitution as amended, to insert expressly in the warrant 
 this purpose among the others for the meeting, to wit, to take the sense of 
 the qualified voters on the subject of a revision of the constitution; and, 
 the meeting being warned accordingly, and not otherwise, the moderator 
 shall take the sense of the qualified voters present as to the necessity of a 
 revision ; and a return of the number of votes for and against such necessity 
 shall be made by the clerks, sealed up and directed to the general court 
 at their then next session ; and if it shall appear to the general court by 
 such return that the sense of the people of the state has been taken, and 
 that, in the opinion of a majority of the qualified voters in the state present 
 and voting at said meetings, there is a necessity for a revision of the con- 
 
364 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 stitution, it shall be the duty of the general court to call a convention for 
 that purpose; otherwise the general court shall direct the sense of the 
 people to be taken, and then proceed in the manner before mentiond; the 
 delegates to be chosen in the same manner and proportioned as the repre- 
 sentatives to the general court; provided, that no alteration shall be made 
 in this constitution before the same shall be laid before the towns and 
 unincorporated places and approved by two thirds of the qualified voters 
 present and voting on the subject. 
 
 Art. 99. And the same method of taking the sense of the people as 
 to a revision of the constitution, and calling a convention for that purpose, 
 shall be observed afterwards, at the expiration of every seven years. 
 
 Art. 100. This form of government shall be enrolled on parchment 
 and deposited in the secretary's office, and be a part of the laws of the 
 land, and printed copies thereof shall be prefixed to the books containing 
 tile laws of this state in all future editions thereof. 
 
INDEX 
 
INDEX 
 
 Index of Subjects and Places 
 
 Abandoned Farms — 311 
 
 Abolition of Slavery — 7, T], 82-3, 93 
 
 Advent Church — 236 
 
 Agriculture — 279, 102 
 
 Agriculture, Board of — 136 
 
 Amherst — 174, 198, 205 
 
 Andover — 93. 142, 172 
 
 Anti-Saloon League — 256 
 
 Automobiles — 289 
 
 Arts— 167 
 
 Art Museum — 278 
 
 Ashland — 121 
 
 Asylum for the Blind — 135 
 
 Asylum for the Insane — 134 
 
 Atkinson — 191 
 
 Attorney-General — 298 
 
 Baltimore Riot — 8, 16 
 
 Banks — 102, 106, 122, 131, 135, 220, 
 
 297-8 
 Bank Commissioner — 297 
 Baptists — 233 
 Barnstead — 205 
 Bath— 189 
 Battles of the Civil War — 19, 21, 23, 
 
 25, 28, 29, 31, Z2>, 35. Zl, 38, 4^, 48, 
 
 51 
 Battle Flags— 278 
 Bedford — 160, 207 
 Bethlehem — 67, 310 
 Bible, Criticism of the — 239 
 Board of Health— 294 
 Bonds — 95, loi 
 Boscawen — 158 
 Bow— 172, 238, 339 
 Bowdoin College — 29, 142, 154, 155, 
 
 184 
 Bribery in Elections — 132 
 
 Camp Constitution — 11, 17 
 Candia — 100, 164 
 Canterbury — 186 
 
 Capital of New Hampshire— 261 ff 
 Cavalry in Civil War — 45, 52 
 Centennial Exhibition — 124 
 Charities, State Board of — 291 
 Chesterfield — 167 
 Chrystal Hills— 308 
 Christian Commission — 84 
 Christian Church — 235 
 Christian Perfection — 236 
 Christian Science — 238, 239 
 Christian Union — 327 
 Churches — 229 ff 
 Civic Leagues — 257 
 Civil War— 3ff 
 Civil War, Cost of — 105 
 Claremont — 40, 42, 145, 204 
 Colebrook — 208 
 
 Commissioner of Agriculture— 279 
 Commissioner of Motor Cycles— 288 
 Congregational Churches — 230-233 
 Concord— 10, 17, 125, 179, 207, 220, 
 261 ff 
 
 Constitution of New Hampshire— 
 
 345ff 
 Constitution of United States — 92, 
 
 105, 109 
 Constitutional Convention — 125 
 Copperheads — 3 
 Cornish — 183, 261 
 Cost of State Government — 298 
 Court Files — 290, ZZZ^ 
 Crawford Notch — 296, 309-IO 
 Credit Mobilier — 116 
 Crime, Causes of — 275, 318 
 
 367 
 
368 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Deaf Mutes— 135 
 Deerfield— 57, 154. 191 
 Democratic Party — 9, 122 
 Democratic Standard — 17 
 
 Derry— 39. 189 
 Deserters — 47, 53 
 Discharged Soldiers — 99 
 DistriI)inion of Wealth— 322 
 Dartmouth College — loi, 113, 117, 
 
 121, 126, 127, 131, 144, 154, 172-5. 
 
 185-93, 202, 206, 215, 217, 219, 253, 
 
 265 
 Dover— 68, 72,, 88, 133, 141 
 Draft — 90 
 
 Emancipation Proclamation — 88 
 
 Enfield — 91 
 
 Epping — 127 
 
 Epsom — 61 
 
 Equal Suffrage — no, 229, 315-6 
 
 Excise Commissioners — 295 
 
 Exeter — 32, 131, 168, 215, 224 
 
 Healing, Varied Sorts of — 237 
 
 Henniker — 171 
 
 Highways, Department of — 293 
 
 Hillsborough— 59, 68, 218 
 
 Hinsdale — 200 
 
 Histories of Towns — 141 
 
 Hooksett — 130 
 
 Homes for the Aged — 271, 292 
 
 Hopkinton — 68, 175 
 
 Hospital, First General — 271 
 
 Hospital for Women — 272 
 
 Hygiene, Laboratory of — 295 
 
 Impeachment of Pres. Johnson — 107 
 
 Insane Hospital — 269 
 
 Insanity, Causes of — 270 
 
 Insurance — 135 
 
 Insurance Commission — 283 
 
 Insurance Companies— 284-5 
 
 Insurance, Cost of — 131 
 
 Isles of Shoals — 150, 306-7 
 
 Jaffrey— 185 
 
 Farmers' Institutes — 279 
 Filibustering in the Legislature — 
 
 112, 115 
 Fish-Culture — 136 
 
 Fish and Game Commissioners — 287 
 Forestry — 136 
 Forestry Commission — 296 
 Fort Sumter — 8, 59 
 Francestown — 71 
 Free Baptists — 233 
 Freedmen — 103-4 
 
 Gettysburg, Pa. — 102 
 Geological Survey — 126 
 Gilmanton — 72, 163 
 Government Ownership — 320, 324 
 Grand Army — 280 
 Greenback Party — 126-7 
 
 Hall of Fame— (?) 278 
 Hampton Falls — 203 
 Hanover— 95, 153, 157, 169, 170 
 Haverhill — 91 
 
 Kearsarge — 12 
 
 Keene— 27, ZZ, 133-4, 146, I59, 185, 
 
 217 
 Kingston — 156 
 
 Labor, Bureau of — 280 
 
 Labor Reform Party — in 
 
 Labor Problem — 324 
 
 Laconia — 291 
 
 Lancaster — 63 
 
 Legal Procedure — 128, 319 
 
 Lebanon — 161 
 
 Liberal Republican Party — 114 
 
 License Fees — 295 
 
 Lisbon — 142 
 
 Literature of New Hampshire — I4iff 
 
 Littleton — 162, 187, 192 
 
 Local Option Law — 257 
 
 Lobbyists — 79-80 
 
 Loudon — 171, 202 
 
 Manchester — 18, 20, 22, 30, 100, iii- 
 12, 121, 177, 191, 219 
 
INDEX 
 
 369 
 
 iManufactiires — 106 
 Mar low — 221 
 Mason — 178 
 Masonic Home — 271 
 Methodists — 234 
 Mental Therapeutics — 22,^ 
 Meredith— 66 
 Milford — 172, 207 
 Mount Washington — 308 
 
 National Cemetery — 90, 102 
 
 National Guard — 135, 288 
 
 Negro, Character of the — 109-10 
 
 Nevvfields — 64 
 
 New Hampton — 62 
 
 New Ipswich — 177, 184 
 
 New London — 190 
 
 Newport — 152, 160, 222 
 
 Newspapers — I97ff 
 
 New Hampshire Historical Society— 
 
 265, 267 
 New Hampshire of the Future — 
 
 3i5ff 
 Normal Schools — 134 
 
 Odd Fellows' Home — 271 
 Old Home Week — 280, 311 
 Osgoodites — 236 
 
 Patriotism, Enlargement of — 327-8 
 Peace Conference — 78 
 Pembroke — 65, 157, 163 
 Pentecostal Church — 236 
 Peterborough — 40, 145, 206, 216 
 Pharmacy Commission — 285 
 Pittsfield— 155 
 Phillips Exeter Academy — 100, 145, 
 
 151, 203, 206, 215, 220, 127, 131-2 
 Plymouth, 134, 136 
 Poets of New Hampshire — 149 
 Plainfield — 40, 144 
 Portraits, Collection of — 128 
 Population of New Hampshire — 89, 
 
 III, 124, 230, 324 
 Portsmouth — 6, 12, 60, 64, 66, 70, 
 
 125, 127, 143, 147, 151, 176, 184, 203, 
 
 333ff 
 
 Post Office in Concord— 268 
 Poverty — 318 
 Presbyterians — 235 
 Prohibition — 132, 316-8 
 Prohibition Party — 250 
 Prohibitory Law — 255 
 Protestants, Union of— 241 
 Protestant Plpiscopal Church— 235 
 Province Papers — 105 
 Public Instruction — ^285 
 Public Service Commission— 282 
 Public Utilities— 320 
 
 Railroads — 136, 320-22 
 Reconstruction of the South— 107 
 Records of New Hampshire— 290 
 Recruiting Stations— 10 
 Referee Law — 129 
 Reform Clubs — 123 
 Reforms in Politics— 319 
 Regiments in Civil War— 15-42 
 Regimental Flags— 103 
 Religious Equality in Law— 125 
 Representatives' Hall— 288 
 Representatives, Number of— 318 
 Resumption of Specie Payment— 116 
 Revivals — 241 
 Richmond — 201 
 Rindge— 169, 187, 213 
 Revenues, How Produced— 283 
 Rochester — 161, 174 
 Roman Catholic Church— 242-6 
 Roxbury — 170 
 
 Salary-Grabbers — 1 13 
 Salisbury — 112 
 Salvation Army — 22,'j 
 Sandwich — 171, 185 
 Sanitary Commission — 84 
 Sanatorium for Tuberculosis— 291 
 Schools, Inspected — 295 
 Schools, Improvement of — 325-7 
 Sciences — 167 
 Secretary of State— 289 
 Senate Chamber— 288 
 Shakers — 236 
 
370 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Soldiers' Home— 291 
 
 Spoils of Office— 124 
 
 State Board of Health— 133 
 
 State Debt— ^o, loi, 106, 113, US 
 
 State House— 19, 89, 264, 277ff 
 
 State Hospital— 269 
 
 State Industrial School— 134 
 
 State Library— 264 
 
 State Orphanage— 291 
 
 State Papers— 142, 280 
 
 State Prison— 130, I34, 272-5 
 
 State Roads— 293, 305. 309 
 
 "Senate Steal"— 125 
 
 Survey of the State— 126 
 
 Tariff— 324 
 
 Tax Commission — 281 
 
 Taxation, Indirect— 283 
 
 Taxation of Industries— 299 
 
 Tax on Land— 282 
 
 Tax on Income— 322 
 
 Temperance— 123, 132, 25iff 
 
 Toleration Act— 230 
 Total Abstinence— 123, 253 
 Tramps, How Banished— 129 
 Treasury of the State— 298 
 
 Unitarians — 233 
 Universalists — 235 
 
 Vacation State— 303ff, 325 
 Vital Statistics— 286 
 Voting in the Ai my— 84-7 
 
 Walpole— 42, 62, 170. 186, 188 
 Warner— 35, 137, 152 , 
 Wars, Great and Small— 4 
 War Democrats — 3, 106 
 Wealth, Distribution of— 322-3 
 Weare — 66 
 Westmoreland — 218 
 Whitetield— 59 
 Winchester — 223 
 Winnipesaukee Lake — 310 
 
 Index of Names 
 
 Abbott, Joseph C. 9. n. 12, 28, 29 
 Adams, Christopher, 340 
 
 Margaret, 340 
 Agavvam, William, 338 
 Ainsworth, Captain, 45 
 Akerman, Amos T., 217 
 Alcock, Joseph, 333 
 Aldrich, Edgar, 92 
 
 Thomas, 148 
 Allen, Charles, 330 
 
 James, 341 
 Ambrose, Abigail, 238 
 Ames, Charles G., 154 
 Joseph, 170 
 Oakes, 116 
 Anderson, Robert, 8 
 Andrews, Christopher C, 59 
 Joseph F., 46 
 
 William G., 51 
 Atwood, David, 207 
 Austin, William P., 10, 51 
 
 Joseph, 341 
 Avery, John, 339 
 
 Babbitt, John H., 33 
 Bacon, David W., 244 
 Badger, William, 24 
 Baker, Osmon C, 221 
 Bailey, Thomas D., 149 
 
 Edward L., 18 
 Ballock, George W., 26 
 Ballou, Hosea, 201-2 
 Barber, David, 243 
 
 Virgil, 243 
 Barker, T. A., 10, 20 
 
 Thomas E., 20 
 
INDEX 
 
 371 
 
 Barrett, Edwin S., 94 
 Bartlett, Pres. Samuel, 276 
 
 William H., 85 
 Barton, Ira McL., 10, 17, 50, 51 
 Batchelder, Richard N., 17, 66 
 Batchellor, Albert S., 92, 142 
 Battey, Charles C, 292 
 Bean, Edwin C, 289 
 Beach, H. G. A., 172 
 Beck, Thomas, 340 
 Bedel, John, 21, 108 
 
 Moody, 21 
 Belknap, George E., 67 
 
 Jeremy, 142 
 Bell, Charles H.. 10, 17, 42, 131-3. 
 141, 266 
 
 John. 131 
 
 Louis, 2^ 
 
 Luther V., 71 
 
 Samuel, 71, 131 
 
 Samuel D., 85 
 Bellows, George H., 42 
 
 Henry A., 85, 188 
 
 Henry W., 84 
 Bennick, Abraham, 341 
 Berry, Nathaniel S., 78, 81 
 Bingham, Harry, 9, 87-8, 92, 104, 109, 
 
 133. 192-3 
 John A., 276 
 
 Bixby, Phin P., 27 
 Blackmer, John, 115 
 Blaisdell, Daniel, 95 
 Blair, Henry W., 41 
 Blasfield, Hannah, 339 
 Blunt, Charles E., 66 
 
 Edmund M., 142 
 
 Rev. John, 339 
 Bonney, Benjamin W., 187 
 Booth. Robert, 338 
 Bouton, Nathaniel, 142, 222, 252 
 Boyd, James, 336 
 Boyes, Robert, 340 
 Bracket, Joshua, 339 
 Bradley, Dennis M., 244 
 Brazell, John, 339 
 Brewster, Charles W., 203 
 
 Briggs, James F., 27 
 Brodhead, John, 64 
 
 Thornton P., 64 
 Brown, B. Gratz, 14 
 
 John, 203 
 
 John M., 71 
 
 Warren G., 127 
 
 William P., 42 
 Bruce, J. N., 10 
 Bryant. Walter, 333 
 
 Robert, 338 
 Bundy, James M., 208 
 Burke, Edmund, 17 
 Burnside, Ambrose E., 18 
 Buss, Rev. John, 339 
 Butler, Benjamin P., 30, 57-8, 127 
 
 Prancis W., 26 
 
 Caldwell, Henry M., 51 
 Campion. Clement, 333 
 Canney, Thomas, 333 
 Carlton, Charles H., 24 
 
 Ralph, 21 
 Carr, James W., 42 
 Gate, Asa P., 6 
 
 Edward, 341 
 Carson, Robert R., 84 
 Carter, Nathan P., 142 
 Chamberlain, Levi, 78 
 
 Mellen, 163 
 Chandler, George H., 32 
 
 James O., 52 
 
 William E., 32, 83, 133 
 
 Zachariah, 6 
 
 Chapman, Joshua, 10 
 Chase, Ithamar, 183 
 
 Philander, 183 
 
 S. E., 10 
 
 Salmon P., 6, 96, 100, 107, 183 
 Cheney, Amy M., 171 
 
 Benjamin P., 218, 276 
 
 Person C, 39, 115-6, 121-2 
 Chesley Pamily, 338 
 Cheverus, John, 243 
 Child, William H., 142 
 Christie, Daniel M., 41, 88 
 
372 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Church, Mary, 339 
 Clark, Daniel, 6, 96, 125 
 
 Abraham, 337 
 Clarke, James F., 153 
 
 William C, 191 
 Churchill, Winston, 261 
 Clement, John, 137 
 
 Sarah, 137 
 Clifford, Nathan, 184 
 Clough, Joseph, 17, 42 
 Cochrane, W. H. D., 10 
 Coffin, Charles C, 158 
 
 Peter, 341 
 Cogswell, Leander W., 37 
 Colbath, G. W., 10 
 Collins, Moses N., 35-6 
 Comings, E., 10 
 Comins, Albert S., in 
 Converse, Nelson, 27 
 Cooke, Jay, 116 
 Cooper, John, 341 
 John D., 19, 31 
 Lemuel P., m 
 Peter, 126 
 Corbin, Austin, 222, 311 
 Corwin Family, 341 
 Coues, Elliott, 176 
 Coughlan, John, 34 
 Cowel Family, 341 
 Cragin, Aaron H., 6, 96 
 Craven, Titus, A.M., 67 
 Crawford, Ethan A., 310 
 Crosby, Alpheus B., 72 
 Dixi, 72 
 Sarah E., 277 
 Cross, Allan E., 277 
 
 Edward E., 25, 63 
 Currier, Moody, 30, 136-7 
 John, 137 
 Jeffrey, 340 
 Curtain, Frank, 339 
 Cutt, Eleanor, 334 
 Richard, 333, 340 
 Mary, 335 
 Sarah, 338 
 
 Dakin, George K., 48 
 
 Dam, John, 338 
 Dame, Harriet P., 19-20 
 Dana. Charles A., 200 
 Daniel Family, 341 
 Davis, Jefferson, 17, 40, 58 
 John, 338 
 Joseph 341 
 Timothy, 335 
 Denbo, Mary, 337 
 
 Salathiel, 337 
 Dewey, Admiral George, 7 
 Deverson, John, 340 
 Dimond, E. W., 116 
 Dix, Gen. John A., 116 
 Doe, Charles, 189 
 
 John, 341 
 Donahoe, Michael T., 34 
 Dort, Ober G., 27 
 Douglas, Stephen A., 3, 58 
 Dow, Moses A., 162 
 Downing, John, 334 
 Drake, Francis F., 156 
 Samuel G., 155 
 Family, 335 
 Drew, Israel L., 17 
 
 Jeremiah D., 10, 17, 24 
 Clement, 339 
 Joseph, 339 ■ 
 Tamsen, 339 
 Dunbar, C. F., 10 
 Duncan, Samuel A., 40 
 Durgin, John H., 33 
 Katherine, 330 
 \\'illiam, 339 
 Dutton, Everell F., 62 
 Dyer, Caleb M., 92 
 
 Eastman, Ira A., 87 
 
 John R., 142, 172 
 
 Philip, 181 
 Eburn, Richard, 339 
 Eddy, Mark, 238 
 
 Mary B. G., 238 
 Edgell, Frederick M., 47 
 Edgerly, A. S., 10 
 
 Andrew J., 91 
 Ela, Abby P., no 
 
INDEX 
 
 373 
 
 Richard, 22 
 Eliot, Charles W., 155 
 
 Elizabeth, 335 
 Emery, Elizabeth, 341 
 Emerson, Samuel, 337 
 
 Timothy, 2>i7 
 Evans, John, 173 
 
 Richard, 174 
 
 Farley, Harriet N., 145 
 
 Stephen, 145 
 Farr, Evarts, W., 36 
 Fearing, Hawkes, 30 
 Felker, Arthur L., 279 
 Fellows, Enoch, Q., 20, 31 
 Fessenden, AVilliam P., 6 
 Fields, James T., 147 
 Fitch, Rev. Jabez, 2)ZZ 
 Flint, Franklin F., 52 
 Fogg, George G., 96 
 Follett Family, 336-7 
 Foss, Sam Walter, 164 
 Footman Family, 339-40, 341 
 Foster, Frank P., 207 
 
 John G., 59 
 
 Joseph C., 207 
 Fowler, Asa, 78, 268 
 
 Clara M., 268 
 
 Mary C. K., 268 
 
 William P., 268 
 French, Daniel C, 168 
 
 George F., 72, 
 
 Henry F., 168 
 Fuller, Adjutant, 17 
 
 Henry W., 41 
 
 Levi K., 217 
 Furber Family, 338, 341 
 
 Gardner, Alexander, 40 
 
 Addison, 187 
 George, Henry, 282 
 Gerrish, George A., 47 
 Gile, George W., 67 
 Gillis, George, 10 
 Gilman, Joseph, 85, 87, 89 
 Gilmore, Joseph A., 94, 130 
 Godfrey, James, 341 
 
 Godsoe, John, 333 
 Goodwin, Ichabod, 6 
 
 Nancy G., 6. 
 
 Samuel, 6 
 
 Samuel B., 7 
 Gould, Augustus A., 177 
 Gove, I. S. M., 10 
 
 Jesse H., 66 
 
 Lorenzo D., 46 
 
 William H., iii, 254 
 Grant, Ulysses S., 108, 109, 114 
 
 Alexander, 341 
 
 James, 341 
 Greeley, Horace, 114, 116, 198-200 
 Greenleaf. Captain, 17 
 
 J. O., 10 
 Griffith Simon G., 20, 27 
 Griggs, Asel G., 51 
 Grimes, James W., 6 
 
 Hackett, William H. Y., 125 
 Hale, David, 152 
 
 Edwin M., 159 
 
 Horatio, 153 
 
 John P., 6, 96, 277 
 
 George S., 159 
 
 Salma, 159 
 
 Samuel W., 133 
 
 Sarah J., 152 
 Hall, Charles F., 174 
 
 Joseph, 339 
 Hart, Thomas, 2>Z2i 
 Ham, Charles H., 186 
 Handerson, H. C, 10 
 Hapgood, Charles E., 26 
 Harriman, Walter, 35, 87, 105 
 Harrington, Edward W., 87 
 Harris, Amanda B., 151 
 Harry, Philip, 339 
 Harvey, Peter, 170 
 
 Nathaniel, 333 
 
 Elizabeth, 335 
 
 Thomas, 338 
 Hayes, Rutherford B., 126 
 Haynes, Martin A., 20 
 Head, Natt, 122, 130 
 Healy, James A., 244 
 
374 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Heath, Lyman, 172 
 Henderson, Thomas A., 29 
 Hibbard, Harry, 6 
 Hill, Gov. of New York, 276 
 
 John B., 253 
 
 John M., 137 
 
 Nathaniel, 341 
 
 Sarah, 341 
 Hitchcock, Charles H., 126 
 
 Hiram, 215 
 Hilton, Richard, 335 
 
 William, 338 
 Hobbs, Henry, 341 
 Holmes, Nathaniel, 145 
 Hoit, Albert G., 171 
 Hoyt, Charles H., 179 
 Hooff, Ferdinand, 338 
 Houghton, George E., 42 
 Howe, Frank E., 84 
 
 Julia Ward, 6 
 
 William B. W., 221 
 Howard, Charles W., 287 
 Howland, Alfred C, 170 
 
 Henry E., 186 
 Huggins, Nathaniel, 340 
 Hull, Benjamin, 335 
 Hunking, John, 334 
 
 Mark, 340 
 Huntington, J. H., 126 
 Huntress, George 340 
 Hutchins, Benjamin T., 46 
 
 Stillson, 205 
 Hutchinson Family, 172 
 
 Ingalls, Gustavus W., 52 
 
 Jackson, John, 335 
 
 John H., 20 
 
 James R., 142 
 
 Gen. Stonewall, 19 
 
 Hannah, 339 
 Jenks, Edwin A., 160 
 Johnson, Andrew, 95, 104, 107-8, 183 
 
 John, 338 
 
 Ebenezer, 339 
 Jones, Amos B., 51 
 
 Stephen, 237 
 
 Jordan, Governor, 19 
 
 Kelleher, John, 30 
 Kelley, Benjamin F., 62 
 
 J. L., ID, 17 
 Kelly, Elisha, 336 
 Keniston, Benjamin, 339 
 Kendall, Asa A., 127 
 
 George W., 205 
 Kent, Henry O., 42 
 Kimball, Edgar A., 65 
 
 Harriet M., 151 
 
 Richard B., 151 
 King, Dana W., 30 
 
 William, 333 
 Kingman, John W., 41 
 Kittredge, Jonathan, 253 
 
 Walter, 172 
 Knox, Thomas W., 157 
 
 Ladd, Luther C, 8 
 
 William, 224 
 
 William S., 108 
 Laighton, Albert, 151 
 
 Thomas B., 150 
 Lake, Thomas, 341 
 Landers, James H., 30 
 Langley, S. G., 20 
 Langstaff, Henry, 335-6, 340 
 
 John, 335 
 Larkin, James E., 26 
 Layton, John, 338 
 Lewis, Sarah, 339 
 
 Abraham, 341 
 Libby, James, 335 
 Light, Joseph, 335 
 Lincoln, Abraham, 3, 8, 10, 86, 94, 
 
 95, 169, 204, 209 
 Linehan, John C, 34 
 Littlefield, Israel B., 52 
 Livermore, Matthew, iii 
 
 Thomas L., 26, 42 
 Long, Charles H., 42, 50, 51 
 
 Stephen H., 175 
 Lothrop, Daniel, 161 
 Lowell, Guy, 267 
 
 James R., 150 
 
INDEX 
 
 375 
 
 Lull, Oliver \V, 30, 31 
 Lund, Alary D., 152 
 Lyford, James O., 142 
 
 March, Charles W., 201 
 Marcy, Daniel, 116, 127 
 Marston, Oilman, 6, 18, 87, 133 
 Martin, Benjamin, 336 
 
 Richard, 338 
 Matignon, Francis A., 243 
 Mason, Larkin D., 84, 137 
 McArthur, Charles L., 204 
 McCutcheon, Byron, 65 
 McCutchins, Luther, 115 
 McKean, Frank A., 127 
 
 Anna, 340 
 
 James, 340 
 McPherson, William D., 51 
 Mead, Joseph, 340 
 
 Larkin O., 167 
 Meder, John, 337 
 Merrill, Robert J., 283 
 Meserve, Clement, 340 
 Metcalf, Henry H., 92, 280 
 Miller, Charles, 208 
 
 William, 236 
 Milmine, Georgine, 239 
 Mitchell, John M., 92 
 
 Oeorge, 333 
 Moody, John, 339 
 Moore, Oeorge H., 163 
 
 Jacob B., 163 
 Morrill, Shadrach C, 271 
 Morrison, Charles R., 36 
 
 Oeorge W., 6 
 
 Henry, 133 
 
 James S., yi 
 
 John H., 206 
 Mors, Obediah, 341 
 Morse, Benjamin, 79 
 
 S. F. B., 263 
 Moulton, Daniel, 333-4 
 Mussey, Reuben D., 65 
 
 Samuel F., 51 
 
 Nasby, Petroleum V., 107 
 Neal, Joseph C, 144 
 
 Nelson, David B., 45 
 
 Edward W., 177 
 Nesmith, Oeorge W., 85, 276 
 Nichols, Edward W., 171 
 Nutter, Anthony, 336, 341 
 
 Osgood, Jacob, 236 
 Ordway, Nehemiah, 236 
 Orr, John, 336 
 Hugh, 336 
 
 Palmer. John B., 17 
 
 Richard, 338 
 Parker, Edward M., 235 
 
 Frank W., 24 
 
 Henry E., 20 
 
 Joel, 185 
 Parrott, Enoch O., 70 
 Patterson, Joal N., 10. 18 
 
 James M., 117 
 
 James W., 277 
 Patton, Henry L., 66 
 Peabody, Charles A., 185 
 
 Ephraim, 155, 207 
 
 Francis, 155 
 Pearl, Ichabod, 10 
 Pearson, Henry H., 27 
 Pendleton, Brian, 340 
 Perkins, Oeorge H., 69, 70, 278 
 
 Thomas, 338 
 Perley, Ira, 90, 187 
 Perry, Horatio J., 217 
 Pickering, Charles E., 71 
 Pierce, Franklin, 263, 264, 275 
 
 Thomas P., 17 
 
 Joshua, 335 
 
 Hannah, 339 
 Pike, Fife Major, 17 
 
 Austin F., 121, 133 
 
 Elizabeth, 333 
 
 James, 41, iii 
 Pillsbury, Oeorge A., 271 
 
 Margaret, 271 
 Pingree, Oov. of Vermont — 276 
 Piper, Samuel, 339 
 Pinkham, Elizabeth, 337 
 Pitman, Anna, 337 
 
376 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Place, Richard, 339 
 Plaisted, John, 341 
 Plimpton, Lieut.- Col., 22 
 Porter, Fitz-John, 69 
 Potter, Joseph H., 38 
 Prescott, Benjamin F., 127 
 
 George B., 156 
 Priest, James, 122 
 Proctor, Edna D., 152 
 
 John, 122 
 Putnam, Haldimand S., 28 
 
 John L., 28 
 Putney, Rhoda, 137 
 
 Quimby, E. T., 126 
 
 Phineas P., 238 
 Quinby, Henry B. 
 Quint, Alonzo H., 133. 205 
 
 Rawlins, James, 340-41 
 Joseph, 333 
 
 Rebecca, 340 
 Remich, Christian, 336 
 Roberts, Hatevil, 341 
 
 Hiram G., 115 
 
 Thomas, 336 
 
 Elizabeth, 337 
 Robinson, Governor, 276 
 
 Daniel, 339 
 Robie, Gov. of Maine, 276 
 Rollins, Augustus W., 30 
 
 Edward H., 124, 132-3 
 
 Daniel S., 186 
 
 Governor, 263, 280 
 Rosebrook, Captain, 310 
 Row, Thomas, 338 
 Rowell, Edward F., 51 
 
 W. H., ID 
 Runnel, Moses T., 142 
 
 Sabine, Lorenzo, 142, 266 
 Samson, Andrew, 338 
 Sanborn, Edwin D., 157 
 Franklin B., 203 
 John B., 61 
 Katherine A., 157 
 Saunders, Richard, 339 
 
 Saunderson, John H., 142 
 Sargent, A. J. 
 
 Jonathan E., 190 
 Sawyer, Charles W., 17, 22 
 Scripture, Edward W., 178 
 Shackford, William, 335 
 
 Deborah, 336 
 Shattuck, Amos B., 35 
 Sheppard. William C, 277 
 Sherburne, Henry, 336 
 Shurtleff, Roswell M., 169 
 Shillaber, Benjamin P., 143 
 Sias, Anna, 337 
 Sides, W. O., 10 
 Sinclair, John G., 91, 124 
 Sleeper, Gilman E., 24, 17 
 Sloper, Martha, 336 
 Smith, Alvah, in 
 Daniel, 29 
 Howard P., 51 
 Isaac W., 265 
 Smyth, Frederick. 100, lOi, 105 
 Spofford, Ainsworth R., 163, 265 
 Stackpole, James, 341 
 Stark, George, 11, 219 
 
 John, 124, 137, 277 
 Stearns, Ezra S.. 142 
 John N., 254 
 Onslow, 108 
 Stevens, Aaron F.. 39, 13 
 Stone, Charles P., 16 
 Stowe, Baron, 222 
 Stratton, D. K., 21 
 Straw, Ezekiel A., 112 
 Sturtevant, Edward E., 10, 17. 25 
 Swett, Samuel, 93 
 
 Tappan, Mason W., 6, 10, 15 
 Tarbell, John H., 52 
 Tenney, Adna, 169 
 
 Ulysses D., 170 
 Thaxter, Celia L., 150 
 Thompson, A. B., 20 
 
 Almon H., 177 
 
 J. H., ID 
 
 John J., 46. 47 
 
 Mary P., 141 
 
INDEX 
 
 377 
 
 Thornton, James S., 70 
 Ticknor, William D., 161 
 Tilden, Samuel J., 126 
 Tilton, John R., 171 
 Titus, Herbert B., 32 
 Townsend, Luther T., 41 
 Trickey, Thomas, 336 
 Tuck, Amos, 78, 215, 266 
 
 Edward, 215-6, 266-7 
 Tucker, William J., 265 
 
 Philip, 341 
 Tullock, Thomas L., 12 
 Tuttle, John, 336 
 Tyler, Bishop, 244 
 
 Upham, Nathaniel G., 191 
 Thomas C, 151, 154 
 Warren, 174 
 
 Veasey, Thomas, 340 
 Vose, George L., 126 
 Vaughan, George, 233 
 
 William, 333-5 
 Wadleigh, George H., 68 
 Wacomb, Mary, 340 
 Walker, Asa, 223 
 
 Abigail, 3:^^ 
 
 Capt. George, 333 
 
 George, 216 
 
 John G., 68 
 
 Joseph B., 220 
 
 Lucretia P., 263 
 
 Timothy, 269 
 Watson, Irving G., 286, 294 
 Wallace, Captain, 67 
 Walton, George, 338 
 
 Shadrach, 338 
 Ward, Sarah, 340 
 Warren, John Q. A., 30 
 Weaver, James B., 127 
 Webber, Lydia, 336 
 Webster, Daniel, 80, 124, 137, 170, 
 266, 276 
 
 Col. Fletcher, 64 
 
 John, 333 
 
 John D., 61 
 
 Rev. Josiah, 61 
 Weir, Thomas, 91 
 Wells, Henry, 218 
 Weeks, William P., 190 
 
 Jonathan, 339 
 
 Joshua, 338 
 
 Leonard, 341 
 West, John, 263 
 Weston, E., 10 
 
 James A., in, 114 
 Whitcher, John, 335 
 White, Eliza O., 146 
 
 Horace, 208 
 
 Nathaniel, no, n5 
 Whitfield, Captain, 31 
 Whittier, John G., 6, 78 
 Whipple, Edwin P., 147 
 
 Thomas J., 15, 17, 22 
 Wiggin Family, 336, 341 
 Wilbur, Sibyl, 239 
 Wilder, Alarshall P., 213 
 Willey, Samuel, 309 
 Willis, Arthur L., 288 
 Wilson, Henry, 6, 114 
 
 James. 40 
 
 Robert, 40 
 Winslow, Edward, 333 
 Wood, Henry, 202 
 
 Leonard, 223 
 Woodbury, Charles L., 184 
 
 Levi, 184 
 Woods, Andrew S., 189 
 Woolson, Constance F., 146 
 Worcester, Joseph E., 160 
 Wright. Carroll D., 41 
 Wyman, W. H., 10 
 
 York, Abigail, 341 
 
 Benjamin, 341 
 Young, Charles A., 173 
 
 Ira, 173 
 
 Thomas. 341 
 
H 77 78 
 
 $ 
 

 
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