f ^^y]^^4LOvUt' HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS EDITED BY Newton Bate.man, LL. D. p^,.^ S^^^^._ ^^ ^_ I AND HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY EDITED BY Mr. A^/c. Bardwell. ILLirSTRATED. CHICAGO: MUX SELL PIBLISHING COMPANY, PUBLISHERS. 1904 .USS3 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the years 1S94. i«99 and '900. *>>• WILLIAM W. M UN SELL. i„ the office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington. } D TKKRiroRY DRAINiiD HV 11 1 E ILLINOIS RIVER. PREFACE. Why publish this book? There should be many and strong reasons to warrant such an undertaking. Are there such reasons? What considerations are weighty enough to have induced the publishers to make this venture? and what special claims has Illinois to such a distinction? These are reasonable and inevitable inquiries, and it is fitting they should receive attention. In the first place, good State Histories are of great importance and value, and there is abundant and cheering evidence of an increasing popular interest in them. This is true of all such works, whatever States may be their subjects ; and it is conspicuously true of Illi- nois, for the following, among many other reasons : Because of its great prominence in the early history of the West as tlie seat of the first settlements of Europeans northwest of the Ohio Eiver — the unique character of its early civilization, due to or resulting from its early- French population brought in contact with the aborigines — its political, military, and educa- tional promiiience — its steadfast loyalty and patriotism — the marvelous development of its vast resources — the number of distinguished statesmen, generals, and Jurists whom it has furnished to the Government, and its grand record in the exciting and perilous conflicts on the Slavery question. This is the magnificent Commonwealth, the setting forth of whose history, in all of its essential departments and features, seemed to warrant the bringing out of another volume devoted to that end. Its material has been gathered fi'om every available source, and most cai'efully examined and sifted before acceptance. Especial care has been taken in collecting material of a biogi-aphical character ; facts and incidents in the personal history of men identi- fied with the life of the State in its Territorial and later periods. This material has been gathered from a great variety of sources widely scattered, and much of it quite inaccessible to the ordinary inquirer. The encyclopedic form of the work favors conciseness and com- pactness, and was adopted with a view to condensing the largest amount of information within the smallest practicable space. And so the Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois was conceived and planned in the belief that it was needed; that no other book filled the place it was designed to occupy, or fur- nished the amount, variety and scope of information touching the infancy and later life of Illinois, that would be found in its pages. In that belief, and in furtherance of those ends, the book has been constructed and its topics selected and wi'itten. Simplicity, perspicuity, conciseness and accuracy have been the dominant aims and rules of its editors and writers. The supreme mission of the book is to record, fairly and truthfully, historical facts ; facts of the earlier and later history of the State, and drawn from the almost innumerable sources connected with that history; facts of interest to the great body of our people, as well. as to scholars, officials, and other special classes; a book convenient for reference in the school, die nifice, and the home. Hence, no attempt at fine writing, no labored, irrelevant and 3 PREFACE loBg-drawn accounts of matters, persons or things, which really need but a few plain words or'theradequate elucidation, will be found in its pages. On the other hand, perspicuity and fitting development are never intentionally sacrificed to mere conciseness and brevity. Whenever a subject, from its nature, demands a more elaborate treatment-and there are many of this character— it is handled accordingly. As a rule, the method pm-sued is the separate and topical, rather than the chronological as being mor satisfactory and convenient for reference. That is, each topic .s considered Teparlly and exhaustively, instead of bemg blended, chronologically, with others, lo pass from subject to subject, in the mere arbitrary order of time, is to sacrifice simplicity and "'^rut^^rmnrTm ™-or defect in all cases, in handling so many thousan^ of items is not claimed, and could not reasonably be expected of any finite intelligence; since, n compl cated cases some element may possibly elude its sharpest scrutiny. But every taterent of fact, made herein without qualification, is believed to be strictly corre^ , and he sUt^stii of the volume, as a whole, are submitted to its readers with entire confidence^ Con^erable space is also devoted to biographical sketches of persons -deemed worthy of mention, for their close relations to the State in some of its varied interests, political, gov- Imental, financial, social, religious, educational, industrial, ----"^^' ;/=:;°^;°^t"' i tary judicial or otherwise; or for their supposed personal deservings in other respects^ I L b 1 eved that the extensive recognition of such individuals, by the publishers will not b dislioved or regretted by the public; that personal biography h.is an honored useful and SiLite place iifsuch a history of Illinois as this volume aims to be, and tha the om. on of such a department would seriously detract from the completeness and value of the book. Perhaps no more delicate and difficult task has confronted the editors and publishers than the, selection of names for this part of the work. . . , , ,■,■., a mte it is believed that no unworthy name has a place in the list, it is freely adnaitted that there may be many others, equally or possibly even more worthy, whose names do no appei TartTyL lack If definite and adequate information, and partly because it was not deemed best to materially increase the space devoted to this class of topics. deemed b^t to y ^^ ^^^ ^^^^.^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^.^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^t^ l,y assumed iilul enterprise, for their business energy, integrity, and determination^ and h.r uniform kindness and courtesy; to the many who have so generously and helpfully promoted he :rc.: of the work, by t^eir contributions of valuable i-^-^-^-^X^'tHhom cences and rare incidents; to Mr. Paul Selby, the very able associate editor, to whom ejec!;! honor and credit are due for his most e«-e"t intelligent and scholarly s^^vi^ Hon Harvey B Hurd, Walter B. Wines, and to all others who have by ^^ord or act, fncoura^d us in this e^terprise-with grateful recognition of all tl-^f-nds and he ^r , the H storical Encyclopedia of Illinois, with its thousands of topics and many * >o"sands of delS tms and LiLnts, is now respectfully submitted to the goo ijeop e o he S ate for whom it h■.^s been prepared, in the earnest hope and confident belief that it will instructive, convenient and useful for the purposes for which it was designed. PREFATORY STATEMENT. Since the bulk of the matter contained in this volume was practically completed and ready for the press, Dr. Newton Bateman, who occupied the relation to it of editor-in-chief, has passed beyond the sphere of mortal existence. In placing the work before the public, it therefore devolves upon the undersigned to make this last prefatory statement. As explained by Dr. Bateman in his preface, the object had in view in the preparation of a "Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois" has been to present, in compact and concise form, the leading facts of Territorial and State history, from the arrival of the earliest French explorers in Illinois to the present time. This has included an outline history of the State, under the title, "Illinois," supplemented by special articles relating to various crises and eras in State history ; changes in form of government and administration ; the history of Consti- tutional Conventions and Legislative Assemblies; the various wars in which Illinoisans have taken part, with a summary of the principal events in the history of individual military organizations engaged in the Civil War of 1861-65, and the War of 1898 with Spain; lists of State officers. United States Senators and Members of Congress, with the terms of each; the organization and development of political divisions; the establishment of charitable and educational institutions; the growth of public improvements and other enterprises which have marked the progress of the State ; natural features and resources ; the history of early newsjiapers, and the gi'owth of religious denominations, together with general statistical information and unusual or extraordinary occurrences of a local or general State character — all arranged under topical heads, and convenient for ready reference by all seeking informa- tion on these subjects, whether in the family, in the office of the professional or business man, in the teacher's study and the school-room, or in the ijublic library. While individual or collected biographies of the public men of Illinois have not been wholly lacking or few in number — and those already in existence have a present and con- stantly increasing value — they have been limited, for the most part, to special localities and particular periods or classes. Kich as the annals of Illinois are in the records and character of its distinguished citizens who, by their services in the public councils, upon the judicial bench and in the executive chair, in the forum and in the field, have reflected honor upon the State and the Nation, there has been hitherto no comprehensive attempt to gather together, in one volume, sketches of those who have been conspicuous in the creation and upbuilding of the State. The collection of material of this sort has been a task requiring patient and laborious research ; and, while all may not have been achieved in this direction that was desirable, owing to the insufficiency or total absence of data relating to the lives of many men most prominent in public affairs during the period to which they belonged, it is still believed that what has been accomplished will be found of permanent value and be appreciated by those most deeply interested in this phase of State history. The large number of topics treated has made brevity and conciseness an indispensable feature of the work; consequently there has been no attempt to indulge in graces of style or 5 6 PKEFATORY STATEMENT. elaboration of narrative. The object has been to present, in simple language and concise form, facts of history of interest or value to those who may choose to consult its pages. Absolute inerrancy is not claimed for every detail of the work, but no pains hiis been spared, and every available authority consulted, to arrive at complete accuracy of statement. In view of the important bearing which railroad enterjirises have had ujjon the extraor- dinary development of the State within the past fifty years, considerable space has been given to this department, especially with reference to the older lines of railroad whose history lias been intimately interwoven with that of the State, and its progress in wealth and pojDulation. In addition to the acknowledgments made by Dr. Bateman, it is but proper that I should express my personal obligations to the late Prof. Samuel M. Inglis, State Superin- tendent of Public Instruction, and his assistant, Prof. J. 11. Freeman; to ex-Senator John M. Palmer, of Springfield ; to the late Hon. Joseph Medill, editor of "The Chicago Tribune" ; to the Hon. James B. Bradwell, of "The Chicago Legal News"; to Gen. Green B. Eaum, Dr. Samuel Willard, and Dr. Garrett Newkirk, of Chicago (the latter as author of the prin- cipal portions of the article on the "Underground Railroad") ; to the Librarians of the State Historical Library, the Chicago Historical Library, and the Chicago Public Library, for special and valuable aid rendered, as well as to a large circle of correspondents in different parts of the State who have courteously responded to requests for information on special topics, and have thereby materially aided in securing whatever success may have been attained in the work. In conclusion, I cannot omit to pay tliis final tribute to the memory of my friend and associate, Dr. Bateman, whose death, at his home in Galesburg, on October 21, 1897, was deplored, not only by his associates in the Faculty of Knox College, his former pupils and immediate neighbors, but by a large circle of friends in all parts of the State. Although his labors as editor of this volume had been substantially finished at the time of his death (and they included the reading and revision of every line of copy at that time prepared, comprising the larger proportion of the volume as it now goes into the hands of the public), the enthusiasm, zeal and kindly appreciation of the labor of others which he brought to the discharge of his duties, have been sadly missed in the last stages of prepara- tion of the work for the press. In the estimation of many who have held his scholarship and his splendid endowments of mind and character in the highest admiration, his con- nection with the work will be its strongest commendation and the surest evidence of its merit. With myself, the most substantial satisfaction I have in dismissing the volume from my hands and submitting it to the judgment of the public, exists in the fact that, in its prejjai-a- tion, I have been associated with such a co-laborer — one whose abilities commanded uni- versal respect, and whose genial, scholarly character and noble qualitiet of mind and heart won the love and confidence of all with whom he came in contact, and whom it had been my privilege to count as a friend from an early period in his long and useful career. ^-^^^I'^^r-^oA^ ^^^^U^:^ LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE Abraham Lincoln {Frontispiece) 1 Annex Central Hospital for Insane, Jacksonville 84 Asylum for Feeble-Mindod Children, Lincoln 337 Asylum for Incurable Insane, Bartonville 85 l^ateman, Newton (Portrait) 3 Board of Trade Building, Chicago 277 *'Chenn Mansion," Kaskaskia (1898), where La Fayette was entertained in 1835 .... 315 Chicago Academy of Sciences 394 Chicago Drainage Canal 94 Chicago Historical Society Building 394 Chicago Public Buildings 395 Chicago Thoroughfares 93 Chief Chicagou (Portrait) , 246 Comparative Size of Great Canals 95 Day after Chicago Fire 92 Early Historic Scenes, Chicago 170 Early Historic Scenes, Chicago (No. 2) 171 Engineering Hall, University of Illinois 280 Experiment Farm, University of Illinois 12 Experiment Farm, University of Illinois — The Vineyard 13 Experiment Farm, University of Illinois — Orchard Cultivation 13 First Illinois State House, Kaskaskia (1818) 314 Fort Dearborn from the West (1808) 346 Fort Dearborn from Southeast (1808) 247 Fort Dearborn (1853) 247 General John Edgar's House, Kaskasia 315 Henry de Tonty (Portrait) 246 House of Governor Bond, Old Kaskaskia (1891) 315 House of Chief Ducoign, the last of the Kaskaskias (1893) 314 Home for Juvenile Female Offenders, Geneva 236 Illinois Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, Quincy 438 Illinois State Normal University, Normal 504 Illinois State Capitol, Springfield 340 Illinois State Building, World's Columbian Exposition, 1893 601 Illinois State Penitentiary, Joliet 306 Illinois State Penitentiary — Cell House and Women's Prison 307 Illinois State Eeformatory, Pontiac 493 7 8 LIST OF ILLUSTKATIONS. PAGE Institution for Deaf and Dumb, Jacksonville 300 Interior of Room, Kaskaskia Hotel (1893) where La Fayette Banquet was held in 1825 314 Institution for the Blind, Jacksonville 301 Kaskaskia Hotel, where La Fayette was feted in 1825 (as it appeareil, 1893) 314 La Salle (Portrait) 246 Library Building, University of Illinois 334 Library Building — Main Floor — University of Illinois 335 Map of Burned District, Chicago Fire, 1871 276 Map of Grounds, World's Columbian Exposition, 1893 600 Map of Illinois Folloiving Title Page Map of Illinois River Valley " " McCormick Seminary, Chicago 362 Monuments in Lincoln Park, Chicago 90 Monuments in Lincoln Park, Chicago 206 Monuments in Lincoln Park, Chicago 207 Natural History Hall, University of Illinois 151 Newberry Library, Chicago 394 Northern Hospital for the Insane, Elgin 402 Old Kaskaskia, from Garrison Hill (as it appeared in 1893) 314 Old State House, Kaskaskia (1900) 315 Pierre Menard Mansion, Kaskaskia (1893) 314 Remnant of Old Kaskaskia (as it appeared in 1898) 315 Selby, Paul (Portrait) 5 Soldiers' Widows' Home, Wilmington 439 Southern Illinois Normal, Carbondale 505 Southern Illinois Penitentiary and Asylum for Incurable Insane, Chester 492 University Hall, University of Illinois 150 University of Chicago 363 University of Illinois, Urbana. (Group of Buildings) 540 University of Illinois, Urbana. (Group of Buildings) 541 View from Engineering Hall, University of Illinois 281 View on Principal Street, Old Kaskaskia (1891) 315 Views in Lincoln Park, Chicago 91 Views of Drainage Canal 96 Views of Drainage Canal 97 War Eagle (Portrait) 246 Western Hospital for the Insane, Watertown 403 Lee County. INDEX CHAPTER I. General Hlstokv. page. Foreword 619 Treaty of Prairie du Chicn 619 Cession of Indian Lands 619-620 (luilniette and C)gee Reservations. . 620 First County Commissioners 620 Property \'aluation, 1850 621 Origin of Connty's Name 621 The Kellogg Trail 62 1 Elevations in Lee Count}' 62 1 Telephones 621 P>ridges across Rock River 621 Courts and Court Houses 621-622 Dedication of new Court House, 1900 622 County-.Seat Contests 622-623 Circuit Court Judges 623 Members General Assembly 623 County (Ifiicers 624-625 Lee County in Civil War 625-626 Railroads 626-627 .Swamp Land Drainage 627 Tornado 627-628 Early Markets and Produce Prices. . 628 CHAPTER H. Black Hawk \\'ar. Treaty of 1804 628 Black Hawk's "British Band" 629 Other Treaties 629 Gov. Reynolds' Proclamation 629 Father John Di.xon 629 Capt. John Dement 630 Chief .Shabbona 630 The Stillman Defeat 630 Col. Zachary Taylor, Abraham Lin- coln, Col. Robert .\nderson. Gen. Atkinson and other Xotahles at Dixon's Ferry 630 Battle of the r.ad-.\xe— Defeat of Black Hawk 63 1 -Arrival of Gen. Winfield .Scott 631 CHAPTER HL Alto Tow .wsiiir. First White Settlers 631 ,\lto set off from Willow Creek Township 632 First Town Officers 632 Railroad Subscription 632 Church History 632 \'illage of Steward 632 Grain-Elevator 632 First National Bank 632 CHAPTER IV. Amboy Township and City. First White Settler 632 Palestine Grove Settlement 633 John Dexter and Andrew Painter . . 633 Other Early Arrivals 633 Binghamton and Rocky Ford \'il- lages 633 City of Amboy 633 Illinois Central Railroad 634 Fires in Amboy 634 Schools and Churches 634-636 Newspapers 636-637 Amboy Post G. A. R.. 637 Local Banks 637 Distinguished X'isitors — Lincoln and Grant 638 City Officers 638-639 CH.M'TEK \". A.siiTox Township. .\shton set off from Bradford 639 Town first called Ogle 631) Church History 639 Destructive l-'ires 639 Business Houses and I'.anking In- stitutions 640 lUiilding Stone. . 640 .Schools and \"illage Imprdx'ements. . 640 LEE COUNTY INDEX CHAPTER YL Bradford Townsiiu-. Organization and Naming of Town- ship 640 First Town Officers 640 Some Early Settlers 640-641 Evangelical Lutheran Church 641 Farmers' Mutual Fire Insurance Company 641 Present Officers 641 CHAPTER Vn. Brooklyn Towxship. Pioneer Settlers 641 First Marriage 642 Compton Village 642 West Brooklyn 642 Business Houses, Churches and Schools 643 CHAPTER \ in. China Townsiiip. Town first called Fremont 643 First Town Officers 643 Cummings Noe liuilds first Cabin . . . 643 Thoroughbred Stock-Growers 644 Franklin Grove Village 644 Churches and Schools 645-646 Factories and Banks 646-647 Newspapers 647 CHAPTER IX. Di.xoN Township and City. Ogee Ferry established 647 Postoffice established, 1829 647 John Dixon and Familv Arrive. . . . 647 ( )ther Early Settlers ..." 648 Government Land-Office at Dixon. . 648 William Cullen Bryant a \'isitor. . . . 648 The First Newspaper 648 Galena & Chicago Union R. R 648 Rapid Growth of Dixon 640 Cholera 'Visitation 649 List of Victims 649 Chronological List of Important Events 649-650 Partial List of ( )ld Settlers 650 Fire \'isitations 650-651 Father Dixon ( Sketch) 651-652 Distinguished Visitors 653-655 Church History. . . 655-659 Yomig Men's Christian Association. 659 CHAPTER X. Dixon Township and City (Continued). Manufacturing Enterprises 659-662 Newspapers 662-663 Schools and Colleges 663-665 Dams and Bridges 665-667 Bridge Disaster 666 List of Victims 666 Hotels 667 Banks 667-668 Dixon in Civil War 668-669 Spanish-American War 669 Patriotic and Charitable Associa- tions 669-670 Dixon Public Library 670-671 Rock River Assembly 671 City Officers ' 672 Lighting and Water Plants 672-673 Growth and Population 673-674 Postmasters 674 CHAPTER XI. East Grove Township. East Grove set off from Hamilton Township 674 First Settler 674 Later Arrivals 674 An Early Murder 674 Union Church 674 Peoria. Dixon and ( lalena State Road 674 CHAPTER XII. H.vMiLTON Township. Original Dimensions of Township. . 674 First Supervisors 674 Early Settlers 675 Rev.' N. G. Collins 675 First Schools 675-676 First Church Service 676 CHAPTER XIII. H.vrmon Township. Organization of Township 676 Some Early Settlers 676 First Elections 676 \\"M Game 676 Harmon X'illage 676 Grain Elevators 677 Churches 677 General Stores 677 LEE COITNTY INDEX. CHAPTER XI\'. Lee Center Towxshii'. First White Settler 677 ( )ther Early Arrivals 677 Rev. Peter Cartwright preaehes first Sermon 677 First School House 678 Pioneer Teacher 678 Lee Center Academy 678 Early Churches 678-679 CHAPTER XV. .M.\RiON Township. Organization of Township 680 First Town Officers 680 Daniel Welty first Settler 680 An Elegant Pioneer Home 680 Later .Arrivals 680 Town of \\'alton 680 CHAPTER XVL ]\L-\Y Township. Set off from Hamilton Township. . . 681 The Early Settlers 681 Catholic Church and Academy 681 CHAPTER XML X.\CHUS.\ Township. Originally \\'est Half of China Township 68 1 Road and Bridge History 682 Early Settlers at Grand Detour 682 "The Kingdom" 682 Cyrus Chamberlain first Settler, first County Commissioner anil first Justice of the Peace 682 Chester Herrington first Teacher... 682 First Mill and Iron Foundry. . . .682-683 (Galena &• Chicago L'nion R. R 683 I'ranklin Grove Settlement 683 Other Early Settlers 683 Pioneer Churches and Cemeteries. . . 683 First Sunday School and First Teacher 684 Xachusa \'illage 684 Col. A. P. Dysart, first Grain-dealer. 684 CHAPTER XNlir. Nelson Township. Is set off from Di.xon 685 Luther Stone first Settler 685 Other Early Settlers 685 The "Bluff Boys" 685 Zion Lutheran Church 685 Pine Grove Cemetery 685 Peoria Branch Chicago & Xorth- western R. R " 685 CHAPTER XIX. P.\LMYR.\ Township. First Settlers 686 The New York Colony 686 Indian Sugar-makers 687 Sugar Grove 687 The first Saw-mill 687 A Pioneer Wagon-shoj) 687 Early Churches and Schools 687 Some First Teachers 687 Prairieville — Soldiers' Monument... 688 Palmyra Insurance Company 688 CHAPTER XX. Reynolds Township. Organization 689 P'irst Election and first Town Offi- cers 68g Early Settlers 689 Churches 689 CHAPTER XXI. South Dixox Township. Set apart from Dixon 68g Joseph Cartwright first Permanent Settler 689 Other Early Arrivals 689 Edson Family and School 69a Campbell Family 690 Churches and Schools 690 Eldina X'illage 690 CHAPTER XXII. .Sl'iilette Township. First Settlers 690 ( )ther Early Settlers 691 LEE COUNTY INDEX. Settlers' Claim Society 691 Original Name of tlie Town "Han- no" 692 First Town .Meeting and first (Offi- cers 692 Church History 692-693 First Schools and School Houses. . . 693 Milage of Henkel 693 Sublette Milage 693 First Grain-Elevator 694 Sublette Exchange Bank 694 CHAPTER XXHI. \'ioL.\ Township. Stockton organized from Brooklyn Township 694 Name Changed to \'iola 694 First Town Officers 694 Melugin's Grove Settlement 694 First School 694 An Agricultural Township 694 CHAPTER XXIV. Willow Creek Township. The Four Groves 695 Large Foreign-born Population 695 The First Settlers 695 The Gonzolas Tract 695 Robert and David Smith 695 Indian Trail to Ottawa 695 Twin Groves 695 German and Norwegian Settlers... 696 Schools and Churclies 696 Willow Creek formerly part of Paw Paw 696 Chicago & Rock River R. R 696 Church History 696-697 Destructive Tornado 697 Milage of Lee 697 CHAPTER XXV. Wyoming Township. Originally Part of Paw Paw 698 Levi Keisey and Joel Griggs first Land Claimants 698 Other Early Settlers 698 The Simms Tavern 699 Ogee and LeClaire Reservations. . . . 699 William Rogers first Postmaster. . . . 699 "Underground Railroad" Station... 699 Four-Mile Grove Settlement 699 Paw Paw Grove an Important Center 700 Horse-thieves and Counterfeiters' Resort 700 Paw Paw Village 701 Village Schools 701 Newspapers 702 Churches 702-703 Banks 703 ^^'ater System 703 East and South Paw Paw X'illages. . 704 Citizens of Lee Countv. Abell, Jabez 749 Abell. John .M 749 Adrian, Harry 757 Adrian, John 757 Alexander, F'hilip M 715 Althaus, John 757 Anderson. Erastus 759 Anderson. John W 754 Andrus, Leonard 714 Angier, Ambrose N 730 Argraves, Lawrence W 758 Argraves, Linn C 758 Argraves, Samuel 758 Arnould, \'incent C 758 Aschenbrenner, Andrew 742 Aschenbrenner, Reinhart 74' Avery, Wilbur M 758 Ayres, Jason C 708 Badger, Chester 762 Badger, Warren H 762 Banks, John W 763 Bardwell, Abalino C 710 Barge, William 759 Barlow, Augustus 746 Barth, George J 738 Bartlett, Prescott 759 Baum, William D 762 Baurne, Lenuiel 732 Beitel, C. T 764 Berry. Ezra 761 Berry, Wilson S 761 Bethea, William W 724 Bieber, Paul 763 Bliss, Volney 759 Boardman, Isaac S 755 Bodine, Albert Z 761 Bothe, Henry 754 Bowers, C. \\' 763 Bradshaw. Aid 752 lirechon, (iustave P 746 1 irenimer, H. A 760 Briggs, J. S 740 Briggs, (). W 764 Brookner, Henry C 723 Brown. Clark S 7^10 I'rown. ( ieorge W. I 764 l'>ro\\ii, Thomas W 762 lirucker, William H 763 Bryant. Frank B 761 lUiVkct, Luther E 762 Burnett. Alfred 75 1 lUuMis Brothers 7r)4 I Siu'ns. Owen E 7r)4 I)Urns, Thomas E 764 Burright, Perry A 760 Cady, William W 767 Cahill, James 767 Carnahan, Andrew J 768 Carnahan, Hiram 767 Caruth, Alexander 767 Caruth. Thomas A 767 Case, Francis M 768 Case, Frank W 7f)8 Case. John A 768 Chadwick, Qiarles W 709 Chaffee, Fernando H 766 Chaffee, Wilbur T 766 Charters, James B 714 Chase, Albion P 725 Chase, Everett E 731 Cheney, Person 7;^" Chenev, Mrs. Person 737 Childs, Frank L 756 Christeance, George W 769 Clapp, John L 722 Clark, Daniel S 76s Clink, Alpheus H 768 Cobb, Henry B 737 Cortright, Nathan A 739 Cotton, Elmer 713 Crabtree, John D 708 Crawford, Albert W 767 Crawford, Calvin B 766 Crawford, Joseph 715 Crawford, Joseph D 767 Crawford, Milton .\ 755 Crawford, Samuel 766 Crawford, Wilson 766 Cumins, Theron 711 Daehler, William 771 Dement, Henry D 770 Dement, John 770 Detrick, Martin 771 Dinges, Peter 772 Dixon, Frank 1" 748 Dixon, Father John 706 Dixon, Henry S 769 Dixon. Sherwood 7^9 Dodge. Orris B 724 Douglass, John P. 771 Durin. James M 77- I )urin. Lewis G 77~ Durr, Henry J 771 Dyer, Mrs. 'Mary E 770 Dysart, Edward E 770 Dvsart. Ernest E 769 LEE COUNTY INDEX. Dysart, Harry W 770 Dysart, John 744 Dysart, Samuel 722 Dysart, William C 744 Dysart, Wilson 770 Eden, jMartin P 774 Edmonds, Isaac 775 Edwards, Isaac 774 Edwards, William J 774 Eells, Samuel C 709 Emmert, Frank G 773 Emmert, Henry ■j'j'i, Emmert. Lurten S jj}, Emmert, Zachariah jj}, Erbes, Philip 775 Ericsson, John M 773 Eustace, John V 775 Everett, Oliver 774 Ewald, Charles j-j;}^ Faber, Christian C 778 Faber, George 778 Faber, William C 735 Fagan, Edward 778 Fahrney, David M ■]■]■/ Fairchild, David 776 Farrand, Richard S 711 Fassig, John P ■j'jj Fauble, Philip G 778 Felker, John B j^j Fischer, David J 750 Fischer, Henry 776 Fitzsimons. Edward 779 Fleming, Peter 775 Foley, Michael 776 Fordham, Harry L -j-jj Franklin, William E ■]■]■] Frantz, Benjamin F 719 Freese, Anton F j-jj Frost, S. Donald 756 Frost, William S 776 Fry, Josiah 778 Fuestman, Godfrey 776 Fuller, Champion 775 Gaertner, Ferdinand 780 Gaffaney, Michael 781 Gantz, Sanuiel M 780 Garland, John J 781 Gehant, Frank J 779 Gehant, Henry F 779 Gehant, Laurent 779 Gilbert, Abram 780 Gilbert, Wilbcr W 779 Gilmore, Alexander 780 Glessner, Jeremiah 752 Goble, James 780 Gonnermann, Ci^nrad 781 Grim, Adam 780 Gross, Christian 745 Grube, Henry A 781 Gufifin, W. 1 719 Hallock, Israel F 735 Hanne, John 787 Hanne, Robert J 787 Harck, Fred 783 Harden, Dennis C 787 Harper, John 786 Hart, Charles D 782 Hart, Levi E 788 Hartzell, John Z 789 Hartzell, Lincoln A 787 Hartzell, Marcus 789 Haskell, Mrs. Abigail L 781 Hansen, Charles F 735 Hansen, Sylvanus C 788 Hansen. William H 734 Heaton, William W 782 Heckman, Jacob C 787 Heckman, 'fohn R 788 Hendrix, Ralph H 785 Henry, Eugene A 784 Henry. Joseph E 750 Henry, Lewis 786 Henry, William 782 Herbst. John S 785 Hetler. Hiram 785 Hetler, Jeremiah 784 Hetler, Jesse 785 Hetler, John 785 Hetler, Nathan 784 Hilleson, Helge A 786 Hills, Willis N 784 Hoerner, Frank 786 Hoffman. Henry 786 Holdren. lienjamin F. '. 784 Holdren. Sherman J 783 Hopps, Robert A 783 Howell, George L 715 Howell, George W 789 Howlett, James C 736 Hubbard, Charles F 783 Hunt, Isaac E 783 Hiissey, Columbus D 78S Hutchinson. A. E 783 Hutchinson. John N 789 Huyett, Jacob H 788 Jeanblanc, Constant A 790 Johnston, Oliver P 791 Johnson, Benjamin F 7go Johnson, Edward L 789 Johnson. Ralph E 790 Jones, Royal 791 Jones. Pryce 790 LEE COUNTY INDEX. Judil, Wallace A 791 Kearns, ^lichael 793 Kelley, Peter 792 Kersten, Hartiiian .M 794 Kersten, John 794 Killmer, John ]\1 791 Killnier, William 792 King, Elijah L 792 Kirke, Alexander J 794 Knetsch, Fred 793 Knight, Edward U 793 Knight, Mrs. Harriet E 791 Kost, Charles C 791 Kopp, Conrad 794 Koons, Nathan 794 Kreiter. Edward H 793 Kugler, Wilhani H 793 Lahman, John D 798 Larabee, James \\'., Sr 793 Larabee, James \\'., Jr 795 Larkin. Hugh, Sr 797 Larkin, Hugh, Jr 797 Lauer, Andrew J 796 Laucr. Anton H 797 Lauer. George 797 Lauer. Mike J 798 Lawrence, John T 799 Leake. Daniel C 795 Leake, Fred W 796 Leake, John C 795 LeFever, Leander L 798 Lehman, Ira M 799 Leivan, ^\'illiam 796 Lewis, Ira W 798 Lindeman, Herman 743 Lincoln, James H 796 Little, Andrew 799 Little, Joseph T 798 Lord, John L 713 Lvman, George A 725 .M'adden. Wil'liam H 805 Martin, Willard H 803 Man, Frank 807 May, Andrew 806 McP.ride, Frank 807 McP.ride, John B 807 McCaffrey, Bernard 806 McCarty, William 804 McCleary, John C 740 McCune, Thomas 804 McGinnis, Michael 808 McGinnis. William G 800 McGowan, Michael J 802 McCiuirk, Hugh 803 McMahan, Williaiu 807 McMillan. Charles W 806 ]\lcWethv, George P 804 Mead, Riley A 805 ;\Ieese, Calvin 804 Menk, Rudolph \^■ 807 Menz, Henry C 749 Meppen, William 73 1 Merriman, Avery 806 Merriman, J. B 712 Merriman, \\'alter B 712 Messer, G. William 803 Miller, Henry E 745 Miller, Jacob 803 Miller, Llewellyn W 802 Aliller, Rinear 806 ]\Iills, George 801 Mills, S. F. 720 Minor, David . 807 Moft'att. William 753 Montarin, Frank J 808 Morey, George E 800 Morris, James H 804 Morrissey, Edward 801 Moss, Zachariah W 801 Mossholder, Nicholas 753 Moulton, Mrs. Ida C 800 Moyer, John E 802 Mullins, George 805 Munn, M. C 801 Murphy, E. S 733 Mvers, Abram 800 Neer, Barton B 808 Nelles, G. Lafayette 809 Nichols, Andrew J 734 Nicholson, William 808 Noble, Henry T 808 Northrup, C. K 722 Oberhelman. Fred 809 Oberhelman, lohn W 810 O'AIalley. Michael 809 Owens, E. B 809 Pankhurst, \\'illiam 811 Petrie, Nathan A 721 Phillips, Richard 7S2 Phillips, William W 811 Pierce, Philip S 811 Pitcher, Lester D 748 Plein, Nicholas 812 Plummer, Joseph P 810 Powers, Abijah 717 Powers, Austin 718 Pratt, Wilbur A 810 Preston, Charles F 810 Preston, Horace 812 Preston, Lorenzo T 811 Preston, William T 812 Rhoads, Jacob W 813 LEE COUNTY INDEX. Richardson, John S 813 Richardson, Nathan W 814 Ripley, John E 814 Roberts, Benjamin 812 Roberts, Henry L 813 Rogers, Francis E 813 Rosenkranz, Andrew H 813 Rossiter, Cornelius S 814 Sartorious, Henry 818 Sawyer, Darius 821 Schaf er, George W 815 Schmidt, John 817 Schnuckel, George 820 Scofield. Seely 821 Scott, Henry J 743 Seavey, Albion M 729 Seavey, Fletcher 819 Seavev, William W 729 Seidef, John J 816 Sevbert, James W 816 Shaddick, Richard M 819 Shaw, Benjamin F 706 Shaw, Eustace E 707 Shaw, G. H. T 7^^ Shaw, Mary 814 Shaw, Samuel 814 Shell, Elias 815 Sickels, Edward A 716 Sickels, Edward C 716 Siglin, Amos 822 Sitts, John D 820 Sloggctt, John H 819 Smith, Charles G 818 Smith, Christopher 817 Smith. Edwin W 738 .Smith, James A 815 Smith. J. IM 756 Smith. Xelson 820 Smith, Schuyler E 816 Steel, George y^2 Stein, Henry P 817 Steinman. Charles A 820 .Stephan, Louis 754 Stiles, Forest E 815 Stiteley, Frank E 816 Stone, Samuel 820 Stoncr, Melchior S 817 Slunkel, M. J 817 .Sullivan. Michael 739 Sunday, Henry W 815 Sunday, Solomon 821 Sutton, William 821 Svvartz, Daniel 821 Swope. Elijah F 817 Tarr, Stephen .\ 824 Tasclic, Conrad 757 Taylor, William E 824 Teal, Manley M 823 Terhune, John A 823 Terhune, John H 823 Thomas, John V 824 Thompson, Gardner W 824 Thompson, William C 823 Tilton, Francis J 751 Titus, Abraham B 726 Titus, Edgar L 728 Titus, Ira R 727 Todd, John 822 Tompkins, A. J 822 Tourtillott, Albert T 730 Traverse, Edniond R 822 Treadwell, Rensselaer P 822 Trowbridge, Reuben 742 Truckenbrod, John N 823 Ultch, Edward C 825 L'tley, Joseph 710 Vail, Morrison H 825 Van Epps, William H 732 Vann, Samuel A 825 \"an Patten, Harmon 826 \"ogel, Jacob 826 Wagner, Charles W 827 Wagner, Jacob 829 Watson, Frederick A 720 Watson, James A 720 Wedlock, John 829 Weishaar, John W 828 Weisz, Charles E 827 Welty, Charles F 740 Welty, David 829 Wertman, Licob 828 Wertman, "\\'illard L 828 Wheeler, B. J 826 White, Carev T 829 White, Edwiii J 829 \Miitney, Alexis R S30 Whitne\-, Xathan 830 Wicher, Clvde L 717 Will, Charles 1 828 Wingert, Edward E 830 Wood, Lorenzo 829 Woodbridge, Ebenezer 827 Woods, Albert 827 Woods, George 830 Woods, Isaac N 828 Wright, Stephen A S2J W\'man, John B 829 Yetter, John 747 Young, George E 830 Young, Simon P 747 Young, Thomas 831 Zeller, S. T 831 Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois. ABBOTT, (Lient.-Gov.) Edward, a British officer, who was coniinandant at Post Vincennes (called by the British, Fort Sackville) at the time Col. George Rogers Clark captured Kaskas- kia in 1778. Abbott's jurisdiction extended, at least nominally, over a part of the "Illinois Country. " Ten days after the occupation of Kas- kaskia, Colonel Clark, having learned that Abbott had gone to the British headquarters at Detroit, leaving the Post without any guard except that furnished by the inhabitants of the village, took advantage of his absence to send Pierre Gibault. the Catholic Vicar-General of Illi- nois, to win over the people to the American cause, which he did so successfully that they at once took the oath of allegiance, and the Ameri- can flag was run up over the fort. Although Fort Sackville afterwards fell into the hands of the British for a time, the manner of its occupa- tion was as much of a surprise to the British as that of Kaskaskia itself, and contributed to the completeness of Clark's triumph. (See Clark, Col. George Rogers, also, Gibault, Pierre.) Gov- ernor Abbott seems to have been of a more humane character than the mass of British officers of his day, as he wrote a letter to General Carleton about this time, protesting strongly against the employment of Indians in carrying on warfare against the coloni.sts on the frontier, on the ground of humanity, claiming that it was a detriment to the British cause, although he was overruled by his superior officer. Colonel Hamilton, in the steps soon after taken to recai)- tvu-e Vincennes. ABINGDON, second city in size in KnoxCounty, at the junction of the Iowa Central and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroads; 10 miles south of Galesburg, with whicli it is con- nected by electric car line; has city waterwork.s, electric light plant, wagon works, brick and tile works, sash, blind and swing factories, two banks, three weekly papers, public library, fine high school building and two ward schools. Hedding College, a flourishing institution, under auspices of the M. E. Cluirch, is loc^ated here. Population (1900), 3,022; (e.st. 1904), 3,000. ACCAULT, Michael (Ak-ko), French explorer and companion of La Salle, who came to the "Illinois Country" in 1780, and accompanied Hennepin when the latter descended the Illinois River to its mouth and then ascended the Mis- sissippi to the vicinity of the present city of St. Paul, where they were captured by Sioux. They were rescued by Greysolon Dulhut {for whom the city of Duluth was named), and having dis- covered the Falls of St. Anthony, returned to Green Bay. (See Hennepin.) ACKERMAN. William K., Railway President and financier, was born in New York City, Jan. 29, 1832, of Knickerbocker and Revolutionary ancestry, his grandfather, Abraham D. Acker- man, having served as Captain of a companj' of the famous "Jersey Blues,'' participating with "Mad" Anthony Wayne in the storming of Stony Point during the Revolutionary War, while his father served as Lieutenant of Artillery in the War of 1812. After receiving a high school edu- cation in New York, Mr. Ackerman engaged in mercantile business, but in 1852 became a clerk in the financial department of the Illinois Central Railroad. Coming ti) Chicago in the service of the Company in 1800, he successively filled the positions of Secretary, Auditor and Treasurer, until Juh', 1876, when he was elected Vice-Presi- dent and a year later promoted to the Presidency, voluntarily retiring from this position in August, 1883, though serving some time longer in the capacity of Vice-President. During the progress of the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago (1892-93) Mr. Ackerman served as Auditor of the Exposition, and was City Comptroller of Chicago under the administration of Mayor Hopkins 9 10 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. (1893-95). He is an active member of the Chicago Historical Society, and has rendered valuable service to railroad history by the issue of two bro- chures on the "Earh- History of Illinois Rail- roads,"' and a "Historical Sketch of the Illinois Central Railroad." ADAMS, John, LL.D., educator and pliilan- thropist, was born at Canterbury, Conn., Sept. 18, 1772; graduated at Yale College in 179.5; taught for several years in his native place, in Plain- field, N. J., and at Colchester, Conn. In 1810 he became Principal of Pliillips Academy at An- dover, Mass., remaining there twenty-three J ears. In addition to his educational duties he participated in the organization of several great charitable associations which attained national importance. On retiring fi'om Phillips Academy in 1833, he removed to Jacksonville, 111., where, four years afterward, he became the third Prin- cipal of Jacksonville Female Academy, remaining six years. He then became Agent of the Ameri- can Simday School Union, in the course of the next few years founding several hundred Sunday Scliools in different parts of the State. He re- ceived the degree of LL.D. from Yale College in 1854. Died in Jacksonville, April 24, 1863. The subject of this sketch was father of Dr. William Adams, for forty years a prominent Presbyterian clergyman of Xew York and for seven years (1873- 80) President of Union Theological Seminary. ADAMS, John McGregor, manufacturer, was born at Londonderry, N. H., March 11, 1834, the son of Rev. John R. Adams, who served as Chap- lain of the Fifth Maine and One Hundred and Twenty-first New York Volunteers during the Civil War. Mr. Adams was educated at Gorham, Me., and Andover, Mass., after which, going to New York City, he engaged as clerk in a dry- goods house at §150 a year. He next entered the office of Clark & Jessup, hardware manufacturers, and in 1858 came to Chicago to represent the house of Morris K. Jessup & Co. He thus became associated with the late John Crerar, the firm of Jessup & Co. being finally merged into that of Crerar, Adams & Co., which, with the Adams & "Westlake Co., have done a large business in the manufacture of railway supplies. Since the deatli of Mr. Crerar, Mr. Adams lias been princi- pal manager of the concern's vast manufacturing business. ADAMS, (Dr.) Samuel, physician and edu- cator, was born at Brunswick, Me., Dec. 19, 1806, and educated at Bowdoin College, where lie graduated in both the departments of literature and of medicine. Then, having practiced as a physician several years, in 1838 he assumed the chair of Natural Philosophy, Cliemistry and Natural History in Illinois College at Jackson- ville, 111. From 1843 to 1845 he was also Pro- fessor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics in the Medical Department of the same institution, and, during liis connection with the College, gave instruction at different times in nearly every branch embraced in the college curriculum, including the French and German languages. Of uncompromising firmness and invincible cour- age in liis adherence to principle, he %vas a man of singular modesty, refinement and amiability in private life, winning the confidence and esteem of all with whom he came in contact, especially the students who came under his instruction. A profound and thorough scholar, he possessed a refined and exalted literary taste, which was illustrated in occasional contributions to scien- tific and literary periodicals. Among productions of his pen on philosophic topics may be enumer- ated articles on "The Natural History of Man in his Scriptural Relations;" contributions to the "Biblical Repository" (1844); "Auguste Comte and Positivism" ("New Englander," 1878), and "Herbert Spencer's Proposed Reconciliation be- tween Religion and Science" ("New Englander," 1875). His connection with Illinois College con- tinued until his death, April, 1877 — a period of more than thirtj'-eight years. A monument to his memory has been erected through the grate- ful donations of his former pupils. ADAMS, George Everett, lawyer and ex-Con- gressman, born at Keene, N. H., June 18, 1840; was educated at Harvard College, and at Dane Law School, Cambridge, Mass., graduating at the former in 1860. Early in life he settled in Chi- cago, where, after some time spent as a teacher in the Chicago High School, he engaged in the practice of his profession. His first post of pub- lic responsibility was that of State Senator, to which he was elected in 1880. In 1882 he was chosen, as a Republican, to represent tlie Fourth Illinois District in Congress, and i-e-elected in 1884, "86 and '88. In 1890 he was again a candi- date, but was defeated by Walter C. Newberrj'. He is one of the Trustees of the Newberry Library. ADAMS, James, pioneer lawyer, was born in Hartford, Conn., Jan. 26, 1803; taken to Oswego County, N. Y., in 1809, and, in 1821, removed to Springfield, 111., being the first lawyer to locate in the future State capital. He enjoyed an ex- tensive practice for the time ; in 1823 was elected a Justice of the Peace, took part in the Winne- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 11 bago and Black Hawk wars, was elected Probate Judge in 1841, and died in office, August 11, 1843. ADAMS COUNTY, an extreme westerly county of the State, situated about midwa}- between its northern and southern extremities, and bounded on the west bj' the Mississippi River. It was organized in 182.J and named in honor of John Quincy Adanrs, the name of Quincy being given to the county seat. The United States Census of 1890 places its area at 830 sq. m. and its popula- tion at 61,888. The soil of the county is fertile and well watered, the surface diversified and liilly, especially along the Mississippi bluffs, and its climate equable. The wealth of the county is largely derived from agriculture, although a large amount of manufacturing is carried on in Quincy. Population (1900), 67,058. ADD.VMS, John Huy, legislator, was born at Sinking Springs, Berks County, Pa., July 12, 1823; educated at Trappeand Upper Dublin, Pa., and learned the trade of a miller in his youth, which he followed in later life. In 1844, Mr. Addams came to Illinois, settling at Cedarville, Stephenson County, purchased a tract of land and built a saw and grist mill on Cedar Creek. In 18.54 he was elected to the State Senate froni Stephenson County, serving continuously in that body by successive re-elections until 1870 — first as a Whig and afterwards as a Republican. In ISG.'j he established the Second National Bank of Free- port, of which he continued to be the president until his death, August 17, 1881. — Miss Jane ( Addams), philanthropist, the founder of the "Hull House," Cliicago, is a daughter of Mr. Addams. ADDISON, village. Du Page County; .seat of Evangelical Lutheran College, Normal School and Orijlian Asylum ; has State Bank, stores and public school. Pop. (1900), 591; (1904), 014. ADJUTANTS-GENERAL. The office of Adju- tant-General for the State of Illinois was first created by Act of the Legislature, Feb. 3, 1865. Previous to the War of the Rebellion the position was rather honorary than otherwise, its duties (except during the Black Hawk War) and its emoluments being alike unimportant. The in- cumbent was simply the Chief of the Governor's Staff. In 1861, the post became one of no small importance. Those who held the office during the Territorial period were: Elias Rector, Robert Morrison, Benjamin Stephenson and Wm. Alex- ander. After the admission of Illinois as a State up to the beginning of the Civil War, the duties (which were almost wholly nominal) were dis- charged by Wm. Alexander, 1819-21; Elijah C. Berry, 1821-28; James W. Berry, 1838-39; Moses K. Anderson, 1839-57; Thomas S. Mather, 18.58-61. In November, 1861, Col. T. S. Mather, who had held the position for three years previous, resigned to enter active service, and Judge Allen C. Fuller was appointed, remaining in office until January 1, 1865. The first appointee, under the act of 18(i5, was Isham N. Haynie, who held office until his death in 1S(J9. The Legislature of 1869, taking into consideration that all the Illinois volunteers had been mustered out, and that the duties of the Adjutant-General had been materi- ally lessened, reduced the proportions of the department and curtailed the appropriation for its support. Since the adoption of the military coile of 1877, the Adjutant-General's office has occupied a more important and conspicuous posi- tion among the departments of the State govern- ment. The following is a list of those who have held office since General Haj-nie, with the date and duration of their respective terms of office: Hubert Dilger, 1869-73; Edwin L. Higgins, 1873-75; Hiram Hilliard, 1875-81; Isaac H. Elliot, 1881-84; Joseph W. Vance, 1884-93; Albert Oren- dorfT, 1893-96; C. C. Hilton, 1896-97; Jasper N. Reece, 1897—. AGRICULTURE. Illinois ranks high as an agricultural State. A large area in the eastern portion of the State, because of the absence of timber, was called by the early settlers "the Grand Prairie." Upon and along a low ridge beginning in Jackson County and running across the State is the prolific fruit-growing district of Southern Illinois. The bottom lands extending from Cairo to the mouth of the Illinois River are of a fertilitj' seemingly inexhaustible. The cen- tral portion of the State is best adapted to corn, and the southern and southwestern to the culti- vation of winter wheat. Nearly three-foiul^hs of the entire State — some 42,000 square miles — is up- land prairie, well suited to the raising of cereals. In the value of its oat crop Illinois leads all the States, that for 1891 being 831, 106,674, with 3,068,- 930 acres imder cultivation. In the production of corn it ranks next to Iowa, the last census (1890) showing 7.014,336 acres under cultivation, and the value of the crop being estimated at §86,905,510. In wheat-raising it ranked seventh, although the aniuial average value of the crop from 18WJ to 1890 was a little less than !?29,000,- 000. As a live-stock State it leads in the value of horses (883,000,000), ranks second in the produc- tion of swine (§30,000,000), third in cattle-growing (§32,000,000), and fourtli in dairy products, the value of milch cows being estimated at §24,000,- 000. (See also Farmers' Institute.) 12 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. AGRICULTURE, DEPARTMENT OF. A department of tlie State administration wliich grew out of the organization of the Illinois Agri- cultural Society, incorporated by Act of the Legislature in 1853. The first appropriation from the State treasury for its maintenance was §1,000 per annum, "to be expended in the promotion of mechanical and agricultural arts." The first President was James N. Brown, of Sangamon Count}'. Simeon Francis, also of Sangamon, was the first Recording Secretary ; John A. Kennicott of Cook, first Corresponding Secretary ; and John Williams of Sangamon, first Treasurer. Some thirty volumes of reports have been issued, cover- ing a variety of topics of vital interest to agri- culturists. The department has well equipped offices in the State House, and is charged with the conduct of State Fairs and the management of annual exhibitions of fat stock, besides the collection and dissemination of statistical and other information relative to the State's agri- cultural interests. It receives annual reports from all County Agricultural Societies. The State Board consists of three general officers (President, Secretary and Treasurer) and one representative from each Congressional district. The State appropriates some $20,000 annually for the prosecution of its work, besides which there is a considerable income from receipts at State Fairs and fat stock shows. Between .§20,000 and §2.5,000 per annum is disbursed in premiums to competing exhibitors at the State Fairs, and some 610,000 divided among County Agricultural Societies holding fairs. AKERS, Peter, D. D., Methodist Episcopal clergyman, born of Presbyterian parentage, in Campbell County, Va., Sept. 1, 1790; was edu- cated in the common schools, and, at the age of IG, began teaching, later pursuing a classical course in institutions of Virginia and North Carolina. Having removed to Kentuckj', after a brief .season spent in teaching at Jlount Sterling in that State, he began the study of law and was admitted to the bar in 1817. Two years later he began the publication of a paper called "The Star," which was continued for a short time. In 1821 lie was converted and joined the Methodist church, and a few months later began preaching. In 1832 he removed to Illinois, and, after a year spent in work as an evangelist, he assumed the Presidency of McKendree College at Lebanon, remaining during 1833-34; then established a "manual labor school" near Jacksonville, which he maintained for a few years. From 1837 to 1853 was spent as stationed minister or Presiding Elder at Springfield, Quincy and Jacksonville. In the latter year he was again appointed to the Presidency of McKendree College, where he remained five years. He was then (1857) trans- ferred to the Minnesota Conference, but a year later was compelled by declining health to assume a superannuated relation. Returning to Illinois about 1865, he served as Presiding Elder of the Jacksonville and Pleasant Plains Districts, but was again compelled to accept a superannuated relation, making Jacksonville his home, where he died, Feb. 21, 1886. While President of Mc- Kendree College, he published his work on "Bib- lical Chronology," to which he had devoted many previous years of his life, and which gave evi- dence of great learning and vast research. Dr. Akers was a man of profound convictions, exten- sive learning and great eloquence. As a pulpit orator and logician he probably had no superior in the State during the time of his most active ser\'ice in the denomination to which he belonged. AKI\, Edward C, lawyer and Attorney-Gen- eral, was born in Will Count}', 111., in 1852, and educated in the public schools of Jolietandat Ann Arbor, Mich. For four years he was paying and receiving teller in the First National Bank of Joliet, but was admitted to the bar in 1878 and has continued in active practice since. In 1887 lie entered upon his political career as the Republi- can candidate for City Attorne}' of Joliet, and was elected by a majority of over 700 votes, although the city was usuallj' Democratic. The follow- ing year he was the candidate of his party for State's Attorney of Will County, and was again elected, leading the State and county ticket by 800 votes — being re-elected to the same office in 1892. In 1895 he was the Republican nominee for Mayor of Joliet, and, although opposed by a citizen's ticket headed by a Republican, was elected over his Democratic coiniietitor by a deci- sive majority. His greatest popular triumph was in 1896, when he was elected Attorney-General on the Republican State ticket by a plurality over his Democratic opponent of 132,248 and a majority over all competitors of 111,255. His legal abilities are recognized as of a very high order, while his personal popularity is indicated by his uniform success as a candidate, in the face, at times, of strong political majorities. ALBANY, a village of Whiteside County, lo- cated on the Mississippi River and the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway (Rock Island branch). Population (1890), 611; (1900), 631. ALBION, county-seat of Edwards County, on Soutliern Railway, midway between St. Louis EXPERIMENT FARM (THE VINEVARl.l LNIVKRMTV OF ILLINOIS. EXPERIMENT EARM lOKCHARD CI-I.TI V ATI. >M, lM\i.K^ M\i.K^ITY OI- ILLINOIS. ( HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 13 and Louisville; seat of Soutliern Collegiate In- stitute; has plant for manufacture of vitrified shale paving brick, two newspapers, creamery, flouring mills, and is important shipping point for live stock; is in a rich fruit-growing district; has five churches and splendid public schools. Population (1900), 1,162; (est. 1904), 1,500. ALCORN, James Lusk, was born near Gol- conda. 111., Nov. 4, 1816; early went South and held various offices in Kentucky and Mississippi, including member of the Legislature in each; was a member of the Mississippi State Conven- tions of 1851 and 1861, and by the latter appointed a Brigadier-General in the Confederate service, but refused a commission by Jefferson Davis because his fidelity to the rebel cause was doubted. At the close of the war he was one of the first to accept the reconstruction policy ; was ■elected United States Senator from Mississippi in 1865, but not admitted to his seat. In 1869 he was chosen Governor as a Republican, and two years later elected United States Senator, serving until 1877. Died, Dec. 20, 1894. ALDRICH, J. Frank, Congressman, was born at Two Rivers, Wis., April 6, 1853, the son of William Aldrich, who afterwards became Con- gressman from Chicago ; was brought to Chicago in 1861, attended the public schools and the Chi- cago University, and graduated from the Rensse- laer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N. Y., in 1877, receiving the degree of Civil Engineer. Later he engaged in the linseed oil business in Chicago. Becoming interested in politics, he was elected a member of the Board of County Commissioners of Cook County, serving as President of that body during the reform period of 1887; was also a member of the County Board of Education and Chairman of the Chicago Citizens' Committee, appointed from the various clubs and commer- cial organizations of the city, to promote the for- mation of the Cliicago Sanitary District. From May 1, 1891, to Jan. 1, 1893, he was Commissioner of Public Works for Chicago, when he resigned his office, having been elected (Nov., 1892) a member of the Fifty-third Congress, on the Republican ticket, from the First Congressional District; was re-elected in 1894, retiring at tlie clo.se of the Fifty-fourth Congre.ss. In 1898 he was appointed to a position in connection witli the office of Comptroller of the Currency at Wasliington. ALDRICH, William, mercliant and Congress- man, was liorn at Greenfield, N. Y., Jan. 20, 1820. His early common school training was supple- mented by private tuition in higlier branches of mathematics and in survej-ing, and by a term in an academj-. Until he had reached the age of 26 years he was engaged in farming and teaching, but, in 1846, turned his attention to mercantile pursuits. In IS.Tl he removed to Wisconsin, where, in addition to mercliandising, he engaged in the manufacture of furniture and woodenware, and where he also held several important offices, being Superintendent of Schools for three years, Chairman of the County Board of Supervisors one j'ear, besides serving one term in the Legisla- ture. In 1860 he removed to Chicago, where he embarked in tlie wholesale grocery business. In 1875 he was elected to the City Council, and, in 1876, chosen to represent his district (the First) in Congress, as a Republican, being re-elected in 1878, and again in 1880. Died in Fond du Lao, Wis., Dec. 3. 1885. ALEDO, county-seat of Mercer County; is in the midst of a rich farming and bituminous coal region; fruit-growing and stock-raising are also extensivelj' carried on, and large quantities of these commodities are shipped here; has two newspapers and ample school facilities. Popula- tion (1890), 1,601; (1900), 2,081. ALEXANDER, John T., agriculturist and stock-grower, was born in Western Virginia, Sept. 15, 1820; removed with his father, at six years of age, to Ohio, and to Illinois in 1848. Here he bought a tract of several thousand acres of land on the Wabash Railroad, 10 miles east of Jacksonville, wliich finally developed into one of tlie richest stock-farms in the State. After the war he became the owner of the celebrated "Sullivant farm," comprising some 20,000 acres on the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railroad in Champaign County, to which he transferred his stock interests, and although overtaken by re- verses, left a large estate. Died, August 22, 1876. ALEXANDER, Milton K., pioneer, was born in Elbert County, Ga., Jan. 23, 1796; emigrated with his father, in 1804, to Tennessee, and, while still a boy, enlisted as a soldier in the War of 1812, serving under the command of General Jackson until the capture of Pensacola, when he entered upon the campaign against the Seminoles in Florida. In 1823 he removed to Edgar County, 111., and engaged in mercantile and agricultural pursuits at Paris; serving also as Postmaster there some twenty-five years, and as Clerk of the County Commissioners" Court from 1H26 to "37. In 1826 he was commissioned by Governor Coles, Colonel of the Nineteentli Regiment, Illinois State Militia ; in 1830 was Aide-de-Camp to Gov- ernor Reynolds, and, inl832, took part in the Black 14 UISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Hawk War as Brigadier-General of tlie Second Brigade, Illinois Volunteers. On the inception of the internal improvement scheme in 1837 he was elected by the Legislature a member of the first Board of Commissioners of Public Works, serving until the Board was abolished. Died, July 7, 1856. ALEXANDER, (Dr.) William M., pioneer, came to Soutliern Illinois previous to the organi- zation of Union County (1818), and for some time, while practicing his profession as a physician, acted as agent of the proprietors of the tovm of America, which was located on the Ohio River, on the first high ground above its junction with the Mississippi. It became the first covmty-seat of Alexander County, which was organized in 1819, and named in his honor. In 1820 we find him a Representative in the Second General Assembly from Pope County, and two years later Representative from Alexander County, when he became Speaker of the House during the session of the Third General Assembly. Later, he removed to Kaskaskia, but finally went South, where he died, though the date and place of his death are unknown. ALEXANDER COUNTY, the extreme southern count}' of the State, being bounded on the west by the Mississipppi, and south and east by the Ohio and Caclie rivers. Its area is about 230 square miles and its population, in 1890, was 16,- 563. The first American settlers were Tennessee- ans named Bird, who occupied the delta and gave it the name of Bird's Point, wliich, at the date of the Civil War (1861-65), had been transferred to the 5Iissouri shore opposite the mouth of the Ohio. Other early settlers were Clark. Kennedj' and Philips (at Mounds), Conyer and Terrel (at Amer- ica), and Humphreys (near Caledonia). In 1818 Shadrach Bond (afterwards Governor), John G. Comyges and others entered a claim for 1800 acres in the central and northern part of the county, and incorporated the "City and Bank of Cairo." The history of this enterprise is interesting. In 1818 (on Comyges' death) the land reverted to the Government ; but in 1835 Sidney Breese, David J. Baker and Miles A. Gilbert re-entered the for- feited bank tract and tlie title thereto became vested in the "Cairo City and Canal Company," which was chartered in 1837, and, by purchase, extended its holdings to 10,000 acres. The county was organized in 1819; the first county- seat being America, wliich was incorporated in 1820. Population (1900), 19,384. ALEXIAJf BROTHERS' HOSPITAL, located at Chicago; established in 1860, and under the management of the Aleiian Brothers, a monastic order of the Roman Catholic Church. It was originally opened in a small frame building, but a better edifice was erected in 1868, onh' to be de- stroyed in the great fire of 1871. The following year, through the aid of private benefactions and an appropriation of §18,000 from tlie Chicago Re- lief and Aid Society, a larger and better hospital was built. In 1888 an addition was made, increas- ing the accommodation to 150 beds. Only poor male patients are admitted, and these are received without reference to nationality or religion, and absolutely without charge. The present medical staff (1896) comprises fourteen phj'sicians and sur- geons. In 1895 the close approach of an intra- mural transit line having rendered the building unfit for hospital pm-poses, a street railway com- pany purchased the site and buildings for §250,- 000 and a new location has been selected. ALEXIS, a village of Warren County, on the Rock Island & St. Louis Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway, 12 miles east of north from Monmouth. It has manufactures of brick, drain-tile, pottery and agricultural imple- ments; is also noted for its Clydesdale horses. Population (1880), 398; (1890), .562; (1900). 915. AL(ilON3) divided the State into nine districts, as follows — the first election under it being held the following November: First — Lake, McHenry, Boone, Winnebago, Stephenson, Jo Daviess, Car- roll, Ogle ; Second — Cook, Du Page, Kane, De Kalb, Lee, Whiteside, Rock Island; Third — Will, Kendall, Giimdy, Livingston, La Salle, Putnam, Bui-eau, Vermilion, Iroquois, Cham- paign, SIcLean, De Witt ; Fourth — Fulton, Peoria, Knox, Henry, Stark, Warren, Mercer, Marshall, Mason, Woodford, Tazewell; Fifth — Adams, Calhoun, Brown, Schuyler, Pike, Mc- Donough, Hancock, Henderson ; Sixth — Morgan, Scott, Sangamon, Greene, Macoupin, Jlontgom- ery, Shelby, Christian, Cass, Menard, Jerse}'; Seventh — Logan, Macon, Piatt, Coles, Edgar, Moultrie, Cumberland, Crawford, Clark, Effing- ham. Jasjier, Clay, Lawrence, Richland, Fayette; Eighth — Randolph, Jlonroe, St. Clair, Bond, Madison, Clinton, Washington, Jeff'erson, Jlar- ion; Ninth — Alexander, Pulaski, Mas.sac, Union, Johnson, Pope, Hardin, Gallatin, Saline, Jack- son, Perry, Franklin, Williamson, Hamilton, Edwards. White, Wayne, Wabash. The census of 1860 showed that Illinois was entitled to fourteen Representatives, but through an error the apportionment law of April 34, 1861, created only thirteen districts. This was coni- pensateil for by pi-oviding for the election of one Congressman for the State-at- large. The districts were as follows: First — Cook, Lake; Second — McHenry, Boone, W^innebago, De Kalb, and Kane; Third — Jo Daviess, Stephenson, White- side, Carroll, Ogle, Lee; Fourth — Adams, Han- cock, Warren, Mercer, Henderson, Rock Island; Fifth— Peoria. Knox. Stark, Jlarshall, Putnam, Bureau, Henry; Sixth— La Salle, Grundy, Ken- dall, Du Page, Will. Kankakee; Seventh — Macon, Piatt, Chamiiaign. Douglas. Moultrie, Cumberland. Vermilion. Coles. Edgar. Iroquois, Ford; Eighth— Sangamon, Logan. De Witt. Mc- Lean, Tazewell, "Woodford, Livingston; Ninth — HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 21 Fulton, Mason. Jlenard, Cass. Pike, McDonouKli. Schuyler, Browu; Tenth — Bond, Morgan, Cal- houn, Macoupin, Scott, Jersey, Greene, Christian, Montgomery, Slielby; Eleventh — Marion, Faj'- ette, Richland, Jasper, Clay, Clark, Crawford, Franklin, Lawrence, Hamilton, Effingham, Wayne, Jefferson; Twelfth — St. Clair. Madison. Clinton, Monroe. Washington, Raudolj)!! ; Thirteenth — Alexander, Pulaski, Union, Perry, Johnson, Williamson, Jackson, Massac, Pope, Ilardiii, Gallatin, Saline, White, Edwards, Wabash. The next reapportionment was made July 1, 1872. The Act created nineteen districts, as fol- lows: First — The first seven wards in Chicago and thirteen towns in Cook County, with the county of Du Page: Second — Wards Eighth to Fifteenth (inclusive) in Chicago: Third — Wards Sixteenth to Twentieth in Chicago, the remainder of Cook County, and Lake County; Fourth — Kane, De Kalb, McHenry, Boone, and Winne- bago; Fifth — Jo Daviess, Stephenson, Carroll, Ogle, Whiteside; Sixth — Henry, Rock Island, Putnam, Bureau, Lee; Seventh — La Salle, Ken- dall, Grundy, Will; Eighth — Kankakee, Iroquois, Ford, Marshall, Livingston, Woodford: Ninth- Stark, Peoria, Knox, Fulton; Tenth — Mercer, Henderson, Warren, McDonough, Hancock, Schuyler; Eleventh — Adams, Brown, Calhoun, Greene, Pike, Jersej-; Twelfth — Scott, Morgan, Jlenard, Sangamon. Cass, Christian ; Thirteenth — Mason, Tazewell, McLean, Logan, De Witt ; Four- teenth — Macon. Piatt, Champaign, Douglas, Coles, Vermilion; Fifteenth — Edgar, Clark, Cumber- land, Shelby, Moultrie, Effingham, Lawrence, Jasper, Crav\ford ; Sixteenth — Montgomery, Faj'ette, Washington, Bond, Clinton, Marion, Cla.v: Seventeenth — Macoupin, Madison, St. Clair, Monroe ; Eighteenth — Randolph, Perry, Jackson, Union, Johnson. W^illiamson, Alex- ander, Pope, Massac, Pulaski ; Nineteenth — Richland. Wayne, Edwards, White, Wabash, Saline, Gallatin, Hardin, Jefferson, Franklin, Hamilton. In 1882 (by Act of April 29) the nmuber of dis- tricts was increased to twenty, and the bound- aries determined as follows ; First — Wards First to Fourth (inclusive) in Chicago and thirteen towns in Cook County ; Second — Wards iiih to 7th and part of 8th in Chicago; Third — Wards 9th to 14th and part of 8th in Chicago; Fourth — The remainder of the City of Chicago and of the county of Cook ; Fifth — Lake. McHenry, Boone, Kane, and DeKalb; Sixth — Winnebago, Stephenson, Jo Daviess, Ogle, and Carroll; Seventh — Lee, Whiteside, Henry, Bureau, Put- nam; Eighth — La Salle, Kendall. Grundj-, Du Page, and Will; Nintli — Kankakee, Iroquois, Ford, Livingston, Woodford, Marshall; Tenth — Peoria, Knox, Stark, Fulton ; Eleventh — Rock Island, Mercer. Henderson, Warren, Hancock, McDonough, Schuyler; Twelfth —Cass, Brown, Ailanis, Pike, Scott. Greene, Calhoun, Jersey ; Thirteenth — Tazewell, JIason, Menard, Sanga- mon, Morgan, Christian: Fourteenth — McLean, De Witt, Piatt. Macon, Logan; Fifteenth — Coles, Edgar, Douglas. Vermilion, Champaign; Sixteenth — Cumberland, Clark, Jasper, Clay, Crawford, Richland, Lawrence, Wayne, Edwards, Wabash; Seventeenth — Macoupin, Montgomery, Moultrie, Shelby. Effingham, Fayette; Eight- eenth — Bond, Madison, St. Clair, Monroe, Wash- ington; Nineteenth — Marion, Clinton Jefferson, Saline, Franklin, Hamilton, White, Gallatin. Har- din; Twentieth — Perry, Randolph, Jackson, Union, Williamson, Johnson, Alexander, Pope, Pulaski, Massac. The census of 1890 showed the State to be entit- led to twenty-two Representatives. No reap- portionment, however, was made until June, 1893, two members from the State-at-large being elected in 1892. Tlie existing twenty-two Con- gressional districts are as follows: The first seven districts comprise the counties of Cook and Lake, the latter l.ving wholly in the Seventh dis- trict ; Eighth — McHenry, De Kalb, Kane, Du Page, Kendall, Grundj- ; Ninths Boone, Winne- bago, Stephenson, Jo Daviess, Carroll, Ogle, Lee: Tenth — Whiteside, Rock Island, Mercer, Henry, Stark, Knox ; Eleventh — Bureau, La Salle, Livingston, Woodford; Twelfth — Will, Kanka- kee, Iroquois, Vermilion ; Thirteenth — Ford, Mc- Lean, DeWitt, Piatt, Champaign, Douglas; Four- teenth — Putnam, Marshall, Peoria, Fulton, Tazewell, Mason; Fifteenth — Hender.son, War- ren, Hancock, McDonough, Adams, Brown, Schuyler ; Sixteenth — Cass, Morgan, Scott, Pike, Greene, Macoupin, Calhoun, Jersey; Seventeenth — Menard, Logan, Sangamon. JIacon, Christian; Eighteenth — Madi.son, Montgomery, Bond, Fayette, Shelby. Moultrie; Nineteenth — Coles, Edgar, Clark. Cumberland, Effingham. Jasper, Crawford-. Richland, Lawrence: Twenti- eth — Clay. Jefferson. Wayne, Hamilton, Ed- wards, Wabash, Franklin, White, Gallatin, Hardin; Twenty -first— Marion, Clinton, Wash- ington, St. Clair. Monroe, Randolph, Perry; Twenty second — Jackson, Union, Alexander, Pulaski, John.son, Williamson, Saline, Pope, Massac. (See a,lso Rcj^rescntativcs i)> Congress.) 22 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ARCHER, William B., pioneer, was born in Warren County, Ohio, in 1792, and taken to Ken- tucky at an early day, where lie remained until 1817, when his family removed to Illinois, finally settling in what is now Clark County. Although pursuing the avocation of a farmer, he became one of the most prominent and influential men in that part of the State. On the organization of Clark County in 1819, he was appointed the first County and Circuit Clerk, resigning the former oflSce in 1830 and the latter in 1822. • In 1824 he was elected to the lower branch of the General Assembly, and two years later to the State Senate, serving continuously in the latter eight years. He was thus a Senator on the breaking out of the Black Hawk War (1832), in which he served as a Captain of militia. In 1834 he was an unsuccessful candidate for Lieutenant-Governor; was appointed by Governor Duncan, in 1835, a member of the first Board of Commissioners of the Illinois & Michigan Canal; in 1838 was returned a second time to the House of Repre- sentatives and re-elected in 1840 and '46 to the same body. Two years later (1848) he was again elected Circuit Clerk, remaining until 1852, and in 1854 was an Anti-Nebraska Whig candidate for Congress in opposition to James C. Allen. Although Allen received the certificate of elec- tion. Archer contested his right to the seat, with the result that Congress declared the seat vacant and referred the question back to the people. In a new election held in August, 1856, Archer was defeated and Allen elected. He held no public office of importance after this date, but in 1856 was a delegate to the first Republican National Convention at Philadelphia, and in that body was an enthusiastic supporter of Abraham Lincoln, whose zealous friend and admirer he was, for the office of Vice-President. He was also one of the active promoters of various railroad enterprises in that section of the State, especially the old Chicago & Vincennes Road, the first projected southward from the City of Chicago. His con- nection with the Illinois & Michigan Canal was the means of giving his name to Archer Avenue. a somewhat famous thoroughfare in Chicago He was of tall stature and great energy of char- acter, with a tendency to enthusiasm that com- municated itself to others. A local history has said of him that "he did more for Clark County than any man in his day or since,"' although "no consideration, pecuniary or otherwise, was ever given him for his services." Colonel Archer was one of the founders of JIarshall, the count}' -seat of Clark County, Governor Duncan being associ- ated with him in the ownership of the land on which the town was laid out. His death oc- curred in Clark County, August 9, 1870, at the age of 78 years. ARCOLA, incorporated city in Douglas County, 158 miles south of Chicago, at junction of Illinois Central and Terre Haute branch Vandalia Rail- road ; is center of largest broom-corn producing region in the world; has city waterworks, with efficient volunteer fire department, electric lights, telephone system, grain elevators and broom- corn warehouses, two banks, three newspapers, nine churches, library building and excellent free school system. Pop. (1890), 1,733; (1900), 1,995. ARENZ, Francis A., pioneer, was born at Blaukenberg. in the Province of the Rhein, Prussia, Oct. 31, 1800; obtained a good education and, while a young man, engaged in mercantile business in his native country. In 1827 he came to the United States and, after spending two years in Kentucky, in 1839 went to Galena, where he was engaged for a short time in the lead trade. He took an early opportunity to become naturalized, and coming to Beardstown a few months later, went into merchandising and real estate; also became a contractor for furnishing supplies to the State troops during the Black Hawk War, Beardstown being at the time a rendezvous and shipping point. In 1834 he began the publi- cation of "Tlie Beardstown Chronicle and Illinois Bounty Land Register," and was the projector of the Beardstown & Sangamon Canal, extending from the Illinois River at Beardstown to Miller's Ferry on the Sangamon, for which he secured a special charter from the Legislature in 1836. He had a survey of the line made, but the hard times prevented the beginning of the work and it was finally abandoned. Retiring from the mercantile business in 1835, he located on a farm six miles southeast of Beardstown, but in 1839 removed to a tract of land near the Morgan Count}' line which he had bought in 18.33, and on which the present village of Arenzville now stands. This became the center of a thrifty agricultural com- munity composed largely of Germans, among whom he exercised a large influence. Resuming the mercantile business here, he continued it until about 1853, when he sold out a considerable part of his possessions. An ardent Whig, he was elected as such to the lower branch of the Four- teenth General Assembly (1844) from Morgan County, and during the following session suc- ceeded in securing the passage of an act by which a strip of territory three miles wide in the north- ern part of Morgan County, including the village niSTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 23 of Arenzville, and which had been in dispute, v.-as transferred by vote of the citizens to Cass County. In 1!^53 Mr. Arenz visited his native land, by appointment of President Filhnore, as bearer of dispatches to the American legations at Berhn and Vienna. He was one of tlie founders of the Illinois State Agricultural Society of 1«53, and served as the Vice-President for his district until Ids death, and was also the founder and President of the Cass County Agricultural Soci- ety. Died, April 2, 18.16. ARLIXdrTON, a village of Bureau County, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 93 miles west of Chicago. Population (1880), 447; (1890), 436: (1900), 400. ARLIIVGTOX HEIGHTS (formerly Duntou), a village of Cook County, on the Chicago & North- western Railway, 22 miles northwest of Cliicago ; is in a dairj-ing district and has several cheese factories, besides a sewing machine factory, hotels and churches, a graded school, a bank and one newspaper. Population (1880), 99.5; (1890), 1,424; (1900), 1.380. ARMOUR, Philip Danforth, packer, Board of Trade operator and capitalist, was born at Stock- bridge, Madison County, N. Y., May 16, 1833. After receiving the benefits of such education as the village academy afforded, in 1853 he set out across the Plains to California, where he re- mained four years, achieving only moderate suc- cess as a miner. Returning east in 1856, he soon after embarked in the commission business in Milwaukee, continuing until 1863, when he formed a partnership with Mr. John Plankinton in the meatpacking business. Later, in conjunc- tion with his brothers — H. O. Armour having already built up an extensive grain commission trade in Chicago — he organized the extensive packing and commission firm of Armour & Co., with branches in New York, Kansas City and Chicago, their headquarters being removed to the latter place from Milwaukee in 1875. Mr. Armour is a most industrious and me- thodical business man, giving as many liours to the superintendence of business details as the most industrious day-laborer, the result being seen in the creation of one of the most extensive and prosperous firms in the country. Mr. Armour's practical benevolence has been demon- strated in a munificent manner by his establisli- ment and endowment of the Armour Institute (a manual training school) in Chicago, at a cost -of over §2,2.50,000, as an ofr.shoot of the Armour Mission founded on the bequest of his deceased brother, Joseph F. Armour. Died Jan. 0, HtQl. ARMSTROXfi, John Strawii, pioneer, born in Somerset County, Pa., May 29, 1810, the oldest of a family of nine sons; was taken by his parents in 1811 to Licking County, Ohio, where he spent his childhood and early youth. His father was a native of Ireland and las mother a sister of Jacob Strawn. afterwards a wealtliy stock-grower and dealer in Morgan County. In 1829, John S. came to Tazewell County, 111., but two years later joined the rest of his family in Putnam (now Slarshall) County, all finally removing to La Salle County, where they were among the earli- est settlers. Here he settled on a farm in 1834, where he continued to reside over fifty years, when he located in the village of .Sheridan, but early in 1897 went to reside witli a daughter in Ottawa. He was a soldier in the Black Hawk War, has been a prominent and influential farm- er, and, in the later years of his life, has been a leader in "Granger" politics, being Master of his local "Grange," and also serving as Treasurer of the State Grange.— George Washingrton (Arm- strong), brother of the preceding, was liorn upon the farm of his parents, Joseph and Elsie (Strawn) Armstrong, in Licking County, Ohio, Dec. 9, 1813; learned the trade of a weaver with his father (who was a woolen manufacturer), and at the age of 18 was in charge of the factory. Early in 1831 he came with his mother's family to Illinois, locating a few montlis later in La Salle Coimty. In 1833 he served with his older brother as a soldier in the Black Hawk War, was identified with the early steps for the construc- tion of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, finally be- coming a contractor upon the section at Utica, where he resided several years. He then returned to the farm near the present village of Seneca,, where he had located in 1833, and where (with the exception of his residence at Utica) he has resided continuously over sixty-five years. In 1844 Mr. Armstrong was elected to the lower branch of the Fourteenth General Assembly, also served in the Constitutional Convention of 1847 and, in 1858, was the unsuccessful Democratic candidate for Congress in opposition to Owen Lovejoy. Re-entering the Legislature in 1860 as Representative from La Salle County, he served in that body by successive re-elections until 1868, proving one of its ablest and most influential members, as well as an accomplished parliamen- tarian, Mr. Armstrong was one of tlie original promoters of the Kankakee & Seneca R-dlroad. — William E. (Arm.strong), third brother of tliis family, was born in Licking County. Ohio, Oct. 25, 1814; came to Illinois with the rest of the 2-1 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. famih- in 1S31, and resided in La Salle County until 1841, meanwhile serving two or three terms as Sheritf of the county. The latter year lie was appointed one of the Commissioners to locate the county-seat of the newly-organized county of Gnmdy, finally becoming one of the founders and the first permanent settler of the town of Grundy — later called Morris, in honor of Hon. I. N. Mor- ris, of Quiucj', 111, at that time one of the Com- missioners of the Illinois & Michigan Canal. Here Mr. Armstrong was again elected to the office of Sheriff, serving several terms. So ex- tensive was his influence in Gnmdy County, that he was popularly known as "The Emperor of Grundy." Died, Nov. 1, 1850.— Joel W. (Arm- strong), a fourth brother, was born in Licking Count.v, Ohio, Jan. 6, 1817; emigrated in boyhood to La Salle County, 111. ; served one term as County Recorder, was member of the Board of Supervisors for a number of j'ears and the first Postmaster of his town. Died, Dec. 3, 1871. — Perry A. (Armstrong), the seventh brother of this historic family, was born near Newark. Lick- ing County, Ohio, April 1.5, 1823, and came to La Salle County, III., in 1831. His opportunities for acquiring an education in a new country- were limited, but between work on the farm and serv- ice as a clerk of his brother George, aided by a short term in an academy and as a teacher in Kendall Coimty, he managed to prepare himself for college, entering Illinois College at Jackson- ville in 1843. Owing to failure of health, he was compelled to abandon his plan of obtaining a col- legiate education and returned home at the end of his Freshman year, but continued his studies, meanwhile teaching district schools in the winter and working on his motlier's farm during the crop season, until 1845, when he located in Mor- ris, Grund}- County, opened a general store and was appointed Postmaster. He has been in pub- lic position of some sort ever since he reached his majority, including the offices of School Trustee, Postmaster, Justice of the Peace, Supervisor, County Clerk (two terms). Delegate to the Con- stitutional Convention of 1863, and two terms as Representative in the General Assembly (1863-64 and 1873-74). During his last .session in the Gen- eral Assembly he took a conspicuous part in the revision of the statutes under the Constitution of 1870, framing some of tlie most important laws on the statute book, while participating in the preparation of others. At an earlier date it fell to his lot to draw up the original charters of the Chicago & Rock Island, tlie Illinois Central, and the Chicago, Burlington & Quiney Railroads. He has also been prominent in Odd Fellow and Masonic circles, having been Grand Master of the first named order in the State and being the old- est 33d degree Mason in Illinois ; was admitted to the State bar in 1864 and to that of the Supreme Court of the United States in 1868, and has been Master in Chancery for over twenty consecutive years. Mr. Armstrong has also found time to do some literary work, as shown by his history of "The Sauks and Black Hawk War," and a nmn- ber of poems. He takes much pleasure in relat- ing reminiscences of pioneer life in Illinois, one of which is the story of his first trip from Ottawa to Chicago, in December, 1831, when he accompanied his oldest brother (William E. Armstrong) to Chicago with a sled and ox- team for salt to cure their mast-fed pork, the trip requiring ten days. His recollection is, that there were but three white families in Chicago at that time, but a large number of Indians mixed with half-breeds of French and Indian origin. ARNOLD, Isaac \., lawyer and Congressman, was born near Cooperstown, N. Y., Nov. 30, 1813, being descended from one of the companions of Roger Williams. Thrown upon his own resources at an early age, he was largely "self-made." He read law at Cooperstown, and was admitted to the bar in 1835. The next year he removed to Chicago, was elected the first City Clerk in 1837, but resigned before the close of the year and was admitted to the bar of Illinois in 1841. He soon established a reputation as a lawyer, and served for three terms (the Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Twentieth) in the lower house of tlie Legisla- ture. In 1844 he was a Presidential Elector on the Polk ticket, but the repeal of the Missouri Compromise, with the legislation regarding Kan- sas and Nebraska, logically forced him, as a free- soiler, into the ranks of the Republican party, by which he was sent to Congress from 1861 to 186.5. While in Congress he prepared and delivered an exliaustive argument in support of the right of confiscation bj- the General Government. After the expiration of his last Congressional term. Mr. Arnold returned to Chicago, where he resided until his death, April 34. 1884. He was of schol- arly instincts, fond of literature and an author of repute. Among his best known works are his "Life of Abraham Lincoln" and his "Life of Benedict Arnold." ARRIXGTOX, Alfred W., clergjman, lawyer and author, was born in Iredell County, N. C, September, 1810, being the son of a Whig mem- ber of Congress from that State. In 1839 he was HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 25 received on trial as a Methodist preacher and became a circuit-rider in Indiana; dm-ing 1832-33 served as an itinerant in Jlissouri, gaining much celebrity by his eloquence. In 1S34 he began the study of law, and having been admitted to the bar, practiced for several years in Arkansas, where he was sent to the Legislature, and, in 1S44, was the Whig candidate for Presidential Elec- tor. Later he removed to Texas, where he served as Judge for six years. In 1856 he removed to Madison, Wis., but a year later came to Chicago, where he attained distinction as a lawyer, dying in that city Dec. 31, 1867. He was an accom- plished scholar and gifted writer, having written much for "The Democratic Review" and "The Southern Literary Messenger," over the signature of "Charles Summerfield," and was author of an "Apostrophe to Water," which he put in the mouth of an itinerant Methodist preacher, and which John B. Gough was accustomed to quote with great effect. A volume of his poems with a memoir was puljlished in Chicago in 1869. ARROWSMITH, a village of McLean County, on the Lake Erie & Western Railway, 20 miles east of Bloomington; is in an agricultural and stock region; has one newspaper. Population (1890), 430; (1900), 317. ARTHUR; village in Moultrie and Douglas Counties, at junction of Chicago & Eastern Illi- nois and Terre Haute & Peoria Division Vandalia Line; is center of broom-corn belt; has two banks, a weekly newspaper. Population (1900), 858; (est. 1904), 1,000. ASAY, Edward (J., lawyer, was born in Phila- delphia, Sept. 17, 1825; was educated in private schools and entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church ; later spent some time in the South, but in 1853 retired from the ministry and began the study of law, meantime devoting a part of his time to mercantile business in New York City. He was admitted to the bar in 1856, remov- ing the same year to Chicago, where he built up a lucrative practice. He was a brilliant speaker and became eminent, especially as a criminal lawyer. Politically he was a zealous Democrat and was the chief attorney of Buckner S. Morris and others during their trial for conspiracy in connection with the Camp Douglas affair of No- vember, 18G4. During 1871-72 he made an ex- tended trip to Europe, occupying some eighteen months, making a second vi.sit in 1882. His later years were spent chiefly on a farm in Ogle County. Died in Chicago, Nov. 34, 1898. ASBUEY, Henry, lawyer, was born in Harri- son (now Robertson) County, Ky., August 10, 1810 ; came to Illinois in 1834, making the jour- ne}' on horseback and finally locating in Quincy, where he soon after began the study of law with the Hon. O. H. Browning; was admitted to the bar in 1837, being for a time the partner of Col. Edward D. Baker, afterwards United States Senator from Oregon and iinalh' killed at BalPs Bluir in 1863. In 1849 Mr. Asbury was appointed by President Taylor Register of the Quincy Land Office, and, in 1864-65, served by appointment of President Lincoln (who was his close personal friend) as Provost-Marshal of the Quincy dis- trict, thereby obtaining the title of "Captain," by which he was widely known among his friends. Later he served for several 3-ears as Registrar in Bankruptcy at Quincy, which was his last official position. Originally a Kentucky Wliig, Cajrtain Asbury was one of the founders of the Republican party in Illinois, acting in co- operation with Abram Jonas, Arcliibald Williams, Nehemiah Bushnell, O. H. Browning and others of his immediate neighbors, and with Abraham Lincoln, with whom he was a frequent corre- spondent at that period. Slessrs. Nicolay and Hay, in their Life of Lincoln, award him the credit of having suggested one of the famous questions propounded by Lincoln to Douglas which gave the latter so much trouble during the memorable debates of 1858. In 1886 Captain Asbury removed to Chicago, where he continued to reiside until liis death, Nov. 19, 1896. ASHLAND, a town in Cass County, at the intersection of the Chicago & Alton and the Baltimore & Ohio South-Western Railroad, 31 miles west-northwest of Springfield and 300 miles southwest of Chicago. It is in the midst of a rich agricultural region, and is an important shipping point for grain and stock. It has a bank, three churches and a weekly newspaper. Coal is mined in the vicinity. Population (1880). 609; (1800), 1,045; (1900), 1,301. ASHLEY, a cit.y of Washington County, at intersection of Illinois Central and Louisville & Nashville Railways. 62 miles east by southeast of St. Louis; is in an agricultural and fruit growing region; has some manufactures, electric light plant and excellent granitoid sidewalks. Popu- lation (1890), 1,035; (1900), 953. ASHMORE, a village of Coles County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Rail- way. 9 miles east of Charleston ; has a newspaper anil considerable local trade. Population (1890), 446, (1900), 487; (1903), 530. ASHTON, a village of Lee County, on the Chi- cago & North-Westeru Railroad, 84 miles west of 26 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Chicago; has oue newspaper. Population (1880), 646; (1800). 680; (1900), 776. ASPINWALL, Homer F., farmer and legisla- tor, was born in Stephenson County, 111., Nov. 15, 1846, educated in the Freeport high school, and, in early life, spent two years in a wholesale notion store, later resinning the occupation of a farmer. After liolding various local offices, in- cluding that of member of tlie Board of Supervis- ors of Stephenson Coimty, in 1893 >Ir. Aspinwall was elected to the State Senate and re-elected in 1896. Soon after the beginning of the Spanish- American AVar in 1898, he was appointed by President McKinley Captain and Assistant Quartermaster in the Volunteer Army, but before being assigned to duty accepted the Lieu- tenant-Colonelcy of the Twelfth Illinois Pro- visional Regiment. AVlien it becameevident that the regiment would not be called into tlie service, he was assigned to the command of the "^Mani- toba," a large transport steamer, which carried some 12,000 soldiers to Cuba and Porto Rico with- out a single accident. In view of the approach- ing session of the Forty-flrst General Assembly, it being apparent that tlie war was over, Mr. Aspinwall applied for a discharge, which was refused, a 20-days" leave of absence being granted instead. A discliarge was finally granted about the middle of February, when he resumed his seat in the Senate, llr. Aspinwall owns and operates a large farm near Freeport. ASSCMPTIO>',a town in Christian County, on the Illinois Central Railroail, 23 miles south by west from Decatur and 9 miles north of Pana. It is situated in a ricli agricultural and coal min- ing district, and has two banks, five churches, a public school, two weekly papers and coal mines. Population (1880), 706; (1890), 1,076; (1900), 1,702. ASTORIA, town in Fulton County, on Rock Island & St. Louis Division C, B. & Q. R. R. ; has city waterworks, electric light plant, tele- phone exchange, three large grain elevators, pressed brick works; six cliurclies, two banks, two weekly papers, city hall and park, and good schools; is in a coal region; business portion is built of brick. Pop. (1890), 1,3.57; (1900), 1,684. ATCHISON, TOPEKA & SANTA FE RAIL- WAY COMPANY. This Company operates three subsidiary lines in Illinois — the Chicago, Santa Fe & California, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe in Chicago, and the Mississippi River Rail- road & Toll Bridge, which are operated as a through line between Chicago and Kansas City, with a branch from Ancona to Pekin. 111., hav- ing an aggregate operated mileage of 515 miles, of which 205 are in Illinois. The total earnings and income for the year ending June 30, 189.5, were $1,298,600, while the operating expenses and fixed charges amounted to .$2,360,706. The acciunu- lated deficit on the whole line amounted, June 30, 1894, to more than S4,.500,000. Tlie total capitali- zation of the whole line in 1895 was §.52.775,251. Tlie parent road was chartered in 1859 under the name of the Atchison & Topeka Railroad ; but in 1863 was changed to the Atcliison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad. The construction of the main line was begun in 1859 and completed in 1873. The largest number of miles operated was in 1893, being 7,481.65. January 1, 1896, the road was reorganized under the name of The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railwaj- Companj- (its present name), which succeeded by purchase under fore- closure (Dec. 10, 1895) to the property and fran- chises of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad Company. Its mileage, in 1895. was 6,481.65 miles. The executive and general officers of the system (1898) are: Aldace F. Walker, Chairman of the Board, NewY'ork; E. P. Riplej-, President, Chicago; C. M. Higginson, Ass't to the President, Chicago; E. D. Kenna, 1st Vice-President and General Solicitor, Chicago; Paul Morton, 2d Vice-Presi- dent, Chicago; E. Wilder. Secretary and Treas- urer, Topeka ; L. C. Deming, Assistant Secretary, New Y'ork; H. W. Gardner, Assistant Treasurer, New York; Victor Morawetz, General Counsel, New Y'ork; Jno. P. Whitehead, Comptroller, New Y'ork; H. C. Whitehead, General Auditor, Chicago ; W. B. Biddle, Freight Traffic Manager, Chicago; J. J. Frey, General Manager, Topeka; H. W. Mudge, General Superintendent, Topeka; W. A. Bissell, .iVssistant Freight Traffic Manager, Chicago; W. F. White, Passenger Traffic Manager, Chicago; Geo. T. Nicholson, Assistant Passenger Traffic Manager, Chicago; W. E. Hodges, General Purchasing Agent, Chicago; James A. Davis, Industrial Commissioner, Chi- cago ; James Dun, Chief Engineer, Topeka. Kan. ; John Player, Superintendent of Machinery, Topeka, Kan. ; C. W. Kouns, Superintendent Car Service, Topeka, Kan. ; J. S. Hobson, Signal Engineer. Topeka; C. G. Sholes, Superintendent of Telegraph, Topeka, Kan. ; C. W. Ryus, General Claim Agent, Topeka ; F. C. Gay, General Freight Agent, Topeka; C. R. Hudson, Assistant General Freight Agent, Topeka; W. J. Black, General Passenger Agent, Chicago; P. Walsh, General Baggage Agent, Clucago. ATHENS, an incorporated city and coal-mining town in Menard County, on the Chicago, Peoria HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 27 & St. Louis R. R., north by northwest of Spriug- fielil. It is also the center of a prosperous agri- cultural and stock-raising districit. and large numbers of cattle are shipped tliere for the Chi- cago market. The place has an electric lighting plant, brickyard.s, two machine shops, two grain elevators, five churches, one newspaper, and good schools. Athens is one of the oldest towns in Central Illinois. Pop. (1890), 944; (1900), 1,535. ATKIXS, Smith D., soldier and joui-nalist, was born near Elmira, X. Y., June 9, 1S36; came with his father to Illinois in 1846, and lived on a farm till 1850 ; was educated at Rock River Seminary, Mount Morrfs, meanwhile learning the printer's trade, and afterwards established "The Savanna Register" in Carroll County. In 1854 he began the study of law, and in 1860, while practicing at Freeport, was elected Prosecuting Attorney, but resigned in 1801, being the first man to enlist as a private soldier in Stephenson County. He served as a Captain of the Eleventh Illinois Volunteers (three-montlis' men), re-enlisted with the same rank for three j'ears and took part in the capture of Fort Donelson and the battle of Shiloh, serv- ing at the latter on the staff of General Hurlbut. Forced to retire temporarily on account of his health, he next engaged in raising volunteers in Northern Illinois, was finally commissioned Col- onel of the Ninety-second Illinois, and, in June, 1808, was assigned to command of a brigade in the Arm\- of Kentucky, later serving in the Army of the Cumberland. On the organization of Sher- man's great "March to the Sea," he efficiently cooperated in it, was brevetted Brigadier-General for gallantry at Savannah, and at the close of the war, b}' special order of President Lincoln, was brevetted Major -General. Since the war. Gen- eral Atkins' chief occupation has been that of editor of "The Freeport Journal," though, for nearly twenty-four years, he served as Post- master of that city. He took a prominent part in the erection of the Stephenson County Sol- diers' Monument at Freeport, has been President of the Freeport Public Library since its organiza- tion, member of tlje Board of Education, and since 1895, by appointment of the Governor of Illinois, one of the Illinois Commissioners of the Chicka- mauga and Chattanooga Military Park. ATKINSON, village of Henry County, on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway, 39 miles east of Rock Island; has an electric light plant, a bankandanew.spaper. Pop.(1890),534; (1900). 762. ATLANTA, a city of Logan County, on the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 20 miles southwest of Bloomington. It stands on a high, fertile prairie and the surrounding region is rich in coal, as well as a productive agriculluial and stock-rais- ing district. It has a water-works .system, elec- tric light plant, five churches, a graded school, a weekly paper, two banks, a flouring mill, and is the headquarters of the Union Agricultural So- ciety established in 1860. Population (1900). 1,270. ATLAS, a hamlet in the southwestern part of Pike County, 10 miles southwest of Pittslield and three miles from Rockport, the nearest station on the Quincy & Louisiana Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad. Atlas has an in- teresting history. It was settled by Col. William Ross and four brothers, who came here from Pittsfield, Mass., in the latter part of 1819, or early in 1820, making there the first settlement within the present limits of Pike County. The town was laid out by the Rosses in 1823, and the next 3'ear the county-seat was removed thither from Coles Grove — now in Calhoun County — but ■which had been the first county-seat of Pike Count}-, when it comprised all the territory lying north and west of the Illinois River to the Mis- sissippi River and the Wisconsin State line. Atlas remained the county-seat until 1833, when the seat of justice was removed to Pittsfield. During a part of that time it was one of the most important points in the western part of the State, and was, for a time, a rival of Quincy. It now has only a postoffice and general store. The population, according to the census of 1890, was 52. ATTORNEYS-GENERAL. The following is a li.st of the Attorneys-General of Illinois under the Territorial and State Governments, down to the present time (1899), with the date and duration of the term of each incumbent : Territori.\l — Benjamin H. Doyle, July to De- cember, 1809; John J. Crittenden, Dec. 30 to April, 1810; Thomas T. Crittenden, April to October, 1810; Benj. M. Piatt, October, 1810-13; William Mears, 1813-18. State— Daniel Pope Cook, March 5 to Dec. 14, 1819; William Mears, 1819-21; Samuel D. Lock- wood, 1821-23; James Turney, 1823-29; George Forquer, 1829 .33; James .Semple, 1833-34; Ninian W. Edwards, 1834-35; Jesse B. Thomas, Jr., 1835-.36: Walter B. Scales, 1836-37; Usher F. Linder. 1837.38; George W. Olney, 1838-39; Wick- liffe Kitchell, 1839-40; Josiah Laniborn, 1840-43; J,ames Allen McDougal, 1843-46; David B. Camp- bell, 1846-48. The Constitution of 1848 made no provision for the continuance of the office, and for nineteen j-ears it remained vacant. It was re-created, 28 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. however, by legislative enactment in 1867, and on Feb. 28 of that year Governor Oglesby appointed Robert G. Ingersoll, of Peoria, to dis- charge the duties of the position, which he con- tinued to do until 1869, Subsequent incumbents of the office have been: Washington Bushnell, 1809-73; James K. Edsall. 1873-81 ; James McCart- ney, 1881-85; George Hunt, 1885-93; M. T. Moloney, 1893-97; Edward C. Akin, 1897 — . Under the first Constitution (1818) the office of Attorney- General was filled by appointment by the Legisla- ture; under the Constitution of 184S, as already stated, it ceased to exist until created by act of the Legislature of 1867, but, in 1870, it was made a constitutional office to be filled by popular election for a terra of four years. ATWOOD, a village lying partly in Piatt and partly in Douglas County, on the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton R. R., 27 miles east of Deca- tur. The region is agricultural and fruit-grow- ing ; the town lias two banks, an excellent school and a newspaper. Pop, (1890), 530; (1900), 698. ATWOOD, Charles B., architect, was born at Millbury, Mass., May 18, 1849; at 17 began a full course in architecture at Harvard Scientific School, and, after graduation, received prizes for public buildings at San Francisco, Hartford and a number of other cities, besides furnishing designs for some of the finest private residences in the country. He was associated with D. H. Burnham in preparing plans for the Columbian Exposition buildings, at Chicago, for the World's Fair of 1893, and distinguished himself by pro- ducing plans for the "Art Building," the "Peri- style," the "Terminal Station" and other prominent structures. Died, in the midst of his highest successes as an architect, at Chicago, Dec. 19, 1895. ATJBURJf, a village of Sangamon County, on the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 15 miles south of Springfield ; has some manufactories of fiour and farm implements, besides tile and brick works, two coal mines, electric light plant, two banks, several churclies, a graded school and a weekly newspaper. Pop. (1890), 874; (1900), 1,381. AUDITORS OF PUBLIC ACCOUNTS. The Auditors of Public Accounts under the Terri- torial Government were H. H. Maxwell, 181216; Daniel P, Cook, 181617; Robert Blackwell, (April to August), 1817; Elijah C. Berry, 1817-18. Under tlie Constitution of 1818 the Auditor of Public Accounts was made appointive by the legislature, without limitation of term; but by the Constitu- tions of 1848 and 1870 the office was made elective by the people for a term of four years. The following is a Ust of the State Auditors from the date of the admission of the State into the Union down to the i)resent time (1899), with the date and duration of the term of each: Elijah C. Berry, 1818-31; James T. B. Stapp, 1831-35; Levi Davis, 1835-41; James Shields, 1841-43; William Lee D. Ewing, 1843-46; Thomas H. Campbell, 1846-57; Jesse K. Dubois, 1857-64; Orlin n. Miner, 1864-69; Charles E. Lippincott, 1809-77; Thomas B. Needles, 1877-81; Charles P. Swigert, 1881-89; C. W. Pavey, 1889-93; David Gore, 1893-97; James S. McCuUough, 1897 — . AUGUSTA, a village in Augusta township, Hancock County, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 36 miles northeast of Quincy. Wagons and brick are the principal manufac- tures. The town has one newspaper, two banks, three churches and a graded school. Tlie sur rounding country is a fertile agricultural region and abounds in a good quality of bituminous coal. Fine qualities of potter's clay and mineral paint are obtained here. Population (1890), 1,077; (1900), 1.149. AUIJUSTANA COLLEGE, an educational insti- tution controlled by the Evangelical Lutheran denomination, located at Rock Island and founded in 1863. Besides preparatory and collegiate de- partments, a theological school is connected with the institution. To the two first named, yoimg women are admitted on an equality with men. More than 500 students were reported in attendance in 1896, about one-fourth being women. A majorit)' of the latter were in the preparatory (or academic) department. The col- lege is not endowed, but owns property (real and personal) to the value of §250,000. It has a library of 12,000 volumes. AURORA, a city and important railroad cen- ter, Kane County, on Fox River, 39 miles south- west of Chicago ; is location of principal shops of Chicago, Burlington & Quincy R. R,, has fine water-power and many successful manufactories, including extensive boiler works, iron foundries, cotton and woolen mills, flour mills, silver-plat- ing works, corset, sasli and door and carriage factories, stove and smelting works, establisli- ments for turning out road-scrapers, buggy tops, and wood-working machinery. Tlie city owns water-works and electric light plant; has six banks, four daily and several weekly papers, some twenty-five churches, excellent schools and handsome public library building; is connected by interurban electric lines with the principal towns and villages in the Fox River valley. Population (1890), 19,688; (1900), 24,147. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 29 AUSTIJf, a suburb of Chicago, in Cook County. It is accessible from that city by either the Chi- cago & Northwestern Railway, or by street railwas' lines. A weekly newspaper is issued, a graded school is supported (intduiliug a high school department) and there are numerous churches, representing the various religious denominations. Population (ISSO), LSHO; (1890), 4,031. Annexed to City of Chicago, 1899. AUSTIN COLLEGE, a mixed school at Effing- ham, 111., founded in 1890. It has eleven teachers and reports a total of 313 pupils for 1897-98 — 163 males and 1.50 females. It has a library of 3.000 volumes and reports property valued at S37,000. AUSTRALIAN BALLOT, a form of ballot for pojjular elections, thus named because it was first brought into use in Australia. It was adopted by act of the Legislature of Illinois in 1891, and is applicable to the election of all public officers except Trustees of Schools, School Direct- ors, members of Boards of Education and officers of road districts in counties not under township organization. Under it, all ballots for the elec- tion of officers (except those just enumerated) are required to be printed and distributed to the election officers for use on the day of election, at public cost. These ballots contain the names, on the same sheet, of all candidates to be voted for at such election, such names having been formally certified previously to the Secretary of State (in the case of candidates for offices to be voted for by electors of the entire State or any district greater than a single county) or to the County Clerk (as to all others), bj' the presiding officer and secretary of the convention or caucus making such nominations, when the party repre- sented cast at least two per cent of the aggregate vote of the State or district at the preceding gen- eral election. Other names may be added to the ballot on the petition of a specified number of the legal voters under certain prescribed conditions named in the act. The dul}- registered voter, on presenting himself at the poll, is given a copy of the official ticket by one of the judges of election, upon which he proceeds to indicate his prefer- ence in a temporary booth or closet set apart for his use, by making a cross at the head of the col- umn of candidates for whom he wishes to vote, if he desires to vote for all of the candi', George E., lawyer and legislator, born at Madison, Ind., Feb. 4, 1851; was brought to Illinois by his parents at three years of age, and, in 1876, located at Paris, Edgar County; in 1879 was admitted to the bar and held various minor offices, including one term as State's Attorney. In 1886 he was elected as a Republican to the State Senate and re-elected four years later, but finally removed to Aurora, where he died, July 6, 1896. Mr. Bacon was a man of recognized ability, as shown by the fact that, after the death of Senator John A. Logan, he was selected by liis colleagues of the Senate to pronounce the eulogy on the deceased statesman. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 31 BAGBT, John C, jurist and Congressman, was born at Glasgow, Ky. , Jan. 24, 1819. After pas- sing through the common schools of Barren County, Ky., he studied civil engineering at Bacon College, graduating in 1840. Later he read law and was admitted to tlie bar in 184."). In 1840 he commenced practice at Rusliville. 111., confining himself exclusively to professional work until nominated and elected to Congress in 1874, by the Democrats of the (old) Tenth District. In 1885 he was elected to the Circuit Bench for the Sixth Circuit. Died, April 4, 1896. BAILEY, Joseph Mead, legislator and jurist, was born at Middlebury. Wyoming County, N. Y., June 22, 1833, graduated from Rochester (N. Y.) University in lS.j4. and was admitted to the bar in that city in IH.i.j. In August, 18.')6, he removed to Freeport, 111., where he soon built up a profitable practice. In 1806 he was elected a Representative in the Twenty-fifth General Assembly, being reelected in 1868. Here he was especiall}' prominent in securing restrictive legis- lation concerning railroads. In 1876 he was chosen a Presidential Elector for his district on the Republican ticket. In 1877 he was elected a Judge of the Thirteenth judicial district, and reelected in 1879 and in 1885. In January, 1878, and again in June, 1879, he was assigned to the bench of the Appellate Court, being presiding Justice from June, 1879, to June, 1880, and from June, 1881, to June, 1882. In 1879 he received the degree of LL.D. from the Universities of Rochester and Chicago. In 1888 he was elected to the bench of the Supreme Court. Died in oflSce. Oct. 10, 1895. BAILHACHE, John, pioneer journalist, was born in the Island of Jersey, May 8, 1787; after gaining the rudiments of an education in his mother tongue (the French), he acquired a knowl- edge of English and some proficiency in Greek and Latin in an academy near his paternal home, when he spent five years as a printer's apprentice. In 1810 he came to the United States, first locat- ing at Camljridge, Ohio, but, in 1812, purchased a half interest in "The Fredonian" at Chillicothe (then the State Capital), soon after becoming sole owner. In 1815 he purchased "The Scioto Ga- zette" and consolidated the two papers under the name of "The Scioto Gazette and Fredonian Chronicle." Here he remained until 1828, mean- time engaging temporarily in the banking busi- ness, also serving one term in the Legislature (1820), and being elected As.sociate Justice of the Court of Common Pleas for Ross County. In 1838 he removed to Columbus, assuming charge of "The Ohio State Journal," served one term as Mayor of the city, and for three consecutive years was State Printer. Selling out "The Jour- nal"' in 1836, he came west, the next year becom- ing part owner, and finally sole proprietor, of "The Telegraph" at Alton, 111., which he conducted alone or in association with various partners until 1854, when he retired, giving his attention to the book and job branch of the business. He served as Representative from Madison County in the Thir- teenth General Assembly (1842-44). As a man and a journalist Judge Bailhache commanded the highest respect, and did much to elevate the standard of journalism in Illinois, "The Tele- graph," during the period of his connection with it, being one of the leading papers of the State. His death occurred at Alton, Sept. 3, 1857, as the result of injuries received the day previous, by being thrown from a carriage in which he was riding. — Maj. William Henry (Bailhache), son of the preceding, was born at Chillicothe, Ohio, Augiist 14, 1826, removed with his father to Alton, 111., in 1836, was educated at Shurtleff College, and learned the printing trade in the oflSce of "The Telegraph," under the direction of his father, afterwards being associated with the business department. In 1855, in partnership with Edward L. Baker, he became one of the proprietors and business manager of "The State Joui-nal" at Springfield. During the Civil War he received from President Lincoln the appoint- ment of Captain and Assistant Quartermaster, serving to its close and receiving the brevet rank of Major. After the war he returned to journal- ism and was associated at different times with "The State Journal" and "The Quiucy Whig," as business manager of each, but retired in 1873 ; in 1881 was appointed by President Arthur, Receiver of Public Moneys at Santa Fe., N. M., remaining four years. He is now (1899) a resi- dent of San Diego, Cal. , where he has been engaged in newspaper work, and, under the administration of President McKiuley, has been a Special Agent of the Treasury Department. — Preston Heath (Bailhache), another son, was born in Columbus, Ohio, Feb. 21, 1835, served as a Surgeon during the Civil War, later became a Surgeon in the regular army and has held posi- tions in marine hospitals at Baltimore, Washing- ton and New York, and has visited Europe in the interest of sanitary and hospital seiwice. At present (1899) he occuijies a prominent position at the headquarters of the United States Marine Hospital Service in Washington. — Arthur Lee (Bailhache), a third son, born at Alton, 111., April 32 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 12, 1839; at the beginning of the Civil War was employed in the State commissary service at Camp Yates and Cairo, became Adjutant of the Thirty-eighth Illinois Volunteers, and died at Pilot Knob, Mo., Jan. 9. 1862, as the result of disease and exposure in the service. BAKER, David Jewett, lawyer and United States Senator, was born at East Haddam, Conn. , Sept. 7, 1792. His family removed to New York in 1800, where he worked on a farm during boy- hood, but graduated from Hamilton College in 1816, and three years later was admitted to the bar. In 1819 he came to Illinois and began prac- tice at Kaskaskia, where he attained prominence in his profession and was made Probate Judge of Randolph County. His opposition to the intro- duction of slavery into the State was so aggres- sive that his life was frequently threatened. In 1830 Governor Edwards appointed him United States Senator, to fill the unexpired term of Senator McLean, but he served only one month when he was succeeded by John M. Robinson, who was elected by the Legislatvire. He was United States District Attorney from 1833 to 1841 (the State then constituting but one district), and thereafter resumed private practice. Died at Alton, August 6, 1869. — Henry Southard (Baker), son of the pre- ceding, was born at Kaskaskia, 111., Nov. 10, 1824, received his preparatory education at Shurt- leff College, Upper Alton, and, in 1843, entered Brown University, R. I., graduating therefrom in 1847; was admitted to the bar in 1849, begin- ning practice at Alton, the home of his father, Hon. David J. Baker. In 18.")4 he was elected as an Auti -Nebraska candidate to the lower branch of the Nineteenth General Assembly, and, at the subsequent session of the General Assembly, was one of the five Anti-Nebraska members whose uncompromising fidelity to Hon. Lyman Trum- bull resulted in the election of the latter to the United States Senate for the first time — the otliers being his colleague, Dr. George T. Allen of the House, and Hon. John M, Palmer, afterwards United States Senator, Burton C. Cook and Nor- man B. Judd in the Senate. He served as one of the Secretaries of the Republican State Convention held at Bloomington in May, 18.56, was a Repub- lican Presidential Elector in 1864, and, in 1865, became Judge of the Alton City Court, serving until 1881. In 1876 he presided over the Repub- lican State Convention, served as delegate to the Republican National Convention of the same year and was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress in opposition to William R. Morrison. Judge Baker was the orator selected to deliver the address on occasion of the unveiling of the statue of Lieut. -Gov. Pierre Menard, on the capitol grounds at Springfield, in January, 1888. About 1888 he retired from practice, dying at Alton, March 5, 1897. — Edward L. (Baker), second son of David Jewett Baker, was born at Kaskaskia, 111., June 3, 1829; graduated at Shurt- leff College in 1847 ; read law with his father two years, after which he entered Harvard Law School and was admitted to the bar at Spring- field in 185.5. Previous to this date Mr. Baker had become associated with William H. Bailhache, in the management of "The Alton Daily Telegraph," and, in July, 1855, they purchased "The Illinois State Journal," at Springfield, of wliicli Mr. Baker assumed the editorsliip, remaining until 1874. In 1869 he was appointed United States Assessor for the Eighth District, serving until the abolition of the office. In 1873 he received the appointment from President Grant of Consul to Buenos Ayres, South America, and, assuming the duties of the office in 1874, remained there for twenty-three years, proving himself one of the most capable and efficient officers in the con- sular service. On the evening of the 20th of June, 1897, when Mr. Baker was about to enter a railway train already in motion at the station in the city of Buenos Ayres, he fell under the cars, receiving injuries which necessitated the ampu- tation of his right arm, finally resulting in his death in the hospital at Buenos Ayres, July 8, following. His remains were brought home at the Government expense and interred in Oak Ridge Cemetery, at Springfield, where a monu- ment ha^ since been erected in his honor, bearing a tablet contributed by citizens of Buenos Ayres and foreign representatives in that city express- ive of their respect for his memory. —David Jewett (Baker), Jr., a third son of David Jewett Baker, Sr., was born at Kaskaskia, Nov. 20,1834; graduated from Shurtleff College in 18.54, and was admitted to the bar in 1856. In November of that year he removed to Cairo and began prac- tice. He was Mayor of that city in 1864-65, and, in 1869, was elected to the bencli of the Nineteenth Judicial Circuit. The Legislature of 1873 (by Act of March 28) having divided the State into twenty -six circuits, he was elected Judge of the Twenty -sixth, on June 2, 1873. In August, 1878, he resigned to accept an appointment on the Supreme Bench as successor to Judge Breese, deceased, but at the close of his term on the Supreme Bench (1879), was re-elected Circuit Judge, and again in 1885. During this period he HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 33 served for several years ou the Appellate Bencli. In 1888 he retired from the Circuit Bencli by resignation and was elected a Justice of the Supreme Court for a term of nine years. Again, in 1897, he was a candidate for re-election, but was defeated by Carroll C. Boggs. Soon after retiring from the Supreme Bench he removed to Chicago and engaged in general practice, in partnership with his son, John W. Baker. He fell dead almost instantly in his office. JIarch 13, 1899. In all, Judge Baker had spent some thirty j'ears almost continuously on the bench, and liad attained eminent distinction both as a lawyer and a jurist. BAKER, Edward Diekiuson, soldier and United States Senator, was born in London, Eng., Feb. 34, 1811; emigrated to Illinois while yet in his minority, first locating at Belleville, afterwards removing to CarroUton and finally to Sangamon County, the last of which he repre- sented in the lower house of the Tenth General Assembl.v, and as State Senator in the Twelfth and Tliirteenth. He was elected to Congress as a Whig from the Springfield District, but resigned in December, 1840, to accept the colonelcy of the Fourth Regiment, Illinois Volunteers, in the Mexican War, and succeeded General Shields in command of the brigade, when the latter was wounded at Cerro Gordo. In 1848 he was elected to Congress from the Galena District; was also identified with the construction of the Panama Railroad; went to San Francisco in 18.52, but later removed to Oregon, where he was elected to the United States Senate in 1860. In 1861 he resigned the Senatorship to enter the Union army, commanding a brigade at the battle of Ball's Bluflf, where he was killed, October 21, 1861. BAKER, Jehn, lawyer and Congressman, was born in Fayette County, Ky., Nov. 4, 1822. At an early age he removed to Illinois, making his home in Belleville, St. CLair County. He re- ceived his early education in the common schools and at McKendree College. Although lie did not graduate from the latter institution, he received therefrom the honorary degree of A. M. in 18.58, and that of LL. D. in 1882. For a time he studied medicine, but abandoned it for the study of law. From 1861 to 18G.5 he was JIaster in Chancery for St. Clair County. From 180.5 to 1869 he represented tlie Belleville District as a Republican in Congress. From 18T6 to 1881 ami from 1882 to 188.5 he was Minister Resident in Venezuela, during the latter portion of his term of service acting also as Consul-General. Return- ing home, he was again elected to Congre.ss (1880) from the Eighteenth District, but was defeated for re-election, in 1888, by William S. Fornian, Democrat. Again, in 1896, having identified himself with the Free Silver Democracy and People's Party, he was elected to Congress from the Twentieth District over Everett J. Murphy, the Republican nominee, serving until March 3, 1899. He is the author of an annotated edition of Montesquieu's "Grandeur and Decadence of the Romans." BALDWIX, Elmer, agriculturist and legisla- tor, was born in Litchfield County, Conn., March 8, 1806; at 16 3-ears of age began teaching a coun- try school, continuing this occupation for several years during the winter months, while working on his father's farm in the summer. He then started a store at New Milford, wliich he man- aged for three years, when he sold out on account of liis liealth and began farming. In 1833 he came west and purchased a considerable tract of Government land in La Salle County, where the village of Farm Ridge is now situated, removing thither with liis family the following j'ear. He served as Justice of the Peace for fourteen con- secutive terms, as Postmaster twenty years and as a member of the Board of Supervisors of La Salle County six years. In 1856 he was elected as a Republican to the House of Representatives, was re-elected to the same office in 1806, and to the State Senate in 1872, serving two years. He was also appointeil, in 1869. a member of the first Board of Public Charities, serving as President of tlie Board. Mr. Baldwin is author of a "His- tory of La Salle County," which contains much local and biograpliical history. Died, Nov. 18, 189.5. BALDWIN, Theron, clergyman and educa- tor, was born in Gosben, Conn., Julj- 21, 1801; graduated at Yale College in 1827; after two years' study in the theological school there, was ordained a home missionary in 1829, becoming one of the celebrated "Yale College Band," or "Western College Society," of wliich lie was Cor- responding Secretary during most of his life. He was settled as a Congregationalist minister at Vauilalia for two years, and was active in pro- curing the cliarter of Illinois College at Jackson- ville, of which he was a Trustee from its organization to his death. He served for a number of years, from 1831, as Agent of the Home Missionary Society for Illinois, and, in 1838, became the first Principal of Monticello Female Seminary, near Alton, which lie con- ducted five years. Died at Orange, N. J., April 10, 1870. 34 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. BALLARD, Addison, merchant, was born of Quaker parentage in Warren County, Oliio, No- vember. 1822. He located at La Porte, Ind., about 1841, wliere he learned and pursued the carpenter's trade; in 1849 went to California, remaining two years, when he returned to La Porte ; in 18.'j3 removed to Chicago and embarked in the lumber trade, which he prosecuted until 1887, retiring with a competency. Mr. Ballard served several years as one of the Commissioners of Cook County, and, from 1876 to 1882, as Alder- man of the City of Chicago, and again in the latter office, 1894-90. BALTES, Peter Joseph, Roman Catholic Bishop of Alton, was born at Ensheim, Rhenish Ba- varia, April 7, 1827 ; was educated at the colleges of the Holy Cross, at Worcester, Mass. , and of St. Ignatius, at Chicago, and at Lavalle University, Montreal, and was ordained a priest in 1853, and consecrated Bishop in 1870. His diocesan admin- istration was successful, but regarded by his priests as somewliat arbitrarj-. He wrote numer- ous pastoral letters and brochures for the guidance of clergy and laity. His most important literary work was entitled "Pastoral Instruction," first edition, N. Y., 187.') ; second edition (revised and enlarged"), 1880. Died at Alton, Feb. l-"), 1886. BALTIMORE & OHIO SOUTHWESTERN RAILWAY. This road (constituting a part of the Baltimore & Ohio system) is made up of two principal divisions, the fir.st extending across the State from East St. Louis to Belpre, Ohio, and the second (known as the Springfield Division) extend- ing from Beardstown to Sliawueetown. The total mileage of the former (or main line) is 537 miles, of vi-hicli 147 j-z are in Illinois, and of the latter (wholl}' within Illinois) 228 miles. The main line (originally known as the Ohio & Mis- sissippi Railway) was chartered in Indiana in 1848. in Ohio in 1849, and in Illinois in 1851. It was constructed by two companies, the section from Cincinnati to the Indiana and Illinois State line being known as the Eastern Division, and that in Illinois as the Western Division, the gauge, as originally built, being six feet, but reduced in 1871 to standard. The banking firm of Page & Bacon, of St. Louis and San Francisco, were the principal financial backers of the enter- prise. The line was comjjleted and opened for traffic. May 1, 1857. The following year the road became financially emlmrrassed; the Eastern Di- vision was placed in the hands of a receiver in 1860 while the Western Division was sold under foreclosure, in 1862, and reorganized as the Oluo & Mississippi Railway under act of the Illinois Legislature passed in February, 1861. The East- ern Division was sold in January, 1867; and. in November of the same year, the two divisions were consolidated under the title of the Ohio & Mississippi Railway. — The Springfield Division was the result of the consolidation, in December, 1869, of the Pana, Springfield & Northwestern and the Illinois & Southeastern Railroad — each having been chartered in 1867 — the new corpo- ration taking the nanie of the Springfield & Illi- nois Southeastern Railroad, under which name the road was built and opened in March, 1871. In 1873, it was placed in the hands of receivers ; in 1874 was sold under foreclosure, and. on March 1, 1875, passed into the hands of the Ohio & Mis- sissippi Railway Company. In November, 1876, the road was again placed in the hands of a receiver, but was restored to the Company in 1884. — In November, 1893, tlie Ohio & Mississippi was consolidated with the Baltimore & Ohio South- western Railroad, which was the successor of the Cincinnati, Washington & Baltimore Railroad, the reorganized Company taking the name of the Baltimore & Olno Southwestern Railway Com- pany. The total capitalization of the road, as organized in 1898, was §84,770,531. Several branches of the main line in Indiana and Ohio go to increase the aggregate mileage, but being wholly outside of Illinois are not taken into ac- count in this statement. BALTIMORE & OHIO & CHIC.\GO R.VIL- ROAD, part of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad System, of which only 8.21 out of 265 miles are in Illinois. The principal object of the company's incorporation was to secure entrance for the Baltimore & Ohio into Chicago. The capital stock outstanding exceeds SI, .500.000. The total capital (including stock, funded and floating debt) is .?20,329,lfi6 or 876,728 per mile. The gross earnings for the j-ear ending June 30, 1898, were §3,381,010 and the operating expenses §2,493,452. The income and earnings for the portion of the line in Illinois for the same period were §209,208 and the expenses §208,096. BAXGS, Mark, lawyer, was born in Franklin County, JIass., Jan. 9, 1822; spent his boy- hood on a farm in Western New York, and, after a year in an institution at Rochester, came to Chicago in 1844, later spending two years in farm work and teaching in Central lUinoi.s. Return- ing east in 1847, he engaged in teaching for two years at Springfield, Mass., then spent a year in a dry goods store at Lacon, 111., nieanwliile prosecuting his legal studies. In 1851 he began practice, was elected a Judge HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 35 cf the Circuit Coui-t in iSoO ; served one session as State Senator (1870-72); in 1873 was ap- pointed Circuit Judge to fill the unexpired term of Judge Richmond, deceased, and, in 1875, was appointed by President Grant United States District Attorney for the Nortliern District, remaining in office four ye'., ex-State Treasurer, was born in Germany. June 14, 1840, and brought to this country by his parents at the age of 11 years, the family settling in St. Clair County, 111. Early in the Civil War he enlisted in the Twelfth Missouri regiment, and, at the battle of Pea Ridge, was so severely wounded tliat it was found necessary to amputate one of his legs. In 1866 he was elected Sheriff of St. Clair County, and, from 1873 to 1880, he served as clerk of the St. Clair Circuit Court. He also served several terms as a City Councilman of Belleville. In 1888 he was elected State Treasurer on the Republican ticket, .serving from Jan. 14, 1889, to Jan. 13, 1891. BECKWITH, Corydon, lawyer and jurist, was born in Vermont in 1833, and educated at Provi- dence, R. I., and Wrentham, Mass. He read law and was admitted to the bar in St. All)aus, Vt., where he practiced for two years. In 18.53 he removed to Chicago, and, in Januar.y, 1864, was appointed by Governor Yates a Justice of the Supreme Court, to fill the five remaining months of the unexpired term of Judge Caton, who had resigned. On retiring from the bench he re- sumed private practice. Died, August 18, 1890. BECKWITH, Hiram Williams, lawyer and author, was b(irn at Danville. 111., March ,5, 1833. Mr. Beckwith's father, Dan AV. Beckwith, a pio- neer settler of Eastern Illinois and one of the founders of the city of Danville, was a native of Wyalusing, Pa., where he was born about 1789, IIISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 41 his mother being, in her girlhood. Hannah York, one of the survivors of tlie famous Wyoniiug massacre of 1778. In 1817. the senior Beckwith, in company with liis brother George, descended the Oliio River, afterwards ascending the Wabash to wliere Terra Haute now stands, but finally locating in what is now a part of Edgar County. 111. A year later he removed to the vicinity of the present site of the city of Danville. Having been employeil for a time in a surveyor's corjis. he linally became a surveyor himself, and. on the organization of Vermilion County, served for a time as County Surveyor by appointment of the Governor, and was also emplo\-ed by the General Government in surveying lands in tlie eastern part of the State, some of the Inilian reservations in that section of the State being set otf l)y him. In connection with Guy W. Smith, then Receiver of Public Moneys in the Land Office at Palestine. 111., he donated the ground on which the county-seat of Vermilion County was located, and it took tlie name of Dan- ville from his first name — "Dan." In 1830 he was elected Representative in the State Legisla- ture for the District composed of Clark, Edgar, and Vermilion Counties, then including all that section of the State between Crawford County and the Kankakee River. He died in 1835. Hiram, the subject of this sketch, thus left fatherless at less than three years of age, received only such education as was afforded in the com- mon schools of that period. Nevertheless, he began the study of law in the Danville office of Lincoln & Lamon. and was admitted to practice in 18.54, about the time of reaching his majority. He continued in their office and, on the removal of Lamon to Bloomington in 1859, he succeeded to the business of the firm at Danville. Mr. Lamon — who, on Mr. Lincoln's accession to the Presidency in 1861, became Marshal of the Dis- trict of Columbia — was distantlj- related to Mr. Beckwith by a second marriage of the mother of the latter. While engaged in tlie practice of his profession, Mr. Beckwith has been over thirty years a zealous collector of records and other material bearing upon the earlj' history of Illinois and the Northwest, and is probably now the owner of one of the most complete and valuable collections of Americana in Illinois. He is also the autlnTr of several monographs on historic themes, including "The Winnebago War," "The Illinois and Indiana Indians," and "Historic Notes of the Northwest," published in the "Fer- gus Series." besides having e5; while 3-et in his minority edited "The Mount Carmel Register," during IS.jl-.'JS becoming joint owner and editor of the same with his brother, Victor D. Bell. After gradu- ation he opened an office at Fairfield, Wayne County, but. in 18.57, returned to Mount Carmel and from 1804 was the partner of Judge E. B. Green, until the apjxiintment of the latter Chief Ju.stice of Oklahoma by Presitlent Harrison in 1890. In 1809 Mr. Bell was appointed County Judge of Lawrence County, being elected to the «ime office in 1894. He was also President of the Illinois Southern Railroad Company until it was merged into the Cairo & Vincennes Road in 1807; later became President of the St. Louis & Mt. Carmel Railroad, now a part of the Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis line, and .secured the construction of the division from Princeton, Ind., to Albion, 111. In 1870 he visited California as Special Agent of tlie Treasury Deiiartment to investigate alleged frauds in the Revenue Districts on the Pacific Coast; in 1878 was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress on the Republican ticket in the strong Democratic Nineteenth District; was appointed, the same J'ear, a memter of the Republican .State Central Committee for the State-at-large, and, in 1881, officiated by appointment of President Garfield, as Commissioner to e.\amiiie a section of the Atlantic & Pacific Railroad in New Mexico. Judge Bell is a gifted stump-speaker and is known in the southeastern part of the State as the "Silver-tongued Orator of the Wabash." BELLEVILLE, the county-seat of St. Clair County, a citj- and railroad center, 14 miles south of east from St. Louis. It is one of the oldest towns in the State, having been selected as the county-seat in 1814 and platted in 181.5. It lies in the center of a rich agricultural and coal-bear- ing district and contains numerous factories of various descriptions,' including flouring mills, a nail mill, glass woiks and shoe factories. It has five newspaper establishments, two being Ger- man, whicii issue daily editions. Its commercial and educational facilities aie exceptionally good. Its population is largely of German descent. Population (1890), 15,301; (1900), 17,484. BELLEVILLE, CEXTR.VLI.V ic E.VSTERX R.VILRO.VI). (See Lonlxrilt,-. Kransrillc ct St. Louis (CoHsoUdafed) Rdilroatl.) BELLEVILLE & C VRO.XDELET RAILROAD. a short line of road extending from Belleville to East Carondelet, 111., 17.3 miles. It was chartered Feb. 20, 1881, and leased to the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad Company, June 1, 1883. The annual rental is §30,000. a sum equivalent to the interest on the bfinded debt. The capital stock (189."i) is $.500,000 and the bonded debt S4S5,- 000. In addition to these sums the floating debt swells the entire capitalization to .$99.5,0.54 or §57,- 317 per mile. BELLEVILLE & ELDORADO RAILROAD, a road 50.4 miles in length running from Belle- ville to Du(i\if)in, 111. It was chartered Feb. 22, 1861, and completed Oct. 31, 1871. On July 1, 44 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 1880, it was leased to the St Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad Company for 486 j'ears, and has since been operated by that corporation in connection ivith its Belleville branch, from East St. Louis to Belleville. At Eldorado the road intersects the Cairo & Vincennes Railroad and the Shawneetown branch of the St. Louis & Southeastern Railroad, operated by the Louisville & Npshville Railroad Company. Its capital stock (ISai) is .i;i, 000.000 and its bonded debt §550.000. The corporate office is at Belleville. BELLEVILLE & ILLIXOISTOWN RAILROAD. (See St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Hailroad.) BELLEVILLE & SOUTHERN ILLINOIS RAILROAD, a road (laid with steel rails) run- ning from Belleville to Duquoin, 111., 56.4 miles in length. It was chartered Feb. 15, 1857, and completed Dec. 15, 1873. At Duquoin it connects with the Illinois Central and forms a short line between St. Louis and Cairo. Oct. 1. 1866, it was leased to the St. Loxiis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad Companj' for 999 j'ears. The capital stock is 81,693,000 and the bonded debt $1,000,- 000. The corporate office is at Belleville. BELLMOXT, a village of AVabash County, on the Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis Railway, 9 miles west of Jlount Carmel. Population (1880), 350; (1890). 487; (1900). 624. BELT RAILWAY COMPANY OF CHICAGO, THE, a corporation chartered, Nov. 22, 1882, and the lessee of the Belt Division of the Chicago & Western Indi.aua Railroad (which see). Its total trackage (all of standard gauge and laid with 06- pound steel rails) is 93.26 miles, distributed as fol- lows: Auburn Junction to Chicago, Milwaukee & St. PaulJunction, 15.9 miles; branches from Pull- man Junction to Irondale, 111., etc., 5.41 miles; second track, 14.1 miles; sidings, 57.85 miles. The cost of construction has been §524,549; capi- tal stock, §1,200,000. It has no funded debt. The earnings for the year ending June 30, 1895, were §556, K47, the operating expenses §378,012, and the ta.xes §51.009. BELA'IDERE,an incorporated city, the county- seat of Boone County, situated on the Kishwau- kee River, an'd on two divisions of the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 78 miles west-northwest of Chicago and 14 miles east of Rockford ; is con- nected with the latter city by electric railroad. The city has twelve churches, five graded schools, and three banks (two national). Two daily and two semi-weekl}' papers are published here. Bel- videre also has very considerable manufacturing interests, including manufactories of sewing ma- chines, bicj'cles, automobiles, besides a large milk-condensing factory and two creameries. Population (1890), 3,867; (1900), 6,937. BESIENT, a village in Piatt County, at inter- section of main line and Chicago Division of Wabash Railroad, 20 miles east of Decatur and 166 miles south-southwest of Chicago; in agri- cultural and stock-raising district; has three grain elevators, broom factory, water- works, elec- tric-light plant, four churches, two banks and weekly paper. Pop. (1890), 1,129; (1900), 1,484. BENJAMIN, Renlieii Moore, lawyer, born at Chatham Centre, Columbia County, N. Y., June 29, 1833; was educated at Amherst College, Am- herst, Mass. ; spent one j'ear in the law depart- ment of Harvard, another as tutor at Amherst and, in 1856, came to Bloomington, 111., where, on an examination certificate furnished by Abraham Lincoln, he was licensed to practice. The first public office held by Mr. Benjamin was that of Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, in which he took a prominent part in shaping the provisions of the new Constitution relating to corporations. In 1873 he was chosen County Judge of McLean County, by repeated re-elections holding the position until 1886, when he resumed private practice. For more than twenty years he has been connected with the law department of Wesleyan University at Blooming- ton, a part of the time being Dean of the Faculty ; is also the author of several volumes of legal te.xt-books. BENNETT MEDICAL COLLEGE, an Eclectic Bledical School of Chicago, incorporated by special charter and ojjened in the autumn of 1868. Its first sessions were held in two large rooms ; its faculty consisted of seven professors, and there were thirty matriculates. More com- modious quarters were secured the following year, and a still better home after the fire of 1871, in which all the college property was destroyed. Another change of location was made in 1874. In 1890 the property then owned was sold and a new college building, in connection with a hos- pital, erected in a more quiet quarter of the city. A free dispensary is conducted by the college. The teaching facultj- (1896) consists of nineteen professors, with four assistants and demonstra- tors. Women are admitted as pupils on equal terms with men. BENT, Charles, journalist, was born in Chi- cago, Dec. 8, 1844, but removed with his family, in 1850, to Slorrison, Whiteside County, where, two years later, he became an apprentice to the printing business in the office of "The Whiteside Sentinel." In June, 1864, he enlisted as a soldier HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 45 in the One Hundred and Fortietli Illinois (100- days' regiment) and, on the expiration of his term of service, re-enlisted in the One Hundred and Forty -seventh Illinois, being mustered out at Savannah, Ga., in January, 1860, with the rank of Second Lieutenant. Then resumin}^ his voca- tion as a printer, in July, 1807, he purchased the office of "The White.side Sentinel," in which he learned his trade, and has since been the editor of that paper, except during 1877-79 while engaged in writing a "History of Whiteside County." He is a charter member of the local Grand Army Post and served on the staff of the Department Commander ; was Assistant Assessor of Internal Revenue during 1870-73, and, in 1878, was elected as a Republican to the State Senate for White- side and Carroll Counties, serving four years. Other positions held by him include the office of City Alderman, member of the State Board of Canal Commissioners (1883-85) and Commissioner of the Joliet Penitentiary (1889-93). He has also been a member of the Republican State Central Committee and served as its Chairman 1886-88. BEXTOA, county-seat of Franklin County, on 111. Cent, and Chi. & E. 111. Railroads; has electric- light plant, water-works, saddle and harness fac- tory, two banks, two flouring mills, shale brick and tile works (projected), four churches and three weekly papers. Pop. (1890), 939; (1900), 1,341. BERDAJf, James, lawyer and County Judge, was born in New York City, Jul}- 4, ISO.'), and educated at Columbia and Yale Colleges, gradu- ating from the latter in the class of 1824. His father, James Berdan, Sr. , came west in the fall of 1819 as one of the agents of a New York Emigration Society, and, in January, 1820, visited the vicinity of the present site of Jacksonville, 111., but died soon after his return, in part from exposure incurred during his long and arduous winter journey. Thirteen j'ears later (1832) his son, the subject of this sketch, came to the same region, and Jacksonville became his home for the remainder of his life. Mr. Berdan was a well- read lawyer, as well as a man of high principle and sound culture, with pure literary and social tastes. Although possessing unusual capabilities, his refinement of charat^ter and dislike of osten- tation made him seek rather the association and esteem of friends than public office. In 1849 he was elected County Judge of Jlorgan County, serving by a second election until 1857. Later he was Secretarj^ for .several years of the Tonioa & Petersburg Railroad (at that time in course of construction), serving until it was merged into the St. Louis, Jacksonville & Chicago Railroad, now constituting a part of the Jacksonville di- vision of the Chicago & Alton Railroad ; also served for many years as a Trustee of Illinois College. In tlie latter years of his life he was, for a considerable i)eriod, the law partner of ex-Gov- ernor and ex-Senator Richard Yates. Judge Berdan was the ardent political friend and admirer of Abraham Lincoln, as well as an inti- mate friend and frequent correspondent of the poet Longfellow, besides l)eing the correspondent, during a long period of his life, of a number of other prominent literary men. Pierre Irving, tlie nephew and biographer of Washington Irving, was his brother-in-law through the marriage of a favorite sister. Judge Berdan died at Jackson- ville, August 24, 1884. BERlwEN, (Rev.) John G., pioneer clergyman, was born at Hightstown, N. J., Nov. 27, 1790; studied theology, and, after two years' service as tutor at Princeton and sixteen years as pastor of a Presbyterian church at Madison, N. J., in 1828 came to Springfield, 111., and assisted in the erection of the first Protestant church in the central part of the State, of which he remained pastor until 1848. Died, at Springfield, Jan. 17, 1872. BERGGREIV, Au^ustu.s W., legislator, born in Sweden, Augu,st 17, 1840; came to the United States at 16 years of age and located at Oneida, Knox County, 111., afterwards removing to Gales- burg; held various offices, including that of Sheriff oi Kno.x County (1873-81), State Senator (1881-89) — serving as President pro tern, of the Senate 1887-89, and was Warden of the State penitentiary at Joliet, 1888-91. He was for many years the very able and efficient President of the Covenant Mutual Life Association of Illinois, and is now its Treasurer. BERGIER, (Rev.) J, a secular prie.st, born in France, and an early missionary in Illinois. He labored among the Taniaroas, being in charge of the niissiiin at Cahokia from 1700 to his deatli in 1710. BERRY, Orville P., lawyer and legislator, was born in McDonough County, III., Feb. 16, 1852; early left an orphan and, after working for some time on a farm, removed to Carthage, Hancock County, where he read law and was admitted to the bar in 1877; in 1883 was elected Mayor of Carthage and twice re-elected ; was elected to the State Senate in 1888 and '92, and, in 1891, took a prominent part in securing the enactment of the compulsory education clause in the common school law. Mr. Berry presided over the Rejiub- lican State Convention of 1896, the same year was a candidate for re-election to the State Senate, 40 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. but the certificate was awarded to his Democratic competitor, who was declared elected by 16-1 plurality. On a contest before the Senate at the first session of the Fortieth General Assembly, the seat was awarded to Mr. Berry on the ground of illegality in the rulings of the Secretary of State affecting the rote of his opponent. BERRY, (Col.) TViUiam W., la%vyer and sol- dier, was born in Kentucky. Feb. 22, 1834, and educated at Oxford, Ohio. His home being then in Covington, he studied law in Cincinnati, and, at the age of 23, began practice at Louisville, Ky., being married two years later to Miss Georgle Hewitt of FVankfort. Early in 1861 he entered the Civil War on the Union side as Major of the Louisville Legion, and subsequently served in the Army of the Cumberland, marching to the sea with Sherman and. during the period of his service, receiving four wounds. After the close of the war he was offered the position of Gov- ernor of one of the Territories, but, determining not to go further west than Illinois, declined. For three years he was located and in practice at Winchester. 111., but removed to Quincy in 1874. where he afterwards resided. He always took a warm interest in politics and, in local affairs, was a leader of his party. He was an organizer of the G. A. R. Post at Quincy and its first Com- mander, and, in 18S4-8.5, served as Commander of the State Department of the G. A. R. He organ- ized a Young Men's Republican Club, as he believed that the young minds should take an active part in politics. He was one of the com- mittee of seven appointed by the Governor to locate the Soldiers' and Sailors' Home for Illinois, and, after spending six months inspecting vari- ous sites offered, the institution was finally located at Quincy; was also Trustee of Knox College, at Galesburg, for several years. He was frequently urged by his party friends to run for public office, but it was so much against his nature to ask for even one vote, that he would not consent. He died at his home in Quincy, much regretted. May 6. 1895. BESTOR, Georare C, legislator, bom in "Wash- ington City, April 11. 1811; was a.ssistant docu- ment clerk in the House of Representatives eight years; came to IlUnois in 1835 and engaged in real-estate business at Peoria; was twice ap- pointed Postmaster of that city (1842 and 1861) and three times elected Mayor ; served as finan- cial agent of the Peoria & Oquawka (now Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad), and a Director of the Toledo, Peoria & "Warsaw ; a delegate to the Whig National Convention of 1852; a State Senator (18.58-62). and an ardent friend of Abra- ham Lincoln. Died, in Washington, May 14, 1872, while prosecuting a claim against the Government for the construction of gunboats during the war. BETHALTO, a village of Madison County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, 25 miles north of St. Louis. Popula- tion (1880), 628; (1890), 879; (1900), 477. BETHANY, a vUlage of Moultrie County, on Peoria Division 111. Cent Railroad, 18 miles south- east of Decatur; in farming district; has one news- paper and four churches. Pop. , mostly American born, (1890). 688; (1900), 873; (1903, est.), 900. BETTIE STUART OSTITITE, an institu- tion for j'oung ladies at Springfield, 111. , founded in 1868 by Mrs. Mary McKee Homes, who con- ducted it for some twenty years, until her death. Its report for 1898 shows a faculty of ten instruct- ors and 125 pupils. Its property is valued at $23,500. Its course of instruction embraces the preparatory and classical branches, together with music, oratory and fine arts. BEYERIDGE, James H., State Treasurer, was born in Washington County. N. Y., in 1828; served as State Treasurer. 1865-67, later acted as Secretary of the Commission which built the State Capitol. His later years were spent in superintending a large dairj- farm near Sandwich, De Kalb County, where he died in Januarj-, 1896. BEVERIDGE, John L., ex-Governor, was born in Greenwich N. Y.. July 6. 1824; came to Illi- nois, 1842, and, after sf)ending some two years in Granville Academy and Rock River Seminary, went to Tennessee, where he engaged in teaching while studying law. Having been admitted to the bar, he returned to Illinois in 1851, first locat- ing at Sycamore, but three years later established himself in Chicago. During the first year of the war he assisted to raise the Eighth Regiment Illi- nois Cavalry, and was commissioned first as Cap- tain and still later Major; two years later became Colonel of the Seventeenth Cavalry, which he commanded to the close of the war. being mustered out, February, 1866, with the rank of brevet Brigadier-General. After the war he held the ofl5ce of Sheriff of Cook Comity four years; in 1870 was elected to the State Senate, and, in the following year. Congre.ssman-at-large to succeed General Logan, elected to the United States Senate; resigned this office in January. 1873, having been elected Lieutenant-Governor, and a few weeks later succeeded to the govern- orship by the election of Governor Oglesby to the United States Senate. In 1881 he was apixiinted. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 47 by President Arthur, Assistant United States Treasurer for Chicago, serving until after Cleve- land's first election. His present home ( 18'JS), is near Los Angeles. Cal. BIENVILLE, Jean Baptiste le Moyne, Sieur de, was born at Montreal. Canada, Feb. 23, 1680, and was the French Governor of Louisiana at the time the Illinois country was included in that province. He had several brothers, a number of whom played important parts in the early history of the province. Bienville first visited Louisi- ana, in company with his brother Iberville, in 1698, their object being to establish a French colony near the mouth of the Mississippi. The first settlement was made at Biloxi, Dec. 6, 1699, and SanvoUe, another brother, was placed in charge. The latter was afterward made Governor of Louisiana, and, at his death (ITOl), he was succeeded by Bienville, who transferred the seat of government to Jlobile. In 1704 he was joined by his brother Chateaugay, who brought seven- teen settlers from Canada. Soon afterwards Iberville died, and Bienville was recalled to F^nce in 1707, but was reinstated the following year. Finding the Indians worthless as tillers of the soil, he seriously suggested to the home gov- ernment thee.xpediency of trading off the copper- colored aborigines for negroes from the West Indies, three Indians, to be reckoned as equiva- lent to two blacks. In 1713 Cadillac was sent out as Governor, Bienville being made Lieutenant- Governor. The two quarreled. Cadillac was superseded by Epinay in 1717, and, in 1718, Law's first expedition arrived (see Company of the West), and brought a Governor's commission for Bienville. The latter soon after founded New Orleans, which became the seat of government for the province (which then included Illinois), in 1723. In January, 1724, he was again summoned to France to answer charges; was removed in disgrace in 1726, but reinstated in 1733 and given the rank of Lieutenant-General. Failing in vari- ous e.xpeditions against the Chickasaw Indians, lie was again suj)erseded in 1743, returning to France, where he died in 1768. BltrGS, William, pioneer. Judge and legislator, was born in Maryland in 1753, enlisted in the Revolutionary army, and served as an officer under Colonel George Rogers Clark in the expe- dition for the capture of Illinois from the British in 1778. He settled in Bellefontaine (now Monroe County) soon after the close of the war. He was Sheriff of St. Clair County for many years, and later Justice of the Peace and Judge of the Court of Common Pleas. He also represented his county in the Territorial Legislatures of In- diana and Illinois. Died, in .St. Clair County, in 1S27. BIGCiSVILLE. a village of Henderson County, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 15 miles northeast of Burlington; has a bank and two newspapers; considerable grain and live- stock are shipped here. Population (1880), 358; (1890), 487; (1900). 417. BIO MUDDY RIVER, a stream formed by the union of two branches which rise in Jefferson County. It runs south and southwest through Franklin and Jackson Counties, and enters the Mississippi about five miles below Grand Tower. Its length is estimated at 140 miles. BILLINGS, Albert Merritt, capitalist, was born in New Hampshire. April 19, 1814, educated in the common schools of his native State and Vermont, and, at the age of 22, became Sheriff of Windsor County, Vt., Later he was proprietor for a time of the mail stage-coach line between Concord, N. H. , and Boston, but, having sold out, invested his means in the securities of the Chi- cago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway and became identified with the business interests of Chicago. In the 'GO'S he became associated with Cornelius K. Garrison in the People's Gas Company of Chi- cago, of which he served as President from 1859 to 1888. In 1890 Mr. Billings became extensively interested in the street railway enterprises of Mr. C. B. Holmes, resulting in his becoming the pro- prietor of the street railway system at Memphis, Tenn., valued, in 1897, at 83,000,000. In early life he had been associated with Commodore Vanderbilt in the operation of the Hudson River steamboat lines of the latter. In a 877; (1900), 995. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 51 BLANEY, Jerome Van Zaiidt, early physician, born at Newcastle, Del., May 1, 1820; was edu- cated at Princeton and graduated in medicine at Philadelphia when too young to receive his diploma ; in 1843 came west and joined Dr. Daniel Brainard in founding Rush Medical College at Chicago, for a time filling three chairs in that institution ; also, for a time, occupied the chair of Chemistrj' and Natural Philosophy in Northwest- ern University. In 1801 he was appointed Sur- geon, and afterwards Medical Director, in the army, and was Surgeon -in-Chief on the staff of General Sheridan at the time of the battle of Winchester ; after the war was delegated by the Government to pay off medical officers in the Northwest, in tliis capacity disbui'sing over S600,- 000 ; finally retiring with the rank of Lieutenant- Colonel. Died. Dec. 11, 1874. BLATCHFORD, Eliphalet Wickes, LL.D., son of Dr. John Blatchford, was born at Stillwater, N. Y. , May 31, 1826; being a grandson of Samuel Blatchford, D.D.,who came to New York from England, in 1795. He prepared for college at Lan- singburg Academy. New York, and at Marion College, Mo. , finally graduating at Illinois College, Jacksonville, in the class of 184.5. After graduat- ing, he was employed for several years in the law offices of his uncles, R. M. and E. H. Blatchford, New York. For considerations of health he re- turned to the West, and, in 1850, engaged in busi- ness for himself as a lead manufacturer in St. Louis, Mo., afterwards associating with him the late Morris Collins, under the firm name of Blatch- ford & Collins. In 1854 a branch was established in Chicago, known as Collins & Blatchford. After a few years the firm was dissolved, Mr. Blatch- ford taking the Chicago business, which has continued as E. W. Blatchford & Co to the pres- ent time. While 5Ir. Blatchford has invariably declined political offices, he has been recognized as a staunch Republican, and the services of few men have been in more frequent request for positions of trust in connection with educational and benevolent enterprises. Among the numer- ous positions of this character which he has been called to fill are those of Treasurer of the North- western Branch of tlie United States Sanitary Commission, during the Civil War, to which he devoted a large part of his time ; Trustee of Illi- nois College (1866-75); President of the Chicago Academy of Sciences; a member, and for seven- teen years President, of the Board of Trustees of the Chicago Eye and Ear Infirmary ; Trustee of the Chicago Art Institute ; Executor and Trustee of the late Walter L. Newberry, and, since its incorporation. President of the Board of Trustees of The Newberry Library; Trustee of the John Crerar Library; one of the founders and Presi- dent of the Board of Trustees of the Chicago Manual Training School; life member of the Chicago Historical Society ; for nearly forty years President of the Board of Directors of the Chicago Theological Seminary; during his resi- dence in Chicago an officer of the New England Congregational Church ; a corporate member of the American Board of Commissioners for For- eign Missions, and for fourteen years its Vice- President; a charter member of the City Missionary Society, and of the Congregational Club of Chicago; a member of the Chicago Union League, the University, the Literary and the Commercial Clubs, of which latter he has been President. Oct. 7, 1858, Mr. Blatchford was married to Miss Mary Emily Williams, daughter of John C.Williams, of Chicago. Seven children — four sons and three daughters — have blessed this union, the eldest son, Paul, being to-day one of Chicago's valued business men. Mr. Blatchford's life has been one of ceaseless and successful activity in business, and to him Chicago owes much of its prosperity. In the giving of time and money for Christian, educational and benevo- lent enterprises, he has been conspicuous for his generosity, and noted for his valuable counsel and executive ability in carrying these enterprises to success. BLATCHFORD, John, D.D., was born at New- field (now Bridgeport), Conn., May 24, 1799; removed in childhood to Lansingburg, N. Y., and was educated at Cambridge Academy and Union College in that State, graduating in 1820. He finislied his theological course at Princeton, N. J., in 1823, after which he ministered succes- sively to Presbyterian churches at Pittstown and Stillwater, N. Y., in 1830 accepting the pastorate of the First Congregational Church of Bridge- port, Conn. In 1836 he came to the West, spend- ing the following winter at Jacksonville, 111. , and, in 1837, was installed the first pastor of the First Presbyterian Church of Chicago, where he remained imtil compelled by failing health to resign and return to the East. In 1841 he ac- cepted the chair of Intellectual and Moral Phi- losophy at Marion College, Mo., subsequently assuming the Presidency. The institution having been purchased by the Free Masons, in 1844, he removed to West Ely, Mo., and thence, in 1847, to Quincy, 111., where he resided during the remainder of his life. His death occurred in St. Louis, April 8, 1855. The churches he served 52 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. testified strongly to Dr. Blatchford's faithful, acceptable and successful performance of his ministerial duties. He was married in 182.5 to Frances Wickes. daughter of Eliphalet Wickes, Esq.. of .Jamaica, Long Island, N. Y. BLEDSOE, Albert Taylor, teacher and law- yer, was born in Frankfort. Ky., Nov. 9, 1809; graduated at "West Point Military Academy in 1830, and. after two years' service at Fort Gib- son, Indian Territory, retired from the army in 1833. During 1833-34 he was Adjunct Professor of Mathematics and teacher of French at Kenyon College, Ohio, and, in 183.5-36, Professor of Mathematics at Miami University. Then, hav- ing studied theology, he served for several years as rector of Episcopal churches in Ohio. In 1838 he settled at Springfield, 111., and began the prac- tice of law, remaining several years, when he removed to "Washington, D. C. Later he became Professor of Mathematics, first (1848-54) in the University of Mississippi, and (1854 61) in the University of Virginia. He then entered the Confederate service with the rank of Colonel, but soon became Acting Assistant Secretary of War ; in 1863 visited England to collect material for a work on the Constitution, which was pub- lished in 1866, when he settled at Baltimore, where he began the publication of "The Southern Review," which became the recognized organ of the Methodist Episcopal Church South. Later he became a minister of the Methodist Church. He gained considerable reputation for eloquence during his residence in Illinois, and was the author of a number of works on religious and political subjects, the latter maintaining the right of secession; was a man of recognized ability, but lacked stability of character. Died at Alexandria, Ta., Dec. 8, 1877. BLODGETT, Henry Williams, jurist, was born at Amherst, Mass., in 1821. At the age of 10 years he removed with his parents to Illinois, where he attended the district schools, later returning to Amherst to spend a year at the Academy. Returning home, he spent the years 1839-43 in teaching and surveying. In 1843 he began the study of law at Chicago, being admitted to the bar in 1845, and beginning prac- tice at Waukegan, 111., where he has continued to reside. In 1858 he was elected to the lower house of the Legislature from Lake County, as an anti-slaverj' candidate, and, in 1858, to the State Senate, in the latter serving four years. He gained distinction as a railroad solicitor, being employed at different times by the Chicago & Northwestern, the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul, the Michigan Southern and the Pittsburg & Fort Wayne Companies. Of the second named road lie was one of the projectors, procuring its charter, and being identified with it in the sev- eral capacities of Attorney, Director and Presi- dent. In 1870 President Grant appointed him Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois. This position he continued to occupy for twenty-two years, resign- ing it in 1892 to accept an appointment by Presi- dent Cleveland as one of the counsel for the United States before the Behring Sea Arbitrators at Paris, which was his last official service. BLOOMI>'GDALE, a village of Du Page County, 30 miles west by north from Chicago. Population (1880), 320; (1890), 463; (1900), 235. BLOOMINGTON, the county-seat of McLean County, a flourishing city and railroad center, 59 miles northeast of Springfield ; is in a rich agri- cultural and coal-mining district. Besides car shops and repair works employing some 2,000 hands, there are manufactories of stoves, fur- naces, plows, flour, etc. Nurseries are numerous in the vicinity and horse breeding receives much attention. The city is the seat of Illinois Wes- leyan University, has fine public schools, several newspapers (two published daily), besides educa- tional and other publications. The business sec- tion suff'ered a disastrous fire in 1900, but has been rebuilt more substantially than before. The prin- cipal streets are paved and electric street cars con- nect with Normal (two miles distant), the site of the "State Normal University" and "Soldiers' Or- phans' Home." Pop. (1890), 20,284; (1900), 23,286. BLOOMI>GTO> C0>TEXT10>' OF 18,5G, Although not formally called as such, this was the first Republican State Convention held in Illinois, out of which grew a permanent Repub- lican organization in the State. A mass conven- tion of those opposed to the repeal of the Missouri Compromise (known as an "Anti-Nebraska Convention") was held at Springfield during the week of the State Fair of 18.54 (on Oct. 4 and 5), and, although it adopted a platform in harmony with tlie principles which afterwards became the foundation of the Republican party, and appointed a State Central Committee, besides putting in nomination a candidate for State Treasurer — tlie only State officer elected that year — the organi- zation was not perpetuated, the State Central Committee failing to organize. The Bloomington Convention of 1856 met in accordance with a call issued by a State Central Committee appointed by the Convention of Anti-Nebraska editors held at Decatur on February 22, 1856. (See Anti-Neb- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 53 raska Editorial Convention.) The call did not even contain the word "Republican," but was addressed to those opposed to the principles of the Nebraska Bill and the policy of the existing Democratic administration. The Convention met on May 29, ISoO, the date designated bj' the Editorial Convention at Decatur, but was rather in the nature of a mass than a delegate conven- tion, as party organizations existed in few coun- ties of the State at that time. Consequently representation was very unequal and followed no systematic rule. Out of one hundred counties into which the State was then divided, only seventy were represented by delegates, ranging from one to twenty-five each, leaving thirty counties (embracing nearly the whole of the southern part of tlie State) entirely unrepre- sented. Lee County had the largest representa- tion (twenty-five), Morgan County (the home of Richard Yates) coming next with twenty dele- gates, while Cook County had seventeen and Sangamon had five. The whole number of delegates, as shown by the contemporaneous record, was 269. Among the leading spirits in the Convention were Abraham Lincoln, Archi- bald Williams, O. H. Browning. Richard Yates, John M. Palmer, Owen Lovejoy, Norman B. Judd, Burton C. Cook and others who afterwards became prominent in State politics. The delega- tion from Cook County included the names of John Wentworth, Grant Goodrich, George Schneider, Mark Skinner, Charles H. Ray and Charles L. Wilson. The temporary organization was effected with Archibald Williams of Adams County in the chair, followed by the election of John M. Palmer of Macoupin, as Permanent President. The other ofKcers were: Vice-Presi- dents — John A. Davis of Stephenson; William Ross of Pike; James McKee of Cook; John H. Bryant of Bureau; A. C. Harding of Warren; Richard Y''ates of Morgan; Dr. H. C. Johns of Macon; D. L. Phillips of Union; George Smith of Madison; Thomas A. Marshall of C(jles; J. M. Rugglesof Mason ; G.D.A. Parks of Will, and John Clark of Schuyler. Secretaries — Henry S. Baker of Madison; Charles L. Wilson of Cook; John Tillson of Adams; Washington Bushnell of La Salle, and B. J. F. Hanna of Randolph, A State ticket was put in nomination consisting of William H. Bissell for Governor (by acclama- tion); Francis A. Hoffman of Du Page County, for Lieutenant-Governor; Ozias M. Hatch of Pike, for Secretary of State; Jesse K. Dubois of Lawrence, for Auditor; James Miller of McLean, for Treasurer, and William H. Powell of Peoria, for Superintendent of Public Instruction. Hoff- man, having been found ineligil)le by lack of resi- dence after the date of naturalization, withdrew, and his place was subsequently filled by the nomination of John Wood of Quincy. The plat- form adopted was outspoken in its pledges of unswerving loyalty to the Union and opposition to the extension of slavery into new territory. A delegation was appointed to the National Con- vention to be held in Philadelphia on June 17, following, and a State Central Committee was named to conduct the State campaign, consisting of James C. Conkling of Sangamon County; Asahel Gridley of McLean; Burton C. Cook of La Salle, and Charles H. Ray and Norman B. Judd of Cook. The principal speakers of the occasion, before the convention or in popular meetings held while the members were present in Blooniington, included the names of O. H. Brown- ing, Owen Lovejoy, Abraham Lincoln, Burton C. Cook, Richard Yates, the venerable John Dixon, founder of the city bearing his name, and Governor Reeder of Pennsylvania, who had been Territorial Governor of Kansas by appointment of President Pierce, but had refused to carry out the policy of the administration for making Kansas a slave State. Mone of the speeches were fully reported, but that of Mr. Lincoln has been universally regarded by those who heard it as the gem of the occasion and the most brilliant of his life, foreshadowing his celebrated "house- divided-against-itself" speech of June 17, 1858. John L. Scripps, editor of "The Chicago Demo- cratic Press," writing of it, at the time, to his paper, said: "Never has it been our fortune to listen to a more eloquent and masterly presenta- tion of a subject. . . . For an hour and a half he (Mr. Lincoln) held the assemblage spellbound by the power of his argument, the intense irony of his invective, and the deep earnestness and fervid brilliancy of his eloquence. When he concluded, the audience sprang to their feet and cheer after cheer told how deeply their hearts had been touched and their souls warmed up to a generous enthusiasm." At the election, in November following, although the Democratic candidate for President carried the State by a plurality of over 9,000 votes, the entire State ticket put in nomination at Bloomington was successful by majorities ranging from 3,000 to 20,000 for the several candidates. BLUE ISLAND, a village of Cook County, on the Calumet River and the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, the Chicago & Grand Trunk and the Illinois Central Railways, 15 miles south of 54 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Chicago. It has a high school, churches and two newspapers, besides brick, smelting and oil works. Population (1890), 2,.521; (1900), 6,114. BLUE ISLAND RAILROAD, a short line 3.96 miles in length, lying wlioUy within lUinois; capital stock §25,000; operated by the Illinois Central Railroad Company. Its funded debt (1895) was $100,000 and its floating debt. .$3,779. BLUE MOUND, a town of Macon County, on the Wabash Railway, 14 miles southeast of De- catur; in rich grain and livestock region; has three grain elevators, two banks, tile factory and one newspaper. Pop. (1890), 696; (1900), 714. BLUFFS, a village of Scott County, at the junction of the Quincy and Hannibal branches of the Wabash Railway, 53 miles west of Spring- field; has a bank and a newspaper. Population (1880), 163; (1890), 421; (1900), 539. BOAL, Robert, M.D., physician and legis- lator, born near Harrisburg, Pa., in 1806; was brought by his parents to Ohio when fi^TS j'ears old and educated at Cincinnati, graduating from the Ohio Medical College in 1838; settled at Lacon, 111., in 1836, practicing there until 1863, when, having been appointed Surgeon of the Board of Enrollment for that District, he re- moved to Peoria. Other public positions held by Dr. Boal have been those of Senator in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth General Assemblies (1844-48), Representative in the Nineteenth and Twentieth (1854-.58), and Trustee of the Institu- tion for the Deaf and Dumb at Jacksonville, remaining in the latter position seventeen years under the successive administrations of Gov- ernors Bissell, Yates, Oglesby, Palmer and Bever- idge — the last five years of his service being President of the Board. He was also President of the State Medical Board in 1882. Dr. Boal continued to practice at Peoria until about 1890, when he retired, and, in 1893, returned to Lacon to reside with his daughter, the widow of the late Colonel Greeubury L. Fort, for eight years Representative in Congress from the Eighth District. BOARD OF ARBITRATION, a Bureau of the State Government, created by an act of the Legis- lature, approved August 3, 1895. It is appointed by the Executive and is composed of three mem- bers (not more than two of whom can belong to the same political jiarty), one of whom must be an employer of labor and one a member of some labor organization. Tlie term of office for the members first named was fixed at two years; after March 1, 1897, it is to be three years, one member retiring annuallj'. A compensation of $1,500 per annum is allowed to each member of the Board, while the Secretary, who must also be a stenographer, receives a salary of $1,300 per annum. When a controversy arises between an individual, firm or corporation employing not less than twenty-five persons, and his or its employes, application may be made by the aggrieved party to the Board for an inquiry into the nature of the disagreement, or both parties may unite in the submission of a case. The Board is required to visit the locality, carefully investi- gate the cause of the dispute and render a deoi- cion as soon as practicable, the same to be at once made public. If the application be filed by the employer, it must be accompanied by a stipula- tion to continue in business, and order no lock-out for the space of three weeks after its date. In like manner, complaining employes must promise to continue peacefully at work, under existing conditions, for a like period. The Board is granted power to send for persons and papers and to administer oaths to witnesses. Its decisions are binding upon applicants for six months after i-endition, or until either party sliall have given the other sixtj- daj's' notice in writing of his or their intention not to be bound therebj-. In case the Board shall learn that a disagreement exists between employes and an employer having less than twenty-five persons in his employ, and that a strike or lock-out is seriously threatened, it is made the duty of the body to put itself into communication with both employer and employes and endeavor to effect an amicable settlement between them by mediation. The absence of any provision in the law prescribing penalties for its violation leaves tlie observance of the law, in its present form, dependent upon the voluntary action of the parties interested. BOARD OF EQUALIZATION, a body organ- ized under act of the General Assembly, ajjproved March 8, 1867. It first consisted of twenty-five members, one from each Senatorial District. The first Board was appointed by the Governor, holding office two years, afterwards becoming elective for a term of four years. In 1873 the law was amended, reducing the number of mem- bers to one for each Congressional District, the whole number at that time becoming nir;eteen, with the Auditor as a member exofiicio, who usually presides. From 1884 to 1897 it consisted of twenty elective members, but, in 1897, it was increased to twenty t\t"o. The Board meets annually on the second Tuesday of August. The abstracts of the property assessed for taxation in the several counties of the State are laid before HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 55 it for examination and equalization, but it may not reduce the aggregate valuation nor increase it more than one per cent. Its powers over the returns of the assessors do not extend beyond equalization of assessments between counties. Tlie Board is required to consider the various classes of property separately, and determine such rates of addition to or deduction from the listed, or assessed, valuation of each class as it may deem equitable and just. The statutes pre- scribe rules for determining the value of all the classes of property enumerated — personal, real, railroad, telegraph, etc. The valuation of the capital stock of railroads, telegraph and other corporations (except newspapers) is fixed by tlie Board. Its consideration having been completed, the Board is required to summarize the results of its labors in a comparative table, which must be again examined, compared and perfected. Reports of each annual meeting, with the results reached, are printed at the expense of the State and distributed as are other public documents. The present Board (1897-1901) consists by dis- tricts of (t) George F. McKnight, (2) John J. McKenna, (3) Solomon Simon, (4) Andrew Mc- Ansh, (5) Albert Oberndorf, (6) Henry Severin, (7) Edward S. Taylor, (8) Theodore S. Rogers, (9) Charles A. Works, (10) Thomas P. Pierce, (11) Samuel M. Barnes, (12) Frank P. Martin, (13) Frank K. Robeson, (14) W. O. Cadwallader, (15) J. S. Cruttenden, (IG) H. D. Hirshheimer, (17) Thomas N. Leavitt, (18) Joseph F. Long, (19) Richard Cadle, (20) Charles Emerson, (21) John W. Larimer, (22) William A. Wall, besides the Auditor of Public Accounts as ex-officio member — the District members being divided politicallj' in the proportion of eighteen Republicans to four Democrats. BOARD OF PUBLIC CHARITIES, a State Bureau, created by act of the Legislature in 1869, upon the recommendation of Governor Oglesby. The act creating the Board gives the Commissioners supervisory oversight of the financial and administrative conduct of all the charitable and correctional institutions of the State, with the exception of the i^enitentiaries, and they are especially charged with looking after and caring for the condition of the paujjers and the insane. As originally constituted the Board consisted of five male members who em- ployed a Secretary. Later provision was made for the appointment of a female Commissioner. The office is not elective. The Board has always carefully scrutinized the accounts of the various State charitable institutions, and, under its man- agement, no charge of peculation against any official connected with the same has e\er been substantiated ; there have been no scandals, and only one or two isolated charges of cruelty to inmates. Its supervision of the county jails and almshouses has been careful and conscientious, and has resulted in benefit alike to the tax-payers and the inmates. The Board, at the close of the year 1898, consisted of the following five mem- bers, their terms ending as indicated in paren- thesis: J. C. Corbus (1898), R. D. Lawrence (1899), Julia C. Lathrop (1900), William J. Cal- houn (1901), Ephraim Banning (1902). J. C. Cor- bus was President and Frederick H. Wines, Secretary. BO(i,\RDUS, Charles, legislator, was born in Cayuga County, N. Y., March 28, 1841, and left an orphan at six years of age ; was educated in the common schools, began working in a store at 12. and, in 1802, enlisted in the One Hundred and Fifty-first New York Infantry, being elected First Lieutenant, and retiring from the service as Lieutenant-Colonel "for gallant and meritori- ous service" before Petersburg. While in the service he participated in some of the most important battles in Virginia, and was once wounded and once captured. In 1872 he located in Ford County, 111., where lie has been a success- ful operator in real estate. He has been twice elected to the House of Representatives (1884 and '86) and three times to the State Senate (1888, '92 and '90), and has served on the most important committees in each house, and has proved him- self one of the most useful members. At the session of 189.5 he was chosen President pro tern. of the Senate. BOOGS, Carroll C, Justice of the Supreme Court, was born in Fairfield, Wayne County, 111., Oct. 19, 1844, and still resides in his native town: has held the offices of State's Attorney, County Judge of Wayne County, and Judge of the Circuit Court for the Second Judicial Circuit, being assigned also to Appellate Court duty. In June, 1897, Judge Boggs was elected a Justice of the Supreme Court to succeed Judge David J. Baker, his term to continvie until 1906. BOLTWOOD, Henry L., the son of William and Electa (Stetson) Boltwood, was born at Am- herst, Mass., Jan. 17, 1831; fitted for college at Amherst Academj' and graduated from Amherst College in 18.53. While in college he taught school every winter, commencing on a salary of $4 per week and "boarding round" among the scholars. After gi'aduating he taught in acad- emies at Limerick, Me., and at Pemljroke and 56 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. Derry, N. H., and in tlie high scliool at Law- rence, Mass. ; also served as Scliool Commissioner for Rockingham County, N. H. In 1864 he went into the service of the Sanitary Commission in the Department of the Gulf, remaining until the close of the war ; was also ordained Chaplain of a colored regiment, but was not regularly mustered in. After the close of the war he was employed as Superintendent of Schools at Griggsville, 111., for two years, and, while there, in 1867, organ- ized the first township high school ever organized in the State, where he remained eleven years. He afterwards organized the township high school at Ottawa, remaining there five years, after which, in 1883, he organized and took charge of the township high school at Evanston, where he has since been employed in his profession as a teacher. Professor Bolt wood has been a member of the State Board of Education and has served as President of the State Teachers' Association. As a teacher he has given special attention to English language and literature, and to history, being the author of an English Grammar, a High School Speller and "Topical Outlines of General History," besides many contributions to educational jour- nals. He has done a great deal of institute work, both in Illinois and Iowa, and has been known somewhat as a tariff reformer. BOND, Lester L., lawyer, was born at Raven- na, Ohio, Oct. 27, 1839 ; educated iu the common schools and at an academy, meanwhile laboring in local factories; stmlied law and was admitted to the bar in 1853, the following year coming to Chicago, where he has given his attention chiefly to practice in connection with patent laws. Jlr. Bond served several terms in the Chicago City Council, was Reiiublican Presidential Elector in 1868, and served tvi'o terms in the General Assem- bly— 1866-70. BOXD, Shadrach, first Territorial Delegate in Congress from Illinois and first Governor of the State, was born in Maryland, and, after being liberally educated, removed to Kaskaskia while Illinois was a part of the Northwest Territory. He served as a member of the first Tei-ritorial Legislature (of Indiana Territory) and was the first Delegate from the Territory of Illinois in Congress, serving from 1813 to 1814. In the latter year he was appointed Receiver of Public Jfoneys ; he also held a commission as Captain in the War of 1812. On the admission of the State, in 1818, he was elected Governor, and occupied the executive chair until 1822. Died at Kaskas- kia, April 13, 1832.— Shadrach Bond, Sr., an uncle of the preceding, came to Illinois in 1781 and was elected Delegate from St. Clair County (then comprehending all Illinois) to the Territorial Legislature of Northwest Territory, in 1799, and, in 1804, to the Legislative Council of the newly organized Territory of Indiana. BOND COUNTY, a small county lying north- east from St. Louis, having an area of 380 square miles and a population 1900) of 16.078. The first American settlers located here in 1807, com- ing from the South, and building Hill's and Jones's forts for protection from the Indians. Settlement was slow, in 1816 there being scarcely twenty-five log cabins in the county. The county-seat is Greenville, where the first cabin was erected in 1815 by George Davidson. The county was organized in 1818, and named in honor of Gov. Shadrach Bond. Its original limits included the present counties of Clinton, Fayette and Montgomerj'. The first court was held at Perryville, and, in May, 1817, Judge Jesse B. Thomas presided over the first Circuit Court at Hill's Station. The first court house was erected at Greenville in 1823. The county contains good timber and farming lands, and at some points, coal is found near the surface. BONNEY, Charles Carroll, lawyer and re- former, was born in Hamilton, N. Y., Sept. 4, 1831 ; educated at Hamilton Academy and settled in Peoria, 111., in 1850, where he pursued the avocation of a teacher while studying law ; was admitted to the bar in 1853, but removed to Chi- cago in 1860, where he has since been engaged in practice; served as President of the National Law and Order League in New York in 1885, being repeatedly re-elected, and has also been President of the Illinois State Bar Association, as well as a member of the American Bar Associa- tion. Among the reforms which he has advo- cated are constitutional prohibition of special legislation; an extension of equity practice to bankruptcy and other law proceedings; civil serv- ice pensions ; State Boards of labor and capital, etc. He has also published some treatises in book form, chiefly on legal questions, besides editing a volume of "Poems by Alfred W. Arrington, with a sketch of his Character" (1869.) As Presi- dent of tlie World's Congresses Auxiliary, in 1893, Mr. Bonney contributed largely to the success of that very interesting and important feature of the great Columbian Exposition in Chicago. BOONE, Levi D., M. D., early physician, was born near Lexington, K}-., December, 1808 — a descendant of the celebrated Daniel Boone; re- ceived the degree of M. D. from Transylvania University and came to Edwardsville, 111., at an HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 57 early day, afterwards locating at Hillsboro and taking part in the Black Hawk War as Captain of a cavalry company; came to Chicago in 1836 and engaged in the insurance business, later resuming the practice of his profession; served several terms as Alderman and was elected Mayor in 1855 by a combination of temperance men and Know-Nothings; acquired a large property by operations in real estate. Died, February, 1883 BOOXE COUXTY, the smallest of the "north- ern tier" of counties, having an area of only 290 square miles, and a population (19UU) of 15,791. Its surface is chiefly rolling prairie, and the principal products are oats and corn. The earli- est settlers came from New York and New Eng- land, and among them were included Medkiff, Dunham, Caswell, Cline, Towner, Doty and Whitney. Later (after the Pottawattomies had evacuated the country), came the Shattuck brothers, Maria Hollenbeck and Mrs. BuUard, Oliver Hale, Nathaniel Crosby, Dr. Whiting. H. 0. Walker, and the Neeley and Mahoney families. Boone Count}' was cut off from Winnebago, and organized in 1837, being named in honor of Ken- tucky's pioneer. The first frame house in the county was erected by S. F. Doty and stood for fifty years in the village of Belvidere on the north side of the Kishwaukee River. The county-seat (Belvidere) was platted in 1837, and an academy built soon after. The first Protestant church was a Baptist society under the pastorate of Rev. Dr. King. BOURBONXAIS, a village of Kankakee County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 5 miles north of Kankakee. Population (1890), 510; (1900), .595. BOUTELL, Henry Sherman, lawyer and Con- gressman, was born in Boston, Ma.ss., March 14, 1856, graduated from the Northwestern Univer- sity at Evauston, 111., in 1874, and from Harvard in 1876; was admitted to the bar in Illinois in 1879, and to that of the Supreme Court of the United States in 1885. In 1884 Mr. Boutell was elected to the lower branch of the Thirty-fourth General Assembly and was one of the "103" who, in the long struggle during the following session, participated in the election of Gen. John A. Logan to the United States Senate for the last time. At a special election held in the Sixth Illinois District in November, 1897, he was elected Representative in Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the sudden death of his pred- ecessor. Congressman Edward D. Cooke, and at the regular election of 1898 was re-elected to the same position, receiving a plurality of 1,116 over his Democratic competitor and a majority of 719 over all. BOUTOX, X'athaniel S., manufacturer, was born in Concord, N. H., May 14, 1828; in his youth farmed and tauglit school in Connecticut, but in 1853 came to Chicago and was emploj'ed in a foundry firm, of which he soon afterwards became a partner, in the manufacture of car- wheels and railway castings. Later he became associated with the American Bridge Compan)''s works, which was sold to the Illinois Central Railroad Company in 1857, when he bought the Union Car Works, which lie operated until 1863. He then became the head of the Union Foundry Works, which having been consolidated witli the Pullman Car Works in 1886, he retired, organizing the Bouton Foundry Company. Mr. Bouton is a Republican, was Commissioner of Public Works for the city of Chicago two terms before the Civil War, and served as Assistant Quartermaster in the Eighty-eighth Illinois Infantry (Second Board of Trade Regiment) from 1863 until after the battle of Chickamauga. BOYD, Thomas A., was born in Adams County, Pa., June 35, 1830, and graduated at Marshall College, Mercersburg, Pa., at the age of 18; studied law at Chambersburg and was admitted to the bar at Bedford in his native State, where he practiced until 1856, when he removed to Illi- nois. In 1861 he abandoned his pi'actice to enlist in the Seventeenth Illinois Infantry, in which he held the position of Captain. At the close of the war he returned to his home at Lewistown, and, in 1866, was elected State Senator and re-elected at the expiration of his term in 1870, serving in the Twenty-fifth, Twenty-sixth and Twenty- seventh General Assemblies. He was also a Republican Representative from his District in the Forty-fifth and Forty-sixth Congresses (1877-81). Died, at Lewistown, May 38, 1897. BRACEVILLE, a town in Grundy County, 61 miles by rail southwest of Chicago. Coal mining is the principal industry. Tlie town has two banks, two churches and good public schools. Population (1890), 3,150; (1900), 1,609. BRADFORD, village of Stark Comity, on Buda and Rushville branch Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway; is in excellent farming region and has large grain and live-stock trade, excel- lent high school building, fine churches, good hotels and one newspaper. Pop. (1900), 773. BRADSBY, William H., pioneer and Judge, was born in Bedford County. Va., July 13, 1787. He removed to Illinois early in life, and was the first postmaster in Washington County (at Cov- 58 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ington), the first school-teacher and the first Circuit and County Clerk and Recorder. At the time of his death he was Probate and Covmty Judge. Besides being Clerk of all the courts, he was virtually County Treasurer, as he had cus- tody of all the county's money. For several years be was also Deputy United States Surveyor, and in that capacity surveyed much of the south part of the State, as far east as Wayne and Clay Counties. Died at Nashville, 111 , August 21, 1839. BRADWELL, James Bolesworth, lawyer and editor, vras born at Loughborough, England, April 16, 1828, and brought to America in infancy, his parents locating in 1829 or '30 at Utica, N. Y. In 1833 they emigrated to Jacksonville, 111., but the following year removed to Wheeling, Cook County, settling on a farm, where the younger Bradwell received his first lessons in breaking prairie, si^litting rails and tilling the soil. His first' schooling was obtained in a country log- school-house, but, later, he attended the Wilson Academy in Chicago, where he had Judge Lo- renzo Sawyer for an instructor. He also took a course in Knox College at Galesburg, then a manual-labor school, supporting himself by work- ing in a wagon and plow sliop, sawing wood, etc. In May, 1852, he was married to Miss Myra Colby, a teacher, with whom he went to Mem- phis, Tenn., the same year, where they engaged in teaching a select school, the subject of this sketch meanwhile devoting some attention to reading law. He was admitted to the bar there, but after a stay of less than two years in Mem- phis, returned to Chicago and began practice. In 1861 he was elected County Judge of Cook County, and re-elected four years later, but declined a re-election in 1869. The first half of his term occurring during the progress of the Civil War, he had the opportunity of rendering some vigorous decisions which won for him the reputation of a man of courage and inflexible independence, as well as an incorruptible cham- pion of justice. In 1872 he was elected to the lower branch of the Twenty-eighth General Assembly from Cook County, and re-elected in 1874. He was again a candidate in 1882, and by many believed to have been honestly elected, thoiigh his opponent received the certificate. He made a contest for the seat, and the majoritj' of the Committee on Elections reported in his favor; but he was defeated through the treach- ery and suspected corruption of a professed polit- ical friend. He is the author of the law making women eligible to school ofSces in Illinois and allowing them to become Notaries Public, and has always been a champion for equal rights for women in the professions and as citizens. He was a Second Lieutenant of the One Hundred and Fifth Regiment, Illinois Militia, in 1818; presided over the American Woman's Suffrage Associa- tion at its organization in Cleveland; has been President of the Chicago Press Club, of the Chi- cago Bar Association, and, for a number of years, the Historian of the latter ; one of the founders and President of the Union League Club, besides being associated with many other social and business organizations. At present (1899) he is editor of "The Chicago Legal News," founded by his wife thirty j'ears ago, and with which he has been identified in a business capacity from its establishment. — Myra Colby (Bradwell), the wife of Judge Bradwell, was born at Manchester, Vt., Feb. 12, 1831 — being descended on her mother's side from the Chase family to which Bishop Philander Chase and Salmon P. Chase, the latter Secretarj' of the Treasury and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court by appointment of Abraham Lincoln, belonged. In infancy she was brought to Portage, N. Y., where she remained until she was twelve years of age, when her family re- moved west. She attended school in Kenosha, Wis., and a seminary at Elgin, afterwards being engaged in teaching. On May 18, 18.j2, she was married to Judge Bradwell. almost immediately going to Memphis, Tenn., where, with the assist- ance of her husband, she conducted a select school for some time, also teaching in the public schools, when they returned to Chicago. In the early part of the Civil War she took a deep interest in the welfare of the soldiers in the field and their families at home, becoming President of the Soldiers' Aid Society, and was a leading spirit in the Sanitary Fairs held in Chicago in 1803 and in 1865. After the war she commenced the study of law and, in 1868, began the publication of "The Chicago Legal News," with which slie re- mained identified until her death — also publishing biennially an edition of the session laws after each session of the General Assembh-. After passing a most creditable examination, .applica- tion was made for her admission to the bar in 1871, but denied in an elaborate decision rendered by Judge C. B. Lawrence of the Supreme Court of the State, on the sole ground of sex, as was also done by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1873, on the latter occasion Chief Justice Chase dissenting. She was finally admitted to the bar on March 28, 1892, and was the first lad)- member of the State Bar Associ- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 59 ation. Other organizations with which she was identiiieJ embraced the Illinois State Press Association, the Board of Managers of the Sol- diers' Home (in war time), the "Illinois Industrial School for Girls" at Evanston, the Washingtonian Home, the Board of Lady Managers of the World's Columbian Exposition, and Chairman of the Woman's Committee on Jurisprudence of the World's Congi-ess Auxiliary of 1893. Although much before the public during the latter years of her life, she never lost the refinement and graces which belong to a true woman. Died, at her liome in Chicago, Feb. 14, 1894. BRAID"W'OOD, a city in Will County, incorpo- rated in 1860 ; is 58 miles from Chicago, on the Chicago & Alton Railroad; an important coal- mining point, and in the heart of a rich agricultural region. It has a bank and a weekly newspaper. Population (1800), 4,041 ; (1900), 3,279. BRAJfSON, Nathaniel \V., lawyer, was born in Jacksonville, 111., May 29, 1837; was educated in the private and public scliools of that city and at Illinois College, graduating from the latter iu 1857 ; studied law with David A. Smith, a promi- nent and able lawyer of Jacksonville, and was admitted to the bar in January, 1860, soon after establishing himself in practice at Petersburg, Menard County, where he has ever since resided. In 1867 Mr. Branson was appointed Register in Bankruptcy for the Springfield District — a po- sition which lie held thirteen years. He was also elected Representative in the General Asse:nbly in 1872, by re-election in 1874 serving four years in the stormy Twenty-eighth and Twenty-ninth General Assemblies ; was a Delegate from Illinois to the National Republican Convention of 1876, and served for several years most efficiently as a Trustee of the State Institution for the Blind at Jacksonville, part of the time as President of the Board. Politicallj' a conservative Republican, and in no sense an office-seeker, the official po- sitions which he has occupied have come to him unsought and in recognition of his fitness and capacity for the proper discharge of their duties. BRAYMAN, Mason, lawyer and soldier, was born in Buffalo, N. Y., I\Iay 23, 1813; brought up as a farmer, became a printer and edited "The Buffalo Bulletin," 1834-35; studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1836; removed west in 1837, was City Attorney of Monroe, Mich., in 1838 and became editor of "The Louisville Adver- tiser" in 1841. In 1842 he opened a law office in Springfield, 111., and the following year was appointed by Governor Ford a commissioner to adjust the Mormon troubles, in whicli capacity he rendered valuable service. In 1844-45 he was appointed to revise the statutes of the State. Later he devoted much attention to railroad enterprises, being attorney of the Illinois Central Railroad, 1851-55; then projected the construc- tion of a railroad from Bird's Point, opposite 'Cairo, into Arkansas, which was partially com- pleted before the war, and almost wholly de- stroyed during that period. In 1861 he entered the service as Major of the Twenty-ninth Illinois ■Volunteers, taking part in a number of the e;irly battles, including Fort Donelson and Shiloh; was promoted to a colonelcy for meritorious con- duct at the latter, and for a time served as Adjutant-General on the staff of General McCler- nand; was promoted Brigadier-General in Sep- tember, 1802, at the close of the war receiving the brevet rank of Major-General. After the close of the war he devoted considerable atten- tion to reviving his railroad enterprises in the South; edited "The Illinois State Journal," 1872 73; removed to Wisconsin and was ap- pointed Governor of Idaho in 1876, serving four years, after which he returned to Ripon, Wis. Died, in Kansas City, Feb. 27, 1893. BREESE, a village in Clinton County, on Baltimore & Ohio S. W. Railway, 39 miles east of St. Louis; has coal mines, water system, bank and weekly newspaper. Pop. (1890), SOS, (I'JOO), 1,571. BREESE. Sidney, statesman and jurist, was born at Whitesboro, N Y., (according to the generally accepted authority) July 15, 1800. Owing to a certain sensitiveness about his age in his later years, it has been exceedingly difficult to secure authentic data on tlie subject; but his arrival at Kaskaskia in 1818, after graduating at Union College, and his admission to the bar in 1820, have induced many to believe that the date of his birth should be jjlaced somewhat earlier. He was related to some of the most prominent families in New York, including the Livingstons and the Morses, and, after his arrival at Kaskas- kia, began the study of law with his friend Elias Kent Kane, afterwards United States Senator. Meanwhile, having served as Postmaster at Kas- kaskia, he became Assistant Secretary of State, and, in December, 1820, superintended the re- moval of the archives of that office to Vandalia, the new State capital. Later he was appointed Prosecuting Attorney, serving in that position from 1822 till 1827, when he became United States District Attorney for Illinois. He was the first official reporter of the Supreme Court, issuing its first volume of decisions; .served as Lieutenant-Colonel of volunteers during the 60 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. Black Hawk War (1832) ; in 1835 was elected to the circuit bench, and, in 1841, was advanced to the Supreme bench, serving less than two years, when he resigned to accept a seat in the United States Senate, to which he was elected in 1843 as the successor of Richard M. Young, defeating Stephen A. Douglas in the first race of the latter for the office. While in the Senate (1843-49) he served as Chairman of the Committee on Public Lands, and was one of the first to suggest the construction of a transcontinental railway to the Pacific. He was also one of the originators and active promoters in Congress of the Illinois Cen- tral Railroad enterprise. He was Speaker of the Illinois House of Representatives in 18.51 ; again became Circuit Judge in 1855 and returned to the Supreme bench in 1857 and served more than one term as Chief Justice, the last being in 1873-74. His home during most of his public life in Illinois was at Carlyle. His death occurred at Pinckneyville, June 28, 1878. BREXTANO, Lorenzo, was born at Mannheim, in the Grand Duchy of Baden, Germany, Nov. 14, 1813; was educated at the Universities of Heidelberg and Freiburg, receiving the degree of LL.D., and attaining high honors, both profes- sional and political. He was successively a member of the Baden Chamber of Deputies and of the Frankfort Parliament, and alwaj's a leader of the revolutionist party. In 1849 he became President of the Provisional Republican Gov- ernment of Baden, but was, before long, forced to find an asylum in the United States. He first settled in Kalamazoo Count}', Mich., as a farmer, but, in 1859, removed to Chicago, where he was admitted to the Illinois bar, but soon entered the field of journalism, becoming editor and part proprietor of "The Illinois Staats Zeitung." He held various public offices, being elected to the Legislature in 1862, serving five years as Presi- dent of the Chicago Board of Education, was a Republican Presidential Elector in 1868, and United States Consul at Dresden in 1873 (a gen- eral amnesty having been granted to the participants in the revolution of 1848), and Representative in Congress from 1877 to 1679. Died, in Chicago, Sept. 17, 1891. BRIDGEPORT, a town of Lawrence County, on the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, 14 miles west of Vincennes, Ind. It has a bank and one weekly paper. Population (1900), 487. BRIDGEPORT, a former suburb (no%v a part of the city) of Chicago, located at the jimction of the Illinois & Michigan Canal with the South Branch of the Chicago River. It is now the center of the large slaughtering and packing industry. BRIDGEPORT & SOUTH CHICAGO RAIL- WAY. (See Chicago & Xorthern Pacific Railroad.) BRIGHTON, a village of Macoupin County, at the intersection of the Chicago & Alton and the Rock Island and St. Louis branch of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railways; coal is mined here; has a newspaper. Population (1880), 691; (1890), 697; (1900), GOO. BRIMFIELD, a to%vii of Peoria County, on the Buda and Rushville branch of the Chicago, Bur- lington & Quincy Railway, 38 miles south of Buda; coal-mining and farming are the chief industries. It has one weekly paper and a bank. Population (1880), 832; (1890), 719; (19U0), 677. BRISTOL, Frank Dlilton, clergyman, was bom in Orleans County, N. Y., Jan. 4, 1851; came to Kankakee, 111., in boyhood, and having lost his father at 12 years of age, spent the following years in various manual occupations until about nineteen years of age, when, having been con- verted, he determined to devote his life to the ministry. Tlirough the aid of a benevolent lady, he was enabled to get two years' (1870-72) instruc- tion at the Northwestern L^niversity, at Evans- ton, afterwards supporting himself by preaching at variolas points, meanwhile continuing his studies at the University until 1877. After com- pleting his course he served as pastor of some of tlie most prominent Methodist churches in Chi- cago, his last charge in the State being at Evans- ton. In 1897 he was transferred to Washington City, becoming pastor of the Metropolitan M. E. Cliurch, attended by President McKinley. Dr. Bristol is an author of some repute and an orator of recognized ability. BROADWELL. Norman M., lawyer, was born in Morgan Count}', 111., August 1, 1825; was edu- cated in the common schools and at SIcKendree and Illinois Colleges, but compelled by failing health to leave college without graduating ; spent some time in the book business, then began the study of medicine with a view to benefiting his own health, but finally abandoned this and, about 1850, commenced the study of law in the office of Lincoln & Herndon at Springfield. Having been admitted to the bar, he practiced for a time at Pekin, but, in 1854, returned to Springfield, where he spent the remainder of his life. In 1860 lie was elected as a Democrat to the House of Representatives from Sangamon County, serving in tlie Twentj'-second General Assembly. Other offices held by him included those of County Judge (1863-65) and Mayor of the city of Spring- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOTEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 61 field, to which last position he was twice elected (lyOT and again in 1809). Judge Broadwell was one of tlie most genial of men, popular, liigli- niinded and honorable in all his dealings. Died, in Springlield, Feb. 28, 1893. BROOKS, John Flavel, educator, was born in Oueida County, New York, Dec. 3, 1801 ; graduated at Hamilton College, 1828; studied three j-ears in the theological department of Yale College; was ordained to the Presbj-terian min- istry in 1831, and came to Illinois in the service of the American Home Missionary Society. After preaching at CoUinsville, Belleville and other points, Mr. Brooks, who was a member of the celebrated "Yale Band," in 1837 assumed the principalship of a Teachers' Seminary at Waverly, Morgan County, but three years later removed to Springfield, where he established an academy for both sexes. Although finally compelled to abandon this, he continued teaching with some interruptions to within a few years of his death, which occurred in 1886. He was one of the Trus- tees of Illinois College from its foundation up to his deatli. BROSS, William, journalist, was born in Sus- sex County, N. J., Nov. 14, 1813, and graduated with honors from "Williams College in 1838, hav- ing previously developed his physical strength by much hard work upon the Delaware and Hudson Canal, and in the lumbering trade. For five years after graduating he was a teacher, and settled in Chicago in 1848. Thsre he first engaged in book.selling, but later embarked in journalism. His first publication was "The Prairie Herald," a religious paj^er, which was discontinued after two years. In 1852, in connection with John L. Scripps, he founded "The Democratic Press," which was consolidated with "The Tribune" in 1858, Mr. Bross retaining his connection with the new concern. He was always an ardent free- .soiler, and a firm believer in tlie great future of Chicago and the Northwest. He was an entliusi- astic Republican, and, in 1856 and 1800, served as an effective campaign orator. In 1864 he was the successful nominee of his party for Lieuten- ant-Governor. This was his only official position outside of a membership in the Chicago Common Council in 185.5. As a presiding officer, he was dignified yet affable, and his impartiality was shown by the fact that no appeals were taken from his decisions. After quitting public life he devoted much time to literary pursuits, deliver- ing lectures in various parts of the country. Among his best known works are a brief "His- tory of Chicago," "History of Camp Douglas," and "Tom Quick." Died, in Chicago, Jan. 27, 1890. BROWX, Henry, lawyer and historian, was born at Hebron, Tolland Count}', Conn., Jlay 13, 1789 — the son of a commissary in the army of General Greene of Revolutionary fame; gradu- ated at Yale College, and, when of age, removed to New York, later studying law at Albany, Canandaigua and Batavia, and being admitted to the bar about 1813, wlien he .^.ettled down in practice at Cooperstovvn ; in 1816 was appointed Judge of Herkimer County, remaining on the bench until about 1824. He then resumed prac- tice at Cooperstown, continuing until 1836, when he removed to Chicago. The following year he was elected a Justice of the Peace, serving two years, and, in 1842, became Prosecuting Attorney of Cook County. During this period he was engaged in writing a "History of Illinois," vrhich was publislied in New York in 1844 This was regarded at the time as the most voluminous and best digested work on Illinois history that had as yet been publislied. In 1846, on assuming the Presidency of tlie Chicago Lyceum, lie delivered an inaugural entitled "Cliicago, Present and Future," whicli is still preserved as a striking prediction of Chicago's future greatness. Origi- nally a Democrat, he became a Freesoiler in 1848. Died of cholera, in Chicago, May 16, 1849. BROWN, James B., journalist, was born in Gilnianton, Belknap County, N. H., Sept. 1, 1833 — his father being a member of the Legisla- ture and Selectman for his town. The son was educated at Gilnianton Academj-, after which he studied medicine for a time, but did not gi-adu- ate. In 1857 he removed West, first settling at Dunleith, Jo Daviess County, 111., where he became Principal of the public schools; in 1861 was elected County Superintendent of Schools for Jo Daviess County, removing to Galena two years later and assuming the editorship of "The Gazette" of tliat city. Mr. Brown also served as Postmaster of Galena for several years. Died, Feb. 13, 1806. BROWN, James N., agriculturist and stock- man, was born in Fayette County, Ky., Oct. 1, 1806; came to Sangamon County, 111., in 1833, locating at Island Grove, where he engaged e.vtensively in farming and stock-raising. He served as Representative in tlie General Assem- blies of 1840, '42, '46, and '52, and in the last was instrumental in securing the incorporation of the Illinois State Agricultural Society, of which he was chosen the first President, being re-elected in 1854. He was one of the most enterprising grow- 62 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ers of blooded cattle in the State and did much to introduce them in Central Illinois ; was also an earnest and influential advocate of scientific education for the agricultural classes and an efficient oolaborer with Prof. J. B. Turner, of Jacksonville, in securing the enactment by Con- gress, in 1862, of the law granting lands for the endowment of Industrial Colleges, out of which grew the Illinois State University and institu- tions of like character in other States. Died, Nov. 10, 1868. BROWN, William, lawyer and jurist, was bom June 1, 1819, in Cumberland, England, his par- ents emigrating to this country when he was eight years old, and settling in Western New York. He was admitted to the bar at Rochester, in October, 1845, and at once removed to Rock- ford, 111., where he commenced practice. In 1853 he was elected State's Attorney for the Four- teenth Judicial Circuit, and, in 1857, was chosen Mayor of Rockford. In 1870 he was elected to the bench of the Circuit Court as successor to Judge Sheldon, later was promoted to the Su- preme Court, and was re-elected successively in 1873, in '79 and '85. Died, at Rockford, Jan. 15, 1891. BROWN, William H., lawyer and financier, was born in Connecticut, Dec. 20, 1796; spent his boyhood at Auburn, N. Y., studied law, and, in 1818, came to Illinois with Samuel D. Lock- wood (afterwards a Justice of the State Supreme Court), descending the Ohio River to Shawnee- town in a flat-boat. Sir. Brown visited Kaskas- kia and was soon after appointed Clerk of the United States District Court by Judge Nathaniel Pope, removing, in 1820, to Vandalia, the new State capital, where he remained until 1835. He tlien removed to Chicago to accept the position of Cashier of the Chicago branch of the State Bank of Illinois, which he continued to fill for many years. He served the city as School Agent for thirteen years (1840-50), managing the city's school fund tlirough a critical period with great discretion and success. He was one of the group of early patriots wlio successfully resisted the attempt to plant slavery in Illinois in 1823-34; was also one of the projectors of the Chicago & Galena Union Railroad, was President of the Chicago Historical Society for seven years and connected with many other local enterprises. He was an ardent personal friend of President Lincoln and served as Representative in the Twenty-second General Assembly (1860-62). While making a tour of Europe he died of paraly- sis at Amsterdam, June 17, 1867. BROWN COUNTY,, situated in the western part of the State, with an area of 300 square miles, and a population (1890) of 11,951; was cut off from Schuyler and made a separate county in May, 1839, being named in honor of Gen. Jacob Brown. Among the pioneer settlers were the Vandeventers and Hambaughs, John and David Six, William McDaniel, Jeremiah Walker, Willis O'Neil, Harry Lester, John Ausmus and Robert H. Curry. The county-seat is Mount Sterling, a town of no little attractiveness. Other prosperous villages are Mound Station and Ripley. The chief occupation of the people is farming, although there is some manufacturing of lumber and a few potteries along the Illinois River. Population (1900), 11,557. BROAVNE, Francis Fisher, editor and author, was born in Soutli Halifax, Vt., Dec. 1, 1843, the son of William Goldsmith Browne, who was a teacher, editor and author of the song "A Hun- dred Years to Come." In childhood he was brought by his parents to Western Massachusetts, where he attended the public schools and learned the printing trade in his father's newspaper office at Chicopee, Mass. Leaving school in 1802, he enlisted in the Forty -sixth Regiment Massa- chusetts Volunteers, in which he served one year, chiefly in North Carolina and in the Army of the Potomac. On the discharge of his regi- ment he engaged in the study of law at Roches- ter, N. Y., entering the law department of the University of Michigan in 1866, but abandoning his intenton of entering the legal profession, removed to Chicago in 1867, where he engaged in journalistic and literary pursuits. Between 1869 and '74 he was editor of "The Lakeside Monthly," when he became literary editor of "The Alliance," but, in 1880, he established and assumed the editorship of "The Dial," a purely literary pub- lication which has gained a high reputation, and of which he has remained in control continuously ever since, meanwhile serving as the literarj' adviser, for many years, of the well-known pub- lishing house of McClurg & Co. Besides his journalistic work, Mr. Browne has contributed to the magazines and literary antliologies a num- ber of short lyrics, and is the author of "The Everyday Life of Abraham Lincoln" (1886), and a volume of poems entitled, "Volunteer Grain" (1893). He also compiled and edited "Golden Poems by British and American Authors" (1881); "The Golden Treasury of Poetry and Prose'' (1886), and the "Laurel Crowned"series of stand- ard poetry (1891-92). Mr. Bi-owne was Chairman of the Coromittee of the Congress of Authors in HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 63 the World's Congress Auxiliary held in con- nection with The Columbian Exposition in 1893. BROWNE, Thomas C., early jurist, was born in Kentucky, studied law there and, coming to Shawneetown in 1812, served in tlie lower branch of the Second Territorial Legislature (1814-16) and in the Council (1816-18), being the first law- yer to enter that body. In 1815 he was appointed Prosecuting Attorney and, on the admission of Illinois as a State, was promoted to the Supreme bench, being re-elected by joint ballot of the Legislature in 1825, and serving continuously until the reorganization of the Supreme Court under the Constitution of 1848, a period of over thirty j'ears. Judge Browne's judicial character and abilities have been diiTerenth" estimated. Though lacking in industry as a student, he is represented by the late Judge John D. Caton, who knew him personally, as a close thinker and a good judge of men. While seldom, if ever, accustomed to argue questions in the conference room or write out his opinions, he had a capacity for expressing himself in short, pungent sen- tences, which indicated that he was a man of con- siderable ability and had clear and distinct views of his own. An attempt was made to impeach him before the Legislature of 1843 "for want of capacity to discharge the duties of his office," but it failed by an almost unanimous vote. He was a Whig in politics, but had some strong sup- porters among Democrats. In 1822 Judge Browne was one of the four candidates for Governor — in the final returns standing third on the list and, by dividing the vote of the advocates of a pro-slavery clause in the State Constitution, contributing to the election of Governor Coles and the defeat of the pro-slavery party. (See Coles, Edtcard, and Slavery and Slave Laws. ) In the latter part of his official term Judge Browne resided at Ga- lena, but, in 1853, removed with his son-in-law, ex-Congressman Josejih P. Hoge, to San Fran- cisco, Cal., where he died a few j-ears later — probably about 1856 or 1858. BROWNING, OrviUe Hickman, lawyer. United States Senator and Attorney-General, was born in Harrison County, Ky. , in 1810. After receiv- ing a classical education at Augusta in his native State, he removed to Quincy, 111., and was admitted to the bar in 1831. In 1833 he served in the Black Hawk War, and from 1836 to 1843, was a member of the Legislature, serving in both houses. A personal friend and political adherent of Abraham Lincoln, he aided in the organization of the Republican party at the memorable Bloomington Convention of 1856. As a delegate to the Cliicago Convention in 1860, he aided in securing Mr. Lincoln's nomination, and was a conspicuous supporter of the Government in the Civil War. In 1861 he was appointed by Gov- ernor Yates United States Senator to fill Senator Douglas' unexpired term, serving until 1863, In 1866 he became Secretary of the Interior by ap- pointment of President Johnson, also for a time discharging the duties of Attorney-General. Returning to Illinois, he was elected a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1809-70, which was his last participation in public affairs, his time thereafter being devoted to his profession. He died at his home in Quincv, 111., August 10, 1881. BRYAN, Silas Lillard, legislator and jurist, born in Culpepper County, Va., Nov 4, 1822; was left an orphan at an early age, and came west in 1840, living for a time with a brother near Troy, Mo. The following year lie came to Marion County, 111., where he attended school and worked on a farm; in 1845 entered McKendree College, graduating in 1849, and two years later was admitted to the bar, supporting himself meanwhile by teaching. He settled at Salem, 111., and, in 1852, was elected as a Democrat to the State Senate, in which body he served for eight years, being re-elected in 1856. In 1861 lie was elected to the bench of the Second Judicial Circuit, and again chosen in 1867, his second term expiring in 1873. While serving as Judge, he was also elected a Delegate to the Constitu- tional Convention of 1869-70. He was an unsuc- cessful candidate for Congress on the Greeley ticket in 1873. Died at Salem, March 30, 1880.— William Jenningrs (Bryan), son of the preceding, was born at Salem, 111., March 19, 1860. The early life of yomig Bryan was spent on his father's farm, but at the age of ten years he began to attend the public school in town ; later spent two years in Whipple Academy, ,the preparatory department of Illinois College at Jacksonville, and, in 1881, graduated from the college proper as the valedictorian of his class. Then he devoted two years to the study of law in the Union Law School at Chicago, meanwhile acting as clerk and studying in the law office of ex-Senator Lyman Trumbull. Having graduated in law in 1883, lie soon entered upon the practice of his profession at Jacksonville as the partner of Judge E. P. Kirby, a well-known lawyer and prominent Republican of that city. Four years later (1887) found him a citizen of Lincoln, Neb., which has since been his home. He took a prominent part 64 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. in the politics of Nebraska, stumping the State for the Democratic nominees in 1888 and '89, and in 1890 received the Democratic nomination for Congress in a district wliicli had been regarded as strongly RepubUcan, and was elected by a large majority. Again, in 1892, he was elected bj' a reduced majoritj', but two years later declined a renomination, though proclaiming himself a free-silver candidate for the United States Senate, meanwhile officiating as editor of "The Omaha World-Herald." In July, 1896, he received the nomination for President from the Democratic National Convention at Chicago, on a platform declaring for the "free and unlimited coinage of silver" at the ratio of sixteen of silver (in weight) to one of gold, and a few weeks later was nominated by the "Populists'' at St. Louis for the same office — being the youngest man ever put in nomination for the Presidency in the his- tory of the Government. He conducted an active personal campaign, speaking in nearly every Northern and Jliddle Western State, but was defeated by his Republican opponent, 3Iaj. William ilcKinley. Mr. Bryan is an easj- and fluent speaker, possessing a voice of unusual compass and power, and is recognized, even by his political opponents, as a man of pure personal character. BRYAN, Tliouias Barbour, la\vj-er and real estate operator, was born at Alexandria, Va., Dec. 22, 1828, being descended on the maternal side from the noted Barbour family of that State ; graduated in law at Harvard, and, at the age of twenty-one, settled in Cincinnati. In 1853 he came to Chicago, where he acquired ex- tensive real estate interests and built Bryan Hall, which became a popular place for en- tertainments. Being a gifted speaker, as -well as a zealous Unionist, Mr. Bryan was chosen to deliver the address of welcome to Senator Douglas, when that statesman returned to Chicago a few weeks before his death in 1861. During the progress of the war he devoted his time and his means most generouslj- to fitting out soldiers for the field and caring for the sick and wounded. His services as President of the great Sanitary Fair in Chicago (186.5), where some §300,000 were cleared for disabled soldiers, were especially conspicuous. At this time he became the purchaser (at 83,000) of the original copy of President Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, which had been donated to the cause. He also rendered valuable service after the fire of 1871, though a heavy sufferer from that event, and was a leading factor in securing the location of the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1890, later becoming Vice-President of the Board of Directors and making a visit to Europe in the interest of the Fair. After the war Mr. Bryan resided in Washington for some .time, and, by appointment of President Hayes, served as Com- missioner of tlie District of Columbia. Possessing refined literary and artistic tastes, he has done much for the encouragement of literature and art in Chicago. His home is in the suburban village of Elmhurst. — Charles Page (Bryan), son of the preceding, lawyer and foreign minister, was born in Chicago, Oct. 2, 185.5, and educated at the University of Virginia and Colmnbia Law School; was admitted to practice in 1878, and the following year removed to Colorado, where he remained four years, while there serving in both Houses of the State Legislature. In 1883 he returned to Chicago and became a member of the First Regiment of the Illinois National Guard, serving upon the staff of both Governor Oglesby and Governor Fifer; in 1890, was elected to the State Legislature from Cook County, being re- elected in 1892, and in 1894; was also the first Commissioner to visit Europe in the interest of the World's Columbian E.xposition, on his return serving as Secretar}' of the Exposition Commis- sioners in 1891-92. In tlie latter part of 1897 he was appointed by President McKinley Minister to China, but before being confirmed, early in 1898, was assigned to the United States mission to the Republic of Brazil, where he now is, Hon. E. H. Conger of Iowa, who had previously been appointed to the Brazilian mission, being trans- ferred to Pekin. BRTAXT, John Howard, pioneer, brother of William CuUen Bryant, tlie poet, was born in Cummington, Slass., July 22, 1807, educated at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, N. Y, ; removed to Illinois in 1831, and held vari- ous offices in Bureau County, including that of Representative in the General Assembly, to which he was elected in 1842, and again in 1858. A pi-actical and enterprising farmer, he was identi- fied with the Illinois State Agricultiiral Society in its early history, as also with the movement which resulted in the establishment of industrial colleges in the various States. . He was one of the founders of the Republican party and a warm personal friend of President Lincoln, being a member of the first Republican State Convention at Bloomington in 1856, and serving as Collector of Internal Revenue by appointment of Mr. Lin- coln in 1863-64. In 1872 Mr. Bryant jomed in the Liberal Republican movement at Cincinnati, two HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. G5 years later was identified with the "Independent Reform" party, but has since cooperated with the Democratic party. He has produced two volumes of poems, published, respectively, in 1855 and 1885, besides a number of public addresses. His home is at Princeton, Bureau Coimty. BUCK, Hiram, clergyman, was born in Steu- ben County, N. Y., in 1818; joined the Illinois Methodist Episcopal Conference in 1843, and con- tinued in its service for nearly fifty years, being much of the time a Presiding Elder. At his death he bequeathed a considerable sum to the endowment funds of the Wesleyan Universitj' at Bloomington and the Illinois Conference College at Jacksonville. Died at Decatur, 111., August 23, 1893. BU DA, a village in Bureau County, at the junc- tion of the main line with the Buda and Rush- ville branch of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, and the Sterling and Peoria branch of the Chicago & Northwestern, 12 miles southwest of Princeton and 117 miles west-southwest of Chicago; has excellent water-works, electric- hght plant, brick and tile factory, fine churches, graded school, a bank and one newspaper Dairying is carried on quite extensively and a good-sized creamery is located here. Population (1890), 990; (1900), 873. BTJFORD, Napoleon Bonaparte, banker and soldier, was born in Woodford County, Ky., Jan. 13. 1807 ; graduated at West Point Military Acad- emy, 1827, and served for some time as Lieutenant of Artillery; entered Harvard Law School in 1831, served as Assistant Professor of Natural and Experimental Philosophy there (1834-35), then resigned his commission, and, after some service as an engineer upon public works in Kentucky, established himself as an iron-founder and banker at Rock Island, 111., in 1857 becoming President of the Rock Island & Peoria Railroad. In 1861 he entered the volunteer service, as Colonel of the Twenty-seventh Illinois, serving at various points in W^estern Kentucky and Tennessee, as also in the siege of Vicksburg, and at Helena, Ark., where he was in command from Septem- ber. 18G3, to March, 1865. In the meantime, by promotion, he attained to the rank of Major- General by brevet, being mustered out in August, 1865. He subsequently held the post of Special United States Commissioner of Indian Affairs (1868), and that of Inspector of the Union Pacific Railroad (1867-69). Died, March 28, 1883. BULKLET, (Rev.) Justus, educator, was born at Leicester, Livingston County, N. Y., July 23, 1819, taken to AUegany County, N. Y., at 3 years of age, where he remained until 17, attend- ing school in a log school-house in the winter and working on a farm in the summer. His family then removed to Illinois, finally locating at Barry, Pike County. In 1842 he entered the preparatorj' department of ShurtlefT College r*t Upper Alton, graduating there in 1847. He was immediately made Principal of tlie preparatory department, remaining two j'ears, when he was ordained to the Baptist ministry and became pastor of a church at Jerseyville. Four years later he was appointed Professor of Mathematics in ShurtlefT College, but remained only two years, when he accepted the pastorship of a church at Carrollton, which he continued to fiU nine }"ears, when, in 1864, he was called to a church at Upper Alton. At the expiration of one year he was again called to a professorship in ShurtlefT College, this time taking the chair of Church History and Church Polity, which he continued to fill for a period of thirty-four years; also serving for a time as Acting President dur- ing a vacancy in that office. During this period he was frequently called upon to preside as Mod- erator at General Associations of the Baptist Chiu'ch, and he became widely known, not only in that denomination, but elsewhere. Died at Upper Alton, Jan. 16, 1899. BULL, Lorenzo, banker, Quincy, 111., was bom in Hartford, Conn., March 21, 1819, being the eldest son of Lorenzo and Elizabeth Goodwin Bull. His ancestors on both sides were of the party who, under Thomas Hooker, moved from the vicinity of Boston and settled Hartford in 1634. Leaving Hartford in the spring of 1833, he arrived at Quincy, 111., entirely without means, but soon after secured a position with Judge Henry H. Snow, who then held most of the county offices, being Clerk of the County Com- missioners' Court. Clerk of the Circuit Court, Recorder, Judge of Probate, Notary Public and Justice of the Peace. Here the j'oung clerk made himself acquainted with the people of the county (at that time few in number), with the land-system of the countrj- and with the legal forms and methods of procedure in the courts. He remained with Judge Snow over two years, receiving for his services, the first year, six dol- lars per month, and, for the second, ten dollars per month, besides his board in Judge Snow's family. He next accepted a situation with Messrs. Holmes, Brown & Co., then one of the most prominent mercantile houses of the city, remaining through various changes of tlie firm until 1844, when he formed a partnership with 66 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. his brother under the firm name of L. & C. 11. Bull, and opened a store for the sale of hardware and crockery, which was the first attempt made in Quincy to separate the mercantile business into different departments. Disposing of their business in 1861, the firm of L. & C. H. Bull embarked in the private banking business, which they continued in one location for about thirty years, when they organized the State Savings Loan & Trust Company, in which he held the position of President until 1898, when he retired. Mr. Bull has always been active in promoting the improvement and growth of the city ; was one of the five persons who built most of the horse rail- roads in Quincy, and was, for about twenty years, President of the Company. The Quincy water- works are now (1898) owned entirely by himself and his son. He has never sought or held political oflSce, but at one time was the active President of five distinct business corporations. He was also for some five years one of the Trustees of Illinois College at Jacksonville. He %vas married in 1844 to Miss Margaret H. Benedict, daughter of Dr. Wm. M. Benedict, of Milbury, Mass.. and they have five children now living. In politics he is a Republican, and his religious associations are with the Congregational Church. — Charles Henry (Bull), brother of the preceding, was born in Hartford, Conn., Dec. 16. 1822. and removed to Quincy, 111., in June, 1837. He commenced business as a clerk in a general store, where he remained for seven years, when he entered into partnership with his brother, Lorenzo Bull, in the hardware and crockery business, to which was subsequently added dealing in agricultural implements. This business was continued until the year 1861. when it was sold out, and the brothers established them- selves as private bankers under the same firm name. A few years later they organized the Merchants' and Farmers' National Bank, which was mainly owned and altogether managed by them. Five or six years later this bank was wound up, when they returned to private bank- ing, continuing in this business until 1891, when it was merged in the State Savings Loan & Tnist Company, organized under the laws of Illinois with a capital of §300,000, held equally by Lorenzo Bull, Charles H. Bull and Edward J. Parker, respectively, as President, Vice-Presi- dent and Cashier. Near the close of 1898 the First National Bank of Quincy was merged into the State Savings Loan & Trust Company with J. H. Warfield, the President of the former, as President of the consolidated concern. Mr. Bull was one of the parties who originally organized the Quincy, Missouri & Pacific Railroad Com- pany in 1869— a road intended to be built from Quincy, 111., across the State of Missouri to Brownsville, Neb., and of which he is now (1898) the President, the name having been changed to the Quincy, Omaha & Kansas City Railway. He was also identified with the con- struction of the system of street railways in Quincy, and continued active in their manage- ment for about twenty years. He has been active in various other public and private enter- prises, and has done much to advance the growth and prosperity of the city. BUNKER HILL, a city of Macoupin County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago «fe St. Louis Railroad, 37 miles northeast of St. Louis; has electric-lighting plant, telephone service, coal mine, flouring mill, wagon and various other manufactories, two banks, two newspapers, opera house, numerous churches, public library, a mili- tary academy and fine public schools, and many handsome residences; is situated on high ground in a rich agricultural and dairying region and an important shipping-point. Pop. (1900), 1,279. BUNN, Jacob, banker and manufacturer, was born in Hunterdon County, N. J., in 1814. came to Springfield in 1836, and, four years later, began business as a grocer, to which he afterwards added that of private banking, continuing until 1878 During a part of this time his bank was one of the best known and widely regarded as one of the most solid institutions of its kind in the State. Though crippled by the financial revulsion of 1873-74 and forced investments in depreciated real estate, he paid dollar for dollar. After retiring from banking in 1878, he assumed charge of the Springfield AVatch Factory, in which he was a large stockliolder, and of which he became the President. Mr. Bunn was, be- tween 1866 and 1870, a principal stockholder in "The Chicago Republican" (the predecessor of "The Inter-Ocean"), and was one of the bankers who came to the aid of the State Government with financial assistance at the beginnin.g of the Civil War. Died at Springfield, Oct. 10, 1897.— John W. (Bunn), brother of the preceding ami successor to the grocery business of J. & J. W. Bunn, has been a prominent business man of Springfield, and served as Treasurer of the State Agricultural Board from 18.58 to 1898, and of the Ilhnois Uni- versity from its establishment to 1898. BUXSEN, Georgre, German patriot and educa- tor, was born at Frankfort-on-the-Maine, Ger- many, Feb. 18, 1794, and educated in his native HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 61 city and at Berlin University; wliile still a student took part in the Peninsular War which resulted in the downfall of Napoleon, but resum- ing his studies in 1816. graduated three years later. He then founded a boys" school at FVank- fort, which he maintained fourteen years, when, having been implicated in the republican revolu tion of 1833. he was forced to leave the country, locating the following year on a farm in St. Clair County, 111. Here he finally became a teacher in the public schools, served in the State Constitu- tional Convention of 1847. was elected School Commissioner of St. Clair County, and, having removed to Belleville in 1855, there conducted a private school for the instruction of teachers while discharging the duties of his office; later was appointed a member of the first State School Board, serving until 1860, and taking part in the establishment of the Illinois State Normal Uni versify, of which he was a zealous advocate. He was also a contributor to "The Illinois Teacher," and, for several years prior to his death, served as Superintendent of Schools at Belleville without compensation. Died. November. 1872. BURCH.\RD. Horatio C, ex Congressman, was born at Marshall, Oneida County, N. Y., Sept. 23, 1825; graduated at Hamilton College, N. Y.. in 1850, and later removed to Stephenson County, 111., making his home at Freeport. By profes- sion he is a lawyer, but he has been also largely interested in mercantile pursuits. From 1857 to 1860 he was Scliool Commissioner of Stephenson County; from 1863 to 1866 a member of the State Legislature, and from 1869 to 1879 a Representa- tive in Congress, being each time elected as a Republican, for the first time as the successor of E. B. Wasliburne. After retiring from Congress, he served for six years (1879-85) as Director of the United States Mint at Philadelphia, with marked ability. During the World's Columbian Exposi- tion at Chicago (1893), Mr. Burchard was in charge of the Bureau of Awards in connection with the Mining Department, afterwards resum- ing the practice of his profession at Freeport. BURDETTE, Robert Jones, journalist and humorist, was born in Greensborougli, Pa., July 30, 1844. and taken to Peoria, III., in early life, where he was educated in the public schools. In 1862 he enlisted as a private in the Forty seventh Illinois Volunteers and served to the end of the war ; adopted journalism in 1869. being employed upon "Tlie Peoria Transcript" and other papers of tliat city. Later he became associated with "The Burlington (Iowa) Hawkeye," upon which he gained a wide reputation as a genial humor- ist. Several volumes of his sketches have been published, but in recent years he has devoted hit attention chiefly to lecturing, with occasional contributions to the literary press. BUREAU COUNTY, set off from Putnam County in 1837. near the center of the northern half of the State, Princeton being made the county-seat. Coal had been discovered in 18:34, there being considerable quantities mined at Mineral and Selby. Sheffield also has an impor- tant coal trade. Public lands were offered for sale as early as 1835, and by 1844 had been nearly all sold. Princeton was platted in 1832, and. in 1890. contained a population of 3.396. The county has an area of 870 square miles, and, according to the census of 1900, a population of 41.112. The pio- neer settler was Henry Thomas, who erected the first cabin, in Bureau township, in 1828. He was soon followed by the Ament brothers (Edward, Justus and John L. ) , and for a time settlers came in rapid succession, among the earliest being Amos Leonard. Daniel Dimmick, John Hall, William Hoskins, Timothy Perkins?, Leonard Roth, Bulbona and John Dixon. Serious Indian disturbances in 1831 caused a hegira of the settlers, some of whom never returned. In 1833 a fort was erected for the protection of the whites, and, in 1836, there began a new and large influx of immigrants. Among other early set- tlers were John H. and Arthur Bryant, brothers of the poet, William CuUen Bryant. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, estab- lished in 1879. being an outgrowth of the agitation and discontent among the laboring classes, which culminated in 1877-78. The Board consists of five Commissioners, who serve for a nominal compensation, their term of office being two years. They are nominated by the Executive and confirmed by tlie Senate. The law requires that three of them shall be manual laborers and two employers of manual labor. The Bureau is charged witli the collection, compilation cand tabulation of statistics relative to labor in Illi- nois, particularly in its relation to the commer- cial, industi'ial, social, educational and sanitarj' conditions of the working classes. The Com- mission is required to submit biennial reports. Those already published contain much informa- tion of value concerning coal and lead mines, convict labor, manufactures, strikes and lock- outs, wages, rent, cost of living, mortgage indebtedness, and kindred topics. BURGESS, Alexander, Protestant Episcopal Bishop of the diocese of Quincy, was born at Providence, R. I., Oct. 31, 1819. He graduated 68 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. from Brown University in 1838 and from the General Theological Seminary (New York) in 1841. He was made a Deacon, Nov. 3, 1843, and ordained a priest, Nov. 1, 1843. Prior to his ele- vation to the episcopate he was rector of various parishes in Maine, at Brooklyn, N. Y., and at Springfield, Mass. He represented the dioceses of Maine, Long Island and Jlassachusetts in the General Conventions of the Protestant Episcopal Chm-ch from 1844 to 1877, and, in the latter year, was President of the House of Deputies. Upon the death of his brother George, Bishop of Maine, he was chosen by the clergy of the diocese to suc- ceed him but declined When the diocese of Quincy 111. was created, he was elected its first Bishop, and consecrated at Christ Church, Spring- field, Mass-, on May 15, 1878. Besides publishing a memoir of his brother. Bishop Burgess is the author of several Sunday-school question books, carols and hymns, and has been a contributor to periodical church literature. His residence is at Peoria. BURLET. Arthur Gilman, merchant, was born at Exeter, N. H., Oct. 4, 1812, received his edu- cation in the local schools, and, in 1835, came West, locating in Chicago. For some two years he served as clerk in tlie boot, shoe and clothing store of John Holbrook, after which he accepted a position with his half-brother, Stephen F. Gale, the proprietor of the first book and stationery store in Chicago. In 1838 he invested his savings in a bankrupt stock of crockery, purchased from the old State Bank, and entered upon a business career which was continued uninterruptedly for nearly sixty years. In that time Mr. Burley built up a bvisiness which, for its extent and success, was unsurpassed in its time in the West. His brother in-law, Jlr. John Tyrrell, became a member of the firm in 1852. the business there- after being conducted under the name of Burley & Tyrrell, with Mr. Burley as President of the Company until his death, which occurred, August 27, 1897. — Augustus Harris (Burley), brother of the preceding, was born at Exeter, N. H. , March 28, 1819 ; was educated in the schools of his native State, and, in his youth, was employed for a time as a clerk in Boston. In 1837 he came to Chicago and took a position as clerk or salesman in the book and stationer}- store of his half- brother, Stephen F. Gale, subsequently became a partner, and, on the retirement of Mr. Gale a few years later, succeeded to the control of the business. In 1857 he disposed of his book and stritionery business, and about the same time became one of the founders of the Merchants' Loan and Trust Company, with which he has been connected as a Director ever since. Mr. Burley was a member of tlie volunteer fire depart- ment organized in Chicago in 1841 Among the numerous public positions held by him may be mentioned, member of the Board of Public Works (1867-70), the first Superintendent of Lincoln Park (1869). Representative from Cook County in the Twenty-seventh General Assembly (1870-72). City Comptroller during the administration of Mayor Medill (1873-73), and again und3r Mayor Roche (1887), and member of the City Council (1881-82). Politically, Mr. Burley has been a zealous Repub- lican and served on the Chicago Union Defense Committee in the first year of the Civil War, and was a delegate from the State-aHarge to the National Republican Convention at Baltimore in 1864, which nominated Abraham Lincoln for the Presidency a second time. BURNHAM, Daniel Hudsou, architect, was born at Henderson, N. Y. , Sept. 4, 1846 ; came to Chicago at 9 years of age: attended private schools and the Chicago High School, after which he spent two years at Waltham, Mass.. receiving special instruction; returning to Chicago in 1867, he was afterwards associated with various firms. About 1873 he formed a business connection with J. W. Root, architect, which extended to the death of the latter in 1891. The firm of Burnham & Root furnished the plans of a large number of the most conspicuous business buildings in Chi- cago, but won their greatest distinction in con- nection with the construction of buildings for the World's Columbian Exposition, of which Mr. Root was Supervising Architect previous to his death, while Mr. Burnham was made Chief of Construction and, later. Director of Works. In this capacity his authority was almost absolute, but was used with a discretion that contributed greatly to the success of the enterprise. BURR, Albert G., former Congressman, was born in Genesee County, N. Y., Nov. 8, 1829: came to Illinois about 1833 with his widowed mother, who settled in Springfield. In early life he became a citizen of Winchester, where he read law and was admitted to the bar, also, for a time, following the occupation of a printer. Here he was twice elected to the lower-house of the Gen- eral Assembly (1860 and 1862), meanwhile ser\-ing as a member of the State Constitutional Conven- tion of 1862. Having removed to CarroUton. Greene County, he was elected as a Democrat to the Fortieth and Forty-first Congresses (1866 and 1868), serving until March 4. 1871. In August, 1877, he was elected Circuit Judge to fill a HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 69 vacancy and was re-eleoted for the regular term in June, 187!), Init died in office, June 10, 1883. BURRELL, Orlando, member of Congress, was boi-n in Bradford County, Pa. ; removed with liis parents to White County, 111., in 1834, growing up on a farm near Carmi ; received a common school education; in 1850 went to California, driving an ox-team across the plains. Soon after the beginning of the Civil War (1861) he raised a company of cavalry, of which he was elected Captain, and which became a part of the First Regiment Illinois Cavahy; served as County Judge from 1873 to 1881, and was elected Sheriff in 1886. In 1894 he was elected Representative in Congress as a Republican from the Twentieth District, composed of counties whicli formerly constituted a large part of the old Nineteenth District, and which had uniformly been repre- sented by a Democrat. He suffered defeat as a candidate for reelection in 1896. BURROUGHS, John Curtis, clergyman and educator, was born in Stamford, N. Y., Dec. 7, 1818; graduated at Yale College in 1842, and Madison Theological Seminary in 1846. After five years spent as pastor of Baptist churches at Waterford and West Troy, N. Y., in 1852 he assumed the pastorate of the First Baptist Church of Chicago ; about 1856 was elected to the presi- dency of the Chicago University, then just established, having previously declined the presidency of Shurtleff College at Upper Alton. Resigning his position in 1874, he soon after became a member of the Chicago Board of Edu- cation, and, in 1884, was elected Assistant Super- intendent of Public Schools of that city, serving until his death, April 21, 1892. BUSEY, Samuel T., banker and ex-Congress- man, was born at Greencastle, Ind., Nov. 16, 1835; in infancy was brought by his parents to Urbana, 111., where he was educated and has since resided. From 1857 to 1859 he was engaged in mercantile pursuits, but during 1860-61 attended a commercial college and read law. In 1862 he was chosen Town Collector, but resigned to enter the Union Army, being commissioned Second Lieutenant by Governor Yates, and assigned to recruiting service. Having aided in the organization of the Seventy-sixth Illinois Volunteers, he was commissioned its Lieutenant- Colonel, August 12, 1862 ; was afterward promoted to the colonelcy, and mustered out of service at Chicago, August 6, 1865, with the rank of Brevet Brigadier-General. In 1866 he was an unsuccess- ful candidate for the General Assembly on the Democratic ticket and for Trustee of the State University in 1888. From 1880 to 1889 he was Mayor and President of the Board of Education of Urbana. In 1867 he opened a private bank, which he conducted for twenty-one years. In 1890 he was elected to Congress from the Fif- teenth Illinois District, defeating Joseph G. Can- non, Republican, by whom lie was in turn defeated for the same office in 1892. BUSHNELL, a flourishing city and manufac- turing center in McDonough County, 11 miles northeast of Macomb, at the junction of two branches of the Chicago. Burlington & Quinoy with the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railroads; fias numerous manufactories, including wooden pumps, flour, agricultural implements, wagons and carriages, tank and fence-work, rural mail- boxes, mattresses, brick, besides egg and poultry packing houses; also has water-works and elec- tric lights, grain elevators, three banks, several churches, graded public and high schools, two newspapers and a public library. Pop. (1900), 2,490. BUSHNELL, Neliemiah, lawyer, was born in the town of Westbrook, Conn., Oct. 9, 1813; graduated at Yale College in 1835, studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1837, coming in December of the same year to Quincy, III., where, for a time, he assisted in editing "The Whig" of that city, later forming a partnership with O. H. Browning, which was never fully broken until his death. In his practice he gave much attention to land titles in the "Military Tract"; in 1851 was President of the portion of the North- ern Cross Railroad between Quincy and Gales- burg (now a part of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy) , and later of the Quincy Bridge Company and the Quincy & Palmyra (Mo.) Railroad. In 1873 he was elected by the Republicans the "minority" Representative from Adams County in the Twenty-eighth General Assembly, but died during the succeeding session, Jan. 31, 1873. He was able, high-minded and honorable in public and private life. BUSHNELL, Washington, lawyer and Attor- ney-General, was born in Madison County, N. Y., Sept. 30, 1825; in 1837 came with his father to Lisbon, Kendall County, 111., where he worked on a farm and taught at times ; studied law at Rough- keepsie, N. Y., was admitted to the bar and established liimself in practice at Ottawa, 111. The pviblic positions held by him were those of State Senator for La Salle County (1861-69) and Attorney-General (1869-73); was also a member of the Republican National Convention of 1864, besides being identified with various business enterprises at Ottawa. Died, June 30, 1885. 70 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. BUTLEH, William, State Treasurer, was born in Adair County. Ky., Dec. 15, 1797; during the war of 1S12, at the age of IC j-ears, .served as the messenger of the Gorernor of Kentucky, carrying dispatches to Gen. William Henry Harrison in the lield; removed to Sangamon County, 111., in 1828, and, in 1S;!G, was a|>pointcd Clerk of the Circuit Court by Judge Stephen T. Logan. In IS.V.) ho served as foreman of the Grand Jury which investigated the "canal scrip frauds" charged against ex Governor Matteson. and it wixs largely through his inlluence that the pro- ceedings of that body were subsequently pub- lished in an ofticial form. During the same year Governor Hissell ajjpointed him State Treasurer to lill a vacani'y caused by the resignation of James Sliller, and he was elected to the s;vnie office in 18(10. Mr. Butler was an ardent sup- porter of Abraham Lincoln, whom he efticiently befriended in the early struggles of the latter in Springfield. He died in Springfield. Jan. 11, 1876. BUTTERFIELl), Justin, early lawyer, was born at Keene, N. II., in 1790. He studied at Williams College, and was admitted to the bar ut Watertown, N. Y., in IS13. After some years devoted to jiractice at Adams and at Sackett's Harbor, N. Y., he removed to New Orleans, where be attained a high rank at the bar. In 1835 he settled in Chicago and soon became a leader in his profession there also. In 1841 he was appointed by President Harrison United States District At- torney for the District of Illinois, and, in 1849, by President Taylor Commissioner of tlie General Land OtKce, one of his chief competitors for the latter place being Abraham Lincoln. This dis- tinction he probably owed to the personal influ- ence of Daniel Webster, then Secretary of State, of whom Mr. Hutterfield was a personal friend and warm admirer. While Commissioner, he rendered valuable service to the State in securing the canal land grant. As a lawyer he was logical and resourceful, as well iis witty and quick at repartee, yet his chief strength lay before the Court rather than the jury. Numerous stories are told of his brilliant .sallies at the bar and elsewhere. One of the former relates to his address before Judge Nathaniel Pope, of the United States Court at Springfield, in a habeas- corpiis case to secure the release of Joseph Smith, the Mormon prophet, who was under arrest under the charge of complicity in an attempt to assassin- ate Governor Hoggs of ^lissouri. Rising to begin his argument. Mr. r>utterfield siiid: "I am to address the Pope" (bowing to the Court), '"sui-- rounded by angels" (l}owing still lower to a party of ladies in the audience), "in the presence of the holy apostles, in behalf of the prophet of the Lord." On another occasion, being asked if he was opposed to the war with Jlexico, he replied, "I opposed one war" — meaning his opposition as a Federalist to the War of 1813 — "but learned the folly of it. Henceforth I am for war, pestilence and famine." He died, Oct. 25, 1855. BYFORl), William H., physician and author, was born at Eaton, Ohio, March 20, 1817; in 1830 came with his widowed mother to Crawford County, 111., and began learning the tailor's trade at Palestine; later studied medicine at Vincennes and practiced at different points in Indiana. Meanwhile, having graduated at the Ohio Medical College, Cincinnati, in 1850, he assumed a professorship in a Medical College at Evansville, Ind., also editing a medical journal. In 1857 he removed to Chicago, where he ac- cepted a chair in Rush Medical College, but two years later became one of the founders of the Chicago Medical College, where he remained twenty years. He then (1879) returned to Rush, assuming the chair of Gj'necology. In 1870 he assisted in founding the Woman's Medical Col- lege of Chicago, remaining President of the Faculty and Board of Trustees until his death, May 21, 1890. He published a nmnber of medical works which are regarded as standard by the profession, besides acting as associate of Dr. N. S. Davis in the editorship of "The Chicago Medical Journal" and as editor-in-chief of "The Medical Journal and Examiner," the successor of the former. Dr. Byford was held in the highest esteem as a physician and a man, both by the general piililic and his professional associates. BYROX, a village of Ogle County, in a pictur- esque region on Rock River, at junction of the Chicago Great Western and the Chicago, Mil- waukee it St. Paul Railways. 83 miles west-north- west from Chicago; is in rich farming and dairy- ing district; has two banks and two weekly papers. Population (1890), 698; (1900), 1,015. C.VBLE, a town in Mercer County, on the Rock Island & Peoria Railroad, 2G miles south by east from Rock Island. . Coal-mining is the principal industry, but there are also tile works, a good quality of clay for manufai'turing purjioses being found in abundance. Population (1880), 573-, (1890), 1,270; (1900). 697. C.4.BLE, Benjamin T., capitalist and ^x)liticiaD, was born in Georgetown, Scott County, Ky.. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 71 August 11, 1853. When lie was three years old his father's family removed to Rock Island. 111., wliere he has since resided. After passing through the Rock Island public schools, he matric- ulated at the University of Michigan, graduating in Jime, 1876. He owns extensive ranch and manufacturing property, and is reputed wealthy ; is also an active Democratic politician, and influ- ential in his party, having been a member of both the National and State Central Committees. In 1.890 he was elected to Congress from the Eleventh Illinois District, but since 18i)3 has held no public office. C.VBLE, Ransom R., railway manager, was born in Athens County, Ohio, Sept. 23, 1834. His early training was mainly of the practical sort, and by the time he was 17 years old he was actively employed as a lumberman. In 18.57 lie removed to Illinois, first devoting his attention to coal mining in the neighborhood of Rock Island. Later he became interested in the pro- jection and management of railroads, being in turn Superintendent, Vice-President and Presi- dent of the Rock Island & Pe6ria Railroad. His next position was that of General Manager of the Rockford, Rock Island & St. Louis Railroad. His experience in these positions renilered him famil- iar with both the scope and the details of railroad management, while his success brought him to the favorable notice of those who controlled rail- waj' interests all over the country. In 1876 he was elected a Director of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway. In connection with this company he has held, successively, the offices of Vice-President, Assistant to the Presi- dent, General Manager and President, being chief executive officer since 1880. (See Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway. ) CAHOKIA, the first permanent white settle- ment in Illinois, and, in French colonial times, one of its principal towns. French Jesuit mis- sionaries established the mission of the Tamaroas here in 1700, to which they gave the name of "Sainte Famille de Caoquias," antedating the settlement at Kaskaskia of the same year by a few months. Cahokia and Kaskaskia were jointly made the county -seats of St. Clair County, when that county was organized by Governor St. Clair in 1790. Five years later, when Randolph County was set off from St. Clair, Cahokia was continued as the county-seat of the parent county, so remaining until the removal of tlie seat of ju-stice to Belleville in 1814. Like its early rival, Kaskaskia, it has dwindled in impor- tance until, in 1890, its population was estimated at 100. Descendants of the early French settlers make up a considerable portion of the present population. The site of the old town is on the line of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Rail- road, about four miles from East St. Louis. Some of the most remarkable Indian mounds in the Mississippi Valley, known as "the Cahokia Mounds, " are located in the vicinity. (See Mound- BtiiUlrr.s, Works of flic.) CAIllNES, Abraham, a native of Kentucky, in 1816 .settled in that part of Crawford County, 111., which was embraced in Lawrence County on the organization of the latter in 1821. Mr. Cairnes was a member of the House for Crawford County in the Second General Assembly (1830-33), and for Lawrence County in the Third (1823-24), in the latter voting against the pro-slavery Conven- tion scheme. He removed from Lawrence County to some point on the Mississippi River in 1826, but further details of his history are un- known. CAIRO, the county-seat of Alexander County, and the most important river point between St. Louis and Memphis. Its first charter was ob- tained from the Territorial Legislature by Shad- rach Bond (afterwards Governor of Illinois), John G. Comyges and others, who incorporated the "City and Bank of Cairo. "' The company entered about 1,800 acres, but upon the death of Mr. Comy- ges, the land reverted to the Government. The forfeited tract was re-enttred in 1835 by Sidney Breese and others, who later transferred it to the "Cairo City and Canal Company," a corporation chartered in 1837, which, by purchase, increased its holdings to 10,000 acres. Peter Stapleton is said to have erected the first house, and John Hawley the second, within the town limits. In consideration of certain privileges, tlie Illinois Central Railroad has erected around the water front a substantial levee, eighty feet wide. Dur- ing the Civil War Cairo was an important base for military operations. Its population, according to the census of 1900, was 12,566. (See also Alex- ander Countij.) CAIRO BRIDGE, THE, one of the triumphs of modern engineering, erected by the Illinois Cen- tral Railroad Company across the Oliio River, opposite the city of Cairo. It is the longest metallic bridge across a river in the world, being thirty-three feet longer than the Tay Bridge, in Scotland. The work of construction was begun, July 1, 1887, and uninterruptedly jirosecuted for twenty-seven months, being completed, Oct. 29. 1889. The first train to cross it was made up of ten locomotives coupled togetlier. The ap- 72 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. preaches from both tlie Illinois and Kentucky shores consist of iron viaducts and well-braced timber trestles. The Illinois viaduct approach consists of seventeen spans of 150 feet each, and one span of 106 'f feet. All these rest on cylin- der piers filled with concrete, and are additionally supported by piles driven within the cylinders. The viaduct on the Kentucky shore is of similar general construction. The total number of spans is twenty -two — twenty-one being of 150 feet each, and one of 106)4: feet. The total length of the metal work, from end to end, is 10,650 feet, including that of the bridge proper, which is 4.644 feet. The latter consists of nine through spans and three deck spans. The through spans rest on ten first-class masonry piers on pneumatic foundations. The total length of the bridge, including the timber trestles, is 30,461 feet — about 3J4 miles. Four-fifths of the Illinois trestle work has been filled in with earth, while that on the southern shore has been virtually replaced by an embankment since the completion of the bridge. The bridge proper stands 104.43 feet in the clear above low water, and from the deepest foundation to the top of the highest iron work is 348.94 feet. The total cost of the work, including the filling and embankment of the trestles, has been (1895) between §3,350,000 and §3,500,000. CAIRO, TIIVCENNES & CHICAGO RAIL- ROAD, a division of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, extending from Danville to Cairo (361 miles), with a branch nine miles in length from St. Francisville, 111., to Vin- cennes, Ind. It was chartered as the Cairo & Vincennes Railroad in 1867, completed in 1873, placed in the hands of a receiver in 1874, sold under foreclosure in January, 1880, and for some time operated as the Cairo Division of the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway. In 1889, having been surrendered by the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway, it was united with the Danville & Southwestern Railroad, reorganized as the Cairo, Vincennes & Chicago Railroad, and, in 1890, leased to the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chi- cago & St. Louis Railway, of which it is known as the "Cairo Division." (See Cleveland, Cincin- nati, Chicago & Sf. Louis Raihraij.) CAIRO & ST. LOUIS RAILROAD. (See St. Louis & Cairo Railroad and Mobile & Ohio Rail- way. ) CAIRO & VINCENNES RAILROAD. (See Cairn, Vincennes & Chicago Railroad.) CALDWELL, (Dr.) George, early physician and legislator (the name is spelled both Cad well and Caldwell in the early records), was born at Wethersfield, Conn.. Feb. 31, 1773, and received his literary education at Hartford, and his pro- fessional at Rutland, Vt. He married a daughter of Hon. Matthew Lyon, who was a native of Ireland, and who served two terms in Congress from Vermont, four from Kentucky (1803-11), and was elected the first Delegate in Congress from Arkansas Territory, but died before taking his seat in August, 1823. Lyon was also a resi- dent for a time of St. Louis, and was a candidate for Delegate to Congress from Missouri Territorj', but defeated by Edward Hempstead (see Hemp- stead, Edward). Dr. Caldwell descended the Ohio River in 1799 In company with Lyon's family and his brother-in-law, John Messinger (see Messinger, John), who afterwards became a. prominent citizen of St. Clair Coimty, the party locating at Eddyville, Ky. In 1803, Caldwell and Messinger removed to Illinois, landing near old Fort Chartres, and remained some time in the American Bottom. The former finally located on the banks of the Mississippi a few miles above St. Louis, where he practiced his profession and held various public offices, includ- ing those of Justice of the Peace and County Judge for St. Clair County, as also for Madison County after the organization of the latter. He served as State Senator from Madison County in the First and Second General Assemblies (1818-33), and, having removed in 1830 within the limits of what is now Morgan County (but still earlier embraced in Greene), in 1833 was elected to the Senate for Greene and Pike Counties — the latter at that time embracing all the northern and northwestern part of the State, including the county of Cook. During the following ses- sion of the Legislature he was a sturdy opponent of the scheme to make Illinois a slave State. His home in Morgan County was in a locality known as "Swinerton's Point," a few miles west of Jacksonville, where he died, August 1, 1886. (See Slavery and Slave Laws. ) Dr. Caldwell (or Cadwell, as he was widely known) commanded a high degree of respect among early residents of Illinois. Governor Reynolds, in his "Pioneer History of Illinois," says of him: "He was moral and correct in his public and private life, . . . was a respectable physician, and always maintained an unblemished character." CALHOUN, John, pioneer printer and editor, was born at Watertown, N. Y., April 14, 1808; learned the printing trade and practiced it in his native town, also working in a type-foundrj' in Albany and as a compositor in Troy. In the fall of 1833 he came to Chicago, bringing with him HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 73 an outfit for the publication of a weekly paper, and, on Nov. 26, began the issue of "The Chicago Democrat" — the first paper ever published in tliat city. Mr. Calhoun retained the management of the paper three years, transferring it in Novem- ber, 183G, to John AVentworth, who conducted it until its absorption bj- "The Tribune" in July, 18G1. Mr. Calhoun afterwards served as County Treasurer, still later as Collector, and, finally, as agent of the lUinois Central Railroad in procur- ing right of way for the construction of its lines. Died in Chicago, Feb. 20, 1S.59. CALHOUN, John, surveyor and politician, was born in Boston, Mass., Oct. 14, ISIKi; removed to Springfield. 111., in 1830, sei'ved in the Black Hawk War and was soon after appointed County Surveyor. It was under Mr. Calhoun, and by his appointment, that Abraham Lincoln served for some time as Deputy Surveyor of Sangamon County. In 1838 Calhoun was chosen Represent- ative in the General Assembly, but was defeated in 1840, thougli elected Clerk of the House at the following session. He was a Democratic Presi- dential Elector in 1844, was an unsuccessful candidate for the nomination for Governor in 1846, and, for three terms (1849, '50 and '51), served as Mayor of the city of Springfield. In 1852 he was defeated by Richard Yates (after- wards Governor and United States Senator), as a candidate for Congress, but two years later was appointed by President Pierce Survej'or-General of Kansas, where he became discreditably con- spicuous by his zeal in attempting to carry out the policy of the Buchanan administration for making Kansas a slave State — especiallj' in con- nection with the Lecompton Constitutional Con- vention, with the election of which he had much to do, and over which he presided. Died at St. Joseph, Mo., Oct. 25, 1859. CALHOUN, William J., lawyer, was born in Pittsburg, Pa., Oct. 5, 1847. After residing at various points Ln that State, his famih' removed to Ohio, where he worked on a farm until 1864, when he enlisted as a private in the Nineteenth Ohio Volunteer Infantry, serving to the end of the war. He participated in a number of severe battles while with Sherman on tlie march against Atlanta, returning with General Thomas to Nash- ville, Tenn. During the last few months of the war he served in Texas, being mustered out at San Antonio in that State, thougli receiving his final discharge at Columbus, Ohio. After the war he entered the Poland Union Seminary, where he became the intimate personal friend of Maj. William McKinley, who was elected to tlie Presidency in 1896. Having graduated at the seminary, he came to Areola, Douglas County, 111., and began the study of law, later taking a course in a law school in Chicago, after wliich he was admitted to the bar (1875) and established himself in practice at Danville as the partner of the Hon. Joseph B. Mann. In 1882 Mr. Calhoun was elected as a Republican to the lower branch of the Thirty-third General Assembly and, during the following session, proved himself one of the ablest members of tliat bod}-. In May, 1897, Mr. Calhoun was a[>pointed by President McKinley a special envoy to investigate the circumstances attending the death of Dr. Ricardo Ruiz, a nat- uralized citizen of the United States wlio had died while a prisoner in the hands of the Spaniards during the rebellion then in progress in Cuba. In 1898 he was appointed a member of the Inter- State Commerce Commission to succeed William R. Morrison, whose term had expired. CALHOUN COUNTY, situated between the Mississippi and Illinois Rivers, just above their junction. It has an area of 260 square miles, with a population (1900) of 8,917; was organized in 1825 and named for John C. Calhoun. Origi- nally, the county was well timbered and the early settlers were largely engaged in lumbering, which tended to give the population more or less of a migratory character. Much of the timber has been cleared off, and the principal business in later years has been agriculture, although coal is found and mined in pa3-ing quantities along Silver Creek. Tradition has it that the aborig- ines found the precious metals in the bed of this stream. It was originally included within the limits of the Military Tract set apart for the veterans of the War of 1812. The physical con- formation of the county's surface exliibits some peculiarities. Limestone bluff's, rising some- times to the height of 200 feet, skirt the banks of both rivers, while through the center of the county rims a ridge dividing the two watersheds. The side valleys and the top of the central ridge are alike fertile. The bottom lands are very rich, but are liable to inundation. The coiuity- seat and principal town is Hardin, with a popula- tion (1890) of 311. CALLAH.VN, Ethelbert, lawyer and legislator, was born near Newark, Ohio, Dec. 17, 1829; came to Crawford County, 111., in 1849, where he farmed, taught school and edited, at different times, "The Wabash Sentinel" and "The Marshall Telegraph." He early identified himself with the Republican party, and, in 1864, was the Kei)ublican candidate for Congress in his dis- 74 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. trict ; became a member of the first State Board of Equalization by appointment of Governor Oglesby in 1SG7; served in the lower house of the General Assembly during the sessions of 1875, '91, '93 and '95. and, in 1893-95, on a Joint Committee to revise the State Revenue Laws. He was also Presidential Elector in 1880, and again in 1888. Jlr. Callahan was admitted to the bar when past 30 years of age, and was President of the State Bar Association in 1889. His home is at Robinson. CALUMET RIVER, a short stream the main body of which is formed by the union of two branches which come together at the southern boundary of the city of Chicago, and which flows into Lake Michigan a short distance north of the Indiana State line. The eastern branch, known as the Grand Calumet, flows in a westerly direc- tion from Northwestern Indiana and unites with the Little Calumet from the west, 3'/i miles from the mouth of the main stream. From the south- ern Limit of Chicago the general course of the stream is north between Lake Calumet and Wolf Lake, which it serves to drain. At its mouth, Calumet Harbor has been constructed, which admits of the entrance of vessels of heavy draught, and is a shipping and receiving point of importance for heavy freight for the Illinois Steel Works, the Pullman Palace Car Works and other manufacturing establish- ments in that vicinity. The river is regarded as a navigable stream, and has been dredged by the General Government to a depth of twenty feet and 200 feet wide for a distance of two miles, with a depth of sixteen feet for the remainder of the distance to the forks. The Calumet feeder for the Illinois and Michigan Canal extends from the west branch (or Little Calumet) to the canal in the vicinity of Willow Springs. The stream •was known to the early French explorers as "the Calimic," and was sometimes confounded by them with the Chicago River. CALUMET RIVER RAILROAD, a short line, 4.43 miles in length, lying wholl}' within Cook County. The Pennsylvania Railroad Company is the lessee, but the line is not operated at present (1898). Its outstanding capital stock is $68,700. It has no funded debt, but has a floating debt of §110,357, making atotal capitalization of Slo5,087. This road extends from One Hundredth Street in Chicago to Hegewisch, and was chartered in 1883. (See Pennsylvania Railroad.) CAMBRIDGE, the county-seat of Henry County, about 160 miles southwest of Chicago, on the Rock Island & Peoria Railroad. It is situ- ated in a fertile region chiefly devoted to agriculture and stock-raising. The city is a con- siderable grain market and has some manufac- tories. Some coal is also mined. It has a public library, two newspapers, three banks, good schools, and handsome public (county) buildings. Population (1880), 1.203; (1890), United States census report, 940; (1900), 1,345. CAMERON, James, Cumberland Presbyterian minister and pioneer, was born in Kentucky in 1791, came to Illinois in 1815, and, in 1818, settled in Sangamon County. In 1829 he is said to have located where the town of New Salem (after- wards associated with the early history of Abra- ham Lincoln) was built, and of which he and James Rutledge were the founders. He is also said to have officiated at the funeral of Ann Rutledge, with whose memory Mr. Lincoln's name has been tenderly associated by his biog- raphers. Mr. Cameron subsequently removed successively to Fulton County, 111., to Iowa and to California, dying at a ripe old age, in the latter State, about 1878. CAMP DOUGL.iS, a Federal military camp established at Chicago early in the War of the Rebellion, located between Thirty-first Street and College Place, and Cottage Grove and Forest Avenues. It was 'originally designed and solely used as a camp of instruction for new recruits. Afterwards it was utilized as a place of confine- ment for Confederate prisoners of war. (For plot to liberate the latter, together with other similar prisoners in Illinois, see Camp Douglas Conspiracy. ) CAMP DOUGLAS CONSPIRACY, a plot formed in 1864 for the liberation of the Confederate prisoners of war at Chicago (in Camp Douglas), Rock Island, Alton and Springfield. It was to be but a preliminary step in the execution of a design long cherished by the Confederate Gov- ernment, viz., the seizing of the organized gov- ernments of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, and the formation of a Northwestern Confederacy, through the cooperation of the "Sons of Lib- erty." (fiee Secret Treasonable Societies.) Three peace commissioners (Jacob Thompson, C. C Clay and J. P. Holcomb), who had been sent from Richmond to Canada, held frequent conferences with leaders of the treasonable organizations in the North, including Clement L. Vallandigham, Bowles, of Indiana, and one Charles Walsh, who was head of the movement in Chicago, with a large number of allies in that city and scattered throughout the States. The general management of the aff'air was entrusted to Capt. Thomas H. Ilines. who had been second HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 75 in command to the rebel Gen. John Morgan dur- ing his mid north of the Ohio River, while Col. Vincent Jlarmaduke. of Missouri, and G. St. Leger Grenfell (an Englishman) were selected to carry ont the military program. Hines followed out his instructions with great zeal and labored indefatigably. Tliomiwon's duty was to dis- seminate incendiary treasonable literature, and strengthen the timorous "Sons of Liberty" by the use of argument and money, both he and his agents being lavishly supplied with the latter. There was to be a draft in July, 18G4, and it was determined to arm the "Sons of Liberty"' for resistance, the date of uprising being fixed for July 20. This part of the scheme, however, was finally abandoned. Cajitain Hines located him- self at Chicago, and personally attended to the distribution of funds and the purchase of arms. The date finally fixed for the attempt to liberate the Southern prisoners was August 29, 1864, when the National Democratic Convention was to assemble at Chicago. On that date it was expected the city would be so crowded that the presence of the promised force of "Sons" would not excite comment. The program also included an attack on the city by water, for which pur- pose reliance was placed upon a horde of Cana- dian refugees, under Capt. John B. Castleman. There were some 26,500 Southern prisoners in the State at this time, of whom about 8,000 were at Cliicago, 6,000 at Rock Island, 7,500 at Spring- field, and 5,000 at Alton. It was estimated that there were 4,000 "Sons of Liberty" in Chicago, who would be largely reenforced. With these and the Canadian refugees the prisoners at Camp Douglas were to be liberated, and the army thus formed was to march upon Rock Island, Spring- field and Alton. But suspicions were aroused, and the Camp was reenforced by a regiment of infantry and a battery. The organization of the proposed assailing force was very imperfect, and the great majority of those wlio were to compose it were lacking in courage. Not enough of the latter reported for service to justify an attack, and the project was postponed. In the meantime a preliminary part of the plot, at least indirectly connected with the Camp Douglas conspiracy, and which contemplated the release of the rebel officers confined on Johnson's Island in Lake Erie, had been "nipped in the bud" by the arrest of Capt. C. H. Cole, a Confederate officer in dis- guise, on the 19th of September, just as he was on tlie point of putting in execution a scheme for seizing the United States steamer Michigan at Sandusky, and putting on board of it a Confeder- ate crew. November 8 was the date next selected to carry out the Chicago sclieme — the day of Presi- dent Lincoln's second election. The same pre- liminaries were arranged, except that no water attack was to be made. But Cliicago was to be l)urned and flooded, and its banks pillaged. Detachments were designated to apply the torch, to open fire plugs, to levy arms, and to attack banks. But representatives of the United States Secret Service had been initiated into the "Sons of Liberty," and the plans of Captain Hines and his associates were well known to tlie authori- ties. An efficient body of detectives was put upon their track by Gen. B. J. Sweet, tlie com- mandant at Camp Douglas, altliough some of the most valuable service in running down tlie con- spiracy and capturing its agents, was rendered by Dr. T. Winslow Ayer of Chicago, a Colonel Langhorne (an ex-Confederate who had taken the oath of allegiance without the knowledge of some of the parties to the plot), and Col. J. T. Shanks, a Confederate prisoner who was known as "The Texan." Both Langhorne and Shanks were appalled at the horrible nature of the plot as it was unfolded to them, and entered with zeal into the effort to defeat it. Shanks was permitted to escape from Camp Douglas, thereb3- getting in communication with the leaders of the plot who assisted to conceal him, while he faith- fully apprised General Sweet of their plans. On the night of Nov. 6 — or rather after midnight on the morning of the 7th — General Sweet caused simultaneous arrests of the leaders to be made at their hiding-places. Captain Hines was not captured, but the following conspirators were taken into custody : Captains Cantrill and Trav- erse; Charles Walsh, the Brigadier-General of the "Sons of Liberty," who was sheltering them, and in whose barn and house was found a large quantity of arms and military stores; Cols. St. Leger Grenfell, W. R. Anderson and J. T. Shanks; R. T. Senimes, Vincent Marmaduke, Charles T. Daniel and Buckner !3. Morris, the Treasurer of the order. They were tried by Military Commission at Cincinnati for conspir- acy. Marmaduke and Morris were acquitted; Anderson committed suicide during the trial; Walsh, Semmes and Daniels were sentenced to the penitentiary, and Grenfell was .sentenced to be hung, although liis sentence was afterward commuted to life imprisonment at the Dry Tortu- gas, where he mysteriously disappeared some years afterward, but wliether he escaped or was drowned in the attempt to do so has never been known. The British Government had made 76 HISTOEICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. repeated attempts to secure his release, a brother of his being a General in the British Army. Daniels managed to escape, and was never recap- tured, while "Walsh and Semmes, after under- going brief terms of imprisonment, were pardoned by President Johnson. The subsequent history of Shanks, who played so prominent a part in defeating the scheme of wholesale arson, pillage and assassination, is interesting. "While in prison he had been detailed for service as a clerk in one of the offices under the direction of General Sweet, and, while thus employed, made the acquaintance of a young lady member of a loyal family, whom he afterwards married. After the exposure of the contemplated uprising, the rebel agents in Canada offered a reward of SI, 000 in gold for the taking of his life, and he was bitterly persecuted. The attention o€ Presi- dent Lincoln was called to the service rendered by him, and sometime during 1865 he received a commission as Captain and engaged in fighting the Indians upon the Plains. The efficiency shown by Colonel Sweet in ferreting out the con- spiracy and defeating its consummation won for him the gratitude of the people of Chicago and the whole nation, and was recognized by the Government in awarding him a commission as Brigadier-General. (See Benjamin J. Sweet, Camp Douglas and Secret Treasonable Societies.) CAMPBELL, Alexander, legislator and Con- gressman, was born at Concord, Pa., Oct. 4, 1814. After obtaining a limited education in the com- mon schools, at an early age he secured employ- ment as a clerk in an iron manufactory. He soon rose to the position of superintendent, managing iron-works in Pennsylvania, Kentucky and Mis- souri, until 1850, when he removed to Illinois, settling at La Salle. He was twice (1852 and 1853) elected Mayor of that city, and represented his county in the Twenty-first General Assembly (1859). He was also a member of the State Constitutional Convention of 18G2, and served one term (1875-77) as Representative in Congress, being elected as an Independent, but. in 1878, was defeated for re-election by Philip C. Hayes, Republican. Mr. Campbell was a zealous friend of Abraham Lincoln, and, in 1858, contributed liberally to the e.xpenses of the latter in making the tour of the State during tiie debate witli Douglas. He broke with the Republican party in 1874 on tlie greenback issue, which won for him the title of "Father of the Greenback." His death occurred at La Salle, August 9, 1898. CAMPBELL, Antrim, early lawyer, was born in New Jersey in 1814; came to Springfield, 111., in 1838; was appointed Master in Chancery for Sangamon County in 1849, and, in 1861, to a similar position by the United States District Court for that district. Died, August 11, 1868. CAMPBELL, James R., Congressman and sol- dier, was born in Hamilton County, 111., May 4, 1858, his ancestors being among the first settlers in that section of the State; was educated at Notre Dame University, Ind. , read law and was admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court in 1877 ; in 1878 purchased "The McLeansboro Times," which he has since conducted ; was elected to the lower house of the General Assembly in 1884, and again in '86, advanced to the Senate in 1888, and re-elected in '92. During his twelve years' experience in the Legislature he participated, as a Democrat, in the celebrated Logan-Morrison contest for the United States Senate, in 1885, and assisted in the election of Gen. John M. Palmer to the Senate in 1891. At the close of his last term in the Senate (1896) he was elected to Con- gress from the Twentieth District, receiving a plurality of 2.851 over Orlando Burrell, Repub- lican, who had been elected in 1894. On the second call for troops issued by the President during the Spanish-American "War, Mr. Camp- bell organized a regiment which was mustered in as the Ninth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, of which he was commissioned Colonel and assigned to the corps of Gen. Fitzhugh Lee at Jack.son- ville, Fla. Although his regiment saw no active service during the war, it was held in readiness for that purpose, and, on the occupation of Cuba in December, 1898, it became a part of the army of occupation. As Colonel Campbell remained with his regiment, he took no part in the pro- ceedings of the last term of the Fifty-fifth Con- gress, and was not a candidate for re-election in. 1898. CAMPBELL, Thompson, Secretary of State and Congressman, was born in Chester County, Pa., in 1811 ; removed in childliood to the western part of the State and was educated at Jefferson College, afterwards reatling law at P*ittsburg. Soon after being admitted to the bar he removed to Galena, 111., where he had acquired some min- ing interests, and, in 1843, was appointed Secre- tary of State by Governor Ford, but resigned in 1846, and became a Delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 1847: in 1850 was elected as a Democrat to Congress from the Galena District, but defeated for re-election in 1852 by E. B. Washburne. He was then apjxiinted by President Pierce Commissioner to look after certain land grants bj- the Mexican Government in California, HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 77 removing to that State in 1853, but resigned this position about 1855 to engage in general practice. In 1859 he made an extended visit to Europe with his family, and, on his return, located in Chicago, the following j'ear becoming a candidate for Presidential Electorat-large on the Breckin- ridge ticket; in 18G1 returned to California, and, on tlie breaking out of tlie Civil War, became a zealous clianipion of the Union cavise, by Iiis speeches exerting a powerful influence upon the destiny of the State. He also served in the Cali- fornia Legislature during the war, and, in 1864, was a member of the Baltimore Convention which nominated Mr. Lincoln for the Presidency a second time, assisting most ably in the subse- quent campaign to carry tlie State for the Repub- lican ticket. Died in San Francisco, Dec. 6, 1808. CAMPBELL, William J., lawyer and politi- cian, was born in Pliiladelphia in 1850. When he was two years old his father removed to Illinois, settling in Cook County. After passing through the Chicago public schools, Mr. Camp- bell attended the University of Pennsylvanie, for two years, after which he studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1875. From that date he was in active practice and attained prominence at the Chicago bar. In 1878 he was elected State Senator, and was re-elected in 1882, serving in all eight years. At the sessions of 1881, '83 and '85 he was chosen President pro tempore of the Senate, and, on Feb. 6, 1883, he became Lieuten- ant-Governor upon the accession of Lieutenant- Governor Hamilton to the executive office to succeed Shelby M. CuUom, who had been elected United States Senator. In 1888 he represented the First Illinois District in the National Repub- lican Convention, and was the same year chosen a member of the Republican National Committee for Illinois and was re-elected in 1882. Died in Chicago, March 4, 1896. For several years immediately preceding his death, Mr. Campbell was the chief attorney of the Armour Packing Company of Chicago. CAMP POINT, a village in Adams County, at the intersection of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy and the Wabasli Railroads, 22 miles east- northeast of Quincy. It is a grain center, lias one flour mill, two feed mills, one elevator, a pressed brick plant, two banks, four churches, a high school, and one newspaper. Population (1890), l.l.iO; (1900), 1,260. CANAL SCRIP FRAUD. During the session of the Illinois General Assembly of 1859, Gen. Jacob Fry, who, as Commissioner or Trustee, had been associated witli the construction of the Illinois & Michigan Canal from 1837 to 1845, had his attention called to a check purporting to Iiave been issued by the Commissioners in 1839, which, upon investigation, he became convinced was counterfeit, or had been fraudulently issued. Having communicated liis conclusions to Hon. Jesse K. Dubois, the State Auditor, in charge of the work of refunding the State indebtedness, an inquiry was instituted in the office of the Fund Commissioner — a position attached to the Gov- ernor's office, but in the charge of a secretary — which developed the fact that a large amount of these evidences of indebtedness had been taken up through that office and bonds issued therefor by the State Auditor under the laws for funding the State debt. A subsequent investigation by the Finance Committee of the State Senate, ordered by vote of that body, resulted in the discovery that, in May and August, 1839, two series of canal "scrip" (or checks) had been issued by the Canal Board, to meet temporary demands in the work of construction — the sum aggregating $269,059 — of which all but $316 had been redeemed within a few years at the Chicago branch of the Illinois State Bank. The bank officers testified that this scrip (or a large part of it) had, after redemption, been held by them in the bank vaults without cancellation until settlement was had with the Canal Board, when it was packed in boxes and turned over to the Board. After hav- ing lain in the canal office for several years in this condition, and a new "Trustee" (as the officer in charge was now called) having come into the canal office in 1853, this scrijj, with other papers, was repacked in a shoe-box and a trunk and placed in charge of Joel A. Matteson, then Governor, to be taken by him to Springfield and deposited there. Nothing further was known of these papers until October, 1854, when §300 of the scrip was presented to the Secretary of the Fund Commissioner by a Springfield banker, and bond issued thereon. This was followed in 1856 and 1857 by larger sums, until, at the time the legis- lative investigation was instituted, it was found that bonds to the amount of §223, 182.66 had been issued on account of principal and interest. With the exception of tlie §300 first presented, it was shown that all the scrip so funded had been presented by Governor Matteson, either while in office or subsequent to his retirement, and the bonds issued therefor delivered to him — although none of the persons in whose names the issue was made were known or ever afterward discovered. The developments made by the Senate Finance Committee led to an offer from Matteson to 78 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. indemnify the State, in which he stated that he had "unconsciously and innocently been made the instrument through whom a gross fraud upon the State had been attempted." He therefore gave to the State mortgages and an indemnifying bond for the sum shown to have been funded by him of this class of indebtedness, upon which the State, on foreclosure a few j-ears later, secured judgment for §255,000, although the property on being sold realized only §238,000. A further investigation by the Legislature, in 1861, revealed the fact that additional issues of bonds for similar scrip liad been made amounting to §165,346, for which the State never received any compensa- tion. A search through the State House for the trunk and box placed in the hands of Governor Matteson in 1853, while the official investigation was in progress, resulted in the discovery of the trunk in a condition showing it had been opened, but the box was never found. The fraud was made the subject of a protracted investigation by the Grand Jury of Sangamon County in May, 1859, and, although the jury twice voted to indict Governor Matteson for larceny, it as often voted to reconsider, and, on a third ballot, voted to "ignore the bill." CANBY, Richard Sprig'g, jurist, was born in Green County, Ohio, Sept. 30, 1808; was educated at Miami University and admitted to the bar, afterwards serving as Prosecuting Attorney. member of the Legislature and one term (1847-49) in Congress. In 1863 he removed to Illinois, locating at Olnej', was elected Judge of the Twenty-fifth Judicial Circuit in 1867, resuming practice at the expiration of his term in 1873. Died in Richland County, July 27, 1895. Judge Canby was a relative of Gen. Edward Richard Spriggs Canbj', who was treacheroush' killed by the Modocs in California in 1873. CAJfNOX, Joseph G., Congressman, was born at Guilford, N. C, May 7, 1836, and removed to Illinois in early youth, locating at Danville, Ver- milion County. By profession he is a lawyer, and served as State's Attorney of Vermilion County for two terms (1861-68). Incidentally, he is conducting a large banking business at Danville. In 1872 he was elected as a Republican to the Fortj'-third Congress for the Fifteenth Dis- trict, and has been re-elected biennially ever since, except in 1890, when he was defeated for the Fifty-second Congress by Samuel T. Busey, his Democratic opponent. He is now (1898) serving his twelfth term as the Representative for the Twelfth Congressional District, and has been re-elected for a thirteenth term in the Fifty- sixth Congress (1899-1901). Mr. Cannon has been an influential factor in State and National poli- tics, as shown by the fact that he has been Chair- man of the House Committee on Appropriations during the important sessions of the Fifty-fourth and Fifty-fifth Congresses. CANTOX, a flourishing city in Fulton Coiinty, 12 miles from the Illinois River, and 28 miles southwest of Peoria. It is the commercial me- tropolis of one of the largest and richest counties in the "corn belt"; also has abundant supplies of timber and clay for manufacturing purposes. There are coal mines within the municipal limits, and various manufacturing establishments. Among the principal outputs are agricultural implements, flour, brick and tile, cigars, cigar boxes, foundry and machine-shop products, fire- arms, brooms, and marble. The city is lighted by gas and electricity, has water-works, fire de- partment, a public library, six ward schools and one high schoo'., and three newspapers. Popula- tion (1890), 5,604; (1900), 6,564. CAPPS, Jabez, pioneer, was born in London, England, .Sept. 9, 1796; came to the United States in 1817, and to Sangamon County, 111., in 1819. For a time he taught school in what is now called Round Prairie, in the present County of Sangamon, and later in Calhoun (the original name of a part of the city of Springfield), having among his pupils a number of those who after- wards became prominent citizens of Central Illinois. In 1836, in conjunction with two part- ners, he laid out the town of Mount Pulaski, the original county-seat of Logan County, where he continued to live for the remainder of his life, and wliere, during its later period, lie served as Postmaster some fifteen years. He also served as Recorder of Logan County four yeai-s. Died, April 1, 1896. in the 100th year of his age. CARBOSDALE, a city in Jackson County, founded in 1852, 57 miles north of Cairo, and 91 miles from St. Louis. Three lines of railway center here. The chief industries are coal-min- ing, farming, stock-raising, fruit-growing and lumbering. It has two preserving plants, eight churches, two weekh- papers, and four public schools, and is the seat of the Southern Illinois Normal University. Pop.(1890), 2,382; (1900), 3,318. CARBONDALE & SHAWNEETOWN BAIL- ROAD, a .short line ll'i miles in length, ex- tending from Marion to Carbondale, and operated by the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad Company, as lessee. It was incorporated as the Murphysboro & Shawneetown Railroad in 1867; its name changed in 1869 to The Carbondale & mSTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 79 Shawneetown, was opened for business, Dec. 31, 1871, and leased in 1880 for 980 years to the St. Louis Soutiiern, througli wliicli it passed into the hands of the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Rail- road, and by lease from the latter, in 1896, became apart of tlie Illinois Central Sy.steni (which see). CAREY, William, lawj'er, was born in the town of Turner, Maine. Dec. 29, 1826 ; studied law with General Fessenden and at Yale Law School, was admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court of Maine in 1856, tlie Supreme Court of Illinois in 1857, and tlie Supreme Court of the United States, on motion of Hon. Lyman Trumljull, in 1873. Judge Carey was a member of the State Constitutional Convention of 1869-70 from Jo Daviess County, and the choice of the Republicans in that body for temporary presiding ofBcer; was elected to the next General Assembly (the Twentj'-seventli), serving as Cliairman of the House Judiciary Committee through its four ses- sions ; from 1873 to 1876 was United States Dis- trict Attorney for Utah, still later occupying various oiBces at Deadwood, Dakota, and in Reno County, Kan. The first office held by Judge Carey in Illinois (that of Superintendent of Schools for the city of Galena) was conferred upon him through the influence of John A. Raw- lins, afterwards General Grant's chief-of-staff during the war, and later Secretary of War — although at the time Mr. Rawlins and he were politicallj- oppo.sed. Mr. Carey's present resi- dence is in Chicago. CARIIN, Thomas, former Governor, was born of Irish ancestry in Fayette County, Ky., July 18, 1789; emigrated to Illinois in 1811, and served as a private in the War of 1812, and as a Captain in the Black Hawk War. While not highly edu- cated, he was a man of strong common sense, high moral standard, great firmness of cliaracter and unfailing courage. In 1818 he settled in Greene County, of wldcli he was the first Sheriff ; was twice elected State Senator, and was Regis- ter of the Land Ofliice at yuincy, when he was elected Governor on the Democratic ticket in 1838. An imcompromising partisan, he never- theless commanded the respect and good-will of his political opponents. Died at his home in Carrollton, Feb. 14, 18,->2. CARLIN, William Passmore, soldier, nepliew of Gov. Thomas Carlin, was born at Rich Woods, Greene County, 111., Nov. 24, 1829. At the age of 21 he graduated from tlie United States Mili- tary Academy at West Point, and, in 1855, was attached to the Sixth Uniteil States Infantry as Lieutenant. After several years spent in Indian fighting, he was ordered to California, wliere lie was promoted to a captaincy and a.ssigned to recruiting duty. On August 15, 1861, lie was commissioned Colonel of tlie Thirty-eightli Illi- nois Volunteers. His record during the war was an exceptionally brilliant one. He defeated Gen. Jeff. Thompson at Fredericktown, Mo., Oct. 21, 1861 ; commanded the District of Southeast Mis- souri for eighteen months; led a brigade under Slocum in the Arkansas campaign ; served with marked distinction in Kentucky and Mississippi; took a prominent part in the battle of Stone River, was engaged in the Tullalioma campaign, at Chattanooga, Lookout Mountain and Mission- ary Ridge, and, on Feb. 8, 1864, was commis- sioned Major in the Sixteenth Infantry. He also took part in the Georgia campaign, aiding in the capture of Atlanta, and marching with Sherman to the sea. For gallant service in the assault at Jonesboro, Tenn., Sept. 1, 1864, he was made Colonel in the regular army, and, on March 13, 1865, was brevetted Brigadier-General for meritori- ous service at Bentonville, N. C, and Major- General for services during tlie war. Colonel Carlin was retired with the rank of Brigadier- General in 1893. His home is at Carrollton. CARLINVILLE, the county-seat of Macoupin County ; a city and railroad junction, 57 miles northeast of St. Louis, and 38 miles southwest of Springfield. Blackburn University (which see) is located here. Three coal mines are operated, and there are brick works, tile woiks, and one newspaper. The city has gas and electric light plants and water-works. Population (1880), 3,117; (,1890), 3,293; (1900), 3,502. CARLYLE, the county-seat of Clinton County, 48 miles east of St. Louis, located on tlie Kaskas- kia River and the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad. The town has churches, parochial and public schools, water-works, lighting plant, and manufactures. It has a flourishing seminary for young ladies, three weekly papers, and a public library connected with the high school. Popula- tion (1890), 1,784; (1900), 1,874. CARMI, the county-seat of White County, on the Little Wabash River, 134 miles east of St. Louis and 38 west of Evansville, Ind. The sur- rounding country is fertile, }'ielding both cereals and fruit. Flouring mills and lumber manufac- turing, including the making of staves, are the chief industries, though the city has brick and tile works, a plow factory and foundry. Popula- tion (1880), 2,512; (1890), 2,785; (1900), 2,939. CARPEiVTER, Milton, legislator and State Treasurer; entered upon public life in Illinois as .•80 HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Representative in the Ninth General Assembly (1834) from Hamilton County, serving by succes- sive re-elections in the Tenth, Eleventh and Twelfth. While a member of the latter (1841) he was elected by the Legislature to the oifice of State Treasurer, retaining this position until tlie adoption of the Constitution of 1848, when lie was chosen his own successor by popular vote, but died a few days after the election in August, 1848. He was buried in what is now known as the "Old Hutchinson Cemetery" — a burying ground in the west part of the city of Springfield, long since abandoned — where his remains still lie (1897) in a grave unmarked by a tombstone. CARPENTER, Philo, pioneer and early drug- gist, was born of Puritan and Revolutionary ancestry in the town of Savoy, Mass., Feb. 27, 1805 ; engaged as a druggist's clerk at Troy, N. Y. , in 1828, and came to Chicago in 1833, where he establislied himself in the drug business, which was later extended into other lines. Soon after his arrival, he began investing in lands, which have since become immensely valuable. Mr. Carpenter was associated with the late Rev. Jeremiah Porter in the organization of the First Presbyterian Church of Chicago, but, in 18.51, withdrew on account of dissatisfaction with the attitude of some of the representatives of that denomination on the subject of slavery, identify- ing himself with the Congregationalist Church, in wliich he had been reared. He was one of the original founders and most liberal benefactors of the Chicago Theological Seminary, to which he gave in contributions, during his life-time, or in bequests after his death, sums aggregating not far from .$100,000. One of the Seminary build- ings was named in his honor, "Carpenter Hall." He was identified with various other organiza- tions, one of the most important being the Relief and Aid Society, which did such useful work after the fire of 1871. By a life of probity, liber- ality and benevolence, he won the respect of all classes, dying. August 7, 1886. CARPENTER, (Mrs.) Sarah L.Warren, pio- neer teacher, born in Fredonia, N. Y.. Sept. 1, 1813; at the age of 13 she began teaching at State Line, N. Y. ; in 1833 removed with her parents (Mr. and Mrs. Daniel Warren) to Chicago, and soon after began teaching in what was called the "Yankee settlement," now the town of Lockport, Will County. Slie came to Chicago the following year (1834) to take the place of assistant of Gran- ville T. Sproat in a school for boys, and is said to have been the first teacher paid out of the i)ublic funds in Chicago, though Miss Eliza Cliappell (afterwards Mrs. Jeremiah Porter) began teach- ing the children about Fort Dearborn in 1833. Miss Warren married Abel E. Carpenter, whom she survived, dying at Aurora, Kane County, Jan. 10, 1897. CARPENTERSTILLE, a village of Kane County and manufacturing center, on Lake Ge- neva brancliof the Chicago & Northwestern Rail- road, 6 miles north of East Elgin and about 48 miles from Chicago. Pop. (1890), 754; (1900), 1,002. CARR, Clark E., lawyer, politician and diplo- mat, was born at Boston, Erie County, N. Y., May 20, 1836; at 13 years of age accompanied his father's family to Galesburg, 111., where he spent several years at Knox College. In 1857 he gradu- ated from the Albany Law School, but on return- ing to Illinois, soon embarked in politics, his affiliations being uniformly with the Republican party. His first oflSce was that of Postmaster at Galesburg, to which he was appointed by Presi dent Lincoln in 1861 and which he held for twenty-four years. He was a tried and valued assistant of Governor Yates during the War of the Rebellion, serving on the staff of tlie latter with the rank of Colonel. He was a delegate to the National Convention of his party at Baltimore in 1864, which renominated Lincoln, and took an active part in the campaigns of that year, as well as those of 1808 and 1872. In 1869 he purchased "The Galesbiu-g Republican," which he edited and published for two years. In 1880 lie was an unsuccessful candidate for the Republican nomi- nation for Governor ; in 1884 was a delegate to the ReiHiblican National Convention, from the State- at-large, and, in 1887. a candidate for the caucus nomination for United States Senator, which was given to Cliarles B. Farwell. In 1888 he was defeated in tlie Republican State Convention as candidate for Governor bj- Joseph W Fifer. In 1889 President Harrison appointed him Minister to Denmark, which post he filled with marked ability and credit to the country until his resig- nation was accepted by President Cleveland, when he returned to his former home at Gales- burg. While in Denmark lie did much to promote American trade witli tliat country, especially in tlie introduction of American corn as an article of food, which has led to a large increase in the annual exportation of this com- modity to Scandinavian markets. CARR, Eugrene A., soldier, was born in Erie County, N. Y., May 20, 1830, and graduated at AVest Pt>int in 1850, entering the Mounted Rifles. L'ntil 1801 he was stationed in the Far West, and engaged in Indian fighting, earning a First Lieu- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 81 tenancy through his gallantry. In 18G1 he entered upon active service under General Lyon, in Southwest Missouri, taking part iu the engage- ments of Dug Springs and Wilson's Creek, winning the brevet of Lieutenant-Colonel. In Sejitember, 1861, he was commissioned Colonel of the Third Illinois Cavalry. He served as acting Brigadier-General in Fremont's hundred-day expedition, for a time commanding the Fourth Division of the Army of the Southwest. On the second day at Pea Ridge, although three times wounded, he remained on the field seven hours, and materially aided in securing a victory, for his bravery being made Brigadier-General of Volunteers. In the summer of 1863 he was promoted to the rank of Major in the Regular Army. During the Vicksburg campaign he com- manded a division, leading the attack at Magnolia Church, at Port Gibson, and at Big Black River, and winning a brevet Lieutenant-Colonelcy in the United States Army. He also distinguished himself for a first and second assault upon taking Vicksburg, and, in the autumn of 1862, com- manded the left wing of the Sixteenth Corps at Corinth. In December of that j'ear he was transferred to the Department of Arkansas, where he gained new laurels, being brevetted Brigadier-General for gallantry at Little Rock, and Major-General for services during the war. After the close of the Civil War, he was stationed chiefly in the West, where he rendered good serv- ice in the Indian campaigns. In 1894 lie was retired with the rank of Brigadier-General, and has since resided in New York. CAERIEL, Henry F., M.D., alienist, was born at Charlestown, N. H., and educated at Marlow Academy, N. H., and Wesleyan Seminary, Vt. ; graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City, in 1857, and immedi- ately accepted the position of Assistant Physician in the New Jersey State Lunatic Asylum, remaining until 1870. Meanwhile, however, he visited a large number of the leading hospitals and asj'lums of Europe. In 1870, Dr. Carriel received the appointment of Superintendent of the Illinois Central Haspital for the Insane at Jacksonville, a position which he continued to fill until 1893, when he voluntarily tendered to Governor Altgeld his resignation, to take effect July 1 of that year.— Mrs. Mary Turner (Carriel), wife of Dr. Carriel, and a daughter of Prof. Jonathan B. Turner of Jacksonville, was elected a Trustee of the University of Illinois on the Repub- lican ticket in 189G. receiving a plurality of 148,0.39 over Julia Holmes Smith, her highest competitor. CARROLL COUXTY, originally a part of Jo Daviess County, but set ajjart and organized in 1839, named for Charles Carroll of Carrollton. The first settlements were in and around Savanna, Cherry Grove and Arnold's Grove. The first County Commissioners were Messrs. L. H. Bor den, Garner Jloffett and S. JI. Jersey, who held their first court at Savanna, April 13, 1839. In 1843 the county seat was changed from Savanna to Mount Carroll, where it yet remains. Town ships were first organized in 1850, and the development of the county has steadily pro- gressed since that date. The surface of the land is rolling, and at certain points decidedly pictur- esque. The land is generally good for farming. It is well timbered, particularly along the Mis- sissippi. Area of the county, 440 square miles; population, 18,963. Mount Carroll is a pleasant, prosperous, wide-awake town, of about 2,000 inhabitants, and noted for its excellent public and private schools. CARROLLTOIV, the county-seat of Greene County, situated on the west branch of the Chi- cago & Alton and the Quinoy, Carrollton & St. Louis Railroads, 33 miles north-northwest of Alton, and 34 miles south by west from Jackson- ville. The town has a foundry, carriage and wagon factory, two machine shops, two flour mills, two banks, six churches, a high school, and two weekly newspapers. Population (1890), 2,258; (1900), 2,355. CARTER, Joseph N., Justice of the Supreme Court, was born in Hardin County, Ky., March 12, 1843; came to Illinois in boyhood, and, after attending school at Tuscola four years, engaged in teaching until 1863, when he entered Illinois College, graduating in 1866; in 1868 graduated from the Law Department of tlie University of Michigan, the next year establishing himself in practice at Quincy, where he has since resided. He was a member of the Thirty-first £tnd Thirty- second General Assemblies (1878-82), and, in June, 1894, was elected to the seat on the Supreme Bench, which he now occupies CARTER, Thomas Henry, United States Sena- tor, born in Scioto County, Ohio, Oct, 30, 1854; in his fifth year was brouglit to Illinois, his father locating at Pana, where he was educated in the public schools; was employed in farming, railroading and teaching several years, then studied law and was admitted to the bar, and. in 1882, removed to Helena, Mont., where he en- gaged in practice; was elected, as a Republican the last Territorial Delegate to Congress from Idaho and the first Representative from the new 82 IIISTOiaCAL EXCYCLOPEDIA 0¥ ILLINOIS. State; was Commissioner of the General Laiul Office (1891-'Ji). aud, in 189o, was elected to the United States Senate for the term ending in 1901. In 1893 he was chosen Chairman of the Repub- lican National Committee, serving until the St. Lowis Convention of 1896. CARTERVILLE, a city in Williamson County, 10 miles b_v rail northwest of Marion. Coal min- ing is the principal industry. It has a bank, five churches, a public scliool, and a weekly news- paper. Population (188(1), 693; (1890), 969; (1900), 1,749: (1904. est.), 3,000. CARTH.VGE, a city and the county-seat of Hancock County, 13 miles east of Keokuk, Iowa, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincyand the Wa- bash Railroads; has water-works, electric lights, three banks, four trust companies, four weekly and two semi-weekly papers, and is the seat of a Lutheran College. Pop. (1890), 1,6.54; (1900), 2,104. CARTHAGE COLLEGE, at Carthage. Hancock County, incorporated in 1871 ; lias a teaching faculty of twelve members, and reports 1,58 pupils — sixty-eight men and ninety women — for 1897-98. It has a library of 5,000 volumes and endowment of §33,000. Instruction is given in the classical, scientific, musical, fine arts and business depart- ments, as well as in preparatory studies. In 1898 this institution reported a property valuation of $41,000. of which $3,5.000 was in real estate. CARTHAGE k Bl'RLIXGTON RAILROAD. (See Chic(i(jo. Burlington rf- Quincy Boilroacl.) CARTWRIGHT, James Henry, Justice of the Supreme Court, was bom at JIaquoketa, Iowa, Dec. 1, 1842 — the son of a frontier Methodist clergyman; was educated at Rock River Semi- nary and the University of Michigan, graduating from the latter in 1867 ; began practice in 1870 at Oregon, Ogle County, which is still his home; in 1888 was elected Circuit Judge to succeed Judge Eustace, deceased, and in 1891 assigned to Appel- late Court duty ; in December, 1895, was elected Justice of the Supreme Court to succeed Justice John M. Bailey, deceased, and re-elected in 1897. CARTWRIGHT, Peter, pioneer Methodist preacher, was born in Amherst County, Va., Sept. 1, 1785, and at the age of five years accom- panied his father (a Revolutionai'y veteran) to Logan County, Ky. The country was wild and unsettled, there were no scliools, tlie nearest mill was 40 miles distant, the few residents wore homespun garments of flax or cotton ; and coffee, tea and sugar in domestic use were almost un- known. Methodist circuit riders soon invaded the district, and, at a camp meeting held at Cane Ridge in 1801, Peter received his first religious; impressions. -\. few months later he abandoned his reckless life, sold his racehorse aud abjured gambling. He began preaching immediately after his conversion, and, in 1803, was regularly received into the ministry of the Methodist Epis- copal Church, althougli only 18 years old. In 1833 he removed to Illinois, locating in Sangamon County, then but si)arsely settled. In 1838, and again in 18;!2, he was elected to the Legislature, where his homespun wit and undaunted courage stood him in good stead. For a long series of yeai's he attended annual conferences (usually as a delegate), and was a conspicuous figure at camp-meetings. Although a Democrat all his life, he was an uncompromising antagonist of slavery, and rejoiced at the division of his denomination in 18-14. He was also a zealous supporter of the Government during the Civil War. In 1846 he was a candidate for Congress on the Democratic ticket, but was defeated by Abraham Lincoln. He was a powerful preacher, a tireless worker, and for fifty years served as a Presiding Elder of his denomination. On the lecture platform, his quaintness and eccentricity, together with his inexhaustible fund of personal anecdotes, insured an interested audience. Numerous stories are told of his phj-sical prowess in overcoming unruly characters whom he had faileil to convince by moral suasion. Inside the church he was equallj- fearless and outspoken, and his strong common sense did much to pro- mote the success of the denomination in the West. He died at his home near Pleasant Plains, Sangamon County, Sept. 23, 1872. His principal published works are "A Controversy with the Devil" (18,53), "Autobiography of Peter Cart- wright" (18,56), "The Backwoods Preacher" (London, 1869), and several works on Methodism. C.VR Y, Eugene, lawyer and insurance manager, was born at Boston, Erie County, N. Y., Feb. 20, 1835; began teaching at sixteen, meanwhile attending a select school or academy at intervals ; studied law at Slieboygan, AVis., and Buffalo, N. Y., 1855-56; served as City Attorney and later as County Judge, and, in 1861, enlisted in the First Regiment Wisconsin Volunteers, serv- ing iis a Captain in the Army of the Cumberland, and the last two years as Judge- Advocate on the staff of General Rousseau. After the war he settled at Nashville, Tenn., where he held the office of Judge of the First District, but in 1871 he was elected to the City Council, and, in 1883, was the High-License candidate for Mayor in opposition to flavor Harrison, and believed by HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 83 many to have been honestly elected, but counted out by the inacliine methods then in vogue. CASAD, Anthony Wuyne, clergyman and jdiy- sician, was born in Wantage Township, Sussex County, N. J., May 2, 1791; died at Suniniertield, III, Dec. 16, 1857. His father, Rev. Thomas Casad, was a Baptist minister, who, with Ids wife, Abigail Tingley, was among the early settlers of Sussex County. He was descended from Dutch-Huguenot ancestry, tlie family name being originally Cossart, the American branch having been founded by Jacques Cos.sart, who emigrated from Ley den to New York in 1663. At the age of 19 Anthony removed to Greene Count}', Ohio, settling at Fairfield, near the site of the present city of Dayton, where some of his relatives were then residing. On Feb. 6, 1811, he married Anna, eldest daugliter of Captain Samuel Stites and Martha Martin Stites, her mother's father and grandfather having been patriot sol- diers in the War of the Revolution. Anthony Wayne Casad served as a volunteer from Oliio in the War of 1812, being a member of Captain Wm. Stephen.son"s Company. In 1818 he re- moved with his wife's father to Union Grove, St. Clair County, 111. A few years later he entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and during 1821-2.3 was stationed at Kaskaskia and Buffalo, removing, in 1823, to Lebanon, where he taught school. Later he studied medi- cine and attained considerable prominence as a practitioner, being commissioned Surgeon of the Forty-ninth Illinois Infantry in 183.3. He was one of the founders of McKendree College and a liberal contributor to its support; was also for many years Deputy Superintendent of Schools at Lebanon, served as County Surveyor of St. Clair County, and acted as agent for Harper Brothers in the sale of Southern Illinois lands. He was a prominent Free Mason and an influ- ential citizen. His youngest daughter, Amanda Keziah, married Rev. Colin D. James (which see). CASEV, a village of Clark County, at the inter- section of the Vandalia Line and the Chicago & Ohio River Railroad, 3.5 miles soutliwest of Terre Haute. Population (1890), 844; (1900), 1,500. CASEY, Zadoc, pioneer and early Congressman, was born in (Jeorgia, March 17, 1796, the young- est son of a soldier of the Revolutionary War who removed to Tennessee about 1800. The subject of this sketch came to Illinois in 1817, bringing with him his widowed mother, and settling in the vicinity of the present city of Mount Vernon, in Jefferson County, where he acquired great prominence as a politician and became the head of an influential familj-. He tegan preaching at an early age, and continued to do so occasionally througli his political career. In 1819, he took a prominent jjart in the organization of Jefferson County, serving on the first Board of County Commissioners; was an unsuccessful candidate for the Legislature in 1830, but was elected Representative in 1823 and re-elected two years later; in 1826 was advanced to the Senate, serv- ing until 1830, when he was elected Lieutenant- Governor, and during his incumbency took part in the Black Hawk War. On March 1, 1833, he resigned the Lieutenant-Governorship to accept a seat as one of the three Congressmen from Illinois, to which he had been elected a few months previous, being subsequently re-elected for four consecutive terms. In 1842 he was again a candidate, but was defeated by John A. McClernand. Other public positions held by him included those of Delegate to the Constitutional Conventions of 1847 and 1802, Repre.sentative in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth General Assem- blies (1848-.52), serving as Speaker in the former. He was again elected to the Senate in 1860, but died before the expiration of his term, Sept. 4, 1862. During the latter years of his life he was active in securing the right of way for the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad, the original of the Mis- sissippi division of the Baltimore, Ohio & South- western. He commenced life in poverty, but acquired a considerable estate, and was the donor of the ground upon which the Supreme Court building for the Southern Division at Mount Vernon was erected. — Dr. Newton R. (Casey), son of the preceding, was born in Jefferson Coimty, 111., Jan. 27, 1826, received his pri- mary education in the local schools and at Hills- boro and Mount Vernon Academies; in 1842 entered the Ohio University at Athens in that State, remaining until 1845, when he com- menced the study of medicine, taking a course of lectures the following j-ear at the Louisville Medical Institute; soon after began practice, and, in 1847, removed to Benton, 111., returning the following year to Mount Vernon. In 1856-57 he attended a second course of lectures at the Missouri Medical College, St. Louis, the latter year removing to Mound City, where he tilled a number of positions, including that of Mayor from 1859 to 1864, when he declined a re-election. In 1860, Dr. Casey served as , John Dean, early lawyer and jurist, was born in Monroe County. N. Y., March 19, 1812. Left to the care of a widowed mother at an early age, his childhood was sjient in jxiverty ami manual lalx>r. At 15 lie was set to learn a trade, but an infirmity of sight com]ielled him to abandon it. After a brief attendance at an academy at Utica, where he studied law between the ages of 19 and 21, iu 1833 he removed to Chicago, and shortly afterward, on a visit to Pekin, was examined and licensed to practice by Judtre Stephen T. Logjin. In 1834, he was elected Justice of the Peace, served as Alderman in 1837-38, and sat upon the liench of the Supreme Court from 1842 to 1864, when he resigned, hav- •z m y. r, K C r c > •2". c r r w • -^•a.SIW' ">. ~ ^^ ""1»> - ——■^ ,if: ^ w > O H A & WESTERN RAIL- ■ROAD. (See Illinois Cenfnil Railroad) CHANDLER, Charles, physician, was born at West Woodstock, Conn., Juh- 2, 1806; graduated with the degree of M.D. at Castleton, Vt., and, in 1829, located in Scituate, R. I. ; in 1832, started with tlie intention of settling at Fort Clark (now Peoria), III., but was stopped at Beardstown by the "Black Hawk War," finally locating on the Sangamon River, in Cass County, wliere, in 1848, he laid out the town of Chandlerville — Abraham Lincoln being one of tlie surveyors who platted the town. Here he gained a large practice, which he was compelled, in his later years, par- tially to abandon in consequence of injuries received while prosecuting his profession, after- wards turning his attention to merchandising and encouraging the development of the locality in which he lived by promoting the construction of railroads and the building of schoolhouses and churches. Liberal and public-spirited, his influ- ence for good extended over a large region. Died, April 7, 1879. CHANDLER, Henry B., newspaper manager, was born at Frelighsburg, Quebec, July 12, 183C; at 18 he began teaching, and later took charge of tlie business department of "The Detroit Free Press"; in 1861, came to Chicago with Wilbur F. Storey and became business manager of "The Chicago Times"; in 1870, disagreed with Storey and retired from newspaper business. Died, at Yonkers, N. Y,, Jan. 18, 1896. CHANDLERVILLE, a village in Ca.ss County, on the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railroad, 7 miles north by east from Virginia, laid out in 1848 by Dr. Charles Chandler, and platted by Abraham Lincoln. It has a bank, a creamery, four churches, a weekly newspaper, a flour and a saw-raill. Population (1890), 910; (1900), 940. CHAPIN, a village of Morgan County, at the intersection of the Wabasli and tlie Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroads, 10 miles west of Jacksonville. Population (1890), 450; (1900), 514. CHAPPELL, Charles H., railway manager, was born in Du Page County, 111., Marcli 3, 1841. With an ardent passion for the railroad business, fit the age of 16 he obtained a position as freight brakeman on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, being steadily promoted through the ranks of conductor, train-master and dispatcher, until, in 1865, at the age of 24, he was appointed General Agent of the Eastern Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy. Other railroad positions which Mr. Cliappell has since held are: .Superintendent of ,i division of the Union Pacific (1869-70); Assistant or Division Superintendent of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, or some of its branches (1870-74) ; General Superintendent of the Missouri, Kansas & Texas (1874-76) ; vSuperintendent of the Western Division of tlie Wabash (1877-79). In 1880, he accepted the position of Assistant General Superintendent of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, being advanced in the next three years througli the grades of General Superintendent and Assistant General Manager, to that of General Manager of tlie entire system, which he has continued to fill for over twelve years. Quietly and without show or display, Sir. Chappell continues in the discharge of his duties, assisting to make the system with which he is identified one of the most succe.ssful and perfect in its operation in the whole country. CHARLESTON, the county-seat of Coles County, an incorporated city and a railway junc- tion, 46 miles west of Terre Haute, Ind. It lies in the center of a farming region, yet has several factories, including woolen and flouring mills, broom, plow and carriage factories, a foundry and a canning factory. Three newspapers are published here, issuing daily editions. Population (1890), 4,135; (1900), 5,488. The Eastern State Normal School was located here in 1895. CHARLESTON, NEO(U & ST. LOUIS RAIL- ROAD. (See Toledo, St. Louis & Kansas City Railroad.) CHARLEVOIX, Pierre Francois Xavier de, a celebrated French traveler and an early explorer of Illinois, born at St. Quentin, France, Oct. 29, 1682. He entered the Jesuit Society, and while a student was sent to Quebec (1695), where for four years he was instructor in the college, and completed his divinity studies. In 1709 he returned to France, but came again to Quebec a few years later. He ascended the St. Lawrence, sailed through Lakes Ontario and Erie, and finall.y reached the Mi.ssissip])! by wa^' of the Illinois River. After visiting Cahokia and the surrounding county (1720-21), he continued down the Mississippi to New Orleans, and returned to France by way of Santo Domingo. Besides some works on religious subjects, he was tlie author of histories of Japan, Paraguay and San Domingo. His great work, however, was the "History of New France," which was not published until twenty years after his death. His journal of his American explorations appeared about the same time. His history has long been cited by scholars as authority, but no English translation was made until 1805, wlien it was undertaken by Sliea. Died in France. Feb. 1. 1761. 88 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. CHASE, Philander, Protestant Episcopal Bishop, was born in Cornish, Vt., Dec 14, ITTo, and graduated at Dartmouth in 1795. Although reared as a Congregationalist, he adopted the Episcopal faith, and was ordained a priest in 1799, for several years laboring as a missionary in Northern and Western New York. In 1805, he went to New Orleans, but returning North in 1811, spent six years as a rector at New Haven, Conn., then engaged in missionary work in Ohio, organizing a number of parishes and founding an academy at Worthington ; was consecrated a Bishop in 1819, and after a visit to England to raise funds, laid the foundation of Kenyon College and Gambier Theological Seminary, named in honor of two English noblemen who had contributed a large portion of the funds. Differences arising with some of his clergy in reference to the proper use of the funds, he resigned both the Bishopric and the Presidency of the college in 1831. and after three years of missionary labor in Michigan, in 1835 was chosen Bishop of Illinois. Making a second visit to England, he succeeded in raising additional funds, and, in 1838, founded Jubilee College at Robin's Nest, Peoria County, 111., for which a charter was obtained in 1847. He was a man of great religious zeal, of indomitable perseverance and the most successful pioneer of the Episcopal Church in the West. He was Presiding Bishop from 1843 until his death, which occurred Sept. 20, 1853, Several volumes appeared from his pen, the most important being "A Plea for the West" (1826), and "Reminiscences: an Autobiography, Comprising a History of the Principal Events in the Author's Life" (1848). CHATHA.H, a village of Sangamon County, on the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 9 miles south of Springfield. Population (1890), 4,S2; (19U0), 6C!)., CHATSWORTH, town in Livingston County, on 111. Cent, and Toledo, Peoria & Western Rail- ways, 79 miles east of Peoria; in farming and stock-raising district; has two banks, three grain elevators, five churches, a graded school, two weekly papers, water works, electric lights, paved streets, cement sidewalks, brick works, and other manufactories. Pop. (1890), 827: (1900), 1,038. CHEBANSE, a town in Iroquois and Kankakee Counties, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 64 miles south-southwest from Chicago; the place has two banks and one newspaper. Population (1880), 738: (1890), 616: (1900), .5.55. CHENEY, Charles Edward, Bishop of the Re- formed Protestant Episcopal Church, was born in Canandaigua, N. Y., Feb. 12, 1836; graduated at Hobart in 1857, and began study for the ministry of tlie Protestant Episcopal Church. Soon after ordination he became rector of Christ Church, Chicago, and was prominent among those who, under the leadership of Assistant Bishop Cum- mins of Kentucky, organized the Reformed Epis- copal Church in 1873. He was elected Missionary Bisliop of the Northvrest for the new organiza- tion, and was consecrated in Christ Chiu-ch, Chicago, Dec. 14, 1873. CHENEY, John Vance, author and librarian, was born at Groveland, N. Y., Dec. 39, 1848, though the family home was at Dorset, Vt., where he grew up and received his primary edu- cation. He acquired his academic training at Manchester, Vt., and Temple Hill Academy, Genesee, N. Y., graduating from the latter in 1865, later becoming Assistant Principal of the same institution. Having studied law, he was admitted to the bar successively in Massachusetts and New York; but meanwhile having written considerably for the old "Scribner's Monthly" (now "Century Magazine"), while under the editorship of Dr. J. G. Holland, he gradually adopted literature as a profession. Removing to the Pacific Coast, he took charge, in 1887, of the Free Public Library at San Francisco, remaining imtil 1894, when lie accepted the position of Librarian of the Newberry Library in Chicago, as successor to Dr. William F. Poole, deceased. Besides two or three volumes of verse, Mr. Cheney is the author of numerous essays on literary subjects. His published works include "Thistle- Drift," poems (1887); "Wood-Blooms," poems (1888), "Golden Guess," essays (1892); "That Dome in Air," essays (1895); "Queen Helen," poem (1895) and "Out of the Silence," poem (1897). He is also editor of "Wood Notes Wild," by Simeon Pea.se Cheney (1892), and Caxton Club's edition of Derb3-'s Phctni.xiana. CHENOA, an incorporated city of McLean County, at the intersecting point of the Toledo, Peoria A Western and tlie Chicago & Alton Rail- roads, 48 miles east of Peoria, 23 miles nortlieast of Bloomington, and 102 miles south of Chicago. Agriculture, dairy farming, fruit-growing and coal-mining are the chief industries of the sur- rounding region. The city also has an electric light plant, waterworks, canning works and tile works, besides two banks, seven churches, a graded school, two vreekly papers, and teleplione systems connecting with the surrounding coun- try. Population (1890), 1,236; (1900), 1,512. CHESBROUGH, EUis Sylvester, civil engineer, was born in Baltimore, Md., July 6, 1813; at the HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 89 age of thirteen was chainman to an engineering party on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, being later employed on other roads. In 1S3T, he was appointed senior assistant engineer in the con- struction of the Louisville, Cincinnati & Charles- ton Railroad, and, in 1846, Chief Engineer of the Boston Waterworks, in 18,50 becoming sole Com- missioner of the Water Department of that citj'. In 18.J.5, he became engineer of the Chicago Board of Sewerage Commissioners, and in that capacity designed the sewerage system of the city — also planning the river tunnels. He resigned the ofRce of Commissioner of Public Works of Chicago in 1879. He was regarded as an author- ity on water-supply and sewerage, and was con- sulted by the officials of New York, Boston, Toronto, Milwaukee and other cities. Died, August 19, 1886. CHESN'UT, John A., lawyer, was born in Ken- tucky, Jan. 19, 1816, his father being a native of South Carolina, but of Irish descent. John A. was educated principally in liis native State, but came to Illinois in 1836, read law with P. H. Winchester at Carlinville, was admitted to the bar in 1837, and practiced at Carlinville until 18.55, when he removed to Springfield and engaged in real estate and banking bu.siness. Mr. Ches- nut was associated with many local business enterprises, was for several years one of the Trustees of the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb at Jacksonville, also a Trustee of the Illinois Feniale College (Methodist) at the same place, and was Supervisor of the United States Census for the Sixth District of Illinois in 1880. Died, Jan U, 1898. CHESTER, the count3'-seat of Randolph County, situated on the Slississippi River, 76 miles south of St. Louis. It is the seat of the Southern Illinois Penitentiary and of the State A.sylum for Insane Convicts It stands in the heart of a region abounding in bitviminous coal, and is a prominent shipping point for this com- modity: also has quarries of building stone. It has a grain elevator, flouring mills, rolling mills and foundries. Population (1880), 3,.580; (1890), 2,708; (1900), 2,833. CHETLAIN, Augustus Louis, soldier, was born in St. Louis, Mo., Dec. 26, 1824, of French Hugue- not stock — his parents having emigrated from Switzerland in 1823, at first becoming members of the Selkirk colony on Red River, in ManitoV)a. Having received a common school education, he became a merchant at Galena, and was the first to volunteer there in response to the call for troops after the bombardment of Fort Sumter, in 1861, being chosen to the captaincy of a company in the Twelfth Regiment of Illinois Volunteers, whicli General Grant had declined; participated in the campaign on the Tennessee River which resulted in the capture of Fort Donelson and the battle of Shiloh, meanwhile being commissioned Lieutenant-Colonel ; also distinguished himself at Corintli, where he remained in command until May, 1863, and organized the first colored regi- ment raised in the West. In December, 1863, he was promoted Brigadier-General and placed in charge of the organization of colored troops in Tennessee, serving later in Kentucky and being brevetted Major-General in January, 1804. From January to October, 1865, he commanded the post at Memphis, and later the District of Talla- dega, Ala., until January, 1866, when he was mustered out of the service. General Chetlain was Aissessor of Internal Revenue for the District of Utah (1867-69), then appointed United States Consul at Brussels, serving until 1873, on his return to the United States establishing himself as a banker and broker in Chicago. CHICAGO, the county-seat of Cook County, chief city of Illinois and (1890) second city in population in the United .States. Situation. — Tlie city is situated at the south- west bend of Lake Michigan, 18 miles north of the extreme southern point of the lake, at the mouth of the Chicago River; 715 miles west of New York, 590 miles north of west from Wash- ington, and 260 miles northeast of St. Louis. From the Pacific Coast it is distant 2,417 miles. Latitude 41° 52' north; longitude 87° 35' west of Greenwich. Area (1898), 186 square miles. Topography. — Chicago stands on the dividing ridge between the Mississippi and St. Lawreuce basins. It is 503 feet above sea-level, auj its highest point is some 18 feet above Lake Michi- gan. The Chicago River is virtually a bayou, dividing into north and south branches about a half-mile west of the lake. The surrounding country is a low, flat prairie, but engineering science and skill have done much for it in the way of drainage. The Illinois & Michigan Canal terminates at a point on the south branch of the Chicago River, within the city limits, and unites the waters of Lake Michigan with those of tlie Illinois River. Commerce. — The Chicago River, with its branches, affords a water frontage of nearly 60 miles, the greater part of which is utilized for the shipment and unloading of grain, lumber, stone, coal, merchandise, etc. Another navigable stream (the Calumet River) also lies within the ■90 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. corporate limits. Dredging has made the Chi- cago River, with its branches, navigable for vessels of deep draft. The harbor has also been widened and deepened. "Well constructed break- waters protect the vessels lying inside, and the port is as safe as any on the great lakes. The city is a port of entry, and the tonnage of vessels arriving there exceeds that of any other port in the United States. During 1897, 9,1.56 ves.sels arrived, with an aggregate tonnage of 7,309,443, while 9,301 cleared, representing a tonnage of 7,18.5,334. It is the largest grain market in the world, its elevators (in 1897) having a capacity of 32,5.50,000 bushels. According to the reports of the Board of Trade, the total receipts and shipments of grain for the year 1898 — counting flour as its grain equiva- lent in bushels — amounted to 333,097,4.53 bushels of the former, to 289,930,028 bushels of the latter. The receipts and shipments of various products for the year (1898) were as follows: Flour (bbls.) . Wheat (bu.) . . Corn "... Oats "... Rye "... Barley " . . • Cured Meats (lbs.) Dressed Beef " . Live-stock — Hogs " Cattle " Sheep Receipts. 5,316,195 35,741, .5.55 127,436,374 110,293,647 4,93.5,308 18, 116.. 594 339,005,246 110,386,6.53 9,360,968 3,480,633 3,502,378 Shipments. .5,033,336 38.094,900 130,397,681 85.0.57,636 4,453,384 6,755,347 933,637,733 1,060,8.59,808 1,334.71)8 864,408 545,001 Chicago is also an important lumber market, the receipts in 1895, including shingles, being 1,563,537 M. feet. As a center for beef and pork- packing, the city is without a rival in the amount of its products, there having been 92,4.59 cattle and 760,514 hogs packed in 1894-95. In bank clearings and general mercantile business it ranks second only to New York, while it is also one of the chief manufacturing centers of the country. The census of 1890 shows 9.9.59 manu- facturing establishments, with a capital of S29?,- 477,038; employing 203,108 hands, and turning out products valued at 8032,184,140. Of the out- put by far the largest was that of the slaughter- ing and meat-packing establishments, amounting to $303,825,093; men's clothing came next (S33,- 517,336) ; iron and steel, §31,419,854; foundry and machine shop products, §29,938,616; planed lumber, §17,604,494. Chicago is also the most important live-stock market in the United States. The Union Stock Yards (in the sovithwest part of the city) are connected with all railroad lines •entering the city, and cover many hundreds of acres. In 1894, there were received 8,788,049 animals (of all descriptions), valued at §148,057,- 626. Chicago is also a primary market for liides and leather, the production and sales being both of large proportions, and the trade in manufac- tured leather (notably in boots and shoes) exceeds that of any other market in the country. Ship-building is a leading industry, as are also brick-making, distilling and brewing. Transport.\tion, etc. — Besides being the chief port on the great lakes, Chicago ranks second to no other American city as a railway center. The old "Galena & Chicago Union," its first railroad, was operated in 1849, and within three years a substantial advance had been scored in the way of steam transportation. Since then the multi- plication of railroad lines focusing in or passing through Chicago has been rapid and steady. In 1895 not less than thirty-eight distinct lines enter the city, although these are operated by only twenty-two companies. Some 2,000 miles of railroad track are laid within the city limits. The number of trains daily arriving and depart- ing (suburban and freight included) is about 2.000. Intramural transportation is afforded by electric, steam, cable and horse-oar lines. Four tunnels under the Chicago River and its branches, and numerous bridges connect the various divi- sions of the city. History. — Point du Sable (a native of San Domingo) was admittedly the first resident of Chicago other than the aborigines. The French missionaries and explorers — Marquette, Joliet, La Salle, Hennepin and others — came a century earlier, their explorations beginning in 1673. After the expulsion of the French at the close of the French and Indian War, the territory passed under British control, though French traders remained in this vicinity after the War of the Revolution. One of these named Le Mai followed Point du Sable about 1796, and was himself suc- ceeded by John Kinzie, the Indian tra /) to > " 3 > O |J O 3 £ Ctq' a 5 a 3 o a- O O < » (J < z o '■J z w o _: o 3 41 niSTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 91 the population of the infant settlement by Jraw- ing to it settlers from tlie interior for purposes of mutual protection. Town organization was effected on August 10, 183'2. the total number of votes polled being 28. The town grew rapidly for a time, but received a set-back in the financial crisis of 1837. During May of that year, how- ever, a charter was obtained and Chicago became a city. The total number of votes cast at that time was 703. Tlie census of the city for the 1st of July of that year showed a population of 4,180. The following table sliows the names and term of office of the chief city officers from 1837 to 1899: 1837 1838 I8;i9 1940 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877-78 1879 80 1881-82 1883-84 1S85 86 1887-88 1889-90 1891 92 1893 94 1895-9fi my? as 1899 Wm. B. Ogden.. Buckner K. Morris Benj. W. Raymond Alexander Lloyd F. C. Sherman Benj. W, Raymond Augustus Garrett Ans Garrett, Alson S.Shermam 4) Auti.Garrett.Al3onS.Sherman(4) John F. Cliapiu James Ciirtiss James H. Woodworth James H. Woodworth James Curtias Walters. Gurnee Walters. Gurnee Charles M.Gray Ira L Milliken Levi D. Boone Thomas Dyer John Went worth John C. Haines JohnC. Haines John Wentworth Julian S, Rumaey. F. C. Sherman PC Sherman F. C. Sherman John B. Rice John B, Rice John B- Rice JohnB. Kice John B Rice (8) R. B. Mason R. B. Mason Joseph Mfdill Joseph Medill Harvey D. Colvin Harvey D. Colvin Monroe Heath. i9) H. D. Colvin, ThomiiB Hoyne Monroe Heath Carter H. Harrison Carter H. Harrison Carter H. Harrison Carter H Harrison John A. Roche Dewitt C. Cretfier Hempstead Washburne Carter H. Harrison, Geo. B Swift,' 11) John P. Hopkina.ai > Geo. B. Swift ,<'arter H. Harrison. Jr Carter H. Harrison, Jr City Clsbk. I. N. Arnold, Geo. Davis (1) Geo. Davis Wm. H. Brackett .. Thomas Hoyne Thomas Hoyne J. Curtis James M. Lowe E. A. Rucker E. A. Rucker.Wm.S.Brown{5 Henry B. Clarke Henry B Clarke Sidney Abe 1 Sidney Abell Sidney Abell Henry VV- Zimmerman Henry W. Zimmerman , Henry W. Zimmerniaii , Henry W. Zimmerman Henry W. Zimmerman Henry W. Zimmerman H. Kreisman H. Kreisinan H. Kreiaman Abraham Kohn A. J. Marble A. J. Marble , H.W.Zimmerman H. W. Zimmerman Albert H. Bodman Albert H. Bodman Albert H. Bodman Albert H. Bodman Albert H. Bodman Charles T. Hotchkiss Charles T. Hotchkiss. Charles T. Hotchkiss Charles T. Hotchkiss Joa. K. C. Forrest Jos. K. C Forrest Caspar Butz Caspar Butz P. J. Howard P. J. Howard John O. Nenmeister C. Herman Plautz D. W. Nickerson Frattz A mberg James R. B. Van Cleave Chas. D.Gaatfield James K. B. Van Cleave William LuHrtler William Loeffler C»TY ATTORNKY. N. B. Judd N. B. Judd Sam uel L. Smith Mark Skinner Geo. Manierre Henry Brown G Manierre. Henry BrowiiiS) Heiirv W. Clarke Henry W. Clarke Cliarles H. Larrabee Patrick Baliingall Giles Spring O R. W. Lull Henry H.Clark Henry H. Clark Arno Vosa Arno Voss Patrick Baliingall J, A. Thompson ........ J. L Marsh John C. Miller Elliott Anthony Geo. F. Crocker John Lvle King Ira W Buel Geo. A. Meech Francis Adams Francis Adams Daniel D. Driscoll Daniel D. Driscoll Hasbrouck Davis Hasbrouck Davis Has'irouck Davis Israel N. StUes Israel N. Stiles Israel N. Stiles Israel N. Stiles Egbert Jamieson Egbert Jamieson R.S Tuthill R. S. Tuthill Juliuq S. Grinnell , Jul ins S. Grinnell Jniius S GriTiriell , } I. 'Ml [1.1 1 mil Washburne. Hempstead Washburne. .Geo. F.Sugg JacobJ. Kern,G.A.Trude(10) Geo. A. Trude Roy O. West Miles J. Devine., Andrew J. Ryan . CiTV Trkasitbeb. Hiram Pearsons. Hiram Pearsons. Geo. W. Dole. W. S Gurnee, N. H. Bolle8(2) N. H. BoIIes. F, C. Shernian. Wa'ter S. Gurnee. Walter S. Gumee. Wm. L. Church. Wm. L. Church. Andrew Getzler. Wm. L. Church. Wm. L. Church. Edward MHiiierre. Edward Manierre. Edward Manierre. Edward Manierre. Uriah P. Harris. Wm. F De Wolf. O. J. Rose. C, N Holden. Aloiizo Harvey. Alonzo Harvey. Alonzo Harvey,C.W.Hunt(6) W. H. Rice. F. H. Cutting, W. H. Rice(7) David A. Gage. David A. Gage. A.G. Throop. A. G. Throop. Wm. F. Wentworth. Wm. F. Wentworth. Wm. F. Wentworth. David A. Gage. David A. GaKe. David A, Qane. David A Gatje. Daniel O'Hara. Daniel O'Hara. Clinton Brlggs. Chas. B Larrabee. W. C, Seipp. Rudolph Brand. John M. Dunphy. Wm. M. Devine. C- Herman Ptautz. Bernard Roesing. Peter Kiolbaasa. Michael J. Branafleld. Adam Wolf. Ernst Hummel. Adam Ortseifen. (1) I. N. Arnold TMigned. and Geo. Davis appointed, October, 1837. (2) Gurnee resigned, BoIIes appointed his successor. April. 1840. (3) Manierre resigned. Brown appointed bis sviccessor. July, 1843. (4) Election of Garrett declared illegal, and Sherman elected at new election, held April, 1844. (5) Brown apptnnied to fill vacancy caused by re.signation of Rucker. (6) Harvey resigned atid Hunt appointed to till vacancy. (7) Cutting havnikt failetl to qualify. Rice, who was already in ofTice. held over. (8) Legislature ctmiif^ed duteof election from April to November, the persons in otiice at beginning of ls69 remaining In office to Deo'iiiliHr of that year. (9) City (►rKiiiii/.ed under general Incorporation Act in 1S7.S, and no city election held until April. 187S. The order for a new election omitted thoothce of Mayor, yet a popular viite was taken which gave a majority to Thomas Hoyne. The Council then in ofHce refused to canvivsH tiiis vote, but its Niicci-ssor, at its first meeting, did so, declaring Hoyne duly elected. Colvin. the incumbent, refused to surrender the olli-e, claiming the ri«lit to " hold over;" Hoyne tlien made a contest for the oflice. which resulted In a decision by the Supremi! Court dcnyint? the claims of both contestants, when a new election was ordered by the City Council. July 12. IH7i», at wnich Monroe Heath was elected, .serving out the term. (10) City Attorney Kern, having resigned November 21, iay.i, Geo. A. Trude was appointed to serve out the remainder of the term, > H O o n O o > > o w n > z PI r > D > H > G r r o PI ■0 H a n PI H P! SANITARY CANAL - CHICAGO MANCHESTER NORTH SEJ\ - 3ALTIC- V,«rS> NORTH SEA - AMSTERDAM - ^OO 08 SUEl WELLAND ILLINOIS* MISSISSIPPI HENNEPIN - « soo • ERIE ILLINOIStMICHIGAN \.V!'ft-^S,Ai-'!!i COMPARATIVE SIZE OF NOTED CANALS. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 95- five J-ears later, by a grant of lands for the pur- pose of its construction. The work was begun in 1836. and so far completed in 1.S48 as to admit of the passage of boats from the Chicago basin to La Salle. {See Illinois ti- Michignn Canal.) Under an act passed bj- the Legislature in 1805, the work of deepening the canal was undertaken by the city of Chicago with a view to furnishing means to relieve the city of its sewage, the work being completed some time before the fire of 18T1. This scheme having failed to accomplish the object designed, other measures began to be considered. Various remedies were proposed, but in all the authorities were confronted with the difficulty of providing a fund, under the provisions of the Constitution of 1870, to meet the necessary cost of construction. In the closing months of the year 1885, Hon. H. B. Hurd, who had been a member of a Board of "Drainage Commission- ers," organized in 1855, was induced to give attention to the subject. Having satisfied him- self and others that the difficulties were not insurmountable with proper action by the Legis- lature, the City Council, on Jan. 27, 1886, passed a resolution authorizing the Mayor to appoint a Commission, to consist of "one expert engineer of reputation and experience in engineering and sanitary matters," and two consulting engineers, to constitute a "drainage and water-supply com- mission" for the purpose of investigating and reporting upon the matter of water-supply and disposition of the sewage of the city. As a result of this action, Rudolph Hering, of Philadel- phia, was appointed expert engineer by Mayor Harrison, with Benezette Williams and S. G. Artingstall, of Chicago, as consulting engineers. At the succeeding session of the General Assem- bly (1887), two bills — one known as the "Hurd bill" and the other as the "Winston bill," but both drawn by Mr. Hurd, the first contemplating doing the work by general taxation and the issue of bonds, and the other by special assessment — were introduced in that body. As it was found that neither of these bills could be passed at that session, a new and shorter one, whicli became known as the "Roche-Winston bill," was intro- duced and passed near the close of the session. A resolution was also adopted creating a com- mission, consisting of two Senators, tvv-o Repre- sentatives and Mayor Roche of Chicago, to further investigate the subject. The later act. just referred to. provided for the construction of a cut- off from the Des Plaines River, which would divert the flood-waters of that stream and tlie North Branch into Lake Michigan north of the city. Nothing was done under this act, however. At the next session (1889) the commission made a favorable report, and a new law was enacted embracing the main features of tlie Hurd bill, though changing the title of the organization to be formed from the "Metropolitan Town," as proposed by Mr. Hurd, to the "Sanitary Dis- trict." The act. as passed, provided for the election of a Board of nine Trustees, their powei'S- being confined to "providing for the drainage of the district," both as to surplus water and sew- age. Much opposition to the measure had been developed during the pendency of the legislation on the subject, especially in the Illinois valley, on sanitary grounds, as well as fear of midsum- mer flooding of the bottom lands which are cultivated to some extent ; but this was overcome bj' the argument that the channel would, when the Des Plaines and Illinois Rivers were improved between Joliet and La Salle, furnish a new and enlarged waterway for the passage of vessels between the lake and the Mississippi River, and the enterprise was indorsed by conventions held at Peoria, Memphis and elsewhere, during the eighteen months preceding the passage of the act. The promise ultimately to furnish a flow of not less than 600,000 cubic feet per minute also excited alarm in cities situated upon the lakes, lest the taking of so large a volume of water from Lake Michigan should affect the lake-level injuriously to navigation; but these apprehen- sions were quieted by the assurance of expert engineers that the greatest reduction of the lake- level below the present minimum would not exceed three inches, and more likely would not produce a perceptible effect. At the general election, held Nov. 5, 1889, the "Sanitary District of Chicago" was organ- ized by an almost unanimous popular vote — the returns showing 70.958 votes for the measure to 242 against. The District, as thus formed, embraces all of the city of Chicago north of Eighty-seventh Street, with forty- three square miles outside of the city limits but within the area to be benefited by the improvement. Though the channel is located partly in Will County, the district is wholly in Cook and bears the entire expense of construc- tion. The first election of Trustees was held at a special election, Dec. 12. 1889, the Trustees then elected to hold their offices for five years and until the following November. The second election occurred, Nov. 5, 1895, when the Board, as now constituted (1899), was chosen, viz. • William Boldenweck, Joseph C. Braden, Zina R. 9G HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Carter, Bernard A. Eckhart, Alexander J. Jones, Thomas Kelly, James P. Mallette, Tlioraas A. Smj-th and Frank Wenter. The Trustees have power to sell bonds in order to procure funds to prosecute the work and to levy taxes upon prop- erty within the district, under certain limitations as to length of time the taxes run and the rate per cent imposed. Under an amendment of, the Drainage Act adopted by the Legislature in 1897, the rate of assessment upon property within the Drainage District is limited to one and one- half per cent, up to and including the year 1899. but after that date becomes one-half of one per cent. The bed of tlie channel, as now in process of construction, commences at Robey Street and tlie South Branch of the Chicago River, 5.8 miles from Lake Michigan, and extends in a south- westerly direction to the vicinity of Summit, where it intersects the Des Plaines River. From this point it follows tlie bed of that stream to Lockport, in Will County, wliere, in consequence of the sudden depression in the ground, the bed of the channel comes to the surface, and where the great controlling works are situated. This has made necessary the excavation of about thirteen miles of new channel for the river — which runs parallel with, and on the west side of, the drainage canal — besides the construction of about nineteen miles of levee to separate the waters of the canal from the river. The following statement of the quality of the material excavated and the dimensions of the work, is taken from a paper by Hon. H. B. Hurd, under the title, "The Chicago Drainage Channel and Waterway," published in the sixth volume of "Industrial Chicago" (1896): "Through that portion of the channel between Chicago and Summit, which is being constructed to produce a flow of 300,000 cubic feet per minute, which is supposed to be sufficient to dilute sew- age for about the present population (of Chicago), the width of the channel is 110 feet on the bot- tom, with side slopes of two to one. This portion of the channel is ultimatel}' to be enlarged to the capacity of 600,000 cubic feet per minute. Tlie bottom of the channel, at Robey Street, is 24.448 feet below Chicago datum. The width of the channel from Summit down to the neighborhood of Willow Springs is 202 feet on the bottom, with the same side slope. The cut through the rock, which extends from the neighborhood of Willow Springs to the point where the channel runs out of ground near Lockport, is 160 feet wide at the bottom. The entire depth of the channel is substantially the same as at Robej- Street, with the addition of one foot in 40,000 feet. The rock portion of the channel is constructed to the full capacity of 600,(100 cubic feet per minute. From the point where tlie channel runs out of ground to Joliet Lake, t.here is a rapid fall; ove' tliis slope works are to be constructed to let the water down in such a manner as not to damage Joliet. " Ground was broken on the rock-cut near Lemont, on Sept. 3, 1892, and work has been in progress almost constantly ever since. The prog- ress of the work was greatly obstnicted during the year 189S, by difficulties encountered in secur- ing the right of way for the discharge of the waters of the canal through the city of Joliet, but these were compromised near the clo.se of the year, and it was anticipated that the work would be prosecuted to completion during the year 1899. From Feb. 1, 1890, to Dec. 31, 1898, the net receipts of the Board for the prosecution of the work aggregated §28,257,707, while the net expenditures had amounted to 828,221 864.57. Of the latter, 820,099,284.67 was charged to construc- tion account, §3,156,903.12 to "land account" (including right of way), and 81,222,092.82 to the cost of maintaining the engineering department. When finished, the cost will reach not less than 835,000,000. These figures indicate the stupen- dous character of the work, which bids fair to stand without a rival of its kind in modern engineering and in the results it is expected to achieve. CHICAGO GREAT WESTERN RAILWAY. The total mileage of this line, June 30, 1898, was 1,008 miles, of which 152.52 miles are operated and owned in Illinois. The line in this State extends west from Chicago to East Dubuque, the extreme terminal points being Chicago and Minneapolis in the Northwest, and Kansas City in the Southwest. It has several branches in lUi nois, Iowa and Minnesota, and trackage arrange- ments with several lines, the most important being with the St. Paul & Northern Pacific (10. .56 miles), completing the connection between St. Paul and Minneapolis; with the Illinois Central from East Dubuque to Portage (12.23 miles), and with the Chicago & Northern Pacific from Forest Home to the Grand Central Station in Chicago. The company's own track is single, of standard gauge, laid with sixty and seventy-five-pound steel rails. Grades and curvature are light, and the equipment well maintained. The outstand- ing capital stock (1898) was 852,019,054; total capitalization, including stock, bonds and miscel- laneous indebtedness, 857,144,245. (History). The road was chartered, Jan. 5, 1892, under the laws of Illinois, for the purpose of reorganization of VIEWS OF DRAINAGE CANAL. VIEWS OF DRAINAGE CANAL. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 97 the Chicago, St. Paul & Kansas City Railway Conipaoy on a stock basis. During 1895, the De Kalb & Great Western RailroaJ (.'i.Sl miles) was built from De Kalb to Sycamore as a feeder of this line. CHICAGO, HARLEM & BATAVIA RAIL- ROAD. (See Chicago 'T\% situated in the southeastern ipiarter of the State; has an area of 470 square miles and a population (1900) of 19,553. It was named for Henry Clay. The first claim in the count}' was entered by a Mr. Elliot, in 1818, and soon after settlers began to locate homes in the county, although it was not organized until 1824. During the same year the pioneer settlement of Maysville was made the couuty-seat, but immi- gration continvied inactive until 1837, when many settlers arrived, headed by Judges Apper- son and Hopkins and Messrs. Stanford and Lee, who were soon followed by the families of Coch- ran, McCullom and Tender. The Little Wabash River and a number of small tributaries drain the county. A light-colored sandy loam consti- tutes the greater part of the soil, although "black HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 107 praiiie loam" appears liere and tliere. Railroad facilities are limited, but sufficient to accommo- date the county's requirements. Fruits, especially apples, are successfully cultivated. Educational advantages are fair, although largely confined to district schools and academies in larger towns. Louisville was made the county- seat in 1842, and, in lfS9(l, had a pojjulation of 637. Xenia and Flora are the most important towns. CLAYTON, a town in Adams County, on the Wabash Railway, 28 miles east-northeast of Quinc}-. A branch of the Wabash Railway ex- tends from this point nortliwest to Carthage, 111., and Keokuk, Iowa, and another branch to Quincy. 111. The industries include flour and feed mills, machine and raih-oad repair shops, grain elevator, cigar and harness factories. It has a bank, four churches, a high scliool. and a weekly newspaper. Population (1890), 1,038; (,1900), 996. CLEATEE, William, pioneer, was born in Lon- don, England, in 1815; came to Canada with his parents in 1831, and to Chicago in 1834; engaged in Inisiness as a chandler, later going into the grocery ti-ade; in 1849, joined the gold-.seekers in California, and, six years afterwards, established himself in the southern part of tlie present city of Chicago, then called Cleaverville, where he served as Postmaster and managed a general store. He was the owner of considerable real estate at one time in what is now a densely populated part of the city of Chicago. Died in Chicago, Nov. 13, 1896. CLEMENTS, Isaac, ex-Congressman and Gov; ernor of Soldiers" and Sailors" Home at Danville, 111., was born in Franklin Count}', lud., in 1837; graduated from Asbury University, at Green- castle, in 18.59, having suj^ported himself during his college course by teaching. After reading law and being admitted to the bar at Greencastle, lie removed to Carbondale, 111., where he again found it necessary to resort to teaching in order to jiurchase law-books. In July, 18G1, he enlisted in the Ninth Illinois Infantr}-, and was commis- sioned Second Lieutenant of Company G. He was in the service for three years, was three times wounded and twice promoted "for meri- torious service. 'i In June, 1807, he was ap- pointed Register in Bankruptcy, and from 1873 to 1875 was a Republican Representative in the Forty-third Congress from the (then) Eighteenth District. He was also a member of the Repub- lican State Convention of 1880. In 1889, lie became Pension Agent for the District of Illinois, by appointment of President Harrison, serving until 1893. In the latter part of 1898, he was appointed Superintendent of the Soldiers' Orphans" Home, at Normal, but served only a few months, when he accepted the position of Governor of the new Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, at Danville. CLEVELAND, CINCINNATI, CHICAGO & ST. LOUIS RAILWAY. The total length of this sys- tem (1898) is 1,807.34 miles, of which 478.39 miles are operated in Illinois. That portion of the main line lying within the State extends from East St. Louis, northeast to the Indiana State line, 181 miles. The Company is also the lessee of the Peoria & Eastern Railroad (132 miles), and oper- ates, in addition, other lines, as follows: The Cairo Division, extending from Tilton, on the line of the Wabash, 3 miles southwest of Dan- ville, to Cairo (2.59 miles) ■ the Chicago Division, extending from Kankakee southeast to the Indiana State line (34 miles) ; the Alton Branch, from Wann Junction, on the main line, to Alton (4 miles). Besides these, it enjoys with the Chi- cago, Burlington & Quinc}' Railroad, joint owner- ship of the Kankakee & Seneca Railroad, which it operates. The sy.stem is uniformly of standard gauge, and about 280 miles are of double track. It is laid with heavy steel rails (sixty-tive, .sixt.y- seven and eighty pounds), laid on white oak ties, and is amply ballasted with broken stone and gravel. Extensive repair shops are located at JIattoon. The total capital of the entire system on June 30, 1898— including capital stock and bonded and floating debt — was $97,149,361. The total earnings in Illinois for the year were 83,773,193, and the total expenditures in the State §3,611,437. The taxes paid the same year were $124,190. The history of this .syfitem, so far as Illinois is concerned, begins with the consolida- tion, in 1889, of the Cincinnati, Indianapolis, St. Louis & Chicago, the Cleveland, Columbus, Cin- cinnati & Indianapolis, and the Indianajwlis & St. Louis Railway Companies. In 1890, certain leased lines in Illinois (elsewhere mentioned) were merged into the system. (For history of the several divisions of this system, see St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute, Peoria & Eaufern, Cairo & Vincennes, and Kankakee & Seneca Railroads.) CLIMATOLOGY. Extending, as it does, through six degrees of latitude, Illinois affords a great diversity of climate, as regards not only the range of temperature, but also the amount of rainfall. In both particulars it exhibits several ])oints of contrast to States lying between tlie same jiarallels of latitude, but nearer the Atlan- tic. The same statement applies, as well, to all 108 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. the North Central and the Western States. Warm winds from the Gulf of Mexico come up the Mississippi Valle}-, and impart to vegetation in the southern portion of the State, a stimulat- ing influence which is not felt upon the seaboard. On the other hand, there is no great barrier to the descent of the Arctic winds, which, in winter, sweep down toward the Gulf, depressing the temperature to a point lower than is custom- ary nearer the seaboard on the same latitude. Lake Michigan exerts no little influence upon the climate of Cliicago and other adjacent districts, mitigating both summer heat and winter cold. If a comparison be instituted between Ottawa and Boston — the latter being one degree farther north, but 570 feet nearer the sea-level — the springs and summers are found to be about five degrees warmer, and the winters tliree degrees' colder, at the former point. In comparing the East and West in respect of rainfall, it is seen that, in the former section, tlie same is pretty equally distributed over the four seasons, while in the latter, spring and summer may be called the wet season, and autumn and winter the dry. In the extreme West nearly three-fourths of the yearly precipitation occurs during the growing season. This is a climatic condition highly favorable to the growth of grasses, etc., but detrimental to the growth of trees. Hence we find luxuriant forests near the seaboard, and, in the interior, grassy plains. Illinois occupies a geographical position wliere these great climatic clianges begin to manifest themselves, and wliere ' the distinctive features of the prairie fir.st become fully apparent. The annual precipitation of rain is gi'eatest in the soutliern part of the State, but, owing to the higher temperature of that section, the evaporation is also more rapid. The distribution of the rainfall in respect of seasons is also more unequal toward the south, a fact wliich may account, in part at least, for the increased area of woodlands in that region. While Illinois lies within the zone of southwest winds, their flow is affected by conditions some- what abnormal. The northeast trades, after entering the Gulf, are deflected by the mountains of Mexico, becoming inward breezes in Texas, southerly winds in the Lower Mississippi Valley, and southwesterly as they enter the Ui)per Valley. It is to this aerial current that the hot, moist summers are attributable. The north and nortliwest winds, which set in with the change of the season, depress the temperature to a point below that of the Atlantic slope, and are attended with a diminished precipitation. CLINTON, the county-seat of De Witt County, situated 23 miles south of Bloomington, at inter- section of the Springfield and the Champaign- Havana Divisions with the main line of the Illinois Central Railroad ; lies in a productive agricultural region; has machine shops, flour and planing mills, brick and tile works, water works, electric lighting plant, piano-case factory, banks, three newspapers, six churches, and two public schools. Population (1890), 3,.598; (1900), 4,4.53. CLINTON COUNTY, organized in 1824. from portions of Washington, Bond and Fayette Coun- ties, and named in honor of De Witt Clinton. It is situated directly east of St. Louis, has an area of 494 square miles, and a population (1900) of 19,824. It is drained by the Kaskaskia River and by Shoal, Crooked, Sugar and Beaver Creeks. Its geological formation is similar to that of other counties in the same section. Thick layers of limestone lie near the surface, with coal seams underlying the same at varying depths. The soil is varied, being at some points black and loamy and at others (under timber) decidedly clayey. The timber has been mainly cut for fuel because of the inherent difficulties attending coal-mining. Two railroads cross the county from east to west, but its trade is not important. Agi-iculture is the chief occupation, corn, wheat and oats being the staple products. CLOUD, JTewton, clergyman and legislator, was born in Xorth Carolina, in 180.5, and, in 1827, settled in the vicinity of Waverly, Morgan County, 111., where he pursued the vocation of a farmer, as well as a preacher of the Methodist Church. He also became prominent as a Demo- cratic politician, and served in no less than nine sessions of the General Assembly, besides the Constitutional Convention of 1847, of which he was chosen President. He was first elected Representative in the Seventh Assembly (1S30), and afterwards served in the House during the sessions of the Xinth, Tenth, Eleventh, Thir- teenth, Fifteenth and Twenty-seventh, and as Senator in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth. He was also Clerk of the House in 1844-45, and, having been elected Representative two years- later, was chosen Speaker at the succeeding ses- sion. Although not noted for any specially aggressive qualities, his consistency of character won for him general respect, while his frequent elections to the Legislature prove him to have been a man of large influence. CLOWRY, Robert C, Telegraph Managar, was born in 1838: entered the service of the Illinois & Mississippi Telegraph Company as a messenger HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 109 boy at Joliet in 1852, became manager of the office at Lockport six mcmths later, at .Springfield in 1853, and chief opei-ator at St. Louis in 18o4. Between 18.j9 and "63, he held highly responsible positions on various Western lines, but the latter year was commissioned by President Lincoln Captain and Assistant Quartermaster, and placed in charge of United States military lines with headquarters at Little Rock, Ark. ; was mustered out in May, 1866, and immediately appointed District Superintendent of Western Union lines in tlie Southwest. From that time his pi-omotion was steady and rapid. In 1875 he became Assistant General Superintendent ; in 1878, Assist- ant General Superintendent of the Central Di\i- sion at Chicago; in 1880, succeeded General Stager as General Superintendent, and, in 1885, was elected Director, member of the Execu- tive Committee and Vice-President, his terri- tory extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific. COAL AND COAL-MIXIXG. Illinois contains much the larger portion of what is known as the central coal field, covering an area of about 37,000 square miles, and underlying sixty coun- ties, in but forty-five of which, however, opera- tions are conducted on a commercial scale. The Illinois field contains fifteen distinct seams. Those available for commercial mining generally lie at considerable depth and are reached by shafts. The coals are all bituminous, and furnish an excellent steam-making fuel. Coke is manu- factured to a limited extent in La Salle and some of the southern counties, but elsewhere in the State the coal does not yield a good marketable coke. Neither is it in any degi-ee a good gas coal, although used in some localities for that purpose, rather because of its abundance than on account of its adaptaljility. It is thought that, with the increase of cheap transportation facili- ties, Pittsburg coal will be brought into the State in such quantities as eventually to exclmle local coal from the manufacture of gas. In the report of the Eleventh United States Census, the total product of the Illinois coal mines was given as 12,104,273 tons, as against 6,115,377 tons reported by the Tenth Census. The value of the output was estimated at §11,735,203, or SO. 97 per ton at the mines. The total number of mines was stated to be 1,072, and the number of tons mined was nearly equal to the combined yield of the mines of Ohio and Indiana. The mines are divided into two classes, technically known as "regular" and "local." Of the former, there ■were 358, and of the latter, 714. These 358 regular mines employed 23,934 men and boys, of whom 21,3.j0 worked below ground, besides an office force of 389, and paid, in wages, $8,694,397. The total capital invested in these 358 mines was $17,630,351. According to the report of the State Bureau of Labor Statistics for 1898, 881 mines were operated during the year, employing 35,026 men and producing 18,599,299 tons of coal, wliich was 1,473,459 tons less than the preceding year — the reduction being due to the strike of 1897. Five counties of the State produced more than 1,000,000 tons each, standing in tlie following order; Sangamon, 1,763,803; St. Clair, 1,000,752; Vermilion, 1,520,099; Macoupin, 1,264,920; La Salle, 1,105,490. COAL CITY, a town in Grundy County, on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway, 29 miles by rail south-southwest of Joliet. Large coal mines are operated here, and the town is an im- portant shipping pointfor their product. It has a bank, a weekly new.spaper and five churches. Pop. (1890), 1,072; (1900), 2,607; (1903), about 3,000. COBB, Emery, capitalist, was born at Dryden, Tompkins County, N. ¥., August 20, 1831; at 16, began the study of telegraphy at Ithaca, later acted as operator on Western New York lines, but, in 1852, became manager of the office at Chicago, continuing until 1865, the various com- panies having meanwhile been consolidated into the Western Union. He tlien made an extensive tour of the world, and, although he had intro- duced the system of transmitting money by telegraph, he declined all invitations to return to the key-board. Having made large investments in lands about Kankakee, where he now resides, he has devoted much of his time to agriculture and stock-raising; was also, for many j-ears, a member of the State Board of Agriculture, Presi- dent of the Short-Horn Breeders" Association, and, for twenty years (1873-93), a member of the Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois. He has done much to improve the city of his adoption by the erection of buildings, the con- struction of electric street-car lines and the promotion of manufactures. COBB, Silas B., pioneer and real-estate opera- tor, was born at Montpelier, Vt., Jan. 23, 1812; came to Chicago in 1833 on a schooner from Buf- falo, the voyage occupying over a inonth. Being without means, he engaged as a carpenter upon a building which James Kinzie, the Indian trader, was erecting; later he erected a building of Ins own in which he started a harness-shop, which he conducted successfully for a number of years. He has since been connected with a number 110 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. of business enterprises of a public character, including banks, street and steam railways, but his largest successes have been achieved in the line of improved real estate, of which he is an exten- sive owner. He is also one of the liberal bene- factors of the University of Chicago, "Cobb Lecture Hall," on the campus of that institution, being the result of a contribution of his amount- ing to Sl.50,000, Died in Chicago, April 5, 1900. COBDEN, a village in Union County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 42 miles north of Cairo and 15 miles south of Carbondale. Fruits and vegetables are extensively cultivated and shipped to northern markets. This region is well tim- bered, and Cobden has two box factories employ- ing a considerable number of men; also has several churches, schools and two weekly papers. Population (1890). 994; (1900,) 1,034. COCHRAN, William (Danville, legislator and jurist, was born in Ross Count}', Ohio, Nov. 13, 1844; brought to Moultrie County, 111., in 1849, and, at the age of 17, enlisted in the One Hundred and Twenty-sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, serving in the War of the Rebellion three j-ears as a private. Returning home from the war, he resumed life as a farmer, but early in 18T3 began merchandising at Lovington, continuing this business three years, when he began the study of law; in 1879, was admitted to the bar, and has since been in active practice. In 1888 he was elected to the lower house of the General Assembly, was an unsuccessful candidate for the Senate in 1890, but was re-elected to the House in 1894, and again in 189C. At the special session of 1890, he was chosen Speaker, and was similarly honored in 189.5. He is an excellent parliamen- tarian, clear-headed and just in his rulings, and an able debater. In June, 1897, he was elected for a six years' term to the Circuit bench. He is also one of the Trustees of the Soldiers' Orphans' Home at Normal. CODDIXG, Ichabod, clergyman and anti- slavery lecturer, was born at Bristol, N. Y., in 1811; at the age of 17 he was a popular temper- ance lecturer; while a student at Middlebury, Vt., began to lecture in opposition to slavery; after leaving college served five years as agent and lecturer of the Anti-Slavery Society; was often exposed to mob violence, but always retain- ing his self-control, succeeded in escaping serious injury. In 1842 he entered the Congrega- tional ministry and held pastorates at Princeton, Lockport, Joliet and eLsewhere; between 1854 and '58, lectured extensively through Illinois on the Kansas-Nebraska issue, and was a power in the organization of the Republican party. Died at Baraboo. AVis,, June 17, 1800. CODY, Hiram Hitclipoek, lawyer and Judge; born in Oneida County, N. Y., June 11, 1824; was partially educated at Hamilton College, and, in 1843, came with his father to Kendall County. 111. In 1847, he removed to Naperville, where for six years he served as Clerk of the County Commissioners' Court. In 18.51 he was admitted to the bar; in 1861, was elected County Judge with practical unanimity , served as a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, and, in 1874, was elected Judge of the Twelfth Judi- cial Circuit. His residence (1896) was at Pasa- dena, Cal. COLCHESTER, a city of McDonough County, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, midway between Galesburg and Quincy ; is the center of a rich farming and an extensive coal- mining region, producing more than 100,000 tons of coal annually. A superior quality of potter's clay is also minea and shipped extensively to other points. The city has brick and drain-tile works, a bank, four churches, two public schools and two weekly papers. Population (1890), 1,643: (1900), 1,635. COLES, Edward, the second Governor of the State of IlUnois, born in Albemarle County, Va., Dec. 15, 1786, the son of a wealthy planter, who had been a Colonel in the Revolutionary War; was educated at Hampden-Sidney and William and Mary Colleges, but compelled to leave before graduation b}' an accident which interrupted his studies; in 1809, became the private secretary of President Madison, reiiiainiag six years, after which he made a trip to Russia as a special mes- senger by appointment of the President. He early manifested an interest in the emancipation of the slaves of Virginia. In 1815 he made his first tour through the Northwest Territory, going as far west as St. Louis, returning three years later and visiting Kaskaskia while the Constitu- tional Convention of 1818 was in session. In April of the following year he set out from his Virginia home, accompanied b}- his slaves, for Illinois, traveling b}- wagons to Brownsville, Pa., where, taking flat-boats, he descended the river with his goods and servants to a point below Louisville, where they disembarked, journeying overland to Edwardsville. While descending the Ohio, he informed his slaves that thej' were free, and, after arriving at their destination, gave to each head of a family 160 acres of land. This generous act was, in after years, made the ground for bitter persecution by his enemies. At IIISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Ill EJwarJsville be entered upon the duties of Register of the Land Office, to wliicli he had been ai^pointed bj- President Monroe. In IS'32 he became the candidate for Governor of those opposed to removing tlie restriction in the State Constitution against the introduction of shivery, and, although a majority of the voters then favored the measure, he was elected by a small plurality over his highest competitor in conse- quence of a division of the opposition vote between three candidates. The Legislature chosen at the same time submitted to the people a proposition for a State Convention to revise the Constitution, which was rejected at the election of 18'2-1 by a majority of 1,668 in a total vote of 11,612. While Governor Coles had the efficient aid in opposition to the measure of such men as Judge Samuel D. Lockwood, Congressman Daniel P. Cook, Morris Birkbeck, George Forquer, Hooper Warren, George Churchill and others, he was himself a most influential factor in protecting Illinois from the blight of slavery, contributing his salary for his entire term (§4,000) to that end. In 182.5 it became his duty to welcome La Fay- ette to Illinois. Retiring from office in 1826, he continued to reside some j-ears on his farm near Edwardsville, and, in 1830, was a candidate for Congress, but being a known opponent of Gen- eral Jackson, was defeated by Joseph Duncan. Previous to 1833, he removed to Philadelphia, wliere he married during the following year, and continued to reside there until his death, July 7, 1868, having lived to see the total extinction of slaverj' in the United States. (See Slavery and Slave Laics.) COLES COUNTY, originally a part of Crawford Count}-, but organized in 1S31, and named in honor of Gov. Edward Coles.— lies central to the eastern portion of the State, and embraces 520 square miles, with a population (1900) of 34,146. Tlie Kaskaskia River (sometimes called the Okaw) runs through the northwestern part of the count}', but the principal stream is the Embarras (Embraw). The chief resource of the people is agriculture, altliough the county lies within the limits of the Illinois coal belt. To the north and west are prairies, while timber abounds in the southeast. The largest crop is of corn, although wheat, dairy products, potatoes, hay, tobacco, sorghum, wool, etc., are also important products. Broom-corn is extensively cultivated. Maniifac- turing is carried on to a fair extent, the output embracing sawed lumber, carriages and wagons, agricultural implements, tobacco and snuff, boots and shoes, etc. Charleston, the county-seat, is centrally located, and has a number of handsome public buildings, private residences and business blocks. It was laid out in 1831, and incorjjorated in 186.5; in 1900, its population was 5.488. Mattoon is a railroad center, situated some 130 miles east of St. Louis. It has a population of 9,622, and is an important shijiping point for grain and live-stock. Other principal towns are Ashmore. Oakland and Lerna. COLFAX, a village of McLean County, on the Kankakee and Bloomington branch of the Illinois Central Railroad, 23 miles northeast of Blooming- ton. Farming and stock-growing are the leading industries; has two banks, one newspaper, tliree elevators, and a coal mine. Pop. (1900). 1,1.53. COLLEGE OF PHYSICIAXS AND SFR(iEONS, located at Chicago, and organized in 1881. Its first term opened in September, 1882, in a build- ing erected by the trustees at a cost of §60,000, with a facult}' embracing twenty-five professors, with a sufficient corps of demonstrators, assist- ants, etc. The number of matriculates was 152. The institution ranks among the leading medical colleges of the West. Its standard of (jualifica- tions, for both matriculates and graduates, is equal to those of other first-class medical schools throughout the country. The teaching faculty, of late years, has consisted of some twenty-five professors, who are aided by an adequate corps of assistants, demonstrators, etc. COLLEGES, EARLY. The early Legislatures of Illinois manifested no little unfriendliness toward colleges. The first charters for institutions of this character were granted in 1833, and were for the incorporation of the "Union College of Illi- nois," in Randolph County, and the "Alton Col- lege of Illinois," at Upper Alton. The first named was to be imder the- care of the Scotch Covenanters, but was never founded. The second was in the interest of the Baptists, but the charter was not accepted. Both these acts contained jealous and unfriendly restrictions, notably one to the effect that no theological department should be establislied and no pro- fessor of theology employed as an instructor, nor should any religious test be applied in the selec- tion of trustees or the admission of pupils. The friends of higher education, however, made com- mon cause, and, in 1835, secured the passage of an "omnibus bill" incorporating four private colleges — the Alton; the Illinois, at Jacksonville; the McKendree, at Lebanon, and the Jonesboro. Similar restrictive provisions as to theological teaching were incorporated in these charters, and a limitation was placed upon the amount of 113 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. property to be owned by any institution, but in many respects the law was more liberal tban its predecessors of two years previous. Owing to the absence of suitable preparatory schools, these institutions were compelled to maintain prepara- tory departments under the tuition of the college professors. The college last named above ( Jones- boro) was to have been founded by the Christian denomination, but was never organized. The three remaining ones stand, in the order of their formation, McKendree, Illinois, Alton (afterward Shurtleflf) ; in the order of graduating initial classes — Illinois, McKendree, Shurtleff. Pre- paratory instruction began to be given in Illinois College in 1829, and a class was organized in tlie collegiate department in 1S31. The Legislature of 1835 also incorporated the Jacksonville Female Academy, the first school for girls chartered in the State. From this time forward colleges and academies were incorporated in rapid succession, many of tliem at places whose names liave long since disajjpeared from the map of the State. It was at this time tliat there developed a strong party in favor of founding what were termed, rather eujtlxemistically, "JIanual Labor Col- leges." It was believed tliat tlie time wliich a .student miglit be able to "redeem" from study, could be so profitablj' employed at farm or sliop- work as to enable him to earn liis own liveliliood. Acting upon this theory, tlie Legislature of 1835 granted charters to the "Franklin Manual Labor College," to be located in either Cook or La Salle County; to the "Burnt Prairie Manual Labor Seminary," in White County, and tlie "Chatham Manual Labor School," at Lick Prairie, Sanga- mon County. University powers were conferred upon the institution last named, and its charter also contained tlie somewhat extraordinary pro- vision that any sect might establish a professor- ship of theology therein. In 1837 six more colleges were incorporated, only one of whicli (Knox) was successfully organized. By 1840, better and broader views of education had developed, and the Legislature of 1841 repealed all prohibition of the establishing of theological departments, as well as tlie restrictions previously imposed upon tlie amount aud value of property to be owned by private educational institutions. The whole number of colleges and seminaries incorporated under the State law (1890) is forty- three. (See also Illinois College, Knox College, Lake Forest Universitij, McKendree College. Mon- moutli College, Jaeksonrille Female Seminary, Monticello Female Seminarij, Northwestern Uni- versity, Shurtleff College. ) COLLIER, Robert Laird, clergyman, was bom in Salisbury, Md., August 7, 1837; graduated at Boston University, 1858; soon after became an itinerant Methodist minister, but, in 1866, united with the Unitarian Church and officiated as pastor of churches in Chicago, Boston and Kan- sas City, besides supplying pulpits in various cities in England (1880-85). In 1885, he was appointed United States Consul at Leijisic, but later served as a special commissioner of the Johns Hopkins University in the collection of labor statistics in Europe, meanwhile gaining a wide reputation as a lecturer and magazine writer. His published works include: "Every- Day Subjects in Sunday Sermons" (1809) and "Meditations on the Essence of Christianity" (1876). Died near iiis birthplace, July 27, 1890. COLLINS, Frederick, manufacturer, was born in Connecticut, Feb. 34, 1804. He was the j'oung- est of five brothers who came with their parents from Litchfield, Conn , to Illinois, in 1832, and settled in the town of Unionville — now Collins- ville — in the southwestern part of Madison County. They were enterprising and public- spirited business men, who engaged, quite e.xtensively for the time, in various branches of manufacture, including flour and wliisky. This was an era of progress and develoiiinent, and becoming convinced of the injurious character of the latter branch of their business, it was promptly abandoned. The subject of this sketch was later associated with liis brother Michael in the pork-packing and grain business at Naples, the early Illinois River terminus of the Sangamon & Morgan (now Wabash) Railroad, but finally located at Quincy in 1851, where he was engaged in manufacturing business for many years. He was a man of high business probity and religious principle, as well as a determined opponent of the institution of slavery, as shown by the fact that he was once subjected by his neighbors to the intended indignity of being hung in effigy for the crime of assisting a fugitive female slave on the road to freedom. In a speech made in 1834, in commemoration of the act of emancipation in the West Indies, he gave utterance to the following prediction : "Methinks the time is not far distant when our own country will celebrate a day of emancipation within her own borders, and con- sistent songs of freedom shall indeed ring throughout the length and breadth of the land." He lived to see this prophecy fulfilled, dying at Quincy, in 1878. Mr. Collins was the candidate of the Liberty Men of Illinois for Lieutenant-Gov- ernor in 1843. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 113 COLLIN'S, James H., lawjer and jurist, was born in Cambridge, Washington County, N. Y., but taken in early life to Vernon, Oneida County, where he grew to manhood. After spending a couple of years in an academy, at the age of 18 he began the study of law, was admitted to the bar in 1824, and as a counsellor and solicitor in 1827, coming to Chicago in tlie fall of 18y:j, mak- ing a [>art of the journey by the first stage-coach from Detroit to tlie present Western metropolis. After arriving in Illinois, he spent some time in exploration of the surrounding country, but returning to Chicago in 1834, he entered into partnership with Judge John D. Caton, who had been his preceptor in New York, still later being a partner of Justin Butterfield under the firm name of Butterfield & Collins. He was con- sidered an eminent authority in law and gained an extensive practice, being regarded as espe- cially strong in chancery cases as well as an able pleader. Politically, he was an uncompromising anti-slavery man, and often aided runaway slaves in securing their liberty or defended others who did so. He was also one of the original promoters of the old Galena & Chicago Union Railroad and one of its first Board of Directors. Died, suddenly of cholera, while attending court at Ottawa, in 1854. COLLINS, Loren C, jurist, was born at Wind- sor, Conn., August 1, 1848; at the age of 18 accompanied his family to Illinois, and was educated at the Northwestern University. He read law, was admitted to the bar, and soon built up a remunerative practice. He was elected to the Legislature in 1878, and through his ability as a debater and a parliamentarian, soon became one of the leaders of his party on the floor of the lower house. He was re-elected in 1880 and 1882. and, in 1883, was chosen Speaker of the Thirty-third General Assembly. In December, 1884, he was appointed a Judge of the Circuit Court of Cook County, to fill the vacancy created by the resignation of Judge Barnum, was elected to succeed himself in 188.5, and re-elected in 1891, but resigned in 1894, since that time devoting his attention to regular practice in the city of Chicago. COLLINS, William H., retired manufacturer, born at CoUinsville, HI., March 20, 1831; was educated in the common schools and at Illinois College, later taking a course in literature, ])hilosophy and theology at Y'ale College; .served as pastor of a Congregational church at La Salle several years; in 18.">8. became editor and propri- etor of "The Jacksonville Journal," which he conducted some four years. The Civil War hav- ing begun, he then acceiited the chaplaincy of the Tenth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, but resigning in 18G3, organized a companj' of the One Hundred and Fourth Volunteers, of which he was chosen Captain, participating in the battles of Chick.aniauga, Lookout Mountain and Slissionary Ridge. Later he served on the stall of Gen. John M. Palmer and at Fourteenth Army Corps headquarters, until after tlie fall of Atlanta. Then resigning, in November, 1864, he was appointed by Secretary Stanton Provost- Marshal for the Twelfth District of Illinois, con- tinuing in this service until the close of 1865, when he engaged in the manufacturing business as head of the Collins Plow Company at Quincy. This business he conducted successfully some twenty-five years, when he retired. Mr. Collins has served as Alderman and Mayor, ad iiifrrhii, of the city of Quincy ; Representative in the Thii-ty-fourth and Thirty-fifth General Assem- blies — during the latter being chosen to deliver the eulogy on Gen. John A. Logan ; was a promi- nent candidate for the nomination for Lieutenant Governor in 1888, and the same year Republican candidate for Congress in the Quincy District; in 1894, was the Republican nominee for State Senator in Adams County, and, though a Repub- lican, has been twice elected Supervisor in a strongly Democratic city. COLLINSVILLEja city on the southern border of Madison County, 13 miles (by rail) east-north- east of St. Louis, on the "Vandalia Line" (T. H. tt I. Ry.), about 11 miles south of Edwardsville. The place was originally settled in 1817 by four brothers named Collins from Litchfield, Conn., who established a tan-yard and erected an ox-mill for grinding corn and wheat and sawing lumber The town was platted by surviving members of this family in 1836. Coal-mining is the principal industry, and one or two mines are operated within the corporate limits. The city has zinc works, as well as flour mills and brick and tile factories, two building and loan as.sociations, a lead smelter, stock bell factory, electric street railways, seven churches, two banks, a high school, and a newspaper office. Pointlation (1890), 3,498; (1900), 4,021; (1903, est.), 7,500. COLLTER, Robert, clergyman, was born at Keighly, Yorkshire, England, Dec. 8, 1823; left school at eight years of age to earn his living in a factory ; at fourteen was apprenticed to a black- smith and learned the trade of a hammer-maker. His onlj- opportunity of accpuring an education during this period, apart from private study, was 114 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. in a night-school, which lie attended two winters. In 1849 he became a local Methodist preacher, came to the United States the next year, settling in Pennsylvania, where he pursued his trade, preaching on Sunda}s. His views on the atone- ment having gradually been changed towards Uuitarianism, his license to preach was revoked by the conference, and, in 18.j9, he united with the Unitarian Church, having already won a wide reputation as an eloquent public speaker. Coming to Chicago, he began work as a mission- ary, and, in 1860, organized the Unity Church, beginning with seven members, though it has since become one of tlie strongest and most influ- ential churches in the city. In 1879 he accepted a call to a church in New York City, where he still remains. Of strong anti-slavery views and a zealous Unionist, he served during a part of the Civil War as a camp inspector for the Sanitary Commission. Since the war he lias repeatedly visited England, and has exerted a wide influence as a lecturer and pulpit orator on both sides of the Atlantic. He is the autlior of a number of volumes, including "Nature and Life" (1866); "A Man in Earnest: Lifeof A. H. Conanf (1868); "A History of the Town and Parish of likely" (1886), and "Lectures to Young Men and Women" (1886). COLTOX, Chauncey Sill, pioneer, was born at Springfield, Pa., Sept. 21, 1800; taken to Massachu- setts in childhood and educated at Monson in that State, afterwards residing for many years, dur- ing his manhood, at Monson, Maine. He came to Illinois in 1836, locating on the site of the present city of Galesburg, where he built the first store and dwelling house; continued in general mer- chandise some seventeen or eighteen years, mean- while associating his sons with him in business under the firm name of C. S. Colton & Sons. Mr. Colton was associated with the construction of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad from the beginning, becoming one of the Directors of the Company: was also a Director of the First National Bank of Galesburg, the first organizer and first President of tlie Farmers" and Mechan- ics' Bank of that city, and one of the Trustees of Knox College. Died in Galesburg, July 27, 188.5. — Francis (Colton), sou of the preceding; born at Monson, Maine, May 24, 1834, came to Gales- burg with his father's family in 1836, and was educated at Knox College, graduating in 18,5.5, and receiving the degree of A.M in 1858. After graduation, he was in partnership witli his father some seven years, also served as Vice-President of the First National Bank of Galesburg, and, in 1866, was appointed by President Johnson United States Consul at Venice, remaining there until 1869. Tlie latter year he became the General Passenger Agent of the Union Pacific Railroad, continuing in that position until 1871, meantime visiting China, Japan and India, and establishing agencies for the Union and Central Pacific Rail- ways in various countries of Europe. In 1872 he succeeded his father as President of the Farmers' and Mechanics' Bank of Galesburg, but retired in 1884, and the same year removed to Washington, D. C, where he has since resided. Mr. Colton is- a large land owner in some of the Western States, especially Kansas and Nebraska. COLUMBIA, a town of Monroe County, on Mobile & Ohio Railroad, 15 miles south of St. Louis; has a machine shop, large flour mill, brewery, five cigar factories, electric light plant, telephone system, stone quarry, five churches, and public school. Pop. (1900), 1,197 ; (1903), 1,205. COMPANY OF THE WEST, THE, a company formed in France, in August, 1717, to develop the resources of "New France," in which the "Illinois Country" was at that time included. At the head of the company was the celebrated John Law, and to him and his associates the French monarch granted extraordinary powers, both governmental and commercial. They were given the exclusive right to refine the precious metals, as well as a monopoly in the trade in tobacco and slaves. Later, the companj' became known as the Indies, or East Indies, Companj-, owing to the king having granted them conces- sions to trade with the East Indies and China. On Sept. 37, 1717, the Royal Council of France declared that the Illinois Country should form a part of the Province of Louisiana ; and. under the shrewd management of Law and his associates, immigration soon increased, as many as 80O settlers arriving in a single year. The directors of the company, in the exercise of their govern- mental powers, appointed Pierre Duque de Bois- briaut Governor of the Illinois District. He pi'oceeded to Kaskaskia, and. witliin a few miles of that settlement, erected Fort Chartres. (See Fort Cliartrcs. ) The policy of the Indies Company was energetic, and. in the main, wise. Grants of commons were made to various French villages, and Caliokia and Kaskaskia steadily grew in size and population. Permanent settlers were given grants of land and agriculture was encouraged. These grants (which were allodial in their char- acter) covered nearly all the lands in that part of the Ame:"ican Bottom, lying between the Missis- sippi and tlie Kaskaskia Rivers. Many grantees HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 115 heUI their lands in one great common field, each proprietor contributing, pro rata, to the mainte" nance of a surrounding fence. In 1721 the Indies Company divided the Province of Louisiana into nine civil and military districts. That of Illinois was numerically the Seventh, and included not only the southern half of tlie existing State, but also an immense tract west of the Mississippi, extending to the Rocky Mountains, and embrac- ing the present States of Missouri, Kansas, Iowa arid Nebraska, besides portions of Arkansas and Colorado. The Commandant, with his secretary and the Company's Commissary, formed the District Council, the civil law being in force. In 1732, the Indies Company surrendered its charter, and thereafter, the Governors of Illinois were appointed directly by the French crown. CONCORDIA SEMINARY, an institution lo- cated at Springfield, founded in 1!S79 ; the succes- sor of an earlier institution under the name of Illinois University. Theological, scientific and preparatory departments are maintained, al- though there is no classical course. The insti- tution is under control of the German Lutheians. The institution reports §12.5,000 worth of real property. The members of the Faculty (1898) are five in number, and there were about 171 students in attendance. CON DEE, Leander D., lawyer, was born in Athens County, Ohio, Sept. 26, 1847; brought by his parents to Coles County, 111., at the age of seven years, and received his education in the common schools and at St. Paul's Academy. Kan- kakee, taking a special course in Michigan State University and graduating from the law depart- ment of the latter in ISfiS. He then began prac- tice at Butler, Bates County, Mo., wliere he served three years as City Attorney, but, in 1873, returned to Illinois, locating in Hyde Park (now a part of Cliicago), where he served as City Attorney for four consecutive terms before its annexation to Chicago. In 1880, he was elected as a Republican to the State Senate for the Second Senatorial District, .serving in the Thirty- second and tlie Thirty-third General Assemblies. In 1892, he was tlie Republican nominee for Judge of tlie Superior Court of Cook County, but was defeated witli the National and the State tickets of that year, since wlien he has given liis atten- tion to regular practice, maintaining a high rank in his jiiol'ession. COX, 1848. and going into force, April 1, following. Tiie term of State officers has been uniformly fixed at four years, except that of Treasurer, which is two years. Biennial elections and sessions of the General Assembly are provided for, Senators holding their seats for four years, and Representatives two j-ears. The State is required to be apportioned after each decennial census into fiftj-one dis- tricts, each of which elects one Senator and three Representatives. The principle of minoritj' rep- resentation has been incorporated into the organic law, each elector being allowed to oast as man}' votes for one legislative candidate as there are Representatives to be cliosen in his district; or he may divide his vote equallj* among all the tliree candidates or between two of them, as he may see fit. One of the provisions of the Consti- tution of 1870 is tlie inhibition of the General Assembly from passing private laws. Slunici- jialities are classified, and legislation is for all cities of a class, not for an individual corpora- tion. Individual citizens with a financial griev- ance must secure payment of their claims under the terms of some general a)ii)roiuiation. The sessions of the Legislature are not limited as to time, nor is there any restriction upon the power of the Executive to summon extra sessions. (See also Constitutional Conventions; Elections; Gm-ernors and other State Officers; Judicial System : Suffrage, Etc.) COOK, Burton C, lawyer and Congressman, was born in Monroe County, N. Y., May 11, 1819; completed his academic education at the Collegi- ate Institute in Rocliester, and after studying law, removed to Illinois (183.')), locating fir.st at Hennepin and later at Ottawa. Here he began the practice of his profession, and. in 184(i, was elected by the Legislature State's Attorney for the Ninth Judicial Di.strict, serving two j'ears, when, in 1848, he was re-elected by the people under the Constitution of that year, for four years. From 1852 to 1860. lie was State Senator, taking part in the election which resulted in making Lyman Trumbull United States Senator in 1855. In 18(J1 he served as one of the Peace Commissioners from Illinois in the Conference which met at Washington. He maj- be called one of the founders of the Republican party in this State, having been a member of the State Central Committee appointed at Bloomington in 1856, and Ciiairman of the State Central Com- mittee in 1862. In 1804, he was elected to Con- gress, and re-elected in 1866, '68 and '70, but resigned in 1871 to accept the solicitorship of the Nortliwestern Railroad, wliieh he resigned in 1886. He was an intimate friend of Abraham Lincoln, serving as a delegate to both the National Conventions wliich nominated him for the Presi- dency, and presenting his name at Baltimore in 1864. His death occurred at Evanston, August 18, 1894. COOK, Daniel Pope, early Congressman, was born in Scott County, Ky., in 1795, removed to Illinois and began the practice of law at Kaskas- kia in 1815. Early in 1816, he became joint owner and editor of "The Illinois Intelligencer,' and at the same time served as Auditor of Public Accounts by appointment of Governor Edwards ; the next year (1817) was sent by President Mon- roe as bearer of dispatches to John Quincy Adams, then minister to London, and, on his return, was appointed a Circuit Judge. On the admission of the State he was elected the first Attorney- General, but almost immediately resigned and, in Seiitember. 1819, was elected to Congress, serv- ing as Keijresentative until 1827. Having married a daughter of Governor Edwards, he became a resident of Edwardsville. He was a conspicuous opponent of the proposition to make Illinois a slave State in 1823-24, and did much to prevent the success of that scheme. He also bore a prominent part wliilc in Congress in .securing the donation of lands for the constiuction of the 120 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Illinois & Michigan Canal. He was distinguished for his eloquence, and it was during his first Congressional campaign that stump-speaking was introduced into the State. Suffering from consumption, he visited Cuba, and, after return- ing to his home at Edwardsville and failing to improve, he went to Kentucky, where he died, Oct. 16, 1827.— John (Cook), soldier, born at Edwardsville, 111., June 12, 182.5. the son of Daniel P. Cook, the second Congressman from Illinois, and grandson of Gov. Ninian Edwards, was educated by private tutors and at Illinois College; in 1855 was elected Mayor of Springfield and the following year Sheriff of Sangamon County, later serving as Quartermaster of the State. Raising a company promptly after the firing on Fort Sumter in 18(31, he was commis- sioned Colonel of the Seventh Illinois Volunteers — the first regiment organized in Illinois under the first call for troops by President Lincoln ; was promoted Brigadier-General for gallantry at Fort Donelson in March, 18G2 ; in 1864 commanded the District of Illinois, with headquarters at Spring- field, being mustered out. August, 1865. with the brevet rank of JIajor-General. General Cook was elected to the lower house of the General Assem- bly from Sangamon County, in 1868. During recent years his home has been in Michigan. COOK COUNTY, situated in the northeastern section of the State, bordering on Lake Michigan, and being the most easterly of the second tier of counties south of the Wisconsin State line. It has an area of 890 square miles ; population (1890), 1,191,922; (1900), 1,838,735; county-seat, Chicago. The county was organized in 1831, having origi- nally embraced the counties of Du Page, "Will, Lake, McHenry and Iroquois, in addition to its present territorial limits. It was named in honor of Daniel P. Cook, a distinguished Repre- sentative of Illinois in Congress. (See Cook, Daniel P. ) The first County Commissioners were Samuel Miller, Gholson Kercheval and James Walker, who took the oath of office before Justice John S. C. Hogan, on March 8, 1831. AVilliam Lee was appointed Clerk and Archibalil Cly bourne Treasurer. Jedediah Wormley was first County Surveyor, and three election districts (Chicago, Du Page and Hickory Creek) were created. A scow ferry was established across the South Branch, with Mark Beaubien as ferryman. Only non-residents were retiuired to pay toll. Geolo- gists are of the opinion that, previous to the glacial epoch, a large portion of the county lay under the waters of Lake Michigan, which was connected with the Slississippi by the Des Plaines River. This theory is borne out by the finding of stratified beds of coal and gravel in the eastern and southern portions of the county, either under- Ij'ing the prairies or assuming the form of ridges. The latter, geologists maintain, indicate the exist- ence of an ancient key, and they conclude that, at one time, the level of the lake was nearly forty feet higher than at present. Glacial action is believed to have been very effective in establish- ing surface conditions in this vicinity. Lime- stone and building stone are quarried in tolerable abundance. Athens marble (white when taken out, but growing a rich yellow through exposure) is found in the southwest. Isolated beds of peat have also been found. The general surface is level, although undulating in some portions. The soil near the lake is sandy, but in the interior becomes a black mold from one to four feet in depth. Drainage is afforded by the Des Plaines, Chicago and Calumet Rivers, which is now being improved by the construction of the Drainage Canal. Manufactures and agriculture are the principal industries outside of the city of Chi- cago. (See also CIticago.) COOK COUNTY HOSPITAL, located in Chi cago and under control of the Commissioners of Cook Count}'. It was originally erected by the City of Chicago, at a cost of 880,000, and was intended to be used as a hospital for patients suffering from infectious diseases. For several years the building was unoccupied, but, in 1858, it was leased by an association of physicians, who opened a hospital, with the further purpose of affording facilities for clinical instruction to the .students of Rush Medical College. In 1803 the building was taken by the General Government for military purposes, being used as an ej'e and ear hosiaital for returning soldiers. In 1865 it reverted to the City of Chicago, and, in 1866, was purchased by Cook County. In 1874 the County Commissioners purchased a new and more spa- cious site at a cost of §145,000, and began the erec- tion of buildings thereon. The two principal pavilions were completed and occupied before the close of 1875; tlie clinical amphitheater and connecting corridors were built in 1876-77, and an administrative building and two additional pavilions were added in 1882-84. Up to that date the total cost of the buildings had been §719,574, and later additions and improvements have swelled the outlay to more than .^l, 000,000. It accommodates about 800 patients and constitutes a part of the county machinery for the care of the ])Oor. A certain number of beds are placed under the care of homeopathic physicians. The HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 121 present (18^()) allopathic medical staff consists of fifteen jjhysicians, fifteen surgeons, one oculist and aurist and one pathologist ; the liomeopathic staff comprises five physicians and five surgeons. In addition, there is a large corps of intei'nes, or house physicians and surgeons, composed of recent graduates from the several medical col- leges, who gain their positions througli competi- tive examination and hold them for eighteen months. COOKE, Edward Dean, lawyer and Congress- man, born in Dubuque County. Iowa, Oct. 17, 1849; was educated in the common schools and the high school of Dubuque ; studied law in that city and at Columbian University, Washington, DC, graduating from that institution with the degree of Bachelor of Laws, and was admitted to the bar in Washington in 1873. Coming to Chi- cago the same year, he entered upon the practice of his profession, which he pursued for the remainder of his life. In 1883 he was elected a Representative in the State Legislature from Cook County, serving one term ; was elected as a Republican to the Fifty-fourth Congress for the Sixth District (Chicago), in 1894. and re-elected in 1896. His death occurred suddenly while in attendance on the extra session of Congress in Washington, June 24, 1897. COOLBAUGH, William Findlay, financier, was born in Pike Comity, Pa., July 1, 1821; at the age of 15 became clerk in a dry-goods store in Piiiladelphia, but, in 1842, opened a brancli establishment of a New York firm at Burlington, Iowa, where he afterwards engaged in the bank- ing business, also serving in the Iowa State Constitutional Convention, and, as the candidate of his party for United States Senator, being defeated by Hon. James Harlan by one vote. In 1862 he came to Chicago and opened the banking house of W. F. Coolbaugh & Co., wliich, in 186,5, became the Union National Bank of Chicago. Later he became the first President of the Chi- cago Clearing House, as also of the Bankers' Association of tlie West and South, a Director of the Board of Trade, and an original incorporator of the Chamber of Commerce, besides being a member of the State Constitutional Convention of 1869-70. His death by suicide, at the foot of Douglas Monument, Nov. 14, 1877, was a shock to the whole city of Chicago. COOLEY, Horace S., Secretary of State, was born in Hartford, Conn., in 18()(), studied medi- cine for two years in early life, then went to Ban- gor, Maine, where he began the study of law; in 1840 he came to Illinois, locating first at Rushville and finally in the city of Quiney ; in 1842 took a prominent part in tlie campaign which resulted in tlie election of Thomas Ford as Governor — also received from Governor Ciirlin an appointment as Quartermaster-General of the State. On tlie accession of Governor French in December, 1846, he was appointed Secretary of State and elected to the same office under the Constitution of 1848, dying before the expiration of liis term, April 2, 1850. CORBUS, (Dr.) J. C, physician, was born in Holmes County, Ohio, in 1833, received his pri- mary education in the public schools, followed by an academic course, and began the study of medicine at Millersburg, finally graduating from the Western Reserve Medical College at Cleve- land. In 1855 he began practice at OrviUe, Ohio, but the same year located at Mendota, 111., soon thereafter removing to Lee County, where he remained until 1862. The latter year he was appointed Assistant Surgeon of the Seventy-fifth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, but was soon pro- moted to the position of Surgeon, thougli com- pelled to resign the following year on account of ill health. Returning from the army, he located at Mendota. Dr. Corbus served continuously as a member of the State Board of Public Charities from 1873 until the accession of Governor Altgeld to the Governorship in 1893, when he resigned. He was also, for fifteen years, one of the Medical Examiners for his District under the Pension Bureau, and has served as a member of the Republican State Central Committee for the Mendota District. In 1897 he was complimented by Governor Tanner by reappointment to the State Board of Charities, and was made President of the Board. Early in 1899 he was appointed Superintendent of the Eastern Hospital for the Insane at Kankakee, as successor to Dr. William G. Stearns. CORXELL, Paul, real-estate operator and capi- talist, was born of English Quaker ancestry in Washington County, N. Y., August 5, 1822; at 9 years of age removed with his step-father. Dr. Barry, to Ohio, and five years later to Adams County, 111. Here young Cornell lived the life of a farmer, working part of the year to earn money to send himself to school the remainder; also taught for a time, then entered the office of W. A. Richardson, at Rushville, Schuyler County, as a law student. In 1845 he came to Chicago, but soon after became a student in the law office of Wilson & Henderson at Joliet, and was admitted to practice in that city. Removing to Chicago in 1847, he was associated, successively, with the late 123 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. L. C. P. Freer, Judge James H. Collins and Messrs. Skinner & Hoyne; finally entered into a contract with Judge Skinner to perfect the title to 320 acres of land held under tax-title within the present limits of Hyde Park, which he succeeded in doing by visiting the original owners, thereby securing one-half of the property in his own name. He thus became the founder of the village of Hyde Park, meanwhile adding to his posses- sions other lands, which increased vastly in value. He also e.stablished a watch factory at Cornell (now a part of Chicago), which did a large busi- ness until removed to California. Sir. Cornell was a member of the first Park Board, and there- foi'e has the credit of assisting to organize Chi- cago s extensive park system. COR WIN, Franklin, Congressman, was born at Lebanon, Ohio, Jan. 12, 1818, and admitted to the bar at the age of '21. While a resident of Ohio he served in both Houses of the Legislature, and settled in Illinois in 1857, making his home at Peru. He was a member of the lower house of the Twenty-fourth, Twenty-fifth and Twenty- sixth General Assemblies, being Speaker in 1867, and again in 1809. In 1872 lie was elected to Congress as a Republican, but, in 1874, was defeated by Alexander Campbell, who made the race as an Independent. Died, at Peru, 111., June 15, 1879. COUCH, James, pioneer hotel-keeper, was born at Fort Edward, N. Y., August 31, 1800; removed to Chautauqua County, in the same State, where he remained until his twentieth year, receiving a fair English education. After engaging succes- sively, but with indifferent success, as hotel-clerk, stage-house keeper, lumber-dealer, and in the dis- tilling business, in 1836, in company with his younger lirother, Ira, he visited Chicago. They both decided to go into business there, first open- ing a small store, and later entering upon their hotel ventures which proved so eminently suc- cessful, and gave the Tremont House of Chicago so wide and enviable a reputation. Mr. Couch superintended for his brother Ira the erection, at various times, of many large business blocks in the city. Upon the death of his brother, in 1857, he was made one of the trustees of his estate, and, with other trustees, rebuilt the Tremont House after the Chicago fire of 1871. In April, 1892, while boarding a street car in the central iiart of the city of Chicago, he was run over b}- a truck, receiving injuries which resulted in his death the same day at the Tremont House, in the 92d year of his age. — Ira (Couch), younger brother of the preceding, was born in Saratoga County, N. Y., Nov. 22, 1806.- At the age of sixteen he was apprenticed to a tailor, and, in 1826, set up in business on his own account. In 1836, while visiting Chicago with his brother James, he determined to go into business there. With a stock of furnishing goods and tailors' supplies, ne\\'ly bought in New York, a small store was opened. This business soon disposed of, Mr. Couch, with his brother, obtained a lease of the old Tremont House, then a low frame building kejit as a saloon boarding house. Changed and refurnished, this was opened as a hotel. It was destroyed by fire in 1839, as was also the larger rebuilt structure in 1849. A second time rebuilt, and on a much larger and grander scale at a cost of §75,000, surpassinganything the West had ever known before, the Tremont House this time stood vmtil the Chicago fix-e in 1871, when it was again destroyed. Mr. Couch at all times enjoyed an immense patronage, and was able to accumulate (for that time) a lai'ge fortune. He i)urchased antl improved a large number of business blocks, then within the business center of the cit}'. In 1853 he retired from active business, and, in con- sequence of impaired health, chose for the rest of his life to seek recreation in travel. In the winter of 1857, while with his family in Havana, Cuba, he was taken with a fever which soon ended his life. His remains now rest in a mausoleum of masonry in Lincoln Park, Chi- cago. COULTERVILLE,a town of Randolph County, at the crossing of the Centralia & Che.ster and the St. Louis & Paducah branch Illinois Central Railways, 49 miles southeast of St. Louis. Farm- ing and coal-mining are the leading industries. The town has two banks, two creameries, and a newspaper. Population (1890), 598; (1900), 650. COUNTIES, UNORGANIZED. (See Unorgan- ized Counties.) COWDEN, a village of Shelby County, at the intersection of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwest- ern and the Toledo, St. Louis & Western Rail- ways, 60 miles southeast of Springfield. Con- siderable coal is mined in the vi(unity ; has a bank and a weekly paper. Population' (1880), 350; (1890), 702; (1900), 751. COWLES, Alfred, newspaper manager, was born in Portage County, Ohio, Slay 13, 1832, grew up on a farm and, after spending some time at Jlichigan University, entered the office of "The Cleveland Leader" as a clerk; in 1855 accepted a similar position on "The Chicago Tribune, " which had just been bought by Joseph Jledill and others, finally becoming a stockholder and busi- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 123 ness manager of the paper, so remaining until his death in Chicago, Dec. 20, 1889. COX, Thomas, pioneer, Senator in the First General Assembly of Illinois (1818-22) from Union County, and a conspicuous figure in early State history ; was a zealous advocate of the policy of making Illinois a slave State; became one of the original proprietors and founders of the city of Springfield, and was appointed the first Register of the Land Office there, but was removed under charges of misconduct; after his retirement from the Land Office, kept a hotel at Springfield. In 1836 he removed to Iowa (then a part of Wiscon- sin Territory), became a member of the first Territorial Legislature there, was twice re-elected and once Speaker of the House, being prominent in 1840 as commander of the "Regulators" who drove out a gang of murderers and desperadoes who had got possession at Bellevue, Iowa. Died, at Maquoketa, Iowa, 1843. COY, Irus, lawyer, was born in Chenango County, N. Y., July 2.5, 1833; educated in the common schools and at Central College, Cortland County, N. Y., gi'aduating in law at Albany in 18.57. Then, having removed to Illinois, he located in Kendall County- and began practice; in 1868 was elected to the lower house of the General Assembly and, in 1873, served as Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket; removed to Chicago in 1871, later serving as attorney of the Union Stock Yards and Transit Company. Died, in Chicago, Sept. 20, 1897. CRAFTS, Clayton E., legislator and politician, born at Auburn, Geauga County, Ohio, July 8, 1848 ; was educated at Hiram College and gradu- ated from the Cleveland Law School in 1868, coming to Chicago in 1869. Mr. Crafts served in seven consecutive sessions of the General Assem- bly (1883-95, inclusive) as Representative from Cook County, and was elected by the Democratic majority as Speaker, in 1891, and again in '93. CRAIG, Alfred M., jurist, was born in Edgar County, 111., Jan. 1.5, 1831, graduated from Knox College in 18.53, and was admitted to the bar in the following year, commencing practice at Knoxville. He held the offices of State's Attorney and County Judge, and repi'esented Knox County in the Constitutional Convention of 18G9-70. In 1873 he was elected to the bench of the Supreme Court, as successor to Justice C. B. Lawrence, and was re-elected in '82 and '91 ; his present term expiring with the century. He is a Democrat in politics, but has been three times elected in a Republican judicial district. CRAWFORD, Charles H., lawyer and legisla- tor, was born in Bennington, Vt., but reared in Bureau and La Salle Counties, 111. ; has practiced law for twenty years in Cliicago, and been three times elected to the State Senate — 1884, '88 and '94 — and is author of the Crawford Primary Elec- tion Law. enacted in 188.5. CRAWFORD COUNTY, a southeastern county, bordering on the Wabash, li)0 miles nearly due south of Chicago — named for William H. Craw- ford, a Secretary of War. It has an area of 4.52 square miles; population (1900), 19,340. The first settlers were the French, but later came emigrants from New England. The soil is rich and well adapted to the production of corn and wheat, which are the principal crops. The county was organized in 1817, Darwin being the first county-seat. The jiresent county-seat is Robinson, with a population (1890) of 1,387; centrally located and the point of intersection of two railroads. Other towns of importance are Palestine (population, 734) and Hutsonville (popu- lation, 583). The latter, as well as Robinson, is a grain-shipping point. The Embarras River crosses the southwest portion of the county, and receives the waters of Big and Honey Creeks and Bushy Fork. The county has no mineral resources, but contains some valuable woodland and many well cultivated farms. Tobacco, potatoes, sorghum and wool are among the lead- ing products. CREAL SPRINGS, a village of Williamson County, on the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad ; has a bank and a weekly paper. Popu- lation (1890), 539; (1900), 940._ CREBS, John M., ex-Congressman, was born in Middleburg, Loudoun County, Va., April 7, 1830. When he was but 7 years old his parents removed to Illinois, where he ever after resided. At the age of 21 he began the study of law, and, in 1853, was admitted to the bar, beginning practice in White County. In 1863 he enlisted in the Eighty-seventh Illinois Volunteers, receiving a commission as Lieutenant-Colonel, participating in all the important movements in the Mississippi Valley, including the capture of Vicksburg, and in the Arkansas campaign, a part of the time commanding a brigade. Returning home, he resumed the practice of his profession. In 1860 he was an unsuccessful candidate for State Superintendent of Public Instruction on the Democratic ticket. He was elected to Congress in 1868 and re-elected in 1870, and, in 1880, was a delegate to the Democratic State Convention. Died, June 26, 1890. lU HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. CREIGHTOX, James A., jurist, was born in Wliite County, III, March 7, 1846; in childhood removed with his jjarents to Wayne County, and was educated in the schools at Fairfield and at the Southern Illinois College, Salem, graduating from the latter in 1868. After teaching for a time while studying law, he was admitted to the bar in 1870, and opened an office at Fairfield, but, in 1877, removed to Springfield. In 1885 he was elected a Circuit Judge for the Springfield Cir- cuit, was re-elected in 1891 and again in 1897. CRERAK, John, manufacturer and philanthro- pist, was born of Scotch ancestry in New York City, in 1827 ; at 18 years of age was an employe of an iron-importing firm in that city, subse- quently accepting a position with Morris K. Jessup & Co., in the same line. Coming to Chicago in 1862, in partnership with J. McGregor Adams, he succeeded to the business of Jessup & Co. , in that city, also becoming a partner in the Adams & Westlake Company, iron manufactur- ers. He also became interested and an official in various other business organizations, including the Pullman Palace Car Company, the Chicago & Alton Railroad, the Illinois Trust and Savings Bank, and, for a time, was President of the Chi- cago & Joliet Railroad, besides being identified with various benevolent institutions and associ- ations. After the fire of 1871. he was intrusted by the New York Chamber of Commerce with the custody of funds sent for the relief of suffer- ers by that calamity. His integrity and business sagacity were universally recognized. After his death, which occurred in Chicago, Oct. 19, 1889, it was found that, after making munificent bequests to some twenty religious and benevolent associations and enterprises, aggregating nearlj' a million dollars, besides liberal legacies to relatives, he had left the residue of his estate, amounting to some ¥3,000,000, for the purpose of founding a public library in the city of Chicago, naming thirteen of his most intimate friends as the first Board of Trustees. No more fitting and lasting monument of so noble and public-spirited a man could Jiave been devised. CRETE, a village of Will County, on the Chi- cago & Eastern Illinois Railroad, .SO miles south of Chicago. Population (1890), 642; (1900). 760. CROOK, George, soldier, was born near Day- ton, Ohio, Sept. 8, 1828; graduated at the United States Military Academy, West Point, in 1852, and was assigned as brevet Second Lieutenant to the Fourth Infantry, becoming full Second Lieuten- ant in 1853. In 1861 he entered the volunteer service as Colonel of the Thirtv-sixth Ohio Infan- try ; was promoted Brigadier-General in 1862 and Jlajor-General in 1864, being mustered out of the service, January, 1866. During the war he participated in some of the most important battles in West Virginia and Tennessee, fought at Chickamauga and Antietam, and commanded the cavalry in the advance on Richmond in the spring of 1865. On being mustered out of the volunteer service he returned to the regular army, was ajjpointed Lieutenant-Colonel of the Twentj'-third Infantry, and, for several years, was engaged in campaigns against the hostile Indians in the Northwest and in Arizona. In 1888 he was appointed Major-General and, from that time to his death, was in command of the Military Division of the Missouri, with headquarters at Chicago, where he died, March 19, 1890. CROSIAR, Simon, pioneer, was born near Pittsburg, Pa., in the latter part of the last century; removed to Ohio in 1815 and to Illinois in 1819, settling first at Cap au Gris, a French village on the Mississippi just above the mouth of the Illinois in what is now Calhoun County ; later lived at Peoria (1824), at Ottawa (1826), at Shippingport near the present city of La Salle (1829), and at Old Utica (1834); in the mean- while built one or two mills on Cedar Creek in La Salle County, kept a storage and commission house, and, for a time, acted as Captain of a steamboat plying on the Illinois. Died, in 1846. CRYSTAL LAKE, a village in McHenry County, at the intersection of two divisions of the Chicago & Northwestern Railway, 43 miles northwest of Chicago. Population (1880), 546; (1890), 781; (1900), 9.50. CUBA, a town in Fulton County, distant 38 miles west-southwest of Peoria, and about 8 miles north of Lewistown. Tlie entire region (includ- ing the town) is underlaid with a good quality of bituminous coal, of which the late State Geologist Worthen asserted that, in seven townships of Fulton County, there are 9.000,000 tons to the square mile, within 150 feet of the surface. Brick and cigars are made here, and tlie town has two banks, a newspaper, three churches and good schools. Population (1890), 1,114; (1900), 1,198; (1903, school census), 1,400. CULLEN, William, editor and Congressman, born in the north of Ireland, March 4, 1826; while yet a child was brovight by his parents to Pitts- burg, Pa., where he was educated in the public schools. At the age of 20 he removed to La Salle County, 111, and began life as a farmer. Later he took up his residence at Ottawa. He has served as Sheriff of La Salle County, and held HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 125 other local offices, and was for many years a part owner and senior editor of "The Ottawa Repub- lican." From 1881 to 1885, as a Republican, he represented the Eighth Illinois District in Con- gress. CULLOM, Richard Jforthoraft, farmer and legislator, was born in the State of Maryland, October 1, 1795, but early removed to AVayne Count}', Ky., where he was married to Miss Elizabeth Coffey, a native of North Carolina. In 1830 he removed to Illinois, settling near "Wash- ington, Tazewell County, where lie continued to reside during the remainder of his life. Although a farmer by vocation, 3Ir. CuUom was a man of prominence and a recognized leader in public affairs. In 1836 he was elected as a Whig Repre- sentative in the Tenth General Assembly, serving in the same body with Abiaham Lincoln, of whom he was an intimate personal and political friend. In 18i0 he was chosen a member of the State Senate, serving in the Twelfth and Thir- teenth General Assemblies, and, in 1853, was again elected to the House. Mr. Cullom's death occurred in Tazewell Coimty, Dec. 4, 1872, his wife having died Dec. 5, 18(58. Mr. and Mrs. CuUom were the parents of Hon. Shelby M. Cullom. CULLOM, Shelby Moore, United States Sena- tor, was born in Wayne County. Ky., Nov. 22, 1829. His parents removed to Tazewell County, 111., in 1830, where his father became a member of the Legislature and attained prominence as a public man. After two years spent in Rock River Seminary at Jlount Morris, varied by some experience as a teacher, in 1853 the subject of this sketch, went to Springfield to enter upon the study of law in the office of Stuart & Edwards. Being admitted to the bar two years afterward, lie was almost immediately elected City Attor- nej', and, in 1856, was a candidate on the Fill- more ticket for Presidential Elector, at the same time being elected to the Twentieth General Assemblj' for Sangamon County, as he was again, as a Republican, in 1800. being supported alike by the Fillmore men and the Free-Soilers. At the session following the latter election, he was chosen Speaker of the House, which was his first important political recognition. In 18()2 he was appointed by President Lincoln a member of the War Claims Commission at Cairo, serving in this capacity with Governor Boutwell of Massachu- setts and Charles A. Dana of New York. He was also a candidate for the State Senate the same year, but then sustained his only defeat. Two years later (1861) he was a candidate for Con- gress, defeating his former preceptor, Hon. John T. Stuart, being re-elected in lS(i6. and again in 18G8, the latter year over B. S. Edwards. He was a delegate to the National Republican Con- vention of 1872, and, as Chairman of the Illinois delegation, placed General Grant in nomination for the Presidency, holding the same position again in 1881 and in 1892; was elected to the Illi- nois House of Representatives in 1872 and in 1874, being chosen Speaker a second time in 1873, as he was the unanimous choice of his party for Speaker again in 1875; in 1876 was elected Gov- ernor, was re-eiocted in 1880, and, in 1883, elected to the United States Senate as successor to Hon. David Davis. Having had two re-elections since (1889 and '95), he is now serving his third term, which will expire in 1901. In 1898, by special appointment of President McKinley, Senator CuUom served upon a Commission to investigate the condition of the Hawaiian Islands and report a plan of government for this new division of the American Republic. Otlier important measures with which his name has been promi- nently identified have been the laws for the sup- pression of polygamy in Utah and for the creation of the Inter-State Commerce Commission. At present he is Chairman of the Senate Committee on Inter-State Commerce and a member of those on Appropriations and Foreign Affairs. His career has been conspicuous for his long public service, the large number of important offices which he has held, the almost unbroken uniform- ity of his success when a candidate, and his com- plete exemption from scandals of every sort. No man in the history of the State has been more frequently elected to the United States Senate, and only three — Senators Douglas, Trumbull and Logan — for an equal number of terms; though only one of these (Senator Trumbull) lived to serve out the full period for which he was elected. CUMBERLAND COUNTY, situated in the southeast quarter of the State, directly south of Coles County, from which it was cut off in 1842. Its area is 350 square miles, and population (1900), 16,124. The county-seat was at Greenup until 1855, when it was transferred to Prairie City, which was laid off in 1854 and incorporated as a town in 1866. The present county-seat is at Toledo (population, 1890, 670). The Embarras River crosses the county, as do also three lines of railroad. Neoga, a mining town, has iv popula- tion of 829. The county received its name from the Cumberland Road, which, as originally pro- jected, ijassed through it. 126 HISTORICAL EXC'YCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. CUMMIXS, (Rev.) David, Bishop of the Re- formed Protestant Episcopal Cliurch, was born near Smyrna, Del., Dec. 11, 1822; gradu- ated at Dickinson College, Pa., in 1841, and became a licentiate in the Methodist ministry, but, in 1840), took orders in the Episcopal Church; afterwards held rectorships in Balti- more, Norfolk. Richmond and the Trinity Episcopal Church of Chicago, in 1866 being con- secrated Assistant Bishop of the Diocese of Kentucky. As a recognized leader of the Low- Church or Evangelical party, he early took issue with the ritualistic tendencies of the High-Church party, and, having withdrawn from the Episcopal Church in 1873, became the first Bishop of the Reformed Episcopal organization. He was zeal- ous, eloquent and conscientious, but overtaxed liis strength in his new field of labor, dying at Luth- erville, Md.. June 26. 1876. A memoir of Bishop Cummins, by his wife, was publishedin 1878. CUMULATIVE ^OTE. (See Minority Repre- sentation. ) CURTIS, Harvey, clergyman and educator, was born In Adams, Jefferson County, N. Y., May 30, 1806; graduated at Middlebury College, Vt., in 1831, with the highest honors of his class; after three years at Princeton Theological Seminary, was ordained pastor of the Congregational church at Brandon, Vt.. in 1836. In 1841 he accepted an appointment as agent of the Home Missionary Society for Ohio and Indiana, between 1843 and 18.j8 holding pastorates at Madison, Ind., and Chicago. In the latter year he was cliosen President of Knox College, at Galesburg, dying there, Sept. 18, 1802. CURTIS, William Elroy, journalist, was born at Akron, Ohio, Nov. 5, 18.50; graduated at Western Reserve College in 18.')1, meanwhile learning the art of typesetting ; later served as a reporter on "The Cleveland Leader" and, in 1872, took a subordinate position on "Tlie Cliicago Inter Ocean," finally rising to that of managing- editor. While on "The Inter Ocean" he accom- panied General Custer in his campaign against the Sioux, spent several months investigating the "Ku-Klux" and "White League" organiza- tions in the South, and, for some years, was "Tlie Inter Ocean" correspondent in Washington. Having retired from '"The Inter Ocean," he became Secretary of the "Pan-American Con- gress" in Washington, and afterwards made the tour of the United States witli the Soutli and Central American representatives in that Con- gress. During the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago he had general su]>ervision of the Latin-American historical and archreological exhibits. Mr. Curtis has visited nearly every Central and South American country and has written elaborately on these subjects for the magazines and for publication in book form; has also published a "Life of Zachariah Chandler'' and a "Diplomatic History of the United States and Foreign Powers," For some time he was managing editor of "The Chicago News" and is now (1898) the Washington Correspondent of "The Chicago Record." CUSHMAN, (Col,) William H. W., financier and manufacturer, was born at Freetown, JIass., May 13, 1813 ; educated at the American Literary, Scientific and Military Academj', Norwicli, Vt. ; at 18 began a mercantile career at Middlebury, and, in 1824, removed to La Salle County, 111., where he opened a country store, also built a mill at Vermilionville ; later was identified with many large financial enterprises which generally proved successful, thereby accumulating a for- tune at one time estimated at .$3,000,000. He was elected as a Democrat to the Thirteenth and Fourteenth General Assemblies (1842 and '44) and, for several years, held a commission as Captain of the Ottawa Cavalry (militia). The Civil War coming on. he assisted in organizing the Fifty-third Illinois Volunteers, and was com- missioned its Colonel, but resigned Sept. 3, 1862. He organized and was principal owner of the Bank of Ottawa, which, in 1865, became the First National Bank of that city; was the leading spirit in the Hydraulic Company and the Gas Company at Ottawa, built and operated the Ottawa Machine Shops and Foundry, speculated largely in lands in La Salle and Cook Counties — his operations in the latter being especially large about Riverside, as well as in Chicago, was a principal stockholder in the bank of Cush- man & Hardin in Chicago, had large interests in the lumber trade in Michigan, and was one of the builders of the Chicago, Paducah & South- western Riiilroad. The Chicago fire of 1871, however, brought financial disaster upon him, which finally dissipated his fortune and de- stroyed his mental ami physical heiiltli. His death occurred at Ottawa, Oct. 28, 1878. DALE, Michael (}., lawyer, was born in Lan- caster, Pa., spent his childhood and youth in the public schools of his native city, except one year in West Cliester Academy, when he entered Pennsylvania College at Gettysburg, graduating there in 1835. He then began the study of law and was admitted to tlie bar in 1837; coming to HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 127 Illinois the following year, he was retained in a suit at Greenville. Bond County, which led to his employment in others, and finally to opening an office there. In 1839 he was elected Probate Judge of Bond County, I'emaining in office four- teen years, meanwhile being commissioned JIajor of the State Militia in 1844, and serving as mem- ber of a Militarj- Court at Alton in 1847 ; was also the Delegate from Bond County to the State Con- stitutional Convention of 1847. In 1853 he re- signed the office of County Judge in Bond County to accept that of Register of the Land office at Edwardsville, where he continued to reside, fill- ing the office of County Judge in Madison County five or six terms, besides occupying some subordi- nate positions. Judge Dale married a daughter of Hon. William L. D. Ewing. Died at Edwards- ville. April 1. 1895. DALLAS CITY, a town of Hancock County, at the intersection of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Rail- roads, 16 miles south of Burlington. It has man- ufactories of lumber, buttons, carriages and wagons, and two weekly newspapers. Popula- tion (1880), 829: (1890). 747; 1900), 970. DANEMIOWER, John Wilson, Arctic explorer, was born in Chicago, Sept. 30, 1849 — the son of W. W. Danenhower, a journalist. After passing through the schools of Chicago and Washington, he graduated from the United States Naval Acad- emy at Annapolis in 1870, was successively com- missioned as Ensign, Master and Lieutenant, and served on expeditions in the North Pacific and in the Mediterranean. In 1S78 he joined the Arctic steamer Jeannette at Havre. France, as second in command under Lieut. George W. De Long; pro- ceeding to San Francisco in July, 1879, the steamer entered the Arctic Ocean by way of Behring Straits. Here, having been caught in an ice-pack, the vessel was held twenty-two months. Lieutenant Danenhower meanwhile being dis- abled most of the time by ophthalmia. The crew, as last compelled to abandon the steamer, dragged their boats over the ice for ninetj'-five days until they were able to launch them in open water, but were soon separated by a gale. The boat commanded bj- Lieutenant Danenhower reached the Lena Delta, on the north coast of Siberia, where the crew were rescued by natives, landing Sept. 17; 1881. After an ineffectual search on the delta for the crews of the other two boats. Lieutenant Danenhower, with Ins crew, made the journey of G.OOO miles to Orenburg, finally arriving in the United States in June, 1882. He has told the story of the expedition in "The Narrative of the Jeannette," published in 1882. Died, at Annapolis, Md., April 20, 1887. DAXVERS, a village of McLean County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway. The section is agricultural. The town has a bank and a newspaper. Population (1880), 460; (1890), 506; (1900), 607. DANVILLE, the county-seat of Vermilion County, on Vermilion River and on five impor- tant lines of railroad; in rich coal-mining district and near large deposits of shale and soapstone, which are utilized in manufacture of sewer-pipe, paving and fire-clay brick. The city has car-shops and numerous factories, water- works, electric lights, paved streets, several banks, twenty-seven churches, five graded schools and one high school, and six newspapers, three daily. A Soldiers" Home is located three miles east of the city. Pop. (1890), 11,491 ; (1900), 16,354. DANVILLE, OLNEY, & OHIO RIVER RAIL- ROAD. (See Chicago & Ohio River Railroad.) DANVILLE, URBANA, BLOOMINOTON & PEKIN RAILROAD. (See Peoria & Eastern Railroad.) D'ARTAIGUIETTE, Pierre, a French com- mandant of Illinois from 1734 to 1736, having been appointed by Bienville, then Governor of Louisiana. He was distinguislied for gallantry and courage. He defeated the Natchez Indians, but, in an unsuccessful expedition against the Cliickasaws, was wounded, captured and burned at the stake. DA\ENP0RT, George, soldier, pioneer anj trader, born in Lincolnshire, England, in 1783, came to this country in 1804, and .soon aftei enlisted in the United States army, with the rani of sergeant. He served gallantly on various expeditions in the West, where he obtained a knowledge of the Indians which was afterward of great value to him. During the War of 1813 his regiment was sent East, where he partici- pated in the defense of Fort Erie and in other enterprises. In 1815, his term of enlistment hav- ing expired and the war ended, he entered the service of the contract commissary. He selected the site for Fort Armstrong and aided in planning and supervising its construction. He cultivated friendly relations with the surrounding tribes, and, in 1818, built a double log house, married, and engaged in business as a fur-trader, near the site of the present citj" of Rock Island. He had the confidence and respect of the savages, was successful and his trading jwsts were soon scat- tered through Illinois, Iowa and Wisconsin. In 1823 he piloted the first steamboat through the 138 HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. upper Mississippi, and, in 1835, was appointed tlie first postmaster at Rock Island, being the only white civilian resident there. In 1826 he united his business with that of the American Fur Com- pany, in whose service he remained. Although he employed every effort to induce President Jackson to make a payment to Black Hawk and his followers to induce tliem to emigrate across the Mississippi voluntarily, when that Chief commenced hostilities, Mr. Davenport tendered his services to Governor Reynolds, bj whom he was commissioned Quartermaster-General with the rank of Colonel. Immigration increased rapidly after the close of the Black Hawk War In 1835 a companj', of which he was a member, founded the town of Davenport, opposite Rock Island, which was named in his honor. In 1837 and '42 he was largely instrumental in negoti- ating treaties by which the Indians ceded their lands in Iowa to the United States. In the latter year he gave up the business of fur-trading, having accumulated a fortune through hard labor and scrupulous integrit}', in the face often of grave perils. He had large business interests in nearly every town in his vicinity, to all of which he gave more or less personal attention. On the night of July 4, 1843, he was assassinated at his home by robbers. For a long time the crime was shrouded in mystery, but its perpetrators were ultimately detected and brought to punishment. DAVIS, David, jm-ist and United States Senator, was born in Cecil County, Md., JIarch 8, 1815; pursued his academic .studies at Kenyon College, Ohio, and studied law at Yale. He settled at Bloomington, 111., in 1836, and, after practicing law there until 1844, was elected to the lower house of the Fourteenth General Assembly. After serving in the Constitutional Convention of 1847, he was elected Judge of the Eighth Judicial Circuit under the new Constitution in 1848, being re-elected in 1855 and '61. He was a warm, per- sonal friend of Abraham Lincoln, who, in 1862, placed him upon the bench of the United States Supreme Court. He resigned his high judicial honors to become United States Senator in 1877 as successor to Logan's first term. On Oct. 13, 1881, he was elected President pro tem. of the Senate, serving in this capacity to the end of his term in 1885. He died at his home in Blooming- ton, June 26, 1886. DAVIS, (ieorge K., lawyer and Congressman, was born at Three Rivers, Mass., January 3, 1840; received a common school education, and a classical course at Williston Seminary, Easthamp- ton, Mass. From 1862 to 1865 he served in the LTnion army, first as Captain in the Eighth Slassachusetts Infantry, and later as Major in the Third Rhode Island Cavalry. After the war he removed to Chicago, where he still resides. By profession he is a lawyer. He took a prominent part in the organization of the Chicago militia, was elected Colonel of the First Regiment, I. N. G., and was for a time the senior Colonel in the State service. In 1876 he was an unsuccessful Republican candidate for Congress, but was elected in 1878, and re-elected in 1880 and 1882. From 1886 to 1890 he was Treasurer of Cook County. He took an active and influential part in securing the location of the World's Columbian E.x])osition at Cliicago, and was Director-General of tlie Exposition from its incejition to its close, by his executive ability demonstrating the wis- dom of his selection. Died Nov. 25, 1899. DAVIS, Hasbrouck, soldier and journalist, was born at Worcester, Mass., April 23, 1827. being the son of John Davis, United States Senator and Governor of Massachusetts, known in his lifetime as "Honest John Davis." The son came to Chi- cago in 1855 and commenced the practice of law, in 1861 joined Colonel Voss in the organiza- tion of the Twelfth Illinois Cavalry, being elected Lieutenant-Colonel and, on the retirement of Colonel Voss in 1863, succeeding to the colonelcy. In March, 1865, he was brevetted Brigadier-Gen- eral, remaining in active service until August, 1865, when he resigned. After the war he was. for a time, editor of "The Chicago Evening Post, " was City Attorney of the City of Chicago from 1867 to '69, but later removed to Massachusetts Colonel Davis was drowned at sea, Oct. 19, 1870. bj' the loss of the steamship Cambria, while on a voyage to Europe. DAVIS, James M., early lawyer, was born in Barren County, Ky., Oct. 9, 1793, came to Illinois in 1817, located in Bond County and is said to have taught the first school in that county. He became a lawyer and a prominent leader of the Wliig part}-, was elected to the Thirteenth Gen- eral Assembly (1842) from Bond County, and to the Twenty-first from Montgomery in 1858, hav- ing, in the meantime, become a citizen of Hillsboro ; was also a member of the State Consti- tutional Convention of 1847. Mr. Davis was a man of striking personal appearance, being over six feet in height, and of strong individuality. After the dissolution of the Whig part}' he identi- fied himself with the Democracy and was an intensely bitter opponent of the war policy of the Government. Died, at Hillsboro, Sept. 17. 1866. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 129 DATIS, John A., soldier, was born in Craw- ford County, Pa., Oct. 2."), 1823; came to Stephen- son Count}', 111., in boyhood and served as Representative in tlie General Assembly of 1857 and '59; in September, 1861, enlisted as a private, was elected Captain and, on the organization of the Forty-sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, at Camp Butler, was commissioned its Colonel. He participated in the capture of Fort Donelson, and in the battle of Shiloh was desperately wounded by a shot through the lungs, but recovered in time to join his regiment before the battle of Corinth, where, on Oct. i. 1862, he fell mortally wounded, dj-ing a few days after. On receiving a request from some of his fellow-citi- zens, a few days before his death, to accept a nomination for Congress in the Freeport District, Colonel Davis patriotically replied: "I can serve my country better in following the torn banner of my regiment in the battlefield." DAVIS, Levi, law^-er and State Auditor, was born in Cecil County, Md., July 20, 1806; gradu- ated at Jefferson College, Pa., in 1828, and was admitted to the bar at Baltimore in 1830. The following year he removed to Illinois, settling at Vandalia, then the capital. In 1835 Governor Duncan appointed him Auditor of Public Accounts, to which office he was elected by the Legislature in 183T, and again in 1838. In 1816 he took up his residence at Alton. He attained prominence at the bar and was, for several years, attorney for the Chicago & Alton and St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad Companies, in which he was also a Director. Died, at Alton, March 4, 1897. DAVIS, Nathan Smith, M.D., LL.D., physi- cian, educator and editor, was born in Chenango County, N. Y., Jan. 9, 1817; took a classical and scientific course in Cazenovia Seminary ; in 1837 graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons, winning several prizes during his course; the same year began practice at Bing- hamton; spent two years (1847-49) in New York City, when he removed to Chicago to accept the chair of Physiology and General Pathology in Rush Medical College. In 1859 he accepted a similar position in the Chicago Medical College (now the medical department of Xorthwestera University), where he .still remains. Dr. Davis has not onlj' been a busy practitioner, but a volu- minous writer on general and special topics con- nected with his profession, having been editor at different times of several medical periodicals, including "The Chicago Medical Journal," "The Medical Journal and Examiner," and "The Journal of the American Medical Association. " He has also been prominent in State, National and International Medical Congresses, and is one of the founders of the Northwestern University, the Chicago Academy of Sciences, the Chicago Historical Society, the Illinois State Microscopi- cal Society and the Union College of Law, besides other scientific and benevolent associations. DAVIS, Oliver L., lawyer, was born in New York City, Deo. 20, 1819; after being in the employ of the American Fur Company some seven years, came to Danville, 111., in 1841 and commenced studying law the next year; was elected to the lower branch of the Seventeenth and Twentieth General Assemblies, first as a Democrat and next (18.56) as a Republican; served on the Circuit Bench in 1861-66, and again in 1873-79, being assigned in 1877 to the Appellate bench. Died, Jan. 12, 1892. DAWSON, John, early legislator, was born in Virginia, in 1791; came to Illinois in 1827, set- tling in Sangamon County; served five terms in the lower house of the General Assembly (1830, '34, '36, '38 and '46), diu'ing a part of the time being the colleague of Abraham Lincoln. He was one of the celebrated "Long Nine " who repre- sented Sangamon County at the time of the removal of the State capital to Springfield ; was also a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1847. Died, Nov. 12, 1850. DEAF AND DUMB, ILLINOIS INSTITU- TION FOR EDTCATION OF, located at Jack- sonville, established by act of the Legislature, Feb. 23, 1839, and the oldest of the State charitable institutions. Work was not begun until 1842, but one building was ready for partial occupancy in 1846 and was completed in 1849. (In 1871 this building, then known as the south wing, was declared uu.safe, and was razed and rebuilt.) The center building was completed in 1852 and the north wing in 1857. Oblier additions and new buildings have been added from time to time, such as new dining halls, woi-kshops, barns, bakery, refrigerator house, kitchens, a gj'mnasium, separate cot- tages for the sexes, etc. At present (1895) the institution is probably the largest, as it is un- questionably one of the best conducted, of its class in the world. The number of pujiils in 1894 was 716. Among its employes are men and women of ripe culture and experience, who have been con- nected with it for more than a quarter of a century. DE.VRBORN, Luther, lawyin- and legislator, was born at Plymoutli, N. 11, March 24, 1820, 130 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. and educated in Plymouth schools and at New Hampton Academy ; in youth removed to Dear- born County, Ind., wliere he tauglit school and served as deputy Circuit Clerk; then came to Mason County, 111., and, in 1844, to Elgin. Here he was elected Sheriff and, at the expiration of his term. Circuit Clerk, later engaging in the banking business, which proving disastrous in 1857, he returned to Mason County and began tlie practice of law. He then spent some years in Minnesota, finally returning to Illinois a second time, resumed practice at Havana, served one term in the State Senate (1876-80); in 1S84 became member of a law firm in Chicago, but retired in 1887 to accept the attorneyship of the Chicago & Alton Railway, retaining this position until his death, which occurred suddenly at Springfield, April 5, 1889. For the last two years of his life Mr. Dearborn's residence was at Aurora. DECATUR, the county-seat of Macon County; 39 miles east of Springfield and one mile north of the Sangamon River — also an important rail- way center. Three coal shafts are operated out- side the city. It is a center for tlie grain trade, having five elevators. Extensive car and repair shops are located there, and several important manufacturing industries flourish, among them three flouring mills. Decatur has paved streets, water-works, electric street railways, and excel- lent public schools, including one of the best and most noted high schools in the State. Four newspapers are published there, each issuing a daily edition. Pop., (1890), 16,841; (1900), 20,7.'34. DECATUR EDITORIAL C0> VEXTION. (See Anti-Nebraska Edituviul Convention.) DECATUR & EASTERN RAILWAY. (See Indiana, Decatur d- Western Eailiray.) DECATUR, MATTOOX & SOUTHERN RAIL- ROAD. (See Peoria, Decatur <£■ Evansrillc Haihraij.) DECATUR, SULLIVAN & JttATTOON RAIL- ROAD. (See Peoria, Decatur & Evansrille Railway.) DEEP SNOW, THE, an event occurring in the winter of 1830-31 and referred to by old settlers of Illinois as constituting an epoch in State his- tory. The late Dr. Julian M. Sturtevant. Presi- dent of Illinois College, in an address to the "Old Settlers" of Morgan County, a few years before his death, gave the following account of it: "In the interval between Christmas, 1830, and Janu- ary, 1831, snow fell all over Central Illinois to a depth of fully three feet on a level. Then came a rain with weather so cold that it froze as it fell, forming a crust of ice over this three feet of snow, nearly, if not quite, strong enough to bear a man, and finally over this crust there were a few inches of snow. The clouds passed away and the wind came down upon us from the north- west with extraordinary ferocity. For weeks — certainly not less than two weeks — the mercury in the thermometer tube was not, on any one morning, higher than twelve degrees below zero. This snow-fall produced constant sleighing for nine weeks." Other contemporaneous accounts say that this storm caused great suffering among both men and beasts. The scattered settlers, un- able to reach the mills or produce stores, were driven, in some cases, to great extremity for supplies; mills were stopped by the freezing up of streams, while deer and other game, sinking through the crust of snow, were easily captured or perished for lack of food. Birds and domestic fowls often suffered a like fate for want of sus- tenance or from the severity of the cold. DEERE, John, manufacturer, was born at Middlebury, Yt., Feb. 7, 1804; learned the black- smith trade, which he followed until 1838, when he came west, settling at Grand Detour, in Ogle County ; ten years later removed to Moline, and there founded the plow-works which bear his name and of which he was President from 1808 until his death in 1886.— Charles H. (Deere), son of the preceding, was born in Hancock, Addison County Vt., March 28, 1837; educated in the common schools and at Iowa and Knox Acad- emies, and Bell's Commercial College, Chicago; became assistant and head book-keeper, travel- ing and purchasing agent of the Deere Plow Company, and, on its incorporation, Vice-Presi- dent and General Manager, until his father's death, when he succeeded to the Presidency. He is also the founder of the Deere & Mansur Corn Planter Works, President of the Moline Water Power Compan)-, besides being a Director in various other concerns and in the branch liouses of Deere & Co., in Kansas City, Des Moines, Council Bluffs and San Francisco. Notwith- standing his immense business interests, Mr. Deere has found time for the discharge of public and patriotic duties, as shown by the fact that he was for years a member and Chairman of the State Bureau of Labor Statistics ; a Commissioner from Illinois to the Vienna International Exposi- tion of 1873; one of the State Commissioners of the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893; a Presidential Elector for the State-at-large in 1888, and a delegate from his District to the National Republican Convention at St. Louis, in 1896. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 131 DEERIXdi, William, manufacturer, was born at Pari:.. Oxford County, Maine, April '20. 182(), completed his education at the Readfield high school, in 1843, engaged actively iu manufactur- ing, and during his time has assisted in establish- ing several large, successful business enterprises, including wholesale and commission dry-goods houses in Portland. Maine, Boston and New York. His greatest work has been the building up of the Deering ^Manufacturing Company, a main feature of which, for tliirty years, has been the manu- facture of Marsh harvesters and other agricultural implements and appliances. This concern began operation in Chicago about 1870, at the present time (1899) occupying eighty acres in the north part of the city and emploj'ing some 4,000 hands. It is said to turn out a larger amount and greater variety of articles for the use of the agriculturist than any other establishment in the country, receiving its raw material from many foreign countries, including the Philippines, and distrib- uting its products all over the globe. Mr. Deer- ing continues to be President of the Company and a principal factor in the management of its immense business. He is liberal, public-spirited and benevolent, and his business career has been notable for the absence of controversies with his employes. He has been, for a number of years, one of the Trustees of the Northwestern Univer- sity at Evanston, and, at the present time, is President uf the Board. DE KALB, a city in De Kalb County, 58 miles west of Chicago. Of late years it has grown rapidly, largely because of tlie introduction of new industrial enterprises. It contains a large wire drawing plant, barbed wire factories, foun- dry, agricultural implement works, machine shop, slioe factory and several minor manufac- turing establishments. It has banks, four news- papers, electric street railwa}-, eight miles of paved streets, nine cliurches and three graded scliools. It is the site of the Northern State Nor- mal School, located in 189.5. Population (1880), 1,598; (1.890), 2,.579; (1900), 5,904; (1903, est.), 8,000. DE KALB COUNTY, originally a portion of La Salle County, and later of Kane ; was organized in 1837, and named for Baron De Kalb, the Revolutionary patriot. Its area is 6,50 .square miles and population (in 1900), 31.75G. The land is elevated and well drained, lying between Fox and Rock Rivers. Prior to 1835 the land belonged to the Pottawatomie Indians, who maintained several villages and their own tribal government. No sooner had the aborigines been removed than white settlers appeared in large numbers, and. in September, 1835, a convocation was held on the banks of the Kishwaukee, to adopt a tempo- rarj' form of government. The public lands in the county were sold at auction in Chicago in 1843. Sycamore (originally called Orange) is the county-seat, and, in 1890, had a population of 2,987. Brick buildings were first erected at Sycamore by J. S. Waterman and the brothers JIayo. In 1854, H. A. Hough established the first newspaper, "The Republican Sentinel." Other prosperous towns are De Kalb (population, 2,579), Cortland, Malta and Somonauk. The sur- face is generally rolling, upland prairie, with numerous groves and wooded tracts along the principal streams. Various lines of railroad trav- erse the county, which embraces one of the wealthiest rural districts in the State. DE KALB & (iREAT WESTERN RAILROAD. (See Chicago Great Western Railway.) DELAVAy,a thriving city in Tazewell County, on the line of the Chicago ct Alton Railroad, at the point of its intersection with the Peoria and Pekin Division of the Illinois Central Railway, 34 miles we.st- southwest of Bloomington and 24 miles south of Peoria. Grain is extensively grown in the adjacent territory, and much shipped from Delavan. The place supports two banks, tile and brick factory, creamery, and two weekly papers. It also has five churches and a graded school. Pop. (1890), 1,176, (1900), 1,304. DEMENT, Henry Dodge, ex-Secretary of State, was born at Galena, 111., in 1840 — the son of Colonel John Dement, an early and prominent citizen of the State, who held the office of State Treasurer and was a member of the Constitu- tional Conventions of 1847 and 1870. Colonel Dement having removed to Dixon about 1845, the subject of this sketch was educated there and at Mount Morris. Having enlisted in the Thirteenth Illinois Volunteer Infantry in 18G1. he was elected a Second Lieutenant and soon promoted to First Lieutenant — also received from Governor Yates a complimentary commission as Captain for gal- lantry at Arkansas Post and at Chickasaw Bayou, where the commander of his regiment. Col. J. B. Wyman, was killed. Later he served with General Curtis in Mississippi and in the Fifteenth Army Corps in the siege of Vieksburg. After leaving the army he engaged in the manu- facturing business for some years at Dixon. Cap- tain Dement entered the State Legislature by election as Representative from Lee County in 1872, was re-elected in 1874 and, in 1876. was pro- moted to the Senate, serving in the Thirtieth and Thirty-first General Assemblies. In 1880 he was 132 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. chosen Secretary of State, and re-elected in 1884, serving eight years. The last public position held by Captain Dement was that of Warden of the State Penitentiary at Joliet, to which he was appointed in 1891, serving two years. His present home is at Oak Park, Cook County. DEMEXT, John, was born in Sumner County, Tenn., in April, 1804. When 13 years old he accompanied his parents to Illinois, settling in Franklin Count}', of which he was elected Sheriff in 1836, and which he represented in the General Assemblies of 1828 and '30. He served with distinction during the Black Hawk War, having previously had experience in two Indian cam- paigns. In 1831 he was elected State Treasurer by the Legislature, but, in 1836, resigned this office to represent Fayette County in the General Assemblj' and aid in the fight against the removal of the capital to Springfield. His efl:orts failing of success, he removed to the northern part of the State, finally locating at Dixon, where he became extensively engaged in manufacturing. In 1837 President Van Buren appointed him Receiver of Public Sloneys. but he was removed by President Harrison in 1841 ; was reappointed by Polk in 184.5, only to be again removed by Taylor in 1849 and reappointed by Pierce in 18.58. He held the office from that date until it was abolished. He was a Democratic Presidential Elector in 1844; served in three Constitutional Conventions (1847, '63, and '70), being Temporary President of the two bodies last named. He %vas the father of Hon. Denry D. Dement, Secretary of State of Illi- nois from 1884 to 1888. He died at his home at Dixon, Jan. 16, 1883. DENT, Thomas, lawyer, was born in Putnam County, 111., Nov. 14, 1831; in his j'outh was employed in the Clerk's office of Putnam Countj', meanwhile studying law; was admitted to the bar in 1854, and, in 1856, opened an office in Chi- cago; is still in practice and has served as President, both of the Chicago Law Institute and the State Bar Association. 1)ES PLAIXES, a village of Cook County, at the intersection of the Chicago & Northwestern and the Wisconsin Central Railroads, 17 miles north- west from Chicago; is a dairying region. Popu- lation (1880). 818; (1890), 986; (1900), 1.666. DES PLAINES RIVER, a branch of the Illinois River, which rises in Racine County, Wis., and, after passing through Kenosha County, in that State, and Lake County, 111., running nearly parallel to the west shore of Lake Michigan through Cook County, finally unites with the Kankakee, about 13 miles southwest of Joliet, by its confluence with the latter forming the Illinois River. Its length is about 150 miles. The Chicago Drainage Canal is constructed in the valley of the Des Plaines for a considerable por- tion of the distance between Chicago and Joliet. DEWEY, (Dr.) Richard S., physician, alienist, was born at Forest ville, N. Y., Dec. 6, 1845; after receiving his primary education took a two years' course in the literar}- and a three years' course in the medical department of the Jlichigan Univer- sity at Ann Arbor, graduating from the latter in 1869. He then began practice as House Physician and Surgeon in the City Ho.spital at Brookh'n, N. Y., remaining for a year, after which he visited Europe inspecting hospitals and sanitary methods, meanwhile spending six months in the Prussian military service as Surgeon during the Franco-Prussian War. After the close of the war he took a brief course in the University of Berlin, when, returning to the United States, he was employed for seven years as Assistant Physi- cian in the Northern Hospital for the Insane at Elgin. In 1879 he was appointed Medical Super- intendent of the Eastern Hospital for the Insane at Kankakee, remaining until the accession of John P. Altgeld to the Governorship in 1893. Dr. Dewey's reputation as a specialist in the treatment of the insane has stood among the highest of his class. DE WITT COUNTY, situated in the central portion of the State ; has an area of 405 square miles and a population (1900) of 18,972. The land was originally owned bj- the Kickapoos and Potta- watomies, and not until 1820 did the first perma- nent white settlers occupy this region. The first to come were Felix Jones. Prettyman Marvel, William Cottrell, Samuel Glenn, and the families of Scott, Lundy and Coaps. Previously, how- ever, the first cabin had been built on the site of the present Farmer City by Nathan Clearwater. Zion Shugest erected the earliest grist-mill and Burrell Post the first saw-mill in the county. Kentuckians and Tennesseeans were the first im- migrants, but not until the advent of settlers from Ohio did permanent improvements begin to be made. In 1835 a school house and Presbj-terian church were built at Waynesville. The county was organized in 1839, and — with its capital (Clinton) — was named after one of New York's most distinguished Governors. It lies within the great "corn belt," and is well watered by Salt Creek and its branches. Most of the surface is rolling prairie, interspersed with woodland. Several lines of railway' (among them the Illinois Central) cross the county. Clinton had a popu- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 1 oo 1 JO lation of 3,598 in 1890, and Farmer City, 1,307. Both are railroad centers and have considerable trade. DE WOLF, Calvin, pioneer and philanthropist, was born in Luzerne County, Pa., Feb. 18, 1815; taken early in life to Vermont, and, at 19 years of age, commenced teaching at Orwell, in that State; spent one year at a manual labor school in Ashtabula County, Ohio, and, in 1837, came to Chicago, and soon after began teaching in Will County, still later engaging in tlie same vocation in Chicago. In 1839 he commenced the studj- of law with Messrs. Spring & Goodrich and, in 1843, was admitted to practice. In 1854 he was elected a Justice of the Peace, retaining the position for a quarter of a century, winning for himself the reputation of a sagacious and incor- ruptible public officer. Mr. De Wolf was an original abolitionist and his home is said to have been one of the stations on the "underground railroad" in the days of slavery. Died Nov. 28. '99. DEXTER, Wirt, lawyer, born at Dexter, Mich., Oct. 25, 1831 ; was educated in the schools of his native State and at Cazenovia Seminary, N. Y. He was descended from a family of lawj-ers, his grandfather, Samuel Dexter, having been Secre- tary of War, and afterwards Secretary of the Treasury, in the cabinet of the elder Adams. Coming to Chicago at the beginning of his profes- sional career, Mr. Dexter gave considerable attention at first to his father's extensive lumber trade. He was a zealous and eloquent supporter of the Government during the Civil War, and was an active member of the Relief and Aid Society after the fire of 1871. His entire profes- sional life was spent in Chicago, for several years before his death being in the service of the Chi- cago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Company as its general solicitor and member of the executive committee of the Board of Directors. Died in Chicago, May 20, 1890. DICKEY, Hiig'Ii Thompson, jurist, was born in New York City, May 30, 1811; graduated from Columbia College, read law and was admitted to the bar. He visited Chicago in 1836, and four years later settled there, becoming one of its mo.st influential citizens. Upon the organization of the County Court of Cook County in 1845, Mr. Dickey was appointed its Judge. In Septem- ber, 1848, he was elected Judge of the Seventh Judicial Circuit, practically without partisan opposition, serving until the expiration of his term in 1853. He was prominently identified with several important commercial enterprises, was one of the founders of the Chicago Library Association, and one of the first Trustees of the Illinois General Hospital of the Lakes, now Mercy Hospital. In 1885 he left Chicago to take up his residence in hLs native city. New York, where he died, June 2, 1892. DICKEY, Tlieophiliis Ljie, lawyer and jurist, was born in Bourbon County, Ky., Nov. 12, 1812, the grandson of a Revolutionary soldier, gradu- ated at the Miami (Ohio) University, and re- moved to Illinois in 1834. settling at Macomb, McDonough County, wliere he was admitted to the bar in 1835. In 1831) he moved to Rushville, where he resided three years, a part of the time editing a Whig newspaper. Later he became a resident of Ottawa, and, at the opening of the Mexican V/ar, organized a company of volun- teers, of which he was chosen Captain. In 1861 he raised a regiment of cavalry which was mustered into service as the Fourth Illinois Cavalry, and of wliich he was commissioned Colonel, taking an active part in Grant's cam- paigns in the West. In 1865 he resigned his commission and resumed the practice of his profession at Ottawa. In 1866 he was an unsuccessful candidate for Congressman for the State-at-large in opposition to John A. Logan, and, in 1868, was tendered and accepted the posi- tion of Assistant Attorney-General of the United States, resigning after eighteen montlis' service. In 1873 he removed to Chicago, and. in 1874, was made Corporation Counsel. In December, 1875, he was elected to the Supreme Court, vice W. K. McAllister, deceased ; was re-elected in 1879, and died at Atlantic City, July 22. 1885. DISCIPLES OF CHRIST, THE, known also as the Christian Church and as "Campbellites," having been founded by Alexander Campbell. Many members settled in Illinois in the early 30's, and, in the central portion of the State, the denomination soon began to flourish greatly Any one was admitted to membership who made what is termed a scriptm-al confession of faith and was baptized by immersion. Alexander Campbell was an eloquent preacher and a man of much native ability, as well as a born conver- sationalist. The sect has steadily grown in nuiniiers and influence in the State. The L^nited States Census of 1890 showed 641 churches in the State, with 368 ministers and an aggregate mem- bership of 61,587, having 550 Sunday schools, with 50,000 pupils in attendance. The value of the real property, which included 552 church edifices (with a seating capacity of 155,000) and 30 parson- ages, was 81,167,675. The denomination supports Eureka College, with an attendance of between 134 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 400 and 500 students, while its assets are valued at §150,000. Total membership in the United States, estimated at 750,000. DIXOX, an incorporated city, the county-seat of Lee County. It lies on both sides of Rock River and is the point of intersection of the Illi- nois Central and the Chicago A: Northv.-estern Railroads; is 98 miles west of Chicago. Rock River furnishes abundant water power and the manufacturing interests of the city are very ex- tensive, including large plow works, wire-cloth factory, wagon factory; also has electric light and power plant, three shoe factories, planing mills, and a condensed milk factory. There are two National and one State bank, eleven churches, a hospital, and three newspapers. In schools the city particularly excels, having sev- eral graded (grammar) schools and two colleges. The Chautauqua Assembly holds its meeting here annually. Population (1890). 5,161; (1900), 7,917. DIXOX, John, pioneer — the first white settler in Lee County, 111., was born at Rye, West- chester County, N. Y., Oct. 9, 1784; at 21 removed to New York City, where he was in business some fifteen years. In 1820 he set out with his family for the West, traveling by land to Pittsburg, and thence by flat-boat to Shawneetown. Having disembarked his horses and goods here, he pushed out towards the northwest, passing the vicinity of Springfield, and finallj' locating on Fancy Creek, some nine miles north of the present site of tliat city. Here he remained some five years, in that time serving as foreman of the first Sanga- mon County Grand Jury. The new county of Peoria having been established in 1825. he was offered and accepted the appointment of Circuit Clerk, removing to Fort Clark, as Peoria was then called. Later he became contractor for carrying the mail on the newly established route between Peoria and Galena. Compelled to pro- vide means of crossing Rock River, lie induced a French and Indian half-breed, named Ogee, to take charge of a ferry at a point afterwards known as Ogee's Ferrj-. The tide of travel to the lead-mine region caused both the mail-route and the ferry to prove profitable, and. as tlie half- breed ferryman could not endure jjrosperity, Jlr. Dixon was forced to buy him out, removing liis familj- to this point in April, 1830. Here he established friendly relations with the Indians, and, during the Black Hawk War ,two years later, was enabled to render valuable service to the State. His .station was for many years one of the most important points in Northern Illinois, and among the men of national reputation wlio were entertained at different times at his home, may be named Gen. Zachary Taj-lor, Albert Sid ney Johnston, Gen. Winfield Scott, Jefferson Davis, Col. Robert Anderson, Abraliam Lincoln, Col. E. D. Baker and many more. He bought the land where Dixon now stands in 1835 and laid off the town; in 1838 was elected by the Legislature a member of the Board of Public Works, and. in 18-10, secured the removal of the land office from Galena to Dixon. Colonel Dixon was a delegate from Lee County to the Republican State Con- vention at Bloomington, in May, 1850, and, although then considerably over 70 years of age, spoke from the same stand with Abraham Lin- coln, his presence producing much enthusiasm. His death occurred, July 6, 1876. DO AXE, John Wesley, merchant and banker, was born at Thompson, Windham County, Conn., March 23, 1833; was educated in the common schools, and, at 22 years of age, came to Chicago and opened a small grocery store which, by 1870, had become one of the most extensive concerns of its kind in the Northwest. It was swept out of existence bj' the fire of 1871, but was re-estab- lished and, in 1872, transferred to other parties, although Mr. Doane continued to conduct an importing business in many lines of goods used in the grocery trade. Having become interested in the Merchants' Loan & Trust Company, he was elected its President and has continued to act in that capacity. He is also a stockholder and a Director of the Pullman Palace Car Company, the Allen Paper Car Wheel Company and the Illinois Central Railroad, and was a leading promoter of the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 — being one of those wlio guaranteed the $5,000,000 to be raised by the citizens of Chicago to assure the success of the enterprise. DOLTO>' STATION, a village of Cook County, on the Chicago & Eastern Illinois, the Chicago & Western Indiana, and the Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroads. 16 miles south of Chicago; has a carriage factory, a weekly paper, churches and a graded school. Population (1880) 448; (1890). 1.110; (1900), 1,229. DOXUOLA, a village in Union Covmty, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 27 miles north of Cairo. Population (1S80), .599; (1890), 733; (1900), 681. DOOLITTLE, James Rood, United States Senator, was born in Hampton, Washington County, N. Y., Jan 3, 1815; educated at Middle- bury and Geneva (now Hobart) Colleges, admitteil to the bar in 1837 and practiced at Rochester and Warsaw, N. Y. ; was elected District Attorney of Wyoming County, N. Y.. in 1845. .and in 1851 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 135 removed to "Wisconsin; two years later was elected Circuit Judge, but resigned in 185G, and the following year was elected as a Democratic- Republican to the United States Senate, being re-elected as a Republican in 18G3. Retiring from public life in 1869, he afterwards resided chiefly at Racine, Wis., though practicing in the courts of Chicago. He was President of the National Union Convention at Philadelphia in 186G, and of the National Democratic Convention of 1872 in Baltimore, which endorsed Horace Greeley for President. Died, at Edgewood, R. I., July 27, 1897. DORE, John Clark, first Superintendent of Chicago City Schools, was born at Ossipee, N. H., March 22, 1822; began teaching at 17 years of age and graduated at Dartmouth College in 1847; then taught several years and, in 18.^4, was offered and accepted the position of Superintend- ent of City Schools of Chicago, but resigned two years later. Afterwards engaging in business, he served as Vice-President and President of the Board of Trade, President of the Com- mercial Insurance Company and of the State Savings Institution; was a member of the State Senate, 1868-72, and has been identified with various benevolent organizations of the citj' of Chicago. Died in Boston. Mass., Dec, 14, 1900. DOUGHERTY, John, lawyer and Lieutenant- Governor, was born at Marietta, Ohio, Jlay 6, 1806; brought by his parents, in 1808, to Cape Girardeau, Mo., where they remained until after the disastrous earthquakes in that region in 1811-12, when, his father having died, his mother removed to Jonesboro, 111. Here he finally read law with Col. A. P. Field, afterwards Secretary of State, being admitted to the bar in 1831 and early attaining prominence as a successful criminal lawyer. He soon became a recognized political leader, was elected as a member of the House to the Eighth General Assembly (1832) and re-elected in 1834, '36 and '40, and again in 18.')G, and to the Senate in 1843, serving in the latter body until the adoption of the Constitution of 1848. Originally a Democrat, he was, in 18.58, the Administration (Buchanan) candidate for State Treasurer, as opposed to the Douglas wing of the partj'. but, in 1861, became a strong sup- jiorter of Abraham Lincoln. He served as Presi- dential Elector on the ReiiubUcan ticket in 1864 and in 1872 (the former year for the State- at- large), in 1868 was elected Lieutenant-Governor and, in 1877, to a seat on the criminal bench, serving until June, 1879. Died, at Jone.sboro, Sept. 7, 1879. DOUGLAS, John M., lawyer and Railway President, was born at Plattsburg, Clinton County, N. Y., August 23, 1819; read law three years in his native city, then came west and settled at Galena, 111., where he was admitted to the bjir in 1841 and began practice. In 1856 he removed to Chicago, and, the following year, became one of the .solicitors of the Illinois Central Railroad, with which he had been associated as an attornej- at Galena. Between 1861 and 1876 he was a Director of the Company over twelve years ; from 1865 to 1871 its President, and again for eighteen months in 187.')-76, when he retired permanently. Mr. Douglas' contemporaries speak of him as a lawyer of great ability, as well as a capable executive officer. Died, in Chicago, Marcli 35, 1891. DOUGLAS, Steplien Arnold, statesman, was born at Brandon, Vt., April 23, 1813. In conse- quence of the death of his father in infancy, his earlj' educational advantages were limited. When fifteen he applied himself to the cabinet- . maker's trade, and, in 1830, accompanied his mother and step-father to Ontario County, N. Y. In 1832 he began the studj' of law, but started for the West in 1833. He taught school at Win- chester, 111., reading law at night and practicing before a Justice of the Peace on Saturdays. He was soon admitted to the bar and took a deep interest in politics. In 1835 he was elected Prose- cuting Attorney for Morgan County, but a few months later resigned this office to enter the lower house of the Legislature, to which he was elected in 1836. In 1838 he was a candidate for Congress, but was defeated by John T. Stuart, his Whig opponent ; was appointed Secretary of State in December, 1840, and, in February, 1841, elected Judge of the Supreme Court. He was elected to Congress in 1842, '44 and '46, and, in the latter year, was chosen United States Sena- tor, taking his seat March 4, 1847, and being re-elected in 1853 and '59. His last canvass was rendered memorable through his joint debate, in 1858, before the people of the State with Abraham Lincoln, whom he defeated before the Legisla- ture. He was a candidate for the presidential nomination Viefore the Democratic National Conventions of 18.52 and '.56. In 1860, after having failed of a nomination for the Presidency at Charleston, S. C, through the operation of the "two thirds rule," he received the nomination from the adjourned convention held at Baltimore six weeks later — though not until the delegates from nearly all the Southern States had with- drawn, the seceding delegates afterwards nomi- 136 HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. nating John C. Breckenridge. Although defeated for tlie Presidencj- by Lincoln, his old-time antagonist, Douglas yielded a cordial support to the incoming administration in its attitude toward the seceded States, occupying a place of honor beside Mr. Lincoln on tlie portico of the capitol during the inauguration ceremonies. As politician, orator and statesman, Douglas had few superiors. Quick in perception, facile in expedients, ready in resources, earnest and fearless in utterance, he was a born "leader of men." His shortness of stature, considered in relation to his extraordinary mental acumen, gained for him the sobriquet of the "Little Giant." He died in Chicago, June 3, 1861. DOUGLAS COUNTY, lying a little east of the center of the State, embracing an area of 410 square miles and having a population (1900) of 19,097. The earliest land entry was made by Harrison Gill, of Kentucky, whose patent was signed by Andrew Jackson. Another early settler was John A. Eichman, a West Virginian, who erected one of the first frame houses in the county in 1829. The Embarras and Kas- kaskia Rivers flow through the county, which is also crossed by the Wabash and Illinois Central Railways. Douglas County was organized in 1857 (being set off from Coles) and named in honor of Steplien A. Douglas, then United States Senator from Illinois. After a sharp struggle Tus- cola was made the county-seat. It has been visited by several disastrous conflagrations, but is a thriving town, credited, in 1890, with a population of 1,897. Other important towns are Areola (population, 1,733), and Camargo, which was originally known as New Salem. DOWNERS GROVE, village, Du Page County, on C, B. it Q. R. R., 21 miles south- southwest from Chicago, incorporated 1873; has water- works, elec- tric lights, telephone system, good schools, bank and a newspaper. Pop. (1890), 960; (1900), 2,103. DOWNING, Finis Ewing, ex-Congressman and lawyer, was born at Virginia, 111., August 24, 1840 ; reared on a farm and educated in the public and private schools of his native town; from 1805 was engaged in mercantile pursuits until 1880, when he was elected Clerk of the Circuit Court of Cass County, serving three successive terms; read law and was admitted to the bar in Decem- ber, 1887. In Augast, 1891, he became interested in "The Virginia Enquirer" (a Democratic paper), which he has since conducted; was elected Secretary of the State Senate in 1893, and, in 1894, was returned as elected to the Fifty- fourth Congress from the Sixteenth District by a plurality of forty votes over Gen. John I. Rinaker, the Republican nominee. A contest and recount of the ballots resulted, however, in awarding the seat to General Rinaker. In 1896 Mr. Downing was the nominee of his party for Secretary of State, but was defeated with the rest of liis ticket. DRAKE, Francis Marion, soldier and Governor, was born at Rushville, Schuj-ler County, 111., Dec. 30, 1830; early taken to Drakesville, Iowa, which liis father founded; entered mercantile life at 10 years of age ; crossed the plains to Cali- fornia in 1852, had experience in Indian warfare and, in 1859, established himself in business at Unionville, Iowa; served through the Civil War, becoming Lieutenant-Colonel and retiring in 1865 with the rank of Brigadier-General by brevet. He re-entered mercantile life after the war, was admitted to the bar in 1866, subsequently engaged in railroad building and, in 1881, contrib- buted the bulk of the funds for founding Drake University; was elected Governor of Iowa in 1895, serving until January, 1898. DRAPER, Andrew Sloan, LL.D., lawyer and educator, was born in Otsego County, N. Y., June 21, 1848 — being a descendant, in the eighth generation, from the "Puritan," James Draper, who settled in Boston in 1647. In 1855 Mr. Draper's parents settled in Albany, N. Y., where he attended school, winning a scholarship in the Albany Academy in 1863, and graduating from that institution in 1866. During the next four years he was employed in teaching, part of the time as an instructor at his alma mater ; but, in 1871, graduated from the Union College Law Department, when he began practice. The rank he attained in the profession was indicated by his appointment by President Arthur, in 1884, one of the Judges of the Alabama Claims Com- mission, upon which he .served until the conclu- sion of its labors in 1886. He had previouslj' served in the Neve York State Senate (1880) and, in 1884, was a delegate to the Republican National Convention, also serving as Chairman of the Republican .State Central Committee the same year. After his return from Eui-ope in 1886, he served as State Superintendent of Public Instruc- tion of New York until 1892. and, in 1889, and again in 1890, was President of the National Association of School Su])erintendents. Soon after retiring from the State Superintendency in New York, he was chosen Superintendent of Public Schools for the city of Cleveland, Ohio, remaining in that position until 1894. when he was elected President of the University of Illinois at Champaign, where he now is. His adminis- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 137 tration has been characterized by enterprise and sagacity, and has tended to promote the popular- ity and prosperity of the institution. DRESSER, Charles, clergyman, was born at Pomfret, Conn., Feb. 34, 1800; graduated from Brown University in 1823, went to Virginia, where he studied theology and was ordained a minister of the Prote.stant Episcopal Church. In 1838 he removed to Springfield, and became rector of St. Paul's Episcopal Church there, retiring in 1858. On Nov. 4, 1842, Mr. Dresser performed the ceremony vmiting Abraham Lincoln and Mary Todd in marriage. He died, March 2.'), 1865. DRUMMOXD, Thomas, jurist, was born at Bristol 'Mills. Lincoln County, Maine, Oct. 16, 1809. After graduating from Bowdoin College, in 1830, he studied law at Philadelphia, where he was admitted to the bar in 1833. He settled at Galena, 111., in 1835, and was a member of the General Assembly in 1840-41. In 1850 he was appointed United States District Judge for the District of Illinois as successor to Judge Nathaniel Pope, and four years later removed to Chicago. Upon the division of the State into two judicial districts, in 1855, he was assigned to the North- ern. In 1869 he was elevated to the bench of the United States Circuit Court, and presided over the Seventh Circuit, which at that time included the States of Indiana, Illinois and Wisconsin. In 1884 — at the age of 75 — he resigned, livzng in retirement until his death, which occurred at Wheaton. Ill, May 15, 1890. DUBOIS, Jesse Kil^ore, State Auditor, was born, Jan. 14, 1811. in Lawrence County, 111., near Vincennes, Ind., where his father, Capt. Toussaint Dubois, had settled about 1780. The latter was a native of Canada, of French descent, and, after settling in the Northwest Territory, had been a personal friend of General Harrison, under whom he served in the Indian wars, including the battle of Tippecanoe. The .son received a partial collegiate education at Bloom- ington, Ind., but, at 24 years of age (1834), was electeil to the General Assembl)-, .serving in the same House with Abraham Lincoln, and being re-elected in 183G, '38, and '42. In 1841 he was appointed by President Harrison Register of the Land Office at Palestine, III, but .soon resigned, giving his attention to mercantile jjursuits until 1849, when he was appointed Receiver of Public Moneys at Palestine, but was removed by Pierce in 1853. He was a Delegate to tlie first Repub- lican State Convention, at Blooniington. in 1856, and, on the recommendation of Mr. Lincoln, was nominated for Auditor of Public Accounts, renominated in 1860 and elected both times. In 1864 he was a candidate for the nomination of his party for Governor, but was defeated by General Oglesby, serving, however, on the National Executive Committee of that year, and as a delegate to the National Convention of 1868. Died, at las liome near Springfield, Nov. 22, 1876. — Fred T. (Dubois), son of the preceding, was born in Crawford County, lU., May 29, 1851; received a common-school and classical educa- tion, graduating from Yale College in 1872 ; was Secretary of the Illinois Railway and Warehouse Commission in 1875-76 ; went to Idaho Territorj' and engaged in biisiness in 1880, was appointed United States Marshal there in 1883, serving until 1886; elected as a Republican Delegate to the Fiftieth and Fifty -first Congre.sses, and, on the admission of Idaho as a State (1890), became one of the first United States Senators, his term extending to 1897. He was Chairman of the Idaho delegation in the National Republican Convention at Minneapolis in 1892, and was a member of the National Republican Convention at St. Louis in 1896, but seceded from that body with Senator Teller of Colorado, and has since cooperated with the Populists and Free Silver Democrats. DUCAT, Arthur Charles, soldier and civil engineer, was born in Dublin, Ireland, Feb. 24, 1830, received a liberal education and became a civil engineer. He settled in Chicago in 1851, and six years later was made Secretary and Chief Surveyor of the Board of Under^vriters of that city. Wliile acting in tliis capacity, he virtually revised the schedule S3-stem of rating fire-risks. In 1861 he raised a company of 300 engineers, sappers and miners, but neither the State nor Federal authorities would accept it. Tliereupon he enlisted as a private in the Twelfth Illinois Volunteers, bub his ability earned him rapid promotion. He rose through the grades of Cap- tain, Major and Lieutenant-Colonel, to that of Colonel, and was brevetteD AXTI-DUELI\G LAWS. Al- though a majoritj' of the population of Illinois, in Territorial days, came from Soutliern States wliere the duel was widely regarded as the proper 138 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. mode for settling "difBculties" of a personal character, it is a curious fact that so few " 'affairs of honor" (so-called) should have occurred on Illinois soil. The first "affair" of this sort of which either history or tradition has handed down any account, is said to have occurred between an EngUsh and a French officer at the time of the surrender of Fort Chartres to the British in 1765, and in connection with that event. The officers are said to have fought with small swords one Sunday morning near the Fort, when one of them was killed, but the name of neither the victor nor the vanquished has come down to the present time. Gov. John Reynolds, who is the authority for the story in his "Pioneer History of IlUnois," claimed to have received it in his boyhood from an aged Frenchman who represented that lie had seen the combat. An affair of less doubtful authenticity has come down to us in the history of the Territorial period, and, although it was at first bloodless, it finally ended in a tragedy. This was the Jones- Bond affair, which originated at Kaskaskia in 1808. Rice Jones was the son of John Rice Jones, the first English-speaking lawyer in the "Illinois Country." The younger Jones is described as an exceptionally brilliant young man who, having studied law, located at Kaskaskia in 1806. Two years later he became a candidate for Represent- ative from Randolph County in the Legislature of Indiana Territory, of which Illinois was a part. In the course of the canva.ss which resulted in Jones' election, he became involved in a quarrel with Shadrach Bond, who was then a member of the Territorial Council from the same county, and afterwards became Delegate in Congress from Illinois and the first Governor of the State. Bond challenged Jones and the meeting took place on an island in the Mississippi between Kaskaskia and St. Genevieve. Bond's second was a Dr. James Dunlap of Kaskaskia, who appears also to have been a bitter enemy of Jones. The discharge of a pistol in the hand of Jones after the combatants had taken their places preliminary to the order to "fire," raised the question wliether it was accidental or to be regarded as Jones' fire. Dunlap maintained the latter, but Bond accepted the explanation of his adversary that the discharge was accidental, and the generosity whicli he displaj-ed led to expla- nations that averted a final exchange of shots. The feud thus started between Jones and Dunlap grew until it involved a large part of the com- munity. On Dec. 7, 1808, Dunlap shot down Jones in cold blood and without warning in tlie streets of Kaskaskia, killing him instantly. The murderer fled to Texas and was never heard of about Kaskaskia afterwards. This incident furnishes the basis of the most graphic chapter in Mrs. Catherwood's story of "Old Kaskaskia." Prompted by this tragical affair, no doubt, the Governor and Temtorial Judges, in 1810, framed a stringent law for the suppression of dueling, in which, in case of a fatal result, all parties con- nected with the affair, as principals or seconds, were held to be guilty of murder. Governor Reynolds furnishes the record of a duel between Thomas Rector, the member of a noted family of that name at Kaskaskia, and one Joshua Barton, supposed to have occurred some- time during the War of 1813, tliough no exact dates are given. This affair took place on the favorite dueling ground known as "Bloody Island," opposite St. Louis, so often resorted to at a later day, by devotees of "the code" in Mis- souri. Reynolds says that "Barton fell in the conflict." The next affair of wliich history makes men- tion grew out of a drunken carousel at Belleville, in February, 1819, whicli ended in a duel between two men named Alonzo Stuart and William Bennett, and the killing of Stuart by Bennett. The managers of the affair for the principals are said to have agreed that the guns should be loaded with blank cartridges, and Stuart was let into the secret but Bennett was not. When the order to fire came, Bennett's gun proved to have been loaded with ball. Stuart fell mortally wounded, expiring almost immediately. One report says that the duel was intended as a sham, and was so understood b}' Bennett, who was horrified bj- the result. He and his two seconds were arrested for murder, but Bennett broke jail and fled to Arkansas. The seconds were tried, Daniel P. Cook conducting the prosecution and Thomas H. Benton defending, the trial resulting in their acquittal. Two years later, Bennett was appre- hended by some sort of artifice, put on his trial, convicted and executed — Judge John Reynolds (afterwards Governor) presiding and pronouncing sentence. In a footnote to "The Edwards Papers," edited by the late E. B. Washburne, and printed under the auspices of the Chicago Histori(!al Society, a few years ago, Mr. Wasliburne relates an incident occurring in Galena about 1838, while "The Northwestern Gazette and Galena Adver- tiser" was under the cliarge of Sylvester M. Bartlett, who was afterwards one of the founders of "Tlie Quincy AVhig. " The story, as told by HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 139 Mr. Washbiirne, is as follows: "David G. Bates (a Galena business man and captain of a packet plying between St. Louis and Galena) wrote a short communication for the paper reflecting on the character of John Turney, a prominent law- yer who had been a member of the House of Representatives in 1828-30, from the District composed of Pike, Adams, Fulton, Schuyler, Peoria and Jo Daviess Counties. Turney de- manded the name of the author and Bartlett gave up the name of Bates. Turney refused to take any notice of Bates and then challenged Bartlett to a duel, which was promptly accepted by Bart- lett. The second of Turney was the Hon. Joseph P. Hoge, afterward a member of Congress from the Galena District. Bartlett's second was William A. Warren, now of Bellevue, Iowa." (Warren was a prominent Union oflScer during the Civil War.) "The jjarties went out to the ground selected for the duel, in what was then Wisconsin Territory, seven miles north of Galena, and, after one ineffectual fire, the matter was compi-omised. Subsequently, Bartlett removed to Quincy. and was for a long time connected with the publication of 'The Quincy Whig.'" During the session of the Twelfth General Assembly (1841), A. R. Dodge, a Democratic Representative from Peoria County, feeling him- self aggrieved by some reflections indulged by Gen. John J. Hardin (then a Whig Representative from Morgan County) upon the Democratic party in connection with the partisan reorganization of the Supreme Court, threatened to "call out" Hardin. The affair was referred to W. L. D. Ewing and W. A. Richardson for Dodge, and J. J. Brown and E. B. Webb for Hardin, with the result that it was amicably adjusted "honor- ably to both parties." It was during the same session that John A. McCIernand, then a young and fiery member from Gallatin County — who had, two years before, been appointed Secretary of State by Governor Carlin, but had been debarred from taking the office by an adverse decision of the Supreme Court — indulged in a violent attack upon the Whig members of the Court based upon allegations afterwards shown to have been fur- nished by Theophilus W. Smith, a Democratic member of the same court. Smith having joined his associates in a card denying the truth of the charges, McClernand responded with the publi- cation of the cards of persons tracing the allega- tions directly to Smith him.self. This brought a note from Smith which JlcClernand construed into a challenge and answered with a prompt accept- ance. Attorney-General Lamborn, having got wind of the affair, lodged a complaint with a Springfield Justice of the Peace, which resulted in placing the pugnacious jurist under bonds to keep the peace, when he took his departure lor Chicago, and the "affair" ended. An incident of greater historical interest than all the others }"et mentioned, was the affair in which James Shields and Abraham Lincoln — the former the State Auditor and the latter at that time a young attorney at Sjtringfield — were con- cerned. A comnumicatioii in doggerel ver.se had appeared in "The Springfield Journal" ridiculing the Auditor. Shields made demand upon the editor (Mr. Simeon Francis) for the name of the author, and, in accordance with previous under- standing, the name of Lincoln was given. (Evi- dence, later coming to Light, showed that the real authors were Miss Mary Todd — who, a few months later, became Mrs. Lincoln — and Miss Julia Jayne, afterwards the wife of Senator Trumbull.) Shields, through John D. Whiteside, a former State Treasurer, demanded a retraction of the offensive matter — the demand being presented to Lincoln at Tremont, in Tazewell County, where Lincoln was attending court. Without attempt- ing to follow the affair through all its complicated details — Shields having assumed that Lincoln was the author without further investigation, and Lincoln refusing to make any explanation unless the first demand was withdrawn — Lincoln named Dr. E. H. Merriman as his second and accepted Shield's challenge, naming cavalry broadswords as the weapons and the Missouri shore, within three miles of the city of Alton, as the place. The principals, with their "friends," met at the appointed time and place (Sept. 23, 1842, opposite the city of Alton); but, in the meantime, mutual friends, having been apprised of what was going on, also appeared on the groimd and brought about explanations which averted an actual con- flict. Those especially instrumental in bringing about this result were Gen. John J. Hardin of Jacksonville, and Dr. R. W. English of Greene County, while John D. Whiteside, W. L. D. Ewing and Dr. T. M. Hope acted as represent- atives of Shields, and Dr. E. H. Merriman, Dr. A. T. Bledsoe and Willi.am Butler for Lincoln. Out of this affair, within the next few days, followed challenges from Shields to Butler and Whiteside to Merriman; but, although these were accepted, yet owing to some objection on the part of the challenging party to the conditions named by the party challenged, thereby resulting in de- lay, no meeting actually took place. 140 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Another affair which bore important results without ending in a tragedy, occurred during the session of the Constitutional Convention in 1847. The parties to it were O. C. Pratt and Thompson Campbell — both Delegates from Jo Daviess County, and both Democrats. Some sparring between them over the question of suffrage for naturalized foreigners resulted in an invitation from Pratt to Campbell to meet him at the Planters' House in St. Louis, with an intimation that this was for the purpose of arranging the preliminaries of a duel. Both parties were on hand before the appointed time, but their arrest by the St. Louis authorities and putting them under heavy bonds to keep the peace, gave them an excuse for returning to their convention duties without coming to actual hostilities — if they had such intention. This was promptly followed by the adoption in Convention of the provision of the Constitution of 1848. disqualify- ing any person engaged in a dueling affair, either as principal or second, from holding any office of honor or profit in the State. The last and principal affair of this kind of historic significance, in which a citizen of Illinois was engaged, though not on Illinois soil, was that in which Congressman William H. Bissell, after- wards Governor of Illinois, and Jefferson Davis were concerned in February, 1850. During the debate on the "Compromise Mea.sures'" of that year. Congressman Seddon of Virginia went out of his way to indulge in implied reflections upon the courage of Northern soldiers as displayed on the battle-field of Buena Vista, and to claim for the Mississippi regiment commanded by Davis the credit of saving the day. Replying to these claims Colonel Bissell took occasion to correct the Virginia Congressman's statements, and especi- ally to vindicate the good name of the Illinois and Kentucky troops. In do'ing so he declared that, at the critical moment alluded to bj- Seddon, when the Indiana regiment gave way, Davis's regiment was not within a mile and a half of the scene of action. This was construed by Davis as a reflection upon his troops, and led to a challenge which was promptly accepted by Bissell, who named the soldier's weapon (the common army musket), loaded with ball and buckshot, with forty paces as the distance, with liberty to advance up to ten — otherwise leaving the pre- liminaries to be settled by his friends. The evi- dence manifested by Bissell that he was not to be intimidated, but was prepared to face death itself to vindicate his own honor and that of his comrades in the field, was a surprise to the South- em leaders, and they soon found a way for Davis to withdraw his challenge on condition that Bissell should add to his letter of acceptance a clause awarding credit to the Jtlississippi regi- ment for what they actually did, but without dis- avowing or retracting a single word he had uttered in his speech. In the meantime, it is said that President Taylor, who was the father-in-law of Davis, having been apprised of what was on foot, had taken precautions to prevent a meeting by instituting legal proceedings the night before it was to take place, though this was rendered unnecessary by the act of Davis himself. Thus, Colonel Bissell's position was virtually (though indirectly) justified by his enemies. It is true, he was violently assailed by his political opponents for alleged violation of the inhibition in the State Constitution against dueling, especially when he came to take the oath of office as Governor of Illinois, seven years later; but his course in "turn- ing the tables" against his fire-eating opponents aroused the enthusiasm of the North, while his friends maintained that the act having been performed beyond the jurisdiction of the State, he was technically not guilty of any violation of the laws. ■While the provision in the Constitution of 1848, against dueling, was not re-incorporated in that of 1870, the laws on the subject are very strin- gent. Besides imposing a penalty of not less than one nor more than five years' imprisonment, or a fine not exceeding §3,000, upon any one who, as principal or second, participates in a duel with a deadly weapon, whether such duel proves fatal or not, or who sends, carries or accepts a chal- lenge: the law also provides that any one con- victed of such offense shall be disqualified for holding "any office of profit, trust or emolument, either civil or military, under the Constitution or laws of this State." Any person leaving the State to send or receive a challenge is subject to the same penalties as if the offense had been committed within the State ; and any person who may inflict ujion his antagonist a fatal wound, as the result of an engagement made in this State to fight a duel beyond its jurisdiction — when the person so wounded dies within this State — is held to be guilty of murder and subject to punishment for the same. The publishing of any person as a coward, or the applying to liim of opprobrious or abusive language, for refusing to accept a chal- lenge, is declared to be a criiue punishable by fine or imprisonment. DUFF, Andrew D., lawyer and Judge, was born of a familj' of jjioneer settlers in Bond HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 141 County, 111., Jan. 24, 1820; was educated in the country schools, and, from 1843 to 1847, .spent his time in teaching and as a farmer. The latter year he removed to Benton, Franklin County, where he began reading law, but suspended his studies to enlist in the Mexican War, .serving as a private; in 1849 was elected County Judge of Franklin County, and, in the following year, was admitted to the bar. In 1861 he was elected Judge for the Twenty-sixth Circuit and re- elected in 1867, serving until 1873. He also served as a Delegate in the State Constitutional Convention of 1862 from the district comjiosed of Franklin and Jackson Counties, and, being a zealous Democrat, was one of the leaders in calling the mass meeting held at Peoria, in August, 1864, to protest against the policy of the Government in the prosecution of the war. About the close of his last term upon the bench (1873), he removed to Carbondale, where he con- tinued to reside. In his later years he be- came an Independent in politics, acting for a time in cooperation with the friends of temperance. In 1885 he was appointed by joint resolution of the Legislature on a commission to revise the revenue code of the State. Died, at Tucson, Ariz., June 2.5, 1889. DUNCAN, Joseph, Congressman and Gov- ernor, was born at Paris, Ky., Feb. 23, 1794; emigrated to Illinois in 1818, having previously served with distinction in the War of 1813, and been presented with a sword, by vote of Congress, for gallant conduct in the defense of Fort Stephen- son. He was commissioned Major-General of Illinois militia in 1823 and elected State Senator from Jackson County in 1824. He served in the lower house of Congress from 1837 to 1834, when he resigned his seat to occupy the gubernatorial chair, to which he was elected the latter year. He was the author of the first free-school law, adopted in 182.5. His executive policy was con- servative and consistent, and his administration successful. He erected the first frame building at Jacksonville, in 1834, and was a liberal friend of Illinois College at that place. In his personal character he was kindly, genial and unassuming, although fearless in the expression of his convic- tions. He was the Whi)^ candidate for Governor in 1842, when he met with his first political defeat. Died, at Jacksonville, Jan. 1.5, 1844, mourned by men of all parties. DUNCAN, Thomas, .soldier, was born in Kas- kaskia, 111., April 14, 1809; served as a private in tlie Illinois mounted volunteers during the Black Hawk War of 1832 ; also as First Lieutenant of cavalry in the regular army in the Mexican War (1846), and as Major and Lieutenant-Colonel diu-ing the War of the Rebellion, still later doing duty upon the frontier keeping the Indians in check. He was retired from active service in 1873, and died in Washington, Jan. 7, 1887. DUNDEE, a town on Fox River, in Kane County, 5 miles (by rail) north of Elgin and 47 miles west-northwest of Chicago. It has two distinct corporations — East and West Dundee — but is progre.ssive and united in action. Dairy farming is the principal industry of the adjacent region, and the town has two large milk-con- densing plants, a cheese factory, etc. It has good water power and there are flour and saw-mills, besides brick and tile-works, an.extensive nursery, two banks, six churches, a handsome high school building, a public library and one weekly paper. Population (1890), 2,023; (1900), 2,765. DUNHAM, John High, banker and Board of Trade operator, was born in Seneca County, N. Y., 1817; came to Chicago in 1844, engaged in the wholesale grocery trade, and, a few years later, took a prominent part in solving the ques- tion of a water supplj- for the city ; was elected to the Twentieth General Assembly (18.56) and the next year assisted in organizing the Merchants' Loan & Trust Company, of which he became the first President, retiring five years later and re- engaging in the mercantile business. While Hon. Hugh McCullough was Secretary of the Treasury, he was appointed National Bank Examiner for Illinois, serving until 1S66. He was a member of the Chicago Historical Society, the Academy of Sciences, and an early member of the Board of Trade. Died, April 38, 1893, leaving a large estate. DUNHAM, Ransom W., merchant and Con- gressman, was born at Savoy, Mass., March 21, 1838 ; after graduating from the High School at Springfield, Mass., in 18.55, was connected with the Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Com- pany until August, 1860. In 1857 he removed from Springfield to Chicago, and at the termina- tion of his connection with the Insurance Com- pany, embarked in the grain and provision commission business in that city, and, in 1882, was President of the Chicago Board of Trade. From 1883 to 1889 he represented the First Illinois District in Congress, after the expiration of his last term devoting his attention to his large private business. His death tot)k place suddenly at Springfield. Mass., August 19, 1896. DUNLAP, (ieor^e Lincoln, civil engineer and Railway Superiatendent, was born at Brunswick, 142 HISTOKICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Maine, in 1828 ; studied mathematics and engineer- ing at Gorham Academy, and, after several years' experience on the Boston & Maine and the New York & Erie Railways, came west in 1855 and accepted a position as assistant engineer on what is now the Chicago & Northwestern Rail- road, finally becoming its General Superintend- ent, and, in foiuteen years of his connection with that road, vastly extending its lines. Between 1872 and '79 he was connected with the Montreal & Quebec Railway, but the latter j'ear returned to Illinois and was actively connected with the extension of the Wabash system until his retire- ment a few years ago. DUNLAP, Henry M., liorticulturist and legis- lator, was born in Cook County, ill., No%'. 14, 1853 — the son of M. L. Dunlap (the well-known "Rural"), who became a prominent horticulturist In Champaign Count}' and was one of the found- ers of the State Agricultural Society. The family having located at Savoy, Champaign Count}-, about 1857, the younger Dunlap was educated in the University of Illinois, graduating in the scientific department in 1875. Following in the footsteps of his father, he engaged extensively in fruit-growing, and has served in the office of both President and Secretary of the State Horti- cultiu-al Society, besides local offices. In 1892 he was elected as a Republican to the State Senate for the Tliirtieth District, was re-elected in 1896, and lias been prominent in State legislation. DUXLAP, Mathias Lane, horticulturist, was born at Cherry Valley, N. Y., Sept. 14, 1814- coming to La Salle County. 111., in 1835, he taught school the following winter; then secured a clerkship in Chicago, and later became book- keeper for a firm of contractors on the Illinois & Michigan Canal, remaining two years. Having entered a body of Government land in the western part of Cook County, he turned his attention to farming, giving a portion of his time to survey- ing. In 1845 he became interested in horticulture and, in a few years, built up one of the most extensive nurseries in the West. In 18.54 he was chosen a Representative in the Nineteenth Gen- eral Assembly from Cook County, and, at the following session, presided over the caucus which resulted in the nomination and final election of Lyman Trumbull to the United States Senate for the first time. Politically an anti-slavery Demo- crat, he espoused the cause of freedom in the Territories, while his house was one of the depots of the "underground railroad." In 18.55 he pur- chased a half-section of land near Champaign, whither he removed, two years later, for the prosecution of his nursery business. He was an active member, for many years, of the State Agri- cultural Society and au earnest supporter of the scheme for the estabhshment of an "Industrial University," which finally took form in the L^ni- versity of Illinois at Champaign. From 1853 to his death he was the agricultural correspondent, first of "The Chicago Democratic Press," and later of "The Tribune," writing over the nom de plmue of "Rural." Died, Feb. 14, 1875. DU PAGE COUXTT, organized in 1839, named for a river wliich flows through it. It adjoins Cook County on the west and contains 340 square miles. In 1900 its population was 28.196. The county-seat was originally at Xaperville, which was platted in 1842 and named in honor of Capt. Joseph Naper, who settled upon the site in 1831. In 1809 the county government was removed to Wheaton, the location of Wheaton College, where it yet remains. Besides Captain Naper, early settlers of prominence were Bailey Hobson (the pioneer in the township of Lisle), and Pierce Downer (in Downer's Grove). The chief towns are Wheaton (population, 1,622), Naperville (2,216), Hinsdale (1,.584), Downer's Grove (960), and Roselle ^450). Hinsdale and Roselle are largely populated by persons doing business in Chicago. DD (JUOIX, a city and railway junction in Perry County, 76 miles north of Cairo; has a foundry, machine shops, planing-mill. flour mills, salt works, ice factory, soda-water factory, creamery, coal mines, graded school, public library and four newspapers. Population (1890), 4,052; (1900). 4,353; (1903, school censas), 5,207. DURBOROW, Allan Cathcart, ex-Congiess- man, was born in Philadelphia, Nov. 20, 1857. When five years old he accompanied his parents to Williamsport, Ind., where he received his early education. He entered the preparatory department of Wabash College in 1872, and graduated from the University of Indiana, at Bloomington, in 1877. After two years' residence in Indianapolis, he removed to Chicago, where he engaged in business. Always active in local poUtics, he was elected by the Democrats in 1890, and again in 1892, Representative in Congress from the Second District, retiring with the close of the Fifty-third Congress. Mr. Durborow is Treasurer of the Cliicago Air-Line Express Com- pany. DUSTIN, (Gen.) Daniel, soldier, was born in Topsham, Orange County, Vt., Oct. 5, 1820; received a common-school and academic educa- tion, graduating in medicine at Dartmouth Col- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 143 lege in 1846. After practicing tliree j-ears at Corinth, Vt., he went to California in ISoO and engaged in mining, but three years later resumed the practice of his profession wliile conducting a mercantile business. He was subsequent!}' chosen to the California Legislature from Nevada County, but coming to Illinois in 1858, he engaged in the drug business at Sycamore, De Kalb County, in connection with J. E. El wood. On tlie breaking out of the war in 18lil, he sold out his drug business and assisted in raising the Eighth Regiment Illinois Cavalry, and was com- missioned Captain of Company L. The regiment was assigned to the Army of the Potomac, and, in January, 1862, he was promoted to the position of Major, afterwards taking part in the battle of Manassas, and the great "seven days' fight" before Richmond. In September, 1862, the One Hundred and Fifth Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry was mustered in at Dixon, and Major Du.stin was commissioned its Colonel, soon after joining the Army of the Cumberland. After the Atlanta campaign he was assigned to the com- mand of a brigade in the Third Division of the Twelfth Army Corps, remaining in this position to the close of the war, meanwhile having been brevetted Brigadier-General for bravery displayed on the battle-field at Averysboro, N. C. He was mustered out at Washingttin, June 7, 1865, and took part in the gi-and review of the armies in that city which marked the close of the war. Returning to his home in De Kalb Coimty, he was elected County Clerk in the following November, remaining in office four years. Sub- sequentl}- he was chosen Circuit Clerk and ex- officio Recorder, and was twice thereafter re-elected — in 1884 and 1SS8. On the organization of the Soldiers' and Sailors' Home at Quincy, in 1885. he was appointed by Governor Oglesby one of the Trustees, retaining the position until his death. In May, 1890, he was appointed by President Harrison Assistant United States Treasurer at Chicago, but died in office while on a visit with his daughter at Carthage, JIo., March 30, 1892. General Dustin was a JIasoii of high degree, and, in 1872, was chosen Right Eminent Commander of the Grand Commandery of the State. DWIGHT, a prosperous city in Livingston County. 74 miles, by rail, south-southwest of Chi- cago, 52 miles northeast of Bloomington, and 22 miles east of Streator ; lias two banks, two weekly papers, six cliurches, five large warehouses, two electric light plants, complete water-works sys- tem, and four hotels. Tlie city is the center of a rich farming and stock-raising district. Dwight has attained celebrity as the location of the first of "Keeley Institutes," founded for the cure of the drink and morphine habit. Population (1890), 1,354; (1900), 2,015. These figures do not include the floating population, which is augmented by patients who receive treatment at the "Keeley Institute." I)YER, Charles Volney, M.l)., pioneer physi- cian, was born at Clarendon, Vt., June 12, 1808; graduated in medicine at Middlebury College, in 1830: began practice at Newark, N. J., in 1831, and in Chicago in 1835. He was an uncomprom- ising opponent of slavery and an avowed sup- porter of the "underground railroad," and, in 1848, received the support of the Free-Soil party of Illinois for Governor. Dr. Dyer was also one of the original incorporators of the North Chicago Street Railway Company, and liis name was prominently identified with manj' local benevo- lent enterprises. Died, in Lake View (then a suburb of Chicago), April 24, 1878. EARLVILLE, a city and railway junction in La Salle County, 52 miles northeast of Princeton, at the intersecting point of the Chicago, Burling- ton & Quincy and the Chicago & Northwestern Railroads. It is in the center of an agricultural and stock-raising district, and is an important shipping-point. It has seven churches, a graded school, one bank, two weekly newspapers and manufactories of plows, wagons and carriages. Population (18S0), 963; (1890), 1,058; (1900), 1,122. EAKLT, John, legislator and Lieutenant-Gov- ernor, was born of American parentage and Irish ancestry in Essex County, Canada West, March 17, 1828, and accompanied his parents to Cale- donia, Boone County. 111., in 1840. His boyhood was passed upon his father's farm, and in 3'outh he learned the trade (his father's) of carpenter and joiner. In 1852 he removed to Rockford, Winnebago County, and, in 1865, became State Agent of the New England Mutual Life Insur- ance Company. Between 1863 and 1866 he held sundry local offices, and, in 1809, was appointed by Governor Palmer a Trustee of the State Reform School. In 1870 he was elected State Senator and re-elected in 1874, serving in the Twenty -seventh. Twenty-eighth, Twenty-ninth and Thirtieth General Assemblies. In 1873 he was elected President pro tem. of the Senate, and, Lieut-Gov. Beveridge succeeding to the executive chair, lie became ex-officio Lieutenant-Governor. In 1875 he was again the Republican nominee for the Presidency of tlie Senate, but x-as defeated l-i4 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. by a coalition of Democrats and Independents. He died while a member of the Senate, Sept. 2, 1877. EARTHQUAKE OF 1811. A series of the most remarkable earthquakes in the history of the Mississippi Valley began on the night of November 16, 1811, continuing for several months and finally ending with the destruction of Carac- cas, Venezuela, in March following. While the center of the earlier disturbance appears to have been in the vicinity of New Sladrid, in Southeast- ern Missouri, its minor effects were felt through a wide extent of country, especially in the settled portions of Illinois. Contemporaneous history states that, in the American Bottom, then the most densely settled portion of Illinois, the results were very perceptible. The walls of a brick house belonging to Mr. Samuel Judy, a pioneer settler in the eastern edge of the bottom, near Edwardsville, Madison County, were cracked by the convulsion, the effects being seen for more than two generations. Gov. John Reynolds, then a yovmg man of 23, living with his father's family in what was called the "Goshen Settle- ment," near Edwardsville, in his historj- of "My Own Times," says of it: "Our family were all sleeping in a log-cabin, and my father leaped out of bed, cr3'ing out, 'Tlie Indians are on the house. The battle of Tippecanoe had been recently fought, and it was supposed the Indians would attack the settlements. Not one in the family knew at that time it was an earthquake. The next morning another shock made us acquainted with it. . . . The cattle came running home bellowing with fear, and all animals were terribly alarmed. Our house cracked and quivered so we were fearful it would fall to the ground. In the American Bottom many chimneys were thrown down, and the church bell at Cahokia was sounded by the agitation of the building. It is said a shock of an earthquake was felt in Kaskas- kia in 1804, but I did not perceive it." Owing to the sparseness of the population in Illinois at that time, but little is known of the effect of the con- vulsion of 1811 elsewhere, but there are numerous "sink-holes" in Union and adjacent counties, between the forks of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, which probably owe their origin to tliis or some similar disturbance. "On the Kaskaskia River below Athens," saj's Governor Reynolds in his "Pioneer History," "the water and white .sand were thrown up through a fissure of the earth." EAST DUBUQUE, an incorporated city of Jo Daviess Countj', on the east bank of the IMissis- sippi, 17 miles (by rail) northeast of Galena. It is connected with Dubuque, Iowa, by a railroad and a wagon bridge two miles in length. It has a grain elevator, a box factory, a planing mill and manufactories of cultivators and sand drills. It has also a bank, two churches, good public schools and a weekly newspaper. Population (1880), 1.0.S7; (1890), l"o69; (1900), 1,140. EASTOX, (Col.) Rnfiis, pioneer, founder of the city of Alton; svas born at Litchfield, Conn., May 4, 1774; studied law and practiced two years in Oneida Count}', N. Y. ; emigrated to St. Louis in 1804, and was commissioned bj- President Jefferson Judge of the Territory of Louisiana, and also became the first Postmaster of St. Louis, in 1808. From 1814 to 1818 he served as Delegate in Congress from Missouri Territory, and, on the organization of the State of Missouri (1821), was appointed Attorney-General for the State, serving until 1826. His death occurred at St. Charles, Mo., July 5, 1834. Colonel Easton's connection with Illinois history is based chiefly upon the fact that he was the founder of the present city of Alton, which he laid out, in 1817, on a tract of land of which he had obtained possession at the mouth of the Little Piasa Creek, naming the town for his son. Rev. Thomas Lippincott, prominentlj' identified with the early history of that portion of the State, kept a store for Easton at Milton, on Wood River, about two miles from Alton, in the early " '20's." EAST ST. LOUIS, a flourishing city in St. Clair County, on the east bank of the Mississippi di- rectly opposite St. Louis; is the terminus of twenty-two railroads and several electric lines, and the leading commercial and manufacturing point in Southern Illinois. Its industries include rolling mills, steel, brass, malleable iron and glass works, grain elevators and flour mills, breweries, stockyards and packing houses. The city has eleven public and five parochial schools, one high school, and two colleges; is well sup- plied with banks and has one daily and four weekly papers. Population (1890), 15,169; (1900), 29,65.j; (1903, est), 40,000. EASTERN HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. The act for the establishment of this institution passed the General Assembly in 1877. Many cities offered inducements, by waj- of donations, for the location of the new hospital, but the site finally selected was a farm of 2.50 acres near Kan- kakee, and this was subsequently enlarged by the purchase of 327 additional acres in 1881. Work was begun in 1878 and the first patients received in December, 1879. The plan of the institution is, in many respects, unique. It comprises a HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 145 general building, three stories high, capable of accommodating 300 to 400 patients, and a number of detached buildings, technically termed cot- tages, where various classes of insane patients may be grouped and receive the particular treatment best adapted to ensure their recovery. The plans were mainly worked out from suggestions by Frederick Howard Wines, LL. D.. then Secretary of the Board of Public Charities, and have attracted generally favorable comment both in this country and abroad. The seventy-five build- ings occupied for the various purposes of the institution, cover a quarter-section of land laid off in regular streets, beautified with trees, plants and flowers, and presenting all the appearance of a flourishing village witli numerous small parks adorned with walks and drives. The counties from which patients are received include Cook, Champaign, Coles, Cumberland, De Witt, Doug- las, Edgar, Ford, Grundy, Iroquois, Kankakee, La Salle, Livingston, Macon, McLean, Moultrie Piatt, Shelby, Vermilion and Will. The wliole number of patients in 1898 was 2,200, while the employes of all classes numbered .'iOO. EASTERN ILLINOIS NORMAL SCHOOL, an institution designed to qualify teachers for giving instruction in the public schools, located at Charleston, Coles County, under an act of the Legislature passed at the session of 1895. The act appropriated §.50,000 for the erection of build- ings, to which additional appropriations were added in 1897 and 1898, of §2.5,000 and .550,000, respectively, with $56,216.72 contributed by the city of Cliarleston, making a total of $181,216.73. The building was begun in 1896. the corner-stone being laid on May 27 of that year. There was delay in the progress of the work in consequence of the failure of the contractors in December, 1896, but the work was resumed in 1897 and practically completed earlj- in 1899, with the expectation that the institution would be opened for the reception of students in September fol- lowing. EASTMAN, Zebina, anti-slavery journalist, was born at North Amherst, Mass., Sept. 8, 1815; became a printer's apprentice at 14, but later spent a short time in an acadeni}- at Hadley. Then, after a brief experience as an employe in the office of "The Hartford Pearl," at the age of 18 he invested his patrimony of some $2,000 in the establishment of "The Free Press" at Fayette- ville. Vt. This venture proving unsuccessful, in 1837 he came west, stopping a year or two at Ann Arbor, Jlich. In 1839 he visited Peoria by way of Chicago, working for a time on "The Peoria Register," but soon after joined Benjamin Lundy, who was preparing to revive his paper, "The Genius of Universal Emancipation," at Lowell. La Salle Count}'. This scheme was partially defeated by Lundy's earlj' death, but, after a few months' delay, Eastman, in conjunc- tion with Hooper Warren, began tlie publication of "The Genius of Liberty" as the successor of Lundy's paper, using the printing press which Warren had used in the office of "The Commer cial Advertiser, " in Chicago, a year or so before. In 1843, at the invitation of prominent Abolitionists, the paper was removed to Chicago, where it was issued under the name of "The Western Citizen," in 1853 becoming "The Free West." and finally, in 18.56. being merged in "The Chicago Tribune." After the suspension of "The Free West," Mr. Eastman began the publication of "The Chicago Magazine," a literary and historical monthly, but it reached only its fifth number, when it was discontinued for want of financial "upport. In 1861 he was appointed by President Lincoln United States Consul at Bristol, England, where he remained eight years. On his return from Europe, he took up his residence at Elgin, later removing to Maywood, a suburb of Chicago, where he died, June 14. 1883. During tlie latter years of his life Mr. Eastman contributed many articles of gi'eat historical interest to the Chi- cago press. (See Lundy, Benjamin, and Wcirrcn, Hooper. ) EBERHART, Johu .Frederick, educator and real-estate operator, was born in Mercer County, Pa., Jan. 21, 1829; commenced teaching at 16 years of age, and, in 1853, graduated from Alle- gheny College, at Meadville, soon after becoming Principal of Albright Seminary at Berlin, in the same State ; in 1855 came west by way of Chicago, locating at Dixon and engaging in editorial work; a year later established "The Northwestern Home and School Journal, " wliich he published three years, in the meantime establishing and conducting teachers' institutes in Illinois, Iowa and Wisconsin. In 1859 he was elected School Commissioner of Cook County — a position which was afterwards changed to County Superintend- ent of Schools, and which he held ten years. Mr. Eberhart was largely instrumental in the estab- lishment of the Cook County Normal School. Since retiring from office he has been engaged in the real-estate business in Chicago. ECKHART, Bernard A., manufacturer and President of the Cliicago Drainage Board, was born in Alsace, France (now Germany), brought to America in infancy and reared on a farm in 146 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Vernon County, Wis. ; was educated at Milwau- kee, and, in 1868, became clerk in the office of the Eagle Milling Companj- of that citj-, afterwards serving as its Eastern agent in various seaboard cities. He finallj' established an extensive mill- ing business in Chicago, in which he is now engaged. In 1884 he served as a delegate to the National Waterway Convention at St. Paul and, in 1886, was elected to the State Senate, serving four years and taking a prominent part in draft- ing the Sanitary Drainage Bill passed by the Thirty-sixth General Assembly. He has also been prominent in connection with various financial institutions, and, in 1891, was elected one of the Trustees of the Sanitary District of Chicago, was re-elected in 189.5 and chosen President of the Board for the following year, and re-elected Pres- ident in December, 1898. EDBROOKE, Willoughby J,, Supervising Architect, was born at Deerfield, Lake County, 111., Sept. 3, 184.3; brought up to the architectural profession by his father and under the instruc- tion of Chicago architects. During Mayor Roche's administration he held the position of Commissioner of Public Works, and, in April, 1891, was appointed Supervising Architect of the Treasury Department at Washington, in tliat capacity supervising the construction of Govern- ment buildings at the World's Columbian Exposi- tion. Died, in Chicago, JIarch 26, 1896. EDDY, Henry, pioneer lawyer and editor, was born in Vermont, in 1798, reared in New York, learned the printer's trade at Pittsburg, served in the War of 1812, and was wounded in the battle of Black Rock, near Buffalo ; came to Shawneetown, 111., in 1818, where he edited "The Illinois Emigrant," the earliest paper in that part of tlie State ; was a Presidential Elector in 1824, a Representative in the Second and Fif- teenth General Assemblies, and elected a Circuit Judge in 183.), but resigned a few weeks later. He was a Whig in politics. Usher F. Linder, in his "Reminiscences of the Early Bench and Bar of Illinois," says of Mr. Eddy: "When he addressed the court, he elicited tlie most profound attention. He was a sort of walking law library. He never forgot anything that he ever knew, whether law, jioetry or belles lettres. " Died, June 2!). 1849. EDDY, Thomas Mears, clergyman and author, was born in Hamilton County, Ohio, Sept. 7, 1823; educated at Greensborough, Ind., and, from 1843 to 1853, was a Methodist circuit preacher in that State, becoming Agent of the American Bible Society the latter year, and Presiding Elder of the Indianajwlis district until 1856, when he was appointed editor of "The Northwestern Christian Advocate," in Cliicago, retiring from tliat position in 1868. Later, he held pastorates in Baltimore and Wasliington, and was chosen one of the Corresponding Secretaries of tlie Mis- .sionary Society by the General Conference of 1872. Dr. Eddy was a copious writer for the press, and, besides occasional sermons, published two volumes of reminiscences and personal sketches of prominent Illinoisans in the War of the Rebellion under the title of "Patriotism of Illinois" (1865). Died, in New York City, Oct. 7, 1874. EDG-VR, Jobn, early settler at Kaskaskia, was born in Ireland and, during the American Revo- lution, served as an officer in the British navy, but married an American woman of great force of character who sympathized strongly with the patriot cause. Having become involved in the desertion of three British soldiers whom his wife had promised to assist in reaching the American camp, he was compelled to flee. A f ter remaining for a while in the American army, during which he became the friend of General La Fayette, he sought safety by coming west, arriving at Kas- kaskia in 1784. His property was confiscated, but his wife succeeded in saving some $12,000 from the wreck, with which she joined him two years later. He engaged in business and became an extensive land-owner, being credited, during Territorial days, with the ownership of nearh' 50.000 acres situated in Randolph, Monroe, St. Clair, Madison, Clinton, Washington, Perry and Jackson Counties, and long kno\vn as the "Edgar lands." He also purchased and rebuilt a mill near Kaskaskia which had belonged to a French- man named Paget, and became a large shipper of flour at an early day to the Southern markets. When St. Clair County was organized, in 1790, he was appointed one of the Judges of the Common Pleas Court, and so appears to have continued for more than a quarter of a century. On the establishment of a Territorial Legislatiu-e for the Northwest Territory, he was chosen, in 1799. one of the members for St. Clair County — the Legis- lature holding its session at Chillicothe, in the pre.sent State of Ohio, under tlie administration of Governor St. Clair. He was also appointed a Major-General of militia, retaining the office foi many j-ears. General and Mrs. Eilgar were leaders of society at the old Territorial capital, and, on the visit of La Fayette to Kaskaskia in 182.'). a reception was given at their house to tlie distinguished Frenchman, whose acquaintance HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 147 they had made more than forty years before. He died at Kaskaskia. in 1832. Edgar Count}', in the eastern part of the State, was named in honor of General Edgar. He was Worshipful Master of tlie first Lodge of Ancient Free and Accepted Masons in Illinois, constituted at Kaskaskia in 1806. EDGAR COUiVTY, one of the middle tier of counties from north to south, lying on the east- ern border of the State; was organized in 1833, abd named for General Edgar, an early citizen of Kaskaskia. It contains 630 square miles, with a population (1900) of 28,273. The county is nearly square, well watered and wooded. Most of the acreage is under cultivation, grain-growing and stock-raising being the principal industries. Generally, the soil is black to a considerable depth, though at some points — especially adjoin- ing the timber lands in the east— tlie soft, brown clay of the subsoil comes to the surface. Beds of the drift period, one hundred feet deep, are found in the northern portion, and some twenty-five years ago a nearly perfect skeleton of a mastodon was exhumed. A bed of limestone, twenty-five feet thick, crops out near Baldwinsville and runs along Brouillet's creek to the State line. Paris, the county-seat, is a railroad center, and has a popu- lation of over 6,000. Vermilion and Dudley are prominent shipping points, while Chrisman, which was an unbroken prairie in 1872, was credited with a population of 900 in 1900. EDINBURG, a village of Christian County, on the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway, 18 miles southeast of Springfield; has two banks and one newspaper. The region is agricultural, though some coal is mined here. Population (1880), 551; (1890), 806; (1900), 1,071. EDSALL, James Kirtland, former Attorney General, was born at Windham, Greene County, N. Y., May 10, 1831. After passing through the common-schools, he attended an academy at Prattsville, N.Y. , supporting himself , meanwhile, by working upon a farm. He read law at Pratts- ville and Catskill, and was admitted to the bar at Albany in 1852. The next two years he spent in Wisconsin and Slinnesota, and, in 1854, removed to Leavenworth, Kan. He was elected to the Legislature of that State in 1853, being a member of the Topeka (free-soil) body when it was broken up by United States troops in 1856. In August, 18.56, he settled at Dixon, 111., and at once engaged in practice. In 1863 lie was elected Mayor of that city, and, in 1870, was chosen State Senator, serving on the Committees on Munic- ipalities and Judiciary in the Twenty-seventh General Assembly. In 1872 he was elected Attorney-General on the Republican ticket and re-elected in 1876. At the expiration of his second term he took up liis residence in Chicago, where he afterwards devoted himself to the prac- tice of his profession, until his death, which occurred, June 20, 1893. EDUCATION. The first step in the direction of the establish- ment of a system of free schools for the region now comprised within the State of Illinois was taken in the enactment by Congress, on May 20, 1785, of "An Ordinance for Ascertaining the mode of disposing of lands in the Western Terri- tory." This applied specifically to the region northwest of the Ohio River, which had been acquired through the conquest of the "Illinois Country" by Col. George Rogers Clark, acting under the auspices of the State of Virginia and by authority received from its Governor, the patriotic Patrick Henry. This act for the first time established the present system of township (or as it was then called, "rectangular") surveys, devised by Capt. Thomas Hutchins, wlio became the first Surveyor-General (or "Geographer," as the office was styled) of the United States under the same act. Its important feature, in this con- nection, was the provision "that there sliall be reserved the lot No. 16 of every township, for the maintenance of public schools within the to^\Ti- ship. " The same reservation (the term "section" being substituted for "lot" in the act of May 18, 1796) was made in all subsequent acts for the sale of public lands — the acts of July 23, 1787, and June 20, 1788, declaring that "the lot No. 16 in each township, or fractional part of a township," shall be "given perpetually for the purpose con- tained in said ordinance" (i. e., the act of 1785). The next step was taken in the Ordinance of 1787 (Art. HI.), in the declaration tliat. "religion, morality and knowledge being necessary for the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged." The reservation referred to in the act of 1785 (and subsequent acts) was reiterated in the "enabling act" passed by Congress, April 18, 1818, authoriz- ing the people of Illinois Territory to organize a State Government, and was formally accepted l)y the Convention which formed the first State Constitution. The enabling act also set apart one entire townsliip (in addition to one previously donated for the same purpose by act of Congress in 1804) for the use of a seminary of learning, 148 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. together with three per cent of the net proceeds of the sales of public lands within the State, "to be appropriated by the Legislature of the State for the encouragement of learning, of which one- sixth part" (or one-half of one per cent) "shall be exclusively bestowed on a college or univer- sity." Thus, the plan for the establishment of a system of free public education in Illinois had its inception in the first steps for the organization of the Northwest Territory, was recognized in the Ordinance of 1787 %vhich reserved that Territory forever to freedom, and was again reiterated in the preliminary steps for the organization of the State Government. These several acts became the basis of that permanent provision for the encouragement of education known as the "town- ship," "seminary" and "college or university" funds. Early Schools. — Previous to this, however, a beginning had been made in the attempt to estab- lish schools for the benefit of the children of the pioneers. One John Seelej* is said to have taught the first American school within the territory of Illinois, in a log-cabin in Monroe Count}', in 1783, followed by others in the next twenty years in Monroe, Randolph, St. Clair and Madison Coun- ties. Seeley"s earliest successor was Francis Clark, who, in turn, was followed by a man named Halfpenny, who afterwards built a mill near the present town of Waterloo in Monroe County. Among the teachers of a still later period were John Boyle, a soldier in Col. George Rogers Clark's army, who taught in Randolph Comity between 1790 and -1800; John Atwater, near Edwardsville, in 1807, and John Messinger, a sur- veyor, who was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1818 and Speaker of the first House of Representatives. The latter taught in the vicinity of Shiloh in St. Clair Comit}-, afterwards the site of Rev. John M. Peck's Rock Spring Seminary. The schools which existed during this period, and for many years after the organi- zation of the State Government, were necessarily few, widely scattered and of a very primitive character, receiving their support entirely by subscription from their patrons. First Free School L.4.W and Sales of School Lands. — It has been stated that the first free school in the State was established at Upper Alton, in 1821, but there is good reason for believ- ing this claim was based upon the power granted by the Legislature, in an act passed that year, to establish such schools there, which power was never carried into effect. The first attempt to establish a free-school system for the whole State was made in January, 1825, in the passage of a bill introduced by Joseph Duncan, afterwards a Congressman and Governor of tlie State. It nominally appropriated two dollars out of each one hundred dollars received in the State Treasury, to be distributed to those who had paid taxes or subscriptions for the support of schools. So small was the aggregate revenue of the State at that time (only a little over S60,000), that the sum realized from this law would have been but little more than Si, 000 per year. It remained praeticallj' a dead letter and was repealed in 1829, when the State inaugurated the policy of selling the seminary lands and borrowing the proceeds for the paj'ment of current expenses. In this waj' 43,200 acres (or all but four and a half sec- tions) of the seminary lands were disposed of, realizing less than S60,000. The first sale of township school lands took place in Greene County in 1831, and, two years later, the greater part of the school section in the heart of the present city of Chicago was sold, producing about §39,000. The average rate at which these sales were made, up to 1882, was §3. 78 per acre, and the minimum, 70 cents per acre. That these lands have, in very few instances, produced the results expected of them, was not so much the fault of the system as of those selected to administer it — whose bad judgment in premature sales, or whose complicity with the schemes of speculators, were the means, in many cases, of squandering what might otherwise have furnished a liberal provision for the support of public schools in many sections of the State. Mr. W. L. Pillsbury, at present Secretary of the University of Illinois, in a paper printed in the report of the State Superintendent of Public Instruction for 188.5-80 — to which the ^vriter is indebted for many of the facts presented in this article — gives to Chicago the credit of establishing the first free schools in the State in 1834, while Alton followed in 1837, and Springfield and Jacksonville in 1840. Early Higher Institutions.— A movement looking to the establishment of a higher institu- tion of learning in Indiana Territory (of which Illinois then formed a part), was inaugurated by the passage, through the Territorial Legislature at Vincennes, in November, 1806, of an act incorpo- rating the University of Indiana Territory to be located at Vincennes. One provision of the act authorized the raising of $20,000 for tlie institu- tion by means of a lottery. A Board of Trustees was promptly organized, with Gen. William Henry Harrison, then the Territorial Governor, at its head ; but, beyond the erection of a building. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 149 little progress was made. Twenty-one years later (18CT) the first successful attempt to found an advanced school was made by the indoiuitable Rev. John M. Peck, resulting in the establish- ment of his Theological Seminarj' and High School at Rock Springs, St. Clair County, which, in 1831, became the nucleus of Shurtleflf College at Upper Alton. In like manner, Lebanon Semi- nary, established in 1828, two j-ears later expanded into JIcKendree College, wliile instruc- tion began to be given at Illinois College, Jack- sonville, in December, 1829, as tlie outcome of a movement started by a band of young men at Yale College in 1827 — these several institutions being formally incorporated by the same act of the Legislature, passed in 1835. (See sketches of these Institutions.) Educational Conventions. — In 1833 there was held at Vandalia (then the State capital) the first of a series of educational conventions, wliich were continued somewhat irregularly for twenty years, and whose history is remarkable for tlie number of those participating in them who after- wards gained distinction in State and National history. At first these conventions were held at the State capital during the se.ssions of the Gen- eral Assembly, when the chief actors in them were members of that body and State officers, with a few other friends of education from tlie ranks of profe.ssioual or business men. At tlie convention of 1833, we find, among those partici- pating, the names of Sidnej' Breese, afterwards a United States Senator and Justice of the Supreme Court; Judges. D. Lockwood, then of the Supreme Court; W. L. D. Ewing, afterwards acting Gov- ernor and United States Senator; O. H. Browning, afterwards United States Senator and Secretary of the Interior; James Ilall and Jolm Rus.sell, the most notable writers in tlie State in their day, besides Dr. J. M. Peck, Archibald Williams, Benjamin Mills, Jesse B. Thomas, Henry Eddy and others, all prominent in their several dejiart- ments. In a second convention at the same place, nearly two years later, Abraham Lincoln, Stephen A. Douglas and Col. John J. Hardin were participants. At Springfield, in 1840, pro- fessional and literary men began to take a more prominent part, althougli the members of the Legislature were pre.sent iri considerable force. A convention held at Peoria, in 1844, was made up largely of professional teacliers and scliool officers, with a few citizens of local prominence ; and the same may be said of those held at Jack- sonville in 1845, and later at Chicago and other points. Various attempts were made to form permanent educational societies, finally result- ing, in December, 18,")4, in the organization of the ".State Teachers" Institute," wliich, three years later, took the name of the "State Teachers' Association" — though an association of the same name was organized in 1836 and continued in existence several years. State Svperixtendent and School Jour- nals. — The appointment of a State Superintend- ent of Public Instruction began to be agitated as early as 1837, and was urged from time to time in memorials and resolutions by educational conven- tions, by the educational press, and in the State Legislature ; but it was not until February, 1854, that an act was passed creating the office, when the Hon. Ninian W. Edwards was appointed by Gov. Joel A. Matteson, continuing in office until his successor was elected in 1856. "The Common School Advocate"' was published for a year at Jacksonville, beginning with January, 1837; in 1841 "The Illinois Common School Advocate" began publication at Springfield, but was discon- tinued after the issue of a few numbers. In 1855 was established "The Illinois Teacher."' This was merged, in 1873, in "The Illinois School- master,"' wliich became the organ of the State Teachers' Association, so remaining several years. The State Teachers' Association has no ofllcial organ now, but the "Public School Journal"' is the chief educational iiublication of the State. Industrial Education. — In 1851 was insti- tuted a movement which, although obstructed for some time by partisan opposition, has been followed by more far-reaching results, for the countrj' at large, than anj' single measure in the hi.story of education since the act of 1785 setting apart one section in each townshiii for the support of public schools. This was the scheme formu- lated by the late Prof. Jonathan B. Turner, of Jacksonville, for a system of jiractical scientific education for the agricultural, mechanical and other industrial classes, at a Farmers" Convention held under the auspices of the Buel Institute (an Agricultural Society), at Granville, Putnam County, Nov. 18, 1851. While proposing a jilan for a "State University" for Illinois, it also advo- cated, from the outset, a "University for the industrial classes in each of the States," by way of supplementing the work which a "National Institute of Science," such as the Smithsonian Institute at Washington, was expected to accom- plish. The proposition attracted the attention of [x^rsons interested in the cause of industrial education in other State.s, especially in New York and some of the New England States, and 150 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. received their hearty endorsement and cooper- ation. The Granville meeting was followed by a series of similar conventions held at Springfield, June 8, 1853 ; Chicago, Nov. 24, 1853 ; Springfield, Jan. 4, 1853, and Springfield, Jan, 1, 1855, at which the scheme was still further elaborated. At the Springfield meeting of January, 18.52, an organization was formed under the title of the "Industrial League of the State of Illinois," with a view to disseminating information, securing more thorough organization on the part of friends of the measure, and the employment of lecturers to address the people of tlie State on the subject. At the same time, it was resolved that "this Con- vention memorialize Congress for the purpose of obtaining a grant of public lands to establish and endow industrial institutions in each and every State in the Union." It is worthy of note that this resolution contains the central idea of the act passed by Congress nearly ten years after- ward, making appropriations of public lands for the establishment and support of industrial colleges in the several States, which act received the approval of President Lincoln, July 2, 1863 — a similar measure having been vetoed by Presi- dent Buchanan in February, 1859. The State was extensively canvassed by Professor Turner, Mr. Bronsou Murray (now of New York), the late Dr. R. C. Rutherford and others, in behalf of the objects of the League, and the Legislature, at its session of 1853, by unanimous vote in both houses, adopted the resolutions commending the measure and instructing the United States Senators from IlUnoi.s, and requesting its Representatives, to give it their support. Though not specifically contemplated at the outset of tlie movement, the Convention at Springfield, in January, 1855, pro- posed, as a part of the scheme, the establishment of a "Teachers' Seminary or Normal School Department," which took form in the act passed at the session of 1857, for the establishment of the State Normal School at Normal. Although delayed, as already stated, the advocates of indus- trial education in Illinois, aided by those of other States, finally triumphed in 1802, The lands received by the State as the result of this act amounted to 480, 000 acres, besides subsequent do- nations. (See University of Illinois; also Turner, Jonathan Baldwin.) On the foundation thus furnished was established, by act of the Legisla- ture in 1807, the "Illinois Industrial University" — now the Universit}- of Illinois — at Champaign, to say nothing of more than forty similar insti- tutions in as many ^States and Territories, based upon the same general act of Congress. Free-School System.— While there may be said to have been a sort of free-school system in existence in Illinois previous to 1855, it was limited to a few fortunate districts possessing funds derived from the sale of school-lands situ- ated within their respective limits. The system of free schools, as it now exists, based upon general taxation for the creation of a permanent school fund, had its origin in the act of that year. As already shown, the office of State Superintendent of Public Instruction had been created by act of the Legislature in February, 1854, and the act of 1855 was but a natural corol- lary of the previous measure, giving to the people a uniform system, as the earlier one had provided an oflScial for its administration. Since then there have been many amendments of the school law, but tliese have been generally in the direc- tion of securing greater efficiency, but with- out departure from the principle of securing to all the children of the State the equal privileges of a common-school education. The development of the sj'stem began practically about 1857, and, in the next quarter of a century, the laws on the subject had grown into a considerable volume, while the number- less decisions, emanating from the office of the State Superintendent in construction of these laws, made up a volume of still larger proportions. The following comparative table of school statistics, for 1800 and 1800, compiled from the Reports of the State Superintendent of Public Instruction, will illustrate the growth of the system in some of its more important features: I860. 1896. Population 1,711,951 (est.) 4,250,000 No. of Persons of School A«e (be- tween l! and 21) 'Sig.eol 1,384.367 No. of Pupils enrolled »172.247 898,619 School Districts 8,956 11,615 Public Schools .. 9.162 12,623 Graded " 294 1,837 •' Public High Schools 272 •' Sl'IiooI Houses built during thevear 557 267 Whole No. of School Houses 8.221 12.6:t2 No. of Male TeKchers 8,228 7.0.57 Fwnale Teachers 6,485 18,359 Whole No. of Teachers In Public schools 14,708 25.416 Highest Montliiy Wages paid Male Teachers 1180.00 $300.00 Hlffhest Monthly Wages paid Female Teacliers 75.00 280.00 Lowest Monthly Wages paid Male Teachers 8.00 14.00 Lowest Monthly Wages paid Female Teacners 4.00 10.00 Average Monthly Wages paid Male Teachers 28.82 67.76 Average Monthly Wages paid Female Teachers 18.80 50 63 No. of Private Schools 500 2,619 No of Pupils in Private Schools.... 29,264 139,969 Interest on State and County Funds received 173.450.38 865,583.63 Aniinnit of Income from Township Funds 322,852.00 899.614.20 *Only white childreD were Included In these statistics for ISOO. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 151 I860. 1896. Amount received from State Tax.. ( 690,000.00 J 1,000,000.00 " " " Special Dis- trictTaxes 1,265.137.00 13,133,809.61 Amount received from Bonds dur- ingmeyear 517,960.93 Total Amount received during the year by School Districts 2,193,455.00 l-5,6O7.172.50 Amount paid Male Teachers -.77'.i.s2y.H2 " Female •■ 7,ls6.lii5.fi7 Wholeamount paid Teachers ... 1,542,211.00 i»,95»,934.99 Amount paid for new School Houses 348,728.00 1,873,757.25 Amount paid for repairs and im- provements 1,070,755.09 Amount paid for School Furniture. 24,837,00 154,836.64 " " •• " Apparatus 8,563.00 164,298.92 " '* " Books for Dis- trict Libraries .T0,12400 13,664.97 Total E.xpeoditures 2.259.S68-(K) 14,614,627.31 Estimated value of School Property 13,304,892.00 42,780,267.00 " Libraries.. 377.819.00 " " " Apparatus 607,389.00 Tlie sums annually disbursed for incidental expenses oii account of superintendence and the cost of maintaining the higher institutions estab- lished, and partially or wholly supported by the State, increase the total expenditures by some §600,000 per annum. These higher institutions include the Illinois State Normal University at Xormal, the Southern Illinois Normal at Carbon- «lale antl the University of Illinois at Urbana; to tvhicli were added by the Legislature, at its ses- sion of 1893, the Eastern Illinois Normal School, afterwards established at Charleston, and tlie Northern Illinois Normal at De Kalb. These institutions, although under supervision of the State, are partly supported by tuition fees. (See description of these institutions under their several titles.) The normal schools — as their names indicate — are primarily designed for the training of teachers, although other classes of pupils are admitted under certain conditions, including the payment of tuition. At the Uni- versity of Illinois instruction is given in the clas- sics, the sciences, agriculture and the mechanic arts. In addition to these tlie State supports four other institutions of an educational ratlier tlian a custodial character — viz. : the Institution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb and the Insti- tution for the Blind, at Jacksonville; the Asylum for the FeebleMinded at Lincoln, and the Sol- diers' Orphans' Home at Normal. The estimated value of the property connected with these several institutions, in addition to the value of school property given in the preceding table, will increase the total (exclusive of permanent funds) to S47,ir).-),374.!).i, of which S4,8T.-|,107,9.'") repre- sents propertj' belonging to the institutions above mentioned. PowEiis AND Duties of Superintendents AND Other School Officers. — Each county elects a County Superintendent of Schools, whose duty it is to visit schools, conduct teachers' insti- tutes, advise with teachers and school officers and instruct them in their respective duties, conduct examinations of persons desiring to become teachers, and exercise general supervision over school affairs within his county. The subordi- nate officers are Township Trustees, a Township Treasurer, and a Board of District Directors or — in place of the latter in cities and villages — Boards of Education. The two last named Boards have power to employ teachers and, generally, to super- vise the management of schools in districts. The State Superintendent is entrusted with general supervision of the common-stdiool system of the State, and it is his duty to advise and assist County Superintendents, to visit State Charitable institutions, to issue official circulars to teachers, school officers and otliers in regard to their rights and duties under the general school code; to decide controverted questions of school law, com- ing to him by appeal from County Superintend- ents and others, and to make full and detailed reports of the operations of his office to the Governor, biennially. He is also made ex-officio a member of tlie Board of Trustees of the Univer- sity of Illinois and of the several Normal Schools, and is emjjowered to grant certificates of two different grades to teachers — the higher grade to be valid during the lifetime of the holder, and the lower for two years. Certificates granted by County Superintendents are also of two grades and have a tenure of one and two years, respec- tively, in the county where given. The conditions for securing a certificate of the first (or two- years') grade, require that the candidate shall be of good moral character and qualified to teach ortliographj-, reading in English, penmanship, arithmetic, modern geography, English grammar, the elements of the natural sciences, the history of the United States, physiology and the laws of health. The second grade (or one-year) certifi- cate calls for examination in the branches just enumerated, except the n.atural sciences, physi- ology and laws of health ; but teachers employed exclusively in giving instruction in music, draw- ing, penmanship or other special branches, may take examinations in these branches alone, but are restricted, in teaching, to those in which they have been examined. — County Boards are empowered to establish County Normal Schools for the education of teachers for the common schools, and the mana.gement of such normal schools is placeit by IMorris Birkbeck and George Flower (emigrants from England), in 1819, and settled largely by their countrymen, but not incorporated until 1860. The area of the county is 220 square miles, and population, in 1900, 10,345. Grayville, with a population of 2,000 in 1890, is partly in this county, tliough mostly in White. Edwards County was named in honor of Ninian Edwards the Territorial Governor of Illinois. EDWARDSVILLE, the county-seat of Madison County, settled in 1812 and named in honor of Territorial Governor Ninian Edwards; is on four lines of railway and contiguous to two others, 18 miles northeast of St. Louis. Edwardsville was the home of some of the most prominent men in the history of the State, including Governors EJ- 154 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. wards, Coles, and others. It has pressed and sliale brickyards, coal mines, flour mills, machine shops, banks, electric street railway, water-works, schools, and churches. In a suljurb of the city (LeClaire) is a cooperative manufactory of sani- tary supplies, using large shops and doing a large business. Edwardsville has three newspapers, one issued semi-weekly. Population (l.siJO), 3,561 ; (1900), 4,1.57; with suburb (estimated), 5,000. EFFINCiHAM, an incorporated city, the county- seat of EfSugham County, 9 miles northeast from St. Louis and 199 southwest of Chicago; has four papers, creamery, milk condensory, and ice fac- tory. Population (1890), 3,200; (1900), 3,774. EFFINGHAM COUNTY, cut oflf from Fayette (and separately organized) in 1831 — named for Gen. Edward Effingham. It is situated in the central portion of the State, 63 miles northeast of St. Louis ; has an area of 490 square miles and a population (1900) of 20,465. T. M. Short, I. Fanchon and William I. Hawkins were the first Coimty Commissioners. Effingham, the county -seat, was platted by Messrs. Alexander and Little in 1854. Messrs. Gillenwater, Hawkins and Brown were among the earliest settlers. Several lines of rail- way cross the county. Agriculture and sheep- raising are leading industries, wool being one of the principal prodivcts. EGAN, William Bradsliaw, M.D., pioneer phy- sican, was born in Ireland, Sept. 28, 1808; spent some time during his youth in the study of sur- gery in England, later attending lectures at Dub- lin. About 1828 he went to Canada, taught for a time in the schools of Quebec and Montreal and, in 1830, was licensed by the Medical Board of New Jersey and began practice at Newark in that State, later practicing in New York. In 1833 he removed to Chicago and was early recog- nized as a prominent plij'sician ; on July 4, 1836, delivered the address at the breaking of ground for the Illinois & Michigan Canal. During the early years of his residence in Chicago, Dr, Egan was owner of the block on which the Tremont House stands, and erected a number of houses there. He was a zealous Democrat and a delegate to the first Convention of that party, held at Joliet in 1843; was elected County Recorder in 1844 and Representative in the Eighteenth Gen- eral Assembly (18.53-54). Died, Oct. 27, 1800. ELBURN, a village of Kane County, on the Chicago & Northwestern Railway, 8 miles west of Geneva. It has banks and a weekly news- paper. Population (1890), .584; (1900). 606. ELDORADO, a town in Saline County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis, the Louisville & Nashville, and the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroads; has a bank and one newspaper; district argicultural. Population, (1900), 1,445. ELDRIDGE, Hamilton N., lawyer and soldier, was born at South Williamstown, Mass., August, 1837; graduated at Williams College in the class with President Garfield, in 1850, and at Albany Law School, in 1857 ; soon afterward came to Chicago and began practice; in 1803 assisted in organizing the One Hundred and Twenty -seventh Illinois Volunteers, of which he was elected Lieutenant-Colonel, before the end of the year being promoted to the position of Colonel; dis- tinguished himself at Arkansas Post, Chicka- mauga and in the battles before Vicksburg, winning the rank of Brevet Brigadier-General, but, after two years' service, was compelled to retire on account of disability, being carried east on a stretcher. Subsequently he recovered suffi- ciently to resume his profession, but dieil in Chicago, Dec. 1, 1882, much regretted by a large circle of friends, with whom he was exceedingly popular. ELECTIONS. The elections of public ofticers in Illinois are of two general classes: (I) those conducted in accordance witli United States laws, and (II) those conducted exclusively under State laws. I. To the first class belong: (1) the election of United States Senators; (3) Presidential Elect- ors, and (3 ) Representatives in Congress. 1. (United States Senators). The election of United States Senators, while an act of the State Legislature, is conducted solely under forms pre- scribed by the laws of the United States. Tliese make it the duty of tlie Legislature, on the second Tuesday after convening at the session next pre- ceding the expiration of the term for which any Senator may have been chosen, to proceed to elect his successor in the following manner: Each House is required, on the day designated, in open session and by the viva voce vote of each member present, to name some person for United States Senator, the result of the balloting to be entered on the journals of the respective Houses. At twelve o'clock (M. ) on the day following the day of election, the members of the two Houses meet in joint assembly, when the journals of both Houses are read. If it appears that the same person has received a majority of all the votes in eacli House, he is declared elected Senator. If, however, no one has received such majorit)', or if either House has failed to take proceedings as required on the preceding day, then the members HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 155 of the two Houses, in joint assembly, proceed to ballot for Senator by viva voce vote of members present. The person receiving a majority of all the votes cast— a majority of the members of both Houses being present and voting — is declared elected ; otherwise the joint assembly is renewed at noon each legislative day of the session, and at least one ballot taken until a Senator is chosen. When a vacancy exists in the Senate at the time of the assembling of the Legislature, the same rule prevails as to the time of holding an election to fill it; and, if a vacancy occurs during the session, the Legislature is required to proceed to an election on the second Tuesday after having received o'fficial notice of such vacancy. The tenure of a United States Senator for a full term is six years— the regular term beginning with a new Congress — the two Senators from each State belonging to different "classes," so that their terms expire alternately at periods of two and four years from each other. — 3. (Presidential Electors). The choice of Electors of President and Vice-President is made by popular vote taken quadrennially on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November. The date of such election is fixed by act of Congress, being the same as that for Congressman, although the State Legislature prescribes the manner of conducting it and making returns of the same. The number of Electors chosen equals the number of Senators and Representatives taken together (in 1899 it was twenty-four), and they are elected on a gen- eral ticket, a plurality of votes being sufficient to elect. Electors meet at the State capital on the second Monday of January after their election (Act of Congress, 1887), to cast the vote of the State — 3. (Members of Congress). The elec- tion of Representatives in Congress is also held under United States law, occurring biennially (on the even years) simultaneously with the gen- eral State election in November. Should Congress select a different date for such election, it would be the duty of the Legislature to recognize it by a corresponding change in the State law relating to the election of Congressmen. The tenure of a Congressman is two years, the election being by Districts instead of a general ticket, as in the ca.se of Presidential Electors — the term of each Representative for a full term beginning witli a new Congress, on the tth of March of the odd years following a general elet^tion. (See Con- gressional ApjMi-tionment.) 11. All officers under the State Government— except Boards of Trastees of charitable and penal institutions or the heads of certain departments, which are made appointive by the Governor — are elected by popular vote. Apart from county officers they consist of three classes: (1) Legisla- tive; (2) Executive; (3) Judicial — which are chosen at different times and for different periods. 1. (Legislature). Legislative officers consist of Senators and Representatives, chosen at elections held on the Tuesday after the first Monday of November, biennially. The regular term of a Senator (of whom there are fifty -one under the present Constitution) is four years; twenty-flve (those in Districts bearing even numbers) being chosen on the years in which a President and Governor are elected, and the other twenty-six at the intermediate period two years later. Thus, one-half of each State Senate is composed of what are called "hold-over" Senators. Representatives are elected biennialh^ at the November election, and hold office two years. The qualifications as to eligibility for a seat in the State Senate require that the incumbent shall be 25 years of age, while 21 years renders one eligible to a seat in the House — the Constitution requiring that each shall have been a resident of the State for five j-ears, and of the District for which he is chosen, two years next preceding his election. (See Legislative Apportionment and Minority Repre- sentation.) — 2. (Executive Officers). The officers constituting the Executive Department include the Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Secretary of State, Auditor of Public Accounts, Treasurer, Superintendent of Public Instruction, and Attornej' General. Each of these, except the State Treasurer, holds office four years and — with the exception of the Treasurer and Superintend- ent of Public Instruction — are elected at the general election at which Presidential Electors are chosen. The election of State Superintendent occurs on the intermediate (even) years, and that of State Treasurer every two years coincidently with the election of Governor and Superintendent of Public Instruction, respectively. (See Execu- tive Officers.) In addition to the State oflicers already named, three Trustees of the University of Illinois are elected biennially at the general election in November, each holding office for six years. These trustees (nine in number), with the Governor, Pre.sident of the State Board of Agriculture and the Superintendent of Public Instruction, constitute the Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois. — 3. (Judiciary). The Judicial Department embraces Judges of tlie Supreme, Circuit and County Courts, and such other subordinate officials as may be connected with the administration of justice. For the 156 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. election of members of the Supreme Court the State is divided into seven Districts, eacli of which elects a Justice of the Supreme Court for a term of nine years. The elections in five of these — the First, Second, Third, Sixtli and Seventh — occur on the first Monday in June every ninth year from 1879, the last election having occurred in June, 1897. The elections in the other t -vo Districts occur at similar periods of nine years from 1876 and 1873, respectively — the last election in the Fourth District having occurred in June, 1893, and tliat in the Fifth in 1891,— Circuit Judges are chosen on the first Monday in June every six years, counting from 1873. Judges of the Superior Court of Cook County are elected every six years at the November election. — Clerks of the Supreme and Appellate Courts are elected at the November election for six years, the last election having occurred in 1896. Under the act of April 3, 1897, consolidating the Supreme Court into one Grand Division, the number of Supreme Court Clerks is reduced to one, although the Clerks elected in 1896 remain in oflice and liave charge of the records of their several Divisions until the expiration of their terms in 1902. The Supreme Court holds five terms annually at Spring- field, beginning, re.spectively, on the first Tue.sday of October, December, February, April and June. (Other Officers), (a) Members of the State Board of Equalization (one for every Congres- sional District) are elective every four years at the same time as Congressmen, (b) County officers (except County Commissioners not under township organization) hold office for four years and are chosen at the November election as follows: (1) At the general election at whicli the Governor is chosen — Clerk of the Circuit Court, State's Attorney, Recorder of Deeds (in counties having a population of 60,000 or over), Coroner and County Surveyor. (3) On inter- mediate years — Sheriff, County Judge, Probate Judge (in counties having a population of 70,000 and over). County Clerk, Treasurer, Superintend- ent of Schools, and Clerk of Criminal Court of Cook County, (c) In counties not under town- ship organization a Board of County Commission- ers is elected, one being cliosen in November of each year, and each holding office three years, (d) Under the general law the polls open at 8 a. m., and close at 7 p. m. In cities accepting an Act of the Legislatme passed in 1885, the hour of opening the polls is 6 a. m. , and of closing 4 p. m. (See also Australian Ballot.) ELECTORS, QUALIFICATIONS OF. (See Suffrage. ) ELGIJf, an important city of Northern Illinois, in Kane Coimty, on Fox River and the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul and Chicago tt Northwest- ern Railroads, besides two rural electric lines, 36 miles northwest of Chicago; has valuable water- power and over fifty manufacturing establish- ments, including the National Watch Factory and the Cook Publishing Company, both among the most extensive of their kind in the world; is al-so a great dairy center with extensive creameries and milk-condensing works. Tlie quotations of its Butter and Cheese Excliange are telegraplied to all the great commercial centers and regulate the prices of these commodities throughout the country. Elgin is the seat of the Northern (Illi- nois) Hospital for the Insane, and has a handsome Government (postoffice) building, fine public library and many handsome residences. It has had a rapid growth in the past twenty years. Population (1890), 17,833; (1900), 33,433. ELGIN, JOLIET & EASTERN RAILWAY. The main line of this road extends west from Dyer on the Indiana State line to Joliet, thence northeast ' to Waukegan. The total length of the line (1898) is 193.73 miles, of which 159.93 miles are in Illi- nois. The entire capital of the company, includ- ing stock and indebtedne.ss, amounted (1898), to §13,799,630— more than 871,000 per mile. Its total earnings in Illinois for the same year were 81,213,- 026, and its entire expenditure in the State, §1,156,146. The company paid in taxes, the .same year, 848,876. Branch lines extend southerly from Walker Junction to Coster, where connec- tion is made with the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroad, and northwesterly from Normantown, on the main line, to Aurora. — (History). The Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Rail- way was chartered in 1.SS7 and absorbed the Joliet, Aurora & Northern Railway, from Joliet to Aurora (21 miles), wliich had been commenced in 1886 and was completed in 1888, with extensions from Joliet to Spaulding, 111. , and from Joliet to McCool, Ind. In January, 1891, the Company purchased all the properties and franchises of the Gardner, Coal City & Normantown and the Waukegan & Southwestern Railway Companies (formerly operated under lease). The former of these two roads was chartered in 1889 and opened in 1890. Tlie system forms a belt line around Chicago, intersecting all railroads entering that city from every direction. Its traffic is chiefly in the transportation of freight. ELIZABETHTOWN, the county-seat of Hardin County. It stands on the north bank of the Ohio River, 44 miles above Paducah, Ky., and about HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 157 125 miles southeast of Belleville; has a brick and tile factory, large tie trade, two churches, two flouring mills, a bank, and one newspaper. Pop- ulation (1890), 652; (1900), 668. ELKHART, a town of Logan County, on the Chicago & Alton Railroad, IS miles northeast of Springfield ; is a rich farming sectio^ ; has a coal shaft. Population (1890), 414; (1900), 553. ELKIN, William F., pioneer and early legisla- tor, was born in Clark County, Ky., April 13, 1792; after spending several years in Ohio and Indiana, came to Sangamon County, 111., in 1825; was elected to the Sixth, Tenth and Eleventh General Assemblies, being one of the "Long Nine" from Sangamon County and, in 1861, was appointed by his former colleague (Abraham Lincoln) Register of the Land Office at Spring- field, resigning in 18T2. Died, in 1878. ELLIS, Edward F. TV., soldier, was born at Wilton, Maine, April 15, 1819; studied law and was admitted to the bar in Ohio ; spent three years (1849-52) in California, serving in the Legislature of that State in 1S51, and proving him.self an earnest opponent of slavery ; returned to Ohio the next year, and, in 1854, removed to Rockford, 111., where he embarked in the banking business. Soon after the firing on Fort Sumter, he organ- ized the Ellis Rifles, which having been attached to the Fifteenth Illinois, he was elected Lieuten- ant-Colonel of the regiment ; was in command at the battle of Shiloh, April 6, 1862. and was killed while bravely leading on his men. ELLIS, (Rev.) John Millot, early home mis- sionary, was born in Keene, N. II., July 14, 1793; came to Illinois as a home missionary of the Presbyterian Church at an early day, and served for a time as pastor of churches at Kaskaskia and Jacksonville, and was one of the influential factors in securing the location of Illinois Col- lege at the latter place. His wife also condvicted, for some years, a private school for young ladies at Jacksonville, which developed into the Jack- sonville Female Academy in 1833, and is still maintained after a history of over sixty years. Mr. Ellis was later associated with the establish- ment of Wabash College, at Crawfordsville, Ind., finally returning to New Hampshire, where, in 1840. he was pastor of a church at East Hanover. In 1844 he again entered the .service of the Soci- ety for Promoting Collegiate and Theological Education in the West. Died. August 6, 1855. ELLSWORTH, Epiiraim Elmer, soldier, first victim of the Civil War, was l)orn at Mechanics ville, Saratoga County, N. Y., April 23, 1837. He came to Chicago at an early age, studied law. and became a patent solicitor. In 1860 he raised a regiment of Zouaves in Chicago, which became famous for the perfection of its discipline and drill, and of which he was commissioned Colonel. In 1861 he accompanied President Lincoln to Washington, going from there to New York, where he recruited and organized a Zouave regiment composed of firemen. He became its Colonel and the regiment was ordered to Alexan- dria, Va. While stationed there Colonel Ells- worth observed that a Confederate flag was flying above a hotel owned by one Jackson. Rushing to the roof, he tore it down, but before he reached the street was shot and killed by Jackson, who was in turn shot by Frank H. Brownell, one of Ellsworth's men. He was the first Union soldier killed in the war. Died, May 24, 1861. ELMHURST (formerly Cottage Hill), a village of Du Page County, on the Chicago Great Western and 111. Cent. Railroads, 15 miles west of Chicago; is the seat of the Evangelical Seminary ; has elec- tric interurban line, two pajjers, stone quarry, electric light, water and sewerage systems, high school, and churches. Pop. (1900), 1,728. ELM H 001), a town of Peoria County, on the Galesburg and Peoria and Buda and Rushville branches of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 26 miles west-northwest of Peoria; the principal industries are coal-mining and corn and tomato canning; has a bank and one newspaper. Population (1890), 1,548; (1900), 1,.582. EL PASO, a city in Woodford County, 17 miles north of Bloomington, 33 miles ea.st of Peoria, at the crossing Illinois Central and Toledo, Peoria & Western Railroads; in agricultural district; has t%vo national banks, three grain elevators, two high schools, two newspapers, nine churches. Pop. (1890), 1,353; (1900), 1,441; (1903, est.), 1,600. EMBARRAS RIVER, rises in Champaign County and runs southward through the counties of Douglas, Coles and Cumberland, to Newton, in Jasper County, where it turns to the southeast, passing through Lawrence County, and entering the Wabash River about seven miles below Vin- cennes. It is nearly 1.50 miles long. EMMERSON, Charles, jurist, was born at North Haverhill. Grafton County, N. H.. April 15, 1811; came to Illinois in 183;i, first settling at Jackson- ville, where he spent one term in Illinois College, then studied law iit Springfield, ami, having been admitted to the bar, began practice at Decatur, where he spent the remainder of his life except three years (1847-50) during which he resided at Paris, Edgar County. In 18.50 he was elected to 158 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. the Legislature, and, in 1853, to the Circuit bench, serving on the latter by re-election till 1867. The latter year he was a candidate for Justice of the Supreme Court, but was defeated by the late Judge Pinkney H. Walker. In 1869 he was elected to the State Constitutional Convention, but died in April, 1870, while the Convention was still in session. ENFIELD, a town of White County, at the intersection of the Louisville & Nashville with the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway, 10 miles west of Carmi; is the seat of Southern Illi- nois College. The town also has a bank and one newspaper. Population (1880), 717; (1890), 870; (1900), 971; (1903, est.), 1,000. ENGLISH, Joseph G., banker, was born at Rising Sun, Ind., Dec. 17, 1820; lived for a time at Perrysville and La Fayette in that State, finally engaging in merchandising in the former; in 1853 removed to Danville, 111., where he formed a partnership with John L. Tincher in mercantile business; later conducted a private banking busi- ness and, in 1863, established the First National Bank, of which he has been President over twenty years. He served two terms as Mayor of Dan- ville, in 1872 was elected a member of the State Board of Equalization, and, for more than twenty years, has been one of the Directors of the Chicago & Eastern Railroad. At the present time Mr. English, having practically retired from busi- ness, is spending most of his time in the West. ENOS, Pascal Paoli, pioneer, was born at Windsor, Conn., in 1770; graduated at Dartmouth College in 1794, studied law, and, after sjiending some years in Vermont, where he served as High Sheriff of Windsor County, in September, 1815, removed West, stopping first at Cincinnati. A year later he descended the Ohio by fiat-boat to Shawneetown, 111., crossed the State by land, finally locating at St. Charles, Mo., and later at St. Louis. Then, having purchased a tract of land in Madison County, III., he remained there about two j'ears, when, in 1823, having received from President Monroe the appointment of Receiver of the newly established Land Office at Springfield, he removed thither, making it his permanent home. He was one of the original purchasers of the land on which the city of Springfield now stands, and joined with Maj. Elijah lies, John Taylor and Thomas Cox, the other patentees, in laying out the town, to which they first gave the name of Calhoun. Mr. Enos remained in olHce through the administration of President John Quincy Adams, but was removed by President Jackson for political reasons, in 1829. Died, at Springfield, April, 1832.— Pascal P. (Enos), Jr., eldest son of Mr. Enos, was born in St. Charles, Mo., Nov. 28, 1816; was elected Representative in the General Assembly from Sangamon County in 1852, and served bj' appointment of Justice McLean of the Supreme Court as Clerk of the United States Circuit Court, being reappointed by Judge David Davis, dying in office, Feb. 17, 1867. — Zimri A. (Enos), another son, was born Sept. 29, 1821, is a citizen of Springfield — has served as County Surveyor and Alderman of the city. — Julia R., a daughter, was born in Spring- field, Dec. 20, 1832, is the widow of the late O. M. Hatch, Secretary of State(1857-65). EPLER, Cyrus, lawyer and jurist, was born at Charleston, Clark County, Ind., Nov. 12, 1825; graduated at Illinois College, Jackson- ville, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1852, being elected State's Attorney the same year; also served as a member of the General Assembly two terms (1857-61) and as Master in Chancery for Morgan County, 1867-73. In 1873 he was elected Circuit Judge for the Seventh Circuit and was re-elected successively in 1879, "85 and "91, serving four terms, and retiring in 1897. During his entire jjrofessional and official career his home has been in Jacksonville. EQUALITY, a village of Gallatin County, on the Shawueetown Division of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad. 11 miles west-northwest of .Shawueetown. It was for a time, in early days, the countj'seat of Gallatin County and market for the salt manufactured in that vicinity. Some coal is mined in the neighborhood. One weekly paper is published here. Population (1880), 500; (1890), 622; (1900), 898. ERIE, a village of Whiteside Coimty, on the Rock Island and Sterling Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad. 30 miles north- east of Rock Island. Population (1880), 537; (1890). ,535; (1900), 768. EUREKA, the county-.seat of Woodford County, incorporated in 1856, situated 19 miles east of Peoria; is in the heart of a rich stock-raising and agricultural district. The principal mechanical industry is a large canning factory. Besides having good grammar and high schools, it is also the seat of Eureka College, under the control of the Christian denomination, in connection with which are a Normal School and a Biblical Insti- tute. The town has a hand.soine courthouse and a jail, two weekly and one monthly paper. Eureka became the county-seat of Woodford County in 1896, the change from Metamora being HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 159 due to the central location and more convenient accessibility of the former from all parts of the county. Population (1880), 1,185; (1890), 1,481; (1900). 1,661. EUREKA COLLEGE, located at Eureka. Wood- ford County, and chartered in 18.').'5, distinctively under the care and supervision of tlie "Cliri.stian" or "Campbellite" denomination. Tlie primary aim of its founders was to prepare young men for the ministry, while at the same time affording facilities for liberal culture. It was chartered in 1855, and its growth, while gradual, lias been steady. Besides a preparatorj' department and a business school, the college maintains a collegiate department (with classical and scientific courses) and a theological school, the latter being designed to fit young men for the ministry of the denomi- nation. Both male and female matriculates are received. In 1896 there was a faculty of eigliteen professors and assistants, and an attendance of some 325 students, nearl}- one-third of whom were females. The total value of the institution's property is §144,000, which includes an endow- ment of .$45,000 and real estate valued at §85,000. EUSTACE, John \., lawyer and judge, was born in Philadelphia, Sept. 9, 1821 ; graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1839, and, in 1842, at the age of 21, was admitted to tlie bar, removing the same year to Dixon, 111., where he resided until his death. In 1856 he was elected to the General Assembly and, in 1857, became Circuit Judge, serving one term; was chosen Presidential Elector in 1864, and, in March, 1878, was again elevated to the Circuit Bench, vice Judge Heaton, deceased. He was elected to the same position in 1879, and re-elected in 1885, but died in 1888, three years before the expiration of his term. EVAXCiELICAL SEMI^VARY, an institution under the direction of the Lutheran denomina- tion, incorporated in 1865 and located at Elm- hurst, Du Page County. Instruction is given in the classics, theology, oratory and prejiaratory studies, by a faculty of eight teacliers. The number of pupils during the school year (1895-90) was 133 — all young men. It has property valued at S50.305. EVANS, Henry H., legislator, was born in Toronto, Can., Marcli 9, 183G; brought by his father (who was a native of Pennsylvania) to Aurora, 111., where the latter finally became fore- man of the Chicago. Burlington & ^uiiicy ma- chine shops at that place. In 1S62 young Evans enlisted in the One Hundred and Twenty-fourth Illinois Volunteers, serving until the close of the war. Since the war he lias become most widely known as a member of the General Assemblj', hav- ing been elected first to the House, in 1876, and subsequently to the Senate every four years from 1880 to the year 1898, giving him over twenty years of almost continuous service. He is a large owner of real estate and has been prominently connected with financial and otlier business enterprises at Aurora, including the Aurora Gas and Street Railway Companies ; also served with the rank of Colonel on the staffs of Governors Cullom, Hamilton, Fifer and Oglesby. EVAXS, (Rev.) Jervice G., educator and re- former, was born in Marshall County, 111., Dec. 19, 1833; entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church in 18.54, and, in 1872, accepted the presidency of Hedding College at Abingdon, wliich he filled for six years. He then became President of Chaddock College at Quincy, but the following year returned to pastoral work. In 1889 he again became President of Hedding Col- lege, where (1898) he still remains. Dr. Evans is a member of the Central Illinois (M. E.) Confer- ence and a leader in the proliibition movement ; has also produced a number of volumes on reli- gious and moral questions. EVANS, John, M.D., physician and Governor, was born at Wayuesville, Ohio, of Quaker ances- try, March 9, 1814; graduated in medicine at Cincinnati and began practice at Ottawa, 111., but soon returned to Ohio, finally locating at Attica, Ind. Here he became i)rominent in the establishment of the first insane hospital in In- diana, at Indianapolis, about 1841-42, becoming a resident of that city in 1845. Three years later, having accepted a chair in Rush Medical College, in Chicago, he removed thither, also serving for a time as editor of "The Northwestern Medical and Surgical Journal." He .served as a member of the Chicago City Council, became a successful o]3erator in real estate and in the promotion of various railroad enterjirises, and was one of the founders of the Northwestern University, at Evanston, serving as President of the Board of Trustees over forty years. Dr. Evans was one of the founders of the Republican party in Illinois, and a strong personal friend of President Lincoln, from whom, in 1862, he received the appointment of Governor of the Territory of Colorado, con- tinuing in oflSce until displaced by Andrew John- son in 1865. In Colorado he became a leading factor in the construction of some of the most important railroad lines in tliat section, including the Denver. Texas & Gulf Road, of wliich he was for many years the President. He was also 160 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. prominent in connection with educational and church enterprises at Denver, wliich was his home after leaving Illinois. Died, in Denver, July 3, 1897. EVANSTON, a city of Cook County, situated 13 miles north of Chicago, on the Chicago, Milwau- kee & St. Paul and the Chicago & Northwestern Railroads. The original town was incorporated Dec. 29, 1863, and, in Jlarch, 18G9, a special act was passed by the Legislature incorporating it as a city, but rejected by vote of the people. On Oct. 19, 1872, the voters of the corporate town adopted village organizations imder the General Village and City Incorporation Act of the same year. Since then annexations of adjacent terri- tory to the village of Evanston have taken place as follows: In January, 1873, two small districts by petition; in April, 1874, the village of North Evanston was annexed by a majority vote of the electors of both corporations; in April, 1886, there was another annexation of a small out-lying district by petition ; in February, 1892, the ques- tion of the annexation of South Evanston was submitted to the voters of both corporations and adopted. On JIarch 29, 1892, the question of organization under a city government was sub- mitted to popular vote of the consolidated corpo- ration and decided in the affirmative, the first city election taking place April 19, following. The population of the original corporation of Evanston, according to the census of 1890, was 12,072, and of South Evanston, 3,205, making the total population of the new city 15,967. Judged by the census returns of 1900, the consolidated city has had a healthy growth in the past ten years, giving it, at the end of the century, a population of 19,259. Evanston is one of the most attractive residence cities in Northern Illinois and famed for its educational advantages. Besides having an admirable system of graded and high schools, it is the seat of the academic and theological departments of the Northwestern University, the latter being known as the Garrett Biblical Institute. The city has well paved streets, is lighted by both gas and electricity, and maintains its own system of water works. Prohibition is strictly enforced within the corporate limits under stringent municipal ordinances, and the charter of the Northwestern Universit3' forbidding tlie sale of intoxicants within four miles of that institution. As a consequence, it is certain to attract tlie most desirable class of people, whether consisting of those seeking permanent homes or simply contemplating temporary residence for the sake of educational advantages. EWING, William Lee Davidson, early lawyer and politician, was born in Kentucky in 1795, and came to Illinois at an earlj' daj-, first settling at Shawneetown. As early as 1820 he appears from a letter of Governor Edwards to President 5Ion- roe, to have been holding some Federal appoint- ment, presumably that of Receiver of Public Moneys in the Land Office at Vandalia, as con- temporary history shows tliat, in 1822, he lost a deposit of ■81,000 by the robbery of the bank there. He was also Brigadier-General of the State militia at an early day. Colonel of the "Spy Battalion"' during the Black Hawk War, and, as Indian Agent, superintended the removal of the Sacs and Foxes west of the Mississippi. Other posi- tions held by him included Clerk of the House of Representatives two sessions ( 1826-27 and 1828-29) ; Representative from the counties composing the Vandalia District in the Seventh General Assem- bly (1830-31), when he also became Speaker of the House; Senator from the same District in the Eighth and Ninth General Assemblies, of whieli he was chosen President pro tempore. While serving in this capacity he became ex-officio Lieutenant-Governor in consequence of the resig- nation of Lieut. -Gov. Zadoc Casey to acoept a seat in Congress, in March, 1833, and, in Novem- ber, 1834, assumed tlie Governorship as successor to Governor Rej'nolds, who had been elected to Congress to fill a vacancy. He served only fifteen days as Governor, when he gave place to Gov. Joseph Duncan, who had been elected in due course at the previous election. A year later (December, 1835) he was chosen United States Senator to succeed Elias Kent Kane, who had died in office. Failing of a re-election to the Senatorship in 1837, he was returned to the House of Representatives from his old district in 1838, as he was again in 1840, at each session being chosen Speaker over Abraham Lincoln, who was the Whig candidate. Dropping out of the Legis- lature at the close of his term, we find him at the beginning of the next session (December, 1842) in his old place as Clerk of the House, but, before the close of the session (in March, 1843), appointed Auditor of Public Accounts as successor to James Shields, who had resigned. While occupying the office of Auditor, Mr. Ewing died, March 25, 1846. His public career was :is imique as it was remark- able, in the number and character of the official positions held by him within a period of twenty- five years. EXECUTIYE OFFICERS. (See State officers under heads of "Gox-ernor," "Lieutenant-Gov- ernor," etc.) HISTOWCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 161 EYE A\D EAR INFIRMARY, ILLINOIS CHARITABLE. This institution is an outgrowth of a private charity founded at Chicago, in 1858, by Dr. Edward L. Hohnes, a distinguished Chi- cago oculist. In 1871 the property of the in.stitu- tion was transferred to and acce|)ted by the State, the title was changed by the substitution of tlie word "Illinois" for "Chicago," and the Infirmary became a State institution. The fire of 1871 destroyed the building, and, in 1873-74, the State erected another of brick, four stories in height, at the corner of West Adams and Peoria Streets, Chicago. The institution receives patients from all the counties of the State, tlie same receiving board, lodging, and medical aid. and (when neces- sary) surgical treatment, free of charge. The number of patients on Dec. 1, 1897, was 160. In 1877 a free eye and ear dispensary was opened under legislative authority, which is under charge of some eminent Chicago specialists. FAIRBURY, an incorporated city of Livings- ton County, situated ten miles southeast of Pon- tiac, in a fertile and thickly -.settled region. Coal, sandstone, limestone, fire-clay and a micaceous quartz are found in the neighborhood. The town has banks, grain elevators, flouring mills and two weekly newspapers. Population (1880), 2,140; (1890), 2,334; (1900), 3,187. FAIRFIELD, an incorporated city, the county- seat of Wayne County and a railway junction, 108 miles southeast of St. Louis. The town has an extensive woolen factory and large flouring and saw mills. It also has four weekly papers and is an important fruit and grain-shipping point. Population (1880), 1,391; (1890), 1,881; (1900), 2,3.38. FAIRMOUNT, a village of Vermilion County, on the Wabash Railway, 13 miles west-southwest from Danville; industrial interests chiefly agri- cultural ; has brick and tile factory, a coal mine, stone quarry, three rural mail routes and one weekly paper. Population (1890), 649; (1900), 938. FALLOWS, (Rt. Rev.) Samuel, Bishop of Re- formed Protestant Episcopal Church, was born at Pendleton, near Manchester, England, Dec. 13, 1835 ; removed with his parents to Wisconsin in 1848, and graduated from the State University there in 18.59, during a part of his university course serving as pastor of a Methodist Episcopal church at Madison; was ne.xt Vice-President of Gainesville University till 18G1, when he was ordained to the Methodist ministry and became pastor of a church at Oshkosh. The following year he was appointed Chaplain of the Thirty- second Wisconsin Volunteers, but later assisted in organizing the Fortieth Wisconsin, of which he became Colonel, in 1865 being brevetted Briga- dier-General. On liis return to civil life he became a pastor in Milwaukee; was appointed State Superintendent of Public Instruction for Wisconsin to fill a vacancy, in 1871, and was twice re-elected. In 1874 lie was elected President of the Illinois Wesleyan University at Bloomington, 111., remaining two years; in 1875 united with the Reformed Episcopal Church, soon after became Rector of St. Paul's Church in Chicago, and was elected a Bishop in 1876, also assuming the editorship of "The Appeal," the organ of the church. He served as Regent of the University of Wisconsin (1864-74), and for several years has been one of the Trustees of the Illinois State Reform School at Pontiac. He is the author of two or three volumes, one of them being a "Sup- plementary Dictionary," published in 1884. Bishop Fallows has had supervision of Reformed Episcopal Church work in the West and North- west for several years ; has also served as Chaplain of the Grand Army of the Republic for the Department of Illinois and of the Loyal Legion, and was Chairman of the General Committee of the Educational Congress during the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893. FARINA, a town of Fayette County, on the Chicago Division of the Illinois Central Railroad, 39 miles northeast of Centralia. Agriculture and fruit-growing constitute the chief business of the section; the town has one newspaper. Popula- tion (1890). 618; (1900), 693; (1903, est). 800. FARMER CITY, a city of De Witt County, 25 miles southeast of Bloomington, at the junction of the Springfield division of the Illinois Central and the Peoria division of the Cleveland, Cincin- nati, Chicago & St. Louis Railways. It is a trading center for a rich agricultm-al and stock- raising district, especially noted for rearing finely bred horses. The city has banks, two news- papers, churches of four denominations and good schools, including a high school. Population (1880), 1,289; (1890), 1.367; (1900), 1,664- FARMERS' INSTITUTE, an organization created by an act, approved June 24, 1895, de- signed to encourage practical education among farmers, and to assist in developing the agricul- tural, resources of the State. Its membership consists of three delegates from each county in the State, elected annually by the Farmers' Institute in such county. Its affairs are managed by a Board of Directors constituted as follows: The Superintendent of Public Instruction, the 162 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Professor of Agriculture in the University of Illi- nois, and the Presidents of the State Board of Agriculture, Dair_ymen's Association and Horti- cultural Society, ex-officio, with one member from each Congressional District, chosen by the dele- gates from the district at the annual meeting of the organization. Annual meetings (between Oct. 1 and March 1) are required to be held, which shall continue in session for not less than three days. The topics for discussion are the cultivation of crops, the care and breeding of domestic animals, dairy husbandry, horticulture, farm drainage, improvement of highways and general farm management. The reports of the annual meetings are printed bj' the State to the number of 10,000, one-half of the edition being placed at the disposal of the Institute. Suitable quarters for the officers of the organization are provided in the State capitol. FARMINiiTON, a city and railroad center in Fulton County, 13 miles north of Canton and 22 miles west of Peoria. Coal is extensively mined here; there are also brick and tile factories, a foundry, one steam flour mill, and two cigar manufactories. It is a large shipping-point for grain and live-stock. The town has two banks and two newspapers, five churches and a graded school. Population (IHOO). 1,375; (1903, est), 2,103. FARNSWORTH, Elon John, soldier, was born at Green Oak, Livingston Count}', Mich., in 1837. After completing a course in the public schools, he entered the University of Michigan, but left college at the end of his freshman year (18.58) to serve in the Quartermaster's department of the army in the Utah expedition. At the expiration of Ills term of service he became a buffalo hunter and a carrier of mails between the haunts of civilization and the then newly-discovered mines at Pike's Peak. Returning to Illinois, he was commissioned (1861) Assistant Quartermaster of the Eighth Illinois Cavalry, of which his uncle was Colonel. (See Farusworth, John FraiikUu.) He soon rose to a captaincy, distinguishing him- self in the battles of the Peninsula. In May, 1863, he was appointed aid-de-camp to General Pleasanton, and, on June 39, 1863. was made a Brigadier-General. Fo\ir days later he was killed, while gallantly leading a charge at Gettj'sburg. FARNSWORTH, John Franklin, soldier ami former Congressman, was born at Eaton, Canada East, March 27, 1820; removed to Michigan in 1834, and later to Illinois, settling in Kane County, where he practiced law for many years, making his home at St. Charles. He was elected to Congress in 1856, and re-elected in 1858. In September of 1861, he was commissioned Colonel of the Eighth Illinois Cavalry Volunteers, and was brevetted Brigadier-General in November, 1862, but resigned, March 4, 1863, to take his seat in Congress to which he had been elected the November previous, by successive re-elections serving from 1863 to 1873. The latter years of his life were spent in Washington, where he died, July 14, 1897. FARWELL, Charles Benjamin, merchant and United States Senator, was born at Painted Post, N. Y., July 1, 1823; removed to Illinois in 1838, and, for six years, was employed in sui'veying and farming. In 1844 he engaged in the real estate business and in banking, at Chicago. He was elected Count}' Clerk in 1853, and re-elected in 1857. Later he entered into commerce, becom- ing a partner with his brother, John Villiers, in the firm of J. V. Farwell & Co. He was a mem- ber of the State Board of Equalization in 1867 ; Chairman of the Board of Supervisors of Cook County in 1868 ; and National Bank Examiner in 1869. In 1870 he was elected to Congress as a. Republican, was re-elected in 1872, but was defeated in 1874, after a contest for the seat which was carried into the House at Washington. Again, in 1880, he was returned to Congress, making three fuU terms in that body. He also served for several years as Chairman of the Republican State Central Committee. After the death of Gen. John A. Logan he was (1887) elected United States Senator, his term expiring March 3, 1891. Mr. Farwell has since devoted his attention to the immense mercantile busi- ness of J. V. Farwell & Co. FARWELL, John Villiers, merchant, was born at Campbelltown, Steuben County, N. Y., July 29, 1825, the son of a farmer; received a common- school education and, in 1838, removed with his father's family to Ogle County, 111. Here he attendetl Mount Morris Seminary for a time, but, in 1845, came to Chicago without capital and secured employment in the City Clerk's office, then became a book-keeper in the dry- goods establishment of Hamilton & White, and, still later, with Hamilton & Day. Having thus received his bent towards a mercantile career, he soon after entered the concern of AVadsworth & Phelps as a clerk, at a salary of §600 a year, but was admitted to a partnership in 1850, the title of the firm becoming Cooley, Farwell & Co., in 1860. About this time Marshall Field and Levi Z. Leiter became associated with the concern and received their mercantile training under the supervision of Mr. Farwell. In 1865 the title of the firm HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 163 became J. V. Farwell & Co., but, in 1891, the firm was incoriwrated under the name of The J. V. Farwell Company, his brother, Charles B. Far- well, being a member. The subject of this .sketch has long been a {)r()miuent factor in religious circles, a leading spirit of the Young Men's Christian Association, and served as President of the Chicago Branch of the United States Christian Commission during the Civil War. Politically he is a Republican and serv-ed as Presi- dential Elector at the time of President Lincoln's second election in 1864; also served by appoint- ment of President Grant, in 1869, on the Board of Indian Commissioners. He was a member of the syndicate which erected the Texas State Capitol, at Austin, in that State; has been, for a number of years, Vice-President and Treasurer of the J. V. Farwell Company, and President of the Colorado Consolidated Land and "Water Company. He was also prominent in the organization of the Chicago Public Library, and a member of tlie IJnion League, the Chicago Historical Society and the Art Institute. FARWELL, William Washington, jurist, was born at Morrisville, Madison County, N. Y., Jan. 5, 1817, of old Puritan ancestry ; graduated from Hamilton College in 1837, and was admitted to the bar at Rochester, N. Y., in 1841. In 1848 he removed to Chicago, but the following year went to CaUfornia, returning to his birthplace in 18.50. In 18.54 he again settled at Chicago and soon secured a prominent position at tlie bar. In 1871 he was elected Circuit Court Judge for Cook County, and, in 1873, re-elected for a term of six years. During this period he sat chiefly upon the chancery side of the court, and, for a time, presided as Chief Justice. At the close of his second term he was a candidate for re-election as a Republican, but was defeated with the re- mainder of the ticket. In 1880 he was chosen Professor of Equit}' Jurisprudence in the Union College of Law (now the Nortliwestern Univer- sity Law School), serving until June, 1893, wlien he resigned. Died, in Cliicago, April 30, 1894. FAYETTE COUNTY, .situated about CO miles south of the geographical center of the State; was organized in 1831, and named for the French General La Fayette. It has an area of 720 square miles; population (1900), 28,065. The soil is fer- tile and a rich vein of bituminous coal underlies the county. Agriculture, fruit-growing and mining are the cluef industries. Tlie oUl, historic "Cumberland Road," the trail for all west-bound emigrants, crossed the county at an early date. Perryville was the first county -seat, but this town is now extinct. Vandalia, the present seat of county government (population, 2,144), stands upon a succession of hills upon the west bank of tlie Kaskaskia. From 1820 to 1839 it was the State Capital. Besides Vandalia the chief towns are Ramsej-, noted for its railroad ties and tim- ber, and St. Elmo. FEEBLE-MINDED CHILDREN, ASYLUM FOR. This institution, originally established as a sort of appendage to the Illinois Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, was started at Jacksonville, in 186.5, as an "experimental school, for the instruction of idiots and feeble-minded children." Its success having been assured, the scliool was placed upon an independent basis in 1871, and, in 1875, a site at Lincoln, Logan County, covering forty acres, was donated, and the erection of buildings begun. The original plan provided for a center building, with wings and a rear exten- sion, to cost §124.775. Besides a main or adminis- tration building, the institution embraces a school building and custodial hall, a hospital and industrial worksliop, and, during the past year, a chapel has been added. It has control of 890 acres, of which 400 are leased for farming pur- poses, the rental going to the benefit of the insti- tution. The remainder is used for the purposes of the institution as farm land, gardens or pas- ture, about ninety acres being occupied by the institution buildings. The capacity of the insti- tution is about 700 inmates, with many applica- tions constantlj' on file for the admission of others for whom there is no room. FEEHAN, Patrick A., D.D., Archbishop of the Roman Catholic archdiocese of Chicago, and Metropolitan of Illinois, was born at Tipperary, Ireland, in 1829, and educated at Slaynooth College. He emigrated to the United States in 1852, settling at St. Louis, and was at once appointed President of tiie Seminary of Caronde- let. Later he was made pastor of the Churcli of the Immaculate Conception at St. Louis, where he achieved marked distinction. In 18G5 he was consecrated Bishop of Nashville, managing the affairs of the diocese with gi'eat ability. In 1880 Chicago was raised to an archiepiscopal see, with Suffragan Bishops at Alton and Peoria, and Bishop Feehan was consecrated its first Arch- bishop. His administration has been conserva- tive, yet efficient, and the archdiocese has greatly prospered under his rule. FELL, Jesse W., lawyer and real-estate opera- tor, was born in Chester County, Pa., about 1808; started west on foot in 1828, and, after spending some years at Steubenville, Ohio, came to Dela- 164 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. van, 111., in 1832, and the next year located at Bloomiugton, being the first lawyer in that new town. Later he became agent for school lands and the State Bank, but failed financially in 183". and returned to practice; resided several years at Payson, Adams County, but returning to Bloomington in 1855, was instrumental in securing the location of the Chicago & Alton Railroad through that town, and was one of the founders of the towns of Clinton, Pontiac, Lex- ington and El Paso. He was an intimate personal and political friend of Abraham Lincoln, and it was to him Mr. Lincoln addressed his celebrated personal biography ; in the campaign of 1860 he served as Secretary of the Republican State Cen- tral Committee, and, in 1862, was appointed by Mr. Lincoln a Paymaster in the regular army, serving some two years. Mr. Fell was also a zeal- ous friend of the cause of industrial education, and bore an important part in securing the location of the State Normal University at Nor- mal, of which city he was the founder. Died, at Bloomington, Jan. 25, 1887. FERGUS, Robert, early printer, was born in Glasgow, Scotland, August 4, 1815; learned the printer's trade in his native city, assisting in his youth in putting in type some of Walter Scott's productions and other works which now rank among English classics. In 1834 he came to America, finally locating in Chicago, where, with various partners, he pursued the business of a job printer continuously some fifty years — being the veteran printer of Chicago. He was killed by being run over by a railroad train at Evanston, July 23, 1897. The establishment of which he was so long the head is continued by his sons. FERSWOOD, a suburban station on the Chi- cago & Eastern Illinois Railroad, 12 south of ter- minal station; annexed to City of Chicago, 1891. FERRY, Elislia Peyre, politician, born in Monroe, Mich., August 9, 1825; was educated in his native town and admitted to the bar at Fort Wayne, Ind., in 1845; removed to Waukegan, 111., the following year, served as Postmaster and, in 1856, was candidate on the Republican ticket for Presidential Elector; was elected Major of Waukegan in 1859, a member of the State Con- stitutional Convention of 1862, State Bank Com- missioner in 1861-63, Assistant Adjutant-General on the staff of Governor Yates during the war, and a delegate to the Republican National Con- vention of 1864. After the war he served as direct-tax Commissioner for Tennessee; in 1869 was appointed Surveyor-General of Washington Territory and, in 1872 and '76, Territorial Got- ernor. On the admission of Washington as a State, in 1889, he was elected the first Governor. Died, at Seattle, Wash., Oct. 14, 1895. FEVRE RIVER, a small stream which rises in Southern Wisconsin and enters the Mississippi in Jo Daviess County, six miles below Galena, which stands upon its banks. It is navigable for steam- boats between Galena and its mouth. The name originally given to it by early French explorers was "Feve" (the French name for "Bean"), which has since been corrupted into its present form. FICKLIX, Orlando B., lawyer and politician, was born in Kentucky, Dec. 16, 1808, and admitted to the bar at Mount Carmel, Wabash County, 111., in March, 1830. In 1834 he was elected to the lower house of the Ninth General Assembly. After serving a term as State's Attorney for Wabash Countj-, in 1837 he removed to Charleston, Coles County, where, in 1838, and again in '42, he was elected to the Legislature, as he was for the last time in 1878. He was four times elected to Congress, serving from 1843 to '49, and from 1851 to '53 ; was Presidential Elector in 1856. and candidate for the same position on the Democratic ticket for the State-atlarge in 1884; was also a delegate to the Democratic National Conventions of 1856 and '60. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1862. Died, at Charleston, May 5, 1886. FIELD, Alexander Pope, early legislator and Secretary of State, came to Illinois about the time of its admission into the Union, locating in Union County, which he represented in the Third, Fifth and Sixth General Assemblies. In the first of these he was a prominent factor in the ejection of Representative Hansen of Pike County and the seating of Shaw in his place, wliich enabled the advocates of slavery to secure the passage of a resolution submitting to the people the question of calling a State Constitutional Convention. In 1828 he was appointed Secretary of State by Governor Edwards, remaining in office under Governors Reynolds and Dun- can and through half the term of Governor Carlin, though the latter attempted to secure his removal in 1838 by the appointment of John A. McClernand — the courts, however, declaring against the latter. In November, 1840, the Governor's act was made effective by the confirmation, by the Senate, of Stephen A. Doug- las as Secretary in place of Field. Douglas held the office only to the following February, when he resigned to take a place on the Supreme HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 1G5 bench and Lyman Trumbull was appointeil to succeed liim. Field (who had become a Whig) was appointed by President Harrison, in 1841, Secretary of Wisconsin Territory, later removed to St. Louis and finally to New Orleans, where he was at the beginning of the late war. In Decem- ber, 1863, he presented himself as a member of the Thirty-eighth Congress for Louisiana, but was refused his seat, though claiming in an elo- quent speech to have been a loyal man. Died, in New Orleans, in 1877. Mr. Field was a nephew of Judge Nathaniel Pope, for over thirty years on the bench of the United States District Court. FIELD, Eugene, journalist, humorist and poet, was born in St. Louis. Mo., Sept. 3, 1850. Left an orphan at an earlj' age, he was reared by a rela- tive at Amherst, Mass., and received a portion of his literary training at Monson and Williamstown in that State, completing his course at the State tJniversity of Missouri. After an extended tour through Europe in 1872-73, he began his journal- istic career at St. Louis, Mo., as a reporter on "The Evening Journal," later becoming its city editor. During the next ten years he was succes- sively connected with newspapers at St. Joseph, Mo., St. Louis, Kansas City, and at Denver, Colo., at the last named cit.v being managing editor of "The Tribune." In 1883 he removed to Chicago, becoming a special writer for "The Chicago News," his particular department for several years being a pungent, witty column with the caption, "Sharps and Flats." He wrote con- siderable prose fiction and much poetry, among the latter being successful translations of several of Horace's Odes. As a poet, however, he was best known through his short poems relating to childhood and home, which strongly appealed to the popular heart. Died, in Chicago, deeply mourned by a large circle of admirers, Nov. 4, 1895. FIELD, Marshall, merchant and capitalist, was born in Conway, Mass., in 183.5, and grew up on a farm, receiving a common school and academic education. At the age of 17 he entered upon a mercantile career as clerk in a dry -goods store at Pittsfield, Mass., but, in 18.'56, came to Chicago and secured employment with Messrs. Cooley, Wadsworth & Co. ; in 1860 was admitted into partnership, the firm becoming Cooley, Farwell & Co., and still later, Farwell, Field & Co. The last named firm was dissolved and that of Field, Palmer & Leiter organized in 186.5. Mr. Palmer having retired in 1867. the firm was continued under the name of Field, Leiter & Co., until 1881, when Mr. Leiter retired, the concern being since known as Marshall Field & Co. The growth of the business of this great establishment is shown by the fact that, whereas its sales amounted before the fire to some §12,000,000 annually, in 1895 they aggregated §40.000.000. Mr. Field's business career has been remarkable for its suc- cess in a city famous for its successful business men and the vastness of their commercial oper- ations. He has been a generous and discrimi- nating patron of important public enterprises, some of his more conspicuous donations being the gift of a 'tract of land valued at §300,000 and §100.000 in cash, to the Chicago University, and §1,000,000 to the endowment of the Field Colum- bian Museum, as a sequel to the World's Colum- bian Exposition. The latter, chiefly through the munificence of Mr. Field, promises to become one of the leading institutions of its kind in the United States. Besides his mercantile interests, Mr. Field has extensive interests in various finan- cial and manufacturing enterprises, including the Pullman Palace Car Company and the Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, in each of which he is a Director. FIFER, Joseph W., born at Stanton, Va., Oct. 28, 1840; in 1857 he accompanied his father (who was a stone-mason) to McLean County, 111., and worked at tlie manufacture and laying of brick. At the outbreak of the Civil War he enlisted as a private in the Tliirty-third Illinois Infantry, and was dangerously wounded at the as.sault on Jack- son, Miss., in 1863. On the healing of his wound, disregarding the advice of family and friends, he rejoined his regiment. At tlie close of the war, when about 25 years of age, he entered the Wes- leyan University at Bloomington, where, by dint of hard work and frugality, while supporting himself in part by manual labor, he secured a diploma in 1868. He at once began the study of law, and, soon after his admission, entered upon a practice which subsequently proved both success- ful and lucrative. He was elected Corporation Counsel of Bloomington in 1871 and State's Attor- ney for McLean County in 1872, holding the latter oftice, through re-election, until 18H0, when he was chosen State Senator, serving in the Thirtj'- second and Thirty-third General Assemblies. In 1888 he was nominated and elected Governor on the Republican ticket, but, in 1892, was defeated by John P. xVltgeld, the Democratic nominee, though running in advance of the national and the rest of the State ticket. FINERTY, John F., ex-Congressman and journalist, was born in Galway, Ireland. Sept. 10, 1846. His studies were mainly prosecuted 166 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. under priFate tutors. At the age of 16 he entered the profession of journahsm, and, in 1864, coming to America, soon after enlisted, serving for 100 da3'S during the Civil War. in the Ninetj'-ninth New York Volunteers. Subsequently, having removed to Chicago, he was connected with "The Chicago Times" as a special correspondent from 18T6 to 1881, and, in 1883, established "The Citi- zen," a weekly newspaper devoted to the Irish- American interest, which he continues to pub- lish. In 1882 he was elected, as an Independ- ent Democrat, to represent the Second Illinois District in tlie Forty-eighth Congress, but, run- ning as an Independent Republican for re-election in 1884. was defeated by Frank Lawler. Democrat. In 1887 he was appointed Oil Inspector of Clii- cago, and, since 1889, has held no public office, giving his attention to editorial work on his paper. FISHER, (Dr.) George, pioneer physician and legislator, was probably a native of Virginia, from which State he appears to have come to Kaskaskia previous to 1800. He became very prominent during the Territorial period; was appointed by William Henry Harrison, then Governor of Indiana Territory, the first Sheriff of Eandolph County after its organization in 1801 ; was elected from that county to the Indiana Territorial House of Representatives in 1805, and afterwards promoted to the Territorial Council ; was also Representative in the First and Third Legislatures of Illinois Territory (1813 and '16), serving as Speaker of each. He was a Dele- gate to the Constitutional Convention of 1818, but died on his farm near Kaskaskia in 1830. Dr. Fisher participated in the organization of the first Lodge of Free and Accepted IMasons in Illi- nois at Kaskaskia, in 180G, and was elected one of its officers. FISHERIES. The fisheries of Illinois center chiefly at Chicago, the catch being taken from Lake Michigan, and including salmon trout, white fish (the latter species including a lake herring), wall-eyed pike, three kinds of bass, three varieties of sucker, carp and sturgeon. The "fishing fleet" of Lake Michigan, properly so called, (according to the census of 1890) con- sisted of forty-seven steamers and one schooner, of which only one — a steamer of twent3'-six tons burtlien — was credited to Illinois. The same report showed a capital of .Su6,105 invested in land, buildings, wharves, vessels, boats and apijaratus. In addition to tlie "fishing fleet" mentioned, nearly 1,100 sail-boats and other vari- eties of craft are employed in the industry. sailing from ports between Chicago and Macki- nac, of which, in 1890, Illinois furnished 94, or about nine per cent. All sorts of apparatus ai'e used, but the principal are gill, fyke and pound nets, and seines. The total value of these minor Illinois craft, with tlieir equipment, for 1890, was nearly 818,000, the catch aggregating 722,830 pounds, valued at between §34,000 and S35,000 Of this draught, the entire quantity was either sold fresh in Chicago and adjacent markets, or shipped, either in ice or frozen. The Mississippi and its tributaries yield wall eyed pike, pike perch, buffalo fish, sturgeon, paddle fish, and other species available for food. FITHIA\, Georgre W., ex-Congressman, was born on a farm near Willow Hill, 111., July 4, 1854. His early education was obtained in the common schools, and he learned the trade of a printer at Mount Carmel. Wliile employed at the case he found time to study law, and was admitted to the bar in 1875. In 1876 he was elected State's Attorney for Jasper County, and re-elected in 1880. He was prominent in Democratic politics, and, in 1888, was elected on the ticket of that party to represent the Sixteenth Illinois District in Congress. He was re-elected in 1890 and again in 1893, but, in 1894, was defeated by his Republican opponent. FITHIAN, (Dr.) William, pioneer physician, was born in Cincinnati. Ohio, in 1800; built the first houses in Springfield and Urbana in that State; in 1832 began the study of medicine at Urbana ; later practiced two years at Mechanics- burgh, and four years at Urbana, as partner of his preceptor; in 1830 came west, locating at Danville, Vermilion County, where he became a large land-owner; in 1833 served with the Ver- milion County militia in the Black Hawk War, and, in 1834, was elected Representative in the Ninth General Assemblj-, the first of which Abraham Lincoln was a member; afterwards served two terms in the State Senate from the Danville District (1838-46). Dr. Fithian was active in promoting the railroad interests of Danville, giving the right of way for railroad purposes througli a large body of land belonging to him, in Vermilion County. He was also a member of various medical associations, and, during his later j'ears, was tlie oldest practicing physician in the State. Died, in Danville, 111., April 5, 1890. FLAGG, Gershom, pioneer, was born in Ricli- mond, Vt., in 1792, came west in 1816, settling in Madison County, 111., in 1818, where he was known as an enterprising farmer and a prominent niSTOKK'AL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 167 and influential citizen. Originally a Wliig, he became a zealous Republican on the organization of that party, dying in IS")".— Williird Cntting' (Flagg), sou of the preceding, was born in Jhuli- son County, 111., Sept 16, ISiO, spent his early life on his father's farm and in the common schools; from 1844 to '50 was a pupil in the celebrated high school of Edward Wyman in St. Louis, finally graduating with honors at Yale College, in 18.')4. During his college course he took a number of literary prizes, and, in his senior year, served as one of the editors of "The Yale Literary Magazine." Returning to Illinois after gradu- ation, he took charge of his father's farm, engaged extensively in fruit-culture and stock-raising, being the first to introduce the Devon breed of <5attle in Madison County in ISoO. He was a member of the Republican State Central Com- mittee in 1860 ; in 1862, by appointment of Gov. Yates, became Enrolling Officer for Jladison •County ; served as Collector of Internal Revenue for the Twelfth District, 1864-69, and, in 1S68, ■was elected to the State Senate for a term of four 3'ears, and, during the last session of his term (1872), took a prominent part in the revision of the school law ; was appointed a member of tlie first Board of Trustees of the Industrial Univer- :sity (now the University of Illinois) at Cham- paign, and reappointed in 187.5. Mr. Flagg was also prominent in agricultural and horticultural organizations, serving as Secretary of tlie State Horticultural Society from 1861 to "69, when he became its President. He was one of the origi- nators of the "farmers' movement," served for some time as President of "Tlie State Farmers' Association," wrote voluminously, and delivered 4iddresses in various States on agi-icultural and horticultural topics, and, in 187.5, was elected President of the National Agricultural Congress. In his later years he was a recognized leader in the Granger movement. Died, at Mora, Madison County, III, April 5, 1878. FLEMINIJ, Robert K., pioneer printer, was born in Erie County, Pa., learned the printers' trade in Pittsburg, and, coming west while quite young, worked at his trade in St. Louis, finally removing to Kaskaskia, where he was placed in •control of the office of "The Repul)!ican Advo- cate," which had been establislie,'5, when he sold out to Messrs. Bailhache & Baker. Abraham Lincoln was his close friend and often wrote editorials for his paper. Mr. Francis was active in the organization of the State Agricul- tural Society (1853), .serving as its Recording Secretary for several years. In 185'J he moved to Portland, Ore., wliere he published "The Oregon Farmer," and served as President of the Oregon State Agricultural Societj-; in 1861 was ap- pointed by President Lincoln, Paymaster in the regular army, serving until 1870, when he retired on half-pay. Died, at Portland. Ore., Oct. 25, 1873. — Allen (Francis), brother of tlie preceding, was born at Wethersfield, Conn., April 14, 1815; in 1834, joined his brother at Springfield, 111., and became a partner in the publication of "The Journal" until its sale, in 1855. In 1861 he was appointed United States Consul at Victoria, B. C, serving until 1871, when he engaged in the fur trade. Later he was United States Consul at Port Stanlej", Can., dying there, about 1887. — Josiali (Francis), cousin of the preceding, born at Wethersfield, Conn., Jan. 17, 1804; was early connected with "The Springfield Journal"; in 1836 engaged in merchandising at Athens, Menard County ; returning to Springfield, was elected to the Legislature in 1840, and served one term as Maj'or of Springfield. Died in 1867. FRAXKLIX, a village of Morgan County, on the Jacksonville & St. Louis Railroad, 12 miles southeast of Jacksonville. The place has a news- paper and two banks; the surrounding country is agricultural. Population (1880), 316; (1890), 578; (1900), 687. FRANKLIN COUNTY, located in the south- central part of the State ; was organized in 1818, and has an area of 430 square miles. Population (1900). 19,675. The county is well timbered and is drained by the Big Muddy River. The soil is fertile and the products include cereals, potatoes, sorghum, wool, pork and fruit. The county seat is Benton, with a population (1890) of 939. The count.v contains no large towns, although large, well-cultivated farms are numerous. The earli- est white settlers came from Kentucky and Ten- nessee, and the hereditary traditions of generous, southwestern hospitality are preserved among the residents of to-da}'. FRANKLIN GROVE, a town of Lee County, on Council Blulfs Division of the Oiicago & North- western Railway, 88 miles west of Cliicago. Grain, poultry, and live-stock are shipped from here. It has banks, water-works, high school, and a weekl.v paper. Population (1890), 736; (1900). 6S1. FRAZIER, Robert, a native of Kentucky, who came to .Southern Illinois at an early day and served as State Senator from Edwards County, in the Second and Third General Assemblies, in the 176 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. latter being an opponent of the scheme to make Illinois a slave State. He was a farmer by occu- pation and, at the time he was a member of the Legislature, resided in what afterwards became Wabash County. Subsequentlj- he removed to Edwards County, near Albion, wliere he died. "Frazier's Prairie,"' in Edwards County, was named for him. FREEBURG, a village of St. Clair County, on the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad, 8 miles southeast of Belleville. Population (1880), 1,038: (1890), 848; (1900). 1,214. FREEMAN, Norman L., lawyer and Supreme Court Reporter, was born in Caledonia, Living- ston County, N. Y., May 9, 1823; in 1831 accom- panied his widowed mother to Ann Arbor, Mich., removing six years afterward to Detroit ; was edu- ( cated at Cleveland and Ohio University, taught school at Lexington, Ky., while studying law, and was admitted to the bar in 1846 ; removed to Shawneetown, 111., in 18.51, was admitted to the Illinois bar and practiced some eight years. He then began farnaing in Marion County, Mo., but, in 1862, returned to Shawneetown and, in 1863, was appointed Reporter of Decisions by the Supreme Court of Illinois, serving until his death, which occurred at Springfield near the beginning of his sixth term in office, August 23, 1894. FREE MASONS, the oldest secret fraternity in the State — known as the "Ancient Order of Free and Accepted Masons" — the first Lodge being instituted at Kaskaskia, June, 3, 1806, with Gen. John Edgar, Worshipful Master; Michael Jones, Senior Warden; James Galbraith, Junior War- den ; William Arundel, Secretary ; Robert Robin- son, Senior Deacon. These are names of persons who were, without exception, prominent in the early history of Illinois. A Grand Lodge was organized at Vandalia in 1822, with Gov. Shad- rach Bond as first Grand Master, but the organi- zation of the Grand Lodge, as it now exists, took place at Jacksonville in 1840. The number of Lodges constituting the Grand Lodge of Illinois in 1840 was six, with 1.57 members; the number of Lodges within the same jurisdiction in 1895 was 713, with a membership of 50,727, of which 47,335 resided in Illinois. The dues for 1895 were 837,834. .50; the contributions to members, their %vidows and orphans, §25,038.41; to non- Biembers, S6.306..38, and to the Illinois Slasonic Orphans' Home, §1,315.80. — Apollo Commandery No. 1 of Kniglits Templar — the pioneer organi- zation of its kind in this or any neighboring State — was organized in Chicago, May 20, 1845, and the Grand Commandery of the order in Illi- nois in 18.57, with James V. Z. Blaney, Grand Commander. In 1895 it was made up of sixty- five subordinate commanderies, with a total membership of 9,355. and dues amounting to 87,7.54.75. The principal officers in 1895-96 were Henry Himter Montgomery, Grand Commander; John Henry Witbeck, Grand Treasurer, and Gil- bert W. Barnard, Grand Recorder. — The Spring- field Chapter of Royal Arch -Masons was organized in Springfield, Sept. 17, 1841, and the Royal Arch Chapter of the State at Jacksonville, April 9, 1850, the nine existing Chapters being formally chartered Oct. 14, of the same year. The number of subordinate Chapters, in 1895, was 186, with a total membership of 16,414. — The Grand Council of Royal and Select Masters, in 1894, embraced 32 subordinate Councils, with a membersliip of 2,318. FREEPORT, a city and railway center, the county-seat of Stephenson County. 121 miles west of Chicago; has good water-power from the Peca- tonica River, with several manufacturing estab- lishments, the output including carriages, wagon-wheels, wind-mills, coffee-mills, organs, piano-stools, leather, mineral paint, foundry pro- ducts, chicken incubators and vinegar. The Illi- nois Central Railroad has shops here and the city has a Government postoffice building. Popula- tion (1890), 10,189; (1900), 13.258. FREEPORT C0LLE(;E, an institution at Free- port, 111., incorporated in 1895; is co-educational ; had a faculty of six instructors in 1896, with 116 pupils. FREER, Lemuel Covell Faine, early lawj'er, was born in Dutchess County, N. Y., Sept. 18, 1815; came to Chicago in 1836, studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1840; was a zealous anti-slavery man and an active supporter of the Government during the War of the Rebellion; for many years was President of the Board of Trustees of Rush Medical College. Died, in Chicago, April 14, 1892. FRENCH, Augustus C, ninth Governor of Illinois (1846-.52), was born in New Hampshire, August 2, 1808. After coming to Illinois, he became a resident of Crawford County, and a lawyer by profession. He was a member of the Tenth and Eleventh General Assemblies, and Receiver, for a time, of the Land Office at Pales- tine. He served as Presidential Elector in 1844, was elected to the office of Governor as a Demo- crat in 1846 by a majority of nearly 17,000 over two competitors, and was the unanimous choice of his party for a second term in 1848. His adminis- k HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS. 177 tration was free from scandals. He was appointed Bank Commissioner by Governor Matteson. and later accepted the chair of Law in McKeudree College at Lebanon. In 1858 he was the nominee of the Douglas wing of the Democratic party for State Superintendent of Public Instruction. ex-Gov. John Reynolds being the candidate of the Buchanan branch of the party. Both were defeated. His last public service was as a mem- ber from St. Clair County of the Constitutional Convention of 1863. Died, at Lebanon, Sept. 4, 1864. FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. The first premonition of this struggle in the West was given in 1698, when two English vessels entered the mouth of the Mississippi, to take possession of the French Territory of Louisiana, which then included what afterward became the State of Illinois. This expedition, however, returned without result. Great Britain was anxious to have a colorable pretext for attempting to evict the French, and began negotiation of treaties with the Indian tribes as early as 1724, expecting thereby to fortify her original claim, which was based on the right of prior discoveiy. The numerous shiftings of the political kaleidoscope in Europe prevented any further steps in this direc- tion on the part of England until 1748-49, when the Ohio Land Company received a royal grant of 500,000 acres along the Ohio River, with exclu- sive trading privileges. The Company proceeded to explore and survey and, about 1753, established a trading post on Loramie Creek, 47 miles north of Dayton. The French foresaw that hostilities were probable, and advanced their posts as far east as the Allegheny River. Complaints by the Ohio Company induced an ineffectual remon- strance on the part of Virginia. Among the ambassadors sent to the French by the Governor of Virginia was George Washington, who thus, in early manhood, became identified with Illinois history. His report was of such a nature as to induce the erection of counter fortifications by the British, one of which (at the junction of the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers) was seized and occupied by the French before its completion. Then ensued a series of engagements which, while not involving large forces of men, were fraught with grave consequences, and in which the French were generally successful. In 1755 occurred "Braddock's defeat" in an expedition to recover Fort Duque.sne (where Pittsburg now stands), which had been captured by the French the previous year, and the Government of Great Britain determined to redouble its efforts. The final result was the termination of French domi- nation in the Ohio Valley. Later came the down- fall of French ascendency in Canada as the result of the battle of Quebec ; but the vanquished yet hoped to be able to retain Louisiana and Illinois. But France was forced to indemnify Si)ain for the loss of Florida, which it did by tlie cession of all of Louisiana lying west of the Mississippi (includ- ing the cit}' of New Orleans), and this virtually ended Frencli hopes in Illinois. The last military post in North America to be garrisoned. by French troops was Fort Chartres, in Illinois Territory, where St. Ange remained in command until its evacuation was demanded by the English. FRENCH GOVERNORS OF ILLINOIS. French Governors began to be appointed b_v the Company of the Indies (which see) in 1722, the "Illinois Country" having previously been treated as a dependency of Canada. The first Governor ( or "commandant") was Pierre Duque de Boisbriant. who was commandant for only three years, when he was summoned to New Orleans (1725) to suc- ceed de Bienville as Governor of Louisiana. Capt. du Tisne was in command for a short time after his departure, but was succeeded by another Captain in the royal arm}-, whose name is vari- ously spelled de Liette, de Lielte, De Siette and Delietto. He was followed in turn by St. Ange (the father of St. Ange de Bellerive), who died in 1742. In 1732 the Company of the Indies surren- dered its charter to the crown, and the Governors of the Illinois Country were thereafter appointed directly by royal authority. Under the earlier Governors justice had been administered under the civil law; with the change in tlie method of appointment the code known as the "Common Law of Paris" came into effect, although not rigidly enforced because found in many particu- lars to bo ill-suited to the needs of a new country. The first of the Roj'al Governors was Pierre d' Artaguiette, who was appointed in 1734, but was captured while engaged in an expedition against the Chickasaws, in 1736, and burned at the stake. (See D'Arfat/iiictte.) He was followed by Alphonse de la Buissoniere, who was succeeded, in 1740, by Capt. Benoist de St. Claire. In 1742 he gave way to the Chevalier Bertel or Bertliet, but was reinstated about 1748. The last of tlie French Governors of the "Illinois Country" was Louis St. Ange de Bellerive, who retired to St. Louis, after turning over the command to Cap- tain Stirling, the English officer sent to supersede him, in 1765. (St. Ange de Bellerive died. Dec. 27, 1774.) The administration of the French commandants, vv-hile firm, was usually conserva- 178 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. tive and benevolent. Local self-government was encouraged as far as practicable, and, wliile the Governors" power over commerce was virtually unrestricted, they interfered but little with the ordinarj' life of tlie people. FREW, Calvin Hamill, lawyer and State Sena- tor, was born in Cleveland, Ohio, educated at Finley (Ohio) High School, Beaver (Pa.) Academy and Vermilion Institute at Hayesville, Ohio. ; in 1862 was Principal of the High School at Kalida, Ohio, where he began the study of law, which he continued the next two years with Messrs. Strain & Kidder, at Monmouth, III., meanwhile acting as Principal of a higli school at Young America ; in 1865 removed to Paxton, Ford County, which has since been his home, and the same year was admitted to the bar bj' the Supreme Court of Illi- nois. Mr. Frew served as Assistant Superintend- ent of Schools for Ford County (186.5-68) ; in 1868 was elected Representative in the Twenty-sixth General Assembly, re-elected in 1870. and again in '78. While practicing law he has been con- nected with some of the most important cases before the courts in that section of tlie State, and his fidelity and skill in their management are testified by members of the bar, as well as Judges upon the bench. Of late j'ears he has devoted his attention to breeding trotting horses, with a view to the improvement of his health but not with the intention of permanently abandoning his profession. FRY, Jacob, pioneer and soldier, was born in Fayette County, Ky., Sept. 20, 1799; learned the trade of a carpenter and came to Illinois in 1819, working first at Alton, but, in 1820, took up his residence near the present town of Carrollton. in which he built the first house. Greene County was not organized until two years later, and this border settlement was, at that time, the extreme nortliern wliite settlement in Illinois. He served as Constable and Deput3' Sheriff (simultaneous!}-) for six years, and was then elected Sheriff, being five times re-elected. He served through the Black Hawk War (first as Lieutenant-Colonel and afterwards as Colonel), having in his regiment Abraham Lincoln, O. H. Browning, John Wood (afterwards Governor) and Robert Anderson, of Fort Sumter fame. In 1837 he was appointed Commissioner of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, and re appointed in 1839 and "41, later becoming Acting Commissioner, with authority to settle up the business of the former commission, wliich was that year legislated out of office. He was afterwards appointed Canal Trustee by Governor Ford, and, in 1847, retired from connection with canal management. In 18o0 he went to Cali- fornia, where he engaged in mining and trade for three years, meanwhile serving one term in the State Senate. In 1857 he was appointed Col- lector of the Port at Chicago by President Buch- anan, but was removed in 1859 because of his friendship for Senator Douglas. In 1860 he returned to Greene County ; in 1861, in spite of his advanced age, was commissioned Colonel of the Sixty-first Illinois Volunteers, and later partici- pated in numerous engagements (among them the battle of Sliiloh), was captured by Forrest, and ultimately compelled to resign because of im- paired health and failing eyesight, finally becom- ing totally blind. He died, June 27, 1881, and was buried in Oak Ridge Cemetery, near Spring- field. Two of Colonel Fry's sons achieved dis- tinction during the Civil War. — James Barnet (Fry), son of the preceding, was born at Car- rollton, 111.. Feb. 22. 1827: graduated at West Point Military Academy, in 1847, and was assigned to artillery service ; after a short experi- ence as Assistant Instructor, joined his regiment, the Third United States Artillery, in Mexico, remaining there through 1847-48. Later, he was employed on frontier and garrison duty, and again as Instructor in 1853-54, and as Adjutant of the Academy during 18,54-59; became Assistant Adjutant General, March 16, 1861, then served as Chief of Staff to General McDowell and General Buell (1861-62). taking part in the battles of Bull Run, Shiloh and Corinth, and in tlie campaign in Kentucky; was made Provost-Marshal-General of the L^nited States, in March, 1863, and con- ducted the drafts of that year, receiving the rank of Brigadier-General, April 21, 1864. He con- tinued in this office until August 30, 1866, during which time he put in the army 1,120.621 men, arrested 76,562 deserters, collected $20,366,316.78 and made an exact enrollment of the National forces. After the war he served as Adjutant- General with the rank of Colonel, till June 1, 1881, when he was retired at his own request. Besides his various oflicial reports, he publislied a "Sketch of the Adjutant-General's Department, United States Army, from 1775tol87.">," and"His- torj- and Legal Effects of Brevets in the Armies of Great Britain and the United States, from their origin in 1692 to the Present Time. " (1877). Died, in Newport, R. I., July 11, 1894.— TVllliam M. (Fry), another son, was Provost Marshal of the Nortli Illinois District during the Civil War, and rendered valuable service to the Government. FULLER, Allen Curtis, lawyer, jurist and Adjutant-General, was born in Farmington, HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 179 Conn., Sept. 24, 1822; studied law at War.saw, N. Y., was admitted to practice, in 1846 came to Belvidere, Boone County, 111., and, after practic- ing there .some years, was elected Circuit Judge in 1861. A few months afterward he was induced to accept the office of Adjutant-General by appointment of Governor Yates, entering upon the duties of the office in November, 1861. At first it was understood that his acceptance was only temporary, so that he did not formally resign his place upon the bench until July, 1862. He continued to discharge tlie duties of Adjutant- General until January, 180.5, when, having been elected Repre.sentative in the General Assembly, he was succeeded in the Adjutant-Generars office by General Isham N. Haynie. He served as Speaker of the House during the following ses- sion, and as State Senator from 1867 to 1873 — in the Twenty-fifth, Twenty-sixth and Twenty- seventh General Assemblies. He was also elected a Republican Presidential Elector in 1860, and again in 1870. Since retiring from office. General Fuller has devoted his attention to the practice of his profession and looking after a large private business at Belvidere. FULLER, Charles E., lawyer and legislator, was born at Flora, Boone County, 111., March 31, 1849; attended the district school until 12 years of age, and, between 1861 and '67, served as clerk in stores at Belvidere and Cherry Valley. He then spent a couple of years in the book business in Iowa, when i,1869) he began the study of law with Hon. Jesse S. Hildrup, at Belvidere, and was admitted to the bar in 1870. Since then Mr. Fuller has practiced his profession at Belvi- dere, was Corporation Attorney for that city in 1875-76, the latter year being elected State's Attorney for Boone County. From 1879 to 1891 he served continuously in the Legislature, first as State Senator in the Thirty -first and Thirty- second General Assemblies, then as a member of the House for three sessions, in 1888 being retiu-ned to the Senate, where he served the next two sessions. Mr. Fuller established a high reputation in the Legislature as a debater, and was the candidate of his party (the Republican) for Speaker of the House in 1885. He was also a delegate to the Republican National Convention of 1884. Mr. Fuller was elected Judge of the Circuit Court for the Seventeenth Circuit at the judicial election of June, 1897. FULLER, Melville Weston, eighth Chief Jus- tice of the United States Supreme Court, was born at Augusta, Maine, Feb. 11, 1833, graduated from Bowdoin College in 1853, was admitted to the bar in 1855, and became City Attorney of his native city, but resigned and removed to Chicago the following year. Through his mother's family he traces his descent back to the Pilgrims of the Mayflower. His literary and legal attain- ments are of a high order. In politics he has always been a strong Democrat. He served as a Delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 1862 and as a member of the Legislature in 1863, after that time devoting his attention to the practice of his profession in Chicago. In 1888 President Cleveland appointed him Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, since which time he has resided at Washington, although .still claiming a residence in Chicago, where he has considerable property interests. FULLERTOX, Alexander N., pioneer settler and lawyer, born in Chester, Vt., in 1804, was educated at Middlebury College and Litchfield Law School, and, coming to Chicago in 1833, finally engaged in real-estate and mercantile business, in which he was very successful. His name has been given to one of the avenues of Chicago, as well as associated with one of the prominent business blocks. He was one of the original members of the Second Presbyterian Church of that city. Died, Sept. 29, 1880. FULTON, a city and railway center in White- side County, 135 miles west of Cliicago, located on the Mississippi River and the Cliicago & Northwestern, the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, and the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railways. It was formerly the terminus of a line of steamers which annually brought millions of bushels of grain down the Mississippi from Minnesota, Wisconsin and Illinois, returning with merchandise, agricultural implements, etc., but this river trade gradually died out, having been usurped by the various railroads. Fulton has extensive factories for the making of stoves, besides some important lumber industries. The Northern Illinois College is located here. Popu- lation (1890). 2,09i»; finilO), 2,08.5. FULTOX COUNTY, situated west of and bor- dering on the Illinois River; was originally a part of Pike County, but separately organized iu_1823 — named for Robert Fulton. It has an area of 870 square miles with a population (1900) of 40,201. The soil is rich, well watered and wooded. Drain- age is effected by the Illinois and Spoon Rivers (the former constituting its eastern boundary) and by Copperas Creek. Lewistown became the county-seat immediately after county organi- zation, and so remains to the present time (1899). The surface of the county at a distance from the 180 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. river is generally flat, although along the Illinois there are bluffs rising to tlie lieight of 135 feet. The soil is rich, and underlying it are rich, work- able seams of coal. A thin seam of cannel coal has been mined near Avon, with a contiguous vein of fire-clay. Some of the earliest settlers were Messrs. Craig and Savage, who. in 1818. built a saw mill on Otter Creek; Ossian M. Ross and Stephen Dewey, who laid off Lewistown on his own land in 1822. The first hotel in the entire military tract was opened at Lewistown by Tru- man Phelps, in 1827. A flat-boat ferry across the Illinois was established at Havana, in 1823. The principal towns are Lewistown (population, 2,166), Farmington (1.375), and Vermont (1.158). FULTON COUXTY NARROW-GAU«E RAIL- WAY, a line extending from the west bank of the Illinois River, opposite Havana, to Galesburg, 61 miles. It is a single-track, narrow-gauge (3- foot) road, although the excavations and embankments are being widened to accommodate a track of standard gauge. The grades are few, and, as a rule, are light, although, in one instance, the gradient is eighty-four feet to the mile. There are more than 19 miles of curves, the maxi- mum being sixteen degrees. The rails are of ii-on. thirtj'-five pounds to the yard, road not ballasted. Capital stock outstanding (1895), §636.794; bonded debt. §484.01)0; mi.soellaneous obligations. §462.362; total capitalization. §1,583,- 156. The line from Havana to Fairview (31 miles) was chartered in 1 878 and opened in 1880 and the extension from Fairview to Galesburg chartered in 1881 and opened in 1882. FUNK, Isaac, pioneer, was born in Clark County. Ky., Nov. 17, 1797; grew up with meager educational advantages and. in 1823. came to Illi- nois, finally settling at what afterwards became known as Funk's Grove in McLean County. Here, with no other capital than industry, per- severance, and integrity, Mr. Funk began laying the foundation of one of the most ample fortunes ever acquired in Illinois outside the domain of trade or speculation. By agriculture and dealing in live stock, he became the possessor of a large area of the finest farming lands in the State, which he brought to a high state of cultivation, leaving an estate valued at his death at not less than §2.000.000. Mr. Funk served three sessions in the Genei-al As.sembly. first as Representative in the Twelfth (1840-42). and as Senator in the Twenty-third and Twenty-fourth (1862-66), dying before the close of his last term, Jan. 29. 1865. Originally a Whig in politics, he became a Repub- lican on tiie organization of that party, and gave a liberal and patriotic support to the Govemment during the war for the preservation of the Union. During the session of the Twenty-third General Assembly, in February, 1863, he delivered a speech in the Senate in indignant condemnation of the policy of the anti-war factionists, which, although couched in homely language, aroused the enthusiasm of the friends of the Government throughout the State and won for its author a prominent place in State history. — Benjamin F. (Funk), son of the preceding, was bom in Funk's Grove Township, McLean County, 111., Oct. 17, 1838. After leaving the district schools, he entered the 'Wesleyan University at Blooming- ton, but suspended his studies to enter the army in 1862, enlisting as a private in the Sixty eighth Illinois Volunteers. After five months' service he was honorably discharged, and re-entered the University, completing a three-years' course. For three years after graduation he followed farming as an avocation, and, in 1869, took up his residence at Bloomington. In 1871 he was chosen Mayor, and served seven consecutive terms. He was a delegate to the National Republican Convention of 1888, and was the suc- cessful candidate of that party, in 1892, for Repre- sentative in Congress from the Fourteenth Illinois District. — Lafayette (Funk), another son of Isaac Funk, was a Representative from SIcLean County in the Thirty-third General Assembly and Sena- tor in the Thirty-fourth and Thirty-fifth. Other sons who have occupied seats in the same body include George W. , Representative in the Twenty- seventh, and Duncan M., Representative in the Fortieth and Forty-first Assemblies The Funk familj' have been conspicuous in the affairs of McLean County for a generation, and its mem- bers have occupied many other positions of im- portance and influence, besides those named, under the State, County and municipal governments. GAGE, Lyman J., Secretary of the Treasury, was born in De Ruyter, Madison County, N. Y., June 28. 1836; received a common school educa- tion in his native county, and, on the removal of his parents, in 1848, to Rome, N. Y. , enjoyed the advantages of instruction in an academj'. At the age of 17 he entered the emploj'ment of the Oneida Central Bank as oflSce-boy and general utility clerk, but, two years afterwards, came to Chicago, first securing employment in a planing mill, and, in 1858, obtaining a position as book- keeper of the Merchants' Loan and Trust Com- pany, at a salary of §500 a year. By 1861 he had been advanced to the position of cashier of the HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 181 concern, but, in 1868. be accepted the cashiership of the First National Bank of Chicago, of which he became the Vice-President in 1881 and, in 1891, the President. Mr. Gage was also one of the prominent factors in securing the location of the World's Fair at Chicago, becoming one of the guarantors of the SIO.OOO.OOO promised to be raised by tlie city of Chicago, and being finally chosen the first President of the Exposition Company. He also presided over the bankers' section of tlie World's Congi-ess Auxiliary in 1893, and, for a number of years, was President of tlie Civic Feder- ation of Chicago. On the assumption of the Presidency by President McKinley, in March, 1897, Mr. Gage was selected for the position of Secretary of the Treasury, which he has con- tinued to occupy up to the present time ( 1899). GALATIA, a village of Saline County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 40 miles southeast of Duquoin; has a bank; leading industry is coal- mining. Population (1890), 519; (1900), 642. GALE, George Washington, D.D., LL.D., clergyman and educator, was born in Dutchess Countj', N. Y., Dec. 3, 1789. Left an orphan at eight years of age, he fell to the care of older sisters who inherited the vigorous character of their father, which they instilled into the son. He graduated at Union College in 1814, and, hav- ing taken a course in the Theological Seminary at Princeton, in 1816 was licensed by the Hudson Presbytery and assumed the charge of building up new churches in Jefferson County, N. Y., serving also for six years as pastor of the Presby- terian church at Adams. Here his labors were attended by a revival in which Charles G. Fin- ney, the eloquent evangelist, and other eminent men were converts. Having resigned his charge at Adams on account of illness, he spent the winter of 1823-24 in Virginia, where his views were enlarged by contact with a new class of people. Later, removing to Oneida County, N. Y., by his marriage with Harriet Selden he acquired a considerable property, insuring an income which enabled him to extend the field of his labors. The result was the establishment of the Oneida Institute, a manual labor school, at Whitesboro. with which he remained from 1827 to 1834, and out of which grew Lane Seminary and Oberlin and Knox Colleges. In 1835 he con- ceived the idea of establishing a colony and an institution of learning in the West, and a com- mittee representing a party of proposed colonists was appointed to make a selection of a site, which resulted, in tlie following year, in the choice of a location in Knox County, III., including the site of the present city of Galesburg, which was named in honor of Mr. Gale, as the head of the enterprise. Here, in 1837, were taken the first practical steps in carrying out plans which had been previously matured in New York, for the establishment of an institution which first received the name of Knox Manual Labor Col- lege. The manual labor feature having been finally discarded, the institution took the name of Knox College in 1857. Mr. Gale was the lead- ing promoter of the enterprise, by a liberal dona- tion of lands contributing to its first endowment, and, for nearly a quarter of a centurj', being intimateh' identified with its history. From 1840 to '42 he served in the capacity of acting Professor of Ancient Languages, and, for fifteen years thereafter, as Professor of Moral Philosophy and Rhetoric. Died, at Galesburg, Sept. 31. 1861. — William Selden (Gale), oldest son of the preced- ing, was born in Jefferson County, N. Y., Feb. 15, 1822, came with his father to Galesburg, 111., in 1836, and was educated there. Having read law with the Hon. James Knox, he was admitted to the bar in 1845, but practiced only a few years, as he began to turn liis attention to measures for the development of the country. One of these was the Central Military Tract Railroad (now the Chicago, Burlington & Quincj-), of which he was the most active promoter and a Director. He was also a member of the Board of Supervisors of Knox County, from the adoption of township organization in 18.53 to 189.5, with the exception of four years, and, during the long controversy which resulted in tlie location of tlie' county -seat at Galesburg, was the leader of the Galesburg part}', and subsequentlj- took a prominent part in the erection of public buildings there. Other positions held by him include the office of Post- master of the city of Galesburg. 1849-53; member of the State Constitutional Convention of 1862, and Representative in the Twenty-sixth General Assembly (1870-72); Presidential Elector in 1872; Delegate to the National Republican Convention of 1880; City Alderman, 1872-82 and 1891-95; member of the Commission apjiointed by Gov- ernor Oglesby in 1885 to revise the State Revenue Laws; by appointment of President Harri.son, Superintendent of the Galesburg Government Building, and a long term Trustee of the Illinois Hospital for the Insane at Rock Island, by appointment of Governor Altgeld. He has also been a frequent representative of his party (the Republican) in State and District Conven- tions, and, since 1861. has been an active and leading member of the Board of Trustees of 182 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Knox College. Mr. Gale was married, Oct. 6, 1845, to Miss Caroline Ferris, granddaughter of the financial representative of the Galesburg Colony of 1836, and has had eight children, of whom four are living. Died Sep. 1, 1900. G ALEXA,'the county -seat of Jo Daviess County, a city and port of entry, 1.50 miles in a direct line west by northwest of Cliicago; is located on Galena River, about 4^2 miles above its junction with the Jlississippi, and is an intersecting point for the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, the North- western, and the Illinois Central Railroads, with connections by stub with the Chicago Great Western. It is built partially in a valley and partially on the bluffs which overlook the river, the Galena River being made navigable for ves- sels of deep draught by a system of lockage. The vicinity abounds in rich mines of sulphide of lead (galena), from which the city takes its name. Galena is adorned by handsome public and priv- ate buildings and a beautiful park, in which stands a fine bronze statue of General Grant, and a symmetrical monument dedicated to the sol- diers and sailors of Jo Daviess County who lost their lives during the Civil War. Its industries include a furniture factory, a table factory, two foundries, a tub factory and a carriage factory. Zinc ore is now being produced in and near the city in large quantities, and its mining interests will become vast at no distant day. It owns an electric light plant, and water is furnished from an artesian well 1,700 feet deep. Galena was one of the earliest towns in Northern Illinois to be settled, its mines having been worked in the lat- ter part of the seventeenth century. Many men of di.stinclion iu State and National affairs came from Galena, among whom were Gen. U. S. Grant, Gen. John A. Rawlins, Gen. John E. Smith, Gen. John C. Smith. Gen. A. L. Chetlain, Gen. John O. Duer, Gen. W. R. Rowley, Gen. E. D. Baker, Hon. E. B. Wasliburne, Secretary of State under Grant, Hon. Thompson Campbell, Secretary of State of Illinois, and Judge Drum- mond. Population (1890), 5,63.5; (1900), 5.005. GALENA & CHICAGO UNION RAILROAD. (See Cliicago cfr i\'()rlliirc::fcni Rdihray.) GALESBURG, the county -seat of Knox County and an important educational center. The first settlers were emigrants from the East, a large pro- portion of them being members of a colonj- organ- ized by Rev. George W. Gale, of Whitesboro, N. Y., in whose honor the original village was named. It is situated in the heart of a rich agricultural district 53 miles northwest of Peoria, 99 miles northeast of Quincy and 163 miles south- west of Chicago; is an important raihvaj- center, being at the junction of the main line with two branch lines of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, and the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroads. It was incorporated as a village in 1841, and as a city by .special charter in 1857. There are beauti- ful p.irks and the residence streets are well shaded, while 25 miles of street are paved with vitrified brick. The city owns a sj'stem of water- works receiving its supply from artesian wells and artificial lakes, has an efficient and well- equipped paid fire-department, an electric street car system with three suburban lines, gas and electric lighting systems, steam-heating plant, etc. It al.so has a number of flourishing mechan- ical industries, including two iron foundries, agri- cultural implement works, flouring mills, carriage and wagon works and a broom factory, besides other industrial enterprises of minor importance. The manufacture of vitrified paving brick is quite extensively carried on at plants near the city limits, the city itself being the shipping-point as well as the point of administrative control. The Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Company has shops and stockyards here, while considerable coal is mined in the vicinity. The public buildings include a courthouse, Govern- ment postofifice building, an opera house, nine- teen churches, ten public schools with a high school and free kindergarten, and a handsome public library building erected at a cost of SlOO,- 000, of which one-half was contributed by Mr. Carnegie. Galesburg enjoys its chief distinction as the seat of a large number of high class liter- ary institutions, including Knox College (non- sectarian), Lombard University (Universalist), and Corpus Christi Lyceum and University, and St. Joseph's Academy (both Roman Catholic). Three interurban electric railroad lines connect Galesburg with neighboring towns. Pop. (1890), 15.264; (1900), 18,607. GALLATIN COUNTY, one of three counties organized in Illinois Territory in 1812 — the others being Madis- lished a State Bank (see State D(iitk), despite the earnest protest of McLean and the executive veto. A stay-law was also enacted at this session for the benefit of the debtor class. The number of memliei-s of the next Legislature was fixed at eighteen Senators and thirty-six Representatives — this pr<.>vision remaining in force until 1831. The session ended Feb. 15, having lasted seventy- four days. Third Geser.vl Assembly convened. Dec. 2, 1800. Lieutenant-Governor Hubhird presided in the Senate, while in the organization of the lower house, "William M. Alexander was chosen Speaker. Governor Coles, in his inaugural, called attention to the existence of slavery in Illinois despite the Ordin.ance of 1T8T. and urged the adoption of repressive measures. Both branches of the Legislature being jiro-slavery in symi«thy, the Gi>vernor's adilress provoked bitter and determined opjxisition. On Jan. 9. 1803, Jesse B. Thomas was re-elected Uniteii States Senator, defeating John Reynolds, Leonard White and Samuel D. Lockwood. After electing Mr. Thom.is and cluxising State officers, the General Assembly proceeded to discuss the major- ity and minority rejxirts of the committee to which had l>een referred the Governor's address. The minority report recommended the alK>lition of slavery, while that of the ir.ajority favored the adoption of a resolution calling a convention to amend the Constitution, the avowed object- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 185 being to make Illinois a slave Slate. The latter report was adopted, but the pro-slavery party in the House lacked one vote of the nunil>er neces- sary to carry the resolution by the constitutional two-thirds majority. What followed lias always been rcK'^'ded as a blot upon the record of the Tliird (ieneral Assembly. Nicholas Hansen, who had b(>cri awarded the seat from Pike County at tlie beginning of the session after a contest brouglit by his opponent, John Shaw, was un- seated after the adoj)tion of a resolution to reconsider the vote by which he had been several weeks before declared elected. Shaw having thus been seated, the resolution was carried by the necessarj' twenty-four votes. Mr. Hansen, although previously regarded as a pro-slavery man, had voted with tlie minority when the resolution was first i)ut ujjon its passage. Hence followeil his deprivation of Lis seat. The triumjih of tlie friends of the convention was celebrated by what Gov. John Reynolds (himself a conven- tionist) characterized as "a wild and indecorous procession by torchlight and liquor." (See Slavei^y and Slave Laivs.) The session adjourned Feb. 18, having continued seventy-nine days. Fourth Ge.xeral Assembly. Tliis body held two sessions, the first being convened, Nov. l."), 1824, by proclamation of the Executive, .some three weeks before the date for the regular session, in order to correct a defect in the law relative to counting the returns for Presidential Electors. Thomas JIather was elected Speaker of the Hou.se, while Lieutenant-Governor Hub- bard presided in the Senate. Having amended the law concerning the election returns for Presi- dential Electors, the A.ssembly proceeded to the election of two United States Senators — one to fill the unexpired term of ex-Senator Edwards (resigned) and the other for the full term begin- ning March 4, 182.5. John McLean was chosen for the first and Elias Kent Kane for the second. Five circuit judgeships were created, and it was provided that the bench of the Supreme Court sliould consist of four Judges, and that semi- annual .sessions of tliat tribunal sliould be held at tlie State capital. (See Judicitil Department.) The regular session came to an end. Jan. 18, 1825, but at its own request, the Lieutenant-Governor and acting Governor Hubbard re-convened the body in special session on Jan. 2, 1820, to enact a new apportionment law under the census of 1825. A sine die adjournment was taken, Jan. 28, 1826. One of the important acts of tlie regular session of 1825 was the adoption of the first free-school law in Illinois, the measure having been intro- duced by Joseph Duncan, afterwards Governor of tlie State. This Legislature was in se.ssion a total of ninety-two days, of which sixty-five were during the first session and twenty -seven during the second. Fifth (iE.vEKAL Assembly convened, Dec. 4, 1820, Lieutenant-Governor Kinney presiding in the Senate and John McLean in tlie House. At tlie request of the Governor an investigation into the management of the bank at Edwardsville was had, resulting, however, in the exoneration of its officers. The circuit judgeships created by the preceding Legislature were abrogated and their incumbents legislated out of office. Tlie State was divided into four circuits, one Ju.stice of the Supreme Cf>urt being assigned to each. (See Judicial Depart tnent.) This General A.ssembly also elected a State Treasurer to succeed Abner Field, James Hall being chosen on the ninth ballot. The Supreme Court Judges, as directed by the preceding Legislature, presented a well digested report on the revision of tlie laws, which was adopted without material alteration. One of the important mea.sures enacted at this .session was an act establishing a State penitentiary, the funds for its erection being obtained by the sale of saline lands in Gallatin County. (See Alton Penitentiary; also Salt Manufacture.) The session ended Feb. 19 — having continued seventy-eight days. Sixth General Assembly convened, Dec. 1. 1828. The Jackson Democrats liad a large major- ity in both houses. John SIcLean was, for the third time, elected Speaker of the House, and, later in the se.ssion. was elected United State* Senator by a unanimous vote. A Secretary of State, Treasurer and Attorney-General were also appointed or elected. The most important legis- lation of the session was as follows : Authorizing the sale of school lands and the borrowing of the proceeds from the school fund for the ordinary governmental expenses; providing for a return to the viva voce method of voting; creating a, fifth judicial circuit an& Pacific Railway, 23 miles east of Rock Island and To miles west of Ottawa. It is in the heart of a grain-growing region, and has two large grain elevators. Manufacturing is also carried on to a considerable extent here, furniture, wagons and farming implements con- stituting the chief output. Geneseo has eleven churches, a graded and a high school, a col- legiate institute, two banks, and two newspapers, one issuing a r. who belonged to one of the pioneer families in the American Bottom at an early day. The sub- ject of this sketch was educated in the common schools and at McKendree College, but did not graduate from the latter. In his early life he followed the vocation of a farmer and stock- grower in one of the most prosperous and highly 203 IILSTOUICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. cultivated portions of the American Bottom, a few miles below Alton, but, in 1872, removed to Alton, where he spent the remainder of his life. He became a member of the State Board of Agri- culture in 18(56, serving eight j-ears as Superin- tendent and later as its President; was also a Trustee of Shurtleff College some twenty-five years, and for a time President of the Board. In 1870 he was elected to the lower branch of the Twenty-seventh General Assembly, an n S o > o CO Sen o o .j. H.\MMOND, Charles Goodrich, Railway Mana- ger, was born at Bolton, Conn., June 4, 1804, spent his youth in Chenango County, N. Y., where he became Principal of the Whitesboro Seminary (in which he was partially educated), and entered mercantile life at Canandaigua; in 1834 removed to Michigan, where he held various offices, including member of the Legisla- ture and Auditor; in 1853 completed the con- struction of the Michigan Central Railroad (the first line from the East) to Chicago, and took up his residence in that city. In 1855 he became Superintendent of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, but soon resigned to take a trip to Europe for the benefit of his health. Returning from Europe in 18G9, lie accepted the Superintendenc}' of the Union Pacific Railroad, but was compelled to resign by failing health, later becoming Vice-President of the Pullman Palace Car Company. He was Treasurer of the Chicago Ralief & Aid Society after the fire of 1871, and one of the founders of the Chicago Theological Seminary (Congregational) ; also President, for several years, of the Chicago Home for the Friend- less. Died, April 15, 1884. HAMPSHIRE, a village of Kane County, on the Omaha Division of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway, 51 miles west-northwest from Chicago. There are brick and tile works, a large canning factory, pickle factory, and machine shop; dairy and stock interests are large. The place has a bank, electric lights and water-works, and a weekly paper. Pop. (1890), 006; (1900), 760. HANCOCK COUNTY, on the western border of the State, bounded on the west by the Mississippi River; was organized in 1835 and named for John Hancock ; lias an area of 7G9 scjuare miles ; popu- lation (1900), 33,315. Its early settlers were chiefly from the Middle and Southern States, among them being I. J. Waggen. for nearly sixty years a resident of Montebello Township. Black Hawk, the famous Indian Chief, is reputed to have been born within tlie limits of Camp Creek Township, in this county. Fort Edwards was erected on the present site of Warsaw, soon after the War of 1813, but was sliorth' afterwards evac- uated. Abraham Lincoln, a cousin of the Presi- dent of that name, was one of the early settlers. Among the earliest were John Day, Abraliam Brewer, Jacob Compton, D. F. Parker, the Dixons, Mendenlialls, I^ogans, and Luther Whitney. James White. George Y. Cutler and Henry Nich- ols were the first Commissioners. In 1839 the Mormons crossed the Mississippi, after being expelled from Missouri, and founded the city of Nauvoo in this county. (See Mormons, Xauvoo.) Carthage and Appanoose were surveyed and laid out in 1835 and 1836. A ferry across the Missis- sippi was established at Montebello (near the present site of Hamilton) in 1839, and another, two years later, near the site of old Fort Edwards. The county is crossed by six lines of railway, has a fine public school system, numerous thriving towns, and is among the wealthy counties of the State. HAXDY, Moses Purnell, journalist, was born at Warsaw, Mo., April 14, 1847; before he was one year old was taken back to Maryland, his parents' native State. He was educated at Ports- mouth. Va. , and was a student at the Virginia Collegiate Institute at the breaking out of the Civil War, when he joined the Confederate army at tlie age of seventeen. When the war ended Handy found himself penniless. He was school- teacher and book-canvasser by turns, meantime writing some for a New York paper. Later he became a clerk in the office of "The Christian Observer" in Richmond. In 1867, by some clever reporting for "The Richmond Dispatch," he was able to secure a regular position on the local staff of that paper, quickly gaining a reputation as a successful reporter, and, in 1869, becoming city editor. From this time until 1887 his promotion was rapid, being employed at different times upon many of the most prominent and influential papers in the East, including "The New York Tribune," "Richmond Enquirer," and, in Phila- delphia, upon "The Times," "The Press" and "Daily News." In 1893. at the request of Director- General Davis of the World's Columbian Exposi- tion. Mr. Handy accepted the position of Cliief of the Department of Publicity and Promotion, pre- ferring this to the Consul-Generalship to Egyjit, tendered him about the same time by President HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 219 Harrison. Later, as a member of the National Commission to Europe, he did much to arouse the interest of foreign countries in the Exposition. For some time after the World's Fair, he was associate editor of "The Chicago Times-Herald." In 1897, having been appointed by President JIcKinley United States Commissioner to the Paris Exposition of 1900, he visited Paris. Upon his return to this country he found himself in very poor health, and went Soutli in a vain attempt to regain his lost strength and vigor, but died, at Augusta, Ga., Jan. 8, 1898. HANKS^ Dennis, pioneer, born in Hardin County, Ky., Ma3- 1.5, 1799; was a cousin of the mother of Abraham Lincoln and, although ten years the senior of the latter, was his intimate friend in boj'hood. Being of a sportive disposi- tion, he often led the future President in boyish pranks. About 1818. he joined the Lincoln house- hold in Spencer County. Ind., and finally married Sarah Johnston, the step-sister of Mr. Lincoln, the families removing to Macon County. 111., together, in 1830. A year or so later. Mr. Hanks removed to Coles County, where he remained until some three years before liis death, when he went to reside with a daughter at Paris. Edgar County. It has been claimed that he first taught the youthful Abraham to read and write, and this has secured for him the title of Mr. Lincoln's teacher. He has also been credited with having once saved Lincoln from death by drowning while crossing a swollen stream. Austin Gollaher, a school- and play-mate of Lincoln's, has also made the same claim for himself — the two stories pre- sumably referring to the same event After the riot at Charleston, III., in March, 1863, in which several persons were killed. Hanks made a visit to President Lincoln in Washington in the inter- est of some of the arrested rioters, and, although they were not immediately released, the fact that they were ordered returned to Charleston for trial and finally escaped punishment, has been attributed to Hanks' influence with the President. He died at Paris. Edgar County, Oct. 31. 1893. in the 94th year of his age. as the result of injuries received from being run over bj' a buggy while returning from an Emancipation-Day celebra- tion, near that city, on the 22d day of September previous. HAXKS, John, pioneer, a cousin of the mother of Abraham Lincoln, was born near Bardstown. Ky., Feb. 9, 1802; joined the Lincolns in Spencer County, Ind., in 1822. and made his home with them two years; engaged in flat boating, making numerous trips to New Orleans, in one of them being accompanied by Abraham Lincoln, then about 19 years of age, who then had his feelings aroused against slavery by his first siglit of a slave-mart. In 1828 Mr. Hanks removed to Macon County, III., locating about four miles west of Decatur, and it was partly through his influence that the Lincolns were induced to emi- grate to the same locality in 1830. Hanks liad cut enough logs to build the Lincolns a liouse when they arrived, and these were hauled by Abraham Lincoln to the site of the house, which was erected on the north bank of the Sangamon River, near the present site of Harristown. Dur- ing the following summer he and Abraham Lin- coln worked together splitting rails to fence a portion of the land taken up by the elder Lincoln — some of these rails being tlie ones displayed during the campaign of 1860. In 1831 Hanks and Lincoln worked together in the construction of a flat-boat on the Sangamon River, near Spring- field, for a man named Off utt, which Lincoln took to New Orleans — Hanks only going as fat as St. Louis, when he returned home. In 1832, Hanks served as a soldier of the Mexican War in the company commanded by Capt. I. C. Pugh, afterwards Colonel of the Fort3'-first Illinois Volunteer Infantry during the Civil War. He followed the occupation of a farmer until 1850, wlien he went to California, where he spent three years, returning in 1853. In 1861 he enlisted as a soldier in the Twenty-first Illinois Volunteer Infantry (afterwards commanded by General Grant), but being already 59 years of age, was placed by Grant in charge of the baggage-train, in which capacity he remained two j'ears, serving in Missouri, Tennessee, Arkansas, Kentucky, Alabama and Mississippi. While Grant was with the regiment. Hanks had charge of the staff team. Being disabled by rheumatism, he was finally discharged at Winchester, Tenn. He made three trips to California after the war. Died, July 1, 1891. HANNIIUL & >'APLES R.\ILROAD. (See Wabash Railroad.) HANOJJ, Martin, pioneer, was born near Nash- ville. Tenn., April, 1799; came with his father to Gallatin County, Illinois Territory, in 1812, and, in 1818, to what is now a portion of Christian County, being the first white settler in that region. Died, near .Sharpsburg. Cliristian Comity, April 5. 1879. HANOVER, a village in Jo Daviess County, on Apple River, 14 miles soutli-southeast of (Jalena. It lias a woolen factory, besides five churches and a graded school. Tlie Township (also called Han- 220 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. over) extends to the Mississippi, and lias a popu- lation of about 1.700. Population of the village (1890), 743; (1900), 785. HARDIN, the county-seat of Calhoun County, situated in Hardin Townsliip. on the west bank of the Illinois River, some 30 miles northwest of Alton. It has two churches, a graded school and two newspaper offices. Population (1880), 500; (1890), 311; (1900). 494. HARDIN, John J., lawyer. Congressman and soldier, was born at Frankfort, Ky., Jan. 6, 1810. After graduating from Transylvania University and being admitted to the bar, he began practice at Jacksonville, 111., in 1830; for several years he was Prosecuting Attorney of Morgan County, later being elected to the lower house of the Legislature, where he served from 1836 to '42. The latter year he was elected to Congress, his term expiring in 1845. During the later period of his professional career at Jacksonville he was the partner of David A. Smith, a prominent law- yer of that city, and had Richard Yates for a pupil. At the outbreak of the Mexican War he was commissioned Colonel of the First Illinois Volunteers (June 30, 1846) and was killed on the second day of the battle of Buena Vista (Feb. 27, 1847) while leading the final charge. His remains were brought to Jacksonville and buried with distinguished honors in the cemetery there, his former pupil, Richard Yates, delivering the fu- neral oration. — Gen. Martin D. (Hardin), soldier, son of the preceding, was born in Jacksonville, 111., June 26, 1837 ; graduated at West Point Military Academy, in 1859, and entered the service as brevet Second Lieutenant of the Third Artillery, a few months later becoming full .Second Lieu- tenant, and, in May, 1861, First Lieutenant. Being assigned to the command of volunteer troops, he passed through various grades until May, 1864, when he was brevetted Colonel of Volunteers for meritorious conduct at North River, Va. , became Brigadier-General of Volun- teers, July 2, 1864, was brevetted Brigadier- General of the regular army in March, 1865, for service during the war, and was finallj- mus- tered out of the volunteer service in January, 1866. He continued in the regular service, how- ever, until December 15, 1870, when he was retired with the rank of Brigadier-General. General Hardin lost an arm and suffered other wounds during the war. His home is in Chicago. — Ellen Hardin (Walworth), author, daughter of Col. John J. Hardin, was born in Jacksonville, 111., Oct. 20, 1832, and educated at the Female Seminary in that place ; was married about 1854 to Mansfield Tracy Walworth (son of Chancellor R. H. Walworth of New York). Her husband became an author of considerable repute, chiefly in the line of fiction, but was assassinated in 1873 by a son who was acquitted of the charge of murder on the ground of insanity. Mrs. Walworth is a leader of the Daughters of the Revolution, and has given much attention, of late years, to literary pursuits. Among her works are accounts of the Burgoj-ne Campaign and of the battle of Buena Vista — the latter contributed to "The Magazine of American History"; a "Life of Col. John J. Hardin and History of the Hardin Family," besides a number of patriotic and miscellaneous poems and essays. She served for several years as a member of the Board of Education, and was for six years principal of a young ladies' school at Saratoga Springs, N. Y. HARDIN COUNTY, situated on the southeast border of the State, and bounded on the east and south by the Ohio River. It has an area of 194 square miles, and was named for a county in Kentucky. The surface is broken by ridges and deep gorges, or ravines, and well timbered with oak, hickory, elm. maple, locust and cotton- wood. Corn, wheat and oats are the staple agricultural products. The minerals found are iron, coal and lead, Ijesides carboniferous lime- stone of the Keokuk group. Elizabethtown is the county-seat. Population (1880), 6,024; (1890), 7,234; (1900), 7,448. HARDING, Abner Clark, soldier and Member of Congress, born in East nami)ton, Middlesex County, Conn., Feb. 10, 1807; was eilucated chiefly at Hamilton Academy, N. Y., and, after practic- ing law for a time, in Oneida Count)', removed to Illinois, resuming practice and managing several farms for twenty-five years. He was also a mem- ber of the State Constitutional Convention of 1847 from Warren County, and of the lower branch of the Sixteenth General Assembly (1848-50). Between 1850 and 1860 he was engaged in railroad enterprises. In 186, he enlisted as a private in the Eighty-third Illinois Volunteer Infantry, was commissioned Colonel and, in less than a year, was piomoted to Brigadier-General. In 1864 he was elected to Congress and re-elected in 1866. He did much for the development of the western part of the State in the construction of railroads, the Peoria & Oquawka (now a part of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy) being one of the lines constructed by him. He left a fortune of about $2,000,000, and, before his death, en- dowed a professorship In Monmouth College Died, July 19, 1874. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 231 HARGRAVE, Willis, pioneer, came from Ken- tucky to Illinois in 18Ui. settling near Carmi in White County ; serveJ in the Thirh Fischer) were hanged in the county-jail at Chicago, on November 14, 1887. The affair attracted wide attention, not only throughout the United States but in other countries also. HAYJflE, Istaam Nicolas, soldier and Adju- tant-General, was born at Dover, Tenn., Nov. 18, 1824; came to Illinois in boyhood and received but little education at school, but worked on a farm to obtain means to study law, and was licensed to practice in 1846. Throughout the Mexican War he .served as a Lieutenant in the Sixth Illinois Volunteers, but, on his return, resumed practice in 1849, and, in 1850, was elected to the Legislature from JIarion County. He graduated from tlie Kentucky Law School in 1853 and, in 1856, was appointed Judge of the Court of Common Pleas at Cairo. In 1860 he was a candidate for Presidential Elector on the Doug- las ticket. In 1861 he entered the army as Colonel of the Forty-eighth Illinois Infantry, which he had assisted in organizing. He partici- pated in the battles of Fort Donelson and Shiloh, and was severely wounded at the latter. In 1862 he was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress as a War Democrat, being defeated by W. J. Allen, and the same year was commissioned Brigadier- General of Volunteers. He resumed practice at Cairo in 1864, and, in 1865, was appointed by Governor Oglesby Adjutant-General as successor to Adjutant-General Fuller, but died in office, at Springfield, Novemljer, 1868. HATWARI) COLLECiE AND COMMERCIAL SCHOOL, at Fairfield, Wayne County ; incorpo- rated in 1886; is co-educational ; had 160 pupils in 1898, witli a faculty of nine instructors. HEACOCK, Russell E., pioneer lawyer, was born in Litchfield, Conn., in 1770; having lest his father at 7 years of age, learned the carpenter's trade and came west early in life; in 1806 was studying law in Missouri, and, two years later, was licensed to practice in Indiana Territory, of which Illinois then formed a part, locating first 228 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. at Kaskaskia and afterwards at Jonesboro, in Union County; in 1803 went to Buffalo, N. Y., but returned west in 1827, arriving where Chi- cago now stands on July 4; in 1828 was living inside Fort Dearborn, but subsequeutlj' located several miles up the South Brancli of the Chicago River, where he opened a small farm at a place which went by the name of "Heacock's Point." In 1831 he obtained a license to keep a tavern, in 1833 became a Justice of the Peace, and, in 1835, had a law office in the village of Chicago. He took a prominent part in the organization of Cook County, invested liberally in real estate, but lost it in the crash of 1837. He was disabled by par- alysis in 1843 and died of cholera, June 28, 18-19. — Reuben E. (Heacock), a son of Mr. Heacock, was member of the State Constitutional Conven- tion of 1847, from Cook County. HEALTH, BOARD OF, a bureau of the State Government, created b.y act of May 25, 1877. It consists of seven members, named by the Gov- ernor, who hold office for seven jears. It is charged with "general supervision of the inter- ests connected with the health and life of the citizens of the State. " All matters pertaining to quarantine fall within its purview, and in this respect it is invested vrith a power which, while discretionary, is well-nigh autocratic. The same standard holds good, altliough to a far less ex- tent, as to its supervisory power over conta- gious diseases, of man or beast. The Board also has a modified control over medical practitioners, under the terms of the statute popularly known as the "Medical Practice Act." Through its powers thereunder, it has kept out or expelled from the State an army of irregular practition- ers, and has done much toward raising the stand- ard of professional qualification. HEALY, (ieorg'e P. A., artist, was born in Boston, July l.j, 1808, and early manifested a predilection for art, in which he was encouraged by the painter Scully. He struggled iu the face of difficulties until 1836, when, having earned some money by his art, he went to Europe to study, spending two years in Paris and a like period in London. In 1855 he came to Chicago, contemplating a staj- of three weeks, but re- mained until 1867. During this time he is said to have painted 575 portraits, many of them being likenesses of prominent citizens of Chicago and of the State. Many of his pictures, deposited in the rooms of the Chicago Historical Society for safekeeping, were destroyed by the fire of 1871. From 1869 to '91 his time was spent chiefly in Rome. During his several visits to Europe he painted the portraits of a large number of royal personages, including Louis Phillippe of France, as also, in this country, the portraits of Presidents and other distinguished persons. One of his his- torical pictures was "Webster Replying to Hayne," in which 150 figures are introduced. A few years before his death, Mr. Healy donated a large number of his pictures to the Newberry Library of Chicago. He died in Chicago, June 24, 1894. HEATOX, William Weed, lawyer and jurist, was born at Western, Oueida County, N. Y., April 18, 1814. After completing his academic studies he engaged, for a short time, in teaching, but soon began tha study of law, and, in 1838, was admitted to the bar at Terre Haute, Ind. In 1840 he removed to Dixon, 111., where he resided until his death. In 1861 he was elected Judge of the Circuit Court for the Twenty -second Circuit, and occupied a seat upon the bench, through repeated re-elections, until his death, which occurred Dec. 26, 1877, while serving as a mem- ber of the Appellate Court for the First District. HECKER, Friedrlch Karl Franz, German pa- triot and soldier, was born at Baden, Germany, Sept. 28, 1811. He attained eminence in his native country as a lawyer and politician ; %vas a member of the Baden Assembly of 1843 and a leader in the Diet of 1846-47, but, in 1848, was forced, with many of his compatriots, to find a refuge in the United States. In 1849 he settled as a farmer at Summerfield, in St. Clair County, 111. He took a deep interest iu politics and, being earnestlj' opposed to slavery, ultimately joined the Republican party, and took an active part in the campaigns of 1856 and "60. In 1861 lie ^yas commissioned Colonel of the Twenty-fourth Illi- nois Volunteers, and was later transferred to the command of the Eighty-second. He was a brave soldier, and actively participated in the battles of Mi-ssionary Ridge and Chancellorsville. In 1864 he resigned his commission and returned to his farm in St. Clair County. Died, at St. Louis, Mo., March 24, 1881. HEDDI>'(ji COLLEGE, an institution incorpo- rated in 1875 and conducted under the auspices of the Methodist Episcopal Church, at Abingdon, Knox County, 111. ; has a faculty of seventeen instructors, and reports (1895-96), 403 students, of whcmi 212 were male and 181 female. The branches taught include the sciences, the classics, music, fine arts, oratory and preparatory courses. The institution has funds and endowment amounting to §55,000, and property valued at $158,000. IILSTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 229 HEMPSTEAD, Charles S., pioneer lawyer ami first Mayor of Galeua, was boru at Hebron, Tol- land County, Conn., Sept. 10, 1794 — the son of Steplien HenipsteaJ, a patriot of the Revolution. In 1809 he came west in company with a brother, descending the Ohio River in a canoe from Mari- etta to Shawneetown, and making his way across the "Illinois Country" on foot to Kaskaskia and finally to St. Louis, where he joined another l)rother (Edwanl). with wliom he soon began the study of law. Uaving been admitted to the bar in both Missouri Territory and Illinois, he re- moved to St. Genevieve, where he held the office of Prosecuting Attorney by appointment of the Governor, but returned to St. Louis in 1818-19 and later became a member of the Jlissouri Legis- lature. In 1829 Mr. Hempstead located at Galena, 111., which continued to be his home for the re- mainder of his life, and where he was one of the earliest and best known lawj-ers. The late Minis- ter E. B. Washburne became a clerk in Sir. Hempstead's law office in 1840, and, in 1845, a partner. Jlr. Hempstead was one of the pro- moters of the old Chicago & Galena Union Rail- road (now a part of the Chicago & Northwestern), serving upon the first Board of Directors; was elected the first Mayor of Galena in 1841, and, in the early daj's of the Civil War, was appointed by President Lincoln a Paymaster in the Army. Died, in Galena, Deo. 10, 1874. — Edward (Hemp- stead), an older brother of the preceding, already mentioned, came west in 1804, and, after holding various positions at Vincennes. Indiana Territory, under Gov. William Henry Harrison, located at St Louis and became the first Territorial Delegate in Congress from Missouri Territory (1811-14). His death occurred as the result of an accident, August 10, 1817. — Steplien (Hemp- stead), another member of this historic family, was Governor of Iowa from 18,50 to '54. Died, Feb. IG, 1SS3. HENDERSON, Thomas J., ex-Congressman, was born at Brownsville, Tenn., Nov. 19, 1824; came to Illinois in 1837, and was reared upon a farm, but received an academic education. In 1847 he was elected Clerk of the County Com- missioners' Court of Stark Count}', and, in 1849, Clerk of the County Court of the same county, serving in that capacity for four )'ears. Mean- while he had studied law and had been admitted to the bar in 1852. In 1855 and '.56 he was a member of the lower house of the Legislature, and State Senator from 1857 to '60. He entered the Union army, in 1863, as Colonel of the One Hundred and Twelfth Illinois Volunteers, and served >mtil the close of the war, being brevetted Brigadier-General in January, 1865. He was a Republican Presidential Elector for the State at,- large in 1868, and, in 1874, was elected to Congress from the Seventh Illinois District, serving con- tinuously until March. 1895. His home is at Princeton. HENDERSON, William H., politician and legis- lator, was born in Garrard County, Ivy., Nov. 16, 1793. After serving in the War of 1812, he settled in Tennessee, where he held many positions of public trust, including that of State Senator. In 1836 he removed to Illinois, and, two years later, was elected to the General Assembly as Repre- sentative from Bureau and Putnam Counties, being re-elected in 1840. In 1842 he was the unsuccessful Whig candidate for Lieutenant- Governor, being defeated by John Moore. In 1845 he migrated to Iowa, where he died in 1864. HENDERSON COUNTY, a county comprising 380 square miles of territory, located in the west- ern section of the State and bordering on the Mis- sissippi River. The first settlements were made about 1827-28 at Yellow Banks, now Oquawka. Immigration was checked by the Black Hawk War, but revived after the removal of the Indians across the Mississippi. The county was set off from Warren in 1841, with Oquawka as the county-seat. Population (1880), 10,722; (1800), 9,876. The soil is fertile, and underlaid by lime- stone. The surface is undulating, and well tim- bered. Population (lUOO). 10,836 HENNEPIN, the county-seat of Putnam County, situated on the left bank of the Illinois River, about 28 miles below Ottawa, 100 miles southwest of Chicago, and 3 miles southeast of Bureau Junction. It has a courthouse, a bank, two grain elevators, three churches, a graded school, a newspaper. It is a prominent shipping point for produce by the river. The Hennepin Canal, now in process of construction from the Illinois River to the Mississippi at the mouth of Rock River, leaves the Illinois about two miles above Hennepin. Population (1880), 623; (1890), 574; (1900). 523, HENNEPIN, Lonis, a Franci.scan (Recollect) friar and explorer, born at Atli, Belgium, about 1640. After several years of clerical service in Belgium and Holland, he was ordered (1675) by his ecclesiastical superiors to proceed to Canada. In 1679 he accompanied La Salle on his explo- rations of the great lakes and the upper Missis- sippi. Having reached the Illinois by way of Lake Michigan, early in the followingyear (1680;, La Salle proceeded to construct a fort on the east 230 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. side of the Illinois River, a little below the present site of Peoria, which afterwards received the name of Fort CreveCoeur. In February, 1680, Father Hennepin was dispatched by La Salle, with two companions, by way of the mouth of the Illinois, to explore the upper Mis- sissippi. Ascending the latter stream, his party was captured by the Sioux and carried to tlie villages of that tribe among the Minnesota lakes, but finally rescued. During his captivity he discovered the Falls of St. Anthony, which he named. After his rescue Hennepin returned to Quebec, and thence sailed to France. There he published a work describing La Salle's first expedition and his own explorations. Although egotistical and necessarily incorrect, this work was a valuable contribution to history. Because of ecclesiastical insubordination he left France for Holland. In 1697 he published an extraordi- nary volume, in which he set forth claims as a discoverer which have been wholly discredited. His third and last work, published at Utrecht, in 1698, was entitled a "New Voyage in a Country Larger than Europe." It was a compilation describing La Salle's voyage to the mouth of the Mississippi. His three works have been trans- lated into twenty-four different languages. He died, at Utrecht, between 1702 and 1705. HENNEPIN CANAL. (See Illinois & Missis- sippi Canal.) HENRY, a city in Marshall County, situated on the west bank of the Illinois River and on the Peoria branch of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway, 33 miles north-northeast of Peoria. There is a combination railroad and wagon bridge, lock and dam across the river at this point. The city is a thriving commercial center, among its industries being grain eleva- tors, flour mills, and a windmill factory ; has two national banks, eight churches and two newspapers. Population (1880), 1,728; (1890) 1..512: (1900), 1,637. HENRY, James D., pioneer and soldier, was born in Pennsylvania, came to Illinois in 1822, locating at Edwardsville, where, being of limited educa- tion, he labored as a mechanic dui'ing the day and attended school at night; engaged in mer- chandising, removed to Springfield in 1826, and was soon after elected Sheriff ; served in the Win- nebago War (1827) as Adjutant, and, in the Black Hawk War (1831-32) as Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel, finallj^ being placed in command of a brigade at the battle of Wisconsin and the Bad Axe, his success in both winning for him great popularity. His exposures brought on disease of the lungs, and. going South, he died at New Orleans. March 4, 1834. HENRY COUNTY, one of the middle tier of counties of Northern Illinois, near the western border of the State, having an area of 830 square miles, — named for Patrick Henry. The Ameri- can pioneer of the region was Dr. Baker, who located in 1835 on what afterwards became the town of Colona. During the two years following several colonies from the eastern States settled at different points (Geneseo, Wethersfield, etc.;. The act creating it was passed in 1825, though organization was not completed until 1837. The first county court was held at Dayton. Subse- quent county-seats liave been Richmond (1837) ; Geneseo (1840); Morristown (1842); and Cam- bridge (1843). Population (1870), 36,.597; (1890), 33,338; (1900), 40,049. HERNDON, Archer G., one of the celebrated "Long Nine" members of the General Assembly of 1836-37, was born in Culpepper Count j', Va., Feb. 13, 1795; spent his youth in Green Count}', Ky., came to Madison County, 111., 1820, and to Sangamon in 1821, becoming a citizen of Spring- field in 1825, where he engaged in mercantile business ; served eight years in the State Senate (1834-42), and as Receiver of the Land Office 1842-49. Died, Jan. 3, 1867. Mr. Herndpn was the father of William H. Herndon, the law part- ner of Abraham Lincoln. HERNDON, William H., lawyer, was born at Greensburg, Ky., Dec. 25, 1818; brought to Illi- nois by his father. Archer G. Herndon, in 1820, and to Sangamon Count}' in 1821 ; entered Illinois College in 1836, but remained only one year on account of his father's hostility to tlie supposed abolition influences prevailing at that institution ; spent several years as clerk in a store at Spring- field, studied law two years with the firm of Lin- coln & Logan (1842-44), was admitted to the bar and became the partner of Mr. Lincoln, so con- tinuing until the election of the latter to the Presidency. Mr. Herndon was a radical oppo- nent of slavery and labored zealously to promote the advancement of his distinguislied partner. The offices he held were those of City Attorney, Mayor and Bank Commissioner under three Gov- ernors. Some years before his death he wrote, and, inconjunction with Jesse W.Weik, published a Life of Abraham Lincoln in tliree volumes — afterwards revised and issued in a two-volume edition by the Messrs. Appleton, New York. Died, near Springfield, March 18. 1891. HERRINGTON, Aiiirnstus M., lawyer and poli- tician, was born at or near Meadville, Pa., in 1823; II HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 231 when ten years of age was brought by his father to Chicago, the family removing two years later (1835) to Geneva, Kane County, where the elder Herrington opened the first store. Augustus was admitted to the bar in 1844 ; obtained great promi- nence as a Democratic politician, serving as Presidential Elector for the Stateat-large in 1856, and as a delegate to Democratic National Conventions in 1860, "64, '68, '76 and '80, and was almost invariably a member of the State Conven- tions of his party during the same period. He also served for many years as Solicitor of the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad. Died, at Ge- neva, Kane County, August 14, 1883.— James (Herrington) , brother of the preceding, was born in Mercer County, Pa., June 6, 1824; came to Chicago in 1833, but, two years later, was taken by his parents to Geneva, Kane County. In 1843 he was apprenticed to the printing business on the old "Chicago Democrat" (John Wentworth, publisher) , remaining until 1848, when he returned to Geneva, where he engaged in farming, being also connected for a year or two with a local paper. In 1849 he was elected County Clerk, re- maining in office eight years; also served three terms on the Board of Supervisors, later serving continuously in the lower branch of the General Assembly from 1873 to 1886. lie was also a mem- ber of the State Board of Agriculture and a fre- quent delegate to Democratic State Conventions. Died, July 7, 1890.— James Herrington, Sr., father of the two preceding, was a Representative in the Fifteenth General Assembly (1846-48) for the District embracing the counties of Kane, McHenry, Boone and De Kalb. HERTZ, Henry L., ex-State Treasurer, was born at Copenhagen, Denmark, in 1847; gradu- ated from the University of Copenhagen in 1866, and after pursuing the study of medicine for two years, emigrated to this country in 1869. After various experiences in selling sewing-machines, as bank-clerk, and as a farm-hand, in 1876 Mr. Hertz was employed in the Recorder's office of Cook County; in 1878 was record-writer in the Criminal Court Clerk's office ; in 1884 was elected Coroner of Cook County, and re-elected in 1888. In 1892, as Republican candidate for State Treas- urer, he was defeated, but, in 1896, again a candidate for the same office, was elected by a majority of 115.000. serving until 1899. He is now a resident of Chicago. HESIXG, Antone Caspar, journalist and politi- cian, was born in Pru.ssia in 1823; left an orphan at the age of 15, he soon after emigrated to America, landing at Baltimore and going thence to Cin- cinnati. From 1840 to 1842 he worked in a gro- cery store in Cincinnati, and later opened a small hotel. In 1854 he removed to Chicago, where he was for a time engaged in the manufacture of brick. In 1860 he was elected Sheriff of Cook County, as a Republican. In 1862 he purchased an interest in "Tlie Chicago Staats Zeitung," and in 1867 became sole proi)rietor. In 1871 he admitted his son, Washington Hesing, to a part- nership, installing him as general manager. Died, in Chicago, March 31, 1895.— Washington (Hesing), son of the preceding, was born in Cin- cinnati, Ohio, May 14, 1849. educated at Chicago and Yale College, graduating from the latter in 1870. After a year spent in study abroad, he returned to Chicago and began work upon "Tlie Staats Zeitung, " later becoming managing editor, and finally editor-in-chief. While yet a young man he was made a member of the Chicago Board of Education, but declined to serve a second term. In 1872 he entered actively into politics, making speeches in both English and German in support of General Grant's Presi- dential candidacy. Later ho affiliated with the Democratic party, as did his father, and, in 1893, was an unsuccessful candidate for the Democratic nomination for the Chicago mayoralty, being defeated by Carter H. Harrison. In December, 1893, he was appointed by President Cleveland Postmaster of the city of Chicago, serving four years. His administration was characterized by a high degree of efficiency and many improve- ments in the service were adopted, one of the most important being the introduction of postal cars on tlie street-railroads for the collection of mail matter. In April, 1897, he became an Inde- pendent candidate for Mayor, but was defeated by Carter H. Harrison, the regular Democratic nominee. Died, Dec. 18, 1897. HEYWORTH, a village of McLean County, on the Illinois Central Railway, 10 miles south of Blooniington; has a bank, cliurches, gas wells, and a newspaper. Pop. (1S90), 566; (1900), 683. HIBBARD, Homer Nash, lawyer, was born at Bethel, Windsor County, Vt., Nov. 7, 1824, his early life being spent upon a farm and in attend- ance upon the common schools. After a short term in an academy at Randolph, Vt. , at the age of 18 he began the study of law at Rutland— also fitting himself for college with a private tutor. Later, having obtained means by teaching, he took a course in Castleton Academy and Ver- mont University, graduating from the latter in 1850. Then, having spent some years in teach- ing, he entered the Dane Law School at Harvard, 232 HISTOrJCx\.L ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. later continuing his studies at Burlington and finally, in the fall of \ii~>3. removing to Chicago. Here he opened a law office in connection witli his old classmate, the late Judge John A. Jame- son, but earl}- in the following year xemoved to Freeport, wliere he subsequenth' served as City Attorney, Master in Chancer}^ and President of the City School Board. Returning to Chicago in 18C0, he became a member of the law firm of Cornell. Jameson & Hibbard. and .still later the head of tlie firm of Hibbard. Rich & Xoble. In 1870 he was appointed by Judge Drummond Register in Bankruptcy for the Chicago District, serving during the life of the law. He was also, for some time, a Director of the National Bank of Illinois, and Vice-President of the American Insurance Company. Died, Nov. 14, 1897. HICKS, Stephen ti., lawyer and soldier of three wars, was born in Jackson County, Ga., Feb. 22, 1807— the son of John Hicks, one of the seven soldiers killed at tlie battle of New Orleans, Jan. 8, 181.5. Leaving the roof of a step-father at an early age, he found his way to Illinois, working for a time in the lead mines near Galena, and later at the carpenter's trade with an imcle ; served as a Sergeant in the Black Hawk War, finally locating in Jefferson County, where he studied law and was admitted to the bar. Here he was elected to the lower bi-anch of the Twelfth General Assembly (1840) and re-elected succes- sively to the Tliirteenth and Fourteenth. Early in the Jlexican War (1840) he recruited a com- pan}- for the Third Regiment, of whicli he was chosen Captain, a year later becoming Lieuten- ant-Colonel of the Sixth. At the beginning of the Civil War Colonel Hicks was practicing his profession at Salem, Marion County. He promptly raised a company which became a part of the Fortieth Regiment Volunteer Infantry, of which he was commissioned Colonel. The regi- ment saw active service in the campaign in West- ern Tennessee, including tlie battle of Slnloh, where Colonel Hicks was dangerously wounded through the lungs, only recovering after some months in hospital and at his home. He rejoined his regiment in July following, but found him- self compelled to accept an honorable discharge, a few months later, on account of disability. Having finally recovered, he was restored to his old command, and served to the close of the war. In October, 1803, he was placed in command at Paducah, Ky., where he remained eighteen months, after which he was transferred to Colum- bus, Ky. While in command at Paducah, the place was desperately assaulted by the rebel Colonel Forrest, but successfully defended, the rebel assailants sustaining a loss of some 1,200 killed and wounded. After the war Colonel Hicks retui-ned to Salem, where he died, Dec. 14, 1869, and was buried, in accordance with his request, in the folds of the American flag. Born on Washington's birthday, it is a somewhat curious coincidence that the death of this brave soldier should have occurred on the anniversary of that of the "Father of His Country.'" HUiBEE, Chaiincey L., lawyer and Judge, was born in Clermont County. Ohio, Sept. 7, 1821, and settled in Pike County, 111., in 1844. He early took an interest in politics, being elected to the lower house of the Legislature in 18.54, and two years later to the State Senate. In 1861 he was elected Judge of the Fifth Circuit Court, and was re-elected in 1867, '73, and '79. In 1877, and again in "79, he was assigned to the bench of the Appellate Court. Died, at Pittsfield, Dec. 7, 1884. HltlGIXS, Van Hollis, lawyer, was born in Genessee County. N. Y. . and received his early education at Auburn and Seneca Falls ; came to Chicago in 1837 and, after spending some time as clerk in his brother's store, taught some months in Vermilion County: then went to St. Louis, where he spent a year or two as reporter on ''The Missouri Argus," later engaging in commercial pursuits; in 1842 removed to Iroquois County, 111. , where he read law and was admitted to the bar; in 184.5, establislied him.self in practice in Galena, served two years as City Attorney there, but returned to Chicago in 18.52, where he contin- ued to reside for the remainder of his life. In 18.58 he was elected as a Republican Representative in the Twenty-first General Assembly ; served sev- eral years as Judge of the Chicago City Court, and was a zealous supporter of the Government during the War of the Rebellion. Judge Higgins was successful as a lawyer and business man, and was connected witli a munber of important busi- ness enterprises, especially in connection with real-estate operations ; was also a member of sev- eral local societies of a professional, social and patriotic character. Died, at Darien, Wis., April 17. 1893. HIGGINSON, Charles M., civil engineer and Assistant Railway President, was born in Chica- go, July 11, 1840 — the sonof tleorgeM.Uigginson, who located in Chicago about 1843 and engaged in the real-estate business; was educated at the Lawrence Scientific School. Cambridge, Mass., and entered the engineering ilepartment of the Burlington & Missouri River Railroad in 1867, remaining until 1875. He then became the pur- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 233 chasing agent of the Toledo, Peoria & AVarsaw Railroad, but. a year later, returned to Chirago, and soon after assumed the same position in con- nection with the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, being transferred to the Auditorship of the latter road in 1879. Later, he became assistant to President Ripley of the Atchison. Topeka & Santa Fe Line, where he remained until his death, which occurred at Riverside. 111., May G, ISflO. Mr. Higginson was, for several years. President of the Chicago Academy of Sciences, and a member of the Board of Managers of the Young Men's Christian Association of Chicago. HIGH, James L., lawyer and author, was born at Belleville, Ohio, Oct. 6, 1844; in boyhood came to Wisconsin, and graduated at Wisconsin State University, at Madison, in 18G4, also serving for a time as Adjutant of the Fort_y-ninth Regiment Wisconsin Volunteers ; studied law at the Jlichi- gan University Law School and, in 18G7, came to Chicago, where he began practice. He spent the winter of 1871-73 in Salt Lake City and, in the absence of the United States District Attorney, conducted the trial of certain Mormon leaders for connection with the celebrated Mountain Meadow Massacre, also acting as correspondent of "The New York Times,'' his letters being widely copied. Returning to Chicago he took a high rank in his profession. He was the author of several volumes, including treatises on "The Law of Injunctions as administered in the Courts of Englandand America, " and "Extraordinary Legal Remedies, Mandamus, Quo Warranto and Prohibi- tions,"" which are accepted as high authority with the profession. In 1870 he published a revised edition of Lord Erskinfi"s Works, including all his legal arguments, toget'.ier with a memoir of his life. Died, Oct. 3, 1898. H KiHL.VND, a city in the southeastern part of Madi.son County, founded in 183G and located on the Vandalia line, 33 miles east of St. Louis. Its manufacturing industries include a milk-con- densing plant, creamery, flour and planing mills, breweries, embroidery works, etc. It contains several cluirches and schools, a Roman Catliolic Seminary, a hospital, and has three new.spapers — one German. The early settlers were Germans of the most thrifty and enterprising classe.s. The surrounding countrj' is agricultural. Popu- lation (1880), 1,960; (1890), 1,857; (1900, decennial censu.s), 1,970. HIGHLAND PARK, an incorporated city of Lake County, on the Chicago & Nortliwestern Railroad, 33 miles north-northwest of Cliicago. It has a salubrious site on a bluff 100 feet above Lake Michigan, and is a favorite residence and health resort. It has a large hotel, several chui-ches, a military academy, and a weekly paper. Two Waukegan papers issue editions here. Population (1890), 2,163; (1900), 3,80G. HILDRUP, Jesse S., lawyer and legislator, was born in Middletown, Conn., March 14, 1833 ; at 15 removed to the State of New York and after- wards to Harrisburg, Pa. ; in 18G0 came to Belvi- dere. 111., where he began the practice of law, also serving as Corporation Trustee and Township Supervisor, and, during the latter years of the war, as Deputy Provost Marshal. His first im- portant elective ofHce was that of Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention of 1870, but he was elected Representative in the General Assem- bly the same year, and again in 1873. While in the House he took a prominent part in the legis- lation which resulted in the organization of the Railroad and Warehouse Board. Mr. Hildrup was also a Republican Presidential Elector in 18G8, and United States Marshal for the Northern District of Illinois from 1877 to 1881. During the last few years much of his time has been spent in California for the benefit of the health of some members of his familj'. HILL, Charles Augustus, ex-Congressman, was born at Truxton, Cortland County, N. Y. , August 23, 1833. He acquired his early education by dint of hard labor, and much privation. In 1854 he removed to Illinois, settling in Will County, where, for several years, he taught school, as he had done while in New Yt)rk. Meanwhile he read law, his last instructor being Hon, H. C. Newcomb, of Indianapolis, where he was admitted to the bar. He returned to Will County in 18G0, and, in 1862, enlisted in the Eighth Illinois Cavalrj', participating in the battle of Antietam. Later he was commissioned First Lieutenant in the First United States Regi- ment of Colored Troops, with which he remained until the close of the war, rising to the rank of Captain. In 1865 he returned to Joliet and to the practice of his profession. In 18G8 he was elected State's Attorney for the district comprising Will and Grundy Counties, but declined a renomina- tion. In 1888 he was the successful Republican candidate for Congress from the Eighth Illinois District, but was defeated for re-election in 1890 by Lewis Steward, Democrat. HILLSBiUlO, an incorpoi'ated city, the county- seat of Montgomery County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, 67 miles northeast of St. Louis. Its manufactures are tlour. brick and tile, carriages and harness. 234 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. furniture and woolen goods. It has a high soliool, banks and two weekly newspapers. The surrounding region is agricultural, though con- siderable coal is mined in the vicinity. Popula- tion (18S0), 3,808; (1890), 2,500; (1900), 1,937. HINCKLEY, a village of De Kalb County, on the Rochelle Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 18 miles west of Aurora; in rich agricultural and dairying region ; has grain elevators, brick and tile works, water system and electric light plant. Pop. (1890), 496; (1900), 587. HIXRICHSEN, William H., ex-Secretary of State and ex-Congressman, was born at Franklin, Morgan County, 111., May 27, 1850; educated at the University of Illinois, spent four years in the office of his father, who was stock-agent of the Wabash Railroad, and six years (1874-80) as Deputy Sheriff of Morgan County ; then went into the newspaper business, editing the Jackson- ville "Evening Courier," until 188G, after which he was connected with "The Quincy Herald." to 1890, when he returned to Jacksonville and re- sumed his place on "The Courier. " He was Clerk of the House of Representatives in 1891, and elected Secretary of State in 1892. serving until January, 1897. Mr. Hinrichsen has been a mem- ber of the Democratic State Central Committee since 1890, and was Chairman of that body dur- ing 1894-96. In 1896 Mr. Hinrichsen was the nominee of his party for Congress in the Six- teenth District and was elected by over 6,000 majority, but failed to secure a renomination in 1898. HINSDALE, a village in Du Page County and popular residence suburb, on the Chicago, Bur- lington & Quincy Railroad, 17 miles west-south- west of Chicago. It has four churches, a graded school, an academy, electric light plant, water- works, sewerage system, ami two weekly news- papers. Population (1890), 1,584; (1900). 2.578. HITCHCOCK, Charles, lawyer, was born at Hanson, Plymouth County, Mass., April 4, 1827; studied at Dartmouth College and at Harvard Law School, and was admitted to the bar in 1854, soon afterward establishing himself for the prac- tice of his profession in Chicago. In 1869 Mr. Hitchcock was elected to the State Constitutional Convention, which was the onlj* important pub- lic office that he held, though his capacity was recognized by his election to the Presidency of that body. Died, Jlay 6, 18S1. HITCHCOCK, Luke, clergj'man, was born April 13, 1813, at Lebanon, N. Y.. entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1834, and, after supplying various charges in that State during the next five years, in 1839 came to Chicago, becoming one of the most influential factors in the Methodist denomination in Northern Illinois. Between that date and 1860 he was identified, as regular pastor or Pre- siding Elder, with churches at Dixon, Ottawa, Belvidere, Rockford, Mount Morris, St. Charles and Chicago (the old Clark Street church), with two years' service (1841-43) as agent of Rock River Seminary at Mount Morris — his itinerant labors being interrupted at two or three periods by ill-health, compelling him to assume a super- annuated relation. From 1852 to '80, inclusive, he was a delegate everj' four years to the General Conference. In 1860 he was appointed Agent of the Western Book Concern, and, as the junior representative, was placed in charge of the depository at Chicago — in 1868 becoming the Senior Agent, and so remaining until 1880. His subsequent service included two terms as Presid- ing Elder for the Dixon and Chicago Di-stricts; the position of Superintendent of the Chicago Home Jlissionary and Church Extension Society ; Superintendent of the Wesley Hospital (which he assisted to organize), his last position being that of Corresponding Secretary of the Superannu- ates' Relief Association. He was also influential in securing the establishment of a church paper in Chicago and the founding of the Northwestern University and Garrett Biblical Institute. Died, while on a visit to a daughter at East Orange, N. J., Nov. 12, 1898. HITT, Daniel F., civil engineer and soldier, was born in Bourbon County, Ky., June 13, 1810 — the son of a Methodist preacher who freed his slaves and removed to Urbana, Ohio, in 1814. In 1829 the son began the study of engineering and, removing to Illinois the following year, was ap- pointed Assistant Engineer on the Illinois & MicJiigan Canal, later being employed in survey- ing some sixteen years. Being stationed at Prairie du Chien at the time of the Black Hawk War (1832), he was attached to the Stephenson Rangers for a year, but at the end of that period resumed surveying and, having settled in La Salle County, became the first Surveyor of that countj'. In 1861 he joined Colonel Cushman, of Ottawa, in the organization of the Fifty-third Illinois Volunteers, was mustered into the service in JIarch, 1SG2, and conimissioned its Lieutenant- Colonel. The regiment took part in various battles, including those of Shiloh, Corinth and La Grange, Tenn. In the latter Colonel Hitt received an injury bj- being thrown from his hor.se which compelled his resignation and from HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS. 235 which he never fully recovered. Returning to Ottawa, he continued to reside there until his death. May 11, 1899. Colonel Hitt was father of Andrew J. Hitt, General Superintendent of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, and uncle of Congressman Robert R. Hitt of Mount Morris. Originally a Democrat, he allied himself with the Republican party on the breaking out of the Civil War. He was a thirty -second degree Mason and prominent in (Irand Army circles. HITT, Isaac R., real-estate operator, was born at Boonsboro, Md., June 2, 1828; in 1845 entered the freshman class at Asbury University, Ind., graduating in 1849. Tlien, removing to Ottawa, 111., he was engaged for a time in farming, but, in 1852, entered into the forwarding and com- mission business at La Salle. Having meanwhile devoted some attention to real-estate law, in 1853 he began buying and selling real estate while continuing his farming operations, adding thereto opal-mining. In May, 1856, he was a delegate from La Salle County to tlie State Convention at Bloomington which resulted in the organization of the Republican party in Illinois. Removing to Chicago in 1860, he engaged in the real-estate business there; in 1862 was appointed on a com- mittee of citizens to look after the interests of wounded Illinois soldiers after the battle of Fort Donelson, in that capacity visiting hospitals at Cairo, Evansville, Paducah and Nashville. Dur- ing the war he engaged to some extent in the business of prosecuting soldiers' claims. Mr. Hitt has been a member of both the Chicago and the National Academy of Sciences, and, in 1869, was appointed by Governor Palmer on the Com- mission to lay out the park system of Chicago. Since 1871 he has resided at Evanston, where he aided in the erection of the Woman's College in connection with the Northwestern University. In 1876 he was appointed by the Governor agent to prosecute the claims of the State for swamp lands .within its limits, and has given much of his attention to that business since. HITT, Kobert Roberts, Congressman, was born at Urbana, Ohio, Jan. 16, 1834. When he was three years Old his parents removed to Illinois, settling in Ogle County. His education was acquired at Rock River Seminary (now Mount Morris College), and at De Pauw Univer.?ity, Ind. In 1858 Mr. Hitt was one of the reporters who reported the celebrated debate of tliat year between Lincoln and Douglas. From December, 1874, until March, '81, he was connected with the United States embassy at Paris, serving as First Secretary of Legation and Charge d'Affaires ad interim. He was Assistant Secretary of State in 1881, but resigned the post in 1882. having been elected to Congress from the Sixth Illinois Dis- trict to fill the vacancy occasioned by the death of R. M. A. Hawk. By eiglit successive re-elec- tions lie has represented the District continuously since, his career being conspicuous for long serv- ice. In that time he has taken au important part in the deliberations of the House, serving as Chairman of many important committees, not- ably that on Foreign Affairs, of which he has been Cliairman for several terms, and for which his diplomatic experience well qualifies him. In 1898 he was appointed by President McKinley a member of the Committee to visit Hawaii and report upon a form of government for that por- tion of the newly acquired national domain. Jlr. Hitt was strongly supported as a candidate for the United States Senate in 1895, and favorably considered for the position of Minister to Eng- land after tlie retirement of Secretary Day in 1898. HOBART, Horace R., was born in Wisconsin in 1839 ; graduated at Beloit College and, after a brief experience in newspaper work, enlisted, in 1861, in the First Wisconsin Cavalry and was assigned to duty as Battalion Quartermaster. Being wounded at Helena, Ark., he was com- pelled to resign, but afterwards served as Deputy Provost Marshal of the Second Wisconsin Dis- trict. In 1866 he re-entered newspaper work as reporter on "The Chicago Tribune," and later was associated, as city editor, with "The Chicago Evening Post" and "Evening Mail"; later was editor of "The Jacksonville Daily Journal" and "The Chicago Morning Courier, " also being, for some j'ears from 1869, Western Manager of the American Press Association. In 1876, Mr. Hobart became one of the editors of "Tlie Railway Age" (Cliioago), with which he remained until the close of the year 1898, when he retired to give his attention to real-estate matters. HOFFMAX, Francis A., Lieutenant-Governor (1861-65), was born at Ilerford, Prussia, in 1822, and emigrated to America in 1839, reacliing Chica- go the same year. Tliere he became a boot-black in a leading hotel, but within a month was teaching a small German school at Dunkley's Grove (now Addison), Du Page County, and later oflSciating as a Lutheran minister. In 1847 he represented that county in the River and Harbor Convention at CIn'cago. In 1852 he removed to Cliicago, and, the following year, entered the City Council. I>ater. he embarked in the real-estate business, and, in 1854, opened a banking house, but was 23G IIISTOlilCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. forced to assign in 1861. He early became a recognized anti-slavery leader and a contributor to the German jiress, and, in 18.-)G, was nominated for Lieutenant-Governor on the lirst Republican State ticket with William H. Bissell, but was found ineligible by reason of his short residence in the United States, and withdrew, giving place to John Wood of Quincy. In 1860 he was again nominated, and having in the meantime become eligible, was elected. In 1864 he was a Repub- lican candidate for Presidential Elector, and assisted in Mr. Lincoln's second election. He was at one time Foreign Land Commissioner for the Illinois Central Railroad, and acted as Consul at Chicago for several German States. For a number of years past Mr. Hoffman has been editor of an agricultural paper in Southern Wisconsin. H0G.4>', John, clergyman and earlj- politician, was born in the city of Mallow, County of Cork, Ireland, Jan. 2, 180.5; brought in childhood to Baltimore, Md., and having been left an orphan at eight years of age, learned the trade of a shoe- maker. In 1826 he became an itinerant Metho- dist preacher, and, coming west the same year, preached at various points in Indiana, Illinois and Missouri. In 1830 he was married to Miss Mary Mitchell West, of Belleville, 111., and soon after, having retired from the itinerancy, engaged in mercantile business at Edwardsville and Alton. In 1836 he was elected Representative in the Tenth General Assembly from Madison County, two years later was appointed a Commissioner of Public Works and, being re-elected in 1840. was made President of the Board; in 1841 was ap- pointed by President Harrison Register of the Land Office at Dixon, where he remained until 184.5. During the anti-slavery excitement which attended the assassination of Elijah P. Lovejoy in 1837, he was a resident of Alton and was re- garded by the friends of Lovejoy as favoring the pro-slavery faction. After retiring from the Land Office at Dixon, he removed to St. Louis, where he engaged in the wholesale grocerj' busi- ness. In his early political life he was a Whig, but later co-operated with the Democratic party ; in 1857 he was appointed bj- President Buchanan Postmaster of the city of St. Louis, serving until the accession of Lincoln in 1861 ; in 1864 was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-ninth Con- gress, serving two years. He was also a delegate to the National Union (Democratic) Convention at Philadelphia in 1866. After his retirement from the Methodist itinerancy he continued to officiate as a "local" preacher and was esteemed a speaker of Unusual eloquence and ability. His death occurred, Fel>. 5, 181)2. He is author of sev- eral volumes, including "The Resources of Mis- .souri, "' "Commerce and Manufactures of St. Louis," and a "Hi.story of Methodism." HOGE, Joseph P., Congressman, was born in Ohio early in the century and came to Galena, 111., in 1836, where he attained prominence as a lawyer. In 1842 he was elected Rejiresentative in Congress, as claimed at the time by the aid of the 3Iormon vote at Nauvoo, serving one term. In 1853 he went to San FrancLsco, Cal., and be- came a Judge in that State, dying a few j-ears since at the age of over 80 j'ears. He is repre- sented to have been a man of much ability and a graceful and eloquent orator. Mr. Hoge was a son-in-law of Thomas C. Browne, one of the Jus- tices of the first Supreme Court of Illinois who held office until 1848. HOLLISTER, (Dr.) John Hamilton, physi- cian, was born at Riga, N. Y., in 1824; was brought to Romeo, Mich., by his parents in in- fancy, but his father having died, at the age of 17 went to Rochester, N. Y. , to be educated, finally graduating in medicine at Berkshire College, Mass., in 1847, and beginning practice at Otisco, Mich. Two years later he removed to Grand Raijids and, in 1855, to Chicago, where he held, for a time, the position of demonstrator of anat- omy in Rush Medical College, and, in 1856. be- came one of the founders of the Chicago Medical College, in which he has held various chairs. He also served as Surgeon of Mercy Hospital and was, for twenty years. Clinical Professor in the same institution; was President of the State Medical Society, and, for twenty years, its Treas- urer. Other positions held by him have been those of Trustee of the American Medical Associ- ation and editor of its journal. President of the Young Men's Christian Association and of the Chicago Congregational Club. He has also been prominent in Sunday School and churck*vvork in connection with the Armour Mission, with which he has been associated for many years. HOME FOR JUVENILE OFFENDERS, (FE- MALE). The establishment of this institution was authorized bj' act of June 22, 1893, which appropriated $7.5,000 towards its erection and maintenance, not more than .$15,000 to be ex- pended for a site. (See also State Guardians for Oirla. ) It is designed to receive girls between the ages of 10 and 16 committed thereto by any court of record upon conviction of a misdemeanor, the term of commitment not to be less than one year, or to exceed minority. Justices of the o w ►n o a « z r w ►u w w o ^ w 1? a w Q W Z w > HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. i37 Peace, liowever, may send giris for a term not less than three months. The act of incorporation provides for a commutation of sentence to be earned by good conduct and a i)rolongation of the sentence by bad behavior. Tlie Trustees are empowered, in their discretion, either to appren- tice the girls or to adopt them out during their minority. Temporary tjuarters were furnished for the Home during the first two years of its existence in Cliicago, but permanent buildings for the institution have been erected on the banks of Fox River, near Geneva, in Kane Countj'. HOMER, a village in Champaign County, on the Wabash Railway, '20 miles west-southwest from Danville and about 18 miles east-soutlieast from Champaign. It supports a carriage factor}-; also has two banks, several churches, a seminary, an opera house, and one weekly paper Tlie region is chiefly agricultural. Population (1880), 924; (1890), 917; (1900), 1,080. HOMESTEAD LAWS. In general such laws have been defined to be "legislation enacted to secure, to some extent, the enjo^-ment of a home and shelter for a family or individual by exempt- ing, under certain conditions, the residence occu- pied bj- the family or individual, from liability to be sold for the payment of the debts of its owner, and by restricting his rights of free alienation." In Illinois, this exemption extends to the farm and dwelling thereon of every householder hav- ing a family, and occupied as a residence, whether owned or possessed under a lease, to the value of SI. 000. The exemption continues after death, for the benefit of decedent's wife or hus- band occupying the homestead, and al.so of the children, if any, until the youngest attain the age of 21 years. Husband and wife must join in releasing the exemption, but the property is always liable for improvements thereon. — In 1862 Congress passed an act known as the "Homestead Law" for the protection of the rights of settlers on public lands under certain restrictions as to active occupancy, under which most of that class of lands since taken for settlement have been imrchased. HOMEWOOD, a village of Cook County, on the Illinois Central Railway, 23 miles south of Chi- cago. Population, (1900), 3.52. HOOLEY, Richard M., theatrical manager, was born in Ireland, April 13, 1822; at the age of 18 entered the theater as a musician and, four years later, came to America, soon after forming an association with E. P. Christy, the originator of negro minstrelsy entertainments wliich went under liis name. In 1848 Mr. Hooley conducted a company of minstrels through the principal towns of England, Scotland and Ireland, and to some of the chief cities on the continent; re- turned to America five years later, and subse- quently managed houses in San Francisco, Philadelphia, Brooklyn and New York, finally locating in Chicago in 1869, where he remained the rest of his life, — his theater becoming one of the most wideh- known and popular in the city. Died, Sept. 8, 1893. HOOPESTON, a prosperous city in Vermilion County, at the intersection of the Chicago & East- ern Illinois and tlie Lake Erie «t We.stern Rail- roads, 99 miles south of Chicago. It has grain elevators, a nail factory, brick and tile works, carriage and machine shops, and two large can- ning factories, besides two banks and one daily and three weekly newspapers, several churches, a high school and a business college. Population (1890), 1,911; (1900), 3,823; (1904), about 4,.')00. HOPKIXS, Albert J., Congressman, was born in De Kalb County, III, August 1.5, 1846. After graduating from Hillsdale College, Mich., in 1870, he studied law and began practice at Aurora. He rapidly attained prominence at the bar, and, in 1872, was elected .State's Attorney for Kane County, serving in that capacity for four years. He is an ardent Republican and higli in the party's councils, liaving been Chairman of the State Central Committee from 1878 to 1880, and a Presidential Elector on the Blaine & Logan ticket in 1884. T!ie same year he was electe m r, > o HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 241 her, 1862, and later assigned to the command of the Sixteenth Army Corps, at Memphis, and sub- sequently to the command of the Department of the Gulf (1864-65). After the close of the war he served another term in tlie General Assembly (1867), was chosen Presidential Elector for the Stateat-large in 1868, and, in 1869, was appointed by President Grant Minister Resident to the United States of Colombia, serving until 1873. The latter year he was elected Representative to Congress, and re-elected two years later. In 1876 lie was a candidate for re-election as an independent Republican, but was defeated by William Lathrop, the regular nominee. In 1881 he was appointed Minister Resident to Peru, and died at Lima, March 27, 1883. HUTCHINS, Thomas, was born in Monmouth, N. J., in 1730, died in Pittsburg, Pa., April 28, 1789. He was the first Government Surveyor, fre- quently called the "Geographer"; was also an officer of the Sixtieth Royal (British) regiment, and assistant engineer under Bouquet. At the outbreak of the Revolution, wliile stationed at Fort Chartres, he resigned his commission be- cause of his sympathj' with the patriots. Three years later he was charged witli being in treason- able correspondence with Franklin, and im- prisoned in the Tower of London. He is said to have devised the present system of Government survej's in this country, and his services in carry- ing it into effect were certainly of great value. He was the author of several valuable works, the best known being a "Topographical Description of Virginia." HUTSONVILLE, a village of Crawford County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati. Chicago & St. Louis Railway, and the Wabash River, 34 miles south of Paris. The district is agricultural. The town has a bank and a weekly paper. Population (1890), 583; (1900), 743. ILLIN"OIS. (general history.) Illi.vois is the twenty -first State of the Federal Union in the order of its admission, the twentieth in present area and the third in point of popula- tion. A concise history of the region, of which it constituted the central portion at an early period, will be found in the following pages: The greater part of the territory now comprised within the State of Illinois was known and at- tracted eager attention from the nations of the old world — especially in France, Germany and England — before the close of the third quarter of the seventeenth centur3'. More than one hun- dred years before the struggle for American Inde- pendence began, or the geographical division known as the "Territory of the Northwest" had an existence; before the names of Kentucky, Tennessee, Vermont or Ohio had been heard of, and while the early settlers of New England and Virginia were still struggling for a foothold among the Indian tribes on the Atlantic coast, the "Illinois Country" occupied a place on the maps of North America as distinct and definite as New York or Pennsylvania. And from tliat time forward, until it assumed its position in tlie Union with the rank of a State, no other section has been the theater of more momentous and stirring events or has contributed more material, affording interest and instruction to the archseol- ogist, the ethnologist and the historian, than that portion of the American Continent now known as the "State of Illinois." The "Illinois Country."— What was known to the early French explorers and their followers and descendants, for the ninety years which intervened between the discoveries of Joliet and La Salle, down to the surrender of this region to the English, as the "Illinois Country," is de- scribed with great clearness and definiteness by Capt. Philip Pittman, an Englisli engineer who made the first survey of the Mississippi River soon after the transfer of the French possessions east of the Mississippi to the British, and who published the result of his observations in London in 1770. In this report, which is evidently a work of the highest authenticity, and is the more valuable because written at a transition period when it was of the first importance to preserve and hand down the facts of early Frencli history to tlie new occupants of the soil, tlie boundaries of the "Illinois Country" are defined as follows: "The Country of the Illinois is bounded by the Mississippi on the west, by tlie river Illinois on tlie north, by the Ouabache and Miamis on the east and the Ohio on the south." From tliis it would appear that the country lying between the Illinois and the Mississippi Rivers to tlie west and northwest of the former, was not considered a part of the "Illinois Country," and 242 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. this agrees generally with the records of the early Frencli explorers, except that they regarded the region which comprehends the site of the present city of Chicago — the importance of which appears to have been appreciated from the first as a connecting link between the Lakes and the upper tributaries of the rivers falling into the Gulf of Mexico — as belonging thereto Origin of the Name. — The "Country" appears to have derived its name from Inini, a word of Algonquin origin, signifying "the men." eu- phemized by the French into lUini with the suffix ois. signifying "tribe." The root of the term, applied both to the country and the Indians occupying it, has been still further defined as "a perfect man" (Haines on "Indian Names"), and the derivative has been used by the French chroniclers in various forms though always with the same signification — a signification of which the earliest claimants of the appellation, as well as their successors of a different race, liave not failed to be duly proud. BotJND.vRiES AND AREA. — It is this region which gave the name to the State of which it constituted so large and important a part. Its boundaries, so far as the Wabash and the Ohio Rivers (as well as the Mississippi from the mouth of the Ohio to the mouth of the Illinois) are con- cerned, are identical with those given to the "Illinois Country" by Pittman. The State is bounded on the north by Wisconsin ; on the east by Lake Michigan, the State of Indiana and the Wabash River; soutlieast by the Ohio, flowing between it and the State of Kentucky ; and west and southwest by the Mississippi, which sepa- rates it from the States of Iowa and Missouri. A peculiarity of the Act of Congress defining the bovindaries of the State, is the fact that, while the jurisdiction of Illinois extends to the middle of Lake Michigan and also of tlie channels of the Wabash and the Mississippi, it stops at the north bank of the Ohio River; this seems to have been a sort of concession on the part of the framers of the Act to our proud neighbors of tlie "Dark and Bloody Ground." Geographicall}', the State lies between the parallels of 36' 59' and 43' 30' north latitude, and the meridian of 10° 30' and 14° of longitude west from the city of Washington. From its extreme southern limit at the mouth of the Ohio to the Wisconsin boundary on the north, its estimated length is 38,') miles, with an extreme breadth, from the Indiana State line to the Mis- sissippi River at a point between Quincy and Warsaw, of 218 miles. Owing to the tortuous course of its river and lake boundaries, which comprise about tliree-fourths of the whole, its physical outline is e.xtremely irregular. Between the limits described, it has an estimated area of 56,6.50 square miles, of which 630 square miles is water — the latter being chiefly in Lake Michigan. This area is more than one and one-half times that of all New England (Maine being excepted), and is greater than that of any other State east of the Mississippi, except Michigan, Georgia and Florida — Wisconsin lacking only a few hundred square miles of the same. When these figures are taken into account some idea may be formed of the magnificence of the domain comprised within the limits of the State of Illinois — a domain larger in extent than that of England, more than one-fourth of that of all France and nearly half that of the British Islands, including Scotland and Ireland. The possibilities of such a country, possessing a soil unequaled in fertility, in proportion to its area, by any other State of the Union and with re- sources in agriculture, manufactures and com- merce unsurpassed in any country on the face of the globe, transcend all human conception. Streams and Navigation. — Lying between the Mississippi and its chief eastern tributary, the Ohio, with the Wabash on the east, and inter- sected from northeast to southwest by the Illinois and its numerous aflluents, and with no moun- tainous region within its limits, Illinois is at once one of the best watered, as well as one of the most level States in the Union. Besides the Sanga- mon, Kankakee, Fox and Des Plaines Rivers, chief tributaries of the Illinois, and the Kaskaskia draining tlie region between the Illinois and the Wabash, Rock River, in the northwestern portion of the State, is most important on account of its valuable water-power. All of these streams were regarded as navigable for some sort of craft, dur- ing at least a portion of the year, in the early history of the country, and with the magnificent Mississippi along the whole western border, gave to Illinois a larger extent of navigable waters than that of any other single State. Although practical navigation, apart from the lake and by natural water courses, is now limited to the Mis- sissippi, Illinois and Ohio — making an aggregate of about 1,000 miles — the importance of the smaller streams, when the people were dependent almost wholly upon some means of water com- munication for tlie transportation of lieavy com- modities as well as for travel, could not be over-estimated, and it is not without its effect upon the productiveness of the soil, now that water transportation has given place to railroads. IIISTOrjL'AL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 243 The whole number of streams shown upon the best maps exceeds 280. Topography. — -In physical conformation the surface of the State presents the aspect of an incUueJ plane with a moderate descent in the general direction of the streams toward the south and southwest. Cairo, at the extreme southern end of the State and the point of lowest depres- sion, has an elevation above sea-level of about 300 feet, while the altitude of Lake Michigan at Chicago is 5S3 feet. The greatest elevation is reached near Scale's Mound in the northwestern part of the State — 1,257 feet— while a spur from the Ozark Mountains of Missouri, projected across the southern part of the State, rises in Jackson and Union Counties to a height of over 900 feet. The eastern end of this spur, in the northeast corner of Pope County, reaches an elevation of 1,046 feet. South of this ridge, the surface of the country between the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers was originally covered with dense forests. These included some of the most valuable species of timber for lumber manufacture, such as the different varieties of oak, walnut, poplar, ash, sugar-maple and cypress, besides elm, linden, hickory, honey-locust, pecan, hack-berry, cotton- wood, sj'camore, sassafras, black-gum and beech. The native fruits included the persimmon, wild plum, grape and paw-paw, with various kinds of berries, such as blackberries, raspberries, straw- berries (in the prairie districts) and some others. Most of the native growths of woods common to the south were found along the streams farther north, except the cypress beech, pecan and a few- others. Pr.\iries. — A peculiar feature of the country, in the middle and northern portion of the State, which e.xcited the amazement of early explorers, was the vast extent of the prairies or natural meadows. The origin of these has been attrib- uted to various causes, such as some peculiarity of the soil, absence or excess of moisture, recent upheaval of the surface from lakes or some other bodies of water, the action of fires, etc. In many sections there appears little to distinguish the soil of the prairies from that of the adjacent woodlands, that may not be accounted for by the character of their vegetation and other causes, for the luxuriant growtli of native grasses and other productions has demonstrated that they do not lack in fertility, and the readiness with which trees take root when artificially propa- gated and protected, has shown that there is nothing in the soil Itself unfavorable to their growth. Whatever may have been the original cause of the prairies, however, there is no doubt that annually recurring fires have had muclj to do in perpetuating tlieir existence, and even extending tlieir limits, as the absence of the same agent has tended to favor the encroachments of the forests. While originally regarded as an obstacle to the occupation of the country by a dense population, there is no doubt that their existence has contributed to its rapid develop- ment when it was discovered with what ease these apparent wastes could be subdued, and how productive they were capable of becoming when once brought under cultivation. In spite of the uniformity in altitude of the State as a whole, many sections present a variety of surface and a mingling of plain and woodland of the most pleasing character. This is espe- cially the case in some of the prairie districts where the undulating landscape covered with rich herbage and brilliant flowers must have presented to the first explorers a scene of ravish- ing beauty, which has been enhanced rather than diminished in recent times by the hand of culti- vation. Along some of the streams also, espe- cially on the upper Mississippi and Illinois, and at some points on the Ohio, is found scenery of a most picturesque variety. Anim.\ls, etc.— From this description of the country it will be easy to infer what must liave been the varieties of the animal kingdom which here found a home. These included the bufl'alo, various kinds of deer, the bear, panther, fox, wolf, and wild-cat, while swans, geese and ducks covered the lakes and streams. It was a veritable paradise for game, both large and small, as well as for their native hunters. "One can scarcely travel," wrote one of the earliest priestly explor- ers, "without finding a prodigious nniltitude of turkeys, that keep together in flocks often to the number of ten hundred." Beaver, otter, and mink were found along the streams. Most of these, especially the larger species of game, have disappeared before the tide of civilization, but the smaller, such as quail, prairie chicken, duck and the different varieties of fish in the streams, pro- tected by law during certain seasons of tlie year, continue to exist in considerable numbers. Soil .\ni) Clim.\te.— The capabilities of the soil in a region thus situated can be readilj' under- stood. In proportion to the extent of its surfac^e, Illinois has a larger area of cultivable land than any other State in the Union, with a soil of supe- rior quality, much of it unsurpassed in natural fertility. This is especially true of the ".\merican Bottom," a region extending a distance of ninety 244 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. miles along the east bank of the Mississippi, from a few miles below Alton nearly to Chester, and of an average width of five to eight miles. This was the seat of the first permanent white settle- ment in the Mississippi Valley, and portions of it have been under cultivation from one hundred to one hundred and fifty years without exhaustion. Other smaller areas of scarcelj' less fertility are found both upon the bottom-lands and in the prairies in the central portions of the State. Extending through five and one-half degrees of latitude, Illinois has a great variety of climate. Though subject at times to sudden alternations of temperature, these occasions liave been rare since the country has been thoroughly settled. Its mean average for a series of years has been 48° in the northern part of the State and 56° in the southern, differing little from other States upon the same latitude. The mean winter temper- ature has ranged from 25° in the north to 34° in the south, and the summer mean from 07° in the north to 78' in the south. The extreme winter temperature has seldom fallen below 20° below zero in the northern portion, wliile the highest summer temperature ranges from 95° to 102°. The average difference in temperature between the northern and southern portions of the State is about 10°, and the difference in the progress of the seasons for the same sections, from four to six weeks. Such a wide variety of climate is favor- able to the production of nearly all the grains and fruits peculiar to the temperate zone. Contest for Occupation. — Three powers early became contestants for the supremacy on the North American Continent. The first of these was Spain, claiming possession on the ground of the discovery by Columbus ; England, basing her claim upon the discoveries of the Cabots, and France, maintaining her right to a considerable part of the continent by virtue of the discovery and exploration by Jacques Cartier of the Gulf and River St. Lawrence, in 1534-35, and the settlement of Quebec by Champlain seventy-four years later. The claim of Spain was general, extending to both North and South America; and, while she early established her colonies in Mexico, the West Indies and Peru, the country was too vast and her agents too busy seeking for gold to interfere materially with her competitors. The Dutch, Swedes and Germans established small, though flourishing colonies, but they were not colonizers nor were thej' numeric- ally as strong as their neighbors, and their settle- ments were ultimately absorbed by the latter. Both the Spaniards and the French were zealous in proselyting the aborigines, but while the former did not hesitate to torture their victims in order to extort their gold while claiming to .save their souls, the latter were more gentle and beneficent in their policy, and, by their kindness, succeeded in winning and retaining the friend- ship of the Indians in a remarkable degree. They were traders as well as missionaries, and this fact and the readiness with which they adapted them- selves to the habits of those whom they found in possession of the soil, enabled them to make the most extensive explorations in small numters and at little cost, and even to remain for un- limited periods among their aboriginal friends. On the other hand, the English were artisans and tillers of the soil with a due proportion engaged in commerce or upon the sea; and, while they were later in planting their colonies in Virginia and New England, and less aggressive in the work of exploration, they maintained a sorer foothold on the soil when they had once estab- lished themselves. To this fact is due the per- manence and steady growth of the English colonies in the New World, and the virtual domi- nance of the Anglo-Saxon race over more than five-sevenths of the North American Continent — a result which has been illustrated in the history of every people that has made agriculture, manu- factures and legitimate commerce the basis of their prosperity. Early Explokatioxs. — The French explorers were the first Europeans to visit the "Country of the Illinois," and, for nearly a century, they and their successors and descendants held undisputed possession of the country, as well as the greater part of the Jlississippi Valley. It is true that Spain put in a feeble and indefinite claim to this whole region, but she was kept too busy else- where to make her claim good, and, in 1763, she relinquished it entirely as to the Mississippi Valley and west to the Pacific Ocean, in order to strengthen herself elsewhere. There is a peculiar coincidence in the fact that, while the Engli.sh colonists wlio settled about Massaclui.setts Bay named that region "New England," tlie French gave to their possessions, from the St. Lawrence to the mouth of the Mis- sissippi, the name of "New France," and the Spaniards called all the region claimed by them, extending from Panama to Puget Sound, "New Spain. " The boundaries of each were verj' indefi- nite and often conflicting, but were settled by the treaty of 17G3. As early as 1634, Jean Nicolet, coming by way of Canada, discovered Lake Michigan — then HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 245 called by the French, "Lac des Illinois" — entered Green Bay and visited some of the tribes of Indians in that region. In 1641 zealous mission- aries liad reached the Falls of St. Mary (called by the Frencli "Sault Ste. Marie"), and, in 16.58, two French fur-traders are alleged to have penetrated as far we.st as "La Pointe" on Lake Superior, where they opened up a trade with the Sioux Indians and wintered in the neighborhood of the Apostle Islands near wliere the towns of Ashland and Bayfield, Wis., now stand. A few years later (1665), Fathers AUouez and Dablon, French mis- sionaries, visited the Ghippewas on the southern shore of Lake Superior, and missions were estab- lished at Green Bay, Ste. Marie and La Pointe. About the same time the mission of St. Ignace was established on the north shore of the Straits of Mackinaw (spelled by the French "Michilli- macinac"). It is also claimed that the French traveler, Radisson, during the year of 1658-59, reached the upper Mississippi, antedating the claims of Joliet and Marquette as its discoverers by fourteen years. Nicholas Perrot, an intelli- gent chronicler who left a manuscript account of his travels, is said to have made extensive explor- ations about the head of the great lakes as far south as the Fox River of Wisconsin, between 1670 and 1690, and to liave held an important conference with representatives of numerous tribes of Indians at Sault Ste. Marie in June, 1671. Perrot is also said to have made the first discovery of lead mines in the West. Up to this time, Iiowever, no white man appears to have reached the "Illinois Country," though much had been heard of its beauty and its wealth in game. On May 17, 1673, Louis Joliet, an enter- prising explorer who had already visited the Lake Superior region in searcli of copper mines, under a commission from the Governor of Canada, in company with Father Jacques Marquette and five voyageurs, with a meager stock of provisions and a few trinkets for trading with the natives, set out in two birch-bark canoes from St. Ignace on a tour of exploration southward. Coasting along the west shore of Lake Michigan and Green Bay and through Lake Winnebago, they reached the country of the Mascoutins on Fox River, ascended that stream to the portage to the Wis- consin, then descended the latter to tlie Mis- sissippi, which they discovered on June 17. Descending the Mississippi, which they named "Rio de la Conception," they passed the mouth of the Des Moines, where they are supposed to have encountered the first Indians of the Illinois tribes, by whom the}' were hospitably enter- tained. Later they discovered a rude painting upon the rocks on the east side of the river, which, from the description, is supposed to have been the famous "Piasa Bird," which was still to be seen, a short distance above Alton, within the present generation. (See Piasa Bird, The Legend of.) Passing the mouth of the Jlissouri River and the present site of the city of St. Louis, and continuing past the mouth of the Ohio, they finally reached what JIarquette called the village of the Akanseas, which has been assumed to be identical with the mouth of the Arkansas, though it has been questioned whether they proceeded so far south. Convinced that the Mississippi "had its mouth in Florida or the Gulf of Mexico, ' ' and fearing capture by the Spaniards, they started on their return. Reaching the mouth of the Illinois, they entered that stream and ascended past the village of the Peorias and the "Illinois town of the Kaskaskias" — the latter being about where the town of Utica, La Salle County, now stands — at each of which they made a brief stay. Escorted by guides from the Kaskaskias, tliey crossed the portage to Lake Michigan where Cliicago now stands, and re- turned to Green Bay, which they reached in the latter part of September. (See Joliet and Mar- quette. ) The next and most important expedition to Illi- nois — important because it led to the first per- manent settlements — was undertaken by Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, in 1679. This eager and intelligent, but finally unfortunate, discov- erer had spent several years in exploration in the lake region and among the streams south of the lakes and west of the Alleghenies. It has been claimed that, during this tour, he descended the Ohio to its junction with the Mississippi; also that he reached the Illinois by way of the head of Lake Slichigan and the Chicago portage, and even descended the Mississippi to the 36th parallel, antedating Marquette's first visit to that stream V)y two years. The chief authority for this claim is La Salle's biographer, Pierre Jlargry, wlio bases his statement on alleged con- versations with La Salle and letters of his friends. Tlie ab.sence of any allusion to these discoveries in La Salle's own papers, of a later date, addressed to the King, is regarded as fatal to this claim. However this may have been, there is conclusive evidence that, during this period, he met with Joliet while tlie latter was returning from one of his trips to the Lake Superior country. With an imagination fired by what he then learned, he made a vLsit to his native country, receiving a 246 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS. liberal grant from the French Government which enabled him to carry out his plans. With the aid of Henry de Tonty, an Italian who afterward accompanied him in his most important expedi- tions, and who proved a most valuable and effi- cient co-laborer, imder the auspices of Frontenac, then Governor of Canada, he constructed a small vessel at the foot of Lake Erie, in which, with a company of thirty-four persons, he set sail on the seventh of August, 1679, for the West. This vessel (named the "Griffon") is believed to have been the first sailing-vessel that ever navigated the lakes. His object was to reach the Illinois, and he carried with him material for a boat which he intended to put together on that stream. Arriving in Green Bay early in Septem- ber, by way of Lake Huron and the straits of Mackinaw, he disembarked his stores, and, load- ing the Griffon with furs, started it on its return with instructions, after discharging its cargo at the starting point, to join him at the head of Lake Jlichigan. With a force of seventeen men and three missionaries in four canoes, he started southward, following the western shore of Lake Michigan past the mouth of the Chicago River, on Nov. 1, 1679, and reached the mouth of the St. Joseph River, at the southeast corner of the lake, which had been selected as a rendez- vous. Here he was joined by Tonty, three weeks later, with a force of twenty Frenchmen who had come by the eastern shore, but the Griffon never was heard from again, and is supposed to have been lost on the return voyage. While waiting for Tonty he erected a fort, afterward called Fort Miami. The two parties here united, and, leaving four men in charge of the fort, with the remaining thirty-three, he resumed his journey on the third of December. Ascending the St. Joseph to about where South Bend, Ind., now stands, he made a portage with his canoes and stores across to the headwaters of the Kan- kakee, which he descended to the Illinois. On the first of January he arrived at the great Indian town of the Kaskaskias, which Marquette had left for the last time nearly five years before, but found it deserted, the Indians being absent on a hunting expedition. Proceeding down the Illi- nois, on Jan. 4, 1680, he passed through Peoria Lake and the next morning reached the Indian village of that name at the foot of the lake, and established friendly relations with its people. Having determined to set up his vessel here, he constructed a rude fort on the eastern bank of the river about four miles south of the village. With the exception of the cabin built for Mar- quette on the South Branch of the Chicago River in the winter of 1674-75, this was probably the first structure erected by white men in Illinois. This received the name "Creve-Coeur — "Broken Heart" — which, from its subsequent history, proved exceedingly appropriate. Having dis- patched Father Louis Hennepin with two com- panions to the Upper Mississippi, by way of the mouth of the Illinois, on an expedition which resulted in the discovery of the Falls of St. Anthony, La Salle started on his return to Canada for additional assistance and the stores which he had failed to receive in consequence of the loss of the Griffon. Soon after his depar- ture, a majority of the men left with Tonty at Fort Creve-Coeur mutinied, and, having plundered the fort, partially destroyed it. This compelled Tont}' and five companions who had remained true, to retreat to the Indian village of the Illi- nois near "Starved Rock," between where the cities of Ottawa and La Salle now stand, where he spent the summer awaiting the return of La Salle. In September, Tonty's Indian allies hav- ing been attacked and defeated by the Iroquois, he and his companions were again compelled to flee, reaching Green Bay the next spring, after having spent the winter among the Pottawato- mies in the present State of Wisconsin. During the next three years (1681-83) La Salle made two other visits to Illinois, encountering and partially overcoming formidable obstacles at each end of the journey. At the last visit, in company with the faithful Tonty, whom he had met at Mackinaw in the spring of 1681, after a separation of more than a year, he extended his exploration to the mouth of the Mississippi, of which he took formal possession on April 9, 1683, in the name of "Louis the Grand, King of France and Navarre." This was the first expedition of white men to pass down the river and determine the problem of its discharge into the Gulf of Mexico. Returning to Mackinaw, and again to Illinois, in the fall of 1682, Tonty set about carrying into effect La Salle's scheme of fortifying ' 'The Rock, " to which reference has been made under the name of ' 'Starved Rock. ' ' The buildings are said to have included store-houses (it was intended as a trading post), dwellings and a block-house erected on the summit of the rock, and to which the name of "Fort St. Louis" was given, while a village of confederated Indian tribes gathered about its base on the south which bore the name of La Vantum. According to the historian, Parkman, the population of this colony, in the LA SAI,I,E. HKNRY DE TONTY. FT. DEARBORN FROM THE WEST, 1808. WAR EAGLE. CIIIEI'" ClllCAGOl'. FURT DEARBORN, 2D, IN 1S53, FROM THK SOUTHWEST. HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 247 days of its greatest prosperity, was not less than 20,000. Tonty retained his headquarters at Fort St. Louis for eighteeu years, during which he made extensive excursions throughout the West. The proprietorship of the fort was granted to him in 1G90, but, in 1702, it was ordered by the Governor of Canada to be discontinued on the plea 'that the charter had been violated. It con- tinued to be used as a trading post, however, as late as 1718, when it was raided by the Indians and burned. (See La Salle; Tonty; Hennepin, and Starved Rock. ) Other explorers who were the contemporaries or earlj- successors of Marquette, Joliet, La Salle, Tonty, Hennepin and their companions in the Northwest, and many of whom are known to have visited the "Illinois Country, " and probably all of whom did so, were Daniel Grej-solon du Lhut (called by La Salle, du Luth), a cousin of Tonty, who was the first to reach the Mississippi directly from Lake Superior, and from wliom the city of Duluth has been named ; Henry Joutel, a towns- man of La Salle, who was one of the survivors of the ill-fated Matagorda Bay colony; Pierre Le Sueur, the discoverer of the Minnesota River, and Baron la Hontan, who made a tour through Illinois in 1688-89, of which he published an account in 1703. Chicago River early became a prominent point in the estimation of the French explorers and was a favorite line of travel in reaching the Illi- nois by way of the Des Plaines, though probably sometimes confounded with other streams about the head of the lake. The Calumet and Grand Calumet, allowing easy portage to the Des Plaines, were also used, while the St. Joseph, from which portage was had into the Kankakee, seems to have been a part of the route first used by La Salle. Aborigines and Early Missions.— When the early French explorers arrived in the "Illinois Country" they found it occupied by a number of tribes of Indians, the most numerous being the "Illinois," which consisted of several families or bands that spread themsel vesover the country on both sides of the Illinois River, extending even west of the Mississippi ; the Piankeshaws on the east, extending beyond the present western boundary of Indiana, and the Miamis in the northeast, with whom a weaker tribe called the Weas were allied. The Illinois confederation included the Kaskaskias, Peorias, Cahokias, Tamaroas and Mitchiganiies — the last being the tribe from which Lake Jlichigan took its name. (See Illinois Indians. ) There seems to have been a general drift of some of the stronger tribes toward the south and ea.st about tliis time, as Allouez represents that he found the Miamis and their neighbors, the Mascoutins, about Green Bay when he arrived there in 1670, At the same time, tliere is evidence that the Pottawatomies were located along the southern sliore of Lake Superior and about the Sault Ste. Marie (now known as "Tlie Soo"), though within the next fifty years they had advanced southward along the western shore of Lake Michigan until they reached where Chicago now stands. Other tribes from the north were the Kickapoos, Sacs and Foxes, and Winnebagoes, while the Shawnees were a branch of a stronger tribe from the south- east Charlevoix, who wrote an account of liis visit to the "Illinois Country" in 1721, says: "Fifty years ago the Miamis were settled on the southern extremity of Lake Michigan, in a place called Chicago from the name of a small river which runs into the lake, the source of which is not far distant from that of the River Illinois." It does not follow necessarily that this was the Chicago River of to-day, as the name appears to have been applied somewhat indefinitely, by the early explorers, both to a region of country between the head of the lake and the Illinois River, and to more than one stream emptying into the lake in that vicinity. It has been con- jectured that the river meant by Charlevoix was the Calumet, as his description would apply as well to that as to the Chicago, and there is other evidence that the Miamis, who were found about the mouth of the St. Joseph River during the eighteenth century, occupied a portion of Southern Michigan and Northern Indiana, ex- tending as far east as the Scioto River in Ohio. From the first, the Illinois seem to have con- ceived a strong liking for the French, and being pressed by the Iroquois on the east, the Sacs and Foxes, Pottawatomies and Kickapoos on the north and the Sioux on the west, by the begin- ning of the eighteenth century we find them, much reduced in numbers, gathered about the French settlements near the mouth of the Kas- kaskia (or Okaw) River, in the western part of the present counties of Randolph, Monroe and St. Clair. In spite of the zealous efforts of the mis- sionaries, the contact of the.se tribes with the whites was attended with the usual results — demoralization, degradation and gradual extermi- nation. The latter result was hastened by the frequent attacks to which they were exposed from their more warlike enemies, so that by the latter part of the eighteenth century, they were 248 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. reduced to a few hvmdred dissolute and depraved survivors of a once vigorous and warlike race. During the early part of the French occupation, there arose a chief named Chicagou (from whom the city of Chicago received its name) who ap- pears, like Red Jacket, Tecumseh and Logan, to have been a man of unusual intelligence and vigor of character, and to have exercised great influence with his people. In 1725 he was sent to Paris, %vhere he received the attentions due to a foreign potentate, and, on his return, was given a command in an expedition against the Chicka- saws, who had been making incursions from the south. Such was the general distribution of the Indians in the northern and central portions of the State, within the first fifty years after the arrival of the French. At a later period the Kickapoos ad- vanced farther south and occupied a considerable share of the central portion of the State, and even extended to the mouth of the Wabash. The southern part was roamed over by bands from beyond the Ohio and the Mississippi, including the Cherokeesand Chickasaws, and the Arkansas tribes, some of whom were verj' powerful and ranged over a vast extent of country. The earliest civUized dwellings in Illinois, after the forts erected for purposes of defense, were undoubtedly the posts of the fur-traders and the missionary stations. Fort Miami, the first mili- tarj' post, established by La Salle in the winter of 1679-80, was at the mouth of the St. Joseph River within the boundaries of what is now the State of Slichigan. Fort Creve-Cceur, partially erected a few months later on the east side of the Illinois a few miles below where the city of Peoria now stands, was never occupied. Mr. Charles Ballance, the historian of Peoria, locates this fort at the present village of AVesley, in Tazewell County, nearly opposite Lower Peoria. Fort St. Louis, built by Tonty on the summit of "Starved Rock," in the fall and winter of 1682, was the second erected in the "Illinois Coiintry," but the first occupied. It has been claimed that Marquette established a mission among the Kas- kaskias, opposite "The Rock," on occasion of his first visit, in September, 1673, and that he re- newed it in the spring of 1675, when he visited it for the last time. It is doubtful if this mission was more than a season of preaching to the natives, celebrating mass, administering baptism, etc. ; at least the story of an established mission has been denied. That this devoted and zealous propagandist regarded it as a mission, however, is evident from his own journal. He gave to it the name of the "Mission of the Immaculate Conception,"' and, although he was compelled by failing health to abandon it almost immediately, it is claimed that it was renewed in 1677 by Father AUouez, who had been active in founding missions in the Lake Superior region, and that it was maintained until the arrival of La Salle in 1680. The hostility of La Salle to the Jesuits led to Allouez' withdrawal, but he subsequently returned and was succeeded in 1688 by Father Gravier, whose labors extended from Mackinaw to Biloxi on the Gulf of Mexico. There is evidence that a mission had been established among the Miamis as early as 1698, under the name "Chicago," as it is mentioned by St. Cosme in the report of his visit in 1699-1700. This, for the reasons already given showing the indefinite use made of the name Chicago as applied to streams about the head of Lake ilichi- gan, probably referred to some other locality in the vicinity, and not to the site of the present city of Chicago. Even at an earlier date there appears, from a statement in Tonty's Memoirs, to have been a fort at Chicago — probably about the same locality as the mission. Speaking of his return from Canada to the "Illinois Country" in 1685, he says: "I embarked for the Illinois Oct. 30, 1685, but being stopped by the ice, I was obliged to leave my canoe and proceed by land. After going 120 leagues. I arrived at Fort Chicagou, where M. de la Durantaye com- manded." According to the best authorities it was during the year 1700 that a mission and permanent settle- ment was established by Father Jacques Pinet among the Tamaroas at a village called Cahokia (or "Sainte Famille de Caoquias"), a few miles south of the present site of the city of East St. Louis. This was the first permanent settlement by Europeans in Illinois, as that at Kaskaskia on the Illinois was broken up the same year. A few months after the establishment of the mission at Cahokia (which received the name of "St. Sulpice"), but during the same year, the Kaskaskias, having abandoned their village on the upper Illinois, were induced to settle near the mouth of the river which bears their name, and the mission and village — the latter afterward becoming the first capital of the Territory and State of Illinois — came into being. This identity of names has led to some confusion in determin- ing the date and place of the first permanent settlement in Illinois, the date of Marquette's first arrival at Kaskaskia on the Illinois being given b}- some authors as that of the settlement I HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 2-49 at Kaskaskia on the Mississippi, twenty-seven years later. Period of French .Occupation.— As may be readily inferred from the methods of French colonization, the first permanent settlements gathered about the missions at Cahokia and Kas- kaskia, or rather were parts of them. At later periods, but during the French occupation of the country, other villages were established, the most important being St. Philip and Prairie du Rocher; all of these being located in the fertile valley now known as the "American Bottom," between the older towns of Cahokia and Kaskas- kia. There were several Indian villages in the vicinity of the French settlements, and this became, for a time, the most populous locality in the Mississippi Valley and the center of an active trade carried on with the settlements near the mouth of the Mississipj)i. Large quantities of the products of the country, such as flour, bacon, pork, tallow, lumber, lead, peltries, and even wine, were transported in keel-boats or batteaus to New Orleans; rice, manufactured tobacco, cotton goods and such other fabrics as the simple wants of the people required, being brought back in return. These boats went in convoys of seven to twelve in number for mutual protection, three months being required to make a trip, of which two were made annually — one in the spring and the other in the autumn. The French possessions in North America went under the general name of "New France, " but their boundaries were never clearly defined, though an attempt was made to do so through Commission- ers who met at Paris, in 17.52. They were under- stood by the French to include the valley of the St. Lawrence, with Labrador and Nova Scotia, to the northern boundaries of tlie British colonies; the region of the Great Lakes ; and the Valley of the Mississippi from the headwaters of the Ohio westward to the Pacific Ocean and south to the Gulf of Mexico. While these claims were con- tested by England on the east and Spain on the southwest, they comprehended the very heart of the North American continent, a region unsur- passed in fertility and natural resources and now the home of more than half of the entire population of the American Republic. That the French should have reluctantly yielded up so magnificent a domain is natural. And yet they did this by the treaty of 1763, sur- rendering the region east of the Mississippi (except a comparatively small di.strict near the mouth of that stream) to England, and the remainder to Spain — an evidence of the straits to %vhich they had been reduced by a long series of devastating wars. (See French and Indian Wars. ) In 1712 Antoine Crozat, under royal letters- patent, obtained from Louis XIV. of France a monopoly of the commerce, with control of the country, "from the edge of the sea (Gulf of Mexico) as far as the Illinois." This grant hav- ing been surrendered a few years later, was re- newed in 1717 to the "Company of the West," of which the celebrated John Law was the head, and under it jurisdiction was exercised over the trade of Illinois. On September 27 of the same year (1717), the "Illinois Country," which had been a dependency of Canada, was incorporated with Louisiana and became part of that province. Law's company received enlarged powers under the name of the "East Indies Company," and although it went out of existence in 1721 with the opprobrious title of the "South Sea Bubble," leaving in its wake hundreds of ruined private fortunes in France and England, it did much to stimulate the population and development of the Mississippi Valley. During its existence (in 1718) New Orleans was founded and Fort Chartres erected, being named after the Due de Chartres, son of the Regent of France. Pierre Duque Bois- briant was the first commandant of Illinois and superintended the erection of the fort. (See Fort Chartres.) One of the privileges granted to Law's com- pany was the importation of slaves; and under it, in 1721, Philip F. Renault brought to the country five hundred slaves, besides two hundred artisans, mechanics and laborers. Two years later he received a large grant of land, and founded the village of St. Philip, a few miles north of Fort Chartres. Thus Illinois became slave territory before a white settlement of any sort existed in what afterward became the slave State of Missouri. During 1721 the country under control of the East Indies Company was divided into nine civil and military districts, each presided over by a commandant and a judge, with a superior coun- cil at New Orleans. Of these, Illinois, the largest and, next to New Orleans, the most populous, was the seventh. It embraced over one-half the present State, with the country west of the Mis- ssisippi, between the Arkansas and the 43d degree of latitude, to the Rocky Mountains, and included the present States of Missouri, Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas and parts of Arkansas and Colorado. In 1732. the Indies Company surrendered its charter, and Louisiana, including the District of Illinois, 250 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. was afterwards governed by officers appointed directly by the crown. (See French Governors.) As early as September, 1699, an attempt was made by an expedition fitted out by the English Government, under command of Captains Barr and Clements, to take possession of the country about the mouth of the Mississippi on the ground of prior discover j-; but they found the French under Bienville already- in possession at Biloxi, and they sailed away without making any further effort to carry the scheme into effect. Jlean- while, in the early part of the next century, the English were successful in attaching to their interests the Iroquois, who were the deadly foes of the French, and held possession of Western New York and the region around the headwaters of the Ohio River, extending their incursions against the Indian allies of the French as far west as Illinois. The real struggle for territory be- tween the English and French began with the formation of the Ohio Land Company in 1748-49, and the grant to it by the English Government of half a million acres of land along the Ohio River, with the exclusive right of trading with the Indian tribes in that region. Out of this grew the establishment, in the next two years, of trading posts and forts on the Miami and JIaumee in Western Ohio, followed by the protracted French and Indian War, which was prosecuted with varied fortunes until the final defeat of the French at Quebec, on the thirteenth of Septem- ber, 1759, which broke their power on the Ameri- can continent. Among those who took part in this struggle, was a contingent from the French garrison of Fort Chartres. Neyon de Villiers, commandant of the fort, was one of these, being the only survivor of seven brothers who partici- pated in the defense of Canada. Still hopeful of saving Louisiana and Illinois, he departed with a few followers for New Orleans, but the treaty of Paris, Feb. 10, 1763, destroyed all hope, for by its terms Canada, and all other territory east of the Mississippi as far south as the northern boundary of Florida, was surrendered to Great Britain, while the remainder, including the vast territory between the Mississippi and the Rocky Mountains, was given up to Spain. Thus the "Illinois Country" fell into the hands of the British, although the actual transfer of Fort Chartres and the country dependent upon it did not take place until Oct. 10, 1765, when its veteran commandant, St. Ange — who had come from Vincennes to assume command on the retirement of Villiers, and who held it faithfully for the conqueror — surrendered it to Capt. Thomas Stirling as the representative of the Eng- lish Government. It is worthy of note that this was the last place on the North American con- tinent to lower the French flag. British Occup.^tion. — The delay of the British in taking possession of the "Illinois Country," after the defeat of the French at Quebec and the surrender of their possessions in America by the treaty of 1763, was due to its isolated position and the difficulty of reaching it with sufficient force to establish the British authority. The first attempt was made in the spring of 1764, when Maj. Arthur Loftus, starting from Pensa- cola, attempted to ascend the Mississippi with a force of four hundred regulars, but, being met by a superior Indian foi'ce, was compelled to retreat. In August of the same year, Capt Thomas Morris was dispatched from Western Pennsylvania with a small force "to take posses- sion of the Illinois Country." This expedition got as far as Fort Miami on the Maumee, when its progress was arrested, and its commander nar- rowly escaped death. The next attempt was made in 1765, wlien Maj. George Croghan, a Dep- uty Superintendent of Indian affairs whose name has been made historical by the celebrated speech of the Indian Chief Logan, was detailed from Fort Pitt, to visit Illinois. Croghan being detained, Lieut. Alexander Frazer, who was to accompany him, proceeded alone. Frazer reached Kaskas- kia, but met with so rough a reception from both the French and Indians, that he thought it advisable to leave in disguise, and escaped by descending the Mississippi to New Orleans. Croghan started on his journey on the fifteenth of May, proceeding down the Ohio, accompanied by a party of friendly Indians, but having been captured near the mouth of the Wabash, he finally returned to Detroit without reaching his destination. The first British official to reach Fort Chartres was Capt. Thomas Stirling. De- scending the Ohio with a force of one hundred men, he reached Fort Chartres, Oct. 10, 1705, and received the surrender of the fort from the faith- ful and courteous St. Ange. It is estimated that at least one-third of the French citizens, includ- ing the more wealthy, left rather than become British subjects. Those about Fort Chartres left almost in a body. Some joined the French colonies on the lower Mississippi, while others, crossing the river, settled in St. Genevieve, then in Spanish territory. Mucli the larger number followed St. Ange to St. Louis, which had been established as a trading post by Pierre La Clede, during the previous year, and which now received HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 251 what, in these later days, would be called a great "boom." Captain Stirling was relieved of his command at Fort Chartres, Dec. 4, by Maj. Robert Farmer. Other British Commandants at Fort Chartres were Col. Edward Cole, Col. John Reed, Colonel Wilkins, Capt. Hugh Lord and Francois de Ras- tel, Chevalier de Rocheblave. The last had been an officer in the French army, and, having resided at Kaskaskia. transferred his allegiance on occu- pation of the country by tlie British. He was the last official representative of the British Govern- ment in Illinois. The total population of the French villages in Illinois, at the time of their transfer to England, has been estimated at about 1.600, of which 700 were about Kaskaskia and 450 in the vicinity of Caliokia. Captain Pittman estimated the jjopu- lation of all the French villages in Illinois and on the Wabash, at the time of Ins visit in 1770, at about 3,000. Of St. Louis — or "Paincourt," as it was called — Captain Pittman said: "There are about forty private houses and as many families." Most of these, if not all, had emigrated from the French villages. In fact, although nominally in Spanish territory, it was essentially a French town, protected, as Pittman said, by "a French garrison" consisting of "a Captain-Commandant, two Lieutenants, a Fort Major, one Sergeant. one Corporal and twenty men." Action of Continental Congress. — The first official notice taken of the "Illinois Country" by the Continental Congress, was the adoption by that body, July 13, 1775, of an act creating three Indian Departments — a Northern, Middle and Southern. Illinois was assigned to the second, with Benjamin Franklin and James Wilson, of Pennsylvania, and Patrick Henry, of Virginia, as Commissioners. In April, 1776, Col. George Morgan, who had been a trader at Kaskaskia, was appointed agent and successor to these Commis- sioners, with headquarters at Fort Pitt. The promulgation of the Declaration of Independence, on the Fourth of July, 1776, and the events im- mediately preceding and following that event, directed attention to the colonies on the Atlantic coast; yet the frontiersmen of Virginia were watching an opportunity to deliver a blow to the Government of King George in a quarter where it was least expected, and where it was destined to have an immense influence upon the future of the new nation, as well as that of the American continent. Col. George Rogers Clark's Expedition. — During the year 1777, Col. George Rogers Clark, a native of Virginia, then scarcely twenty-five years of age, having conceived a plan of seizing tlie settlements in tlie Mississippi Valley, sent trusty spies to learn the sentiments of the people and the condition of affairs at Kaskaskia. The report brought to him gave him encouragement, and, in December of the same year, he laid before Gov. Patrick Henrj-, of Virginia, his plans for the reduction of the posts in Illinois. These were approved, and, on Jan. 3, 1778, Clark received authority to recruit seven companies of fifty men each for three months' service, and Governor Ilanry gave him §6,000 for expenses. Proceeding to Fort Pitt, he succeeded in recruiting three companies, who were directed to rendezvous at Corn Island, opposite the present city of Louis- ville. It has been claimed that, in order to deceive the British as to his real destination, Clark authorized the announcement that the object of the expedition was to protect the .settle- ments in Kentucky from the Indians. At Corn Island another company was organized, making four in all, under the command of Captains Bow- man, Jlontgomery, Helm and Harrod, and having embarked on keel-boats, they passed the Falls of the Ohio, June 34. Reaching tlie Island at the moutli of the Tennessee on the 88th. lie was met by a party of eight American hunters, who had left Kaskaskia a few days before, and who, join- ing his command, rendered good service as guides. He disembarked his force at the mouth of a small creek one mile above Fort Massac, June 29, and, directing his course across the country, on the evening of the sixth day (July 4, 1778) arrived within three miles of Kaskaskia. The surprise of the unsuspecting citizens of Kas- kaskia and its small garrison was complete. His force having, under cover of darkness, been fen'ied across the Kaskaskia River, about a mile above the town, one detachment surrounded the town, while the other seized the fort, capturing Rocheblave and his little command without fir- ing a gun. The famous Indian fighter and hunter, Simon Kenton, led the way to the fort. This is supposed to have been what Cajitain Pitt- man called the "Jesuits' house," which had been sold bj' the French Government after the country was ceded to England, the Jesuit order having been suppressed. A wooden fort, erected in 1736, and known afterward by the British as Fort Gage, had stood on the bluff opposite the town, but, according to Pittman, this was burnt in 1766, and there is no evidence that it was ever rebuilt. Clark's expedition was thus far a complete suc- cess. Rocheblave, proving recalcitrant, was 252 HISTOlilCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. placed in irons and sent as a prisoner of war to Williamsburg, while his slaves were confiscated, the proceeds of their sale being divided among Clark's troops. The inhabitants were easily conciliated, and Cahokia having been captured without bloodshed, Clark turned his attention to Vincennes. Through the influence of Pierre Gibault — the Vicar-General in charge at Kaskas- kia — the people of V'incennes were induced to swear allegiance to the United States, and, although the place was afterward captured by a British force from Detroit, it was, on Feb. 34, 1779, recaptured by Colonel Clark, together with a body of prisoners but little smaller than the attacking force, and S,'jO,000 worth of prop- erty. (See Clark, Col. George Rogers.) Under Government of Virginia. — Seldom in the history of the world have such important results been achieved by such insignificant instru- mentalities and with so little sacrifice of life, as in this almost bloodless campaign of the youthful conqueror of Illinois. Having been won largely through Virginia enterprise and valor and by material aid furnished through Governor Henry, the Virginia House of Delegates, in October, 1778, proceeded to assert the jurisdiction of that commonwealth over the settlements of the North- west, by organizing all the country west and north of the Ohio River into a count}' to be called "Illinois," (see Illinois County), and empowering the Governor to appoint a "County-Lieutenant or Commandant-in-Chief to exercise civil author- ity during the pleasure of the appointing power. Thus "Illinois County" was older than the States of Ohio or Indiana, while Patrick Henry, the elo- quent orator of the Revolution, became ex-officio its first Governor. Col. John Todd, a citizen of Kentucky, was appointed "County-Lieutenant," Dec. 12, 1778, entering upon his duties in May following. The militia was organized. Deputy -Commandants for Kaskaskia and Cahokia appointed, and the first election of civil oflicers ever had in Illinois, was held under Colonel Todd's direction. His record-book, now in posses- sion of the Chicago Historical Society, shows that he was accustomed to exercise powers scarcely inferior to those of a State Executive. (See Todd, Col. John.) In 1783 one "Thimothe Demunbrunt" suli- scribed himself as "Lt. comd'g jiar interim, etc." — but tlie origin of his authority is not clearly understood. He assumed to act as Commandant until the arrival of Gov. Arthur St. Clair, first Territorial Governor of the Northwest Territory, in 1790. After the close of the Revolution, courts ceased to be held and civil affairs fell into great disorder. "In effect, there was neither law nor order in the 'Illinois Country' for the seven years from 1783 to 1790." During the progress of the Revolution, there were the usual rumors and alarms in the "Illinois Country" peculiar to frontier life in time of war. The country, however, was singularly exempt from any serious calamity such as a general massacre. One reason for this was the friendly relations which had existed between the French and their Indian neighbors previous to the con- quest, and which the new masters, after the cap- ture of Kaskaskia, took pains to perpetuate. Several movements were projected by the British and their Indian allies about Detroit and in Can- ada, but they were kept so busy elsewhere that they had little time to put their plans into execu- tion. One of these was a proposed movement from Pensacola against the Spanish posts on the lower Mississippi, to punish Spain for having engaged in the war of 1779, but the promptness with which the Spanish Governor of New Orleans proceeded to capture Fort Manchac, Baton Rouge and Natchez from their British possessors, con- vinced the latter that this was a "game at which two could play." In ignorance of these results, an expedition, 730 strong, composed largely of Indians, fitted out at Mackinaw under command of Capt. Patrick St. Clair, started in the early part of May, 1780, to co-operate with the expedition on the lower Mississippi, but intending to deal a destructive Ijlow to the Illinois villages and the Spanish towns of St. Louis and St. Genevieve on the way. This expedition reached St. Louis, May 26, but Col, George Rogers Clark, having arrived at Cahokia with a small force twenty-four liours earlier, ])repared to co-operate with the Spaniards on the western shore of the Mississippi, and tlie invading force confined their depredations to kill- ing seven or eight villagers, and then beat a hasty retreat in the direction thej' had come. These were the last expeditions organized to regain the "Country of the Illinois" or capture Spanish posts on the Mississippi. Expeditions Afi.\ixsT Fort St. Joseph. — An expedition of a different sort is worthy of mention in this connection, as it originated in Illinois. This consisted of a company of seventeen men, led by one Thomas Brady, a citizen of Cahokia, who, marching across the country, in the month of October, 1780, after the retreat of Sinclair, from St. Louis, succeeded in surprising and cap- turing Fort St. Joseph about where La Salle had erected Fort Miami, near the mouth of the St. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 253 Joseph River, a hundred years before. Brady and his party captured a few British prisoners, and a large quantity of goods. On their return, •nliile encamped on the Calumet, they were attacked by a band of Pottawatomies. and all were killed, wounded or taken prisoners except Brady and two others, who escaped. Early in January, 1781, a party consisting of sixty-five whites, organized from St. Louis and Cahokia, with some 200 Indian.s, and headed by Don Eugenio Poui're, a Spaniard, started on a second expedition against Fort St. Joseph. By silencing the Indians, whom they met on their wa}', with promises of plunder, they were able to reach the fort without discovery, captured it and, raising the Spanish flag, formally took possession in the name of the King of Spain. After retaining pos- session for a few da}-s, the party returned to St. Louis, but in negotiating the treaty of peace at Paris, in 1783, this incident was made the basis of a claim put forth by Spain to ownership of the "Illinois Country" "by right of conquest." The Territorial Period. — At the very outset of its existence, the new Government of the United States was confronted with an embarrass- ing question which deeply affected the interests of the territory of which Illinois formed a part. This was the claim of certain States to lands lying between their western boundaries and the Mississippi River, then the western boundary of the Republic. These claims were based either upon the terms of their original charters or upon the cession of lands by the Indians, and it was under a claim of the former character, as well as by right of conquest, that Virginia assumed to ex- ercise authority over the "Illinois Country" after its capture by the Clark expedition. This con- struction was opposed by the States which, from their geographical position or other cause, had no claim to lands beyond their own boundaries, and the controversy was waged with considerable bitterness for several years, proving a formidable obstacle to the ratification of the Articles of Con- federation. As early as 1779 the subject received the attention of Congress in the adoption of a resolution requesting the States having such claims to "forbear settling or issuing warrants for unappropriated lands or granting the same during the continuance of the present (Revolu- tionary) War." In the following j'ear, New York authorized her Delegates in Congress to limit its boundaries in such manner as they might think expedient, and to cede to the Government its claim to western lands. The case was further com- plicated by the claims of certain land companies which had been previously organized. New York filed her cession to the General Government of lands claimed by her in October, 1782, followed by Virginia nearly a year later, and by Massa- chusetts and Connecticut in 1785 and 1786. Other States followed somewhat tardily, Georgia being the last, in 1802. The only claims of this charac- ter affecting lands in Illinois were those of Vir- ginia covering the southern part of the State, and Connecticut and Massachusetts applying to the northern portion. It was from the splendid domain north and west of the Ohio thus acquired from Virginia and other States, that the North- west Territory was finally organized. Ordinance of 1787. — The first step was taken in the passage by Congress, in 1784, of a resolution providing for the temporary government of the Western Territory, and this was followed three years later by the enactment of the celebrated Ordinance of 1787. While this latter document contained numerous provisions which marked a new departure in the science of free government — as, for instance, that declaring that "religion, morality and knowledge being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged" — its crowning feature was the sixth article, as follows: "There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in the said Territory, otherwise than in the punishment of crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted." Although there has been considerable contro- versy as to the authorship of the above and other provisions of this immortal document, it is worthy of note that substantiall_v the same lan- guage was introduced in the resolutions of 1784, by a Delegate from a slave State — Thomas Jeffer- son, of Virginia —though not, at that time, adopted. Jefferson was not a member of the Congress of 1787 (being then Minister to France), and could have had nothing directly to do v.-ith the later Ordinance; yet it is evident that the principle which he had advocated finally received the approval of eight out of the thirteen States, — all that were represented in that Congress — includ- ing the slave States of Virginia. Delaware, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia. (See Ordinance of 17S7.) Northwest Territory Organized. — Under the Ordinance of 1787, organizing the Northwest Territory, Gen. Arthur St. Clair, who had been a soldier of the Revolution, was appointed the first Governor on Feb. 1, 1788, with AVinthrop Sargent, Secretary, and Samuel Holden Parsons, 254 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. James Mitchell Varnum and John Cleves Symmes, Judges. All these were reappointed by President Washington in 1789. The new Terri- torial Government was organized at Marietta, a settlement on the Ohio. July 1.5, 1788, but it was nearly two years later before Governor St. Clair visited Illinois, arriving at Kaskaskia, Slarch 5, 1790. The County of St. Clair (named after him) . was organized at this time, embracing all the settlements between the Wabash and the Missis- sippi. (See St. Clair County.) He found the inhabitants generally in a deplorable condition, neglected by the Government, the courts of jus- tice practically abolished and many of the citizens sadly in need of the obligations due them from the Government for supplies furnished to Colonel Clark twelve years before. After a stay of three months, the Governor returned east. In 1795, Judge Turner held the first court in St. Clair County, at Cahokia, as the county-seat, although both Cahokia and Kaskaskia had been named as county-seats by Governor St. Clair. Out of the disposition of the local authorities to retain the official records at Cahokia, and consequent dis- agreement over the county-seat question, at least in part, grew the order of 1795 organizing the second county (Randolph), and Kaskaskia became its county-seat. In 1796 Governor St. Clair paid a second visit to Illinois, accompanied by Judge Symmes, who held court at both county-seats. On Nov. 4, 1791, occurred the defeat of Gov- ernor St. Clair, in the western part of the present State of Ohio, by a force of Indians under com- mand of Little Turtle, in which the whites sus- tained a heavy loss of both men and property — an event which had an unfavorable effect upon conditions throughout the Northwest Territory generally. St. Clair, having resigned his com- mand of the army, was succeeded by Gen. Anthony Wayne, who, in a vigorous campaign, overwhelmed the Indians with defeat. This resulted in the treaty with the Western tribes at Greenville, August 3, 1795, which was tlie begin- ning of a period of comparative peace with the Indians all over the Western Country. (See Waijne, (Gen.) Anthony.) First Territorial Legislation.— In 1798, the Territory having gained the requisite population, an election of members of a Legislative Council and House of Representatives was held in accord- ance with the provisions of the Ordinance of 1787. This was the first Territorial Legislature organized in the history of the Republic. It met at Cincin- nati, Feb. 4, 1799, Shadrach Bond being the Delegate from St. Clair County and John Edgar from Ri^ndolph. Gen. William Henry HarrLson, who had succeeded Sargent as Secretarj' of the Territorj-, June 20, 1798, was elected Delegate to Congress, receiving a majority of one vote over Arthur St. Clair. Jr., son of the Governor. Ohio and Indiana Territories. — By act of Congress. May 7, 1800, the Northwest Territory was divided into Ohio and Indiana Territories; the latter embracing the region west of the pres- ent State of Ohio, and having its capital at "Saint Vincent" (Vincennes). May 13, William Henry Harrison, who had been the first Delegate in Con- gress from the Northwest Territory, was ap- pointed Governor of Indiana Territory, which at first consisted of three counties : Knox, St. Clair and Randolph — the two latter being within the boundaries of the present State of Illinois. Their aggregate population at this time was estimated at less than 5,000. During his administration Governor Harrison concluded thirteen treaties with the Indians, of which six related to the ces- sion of lands in Illinois. The first treaty relating to lands in Illinois was that of Greenville, con- cluded by General Wayne in 1795. By this the Government acquired six miles square at the mouth of the Chicago River; twelve miles square at the mouth of the Illinois ; six miles square at the old Peoria fort ; the post of Fort Massac ; and 150,000 acres assigned to General Clark and his soldiers, besides all other lands "in possession of the French people and all other wliite settlers among them, the Indian title to which had been thus extinguished." (See Indian Treaties; also, Greenville, Treaty of .) During the year 1803, the treaty with France for the purchase of Louisiana and West Florida was concluded, and on March 26, 1804, an act was passed by Congress attaching all that portion of Louisiana lying north of the thirty-third parallel of latitude and west of the Mississippi to Indiana Territory for governmental purposes. This in- cluded the present States of Arkansas, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, Minnesota, the two Dakotas and parts of Colorado, Wyoming and Jlon- tana. Tliis arrangement continued only until the following March, when Louisiana was placed under a separate Territorial organization. P'or four years Indiana Territory was governed under laws framed by the Governor and Judges, but. the population having increased to the re- quired number, an election was held. Sept. 11, 1804. on tlie proposition to advance tlie gov- ernment to the "second grade" by the election of a Territorial Legislature. The smallness of the vote indicated the indifference of the people on I UISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 255 the subject Out of 400 votes cast, the proposition received a majority of 138. Tlie two Illinois couuties cast a total of 1-1'2 votes, of which St. Clair furnished 81 and Randolph (il. The former gave a majority of 37 agaiust the measure and the latter 19 in its favor, showing a net negative majority of 18. The adoption of the proposition was due, therefore, to the affirmative vote in the other counties. There were in the Territory at this time six counties; one of these (Wayne) was in Michigan, which was set off, in 1805, as a sep- arate Territorj'. At the election of Delegates to a Territorial Legislature, held Jan. 3, 180.5, Shad- rach Bond, Sr., and AVilliam Biggs were elected for St. Clair County and George Fisher for Ran- dolph. Bond having meanwhile become a mem- ber of the Legislative Council, Shadrach Bond, Jr.. was chosen his successor. The Legislature convened at Vincennes, Feb. 7, 1805, but only to recommend a list of persons from whom it was the duty of Congress to select a Legislative Council. In addition to Bond, Pierre Menard was chosen for Randolph and John Hay for St. Clair. Illinois Territory Organized.— Tlie Illinois counties were represented in two regular and one special session of the Territorial Legislature dur- ing the time they were a part of Indiana Terri- tory. By act of Congress, which became a law Feb. 3, 1809, the Territory was divided, the west- ern part being named Illinois. At this point the history of Illinois, as a sepa- rate political division, begins. While its bounda- ries in all other directions were as now, on the north it extended to the Canada line. From what has already been said, it appears that the earliest white settlements were established by French Canadians, chiefly at Kaskaskia, Cahokia and the other villages in the southern part of the American Bottom. At the time of Clark's in- vasion, there were not known to have been more than two Americans among these people, except such hunters and trappers as paid them occasional visits. One of the earliest American settlers in Southern Illinois was Capt. Nathan Hull, who came from Massachusetts and settled at an early day on the Ohio, near where Golconda now stands, afterward removing to the vicinity of Kaskaskia, where he died in 180G. In 1781, a company of immigrants, consisting (with one or two exceptions) of members of Clark's command in 1778, arrived with their families from Mary- land and Virginia and established themselves on the American Bottom. The "New Design" set- tlement, on the boundary line between St. Clair and Monroe Counties, and the first distinctively American colony in the "Illinois Country," was established by this party. Some of its members afterward became iirominent in the history of the Territory and the State. William Biggs, a mem- ber of the first Territorial Legislature, with others, settled in or near Kaskaskia about 1783, and William Arundel, the first American mer- chant at Cahokia, came there from Peoria during the same year. Gen. John Edgar, for many years a leading citizen and merchant at the capital, arrived at Kaskaskia in 1784, and William Mor- rison, Kaskaskia's principal merchant, came from Philadelphia as early as 1790, followed some years afterward by several brothers. James Lemen came before the beginning of the present cen- tury, and was the founder of a large and influ- ential family in the vicinity of Shiloh, St. Clair County, and Rev. David Badgley headed a colony of 154 from 'Virginia, ' who arrived in 1797. Among other prominent arrivals of this period were John Rice Jones, Pierre Menard (first Lieutenant-Governor of the State). Shadrach Bond, Jr. (first Governor), John Hay, John Messinger, William Kinney, Capt. Joseph Ogle; and of a later date, Nathaniel Pope (afterward Secretary of the Territory, Delegate to Congress, Justice of the United States Court and father of the late Maj.-Gen. John Pope). Elias Kent Kane (first Secretary of State and afterward United States Senator), Daniel P. Cook (first Attorney- General and second Representative in Congress), George Forquer (at onetime Secretary of State), and Dr. George Fisher— all prominent in Terri- torial or State history. (See biographical sketches of these early settlers under their re- spective names.) The government of the new Territor.v was organized by the appointment of Ninian Ed- %vards, Governor; Nathaniel Pope, Secretary, and Alexander Stuart, Obadiah Jones and Jesse B. Thomas, Territorial Judges. (See Edwards, Ninian.) Stuart having been transferred to Missouri, Stanley Griswold was appointed in his stead. Governor Edwards arrived at Kas- kaskia, the capital, in June, 1809. At tliat time the two counties of St. Clair and Randolph comprised the settled portion of the Territory, with a white population estimated at about 9,000. The Governor and Judges immediatelj- proceeded to formulate a code of laws, and tlie appoint- ments made by Secretary Pope, who had i)receded the Governor in his arrival in the Territory, were confirmed. Benjamin H. Doyle was the first Attorney-General, but he resigned in a few 256 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. months, when the place was offered to John J. Crittenden — the well-known United States Sen- ator from Kentucky at the beginning of the Civil War — but by him declined. Thomas T. Crittenden was then appointed. An incident of the year 1811 was the battle of Tippecanoe, resulting in the defeat of Tecumseh, the great chief of the Shawnees, bj' Gen. William Henry Harrison. Four companies of mounted rangers were raised in Illinois this year imder direction of Col. William Russell, of Kentucky, who built Camp Russell near Edwardsville the following year. They were commanded by Cap- tains Samuel Whiteside, William B. Whiteside, James B. Jloore and Jacob Short. The memo- raljle eartliquake which had its center about New Madrid, Mo., occurred in December of this year, and was quite violent in some portions of Southern Illinois. (See Earthquake of ISll. ) War op 1812. — During the following year the second war with England began, but no serious outbreak occurred in Illinois until August, 1812, when the massacre at Fort Dearborn, where Chicago now stands, took place. This had long been a favorite trading post of the Indians, at first under French occupation and afterward under the Americans. Sometime during 1803-04, a fort had been built near the mouth of Chicago River on the south side, on land acquired from the Indians by the treaty of Greenville in 179.5. (See Fort Dearborn.) In the spring of 1812 some alarm had been caused by outrages committed by Indians in the vicinity, and in the early part of August, Capt. Nathan Heald. commanding the garrison of less than seventy-five men, received instructions from General Hull, in command at Detroit, to evacuate the fort, disposing of the public property as he might see fit. Friendlj- Indians advised Heald either to make prepara- tions for a vigorous defense, or evacuate at once. Instead of this, he notified the Indians of his in- tention to retire and divide the stores among them, with the conditions subsequently agreed upon in council, that his garrison should be afforded an escort and safe passage to Fort Wayne. On the 14th of August he proceeded to distribute the bulk of the goods as promised, but the ammunition, guns and liquors were de- stroyed. This he justified on the ground that a bad use would be made of them, while the Indians construed it as a violation of the agree- ment. The tragedy which followed, is thus de- scribed in Mo.ses' "History of Illinois;" "Black Partridge, a Pottawatomie Chief, who had been on terms of friendship with the whites. appeared before Captain Heald and informed him plainly that his young men intended to imbrue their hands in the blood of the whites; that he was no longer able to restrain them, and, surrendering a medal he had worn in token of amitj', closed by saying: "I will not wear a token of peace while I am compelled to act as an enemy.' In the meantime the Indians were riot- ing upon the provisions, and becoming so aggres- sive in tlieir bearing that it was resolved to march out the next day. The fatal fifteenth arrived. To each soldier was distributed twentj'-five rounds of reserved ammunition. The baggage and ambulance wagons were laden, and the gar- rison slowly wended its way outside the protect- ing walls of the fort — the Indian escort of 300 following in the rear. What ne.\t occurred in this disastrous movement is narrated by Captain Heald in his report, as follows; 'The situation of the country' rendered it necessary for us to take the l)each, with the lake on our left, and a high sand bank on our right at about three bundled j-ards distance. We had proceeded about a mile and a half, when it was discovered (by Captain Wells) that the Indians were prepared to attack us from behind the bank. I immediately marched up with the company to the top of the bank, when the action commenced; after firing one round, we charged, and the Indians gave way in front and joined those on our flanks. In about fif- teen minutes they got possession of all our horses, provisions and baggage of every description, and finding the Miamis (who had come from Fort Wayne with Captain AVells to act as an escort) did not assist us, I drew off the few men I had left and took possession of a small elevation in the open prairie out of shot of the bank, or any other cover. The Indians did not follow me liut assembled in a body on top of the bank, and after some consultation among themselves, made signs for me to a]>proach them. I advanced toward them alone, and was met by one of the Potta- watomie chiefs called Black Bird, with an inter- preter. After shaking hands, he requested ni.e to surrender, promising to spare the lives of all the prisoners. On a few moments' consideration I concluded it would be most prudent to com])ly with this request, although 1 did not put entire confidence in his pi-omise. The troops had made a brave defense, but what coidd so small a force do against such overu-lielming numbers? It was evident witli over half their number dead upon the field, or wounded, further resistance would be hopeless. Twenty-six regulars and twelve militia, with two women anil twelve children, were killed. Among the slain were Captain Wells, Dr. Van Voorhis and Ensign George Ronan. (Cajrtain Wells, wlien young, had been captured by Indians and had married among them.) He (Wells) was familiar with all the wiles, stratagems, as well as the vindictivene.ss of the Indian cluu-acter, and when the conflict began, he .said to his niece (Mrs. Heald), by whose side he was standing, ■\Ve have not the slightest chance for life; we m\ist part to meet no more in this world. God liless you." With these words he dashed forwanl into the thickest of the fight. He refused to he taken prisoner, knowing what his fate would he, when a young HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 257 red-skin out liim down with his tomahawk, jumiied uiiou his body, cut out his heart and ate a portion of it with siivage delight. "The prisoners taken were Captain Heald and wife, both wounded. Lieutenant Hehn, also wounded, anil wife, with twentj-five non-coin- missioued officers and privates, and eleven women and children. The loss of the Indians was fifteen killed. Mr. Kinzie's family had been entrusted to tlie care of some friendly Indians and were not with the retiring garrison. The Indians engaged in this outrage were principally Pottawatomies, with a few Chippewas. Otta\\'as, Winnebagoes, and Kickapoos. Fort Dearborn was jjluudered and burned on the next morning." (See Fort Dearborn: also ]Var of ISIH.) Thus ended the most bloody tragedy that ever occurred on the soil of Illinois with Americans as victims. The place where this affair occurred, as described by Captain Heald, was on the lake shore about the foot of Eighteenth Street in the present city of Chicago. After the destruction of the fort, the site of the present city of Chicago remained unoccupie1 Rock Island 19,498 Evaustou 19,269 Name. Population. Galesburg 18.607 Belleville Mollne Danville .... 17.481 .... 17^:48 16.354 Alton 14 210 .... 14.079 13,595 Freeport 13 258 12,566 Ottawa La Salle.. .... 10.588 .... 10,446 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 285 INDEX. This index rolatesexclualvely to matter embrarprt in the article under the title "Illinois." Subjects of general State history will be fouud treated at length, under topical heads, in the body of the Encyclopedia. Admission of Illiiioia aa a State. 25S. Altt;eld, John P., administration as Gov- ernor. 27y-»U; defeated for re-election, llsl. Anderson. Stinson H,.2ti4. Anti-NebraaUa Editorial Convention. '.iafi. Anti-slavery contest of ls'.:2-24; defeat of a convention scheme. 2ri0. Baker, Col. E. D.. 2ti;t; orator at laying the corner-stone of State capitnl, •2,M. Bateman, Newton, State Superintendent of Public Instruction, 270.-74,275. Beveridge, John 1,., Congressman and Limitenant-Hovernor; becomes Governor by resignation of Governor Oglesby,276. Birkhpck, Morris, 2f)0. Bissell, William H., Colonel in Mexican War. 265; (Governor, 2tiy; death, 27U. Black Hawk War. 262. Blodgptt, Hetiry W., Free Soil member of the Legislature. 263. Bloorningtun Convention (18561,269. Boi.shrlant. tlrst French Commandant, 249. Bond, iShadrach, 265; Delegate in Congress, 257; first Governor, 258. Breese. Sidney, 259. Browne. Thomas C. 260. Browning, OrvUle H., in Bloomington Convention, 2ti9; U. 8. Senator. 27-1. Cahokia, tirst French settlement at, 252, Camp Douglas conspiracy, 273. Canal .Scrip Fi ami, 270. Carlin, Tlionias. elected Goverr.or, 263. Casey, Zadoc, elected to Congress; re- signs the Lieutenant-Oovernorship, 262. Charlevoix visits Illinois, 247 Chicago and Calumet Rivers, importance of in estimation of early explorers, 247. Chicago election frauds, 278. Chicago, fire of 1871,2:6. Chicagou, Indian Chief for whom Chicago was named. 248. Clark, Col. George Rogers, expedition to Illinois; capture of Kaskaskia. 251. Coles, Edward, emancipates his slaves; candidate for Guvenmr, 2.59; his election, 26D; persecuted by his enemies. 2til. Constitutional Cnnvflntion of 1S18, 258. Constitutional Conventiunof 1847,266. Constitutional Convention of 18G2, 272. Constitutional ('onventionof 1870.275. Cook, Daniel P., 255; Attorney-General, 2.38; elei-ted to Congress. 260-61. Craig. Capt. Thoma.s. expedition against Indians at Peoria. 257. Cullom. Shelby M., Speaker of General As- sembly, 27ii; elected Governor, 276; fea- tures of bis aiiministratlou; re-elected, 277; ele'-tHd to U. S. Senate. 278. Davis. David, United States Senator, 277. Douglas, Stephen A.. 26:i; Justice Supreme Court, 264, U.S. Senator, 266; debates with Lincoln. 268-70; re-elected U. S. Sen- ator. 270; death, 272. Duncan, Jnsepn. Governor; character of his administration, 262-03. Early towns. 258. Earthquake of 1811.256. Edwards. Ninlan, Governor Illinois Terri- tory, 255. elected U. s. Senator. 259; elected Governor; administration auU death, 261. Ewing, William L. D.. becomes acting Governor; orcuparit of many otHces, 262. Explorers, earl v French, 244-6. Farwell, Charles B.,279. Field- McClernand contest. 264. Fifer. Joseph W., elected Governor. 279, Fisher, Dr. George. Speaker of Territorial Hitusefif Ri'prHsentatives, 2.J7. Ford, Tlnmia.s, Governor; embarrassing qnijaiiinis of his administration, 264. Fort Chartres, surrendered to British, 260. Fort lii-arborn mu-ssacre, 256-57. FortOage biirni'd, 251. Fort Massac, starting point on the Ohio of Clark's expedition, 251. Fort St. Louts, 240; raided and burned by ' Indians, 247. Franklin, Benjamin, Indian Conamissloner for Illinois In 1776.251. French, Augustus C. Governor, 265-7. French and Indian War, 250. French occuDaflon: settlement about Kas- kH.skia and Cuhokia, 249. French villages, population of in 1765,251. Gibault. Pierre. 2.i2. Grant, Ulysses S.. arrival at Springfield; Colonel of Twenty-tirst Illinois Volun- teers. 271 : elected President . 275. Gre.sham, Walter Q,, supporteil by Illinois Republicans for the Presidency, 279. Hamilton, John M.. Lieutenant-Governor, 277; succeeds Gov. Cullom,278. Hansen-Shaw contest, 260. Hardin, John J.. 263; elected to Congress, 264; killed at Buena Vista, 265. Harrison. William Henry, first Governor of Indiana Territory, 254. Henry, Patrick, Indian Commissioner for Illinois Country; assists in planning Clark's expedition. 251; ex-ufflcio Gov- ernor of territory northwest of the Ohio Ri ver Illinois, its rank in order of admission into the Union, area and populatioji, 241; In- dian origin of the name: boundaries and area; geographical location; navigable eiream-s, 242; topography, fauna and flora, 243; soil and climate. 243-44; con- test for occupation, 244: part of Louisi- ana ill 1721. 249; surrendered to the British in 1765, 251; under government of Virginia. 252; part of Indiana Territory, 254; Territorial Government organized; Ninian Edwards appointed Governor, 255; admitted as a State, 258 Illinois it Michigan Canal, 261. Illinois Central Railroad. 267-68. ■Illinois Country," boundaries defined by Captain Pittman, 241; Patrick Heury, first American Governor. 252. Illinois County organized by Virginia Hou.se of Delegates. 252. Illinois Territory organized; first Territo- rial officers. 255. Indiana Territory organized. 254; first Territorial Legislature elected, 255. Indian tribes; location in Illinois. 247. Internal improvement scheme, 263. Joliet, Louis, accompanied by Marquette, visits Illinois in 1073.245. Kane. Elias Kent, 258. Kansas-Nebraska contest, 268. Kaskaskia Indians remove from Upper Illinois to mouth of Kaskaskia, 248. Kenton, Simon, guide for Clark's expedi- tion against Kaskaskia, 251, Labor disturbances, 270,280,283. La Fayette, visit of, to Kaskaskia, 261. La Salle, expedition to Illinois in 1679-80, 245; builds Fort Miami, near mouth of St. Joseph; disaster of Fort Creve-CVeur; erection of Fort St. Louis, 2-Ki. Lincoln, Abraham, Representative In the General Assembly. 263; elected to Con- gress, 266; unsuccessful candidate for the United States Senate; member of Bloomington Convention of 1.^56; " House divided-against-itself " speech, 269; elected President, 270: departure for Washington, 271; elected for a Recond term, 273; a-ssassination and funeral, 274. Lincoln- Douglas debates. 270. Lockwood, Samuel D., Attorney-General; Secretary of State: opponent of pro- slavery convention scheme. 260. Logan. Gen. John A., prominent Union soldier. 272; Congres3raan-at-large.274-76; elected United States Senator. 276; Re- publican nominee for Vice-President; tliird election as Senator, 278. "Long Nlne,"263. Louismria united with Illinois. 254, Lovejcty. Elijali P., murdere*! at Alton. 203. Macalister andStebbins bonds. 270. Marquette. Father Jacques isee Joliet i ; his mission among the Kiuskaskias. 248. Mason, William E.. U. S, Senator, 2«2. McLean, John, Speaker; first Representa- tive in Congress: U.S Senator; death. 2ti5. Menard. Pierre, 2.55; President of Terri- torial Counril, 257; elected Lieutenant- Governor. 258; anecdote of, 259. Mexican War. 265. Morgan. Col. George, Indian Agent at Kas- ksi-skia in 1776, 2-31. M'jrmon War, 264-65. New Design Settlement, 255. New l''raiice,244. 249. Nicolef. Jean, French explorer, 244-5- Northwest Territory organized: Gen. Ar- thur St. Clair appfiinted Governor, 253; first Territorial Legislature; separated into Territories of tJhio and Indiana. 254. Oglesby, Richard J., soldier in Civil War, 271; elected Governor, 274; second elec- tion; chosen U. S. Senator, 276; third election to governorship, 278. Ordinance of 1787.253. " Paincourt " (early name for St Louis) settled by French from Illinois, 251. Palmer, John M., member of Peace Con- ference of 1861, 271; elected Governor; prominent events of his administration, -75; unsuccessfnl Democratic candidate for Governor; elected U. 8. Senator, 27U; candidate for President. 282. Peace Conference of 1861.271. Peace conventions of 1863, 273. Perrot. Nicliolas. explorer, 245. Pittman, Capt. Philip, defines the bounda- ries of the "Illinois Country," 241. Pope, Nathaniel, Secretary of IllinoisTer- ritory, 255; Delegate in Congress: serv- ice in fixing northern boundary, 258. Prairies, origin of, 243. Randolph County organized. 254. Renault, Philip F,. first importer of Afri- can slaves to Illinois. 249, Republican State Convention of 1850.269. Reynolds. John, elected Governor: resigns to take seat in Congress, 262; Speaker of Illinois House of Representatives, 268. Richardson, William A., candidate for Governor, 270; U.S. Senator. 272. Rocbeblave, Chevalier de, last British Commandant in Illinois. 251; sent as a prisoner of war to Williamsburg, 252. Shawneetown Bank, 257. Shawneetown fiood, 283. Shields, Gen. James, 263; elected U. S. Sen- ator, 267; defeated for re-election, 269. Southern Hospital for Insane burned, 280. Spanish-American War, 2.'*l. Springfield, third State capital, 263; erec- tion of new Slate <'apitol at, authorizeu 275; State Bank, 259. St. Clair, Arthur, first Governor of North- west Territory, 253; visits Illinois, 254. •St. Clair County organized, 254. State debt reaches its maximum, 268. State Fair permanently located, 281. Streams and navigation. 242. Supreme Ci»urt revolutionized. 2fi4. Tarjrier, John R., State Treasurer, 278; elected Governor. 281-2. Thomas, Jesse B., 255; President of Con- stitutional Convention of I.S18, 268; elected United States Senator, 269. Todd, Col, John. County-Lieutenant of Illi- nois County, 252. Tiinty. Henry de(see La Salle). Treaty with Indians near Alton, 257. Trumhull. Lymun, Secretary of State. 264; elei'ted United Slates Senator. 269-70; Democratic candidate for Governor. 277. Vandalia, the second State capital, 259. War of 1812, 256; expeditions to Peoria Lake, 257. War of the Rebellion; some prominent Illinois actors; number of troops fur- nished by Illinois; important battles par- ticipated in, 271 72; some oUicers who fell;, Grierson raid. 272. Warren, Hooper, editor Edwards ville Speeiator. 260. Wa\iie. tien Anthony, 254. Whig tniiss-nieetlng at Springfield, 264. Wiliuot Proviso, action of Illinoig Legisla- ture upiui, 207. Wood, John, Lieutenant Governor, fills Hissell's unexpired term, 270, Yates, Richard, at Bloomington Conven- tion of 1856. 269; Governor. 270: prorogues Legislature of 1803; elected United States Senator, 273. 286 HISTOKICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ILE8, Elijah, pioneer merchant, was born in Kentucky, Marcli 28, 1796 ; received the rudiments of an education in two %viuters' schooling, and began his business career by purchasing 100 head of yearling cattle upon which, after herding them three years in the valleys of Eastern Ken- tucky, he realized a profit of nearly 63,000. In 1818 he went to St. Louis, then a French village of 2,500 inhabitants, and, after spending three years as clerk in a frontier store at "Old Frank- lin, " on the Missouri River, nearlj' opposite the present town of Boonville, in 1821 made a horse- back tour through Central Illinois, finally locating at Springfield, which had just been selected by a board of Commissioners as the temporary county-seat of Sangamon County. Here he soon brought a stock of goods by keel-boat from St. Louis and opened the first store in the new town. Two years later (1823), in conjunction with Pascal P. Enos, Daniel P. Cook and Thomas Cox, he entered a section of land comprised within the present area of the city of Springfield, which later became tlie permanent county-seat and finally the State capital. Jlr. lies became the first postmaster of Springfield, and, in 1826, was elected State Senator, served as Major in the Winnebago War (1827), enlisted as a private in the Black Hawk War (1831-32), but was soon advanced to the rank of Captain. In 1830 he sold his store to Jolin Williams, who had been his clerk, and, in 1838-39, built the "American House," whicli afterwards became the temporary stopping-place of many of Illinois' most famous statesmen. He invested largely in valuable farming lands, and, at his death, left a large estate. Died, Sept. 4, 1883. ILLINOIS ASYLUM FOR IIVCITRABLE IN- SANE, an institution founded under an act of the General Assembly, passed at the session of 1895, making an appropriation of $65,000 for the pur- chase of a site and the erection of buildings with capacity for the accommodation of 200 patients. The institution was located by the Trustees at Bartonville, a subvirb of the city of Peoria, and the erection of buildings begun in 1896. Later these were found to be located on ground which had been undermined in excavating for coal, and their removal to a difi^erent location was under- taken in 1898. The institution is intended to relieve the other hospitals for the Insane by the reception of patients deemed incurable. ILLINOIS AND MICHIGAN CANAL, a water- way connecting Lake Michigan witli the Illinois River, and forming a connecting link in the water-route between the St. Lawrence and the Gulf of Mexico. Its summit level is about 580 feet above tide water. Its point of beginning is at the South Branch of the Chicago River, about five miles from the lake. Thence it flows some eight miles to the valley of the Des Plaines, fol- lowing the valley to the mouth of the Kankakee (forty-two miles), thence to its southwestern terminus at La Salle, the head of navigation on the Illinois. Between these points the canal has four feeders— the Calumet, Des Plaines, Du Page and Kankakee. It passes through Lockport, Joliet, Morris, and Ottawa, receiving accessions from the waters of the Fox River at the latter point. The canal proper is 96 miles long, and it has five feeders whose aggregate length is twenty-five miles, forty feet wide and four feet deep, with four aqueducts and seven dams. The difference in level between Lake Michigan and the Illinois River at La Salle is one hundred and forty-five feet. To permit the ascent of vessels, there are seventeen locks, ranging from tliree and one half to twelve and one-half feet in lift, their dimensions being 110x18 feet, and admitting the passage of boats carrj'ing 150 tons. At Lock- port, Joliet, Du Page, Ottawa and La Salle are large basins, three of which supply power to fac- tories. To increase the water supply, rendered necessary by the high summit level, pumping works were erected at Bridgeport, having two thirty-eight foot independent wheels, each capa- ble of delivering (through buckets of ten feet length or width) 15,000 cubic feet of water per minute. These pumping works were erected in 1848, at a cost of §15,000, and were in almost con- tinuous use imtil 1870. It was soon found that these machines might be utilized for the benefit of Chicago, by forcing the sewage of the Chicago River to the summit level of the canal, and allow- ing its place to be filled by pure water from the lake. This pumping, however, cost a large sum, and to obviate this expense §3,955,340 was ex- pended by Chicago in deepening the canal be- tween 1805 and 1871, so that the sewage of the south division of the city might be carried through the canal to the Des Plaines. This sum was returned to the City by the State after the great fire of 1871. (As to further measures for carry- ing off Chicago sewage, see Chicago Drainage Canal.) In connection with tlie canal three locks and dams have been built on the Illinois River, — one at Henry, about twenty-eight miles below La Salle ; one at the mouth of Copperas Creek, about sixty miles below Henry; and another at La Grange. The object of these works (the first HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 287' two being practically an extension of the canal) is to furnish slack-water navigation through- out the year. The cost of that at Henry (8400,000) was defrayed by direct appropriation from the State treasury. Copperas Creek dam cost §410,831, of which amount the United States Government paid S6'3,360. The General Government also con- structed a dam at La Grange and appropriated funds for the building of another at Kampsville Landing, with a view to making the river thor- oughly navigable the j'ear round. The beneficial results expected from these works have not been realized and their demolition is advocated. History. — The early missionaries and fur- traders first directed attention to the nearness of the waters of Lake Michigan and the Illinois. The project of the construction of a canal was made the subject of a report by Albert Gallatin, Secretary of the Treasury in 1808, and, in 1811, a bill on the subject was introduced in Congress in connection with the Erie and other canal enter- prises. In 1823 Congress granted the riglit of way across the public lands "for the route of a canal connecting the Illinois River with the south bend of Lake Michigan," which was fol- lowed five years later by a grant of 300,000 acres of land to aid in its construction, wliich was to be undertaken by the State of Illinois. The earliest surveys contemplated a channel 100 miles long, and the original estimates of cost varied between §639,000 and $716,000. Later surveys and estimates (1833) placed the cost of a canal forty feet wide and four feet deep at §4,040,000. In 1836 another Board of Commissioners was created and survej's were made looking to the construction of a waterway sixty feet wide at the surface, thirty-six feet at bottom, and six feet in depth. Work was begun in June of that year; was suspended in 1841 ; and renewed in 1846, when a canal loan of 81,000,000 was negotiated. The channel was opened for navigation in April, 1848, by which time the total outlay had reached §6,170,226. By 1871, Illinois had liquidated its entire indebtedness on account of tlie canal and the latter reverted to the State. The total cost up to 1879 — including amount refunded to Chi- cago — was 89,513,831, while the sum returned to the State from earnings, sale of canal lands, etc., amounted to 88,819,731. In 1883 an offer was made to cede the canal to the United States upon condition that it should be enlarged and ex- tended to the Mississippi, was repeated in 1887, but has been declined. ILLINOIS AND MISSISSIPPI CAJf AL (gener- ally known as "Hennepin Canal"), a projected navigable water-waj- in course of construction (1899) by the General Government, designed to connect the Upper Illinois witli the Mississippi River. Its object is to furnish a continuous navigable water-channel from Lake Michigan, at or near Chicago, by way of the Illinois & Michi- gan Canal (or the Sanitary Drainage Canal) and the Illinois River, to the Mississippi at the mouth of Rock River, and finally to the Gulf of Mexico. The Route. — The canal, at its eastern end, leaves the Illinois River one and three-fourths miles above the city of Hennepin, where the river makes the great bend to the south. Ascend- ing the Bureau Creek valley, the route passes over the dividing ridge between the Illinois River and the Mississippi to Rock River at the mouth of Green River; thence by slack- water down Rock River, and around the lower rapids in that stream at Milan, to tlie Mississippi. The esti- mated length of the main channel between its eastern and western termini is seventy-five miles — the distance having been reduced by changes in the route after the first survey. To this is to be added a "feeder" extending from the vicinity of Sheffield, on the summit-level (twenty-eight miles west of the starting point on the Illinois), north to Rock Falls on Rock River opposite the city of Sterling in Whiteside County, for the purpose of obtaining an adequate supply of water for the main canal on its highest level. The length of this feeder is twenty-nine miles and, as its dimensions are the same as those of the main channel, it will be navigable for vessels of the same class as the latter. A dam to be constructed at Sterling, to turn water into tlie feeder, will furnish slack-water navigation on Rock River to Dixon, practically lengthening the entire route to that extent. History. — The subject of such a work began to be actively agitated as early as 1871, and, under authority of various acts of Congress, preliminary surveys began to be made by Government engi- neers that year. In 1890 detailed plans and esti- mates, based upon tliese preliminary survey's, were submitted to Congress in ac<^ordance with the river and harbor act of August, 1888. This report became tho basis of an appropriation in the river and harbor act of Sept. 19, 1890, for carrying the work into practical execution. Actual work was begun on tlie western end of tlie canal in July, 1893, and at the eastern end in the spring of 1894. Since then it has been prosecuted as continuously as the appropriations made by Congress from year to year would permit. Ac- cording to the report of Major Marshall, Chief of 288 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Engineers in charge of the work, for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1898, the construction of the canal around tlie lower rapids of Rock River (four and one-half miles), with three locks, three swing bridges, two dams, besides various build- ings, was completed and that portion of the canal opened to navigation on April IT. 1895. In the early part of 1899, the bulk of the excavation and masonry on the eastern section was practi- cally completed, the feeder line under contract, and five out of the eighteen bridges required to be constructed in place; and it was estimated that the whole line, with locks, bridges, culverts and aqueducts, will be completed within two years, at the farthest, by 1902. Dimensions, Methods of Construction, Cost. ETC. — As already stated, the length of the main line is seventy-five miles, of %vhich twenty-eight miles (the eastern section) is east of the junction of the feeder, and forty-seven miles (the western section) west of that point — making, with the twenty -nine miles of feeder, a total of one hun- dred and four miles, or seven miles longer than the Illinois & Michigan Canal. The rise from the Illinois River datum to the summit-level on the eastern section is accomplished by twenty-one locks with a lift of six to fourteen feet each, to reach an altitude of 196 feet; while the descent of ninety-three feet to the low-water level of the Mississippi on the western end is accomplished through ten locks, varying from six to fourteen feet each. The width of the canal, at the water surface, is eighty feet, with a depth below the surface-line of seven feet. The banks are rip- rapped with stone the entire length of the canal. The locks are one hundred and seventy feet long, between the quoins, by thirty-five feet in width, admitting the passage of vessels of one hundred and forty feet in length and thirty-two feet beam and each capable of carrj'ing six hundred tons of freight. The bulk of the masonry employed in the con- struction of locks, as well as abutments for bridges and aqueducts, is solid concrete manufac- tured in place, while the lock-gates and aque- ducts proper are of steel — the use of tliese materials resulting in a large saving in the first cost as to the former, and securing greater solid- ity and permanence in all. The concrete work, already completed, is found to have withstood the effects of ice even more successfully than natural stone. Tlie smaller culverts are of iron piping and the framework of all the bridges of steel. The earlier estimates placed the entire cost of construction of the canal, locks, bridges, build- ings, etc., at 55,008,000 for the main channel and $1,858,000 for the Rock River feeder— a total of §6,926,000. This lias been reduced, however, by changes in the route and unexpected saving in the material employed for masonry work. The total expenditure, as shown by official reports, up to June 30, 1898, was §1,748,905.13. The amount expended up to March 1, 1899, approxi- mated §2,500,000, while the amount necessary to complete the work (exclusive of an unexpended balance) was estimated, in round numbers, at §3,500,000. The completion of this work, it is estimated, will result in a saving of over 400 miles in water transportation between Chicago and the western terminus of the canal. In order to make the canal available to its full capacity between lake points and the Mississippi, the enlargement of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, both as to width and depth of channel, will be an indispensable necessity ; and it is anticipated that an effort will be made to secure action in this direction by the Illinois Legislature at its next session. Another expedient likely to receive strong support will be, to induce the General Government to accept the tender of the Illinois & Michigan Canal and, by the enlargement of the latter through its whole length — or, from Lockport to the Illinois River at La Salle, with the utilization of the Chicago Drainage Canal — furnish a national water-way between the lakes and the Gulf of Mexico of sufficient capacity to accommodate steamers and other vessels of at least 600 tons burthen. ILLINOIS BAND, THE, an association consist- ing of seven young men, then students in Yale College, who, in the winter of 1828-29, entered into a mutual compact to devote their lives to the promotion of Christian education in the West, especially in Illinois. It was composed of Theron Baldwin, John F. Brooks, Mason Grosvenor, Elisha Jenney, William Kirby, Julian M. Sturte- vant and Asa Turner. All of these came to Illi- nois at an early day, and one of the first results of their efforts was the founding of Illinois Col- lege at Jacksonville, in 1829, witli which all became associated as members of the first Board of Trustees, several of them so remaining to the close of their lives, while most of them were con- nected with the institution for a considerable period, either as members of the faculty or finan- cial agents — Dr. Sturtevant having been Presi- dent for tliirty-two years and an instructor or professor fifty-six years. (See Bahlwin. Theron; Brooks, John F.; and Sturtevant, Julian M.) HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 289 ILLIXOIS CENTRAL RAILROAD, a corpo ration oontroUinK the ])rinri|ial line of railroad extending through the entire length of the State from north to south, besides numerous side branches acquired by lease during the past few years. The main lines are made up of three gen- eral' divisions, extending from Chicago to Cairo, 111. (364.73 miles); from Centralia to Dubuque, Iowa, (340.77 miles), and from Cairo to New Orleans, La. (547.79 miles) — making a total of 1,253.29 miles of main line, of which 705.5 miles are in Illinois. Besides this the company con- trols, through lease and stock ownership, a large number of lateral branches wliich are operated by the company, making the total mileage officially reported up to June 30, 1898, 3,130.21 miles. — (History.) The Illinois Central Railroad is not only one of the lines earliest projected in the history of the State, but has been most inti- mately connected with its development. The project of a road starting from the mouth of the Ohio and extending northward through the State is said to have been suggested by Lieut. -Gov. Alexander JI. Jenkins as early as 1832; was advocated by the late Judge Sidney Breese and others in 1835 under the name of the Wabash & Mississippi Railroad, and took the form of a charter granted by the Legislature in January, 1836, to the first "Illinois Central Railroad Com- pany," to construct a road from Cairo to a point near the southern terminus of the Illinois &• Michigan Canal. Nothing was done under this act, although an organization was effected, with Governor Jenkins as President of the Company. The Company surrendered its charter the next year and tlie work was undertaken by the State, under the internal improvement act of 1837, and considerable money expended without complet- ing any portion of the line. The State having abandoned the enterprise, the Legislature, in 1843, incorporated the "(jreat Western Railway Company" under wliat came to be known as the "Holbrook cliarter, " to be organized under the auspices of the Cairo City & Canal Company, the line to connect the termini named in the cliarter of 1836, via Vandalia. Shelbyville, Decatur and Bloomington. Considerable money was expended under this charter, but the scheme again failed of completion, and the act was repealed in 1845. A charter under the same name, with some modification as to organization, was renewed in 1849.— In January, 1850, Senator Douglas introduced a bill in the United States Senate making a grant to the State of Illinois of alternate sections of land along the line of a pro])Osed road extending from Cairo to Duluth in the northwest corner of the State, with a branch to Chicago, wliich bill passed the Senate in May of the same year and the House in Se])tember, and became the basis of the Illinois Central Hail- road Company as it exists to day. Previous to the passage of this act. however, the Cairo City & Canal Company had been induced to execute a full surrender to the State of its rights and privi- leges under the "Holbrook charter." This was followed in February. 1851, by the act of the Legislature incorporating the Illinois Central Railroad Company, and assigning thereto (under specified conditions) the grant of lands received from the General Government. This grant covered alternate sections within six miles of the line, or the equivalent thereof (when such lands veere not vacant), to be placed on lands within fifteen miles of the line. The number of acres thus assigned to the Company was 2,595,000, (about 3,840 acres per mile), wliich were con- veyed to Trustees as security for the performance of the work. An engineering party, organized at Chicago, May 21, 1851, began the pcelim- inary survey of the Chicago branch, and before the end of the year the whole line was surveyed and staked out The first contract for grading was let on March 15, 1852, being for that portion between Chicago and Kensington (then known as Calumet). 14 miles. This was opened for traffic. May 24, 18.52, and over it the Michigan Central, wliich had been in course of construction from the east, obtained trackage rights to enter Chicago. Later, contracts were let for other sections, some of them in June, and the last on Oct. 14, 1852. In May, 1853, the section from La Salle to Bloomington (61 miles) was com- pleted and opened for business, a temporary bridge being constructed over the Illinois near La Salle, and cars hauled to the top of the bluff with chains and cable by means of a stationary engine. In July, 1854, the Chicago Division was put in operation to Urbana, 128 miles; the main line from Cairo to La Salle (301 miles), completed Jan. 8, 1855, and the line from La Salle to Duluth (now East Dubuque), 146.73 miles, on June 12, 1855— the entire road (705.5 miles) being com- pleted, Sept. 27. 1856.— (FiNANCi.\L Statement.) The share capital of tlie road was originally fixed at .$17,000,000, but previous to 1809 it had been increased to $25,500,000, and during 1873-74 to .?29.000,000. The present capitalization (1898) is .$103,352,593, of which $52,500,000 is in stock, $.52,680,925 in bonds, and $51,307,000 in miscel- laneous obligations. The total cost of the road •290 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. in Illinois, as shown by a report made in 1889, was §3.5.110,609. By the terms of its charter the corporation is exempt from taxation, but in lieu thereof is required to pay into the State treasury, semi-annually, seven per cent upon the gross earnings of the line in Illinois. The sum thus paid into the State treasury from Oct. 31, 18.55, when the first payment of §29,751.59 was made, up to and including Oct. 31, 1898. aggregated §17,315,193.24. The last payment (October, 1898), amounted to .§334,527.01. The largest payment in the history of the road was that of October, 1893, amounting, for the preceding six months, to §450,176.34. The net income of the main line in Illinois, for the year ending June 30, 1898, was §13,299,021, and the total expenditures within the State §12,831,161.— (Leased Lines) The first addition to the Illinois Central System was made in 1867 in the acquisition, by lease, of the Dubuque & Sioux City Railroad, extending from Dubuijue to Sioux Falls, Iowa. Since then it has extended its Iowa connections, by the construction of new lines and the acquisition or extension of others. The most important addition to the line outside of the State of Illinois was an arrangement effected, in 1872, with the New Orleans, Jackson & Great Northern, and the Mississippi Central Rail- roads — with which it previously had traffic con- nections — giving it control of a line from Jackson, Tenn., to New Orleans, La. At first, connection was had between the Illinois Central at Cairo and the Southern Divisions of the system, by means of transfer steamers, but subsequently the gap was filled in and the through line opened to traffic in December, 1873. In 1874 the New Orleans, Jackson & Great Northern and tlie Mississippi Central roads were consolidated under the title of the New Orleans, St. Louis & Chicago Railroad, but the new corporation defaulted on its interest in 1876. The Illinois Central, which was the owner of a majority of the bonds of the constitu- ent lines which went to make up the New Orleans, St. Louis & Chicago Railroad, then acquired ownership of the wliole line by foreclosure pro- ceedings in 1877, and it was reorganized, on Jan. 1, 1878, under the name of the Chicago, St. Louis & New Orleans Railroad, and placed in charge of one of the Vice-Presidents of the Illinois Central Company. — (Illinois Branches.) The more im- portant branches of the Illinois Central within the State include: (1) The Springfield Division from Chicago to Springfield (111.47 miles), chartered in 1867, and opened in 1871 as the Gilman, Clinton & Springfield Railroad; passed into the hands of a receiver in 1873, sold under foreclosure in 1876, and leased, in 1878, for fifty years, to the Illinois Central Railroad: (2) Tlie Rantoul Division from Leroy to the Indiana State line (66.21 miles in Illinois), chartered in 1876 as the Havana, Ran- toul & Eastern Railroad, built as a narrow-gauge line and operated in 1881 ; afterwards changed to standard-gauge, and controlled by the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific until May, 1884, when it passed into the hands of a receiver ; in December of the same year taken in charge by the bondholders ; in 1885 again placed in the hands of a receiver, and, in October, 1886, sold to the niinois Central : (3) The Chicago, Havana & Western Railroad, from Havana to Champaign, with a branch from White- heath to Decatur (total, 131.62 miles), constructed as the western extension of the Indianapolis, Bloomington & Western, and opened in 1873 ; sold under foreclosure in 1879 and organized as the Champaign, Havana & Western; in 1880 pur- chased by the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific ; in 1884 taken possession of by the mortgage trustees and, in September, 1886, sold under foreclosure to the Illinois Central Railroad: (4) The Freeport Division, from Chicago by way of Freeport to Madison, Wis. (140 miles in Illinois), constructed under a cliarter granted to the Chicago, Madison & Northern Railroad (which see), opened for traffic in 1888, and transferred to the Illinois Central Railroad Companj' in January, 1889: (5) The Kankakee & Southwestern (131.26 miles), constructed from Kankakee to Bloomington under the charters of tlie Kankakee & Western and the Kankakee & Southwestern Railroads; acquired by the Illinois Central in 1878, begun in 1880, and extended to Bloomington in 1883 ; and (6) The St. Louis. Alton & Terre Haute (which see under its old name). Other Illinois branch lines of less importance embrace the Blue Island ; the Chicago & Texas ; the Slound City ; the South Chicago; the St. Louis, Belleville & Southern, and the St. Charles Air-Line, which furnislies an entrance to the City of Chicago over an ele- vated track. The total length of these Illinois branches in 1898 was 919.72 miles, with the main lines making the total mileage of the company within the State 1,624.22 miles. For several j-ears up to 1895 the Illinois Central had a connection with St. Louis over the line of the Terre Haute & Indianapolis from Effingham, but this is now secured by way of the Springfield Division and the main line to Pana, whence its trains pass over the old Indianapolis & St. Louis — now the Cleve- land, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway. Between June 30, 1897 and April 30. 1898, branch lines in the Southern States (chiefly in Kentucky HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 291 and Tennessee), to the extent of 670 miles, were added to the Illinois Central Sj-stem. The Cairo Bridge, constructed across the Ohio River near its moutli, at a cost of $3,000,000. for the purpose of connecting the Northern and Southern Divisions of the Illinois Central System, and one of the most stupendous structures of its kind in the world, belongs wholly to tlie Illinois Central Railroad Company. (.See Cairo Bridge.) ILLINOIS COLLEGE, an institution of learn- ing at Jacksonville, 111., which was the first to graduate a collegiate class in the histor5' of the State. It had its origin in a movement inaugu- rated about 1827 or 1828 to secure the location, at some point in Illinois, of a seminary or college which would give the youth of the State the opportunity of acquiring a higher education. Some of the most influential factors in this move- ment were already citizens of Jacksonville, or contemplated becoming such. In January, 1828, the outline of a plan for such an institution was drawn up by Rev. John M. Ellis, a home missionary of the Presbj-terian Church, and Hon. Samuel D. Lockwood, then a Justice of the Supreme Court of the State, as a basis for soliciting subscriptions for the organization of a stock-company to carry the enterprise into execution. The plan, as then proposed, contemplated provision for a depart- ment of female education, at least until a separate institution could be furnished — which, if not a forerunner of the co-educational system now so much in vogue, at least foreshadowed the estab- lishment of the Jacksonville Female Seminary, which soon followed the founding of the college. A few mouths after these preliminary steps were taken, Mr. Ellis was brought into communication with a group of young men at Yale College (see "Illinois Band") who had entered into a com- pact to devote their lives to the cause of educa- tional and missionary wtirk in tlie West, and out of the union of tliese two forces, soon afterwards effected, grew Illinois College. The organization of the "Illinois" or "Yale Band," was formally consummated in February. 1829, and before the close of the year a fund of §10,000 for the purpose of laying the foundation of the proposed institu- tion in Illinois had been pledged by friends of education in the East, a beginning had been made in the erection of buildings on the present site of Illinois College at Jacksonville, and, in Decem- ber of the same year, the work of instruction of a preparatory class had been begun by Rev. Julian M. Sturtevant, who had taken the place of "avant- courier" of the movement. A year later (1831) Rev. Edward Beecher, the oldest son of the inde- fatigable Lyman Beecher, and brother of Henry Ward — already tlien well known as a leader in the ranks of those opposed to slavery — had be- come identified with the new enterprise and assumed the position of its first President. Such was the prejudice against "Yankees" in Illinois at that time, and the jealousy of theological influ- ence in education, that it was not until 183,5 that the friends of the institution were able to secure a charter from the Legislature. An ineffectual attempt had been made in 1830. and when it was finally granted, it was in the form of an "omni- bus bill" including three other institutions, but with restrictions as to the amount of real estate that might be held, and prohibiting the organiza- tion of theological departments, both of which were subsequently repealed. (See Early Col- leges.) The same year the college graduated its first class, consisting of two members — Richard Yates, afterwards War Governor and United States Senator, and Rev. Jonathan Spillman, the composer of "Sweet Afton." Limited as was this first output of alumni, it was politically and morally strong. In 1843 a medical department was established, but it was abandoned five years later for want of adequate support. Dr. Beecher retired from the Presidency in 1844, when he vv-as succeeded by Dr. Sturtevant, who continued in that capacity until 1876 (thirty-two years), when he became Professor Emeritus, remaining until 1885 — his connection with the institution cover- ing a period of fiftj'-six years. Others who have occupied the position of President include Rufus C. Crampton (acting), 1876-82; Rev. Edward A. Tanner, 1882-92; and Dr. John E. Bradley, the incumbent from 1892 to 1899. Among the earli- est and influential friends of the institution, besides Judge Lockwood already mentioned, may be enumerated sucli names as Gov. Joseph Dun- can, Thomas Mather, Winthrop S. Gilman, Frederick Collins and William H. Brown (of Chicago), all of whom were members of the early Board of Trustees. It was found necessary to maintain a preparatory department for many years to fit pupils for the college classes proper, and, in 1866, Whipple Academy was established and provided with a separate building for this purpose. The standard of admission to the col- lege course has been gradually advanced, keeping abreast, in this respect, of other American col- leges. At present the institution has a faculty of 1.5 members and an endowment of some §1.50, 000, with a library (1898) numbering over 15,000 vol- umes and property valued at $360,000. Degrees are conferred in both classical and scientific 292 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. courses in the college proper. The list of alumni embraces some 750 names, including many who have been prominent in State and National affairs. ILLINOIS COUNTY, the name given to the first civil organization of the territory northwest of the Oliio River, after its conquest by Col. George Rogers Clark in 1778. This was done by act of the Virginia House of Delegates, passed in October of the same year, which, among other things, provided as follows: "The citizens of the commonwealth of Virginia, who are already set- tled, or shall hereafter settle, on the western side of the Ohio, shall be included in a distinct county which shall be called Illinois County; and the Governor of this commonwealth, with the advice of the Council, may appoint a County-Lieutenant or Commandant-iu-chief of the county during pleasure, who shall take the oath of fidelity to this commonwealth and the oath of oiSce accord- ing to the form of their own religion. And all civil offices to which the inhabitants have been accustomed, necessary for the preservation of the peace and the administration of justice, shall be chosen by a majority of the citizens of their re- spective districts, to be convened for that purpose by the County-Lieutenant or Commandant, or his deputy, and shall be commissioned by said County-Lieutenant.'' As the Commonwealth of Virginia, by virtue of Colonel Clark's conquest, then claimed jurisdiction over the entire region west of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi, Illinois County nominally embraced the territory comprised within the limits of the present States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wiscon- sin, though tlie settlements were limited to the vicinity of Kaskaskia, Vincennes (in the present State of Indiana) and Detroit. Col. John Todd, of Kentucky, was appointed by Gov. Patrick Henry, the first Lieutenant-Commandant under this act, holding office two years. Out of Illinois County were subsequently organized the follow- ing counties by "order" of Gov. Arthur St. Clair, after his assumption of the duties of Governor, following the pas.sage, by Congress, of the Ordi- nance of 1787, creating the Northwest Territory, viz. : Name Wa.shingtOQ HamiUuu St. Clair Knox Randolph Countv-Seat Marietta Cincinnati SCabukia Prairie du Rocher Ka£l£asl Sheridan. While never a suppliant for benefactions, the Home has always attracted the attention of philanthropists who are interested in the care of society's waifs. The average annual number of inmates is about 21'). ILLINOIS WESLEYA> UMVERSITY, the leading educational institution of the Methodist Church in Illinois, south of Chicago; incorpo- rated in 18,'j3 and located at Bloomington. It is co-educational, has a faculty of 34 instructors, and reports 1,100 students in 1890 — 458 male and 648 female. Besides the usual literary and scien- tific departments, instruction is given in theology, music and oratory. It also has preparatory and business courses. It has a library of 6,000 vol- umes and reports funds and endowment aggre- gating §187,999, and property to the value of $380,999. ILLINOIS & INDIANA RAILROAD. (See Indiana, Decatur cir ^\'est(^rn Railwaij.) ILLINOIS & SOUTHEASTERN RAILROAD. (See Baltimore ct Ohio Suuthicoitern liailrixid.) ILLINOIS & SOUTHERN IOWA RAILROAD. (See ]Vabash Railroad.) ILLINOIS & ST. LOUIS RAILROAD & COAL COMPANY. (See Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis (consolidated) Railroad.) ILLINOIS & WISCONSIN RAILROAD. (See Chicago &• Xorthu-estern Railway.) ILLIOPOLIS, a village in Sangamon County, on the Wabash Railway, 20 miles east of Spring- field. It occupies a position nearly in the geo- graphical center of the State and is in the heart of what is generally termed the corn belt of Cen- tral Illinois. It has banks, several churches, a graded school and three newspapers. Population (1880), 680; (1890), 089; (1900), 744. INDIAN MOUNDS. (See Mound-Builders, Works of The.) INDIAN TREATIES. The various treaties made by the General Government with the Indians, which affected Illinois, may be summa- rized as follows; Treaty of Greenville, August 3, 1795— ceded 11,808,409 acres of land for the sum of $210,000; negotiated by Gen. Anthony Wayne with the Delawares, Ottawas, Miamis, Wyandots, Shawnees, Pottawatomies, Chippewas, Kaskas- kias, Kickapoos, Piankesbaws and Eel River Indians: First Treaty of Fort Wayne, June 7, 1803 — ceded 2,038,400 acres in consideration of $4,000; negotiated by Governor Harrison with the Delawares, Kickapoos, Miamis, Pottawato- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 295 mies, and Shawnees : First Treaty of Vincennes, August 13, 1803— ceded 8,911,850 acres for $12, 000; negotiated by Governor Harrison with the Caho- kias, Kaskaskias and Jlitchagamies . First Treaty of St. Louis, Nov. 3, 1804— ceded 14,803,520 acres in consideration of §22,234; negotiated by Gov- ernor Harrison with the Sacs and Foxes: Second Treaty of Vincennes, Dec. 30, 1805— ceded 2,G76,150 acres for §4, 100; negotiated by Governor Harrison with the Piankeshaws: Second Treaty of Fort Wayne, Sept. 80, 1809 — ceded 2,900,000 acres; negotiated by Governor Harrison with the Dela- wares. Eel River, Miamis, Pottawatomies and Weas: Third Treaty of Vincennes, Dec. 9, 1809 —ceded 138,240 acres for §27,000; negotiated by Governor Harrison with the Kickapoos: Second Treaty of St. Louis, Aug. 24, ISIG— ceded 1,418,400 acres in consideration of §12,000; negotiated by Governor Edwards, William Clark and A. Chou- teau with the Chippewas, Ottawas and Pottawato- mies: Treaty of Edwardsville, Sept. 30, 1818— ceded 6,865,280 acres for §6,400; negotiated by Governor Edwards and A. Chouteau with tlie Illinois and Peorias: Treaty of St. Mary's, Oct. 2, 1818- ceded 11,000,000 acres for §33,000; nego- tiated by Gen. Lewis Cass and others with the Weas: Treaty of Fort Harrison, Aug. 30, 1819— negotiated by Benjamin Parke with the Kicka- poos of the Vermilion, ceding 3,173,120 acres for $23,000; Treaty of St. Joseph, Sept. 20, 1828— ceded 990,720 acres in consideration of §189,795; negotiated by Lewis Cass and Pierre Menard with the Pottawatomies: Treaty of Prairie du Cliieu, Jan. 2, 1830— ceded 4,160,000 acres for §390,601; negotiated by Pierre Menard and others with the Cluppewas, Ottawas and Pottawatomies: First Treaty of Chicago, Oct. 20, 1832— ceded 1,536,000 acres for §400,348; negotiated with the Pottawatomies of the Prairie: Treaty of Tippecanoe, Oct. 27, 1832 — by it the Pottawato- mies of Indiana ceded 737,000 acres, in consider- ation of §406, 121 : Second Treaty of Chicago, Sept. 26, 1833 — by it the Chippewas, Ottawas and Pot- tawatomies ceded 5,104,960 acres for §7,624,289; Treaties of Fort Armstrong and Prairie du Cliien, negotiated 1829 and '32— by winch the Winne- bagoes ceded 10,346,000 acres in exchange for §5,195,252: Second Treaty of St. Louis, Oct. 27, 1832 — the Kaskaskias and Peorias ceding 1,900 acres in consideration of §155,780. (See also Oreenville, Treaty of.) INDIAN TRIBES. (See Algonquim: Illinois Indimis; Kaskaakian; Kickapoos; Miamis; Oufa- gamies; Piankeshaws; Pottawatomies; Sacs and Foxes; Weas; Winnebagoes.) INDIANA, BLOOMINGTON & WESTERN RAILWAY, (See Peoria <& Eastern Railroad.) INDIANA, DECATUR & WESTERN RAIL- WAY. The entire length of line is 152.5 miles, of which 75.75 miles (with yard-tracks and sidings amounting to 8 86 miles) lie within Illinois. It extends from Decatur almost due east to the Indiana State line, and has a single track of standard gauge, with a right of way of 100 feet The rails are of steel, well adapted to the traffic, and the ballasting is of gravel, earth and cinders. The bridges (chiefly of wood) are of standard design and well maintained. The amount of capital stock outstanding (1898) is §1,824,000, or 11,998 per mile; total capitalization (including stock and all indebtedness) 3,733,983. Tlie total earnings and income in Illinois, §240,8.50. (His- tory.) The first organization of this road em- braced two companies — the Indiana & Illinois and t)ie Illinois & Indiana — which were consolidated, in 1853, under the name of the Indiana & Illinois Central Railroad Company. In 1875 the latter was sold under foreclosure and organized as the Indianapolis, Decatur & Springfield Railway Company, at which time the section from Decatur to Montezuma, Ind., was opened. It was com- pleted to Indianapolis in 1880. In 1882 it was leased to the Indiana, Bloomington & Western Railroad Company, and operated to 1885, wlien it passed into the hands of a receiver, was sold under foreclosure in 1887 and reorganized under the name of the Indianapolis, Decatur & West- ern. Again, in 1889, default was made and the property, after being operated by trustees, was sold in 1894 to two companies called the Indiana, Decatur & Western Railway Company (in Indi- ana) and the Decatur & Eastern Railway Com- pany (in Illinois). These were consolidated in July, 1895, under the present name (Indiana, Decatur & Western Railway Company). In December, 1895, the entire capital stock was purcliased by the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Railway Company, and the line is now operated as a part of that system. INDIANA, ILLINOIS & IOWA RAILROAD. This line extends from Streator Junction 1.8 miles south of Streator, on the line of the Streator Division of the Wabash Railroad, easterly to the Indiana State Line. The total length of the line is 151.78 miles, of which 69.61 miles are in Illi- nois. Between Streator Junc^tion and Streator, the line is owned by the Wabash Company, but this company pays rental for trackage facilities. About 75 per cent of the ties are of wliite-oak, the remainder being of cedar; the rails are 56-Ib. 296 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS steel, and the ballasting is of broken stone, gravel, sand, cinders and earth. A policy of permanent improvements has been adopted, and is being carried forward. The principal traffic is the transportation of freight. The outstanding capi- tal stock (June 30, 1898) was S3,.597,S00; bonded debt, §1,800,000; total capitalization, .55,.'jl7,739; total earnings and income in Illinois for 1898, §413,967; total expenditures in the State, §303,- 344. — (History.) This road was chartered Dec. 27, 1881, and organized by the consolidation of three roads of the same name (Indiana, Illinois & Iowa, respectively), opened to Momence, 111., in 1882. and through its entire length, Sept. 15, 1883. INDIANA & ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAIL- ROAD. (See Indiana, Decatur & Westerti Rail- way.) INDIANA & ILLINOIS RAILROAD. (See Indiana. Decatur &• Western Railway.) INDIANA & ILLINOIS SOUTHERN RAIL- ROAD. (See St. Louis, Indianapolis & Eastern Railroad.) INDIANAPOLIS, BLOOMINGTON & WEST- ERN RAILROAD. (See Illinois Central Rail- road; also Peoria d' Eastern Railroad.) INDIANAPOLIS, DECATUR & SPRING- FIELD RAILROAD. (See Indiana, Decatur & Western Railway.) INDIANAPOLIS, DECATUR & WESTERN RAILWAY. (See Indiana, Decatur & Western Railway. ) INDIANAPOLIS & ST. LOUIS RAILWAY. (See St. io)(/.s, Alton d- Terre Haute Railroad.) INDUSTRIAL HOME FOR THE BLIND, a State Institution designed to furnish the means of employment to dependent blind persons of both sexes, established under authority of an act of the Legislature passed at the session of 1893. The institution is located at Douglas Park Boule- vard and West Nineteenth Street, in the city of Chicago. It includes a four-story factory with steani-plant attached, besides a four-story build- ing for residence purposes. It was opened in 1894, and, in December, 1897, had 63 inmates, of whom 12 were females. The Fortieth General Assembly appropriated §13,900 for repairs, appli- ances, library, etc., and §8,000 per annum for ordinary expenses INdiERSOLL, Ebon C, Congressman, was born in Oneida County, N. Y., Dec. 13, 1831. His first remove was to Paducah, Ky., where he com- pleted his education. He studied law and was admitted to the bar ; removing this time to Illi- nois and settling in Gallatin County, in 1843. In 1856 he was elected to represent Gallatin County in the lower house of the General Assembly ; in 1863 was the Republican candidate for Congress for the State-at-large, but defeated by J. C. Allen; and, in 1804, was chosen to fill the unex- pired term of Owen Lovejoy, deceased, as Repre- sentative in the Thirty-eighth Congress. He was re-elected to the Thirty-ninth, Fortieth and Forty-first Congresses, his term expiring, March 4, 1871. He was a brother of Col. Robert G. IngersoU, and was, for some years, associated with him in the practice of law at Peoria, his home. Died, in Washington. May 31, 1879. INGtERSOLL, Robert Ureen, lawyer and sol- dier, was born at Dresden, Oneida County, N. Y., August 11, 1833. His father, a Congregational clergyman of pronounced liberal tendencies, removed to the West in 1843, and Robert's boy- hood was spent in Wisconsin and Illinois. After being admitted to the bar, he opened an office at Shawueetown, in partnership with his brother Ebon, afterwards a Congressman from Illinois. In 1857 they removed to Peoria, and, in 1860, Robert G. was an unsuccessful Democratic can- didate for Congress. In 1862 he was commis- sioned Colonel of the Eleventh Illinois Cavalry, which had been mustered in in December, 1861, and, in 1864, identified himself with the Repub- lican party. In February, 1867, he was appointed by Governor Oglesby the first Attorney-General of the State under the new law enacted that year. As a lawyer and orator he won great distinction. He nominated James G. Blaine for the Presidency in the Republican Convention of 1876, at Cincin- nati, in a speech that attracted wide attention by its eloquence. Other oratorical efforts which added greatly to his fame include "The Dream of the Union Soldier," delivered at a Soldiers" Reunion at Indianapolis, his eulogy at his brother Ebon's grave, and his memorial address on occa- sion of the death of Roscoe Conkling. For some twenty years he was the most popular stump orator in the West, and his services in political campaigns were in constant request througliout the Union. To the country at large, in his later years, he was known as an uncompromising assailant of revealed religion, by both voice and pen. Among his best-known publications are "The Gods" (Washington. 1878); "Ghosts" (1879); "Mistakes of Moses" (1879); "Prose Poems and Selections" (1884) ; "The Brain and the Bible" (Cincinnati, 1882). Colonel IngersoU's home for some twenty j'ears, in the later part of his life, was in the city of New Y^ork. Died, suddenly, from heart disease, at his summer home at Dobb's Ferry, Long Island, July 31, 1899. IIISTOiaCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 297 INGLIS, Samuel M., Superintendent of Public Instruction, born at Marietta, Pa., August 15, 1838; received his e;xrly education in Ohio and, in 1856, came to IlUnois, graduating with first honors from the Mendota Collegiate Institute in 1861. The following year he enHsted in the One Hundred and Fourth Illinois Infantry, but, hav- ing been discharged for disability, his place was filled 1)}' a brother, who was killed at Knoxville, Tenu. In 1865 he took charge of an Academy at Ilillsboro, meanwhile stud^-ing law with the late Judge E. Y. Rice; in 1868 he assumed the super- intendency of the public schools at Greenville, Bond County, remaining until 1883, when he became Professor of Mathematics in the Southern Normal University at Carbondale, being trans- ferred, three j-ears later, to the chair of Literature, Rhetoric and Elocution. In 1894 he was nomi- nated as the Republican candidate for State Superintendent of Public Instruction, receirtng a plurality at the November election of 123,593 votes over his Democratic opponent. Died, sud- denly, at Kenosha, Wis., June 1, 1898. IXTERBfAL IMPROVEMENT POLICY, a name given to a scheme or plan of internal im- provement adopted by the Tenth General Assem- bly (1837), in compliance with a general wish of the people voiced at many public gatherings. It contemplated the construction of an extensive system of public works, chiefly in lines of rail- road which were not demanded by the commerce or business of the State at the time, but which, it was believed, would induce immigration and materially aid in the development of the State's latent resources. Tlie plan adopted provided for the construction of such works by the State, and contemplated State ownersliip and management of all the lines of traffic tlius constructed. The bill passed the Legislature in February, 1837, but was disapproved by the Executive and the Council of Revision, on the ground that such enterprises might be more successfully under- taken and conducted by individuals or private corporations. It was, however, subsequently passed over the veto and became a law, the dis- astrous effects of whose enactment were felt for man}' years. The total amount appropriated by the act was §10,200,000, of which §400,000 was devoted to the improvement of waterways; §250,- 000 to the improvement of the "Great Western Mail Route"'; §9,350,000 to the construction of railroads, and §200,000 was given outright to counties not favored by the location of railroads or other improvements within their borders. In addition, the sale of §1,000,000 worth of canal lands and the issuance of §500,000 in canal bonds were authorized, the proceeds to be used in the construction of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, §.500,000 of this amount to be expended in 1838. Work began at once. Routes were surveyed and contracts for construction let, and an era of reck- less speculation began. Large sums were rapidly expended and nearly §6,500,000 quickly added to tlie State debt. The system was soon demon- strated to be a failure and was abandoned for lack of funds, some of the "improvements" already made being sold to private parties at a heavy loss. This scheme furnished the basis of the State debt under which Illinois labored for many years, and which, at its maximum, reached nearly §17,000,000. (See MacalHster & Stebbins Bonds; State Debt; Tenth General Assembly; Elei'eiith General Assembly.) IMINDATIOXS, REMARKABLE. The most remarkable fresliets (or floods) in Illinois history have been those occurring in the Mississippi River; though, of course, the smaller tributaries of that stream have been subject to similar con- ditions. Probably the best account of early floods has been furnished by Gov. John Reynolds in his "Pioneer History of Illinois," — he having been a witness of a number of them. The first of which any historical record has been pre- served, occurred in 1770. At that time the only white settlements within the present limits of the State were in the American Bottom in the vicinity of Kaskaskia, and there the most serious results were produced. Governor Reynolds says the flood of that year (1770) made considerable encroachments on the east bank of the river adjacent to Fort Chartres, which had originally been erected by the French in 1718 at a distance of three-quarters of a mile from the main channel. The stream continued to advance in this direction until 1772, when the whole bottom was again inundated, and the west wall of the fort, having been undermined, fell into the river. The next extraordinary freshet was in 1784, when the American Bottom was again submerged and the residents of Kaskaskia aii w w M W Z > o o X o < z < H o z o X HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 307 sively quarrieii. Gravel, sanii, and clay are also easily obtaiued in consiilerable ((uantities. AVithin twenty miles are inoductive coal mines. The Northern Illinois Penitentiary and a female penal institute stand just outside the city limits on the north. Joliet is an important manufac- turing center, the census of 1900 crediting the city with 4o5 establishments, having §15,453,136 capital, employing 6,.")23 hands, paying §3,957,529 wages and §17,891,^36 for raw material, turning out an annual product valued at §27,765,104:. The leading industries are the manufacture of foundry and machine-shop products, engines, agricultural implements, pig-iron, Bessemer steel, steel bridges, rods, tin cans, wallpaper, matches, beer, saddles, paint, furniture, pianos, and stoves, besides quarrying and stone cutting. The Chi- cago Drainage Canal supplies valuable water- power. The city has many handsome public buildings and private residences, among the former being four high schools. Government postoffice building, two public libraries, and two public hospitals. It also has two public and two school parks. Population (1880), 11,657; (1890), 23.254, (including suburbs), 34,473; (1900), 29,353. JOLIET, AURORA & NORTHERN RAIL- WAT. (See Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Railway.) JOLIET, Louis, a French explorer, born at Quebec, Canada, Sept. 21, 1645, educated at the Jesuits' College, and early engaged in the fur- trade. In 1669 he was sent to investigate the copper mines on Lake Superior, but his most important service began in 1673, when Frontenac commissioned him to explore. Starting from the missionary station of St. Ignace, with Father Marquette, he went up the Fox River within the present State of "Wisconsin and down the Wis- consin to the Mississippi, which he descended as far as the mouth of the Arkansas. lie was the first to discover that the Mississippi flows to the Gulf rather than to the Pacific. He returned to Green Bay via the Illinois River, and (as believed) the sites of the present cities of Joliet and Chicago. Although later appointed royal Iiydrographer and given the island of Anticosti, he never revisited the Mississippi. Some historians assert that this was largely due to the influential jeal- ousy of La Salle. Died, in Canada, in May, 1700. JOLIET & BLUE ISLAND RAILWAY, con stitutiug a part of and operated by the Calumet & Blue Island— a belt line, 21 miles in length, of standard gauge and laid with 60-lb. steel rails. The company provides terminal facilities at Joliet, although originally projected to merely run from that city to a connection with the Calumet & Blue Island Railway. The capital stock author- ized and paid in is §100,000. The company's general offices are in Chicago. JOLIET & NORTHERN INDIANA RAIL- ROAD, a road running from Lake, Ind., to Joliet, 111., 45 miles (of which 29 miles are in Illinois), and leased in perpetuity, from Sept. 7, 1854 (the date of completion), to the Slichigan Central Rail- road Company, which owns nearlj- all its stock. Its capital stock is §300,000, and its funded debt, $80,000. Other forms of indebtedness swell the total amount of capital invested (1895) to §1,- 143,201. Total earnings and income in Illinois in 1894, .§89,017; total expenditures, §62,370. (See Michigan Central Railroad.) JONES, Alfred M., politician and legislator, was born in New Hampshire, Feb. 5, 1837, brought to McHenry County, 111., at 10 years of age, and, at 16, began life in the pineries and engaged in rafting on the Mississippi. Then, after two winters in school at Rockford, and a short season in teaching, he spent a year in the book and jewelry business at Warren, Jo Daviess County. The following year (18.58) he made atrip to Pike's Peak, but meeting disappointment in his expec- tations in regard to mining, returned almost immediately. The next few years were spent in various occupations, including law and real estate business, until 1872, when he was elected to the Twenty-eighth General Assembly, ?,nd re-elected two years later. Other positions successively held by him were those of Commis- sioner of the Joliet Penitentiary, Collector of Internal Revenue for the Sterling District, and United States JIarshal for the Northern District of Illinois. He was, for fourteen years, a member of the Republican State Central Committee, dur- ing twelve years of that period being its chair- man. Since 1885, Mr. Jones has been manager of the Bethesda Mineral Springs at Waukesha, Wis., but has found time to make his mark in Wisconsin politics also. JONES, John Rice, first English lawyer in Illi- nois, was born in Wales, Feb. 11, 1759; educated at Oxford in medicine and law, and, after prac- ticing the latter in London for a short time, came to America in 1784, spending two years in Phila- delphia, where he made the acquaintance of Dr. Benjamin Rush and Benjamin Franklin; in 1786, having reached the Falls of the Ohio, he joined Col. George Rogers Clark's expedition against the Indians on the Wabash. This having partially failed througli the discontent and desertion of the troops, he remained at Vincennes four years, part of the time as Commissary- 308 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. General of the garrison there. In 1790 he went to Kaskaskia, but eleven years later returned to Vin- cennes, being commissioned the same year by Gov. William Henry Harrison, Attorney-General of Indiana Territory, and, in 1805, becoming a member of the first Legislative Council. He was Secretary of the convention at Vincennes, in December, 1803, which memorialized Congress to suspend, for ten years, the article in the Ordi- nance of 1787 forbidding slavery in the Northwest Territory. In 1808 he removed a second time to Kaskaskia, remaining two years, when he located within the present limits of the State of Missouri (then the Territory of Louisiana), residing suc- cessively at St. Genevieve, St. Louis and Potosi, at the latter place acquiring large interests in mineral lands. He became prominent in Mis- souri politics, served as a member of the Conven- tion which framed the first State Constitution, was a prominent candidate for United States Senator before the first Legislature, and finally elected by the same a Justice of the Supreme Court, dying in office at St. Louis, Feb. 1, 1824. He appears to have enjoyed an extensive practice among the early residents, as shown by the fact that, the year of his return to Kaskaskia, he paid taxes on more than 16,000 acres of land in Monroe County, to say nothing of his possessions about Vincennes and his subsequent acquisitions in Missouri. He also prepared the first revision of laws for Indiana Territory when Illinois com- posed a part of it. — Rice (Jones), son of the pre- ceding by a first marriage, was born in Wales, Sept. 28, 1781 ; came to America with his par- ents, and was educated at Transylvania University and the University of Pennsylvania, taking a medical degree at the latter, but later studying law at Litchfield, Conn. , and locating at Kaskas- kia in 1806. Described as a young man of brilliant talents, he took a prominent part in politics and, at a special election held in September, 1808, was elected to the Indiana Territorial Legislature, by the party known as "Divisiouists" — i. e., in favor of the division of the Territory — which proved successful in the organization of Illinois Territory the following year. Bitterness engendered in this contest led to a challenge from Shadrach Bond (afterwards first Governor of the State) which Jones accepted ; but the affair was ami- cably adjusted on the field without an exchange of shots. One Dr. James Dunlap, who had been Bond's second, expressed dissatisfaction with the settlement; a bitter factional figlit was main- tained between the friends of the respective parties, ending in the assassination of Jones, who was shot by Dunlap on the street in Kaskaskia, Dec. 7, 1808 — Jones dying in a few minutes, while Dunlap fled, ending his days in Texas. — Gen. John Rice (Jones), Jr., another son, was born at Kaskaskia, Jan. 8, 1792, served under Capt. Henry Dodge in the War of 1812, and, in 1831, went to Texas, where he bore a conspicuous part in securing the independence of that State from Mexico, dying there in 184.5 — the year of its annexation to the United States. — Georg'e Wallace (Jones), fourth son of John Rice Jones (1st), was born at Vincennes, Indiana Territory, April 12, 1804; graduated at Transylvania L'ni- versity, in 1825; served as Clerk of the United States District Court in Missouri in 1826, and as Aid to Gen. Dodge in the Black Hawk War ; in 1834 was elected Delegate in Congress from Michigan Territory (then including the present States of Michigan, Wisconsin and Iowa), later serving two terms as Delegate from Iowa Terri- tory, and, on its admission as a State, being elected one of the first United States Senators and re- elected in 18.52; in 1859, was appointed by Presi- dent Buchanan Minister to Bogota, Colombia^ but recalled in 1861 on account of a letter to Jefferson Davis expressing sympathy with the cause of the South, and was imprisoned for two months in Fort Lafayette. In 1838 he was the sec- ond of Senator Cilley in the famous Cilley-Graves duel near Washington, which resulted in the death of the former. After his retirement from office. General Jones' residence was at Dubuque, Iowa, where he died, July 22, 1896, in the 93d year of his age. JOXES, Mlchae'j early politician, was a Penn- sylvanian by birth, who came to Illinois in Terri- torial days, and, as early as 1809, was Register of the Land Office at Kaskaskia; afterwards removed to Shawneetown and represented Gallatin County as a Delegate to the Constitu- tional Convention of 1818 and as Senator in the first four General Assemblies, and also as Repre- sentative in the Eighth. lie was a candidate for United States Senator in 1819, but was defeated by Governor Edwards, and was a Presidential Elector in 1820. He is represented to have been a man of considerable ability but of bitter passions, a supporter of the scheme for a pro-slavery con- stitution and a bitter opponent of Governor Edwards. JONES, J. Russell, capitalist, was born at Conneaut, A.shtabula County, Ohio, Feb. 17, 1823; after spending two years as clerk in a .store in liis native town, came to Chicago in 1838; spent the next two years at Rockton, when he accepted a HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 309 olerksliip in a leading mercantile establishment at Galena, finally being advanced to a partnei-- ship, which was dissolved in 1836. In 1860 he was elected, as a Republican, Representative in the Twenty-second General Assembly, and, in March following, was appointed by President Lincoln United States Marshal for the Northern District of Illinois. In 1869, by appointment of President Grant, he became Minister to Belgium, remaining in office until 1875, when he resigned and returned to Chicago. Subsequently he declined the position of Secretary of the Interior, but was appointed Collector of the Port of Chi- cago, from which he retired in 1888. Mr. Jones served as member of tlie National Republican Committee for Illinois in 1868. In 1863 he organ- ized the West Division Street Railway, laying the foundation of an ample fortune. JONES, William, pioneer merchant, was born at Charlemont, Mass., Oct. 23, 1789, but spent his boyhood and earlj- manhood in New York State, ultimately locating at Buffalo, where he engaged in business as a grocer, and also held various public positions. In 1831 he made a tour of observation westward by way of Detroit, finally reaching Fort Dearborn, which he again visited in 1832 and in '33, making small investments each time in real estate, which afterwards appreciated immensely in value. In 1834, in partnership with Byram King of Buffalo, Mr. Jones engaged in the stove and hardware business, founding in Chicago the firm of Jones & King, and the neit year brought his family. While he never held any important public office, he was one of the most prominent of those early residents of Chicago through whose enterprise and public spirit the city was made to prosper. He held the office of Justice of the Peace, served in the City Council, was one of the founders of the city fire depart- ment, served for twelve years (1840-52) on the Board of School Inspectors (for a considerable time as its President), and contributed liberally to the cause of education, including gifts of 550,000 to the old Chicago Univer.sity, of which he was a Trustee and, for some time^ President of its Executive Committee. Died, Jan. 18, 1868. — Fernando (Jones), son of the preceding, was born at Forestville, Cliautauqua County, N. Y., May 26, 1820, having, for some time in his boyhood, Millard Fillmore (afterwards President) as his teacher at Buffalo, and, still later, Reuben E. Fen- ton (afterwards Governor and a United States Senator) as classmate. After coming to Chicago, in 1835, lie was employed for some time as a clerk in Government offices and by the Trustees of the Illinois & Michigan Canal; spent a season at Canandaigtia Academy, N. Y. ; edited a periodical at Jackson, Mich., for a year or two, but finally coming to Chicago, opened an abstract and title office, in which he was engaged at the time of the fire of 1871, and which, by consolidation with two other firms, became the foundation of the Title Guarantee and Trust Company, which still plays an important part in the real-estate busine.ss of Chicago. Mr. Jones has held various public posi- tions, including that of Trustee of the Hospital for the Insane at Jacksonville, and has for years been a Trustee of the University of Chicago. -Kller Kent (Jones), another son, was one of the found- ers of "The Gem of the Prairies" newspaper, out of which grew "The Chicago Tribune"; was for many years a citizen of Quincy, 111., and promi- nent member of the Republican State Central Committee, and, for a time, one of tlie publishers of "The Prairie Farmer." Died, in Quincy, August 20, 1886. JOJIESBORO, the county -seat of Union County, situated about a mile west of the line of the Illi- nois Central Railroad. It is some 30 miles north of Cairo, with which it is connected by the Mobile & Ohio R. R. It stands in the center of a fertile territory, largely devoted to fruit-growing, and is an important shipping-point for fruit and early vegetables; has a silica mill, pickle factory a,nd a bank. There are also four churches, and one weekly newspaper, as well as a graded school. Population (!900). 1,130. JOSLYN, Merritt L., lawyer, was born in Livingston County, N. Y., in 1827, came to Illi- nois in 1839, his father settling in McHenry County, where the son, on arriving at manhood, engaged in the practice of the law. The latter became prominent in political circles and, in 1856, was a Buchanan Presidential Elector. On the breaking out of the war he allied himself with the Republican party ; served as a Captain in the Thirty-sixth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and, in 1864, was elected to the Twenty-fourth General Assembly from SIcHenry County, later serving as Senator during the sessions of the Thirtieth and Thirty-first Assemblies (1876-80). After the death of President Garfield, he was appointed by President Arthur Assistant Secre- tary of the Interior, serving to the close of the administration. Returning to his home at Wood- stock, III, lie resumed the practice of his profes- sion, and, since 1889, has discharged the duties of Master in Chancery for McHenry County. JOUETT, Charles, Chicago's first lawyer, was born in Virginia in 1772, studied law at Charlottes- 310 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ville in that State; in 1802 was appointed by President Jefferson Indian Agent at Detroit and, in 1805, acted as Commissioner in conducting a treaty with the Wyandottes, Ottawas and other Indians of Northwestern Ohio and Michigan at Maumee City, Ohio. In the fall of the latter year he was appointed Indian Agent at Fort Dearborn, serving there until the year before the Fort Dear- born Jlassacre. Removing to Mercer County, Ky., in 1811, he was elected to a Judgeship there, but, in 1815, was reappointed by President Madi- son Indian Agent at Fort Dearborn, remaining until 1818, when he again returned to Kentucky. In 1819 he was appointed to a United States Judgeship in the newly organized Territory of Arkansas, but remained only a few months, when he resumed his residence in Kentucky, dying there, May 28, 1834. JOURNALISM. (See Newspajjers. Early.) JUDD, Norman Buel, lawyer, legislator. For- eign Minister, was born at Rome, N. Y., Jan. 10, 1815, where he read law and was admitted to the bar. In 1836 he removed to Chicago and com- menced practice in the (then) frontier settle- ment. He early rose to a position of prominence and influence in public affairs, holding various municipal offices and being a member of the State Senate from 1841 to 1860 continuously. In 1860 he was a Delegate-at-large to the Republican National Convention, and, in 1861, President Lin- coln appointed him Minister Plenipotentiary to Prussia, where he represented this country for four years. He was a warm personal friend of Lincoln, and accompanied him on liis memorable journey from Springfield to "Washington in 1861. In 1870 he was elected to the Forty-first Congress. Died, at Chicago, Nov. 10, 1878. JUDD, S. Corning, lawyer and politician, born in Onondaga County, N. Y., July 21, 1827; was educated at Aurora Academj', taught for a time in Canada and was admitted to the bar in New York in 1848; edited "The Syracuse Daily Star" in 1849, and, in 1850, accepted a position in the Interior Department in Washington. Later, he resumed his place upon "The Star," but, in 1854, removed to Lewistown, Fulton County, 111., and began practice with his brother-in-law, the late W. C. Goudy. In 1873 he removed to Chicago, entering into partnership with William Fitzhugh White- house, son of Bishop Whitehouse, and became prominent in connection with some ecclesiastical trials which followed. In 1860 he was a Demo- cratic candidate for Presidential Elector and, during the war, was a determined opponent of the war policy of the Government, as such mak- ing an unsuccessful campaign for Lieutenant- Governor in 1864. In 1885 he was appointed Postmaster of the city of Chicago, serving until 1889. Died, in Chicago, Sept. 22, 1895. JUDICIAL SYSTEM, THE. The Constitution of 1818 vested the judicial power of the State in one Supreme Court, and such inferior courts as the Legislature might establish. The former consisted of one Chief Justice and three Associ- ates, appointed by joint ballot of the Legislature ; but, until 1825, when a new act went into effect, they were required to perform circuit duties in the several counties, while exercising appellate jurisdiction in their united capacity. In 1824 the Legislature divided the State into five circuits, appointing one Circuit Judge for each, but, two years later, these were legislated out of office, and circuit court duty again devolved upon the Supreme Judges, the State being divided into four circuits. In 1829 a new act authorized the appointment of one Circuit Judge, who was assigned to duty in the territory northwest of the . Illinois River, the Supreme Justices continuing to perform circuit duty in the four other circuits. This arrangement continued until 1835, when the State was divided into six judicial circuits, and, five additional Circuit Judges having been elected, the Supreme Judges were again relieved from circuit court service. After this no mate- rial changes occurred except in the increase of the number of circuits until 1841, the whole number then being nine. At this time political reasons led to an entire reorganization of the courts. An act passed Feb. 10, 1841, repealed all laws author- izing the election of Circuit Judges, and provided for the appointment of five additional Associate Judges of the Supreme Court, making nine in all; and, for a third time, circuit duties devolved upon the Supreme Court Judges, the State being divided at the same time into nine circuits. By the adoption of the Constitution of 1848 the judiciary sj'stem underwent an entire change, all judicial oflScers being made elective by the people. The Constitution provided for a Supreme Court, consisting of three Judges, Circuit Courts, County Courts, and courts to be held by Justices of the Peace. In addition to these, the Legisla- ture had the power to create inferior civil and criminal courts in cities, but only upon a uniform plan. For the election of Supreme Judges, the State was divided into three Grand Judicial Divi- sions. The Legislature might, however, if it saw fit, provide for the election of all three Judges on a general ticket, to be voted throughout the State-at-large ; but this power was never exer- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 311 cised. Appeals lay from the Circuit Courts to the Supreme Court for the particular division in which the county might be located, although, by unanimous consent of all parties in interest, an appeal might be transferred to another district. Nine Circuit Courts were established, but the number might be increased at the discretion of the General Assembly. Availing itself of its constitutional power and providing for the needs of a rapidly growing community, the Legislature gradually increased the number of circuits to tliirty. The term of office for Supreme Court Judges was nine, and, for Circuit Judges, six years. Vacancies were to be filled by popular election, unless the unexpired term of the decea.sed or retiring incumbent was less than one year, in which case the Governor was authorized to appoint. Circuit Courts were vested with appellate jurisdiction from inferior tribunals, and each was required to hold at least two terms annually in each county, as might be fixed by statute. Tlie Constitution of 1870, without changing the mode of election or term of office, made several changes adapted to altered conditions. As regards the Supreme Court, the three Grand Divisions were retained, but the number of Judges was increased to seven, chosen from a like number of districts, but sitting together to con- stitute a full court, of wliich four members con- stitute a quorum. A Chief Justice is chosen by the Court, and is u.sually one of the Judges nearing the expiration of his term. The minor officers include a Reporter of Decisions, and one Clerk in each Division. By an act passed in 1897, the tliree Supreme Court Divisions were consoli- dated in one, the Court being required to hold its sittings in Springfield, and hereafter only one Clerk will be elected instead of three as hereto- fore. The salaries of Justices of the Supreme Court are fixed by law at §5,000 each. The State was divided in 1873 into twenty-seven circuits (Cook County being a circuit by itself), and one or more terms of the circuit court are required to be held each year in each county in the State. The jurisdiction of tlie Circuit Courts is both original and appellate, and includes mat- ters civil and criminal, in law and in equity. The Judges are elected by districts, and liokl office for six years. In 1877 the State was divided into thirteen judicial circuits (exclu.sive of Cook County), but without reducing tlie number of Judges (twenty-six) already in office, and the election of one additional Judge (to serve two years) was ordered in each district, thus increas- ing the number of Judges to thirty-nine. Again in 1897 the Legislature passed an act increasing the number of judicial circuits, exclusive of Cook County, to seventeen, while the number of Judges in each circuit remained the same, so that the whole number of Judges elected that year outside of Cook County was fifty-one. The salaries of Circuit Judges are §3,500 per year, except in Cook County, where they are $7,000. The Constitution also provided for the organiza- tion of Appellate Courts after the year 1874, hav- ing uniform jurisdiction in districts created for that purpose. These courts are a connecting link between the Circuit and the Supreme Courts, and greatly relieve the crowded calendar of the latter. In 1877 the Legislature established four of these tribunals: one for the County of Cook; one to include all the Northern Grand Division except Cook County; the third to embrace tlie Central Grand Division, and the fourth the South- ern. Each Appellate Court is held by three Cir- cuit Court Judges, named by the Judges of the Supreme Court, each assignment covering three years, and no Judge either allowed to receive extra conipensation or sit in review of his own rulings or decisions. Two terms are held in each District every year, and these courts have no original jurisdiction. Cook County.— The judicial system of Cook County is different from that of the rest of the State. The Constitution of 1870 made the county an independent district, and exempted it from being subject to any subsequent redistricting. The bench of the Circuit Court in Cook County, at first fixed at five Judges, has been increased under the Constitution to fourteen, who receive additional compensation from the county treas- ury. The Legislature has the constitutional right to increase the number of Judges according to population. In 1819 the Legislature estab- lished the Cook County Court of Common Pleas. Later, this became the Superior Court of Cook County, which now (180S) consists of thirteen Judges. For this court there exists the same constitutional provision relative to an increase of Judges as in the case of the Circuit Court of Cook County. JUDY, Jacob, pioneer, a native of Switzer- land, who, having como to the United States at an early day, remained some years in JIaryland, when, in 1786, he started west, spending two years near Loui.sville, Ky., finall)- arriving at Kaskaskia, 111., in 1788. In 1793 he removed to New Design, in Monroe County, and, in 1800, located within the present limits of Madison 312 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Ck)unty, where he died in 1807. — Samuel (Judy), son of the preceding, born August 19, 1773, was brought by his father to Illinois in 1788, and after- wards became prominent in political affairs and famous as an Indian fighter. On the organization of Madison County he became one of the first Count}' Commissioners, serving many years. He also commanded a body of "Rangers" in the Indian campaigns during the War of 1812, gain- ing the title of Colonel, and served as a member from Madison County in the Second Territorial Council (1814-1.5). Previous to 1811 he built the first brick house within the limits of Madison County, which still stood, not many years since, a few miles from Edwardsville. Colonel Judy died in 1838. — Jacob (Judy), eldest son of Samuel, was Register of the Land OflSce at Edwardsville, 1845-49.— Thomas (Judy), younger son of Samuel, was born, Dec. 19, 1804, and represented Madison County in the Eighteenth General Assembly (18.52-54). Ilis death occurred Oct. 4, 1880. JL'DT, James William, soldier, was born in Clark County, Ky., May 8, 1822 — his ancestors on his father's side being from .Switzerland, and those on his mother's from Scotland; grew tip on a farm and, in 1852, removed to Menard County, 111., where he has since resided. In August, 1862, he enlisted as a private soldier, was elected Cap- tain of his company, and, on its incorporation as part of the One Hundred and Fourteenth Regi- ment Illinois Volunteers at Camp Butler, was chosen Colonel by acclamation. The One Hun- dred and Fourteenth, as part of the Fifteenth Army Corps under command of that brilliant soldier. Gen. Wm. T. Sherman, was attached to the Arm}' of the Tennessee, and took part in the entire siege of Vioksburg, from May, 18G3, to the surrender on the 3d of July following. It also participated in the siege of Jackson, Miss., and numerous other engagements. After one year's service. Colonel Judy was compelled to resign by domestic affliction, having lost two children by death within eight days of each other, while others of his family were dangerously ill. On his retirement from the army, he became deeply interested in thorough-bred cattle, and is now the most noted stock auctioneer in the United States — having, in the past thirty years, sold more thorough-bred cattle than any other man living — his operations extending from Canada to Cali- fornia, and from Minnesota to Texas. Colonel Judy was elected a member of the State Board of Agriculture in 1874. and so remained continu- ously until 1890 — except two years — also serving as President of the Board from 1894 to 1896. He bore a conspicuous part in securing the location of the State Fair at Springfield in 1894, and the improvements there made under his administra- tion have not been paralleled in any other State. Originally, and up to 1856, an old-line Whig, Colonel Judy has since been an ardent Repub- lican ; and though active in political campaigns, has never held a political office nor desired one, being content with the discharge of his duty as a patriotic private citizen. KAXAX, Michael F., soldier and legislator, was born in Essex County, X. Y., in November, 1837, at twenty years of age removed to Macon County, 111., and engaged in farming. During the Civil War he enlisted in the Forty-first Illinois Volun- teers (Col. I. C. Pugh's regiment), serving nearly four years and retiring with the rank of Captain. After the war he served six years as Mayor of the city of Decatur. In 1894 he was elected State Senator, serving in the Thirty-ninth and Fortieth General Assemblies. Captain Kanan was one of the founders of the Grand Army of the Republic, and a member of the first Post of the order ever established — that at Decatur. KAXE, a village of Greene County, on the Jacksonville Division of the Chicago & Alton Railway, 40 miles south of Jacksonville. It has a bank and a weekly paper. Population (1880), 408; (1890), .551; (1900), 588. KANE, Elias Kent, early United States Sena- tor, is said by Lanman's "Dictionary of Congress'' to have been born in New York. June 7, 1796. The late Gen. Geo. W. Smith, of Chicago, a rela- tive of Senator Kane's by marriage, in a paper read before the Illinois State Bar Associatior (1895), rejecting other statements assigning the date of the Illinois Senator's birth to various years from 1786 to 1796, expresses the opinion, based on family letters, that he was really born in 1794. He was educated at Yale CoUege, gradu- ating in 1812, read law in New York, and emi- grated to Tennessee in 1813 or early in 1814, but, before the close of the latter year, removed to Illi- nois, settling at Kaskaskia. His abilities were recognized by his appointment, early in 1818. as Judge of the eastern circuit under the Territorial Government. Before the close of the same year he served as a member of the first State Consti- tutional Convention, and was appointed by Gov- ernor Bond the first Secretary of State under the new State Government, but resigned on the accession of Governor Coles in 1822. Two years later he was elected to the General Assembly as Representative from Randolph County, but I IIISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 313 resigned before the close of the year to accept a seat in the United States Senate, to which he was elected in 1824, and re-elected in 1830. Before the expiration of his second term (Dec. 12, 183.5), having reached the age of a little more than 40 years, he died in Washington, deeply mourned by his fellow-members of Congress and by his constituents. Senator Kane was a f^ousin of the distinguished Chancellor Kent of New York, through his mother's family, while, on his father's side, he was a relative of the celebrated Arctic explorer. Elisha Kent Kane. KAXE COUNTY, one of the wealthiest and most progressive counties in the State, situated in the northeastern quarter. It has an area of 540 square miles, and population (1900) of 78,793; was named for Senator Elias Kent Kane. Tim- ber and water are abundant. Fox River flowing through the twunty from north to south. Immi- gration began in 1833, and received a new impetus in 183.5, when the Pottawatomies were removed west of the Mississippi. A school was established in 1834, and a church organized in 1835. County organization was effected in June, 1836, and the public lands came on the market in 1842. The Civil War record of the countj^ is more than creditable, the number of volunteers exceeding the assessed quota. Farming, grazing, manufac- turing and dairy industries chiefly engage the attention of the people. The county has many flourishing cities and towns. Geneva is the county- seat. (See.4!trora, Dundee, Eldora, Elgin, Geneva and St. Charles. ) KAXGLEY, a village of La Salle County, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway, three miles northwest of Streator. There are several coal shafts here. Population (1900), 1,004. KAXK.iKEE, a city and county-seat of Kanka- kee County, on Kankakee River and 111. Cent. Railroad, at intersection of the "Big Four" with the Indiana, 111. & Iowa Railroad, 56 miles south of Chicago. It is an agricultural and stock-raising region, near extensive coal fields and bog iron ore ; has water-power, flour and paper mills, agri- cultural implement, furniture, and piano fac- tories, knitting and novelty works, besides two (luarries of valuable building stone. The East- ern Hospital for the Insane is located here. There are four papers, four banks, five schools, water-works, gas and electric light, electric car lines, and Government postofiice building. Popu- lation (1890), 9,025: (1900), 13,595. KANKAKEE COUNTY, a wealthy and popu- lous county in the northeast section of the State, having an area of 680 square miles — receiving its name from its principal river. It was set apart from Will and Iroquois Counties under the act passed in 1851, the owners of the site of the present city of Kankakee contributing 55,000 toward the erection of county buildings. Agri- culture, manufacturing and coal-mining are the principal pursuits. The first white settler was one Noah Vasseur, a Frenchman, and the first American, Thomas Durham. Population (1880), 2.5,047; (1890), 28,733; (1900), 37,1,54. KANKAKEE RIYER, a sluggish stream, rising in St. Joseph County, Ind., and flowing west- southwest through English Lake and a flat marshy region, into Illinois. In Kankakee County it unites with the Iroquois from the south and the Des Plaines from the north, after the junction with the latter, taking the name of the Illinois. KANKAKEE & SENECA RAILROAD, a line lying wholl}' in Illinois, 42.08 miles in length. It has a capital stock of §10,000, bonded debt of §650,000 and other forms of indebtedness (1895) reaching 8557,029: total capitalization, $1,217,629. This road was chartered in 1881, and opened in 1882. It connects with the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroad, and the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, and is owned jointly by these two lines, but operated by the former. (See Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Rail- road.) KANSAS, a village in Edgar County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis and the Chicago & Ohio River Railways, 156 miles northeast of St. Louis, 104 miles west of Indian- apolis, 13 miles east of Charleston and 11 miles west-southwest of Paris. The surrounding region is agricultural and stock-raising. Kansas has tile works, two grain elevators, a canning factory, and railway machine shops, beside four churches, a collegiate institute, a National bank and a weekly new.spaper. Population (1880), 723; (1890), 1,037; (1900), 1,049. KASKASKIA, a village of the Illinois Indians, and later a French trading post, first occupied in 1700. It passed into the hands of the British after the French-Indian War in 1765, and was captured by Col. George Rogers Clark, at the head of a force of Virginia troops, in 1778. (See Clark, George Rogers.) At that time the white inhab- itants were almost entirely of French descent. The first exercise of the elective franchise in Illi- nois occurred here in the year last named, and, in 1804, the United States Government opened a land oiHce there. I''or many years the most important commercial town in the Territory, it remained the Territorial and State capital down 314 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. to 1819, when the seat of government was re- moved to Vandaha. Originally situated on the west side of the Kaskaskia River, some six miles from the Mississippi, early in 1899 its site had been swept away by the encroachments of the latter stream, so that all that is ieft of the princi- pal town of Illinois, in Territorial days, is simply its name. KASKASKIA INDIANS, one of the five tribes constituting the Illinois confederation of Algon quin Indians. About the year 1700 they removed from what is now La Salle County, to Southern Illinois, where they established themselves along the banks of the river which bears their name. They were finally removed, with their b-ethren of the Illinois, west of the Mississippi, and, as a distinct tribe, have become extinct. KASKASKIA RIVER, rises in Champaign County, and flows southwest through the coun- ties of Douglas, Coles, Moultrie, Shelby, Fayette, Clinton and St. Clair, thence southward through Randolph, and empties into the Mississippi River near Chester. It is nearly 300 miles long, and flows through a fertile, undulating countrj', which forms part of the great coal field of the State. KEITH, Edson, Sr., merchant and manufac- turer, born at Barre, Vt., Jan. 38, 1833, was edu- cated at home and in the district schools ; spent 18.50-54 in Montpelier, coming to Chicago the latter year and obtaining employment in a retail dry-goods store. In 1860 he assisted in establisli- ing the firm of Keith, Faxon & Co. , now Edson Keith & Co. ; is also President of the corjjoration of Keith Brothers & Co., a Director of the Metro- j)olitan National Bank, and the Edison Electric Light Company. — Elbridare G. (Keith), banker, brother of the preceding, was born at Barre, Vt., July 16, 1840; attended local schools and Barre Academy ; came to Chicago in 1857, the next year taking a position as clerk in the house of Keith, Faxon & Co., in 1805 becoming a partner and, in 1884, being chosen President of the Jletropolitan National Bank, where he still remains. Mr. Keith was a member of the Republican National Convention of 1880, and belongs to several local literary, political and social clubs ; was also one of the Directors of the World's Columbian Expo- sition of 1892-93. KEITHSliURdi, a town in Mercer County on the Mississijipi River, at the intersection of tlie Chicago, Burlington & Quincy and the Iowa Cen- tral Railways; IDO miles west-north we.st of Peoria. Principal industries are fisheries, ship- ping, manufacture of i)earl l)uttons and oilers; has ■one paper. Pop. (1900), 1,566; (1903, est.), 2,000. KELLOGG, Hiram Huntington, clergyman and educator, was born at Clinton (then Whites- town), N. Y., in February, 1803, graduated at Hamilton College and Auburn Seminary, after which he served for some years as pastor at various places in Central New York. Later, he established the Young Ladies" Domestic Seminary at Clinton, claimed to be the first ladies' semi- nary in the State, and the first experiment in the country uniting manual training of girls with scholastic instruction, antedating Mount Hoi yoke, Oberlin and other institutions which adopted this system. Color was no bar to admission to the institution, though the daughters of some of the wealthiest families of the State were among its pupils. Mr. Kellogg was a co-laborer with Gerritt Smith, Beriah Green, the Tappans, Garri- son and others, in the effort to arouse public senti- ment in opposition to slavery. In 1836 he united with Prof. George W. Gale and others in the movement for the establishment of a colony and the building up of a Christian and anti-slavery institution in the West, which re.sulted in the location of the town of Galesburg and tlie found, ing there of Knox College. Mr. Kellogg was chosen the first President of the institution and, in 1841, left his tliriving school at Clinton to identify himself with the new enterprise, which, in its infancy, was a manual-labor school. In the West he soon became the ally and co- laborer of sucli men as Owen Lovejoy, Ichabod Codding, Dr. C. V. Dyer and others, in the work of e.xtirpat- ing slavery. In 1843 he visited England as a member of the Worhl's Peace Convention, re-. maining abroad about a year, during which time he made the acquaintance of Jacob Bright and others of the most prominent men of that day in England and Scotland. Resigning the Presidency of Knox College in 1847, he returned to Clinton Seminary, and was later engaged in various busi- ness enterprises until 1861, when he again re- moved to Illinois, and was engaged in preaching and teaching at various points during the remainder of his life, dying suddenly, at Iiis home school at Mount Forest, 111., Jan. 1, 1881. KELLOGG, William Pitt, was born at Orwell, Vt., Dec. 8, 1831, removed to Illinois in 1848, studied law at Peoria, was admitted to the bar in 1854. and began practice in Fulton County. lie was a candidate for Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket in 1S,56 and 1860, being elected the latter j'ear. Appointed Chief Justice of Nebraska in 1861, he re.siKneT, (Rev.) Aratus, pioneer and Congrega- tional missionary, was born in SufBeld, Conn, in 1794, educated at Yale and Princeton and, in 1829, as a Congregational missionary, came to the Galena lead mines — then esteemed "a place so hard no one else would take it." In less than two years he had a Sunday-school with ten teachers and sixty to ninety scholars, and liad also estab- lished a day-scliool, which he conducted himself. In 1831 he organized the First Presbj-terian Church of Galena, of wliich he remained pastor until 1848, when lie became Agent of the Home Missionary Society. He was prominent in laj'ing the foundations of Beloit College and Rockford Female Seminary, meanwliile contributing freely from his meager salary to charitable purposes. Died at Galena, Nov. 8, 1869. KEOKUK, (interpretation, "The Watchful Fox"), a Chief of the Sacs and Foxes, born on Rock River, about 1780. He had the credit of shrewdness and bravery, which enabled him finally to displace his rival, Black Hawk. He always professed ardent friendship for the whites, although this was not infrequently attributed to a far-seeing policy. He earnestly dissuaded Black Hawk from the formation of his confeder- acy, and when the latter was forced to surrender hiuLself to the United States authorities, he was formallj' delivered to the custody of Keokuk. By the Rock Island treaty, of September, 1832, Keo- kuk was formally recognized as the principal Chief of the Sacs and Foxes, and granted a reser- vation on the Iowa River, 40 miles square. Here he lived until 1845, when lie removed to Kansas, where, in June. 1848, he fell a victim to poison, supposedh' administered by some partisan of Black Hawk. (See Black Hawk and Black Hawk War.) KERFOOT, Samuel II., real-estate operator, was born in Lancaster, Pa., Dec. 18. 1823, and educated under the tutorship of Rev. Dr. Muh- lenburg at St. Paul's College, Flushing, Long Island, graduating at the age of 19. He was then associated with a brother in founding St. James College, in Waslnngton County, Md., but, in 1848, removed to Chicago and engaged in the real-estate business, in which he was one of the oldest operators at the time of liis deatli, Dec. 38, 1896. He was one of the founders and a life member of the Chicago Historical Society and of the Chicago Academy of Sciences, and associated with other learned and social organizations. He was also a member of the original Real Estate 316 HISTORICAL E^X'YCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. and Stock Board of Chicago and its first Presi- dent. KEWA>'EE, a city in Henry County, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 131 miles southwest of Chicago. Agriculture and coal-mining are chief industries of tlie surround- ing country. The city contains eighteen churches, six graded schools, a public library of 10,000 volumes, three national banks, one weekly and two daily papers. It has extensive manufactories emplojing four to five thousand hands, the out- put including tubing and soil-pipe, boilers, pumps and heating apparatus, agricultural implements, etc. Population (1890), 4,569; (1900), 8,383; (1903, est.), 10,000. KETES, Willard, pioneer, was born at New- fane, Windsor County, Vt., Oct. 28, 1792; spent his early life on a farm, enjoying only such edu- cational advantages as could be secured by a few months' attendance on school in winter; in 1817 started west by way of Mackinaw and, crossing Wisconsin (then an imbroken wilderness), finally reached Prairie du Chien, after which he spent a year in the "pineries." In 1819 he descended the Mississippi with a raft, his attention en route being attracted bj- the present site of the city of Quincy, to which, after two years spent in exten- sive exploration of the "Military Tract" in the interest of certain owners of bounty lands, he again returned, finding it still unoccupied. Then, after two years spent in farming in Pike County, in 1824 he joined his friend, the late Gov. John Wood, who had built the first house in Quincy two j-ears previous. Mr. Keyes thus became one of the three earliest settlers of Quincy, the other two being John Wood and a Major Rose. On the organization of Adams County, in January, 182.5, he was appointed a member of the first Board of County Commission- ers, which held its first meeting in his house. Mr. Keyes acquired considerable landed property about Quincy, a portion of which he donated to the Chicago Theological Seminary, therebj- fur- nishing means for the erection of "Willard Hall" in connection with that institution. His death occurred in Quincy, Feb. 7, 1872. KICKAPOOS, a tribe of Indians whose eth- nology is closel}' related to that of the Jlascou- tins. The French orthography of the word was various, the early explorers designating them as "Kic-a-pous," "Kicka-poux," "Kickabou," and "Quick-apous." The significance of the name is uncertain, different authorities construing it to mean "the otter's foot" and the "rabbit's ghost." accordin;' to dialect. From 1602, when the tribe was first visited by Samuel Champlain, the Kicka- poos were noted as a nation of warriors. They fought against Christianization, and were, for some time, liostile to the French, although they proved efficient allies of the latter during the French and Indian War. Their first formal recognition of the authority of the United States was in the treaty of Edwardsville (1819), in which reference was made to the treaties executed at Vincennes (180.5 and 1809). Xearlj- a century before, thej- had left their seats in Wisconsin and established villages along the Rock River and near Chicago (1712 1.5). At the time of the Edwardsville treaty they had settlements in the valleys of the Wabash, Embarras, Kaskaskia, Sangamon and Illinois Rivers. While they fought braveh' at the battle of Tippecanoe, their chief militarj- skill lay in predatory warfare. As compared with other tribes, they were industri- ous, intelligent and cleanly. In 1832-33 they were removed to a reservation in Kansas. Thence man}- of them drifted to the southwest, join- ing roving, plundering bands. In language, manners and customs, the Kickapoos closely resembled the Sacs and Foxes, with whom some ethnologists believe them to have been more or less closely connected. KILPATRICK, Thomas M., legislator and soldier, was born in Crawford County, Pa., June 1, 1807. He learned the potter's trade, and, at the age of 27, removed to Scott County, 111. He was a deep thinker, an apt and reflective student of public affairs, and naturally eloquent. He was twice elected to the State Senate (1840 and '44), and, in 1846, was the Whig candidate for Governor, but was defeated by Augustus C. French, Democrat. In 18.50 he emigrated to California, but. after a few years, returned to Illinois and took an active part in the campaigns of 18.58 and 1860. On the outbreak of the Civil War he was commissioned Colonel of the Twenty- eighth Illinois "\'olunteers, for which regiment he had recruited a company. He was killed at the battle of Shiloh, April 6, 1862, while leading a charge. KIXDERHOOK, a village and railway station in Pike County, on the Hannibal Division of tlie Wabash Railway, 13 miles east of Hannibal. Population (1890), 473; (1900), 370. KI>'(t, John Lyle, lawyer, was born in Madison, Ind., in 1825 — the son of a pioneer settler who was one of the founders of Hanover College and of the Presbyterian Theological Seminary there, which afterwards became the "Presbj-- terian Theological Seminary of the North%vest, '' HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 317 now the McCormick Tlieological Seminary of Chicago. After graduating at Hanover. Mr. King began the study of law with an uncle at JIadison, and the following year was admitted to tlie bar. In 18.5'2 he was elected to the Indiana Legislature and, while a member of that body, acted as Chair- man of the Committee to present Louis Kossuth, the Hungarian patriot and exile, to the Legisla- ture ; also took a prominent part, during the next few years, in the organization of the Republican party. Removing to Chicago in IS.jG, he soon became prominent in his profession there, and, in 18G0, was elected City Attorney over Col. James A. Mulligan, who became eminent a year ortwo later, in connection with the war for the Union. Hav- ing a fondness for literature, Mr. King wrote much for the press and, in 1878, published a volume of sporting experiences with a party of professional friends in the woods and waters of Northern Wis- consin and Michigan, under the title. ."Trouting on the Brule River, or Summer Wayfaring in the Northern Wilderness." Died in Chicago, April 17, 1893. KOG, William H., lawyer, was born at Clifton Park, Saratoga County, N.Y., Oct. 23, 1817; gradu- ated from Union College in 184G, studied law at Waterford and, having been admitted to the bar the following year, began practice at the same place. In 18.53 he removed to Cliicago, where he held a number of imjiortant positions, including the Presidency of the Chicago Law Institute, the Chicago Bar Association, tlie Chicago Board of Education, and the Union College Alumni Association of the Northwest. In 1870 he was elected to the lower branch of the Twenty- seventh General Assembly, and, during the ses- sions following the fire of 1871 prepared the act for the protection of titles to real estate, made necesisary by the destruction of the records in the Recorder's office. Mr. King received the degree of LL.D from his Alma Mater in 1879. Died, in Chicago, Feb. 0, IsilO. KIXGMAN, Martin, was born at Deer Creek, Tazewell County, 111., April 1, 1844; attended school at Wasliington, 111., then taught two or three years, and, in June, 1862, enlisted in the Eighty -sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, serv- ing tliree years without the loss of a daj- — a part of the time on detached service in charge of an ambulance corps and, later, as Assistant Quarter- master. Returning from the war with the rank of First Lieutenant, in August, 180.5, he went to Peoria, where he engaged in business and has re- mained ever since. He is now connected with the following business concerns: Kingman & Co., manufacturers and dealers in farm machinery, buggies, wagons, etc. ; Tlie Kingman Plow Com- pany. Bank of Illinois, Peoria Cordage Company. Peoria General Electric Company, and National Hotel Company, besides various outside enter- prises — all large concerns in each of which he is a large stockholder and a Director. Mr. Kingman was Canal Comniissioner for six years- — this being his only connection with politics. During 1898 he was also chosen Lieutenant-Colonel of the Peoria Provisional Regiment organized for the Spanish- American War. His career in connection with tlie industrial development of Peoria has been especially conspicuous and successful. KIXKADE (or Kinkead), William, a native of Tennessee, settled in what is now Lawrence County, in 1817, and was elected to the State Senate in 1822, but appears to have served only one session, as he was succeeded in the Fourth General Assembly by James Bird. Although a Tennesseeau bj' birth, he was one of the most aggressive opponents of the scheme for making Illinois a slave State, being the only man who made a speech against the pro-slaverj- convention resolution, though this was cut short by the determination of the pro-conventionists to permit no debate. Mr. Kinkade was appointed Post- master at Lawrenceville by President John Quincy Adams, and held the position for many years. He died in 1846. KINMUJfDY, a city in Marion Count)-, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 229 miles south of Chicago and 24 miles northeast of Centralia. Agriculture, stock-raising, fruit-growing and coalmining are the principal industries of the surrounding country. Kinmundy has flouring mills and brick-making plants, with other manufacturing establisliments of minor impor- tance. There are five churches, a bank and a weekly newspaper. Population (1880), 1,096; (1890), 1.045; (1900), 1,221. KINNEY, William, Lieutenant-Governor of ■ Illinois from 1826 to 1830; was born in Kentucky in 1781 and came to Illinois early in life, Anally settling in St. Clair County. Of limited educa- tional advantages, he was taught to read by his wife after marriage. He became a Baptist preacher, was a good stump-orator; served two sessions in tlio State Senate (the First and Thirds was a candidate for Governor in 1834, but was defeated by Joseph Duncan ; in 1838 was elected by the Legislature a member of the Board of Public Works, becoming its President. Died in 1843. — William C. (Kinney), son of the preced- ing, was born in Illinois, served as a member of 318 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. the Constitutional Convention of 1847 and as Representative in the Nineteenth General Assem- bly (1855), and, in 1857, was appointed by Gov- ernor Bissell Adjutant-General of the State, dying in office the following year. KIXZIE, John, Indian-trader and earliest citi- zen of Chicago, was born in Quebec, Canada, in 1763. His father was a Scotchman named JIcKenzie, but the son dropped the prefix "Mc," and the name soon came to be spelled "Kinzie" — an orthography recognized by the family. Dur- ing his early childhood his father died, and his mother gave him a stepfather by the name of William Forsythe. AVhen ten years old he left home and, for three years, devoted himself to learning the jeweler's trade at Quebec. Fasci- nated by stories of adventure in the West, he removed thither and became an Indian-trader. In 1804 he established a trading post at what is now the site of Chicago, being the first solitary white settler. Later he established other posts on the Rock, Illinois and Kankakee Rivers. He was twice married, and the father of a numerous family. His daughter Maria married Gen. David Hunter, and his daughter-in-law, Mrs. John H. Kinzie, achieved literary distinction as the authoress of '"Wau Bun," etc. (N. Y. 1850.) Died in Chicago, Jan. 6, 1828.— John Harris (Kinzie), son of the preceding, was born at Sand- wich, Canada, July 7, 1803, brought by his par- ents to Chicago, and taken to Detroit after the massacre of 1812, but returned to Chicago in 1816. Two years later his father placed him at Mackinac Agency of the American Fur Com- pany, and, in 1824, he was transferred to Prairie du Chien. The following year he was Sub- Agent of Indian affairs at Fort Winnebago, where he witnessed several important Indian treaties. In 1830 he went to Connecticut, where he was married, and, in 1833, took up his permanent resi- dence in Chicago, forming a partnership with Gen. David Hunter, his brother-in-law, in the forwarding business. In 1841 he was appointed Registrar of Public Lands by President Harrison, but was removed by Tyler. In 1848 lie was ajipointed Canal Collector, and. in 1849, President Taylor commissioned him Receiver of Public Moneys. In 1861 he was commissioned Pay- master in the army by President Lincoln, which office he held until his death, which occurred on a railroad train near Pittsburg, Pa., June 21, 1865. KIRBY, Edward P., lawyer and legislator, was born in Putnam County, III., Oct. 2H, 1834— the son of Rev. William Kirby, one of the found- ers and early professors of Illinois College at Jacksonville; graduated at Illinois College in 1854, then taught several years at St. Louis and Jacksonville; was admitted to the bar in 1864, and, in 1873, was elected County Judge of Morgan County as a Republican ; was Repre.sentative in the General Assembly from Jlorgan County (1891-93) ; also served for several j-ears as Trustee of the Central Hospital for the Insane and. for a long period, as Trustee and Treasurer of Illinois College. KIRK, (Gen.) Edward X., soldier, was born of Quaker parentage in Jefferson Countj-, Ohio, Feb. 29, 1828; graduated at the Friends' Academy, at Mount Pleasant in the same State, and, after teaching for a time, began the study of law, completing it at Baltimore, Md., where he was admitted to the bar in 1853. A year later he removed to Sterling, 111., where he continued in his profession until after the battle of the first Bull Run, when he raised a regiment. The quota of the State being already full, this was not im- mediately accepted: but, after some delay, was mustered in in September, 1861, as the Thirty- fourth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, with the subject of this sketcli as Colonel. In the field he soon proved himself a brave and dashing officer; at the battle of Shiloh, though wounded through the shoulder, he refused to leave the field. After remaining with the army several days, inflam- matory fever set in, necessitating his removal to the hospital at Louisville, where he lay between life and death for some time. Having partially recovered, in August, 1862, he set out to rejoin his regiment, but was stopped en route by an order assigning him to command at Louisville. In November following he was commissioned Brigadier-General for "heroic action, gallantry and ability" displayed on the field. In the last days of December, 1862, he had sufficiently re- covered to take part in the series of engagements at Stone River, wliere he was again wounded, this time fatally. He was taken to his home in Illinois, and, although he survived several months, the career of one of the most brilliant and promising soldiers of the war was cut short by his death, July 21, 1863. KIRKLAND, Joseph, journalist and author, was born at Geneva, N. Y., Jan. 7, 1830 — the son of Prof. William Kirkland of Hamilton College: was brought by his parents to Michigan in 1835, where he remained until 1856, when he came to the city of Chicago. In 1861 lie enlisted as a private in the Twelfth Illinois Infantry (three- months' men), was elected Second Lieutenant, but later became Aid-de-Camp on the staff of HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 319 General McClellan, serving there and on the staff of General Fitz-John Porter until the retirement of the latter, meanwhile taking part in the Pen- insular campaign and in tlie battle of Antietam. Returning to Chicago he gave attentitm to some coal mining property near Danville, but later studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1880. A few years later he produced liis first novel, and, from 1890, devoted his attention solely to literary purstiits, for several years being liter- ary editor of "Tlie Chicago Tr-bune. " His works — several of which first appeared as serials in the magazines — include "Zur.y, the Meanest Man in Spring County" (188.5); "The McVeys" (1887); "The Captain of Co. K." (1889), besides the "His- tory of the Chicago Massacre of 1812," and "The Story of Cliicago" — the latter in two volumes. At the time of his death he had just concluded, in collaboration with Hon. Jolm Moses, the work of editing a two-volume "History of Chicago." pub- lished by Messrs. Munsell & Co. (1895). Died, in Chicago, April 29, 1894.— Elizabeth Stansbury (Kirkland), sister of the preceding — teaclier and author — was born at Geneva, N. Y. , came to Chicago in 1867 and, five years later, established a select scliool for }'oung ladies, out of which grew what is known as the "Kirkland Social Settlement," which was continued until her death, July 30, 1896. She was the author of a number of vol- umes of decided merit, written witli the especial object of giving entertainment and instruction to the young — including ".Six Little Cooks." "Dora's Housekeeping," "Speech and Manners." a Child's "History of France," a "History of England," "History of English Literature," etc. At her death she left a "History of Italj'" ready for the hands of the publi.shers. KIRKPATRICK, John, pioneer INIethodist preaclier, was born in Georgia, wlience he emi- grated in 1802 ; located at Springfield, III. , at an early day, where he built the first horse-mill in that vicinity; in 1829 removed to Adams County, and finally to Ottumwa, Iowa, wliere he died in 18W. Mr. Kirkpatrick is believed to have been the first local Methodist preacher licensed in Illinois. Having inlierited three slaves (a woman and two boys) while in Adams County, he brought them to Illinois and gave them their freedom. The boys were bound to a man in Quincy to learn a trade, but mj'steriously disappeared — presumably having been kidnaped with the connivance of the man in wliose charge they had been placed. KIKKWOOn, a city in Warren Countj', once known as "Young America," situated about six miles southwest of Monmouth, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad; is a stock-ship- ping point and in an agri<'ultural region. The town has two banks, five churches, and two weekly newspapers. I'op. (1890), 949; (1900), 1,008. KISHWAUKEE KIVER, rises in McHenry County, runs west through Boone, and enters Rock River in Winnebago County, eight miles below Rockford. It is 7.5 miles long. An afflu- ent called the South Kishwaukee River runs north-northeast and northwest through De Kalb County, and enters the Kiskwaukee in Winne- bago County, about eight miles southeast of Rockford. KITCHELl, Wifkliff, lawyer and Attorney- General of Illinois, was born in New Jersey, May 21, 1789. Feb. 29, 1812, he was married, at Newark, N. J., to Miss Elizabeth Ross, and the same j-ear emigrated west, passing down the Ohio on a flat-boat from Pittsburg, Pa., and settled near Cincinnati In 1814 he becanne a resident of Southern Indiana, where he was elected sheriff, studied law and was admitted to the bar, finally becom- ing a successful practitioner. In 1817 he removed to Palestine, Crawford County, III., where, in 1820, he was elected Representative in the Second General Assembly, and was also a member of the State Senate from 1828 to 1833. In 1838 he re- moved to Hillsboro, Montgomery County, was appointed Attorney-General in 18,39, serving until near tlie close of the following year, wlien he resigned to take his seat as Representative in the Twelfth General Assembly. Between 1846 and 1854 he was a resident of Fort Madison, Iowa, but tlie latter year returned to Hillsboro. During his early political career Mr. Kitchell had been a Democrat ; but, on the passage of the Kansas-Neb- riska 'i^-t, became an earnest Republican. Pub- lic-spirited and progressive, he was in advance of liis time on many public questions. Died, Jan. 2, 1869.— .Alfred (Kitchell), son of the preceding, lawyer and Judge, born at Palestine, HI., Jlarch 29, 1820; %vas educated at Indiana State Univer- sity and Hillsboro Academy, admitted to the bar ia 18 U, and, the following year, conmienced practice at Olney; was elected State's Attorney in 1843, through repeated re-elections holding the olTice ten j^ears ; was a member of the Constitu- tional Convention of 1847 and, in 1^49, was elected Judge of Richland County ; later assisted in establishing the first newspaper published in Olney, and in organizing the Republican party there in 1856; in 1859 was elected Judge of the Twenty-fifth Judicial Circuit, serving one term. He was also influential in procuring a charter for 320 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad, and in the con- struction of tlie line, being an original corporator and subsequently a Director of the Company. Later he removed to Galesburg, where he died, Nov. 11, 1870.— Edward (Kitchell), another son, was born at Palestine, 111., Dec. 21, 1829; was educated at Hillsboro Academy until 1846, when he removed with his father's family to Fort Madison, Iowa, but later returned to Hillsboro to continue his studies; in 1853 made the trip across the plains to California to engage in gold mining, but the following year went to Walla Walla, Washington Territory, where he opened a law office; in 18.54 returned to Illinois, locating at Olney, Richland County, forming a partnership with Horace Hayward, a relative, in the practice of lavr. Here, having taken position against the repeal of the Missouri Compromise, he became, in 18.56, the editor of the first Republican news- paper published in that part of Illinois known as "Egypt," with his brother. Judge Alfred Kitchell, being one of the original thirty-nine Republicans in Richland County. In 1862 he assisted in organizing the Ninety-eighth Regiment Illinois Volunteers at Centralia, which, in the following year having been mounted, became a part of the famous "Wilder Brigade." At first he was com- missioned Lieutenant-Colonel, but succeeded to tlie command of the regiment after the wounding of Colonel Funkhouser at Chickamauga in Sep- tember, 1863; was finally promoted to the colo- nelcy in July, 1865, and mustered out with the rank of Brigadier-General by brevet. Resuming the practice of his profession at Olney, he was, in 186(i, the Republican candidate for Congress in a district stronglj- Democratic; also served as Collector of Internal Revenue for a short time and, in 1868, was Presidential Elector for the same District. Died, at Olney, July 11, 1869.— John Wiekliff (Kitchell), youngest son of Wick- liff Kitchell, was born at Palestine, Crawford County, 111., May 30, 1835, educated at Hillsboro, read law at Fort Madison, Iowa, and admitted to the bar in that State. At the age of 19 year.s he serveil as Assistant Clerk of the House of Repre- sentatives at Springfield, and was Reading Clerk of the same body at the session of 1861. Previous to the latter date he had edited "The Montgomery County Herald," and later, "The Charleston Courier." Resigning his position as Reading Clerk in 1861, he enlisted under the first call of President Lincoln in the Ninth Illinois Volun- teers, served as Adjutant of the regiment and afterwards as Captain of his company. At the expiration of his term of enlistment he established "The Union Monitor" at Hillsboro, which he con- ducted until drafted into the service in 1864, serving until the close of the war. In 1806 he removed to Pana (his present residence), resum- ing practice there; was a candidate for the State Senate the same year, and, in 1870, was the Republican nominee for Congress in that District. KNICKERBOCKER, Joshua C, lawyer, was born in Gallatin, Columbia County, N. Y., Sept. 26, 1827 ; brought b}' his father to Alden, McHenry County, 111., in 1844, and educated in the com- mon schools of that place ; removed to Chicago in 1860, studied law and was admitted to practice in 1862 ; served on the Board of Supervisors and in the City Council and, in 1868, was elected Repre- sentative in the General Assembly, serving one term. He was also a member of the State Board of Education from 1875 to "77, and the latter year was elected Probate Judge for Cook County, serving until his death, Jan. 5, 1890. KXIGHTS OF PYTHIAS, a secret semi mill tary and benevolent association founded in the City of Washington, D. C, Feb. 19, 1864, Justus H. Rathbone (who died Dec. 9, 1889) being its recognized founder. The order was established in Illinois, May 4, 1869, by the organization of "Welcome Lodge, No. 1," in the citj- of Chicago. On July 1, 1869, this Lodge had nineteen mem- bers. At the close of the year four additional Lodges had been instituted, having an aggregate membership of 245. Early in the following year, on petition of these five Lodges, approved by the Grand Chancellor, a Grand Lodge of the Order for the State of Illinois was instituted in Chicago, with a membership of twenty-nine Past Chancel- lors as representatives of the five subordinate Lodges — the total membership of these Lodges at that date being 382. December 31, 1870, the total membership in Illinois hail increased to 850. June 30, 1895, the total number of Lodges in the State was 525, and the membership 38.441. The assets belonging to the Lodges in Illinois, on Jan. 1. 1894, amounted to §418,151.77. KXOWLTON, Dexter A., pioneer and banker, was born in Fairfield, Herkimer County, N. Y., March 3, 1812, taken to Chautauqua County in infancy and passed his childhood and youth on a farm. Having determined on a mercantile ca- reer, he entered an academy at Fredonia, pa}-ing his own way; in 1838 started on a peddling tour for the West, and, in the following year, settled at Freeport, 111., where he opened a general store; in 1843 began investments in real estate, finallj' laying off sundry additions to the citj' of Free- port, from which lie realized large profits. He HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 321 ■was also prominentlj' connected witlj the Galena & Chicago Union Railroad and, in 1850, became a Director of the Company, remaining in office some twelve years. In 1852 he was the Free-Soil candidate for Governor of Illinois, but a few years later became extensively interested in the Con- gress & Empire Spring Companj' at Saratoga, N. Y. ; then, after a four years' residence in Brooklyn, returned to Freeport in 1870, where he engaged in banking business, dying in that city, March 10, i8T6. K>'OX, Joseph, lawyer, was born at Blanford, Mass., Jan. 11, 1805; studied law with his brother, Gen. Alanson Knox, in his native town, was admitted to the bar in 1828, subsequently removing to Worcester, in the same State, where he began the practice of his profession. In 1837 he removed west, locating at Stephenson, now Rock Island, III. , where he continued in practice for twenty-three years. During the greater part of that tinie he was associated with Hon. John \V. Drury, under the firm name of Knox & Drury, gaining a wide reputation as a lawyer throughout Northern Illinois. Among the important cases in which lie took part during his residence in Rock Island was the prosecution of the murderers of Colonel Davenport in 1845. In 1852 lie served as a Democratic Presidential Elector, but in the next campaign identified himself with the Republican party as a supporter of John C. Fremont for the Presidency. In 1860 he removed to Chicago and, two years later, was appointed State's Attorney by Governor Yates, remaining in office until suc- ceeded by his partner, Charles H. Reed. After coming to Chicago he was identified with a num- ber of notable cases. His death occurred, xVugust 6," 1881. KXOX COLLEGE, a non-sectarian institution for the higher education of the youth of both sexes, located at Galesburg, Knox County. It was founded in 1837, fully organized in 1841, and graduated its first class in 1846. The number of graduates from that date until 1894, aggregated 867. In 1893 it had 663 students in attendance, and a faculty of 20 professors. Its library con- tains about 6,000 volumes. Its endowment amounts to §300,000 and its buildings are valued at §150,000. Dr. Newton Bateman was at its head for more than twenty years, and, on his res- ignation (1893), John H. Finley, Ph.D., became its President, but resigned in 1899. KNOX COUNTY, a wealthy interior county west of the Illinois River, having an area of 720 square miles and a population (1900) of 43,012. It ■was named in honor of Gen. Henry Knox. Its territorial limits were defined by legislative enactment in 1825, but the actual organization dates from 1830, when Riggs Pennington, Pliilip Hash and Charles Hansford were named the first Commissioners. Knoxville was the first county- seat selected, and here (in the winter of 1830-31) was erected the first court liouse, constructed of logs, two stories in lieiglit, at a cost of §192. The soil is rich, and agriculture flour- ishes. The present county-seat (1899) is Gales- burg, well known for its educational institutions, the best known of which are Knox College, founded in 1837, and Lombard University, founded in 1851. A flourishing Episcopal Semi- nary is located at Knoxville, and Hedding Col- lege at Abingdon. KNOXVILLE, a city in Knox County, on the Galesburg-Peoria Division of the Cliicago, Bur- lington & Quincy Railroad, 50 miles west of Peoria, and 5 miles east of Galesburg; was formerly the county-seat, and still contains the fair grounds and almshouse. The municipal gov- ernment is composed of a ma^'or, six aldermen, witli seven heads of departments. It has electric lighting and street-car service, good water-works, banks, numerous churches, three public schools, and is the seat of St. Mary's school for girls, and St. Alban's, for boys. Population (1890), 1,728; (1900). 1,857. KOERNER, Gustavus, lawyer and Lieutenant- Governor, was born in Germany in 1809, and received a university education. He was a law- yer by profession, and emigrated to Illinois in 1833, settling finally at Belleville. He at once affiliated with the Democratic party, and soon became prominent in politics. In 1842 he was elected to the General Assemblj-, and three years later was appointed to the bench of the State Supreme Court. In 1852 he was elected Lieuten- ant-Governor on the ticket headed by Joel A. Matteson ; but, at the close of his term, became identified with the Republican party and was a staunch Union man during the Civil "War, serving for a time as Colonel on General Fremont's and General Halleck's staffs. In 1863 President Lin- coln made him Slinister to Spain, a post which lie resigned in January, 1865. He was a member of the Chicago Convention of 1860 that nominated Lincoln for tlie Presidency; was a Republican Presidential Elector in 1808, and a delegate to the Cincinnati Convention of 1872 that named Horace Greeley for the Presidency. In 1807 he served as President of the first Board of Trustees of the Soldiers' Orphans' Home, and, in 1870, was elected to the Legislature a second time. The 322 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. following year he was appointed a member of the first Board of Railroad and Warehouse Commis- sioners, and served as its President. He is the author of "Collection of the Important General Laws of Illinois, with Comments" (in German, St. Louis, 1838); "From Spain" (Frankfort on- the-Main, 1866); "Das Deutsche Element in den Vereiningten Staaten" (Cincinnati, 1880; second edition. New York, 1885) ; and a number of mono- graphs. Died, at Belleville, April 9, 1896. KOHLSAAT, Christian C, Judge of United States Court, was born in Edwards County, 111., Jan. 8, 1844 — his father being a native of Germany who settled in Edwards County in 182.5, while his mother was born in England. The family removed to Galena in 1854, where young Kohlsaat attended the public schools, later taking a course in Chicago University, after which he began the study of law. In 1867 he became a reporter on "The Chicago Evening Journal," was admitted to the bar in the same year, and, in 1868, accepted a position in the office of the County Clerk, where he kept the records of the County Court under Judge Bradweirs administration. During the sessions of the Twenty-seventh General Assembly (1871-72) , he served as First Assistant Enrolling and Engrossing Clerk of the House, after which he began practice; in 1881 was the Republican nominee for County Judge, but was defeated by Judge Prendergast; served as member of the Board of "West Side Park Commissioners, 1884-90 ; in 1890 was appointed Probate Judge of Cook County (as successor to Judge Knickerbocker, who died in January of that year), and was elected to the office in November following, and re-elected in 1894, as he was again in 1898. Early in 1899 he was appointed, by President McKinley, Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, as successor to Judge Grosscup, who had been appointed United States Circuit Judge in place of Judge Showalter, deceased. KOHLSAAT, Herman H., editor and news- paper publisher, was born in Edwards County, 111., March 22, 1853, and taken the following year to Galena, where he remained until 12 years of age, when the family removed to Chicago. Here, after attending the public schools some tliree years, he became a cash-boy in the store of Car- son, Pirie & Co., a year later rising to the position of cashier, remaining two years. Then, after having been connected with various business concerns, he became the junior member of the firm of Blake, Shaw & Co. , for whom he had been a traveling salesman some five years. In 1880 he became associated with the Dake Bakery, in con- nection with which he laid the foundation of an extensive business by establishing a system of restaurants and lunch counters in the business portions of the city. In 1891, after a somewhat pro- tracted visit to Europe, Jlr. Kohlsaat bought a con- trolling interest in "The Chicago Inter Ocean," but withdrew early in 1894. In April, 1895, he be- came principal proprietor of "The Chicago Times- Herald," as the succes.sor of the late James AV. Scott, who died suddenly in New York, soon after effecting a consolidation of Chicago's two Demo- cratic papers, "The Times" and "Herald," in one concern. Although changing the political status of the paper from Democratic to Independent, Mr. Kohlsaat 's liberal enterprise has won for it an assured success. He is also owner and pub- lisher of "The Chicago Evening Post." His whole business career has been one of almost phenomenal success attained by vigorous enter- prise and high-minded, honorable methods. Mr. Kohlsaat is one of the original incorporators of the University of Chicago, of which he continues to be one of the Trustees. KROME, William Henry, lawyer, bom of Ger- man parentage, in Louisville, Ky., July 1, 1842; in 1851 was brought by his father to Madison County, HI. , where he lived and worked for some years on a farm. He acquired his education in the common schools and at McKendree College, graduating from the latter in 1863. After spend- ing his summer months in farm labor and teach- ing school during the winter, for a year or two, he read law for a time with Judge M. G. Dale of Edwardsville, and, in 1866, entered the law department of Michigan University, gradu- ating in 1869, though admitted the year previous to practice by the Supreme Court of Illinois. Mr. Bj-ome has been successively the partner of Judge John G. Irwin, Hon. W. F. L. Hadley (late Congressman from the Eighteenth District) and C. W. Terry. He has held the office of Mayor of Edwardsville (1873), State Senator (1874-78), and, in 1893, was a prominent candidate before the Democratic judicial convention for the nomina- tion for Justice of the Supreme Court, to succeed Justice Scholfield, deceased. He is also President of the Madison County State Bank. KUEFFNER, William C, lawyer and soldier, was bom in Germany and came to St. Clair County, 111., in 1861. Earh- in 1865 he was com- missioned Colonel of the One Hundred and Forty- ninth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, one of the latest regiments organized for the Civil War, and was soon after promoted to the rank of Brevet HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 323 Brigadier-General, serving until January, 1866. Later, General Kueffner studied law at St. Louis, and having graduated in 1871, established himself in practice at Belleville, where he has since resided. He was a successful contestant for a seat in the Republican National Convention of 1880 from the Seventeenth District. KUTKENDALL, Andrew J., lawyer and legis- lator, was born of pioneer parents in Gallatin (now Hardin) County, 111., March 3, 1815; was self-educated chiefly, but in his early manhood adopted the law as a profession, locating at Vienna in Johnson Coimty, where he continued to reside to the end of his life. In 1842 he was elected a Representative in the Thirteenth Gen- eral Assembly, and re-elected two years later; in 1850 became State Senator, serving continuously in the same body for twelve years; in 1861 en- listed, and was commissioned Major, in the Thirty-first Illinois Volunteers (Gen. John A. Logan's regiment), but was compelled to resign, in May following, on acoiint of impaired health. Two years later (1864) he was elected Represent- ative in the Thirty-ninth Congress, serving one term; and, after several years in private life, was again returned to the State Senate in 1878, serving in the Thirty-first and Thirty-second General Assemblies. In all, Major Kuykendall saw twenty years' service in the State Legislature, of which sixteen were spent in the Senate and four in the House, besides two years iu Congress. A zealous Democrat previous to the war, he was an ardent supporter of the war policy of the Govern- ment, and. in 18G4. presided over the "Union" (Republican) State Convention of that year. He was also a member of the Senate Finance Com- mittee in the session of 1859, which had the duty of investigating the Matteson "canal scrip fraud. " Died, at Vienna, 111., May 11, 1891. LABOR TROUBLES. 1. The Railro.\d Strike of 1877. — By this name is generally char- acterized the labor disturbances of 1877, which, beginning at Pittsburg in July, spread over the entire coimtry, interrupting transportation, and, for a time, threatening to paralyze trade. Illi- nois suffered severely. The primary cause of the troubles was the general prostration of business resulting from the depression of values, which affected manufacturers and merchants alike. A reduction of expenses became necessary, and the wages of employes were lowered. Dissatisfaction and restlessness on the part of the latter ensued, which found expression in the ordering of a strike among railroad operatives on a larger scale than had ever been witnessed in this country. In Illi- nois, Peoria, Decatur, Braidwood, East St. Louis, Galesburg, La Salle and Chicago were the prin- cipal points affected. In all these cities angry, excited men formed theiiLselves into mobs, which tore up tracks, took possession of machine shops, in some cases destroj'ed roundhouses, applied the torch to warehouses, and, for a time, held com- merce by the throat, not only defying the la%v, but even contending in arms against the military sent to disperse them. The entire force of the State militia was called into service, Major- General Arthur C. Ducat being in command. The State troops were divided into three brigades, commanded respectively by Brigadier-Generals Torrence, Bates and Pavey. General Ducat assumed personal command at Braidwood, where were sent the Third Regiment and the Tenth Battalion, who suppressed the riots at that point with ease. Col. Joseph W. Stambaugh and Lieut. -Col. J. B. Parsons were the respective regimental commanders. Generals Bates and Pavey were in command at East St. Louis, where the excitement was at fever heat, the mobs terrorizing peaceable citizens and destroy- ing much property. Governor Cullom went to this point in person. Chicago, however, was tlie chief railroad center of the State, and only prompt and severely repressive measures held in check one of the most dangerous mobs which ever threatened property and life in that city. The local police force was inadequate to control the rioters, and Slayor Heath felt himself forced to call for aid from the State. Brig. -Gen. Joseph T. Torrence then commanded the First Brigade, I. N. G., with headquarters at Chicago. Under insti'uctions from Governor Cullom, he promptly and effectively co-operated with the municipal authorities in quelling the uprising. He received valuable support from volunteer companies, some of which were largel3' comijosed of Union veter- ans. The latter were commanded by such ex- perienced commanders as Generals Reynolds, Martin Beem, and O. L. Slann, and Colonel Owen Stuart. General Lieb also led a company of veterans enlisted by himself, and General Shaff- ner and Major James H. D. Daly organized a cavalry force of 150 old soldiers, who rendered efficient service. The disturbance was promptly subdued, transportation resumed, and trade once more began to move in its accustomed channels. 2. The Strike op 1894.— This was an uprising which originated in Chicago and was incited by a comparatively young labor organization called the American Railway Union. In its inception it 324 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. was sympathetic, its ostensible motive, at the outset, being tlie rigliting of wrongs alleged to have been suffered by employes of the Pullman Palace Car Company. The latter quit work on May 11, and, on June 22, the American Railway Union ordered a general boycott against all rail- road companies hauling Pullman cars after June 26. The General Managers of the lines entering Chicago took prompt action (June ~'}) looking toward mutual protection, protesting against the proposed boycott, and affirming their resolution to adhere to existing contracts, any action on the part of the strikers to the contrary notwithstand- ing. Trouble began on the 26th. The hauling of freight was necessarily soon discontinued; sub- urban traffic was interrupted ; switching had to be done by inexperienced hands under police or military protection (officials and clerks some- times throwing the levers), and in the presence of large crowds of law-defying hoodlums gathered along the tracks, avowedly through sympathy with the strikers, but actually in the hope of plunder. Trains were sidetracked, derailed, and, in not a few instances, valuable freight was burned. Passengers were forced to undergo the inconvenience of being cooped up for hours in crowded cars, in transit, without food or water, sometimes almost within sight of their destina- tion, and sometimes threatened with death should they attempt to leave their prison houses. The mobs, intoxicated b3' seeming success, finally ven- tured to interfere with the passage of trains carrying the United States mails, and, at this juncture, the Federal authorities interfered. President Cleveland at once ordered the protec- tion of all mail trains by armed guards, to be appointed by the United States Marshal. An additional force of Deputy Sheriffs was also sworn in by the Sheriff of Cook County, and the city police force was augmented. The United States District Court also issued a restraining order, directed against the officers and members of the American Railway Union, as well as against all other persons interfering with the business of railroads carrying the mails. Service was readily accepted by the officers of the Union, but the copies distributed among the insurgent mob were torn and trampled upon. Thereupon the Presi- dent ordered Federal troops to Chicago, both to protect Government property (notably the Sub- treasury) and to guard mail trains. The Gov- ernor (John P. Altgeld) protested, but without avail. A few days later, the Mayor of Chicago requested the State Executive to place a force of State militia at his control for the protection of property and the prevention of bloodshed. Gen- eral Wheeler, with the entire second division of the I. N. G., at once received orders to report to the municipal authorities. The presence of the militia greatly incensed the turbulent crowds, yet it proved most salutary. Tlie troops displayed exemplarj' firmness under most trying circum- .stances, dispersing jeering and threatening crowds by physical force or bayonet charges, the rioters being fired upon only twice. Gradually order was restored. The disreputable element subsided, and wiser and more conservative coun- sels prevailed among the ranks of the strikers. Impediments to traffic were removed and trains were soon running as though no interruption had occurred. The troops were withdrawn (first the Federal and afterwards those of the State), and the courts were left to deal with the subject in accordance with the statutes. The entire execu- tive board of the American Railway Union were indicted for conspiracy, but the indictments were never pressed. The officers, however, were all found guilty of contempt of court in having dis- obeyed the restraining order of the Federal court, and sentenced to terms ia the county jail. Eugene V. Debs, the President of the Union, was convicted on two charges and given a sentence of six months on each, but the two sentences were afterward made concurrent. The other members of the Board received a similar sentence for three months each. All but the Vice-President, George W. Howard, served their terms at Woodstock, McHenry County. Howard was sent to the Will County jail at Joliet. LACEY, Lyman, lawj-er and jurist, was born in Tompkins County, N.Y., May 6, 1833. In 1837 his parents settled in Fulton County, 111. He graduated from Illinois College in 1855 and was admitted to the bar in 1856, commencing practice at Havana, Slason County, the same year. In 1862 he was elected, as a Democrat, to represent the counties of Mason and Menard in the lower house of the Legislature; was elected to the Cir- cuit Court bench in 1873, and re-elected in 1879, '85 and '91 ; also served for several years upon the bench of the Appellate Court. LACON, a city and county-seat of Marshall County, situated on tlie Illinois River, and on the Dwight and Lacon branch of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 130 miles southwest of Chicago. A pontoon bridge connects it with Sparland on the opposite bank of the Illinois. The surround- ing country raises large quantities of grain, for which Lacon is a shipping point. The river ia navigable by steamboats to this point. The city HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 325 has grain elevators, woolen mills, marble works, a carriage factory anil a national bank. It also has water works, an excellent telephone system, good drainage, and is lighted by electricity. There are seven churches, a graded school and two weekly newspapers. Population (IHSO), 1,81-1; (1890), 1,649; (1900). 1,601. LA FAYETTE (Marquis de), VISIT OF. An event of profound interest in tlie historj' of Illi- nois, during the year 182.5, was the visit to the State by the Marquis de La Fayette, who had been the ally of the American people during their struggle for independence. The distin- guished Frenchman having arrived in the coun- try during the latter part of 182-1, the General Assembly in session at Vandalia, in December of that year, adopted an address inviting him to visit Illinois. This was communicated to La Fayette by Gov. Edward Coles, who had met the General in Europe seven years before. Governor Coles' letter and the address of the General Assembly were answered with an acceptance by La Faj'ette from "Washington, under date of Jan. 16, 1825. The approach of the latter was made by way of New Orleans, the steamer Natchez (by which General La Fayette ascended the Mis- sissippi) arriving at the old French village of Carondelet, below St. Louis, on the 28th of April. Col. William S. Hamilton, a son of Alexander Hamilton, and at that time a Representative in the General Assembly from Sangamon Coimty, as well as an Aid-de-Camp on the staff of Gov- ernor Coles, was dispatched from the home of the latter at Edwardsville, to meet the distinguished visitor, which he did at St. Louis. On Saturday, April 30, the boat bearine General La Faj-ette, with a large delegation of prominent citizens of Missouri, left St. Louis, arriving at Kaskaskia, where a reception awaited him at the elegant residence of Gen. John Edgar, Governor Coles delivering an address of welcome. The presence of a number of old soldiers, who had fought under La Fayette at Brand3-wineand Yorktown, consti- tuted an interesting feature of the occasion. This was followed by a banquet at the tavern kept by C5 by rail southwest of Freepoit. and 7 miles east of Mount Carroll Tlie surrounding country is largely devoted to gi-.iin-growing. and Lanark has two elevators aiul is an important shipping- point. Manufacturing of various descriptions is carried on. The city has two biiuks (one Na- tional and one State), eight churches, a graded and high school, and a weekly newspaper. Popu- lation (18t*t)), 1.198; (1S90). 1,095: (1900), 1,306. L.VM>ES, Silas Z., ex-Congressnian. was boru in Augusta County, Va., May 15, 1840. In early youth he renuned to Illinois, and was admitted to the bivr of this State in August. 180)3, and luis been in active practice at Mount Carmel since 1864. In 1873 he was elected State's Attorney for WaUish County, was re-elected in 1876, and again in 1880. He represented the Sixteenth Illi- nois District in Congress from 1885 to 1889, Iwing elected on the Democratic ticket. L.VM>KUi.V\, John, farmer and legislator, was Ivru in County Tipi>erary, Ireland, in 183'2, and brought to America at one year of age, his parents stopping for a time iu New Jersey, llis early life was spent at Lafayette, Ind. After completing his education iu the seminary there, he engaged in railroad and canal contnicting. Coming to Illinois iu 1858, he pm-chased a farm near Albion, Edwards County, where he has since resided. He h;vs been twice elected as a Democrat to the House of Represeutittives ^1S68 and "74) and twice to the State Senate (1870 and '96), and has lieen, for over twenty yeai-s, a member of the State Agricultui-al Society— for four years of that time being President of the Board, and some sixteen yeai-s Vice-Presi- dent. L.VNE. .Vlhert (Jrannis, educator, was liorn in Coiik County, 111., March 15, 1841, and educated iu the public schools, gradviatiug with the tii-st class from the Chicago High School in 1858. He immediately entered ujxm the business of teach- ing as Principal, but, in 1809, was elected Super- intendent of Schools for Cook County. After three years" service as cashier of a bank, he was electeil County Superintendent, a second time, in 1877. and regularly every four years thereafter until 189tl. In 1891 he was chosen Superintend- ent of Scluxils for the city of Chicago, to till the vacancy caused V>y the resignation of Superin- tendent Howland — ajxisition which he continued to (ill until the appointment of E. B. Andrews, Superintendent, when he became First Assistant Superintendent. L.\>E, Edward, ex-Congressuuin. was Itorn in Clevelanil. Ohio. March 07, 1840, aud became a resident of Illinois at the age of 10. After receiv- ing an academic education he studied law and was admitted to the Illinois bar iu February, 1805. Since then he hjis been a successful prac- titioner at Ilillsboro. From 1809 to 1873 he served as County Judge. In 1886 he was the successful Democratic candidate for Congress from the Seventeenth Illinois District and re-elected for three successive terms, but was defeated by Frederick Remann (Republican) in 1894, and ag;iin by W. F. L. HaiUey. at a special election, in 1895, to till the vacancy caused by the death of Mr. Kemann. LAXPHIER, Chnrles H„ journalist, was born at Alexandria, Va.. April 14. 1820: from 4 years of age lived in Washington City : iu 1836 entered the otlice as an apprentice of "The State Regis- ter" at Vandalia. IU., (then owned by his brother- in-law. William Walters'). Later, the paper was removed to Springtield. and Walters, having enlisted for the Mexican war in 1840, died at St. Louis, en route to the field. Lauphier, having thus succeeded to the management, and, finally, to the proprietorship of the paper, was elected public printer at the next session of the Legisla- ture, and, iu 1847, took into partnership George Walker, who acted as editor until 1858. Mr. Lin- phier continued the publication of the jwper until 1863, and then sold out. During the war he was one of the State Board of Army Auditors appointed by Governor Yates: was elected Circuit Clerk in 1864 aiui re-elected in 1868, and, in 1870, wiis Democratic candidate for County Treasurer but defeated with the rest of his i«rty. L.\RCOM, Lucy, author and teacher, born at Beverly, Mass.. iu 1806: attended a grammar school and worked in a cotton mill at Lowell, becoming one of the most popular contributors to "The Lowell Ottering," a magazine conducted by the factory .girls, thereby winning tlie acquaint- ance and friendship of the ixiet Whittier. In 1846 she came to Illinois aud, for three years, was a student at Monticello Female Seminary, near Alton, meanwhile teaching at intervals in the vicinity. Returning to Msissachusetts she taught for six years: in 1805 established "Our Young Folks," of which she was editor until 1874. Her books, both ixvtical and prose, have taken a high rank for their elevated literary and moral tone. Died, in Boston, April 17, 1893. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 320 LAKNEI), Edward Channintr, lawyer, was born iu I'rovideiice, K. I., July 11, WiO; graduated at Brown University in lH-li) ; was Professor of Matlie- matics one year in Kemper College, Wis., then studied law and. in 1847. came to Chicago. He wa.s an earnest opponent of slavery and gained considerable deserved celebritj' by a si>eech which he delivered in 1851, in opposition to the fugitive slave law. He was a warm friend of Abraham Lincoln and, in 1800, made speeches in his support ; was an active member of the Union Defense Committee of Chicago during the war, and, in 1861, was appointed by Mr. Lincoln United States District Attorney of the Northern Di.strict of Illinois, but compelled to resign by failing health. Being absent in Eurofje at the time of the fire of 1871, he returned immediately and devoted his attention to the work of the Relief and Aid Society. Making a second visit to Europe in 1872 73, he wrote many letters for the press, also doing much (jther literary work in spite of declining health. Died at Lake Forest, 111., Sei)tember, 1884. LA SALLE, a city in La Salle County, 90 miles southwest of Chicago, situated on the Illinois River at southern terminus of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, and at intersection of three trunk lines of railroads. Bituminous coal abounils and is extensively mined; zinc smelting and the manufacture of glass and hydraulic and Portland cement are leading iridustrins; also has a large ice trade with the South annually. It is connected with adjacent towns by electric rail- ways, and with Peoria by daily river packets. Population (1890;, 9,8.55; (1900), 10,446. LA SALLE, Reni Robert Cavclier, Sicur de, a famous explorer, Ixjrn at Rouen, France, in 1643; entered the Jesuit order, but conceiving that he had mistaken his vocation, came to America in IflOO. He oVitained a grant of land about the Lachine Rapids of the St. Lawrence, alxjve Montreal. It was probably his intention to settle there as a grand seigneur; but, becoming interested in stories told him by some Seneca Indians, he started two years later in cjuest of a great waterway, which he believed led to the South Sea (Pacific Ocean) and afforded a short route to China. He passed through Lake Ontario, and is believed to have discovered the Ohio. The claim that he reached the Illinois River at this time has been questioned. Having revisited France in 1677 he was given a patent of nobility and extensive land-grants in Canada. In 1679 he visited the Northwest and explored the great lakes, finally reaching the bead of Lake Michi- gan and erecting a fort near the mouth of the St. Joseph River. From there he made a portage to the Illinois, wliich he descended early in 1680 to Lake Peoria, where he began tlie erection of a fort to which, in consefjuence of the misfortunes attending the exfMjdition, was given the name of Creve-Co;ur. Returning from here to Canada for supplies, in the following fall he again appeiired in Illinois, but found his fort at Lake Peoria a ruin and his followers, whom he had left there, gone. Compelled again to return to Canada, in the latter part of 1681 he set out on his third expedition to Illinois, and making the portage by way of the Chicago and Des Plaines Rivers, reached ".Starved Rock," near the present city of Ottawa, where his lieutenant, Tonty, had already Vjegun the erection of a fort. In 1682, accom- panied by Tonty, he descended the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers, reaching the Gulf of Mexico on April 9. He gave the region the name of Louisi- ana. In 1683 lie again returned to France and was commissioned to found a colony at the mouth of the Mi.ssi.ssippi, which he unsuccessfully attempted to do in 1684, the exjjedition finally landing about Matagorda Bay in Texas. After other fruitless attempts (death and desertions having seriously reduced the number of his colo- nists), wliileattemj)ting to reach Canada, he was murdered by his companions near Trinity River in the present State of Texas, March 19, 1687. Another theory regarding La Salle's ill-starred Texas expedition is, tliat he intended to e.stablish a colony west of the Mississippi, with a view to contesting with the .Spaniards for the possession of that region, but that the French government failed to give him the sui)iiort which had been promised, leaving liim to his fate. LA SALLE COrXTV, one of the wealthiest counties in the northeastern section, being second in size and in population in the .State It was organized in 1831, and has an area of 1, 152 square miles; population (1900), 87,776. The hi.story of this region dates back to 1675, when Marriuette establislied a mission at an Indian village on the Illinois River about where Utica now stands, eight miles west of Ottawa. La Salle (for whom the county is named) erected a fort here in 1C82, which was, for many years, the headi|uarters for French missionaries and traders. Ljiter. the Illinois Indians were well-nigh exterminated by starvation, at the .same pt^int. wliich has be- come famous in Western history as "Starved Rock." The surface of the county is undulat- ing and slopes toward the Illinois River. The soil is rich, and timber abounds on the bluffs and 330 niSTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. along the streams. Water is easily procured. Four beds of coal underlie the entire county, and good building stone i.s quarried at a deptli of 150 to 200 feet. Excellent h3'draulic cement is made from the calciferous deposit, Utica being espe- cially noted for this industry. The First Ameri- can settlers came about the time of Captain Long's survey of a canal route (1816). The Illinois & Micliigan Canal was located by a joint corps of State and National engineers in 1830. (See ////- nois d- Michigan Canal.) During the Black Hawk AVar, La Salle County was a prominent base of military operations. LATHROP, William, lawyer and Congress- man, was born in Genesee County, N. Y., April 17, 1825. His early education was acquired in the common schools. Later he read law and was admitted to the bar, commencing practice in 1851, making his home in Central New York until his removal to Illinois. In 1856 he represented the Rockford District in the lower house of the General Assembly, and, in 1876, was elected, as a Republican, to represent the (then) Fourth Illi- nois District in Congress. LA VANTUM, the name given, in the latter part of the seventeenth century, to the principal village of the Illinois Indians, situated on the Illinois River, near the present town of Utica, in La Salle County. (See Starved Rock.) LAWLER, Frank, was born at Rochester, N. Y., June 25, 1842. His first active occupation was as a news-agent on railroads, which business he followed for three years. He learned the trade of a shipcalker, and was elected to the Presidency of the Ship-Carpenters' and Ship- Calkers' Association. While yet a young man he settled in Chicago and, in 1869, was appointed to a clerical position in the postoffice in that city ; later, served as a letter-carrier, and as a member of the City Council (1876-84). In 1884 he was elected to Congress from the Second District, which he represented in tliat body for three cuc- cessive terms. While serving his last year in Congress (1890) he was an unsuccessful candidate on the Democratic ticket for Sheriff of Cook County; in 1893 was an unsuccessful applicant for the Chicago postmastership, was defeated as an Independent-Democrat for Congress in 1894, but, in 1895, was elected Alderman for the Nine- teenth Ward of the city of Chicago. Died, Jan. 17, 1896. LAWLER, (Gen.) Michael K., soldier, was born m County Kildare, Ireland, Nov. 16, 1814, brought to the United States in 1816, and, in 1819, to Gallatin County, 111., where his father began farming. The j'ounger Lawler early evinced a military taste by organizing a military company in 1842, of whicli lie served as Captain three or four years. In 1 840 lie organized a company for the Jlexican War, which was attaclied to the Third Regiment Illinois Volunteers (Colonel Forman's), and, at the end of its term of enlistment, raised a company of cavalry, with which he served to the end of the war — in all, seeing two and a half years' service. He then resumed the peaceful life of a farmer ; but, on the breaking out of the rebellion, again gave proof of liis patri- otism by recruiting the Eighteenth Illinois Volun- teer Infantry — the first regiment organized in the Eigliteenth Congressional District — of which he was commissioned Colonel, entering into the three years' service in May, 1861. His regiment took part in most of the early engagements in Western Kentucky and Tennessee, including the capture of Fort Donelson, where it lost heavily, Colonel Lawler himself being severely wounded. Later, he was in command, for some time, at Jackson, Tenn., and, in November, 1802, was com- missioned Brigadier-General "for gallant and meritorious service." He was also an active participant in the operations against Vicksburg, and was thanked on the field bj' General Grant for b.is service at the battle of Big Black, pro- nounced by Charles A. Dana (then Assistant Secretary of War) "one of the most splendid exploits of the war. " After the fall of Vicksburg he took jiart in the siege of Jack.son, Miss., and in the campaigns on the Teche and Red River, and in Texas, also being in command, for six months, at Baton Rouge, La. In March, 1865, he was brevetted Major-General, and mustered out, January, 1866, after a service of four years and seven months. He then returned to his Gallatin County farm, where he died, July 26, 1882. LAWLER, Thomas (i., soldier and Com- mander-in-Chief of the Grand Army of the Republic, was born in Liverpool, Eng., April 7, 1844; was brought to Illinois by his parents in cliildhood, and, at 17 years of age, enlisted in the Nineteenth Illinois Volunteers, serv- ing first as a private, then as Sergeant, later being elected First Lieutenant, and (although not mustered in, for two montlis) during the Atlanta campaign being in command of his com- pany, and placed on the roll of honor by order of General Rosecrans. He participated in every battle in which his regiment was engaged, and, at the battle of Missionary Ridge, was the first man of his command over the enemy's works. After the war he became prominent as an officer HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 331 of the Illinois Xatioual Guard, organizint; tlie Rockford Rilles, in 18TC, and serving as Colonel of the Third Regiment for seven years; was ap- pointed Postmaster at Rockford by President Hayes, but removed by Cleveland in 1885; re- appointed by Harrison and again displaced on the accession of Cleveland. He was one of the organizers of G. L. Xevius Post, G. A. R., of which he served as Commander twenty-six 3'ears; in 1883 was elected Department Commander for the State of Illinois and, in 1894, Commander-in- Chief, serving one year. LAWRENCE, Charles B., jurist, was born at Vergennes, Vt., Dec. 17, 1820. After two years spent at Middlebury College, he entered the junior class at Union College, graduating from the latter in 1841. He devoted two years to teaching in Alabama, and began reading law at Cincinnati in 1843, completing his studies at St. Louis, where he was admitted to the bar and began practice in 1844. The following year he removed to Quincy, 111., where he was a promi- nent practitioner for ten years. The years 1856-58 he spent in foreign travel, with the pri- mary object of restoring his impaired health. On his return home he began farming in Warren County, with the same end in view. In 1861 he accepted a nomination to the Circuit Court bench and was elected without opposition. Before the expiration of his term, in 1864, he was elected a Justice of the Illinois Supreme Court for the Northern Grand Division, and, in 1870, became Chief Justice. At this time his home was at Galesburg. Failing of a re-election in 1873, he removed to Chicago, and at once became one of the leaders of the Cook County bar. Although persistentlj' urged by personal and political friends, to permit his name to be used in connec- tion with a vacancy on the bench of the United States Supreme Court, he steadfastlj' declined. In 1877 he received the votes of the Republicans in the State Legislature for United States Senator against David Davis, who was elected. Died, at Decatur, Ala., April 9, 1883. LAWRENCE COUNTY, one of the eastern counties in the "southern tier," originallj' a part of Edwards, but separated from the latter in 1831, and named for Commodore Lawrence. In 1900 its area was 360 square miles, and its popu- lation, 16,523. Tlie first English speaking settlers seem to have emigrated from the colony at Vin- cennes, Ind. St. Francisville, in the southeast- ern portion, and Allison prairie, in the northeast, were favored by the American pioneers. Settle- tnent was more or less desultory until after the War of 1813. Game was abundant and the soil productive. About a dozen negro families found homes, in 1819, near Lawrenceville, and a Shaker colony was established about Charlottesville tlie same year. Among the best remembered pio- neers are the families of Lautermann, Chubb, Kincaid, Buchanan and Laus — the latter having come from Soutli Carolina. Toussaint Dubois, a Frenchman and father of Jesse K. Dubois, State Auditor (1857-64), was a large land proprietor at an early day, and his house was first utilizeidden times, but, in the larger cities, many of the provisions of the State law are rendered practically inoperative by the municipal ordinances, or absolutely nullified by the indifference or studied neglect of the local officials. LITCHFIELD, the principal city of Montgom- ery County, at the intersection of Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis, the Wabash and the Illinois Central, with three other short-line railwaj's, 43 miles south of Springfield and 47 miles northeast of St. Louis. The surrouuding country is fer- tile, undulating prairie, in which are found coal, oil and natural gas. A coal mine is operated within the corporate limits. Grain is extensively raise'l. and Litchfield has several elevators, flour- ing millG, a can factory, briquette works, etc. The output of the manufacturing establishments al.so includes foundry and machine shop prod- ucts, brick and tile, brooms, ginger ale and cider. The city is lighted bj' both gas and electricity, and has a HoUj' water-works system, a public library and public parks, two banks, twelve churches, high and graded schools, and an Ursu- line convent, a Catholic hospital, and two monthly, two weekly, and two daily periodicals. Population (1830), 5,811; (1900), 5,918; (1903, est ), 7,000. LITCHFIELD, CARROLLTOX & WESTERN RAILROAD, a lino which extends from Colum- biana, on the Illinois River, to Barnett, 111., 51.5 miles; is of standard gauge, the track being laid with fifty-six pound steel rails. It was opened for business, in three different sections, from 1883 to 1887, and for three years was operated in con- nection with the Jacksonville Southeastern Railway. In May, 1890, the latter was sold under foreclosure, and, in November, 1893, the Litch- field, Carrollton & Western reverted to the former owners. Six months later it passed into the hands of a receiver, by whom (up to 1898) it has since been operated. The general offices are at Carlinville LITTLE, George, merchant and banker, was born in Columbia, Pa., in 1808; came to Rush- ville. 111., in 1836, embarking in the mercantile business, which he prosecuted sixty years. In 1865 he established the Bank of Rushville, of which he was President, in these two branches of business amassing a large fortune. Died, March 5, 1890. LITTLE TERMILIOX RIITIR rises in Ver- milion County, 111., and flows eastwardly into Indiana, emptying into the Wabash in Vermilion County, Ind. LITTLE WABASH RIVER, riSes in Effingham and Cumberland Counties, flows east and south through Clay, Wayne and Wliite, and enters the Wabash River about 8 miles above the mouth of the latter. Its estimated length is about 180 miles. I niSTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 341 LITTLER, David T., lawyer and State Senator, was born at Clifton, Greene County, Ohio, Feb. 7, 1836 ; was educated in the common schools in his native State and, at twenty-one, removed to Lincoln, 111., where he worked at the carpenter's trade for two years, meanwhile studying law. He ■was admitted to the bar in 1860, soon after was elected a Justice of the Peace, and later appointed Master in Chancery. In 1866 he was apjjointed by President Johnson Collector of Internal Revenue for the Eighth District, but resigned in 1868, removing to Springfield the same year, where he entered into partnership witli the late Henrj' S. Greene, Milton Hay being admitted to the firm soon after, the partnership continuing imtil 1881. In 1883 Mr. Littler was elected Representative in the Thirty-fourth General Assemblj' from Sangamon County, was re-elected in 1886, and returned to the Senate in 1894, serv- ing in the latter body four years. In both Houses Mr. Littler took a specially prominent part in legislation on the revenue question. LITERMORE, Mary Asliton, reformer and phi- lanthropist, was born (Mary Ashton Rice) in Boston, Mass., Dec. 19, 1831 ; taught for a time in a female seminarj' in Charlestown, and spent two years as a governess in Southern Virginia; later married Rev. Daniel P. Livermore, a Universal ist minister, who held pastorates at various places in Massachusetts and at Quiuc}', 111., becoming editor of "The New Covenant" at Chicago, in 1857. During this time Mrs. Livermore wrote much for denominational papers and in assisting her husband ; in 1863 was appointed an agent, and traveled extensively in the interest of the United States Sanitary Commission, visiting hospitals and camps in the Mississippi Valley; also took a prominent part in the great North- western Sanitary Fair at Chicago in 1863. Of late years she has labored and lectured exten- sively in the interest of woman suffrage and tem- perance, besides being the author of several volvunes, one of these being "Pen Pictures of Chicago" (186.')). Her home is in Boston. LIVINGSTON COUNTY, situated about mid- way between Chicago and Springfield. The sur- face is rolling toward the east, but is level in the west; area, 1.036 square miles; population (1900), 42,03.5. named for Edward Livingston. It was organized in 1837, the first Commissioners being Robert Breckenridge, Jonathan Moon and Daniel Rockwood. Poiitiac was selected as the couiitj-- seat, the proprietors donating ample lands and §3,000 in cash for the erection of public buildings. Vermilion River and Indian Creek are the prin- cipal streams. Coal underlies the entire county, and shafts are in successful operation at various points. It is one of the chief agricultural coun- ties of the State, the yield of oats and corn being large. Stock-raising is also extensively carried on. The development of the county really dates from the opening of the Chicago & Alton Rail- road in 1854, since which date it has been crossed bj- numerous other lines. Pontiac, the county- seat, is situated on the Vermilion, is a railroad center and the site of the State Reform School. Its population in 1890 was 3.784. Dwight has attained a wide reputation as the seat of the parent "Keeley" Institute for the cure of the liquor habit. LOCKPORT, a village in Will County, laid out in 1837 and incorporated in 18.53: situated 33 miles southwest of Chicago, on the Des Plaines River, the Illinois & Michigan Canal, the Atchi- son, Topeka & Santa Fe and the Chicago it Alton Railroads. The surrounding region is agricul- tural; limestone is extensively quarried. Manu- factures are flour, oatmeal, brass goods, paper and strawboard. It has ten churches, a public and high school, parochial schools, a bank, gas plant, electric car lines, and one weekly paper. The controlling works of the Chicago Drainage Canal and offices of the Illinois & Michigan Canal are located here. Population (1890). 3,449; (1900), 3,659, LOCKWOOD, Samuel Drake, jurist, was born at Poundridge, AVestchester County, N. V., August 3, 1789 , left fatherless at the age of ten, after a few months at a private school in New Jersej', he went to live with an uncle (Francis Drake) at Waterford, N. Y., with whom he studied law, being admitted to the bar at Batavia, N. Y., in 1811. In 1813 he removed to Auburn, and later became Master in Chancery. In 1818 he descended the Ohio River upon a flat-boat in company with William H. Brown, afterwards of Chicago, and walking across the country from Shawneetown, arrived at Kaskaskia in Decem- ber, but finally settled at Carmi, where he remained a year. In 1831 he was elected Attor- ney-General of the State, but resigned the fol- lowing year to accept the position of Secretary of State, to which he was ai>poiiited by Governor Coles, and which he filled only three months, when President Monroe made him Receiver of Public Sloneys at Edwardsville. About the same time he was also ai)pointed agent of the First Board of Canal Commissioners. The Legislature of 1834-35 elected him Judge of the Supreme Court, his service extending until the adoption 342 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. of the Constitution of 1848, which he assisted in framing as a Delegate from Morgan County. In 1851 he was made State Trustee of the Illinois Central Railroad, which office he held until his death. He was always an uncompromising antagonist of slavery and a leading supporter of Governor Coles in opposition to the plan to secure a pro-slavery Constitution in 1824. His personal and political integrity was recognized by all parties. From 1828 to 1853 Judge Lock wood was a citizen of Jacksonville, where he proved him- self an efficient friend and patron of Illinois Col- lege, serving for over a quarter of a century as one of its Trustees, and was also influential in securing several of the State charitable institu- tions there. His later years were spent at Batavia, where he died, April 23, 1874, in the 85th year of his age. LODA, a village of Iroquois County, on the Chicago Division of the Illinois Central Railway-, 4 miles north of Paxton. The region is agricul- tural, and the town has considerable local trade. It also has a bank and one weekly paper. Population (1880), 635; (1890), 598; (1900), 668. LOGAN, Cornelius Ambrose, physician and diplomatist, born at Deerfield, Mass., August 6, 1836, the son of a dramatist of the same name ; was educated at Auburn Academy and served as Medical Superintendent of St. John's Hospital, Cincinnati, and, later, as Professor in the Hos- pital at Leavenworth, Kan. In 1873 he was appointed United States Minister to Chili, after- wards served as Minister to Guatemala, and again (1881) as Minister to Chili, remaining until 1883. He was for twelve years editor of "The Medical Herald," Leavenworth, Kan., and edited the works of his relative. Gen. John A. Logan (1886), besides contributing to foreign medical publi- cations and publishing two or three volumes on medical and sanitary questions. Resides in Chicago. LOGAN, John, physician and'soldier, was born in Hamilton County, Ohio, Dec. 30, 1809; at six years of age was taken to Missouri, his family settling near the Grand Tower among the Shaw- nee and Delaware Indians. He began business as clerk in a New Orleans commission house, but returning to Illinois in 1830, engaged in tlie blacksmith trade for two years; in 1831 enlisted in the Ninth Regiment Illinois Militia and took part in the Indian troubles of that year and the Black Hawk AVar of 1832, later being Colonel of the Forty-fourth Regiment State Militia. At the close of the Black Hawk War he settled in Carlinville, and having graduated in medicine, engaged in practice in that place until 1861. At the beginning of the war he raised a company for the Seventh Illinois Volunteers, but the quota being already full, it was not accepted. He was finally commissioned Colonel of the Thirty- second Illinois Volunteers, and reported to Gen- eral Grant at Cairo, in January, 1862, a few weeks later taking part in the battles of Forts Henry and Donelson. Subsequently he had command of the Fourth Divi.sion of the Army of the Ten- nessee under General Hurlbut. His regiment lost heavily at the battle of Shiloh, he himself being severely wounded and compelled to leave the field. In December, 1864, he was discharged with the brevet rank of Brigadier-General. In 1860 Colonel Logan was appointed by President Johnson United States JIarshal for the Southern District of Illinois, serving until 1870, when he resumed the practice of his profession at Carlin- ville. Originallj' a Democrat, he became a Republican on the organization of that party, serving as a delegate to the first Republican State Convention at Bloomington in 1856. He was a man of strong personal characteristics and an earnest patriot. Died at his home at Carlinville, August 24, 1885. LOG.^N, John Alexander, soldier and states- man, was born at old Brownsville, the original county-seat of Jackson County, 111., Feb. 9, 1826, the son of Dr. John Logan, a native of Ireland and an early immigrant into Illinois, where he attained prominence as a public man. Young Logan volunteered as a private in the Mexican War, but was soon promoted to a lieutenancy, and afterwards became Quartermaster of his regiment. He was elected Clerk of Jackson County in 1849, but resigned the office to prose- cute his law studies. Having graduated from Louisville University in 1851, he entered into partnership with his uncle, Alexander M. Jenk- ins; was elected to the Legislature as a Democrat in 1852, and again in 1856, having been Prosecut- ing Attorney in the interim. He was chosen a Presidential Elector on the Democratic ticket in 1856, was elected to Congress in 1858, and again in 1860, as a Douglas Democrat. During the special session of Congress in 1861, he left his seat, and fought in the ranks at Bull Run. In September, 1861, he organized the Thirty-first Regiment Illinois Infantry, and was commis- sioned by Governor Yates its Colonel. His mili- tary career was brilliant, and he rapidly rose to be Major-General. President Johnson tendered him the mission to Mexico, which he declined. In 1806 he was elected as a Republican to Con- HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLLNUlb. 343 gress for the State-at-large, and acted as one of the managers in the inipeacliment trial of tlie President; was twice re-elected and, in 1871, was chosen United States Senator, as he was again in 1879. In 1884 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Presidential nomination at the Republican Convention in Chicago, but was finally placed on the ticket for the Vice-Presidency with James (1. Blaine, the ticket being defeated in November following. In 1885 he was again elected Senator, but died during his term at Washington, Dec. 20, 1886. General Logan was the author of "Tlio Great Conspiracy" and of "The Volunteer Soldier of America." In 1897 an equestrian statue was erected to his memory on the Lake Front Park in Chicago. LOGAX, Stephen Trigg, eminent Illinois jurist, was born in Franklin County, Ky., Feb. 24, 1800; studied law at Glasgow, Ky., and was admitted to the bar before attaining his majority. After practicing in his native State some ten years, in 1833 he emigrated to Illinois, settling in Sanga- mon County, one j'ear later opening an office at Springfield. In 1835 he was elevated to the bench of the First Judicial Circuit ; resigned two years later, was re-commissioned in 1839, but again resigned. In 1843, and again in 1844 and 1846, he was elected to the General Assem- bly; also served as a member of the Consti- tutional Convention of 1847. Between 1841 and 1844 he was a partner of Abraham Lin- coln. In 1854 he was again chosen a member of the lower house of the Legislature, was a delegate to the Republican National Conven- tion in 1860, and, in 1861, was commissioned by Governor Yates to represent Illinois in the Peace Conference, which assembled in Wash- ington. Soon afterward he retired to private life. As an advocate his ability was widely recognized. Died at Springfield, July 17, 1880. LOGAN COUNTY, situated in the central part of the State, and having an area of about 620 square miles. Its surface is chiefly a level or moderately undulating prairie, with some high ridges, as at Elkhart. Its soil is extremely fertile and well drained by numerous creeks. Coal- mining is successfully carried on. The other staple products are corn, wheat, oats, hay, cattle and pork. Settlers began to locate in 1819-22, and the county was organized in 1839, being originally cut off from Sangamon. In 1840 a portion of Tazewell was added and, in 1845, a part of De Witt Count}'. It was named in honor of Dr. John Logan, father of Senator John A. Logan. Postville was the first county-seat, but, in 1847, a change was made to Mount Pulaski, and, later, to Lincoln, which is the present capi- tal. Population (1890), 25,489; (1900), 28,680. LOMBARD, a village of Dupage County, on the Chicago & Great Western and the Chicago & Nortluvestern Railways. Population (1880), 378; (1S90). 515; (1900), 590. LOMBARD UNIVERSITY, an institution at Galesburg under control of the Universalist denomination, founded in 1851. It has prepara- tory, collegiate and theological departments. The collegiate department includes both classical and scientific courses, with a specially arranged course of three years for young women, who con- stitute nearly half the number of students. The University has an endowment of §200,000, and owns additional property, real and personal, of the value of §100,000. In 1898 it reported a fac- ility of thirteen professors, with an attendance of 191 students. LONDON MILLS, a village and railway station of Fulton County, on the Fulton Narrow Gauge and Iowa Ceuti'al Railroads, 19 miles southeast of Galesburg. The district is agi'icultural ; the town has two banks and a weekly newspaper; fine brick clay is mined. Pop. (1900), 538. LONG, Stephen Harriman, civil engineer, was born in Hopkinton, N. H,, Dec. 30, 1784; gradu- ated at Dartmouth College in 1809, and, after teaching some years, entered the United States Army in December, 1814, as a Lieutenant in the Corps of Engineers, acting as Assistant Professor of Mathematics at West Point; in 1816 was trans- ferred to the Topographical Engineers with the brevet rank of Major. From 1818 to 1833 he had charge of explorations between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains, and, in 1823-24, to the sources of the Mississippi. One of the highest peaks of the Rocky Mountains was named in his honor. Between 1837 and 1880 he was employed as a civil engineer on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, and from 1837 to 1840, as Engineer- in-Chief of the Western & Atlantic Railroad, in Georgia, where he introduced a system of curves and a new kind of truss bridge afterwards gener- ally adopted. On the organization of the Topo- graphical Engineers as a separate corps in 1838, he became Major of that body, and, in 1861, chief, with the rank of Colonel. An account of his fir.st expedition to the Rocky Mountains (1819-20) by Dr. Edwin James, was published in 1833, and the following year appeared "Long's Expedition to the Source of St. Peter's River, Lake of the Woods, Etc." He was a member of the Ameri- can Philosophical Society and the author of the 344 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. first original treatise on railroad building ever published in this country, under the title of "Railroad Manual" (1829). During the latter days of his life his home was at Alton, 111., where he died, Sept. 4, 1864, Though retired from active service in June, 1863, he continued in the discharge of important duties up to his death. LOXGENECKEE, Joel M., lawyer, was born in Crawford County, 111., June 12, 1847; before reaching his eighteenth year he enlisted in the Fifth Illinois Cavalry, serving until the close of the war. After attending the high school at Robinson and teaching for some time, he began the study of law and was admitted to the bar at Olney in 1870; served two years as City Attorney and four (1877-81) as Prosecuting Attorney, in the latter year removing to Chicago. Here, in 1884, he be- came the assistant of Luther Laflin Mills in the ofl5ce of Prosecuting Attorney of Cook County, retaining that position with Sir. Mills" successor. Judge Grinnell. On the promotion of the latter to the bench, in 1886, Mr. Longenecker succeeded to the office of Prosecuting Attorney, continuing in that position until 1892. While in this office he conducted a large number of important crimi- nal cases, the most important, perhaps, being the trial of the murderers of Dr. Cronin, in which he gained a wide reputation for skill and ability as a prosecutor in criminal cases. LOOMIS, (Rev.) Hubbell, clergyman and edu- cator, was born in Colchester, Conn., Slay 31, 1775; prepared for college in the common schools and at Plainfield Academy, in his native State, finallj' graduatin.g at Union College, N. Y., in 1799 — having supported himself during a con- siderable part of his educational course by manual labor and teaching. He subsequently studied theology, and, for twenty-four years, served as pastor of a Congregational church at Willington, Conn., meanwhile fitting a number of young men for college, including among them Dr. Jared Sparks, afterwards President of Har- vard College and author of numerous historical works. About 1829 his views on the subject of baptism underwent a change, resulting in his uniting himself with the Baptist Church. Com- ing to Illinois soon after, he spent some time at Kaskaskia and Edwardsville, and, in 1832, located at Upper Alton, where he became a prominent factor in laying the foundation of ShurtlelT Col- lege, first by the establishment of the Baptist Seminary, of which he was the Principal for several years, and later by assisting, in 1835, to secure the charter of the college in which the seminary was merged. His name stood first on the list of Trustees of the new institution, and, in proportion to his means, he was a liberal con- tributor to its support in the period of its infancy. The latter years of his life were spent among his books in literary and scientific pursuits. Died at Upper Alton, Dec. 15, 1872, at the advanced age of nearly 98 years. — A son of his — Prof. Elias Loomis — an eminent mathematician and natural- ist, was the author of "Loomis' Algebra" and other scientific text-books, in extensive use in the colleges of the country. He held professorships in various institutions at different times, the last being that of Natural Philosophy and Astronomy in Yale College, from 1860 up to his death in 1889. LORIMER, William, Member of Congress, was born in Jlanchester, England, of Scotch parent- age, April 27, 1861 ; came with his parents to America at five years of age, and, after spending some j-ears in Michigan and Ohio, came to Chi- cago in 1870, where he entered a private school. Having lost his father by death at twelve years of age, he became an apprentice in the sign-paint- ing business; was afterwards an employe on a street-railroad, finally engaging in the real-estate business and serving as an appointee of Slayor Roche and Mayor Washburne in the city water department. In 1892 he was the Republican nominee for Clerk of the Superior Court, but was defeated. Two years later he was elected to the Fiftj'- fourth Congress from the Second Illinois District, and re-elected in 1896, as he was again in 1898. His plurality in 1896 amounted to 26,736 votes. LOUISVILLE, tlie county-seat of Clay County ; situated on tlie Little Wabash River and on the Springfielil Division of the Baltimore tt Oliio Soutliwesteru Railroad. It is 100 miles south- southeast of Springfield and 7 miles north of Flora; has a courthouse, three churches, a high school, a savings bank and two weekly news- papers. Population (1890) 637; (1900) 646. LOUISVILLE, EVAXSVILLE & NEW AL- BANY RAILROAD. (See Louisville, Evansrille & St. Louis (Consolidatoil) Railroad.) LOUISVILLE, EVANSVILLE & ST. LOUIS (Consolidated) RAILROAD. The length of this entire line is 358.55 miles, of which nearly 150 miles are operated in Illinois. It crosses the State from East St. Louis to Mount Carmel, on the Wabash River. Within Illinois the system uses a single track of standard gauge, laid with steel rails on white-oak ties. The grades are usually light, although, as the line leaves the Mississippi bottom, the gradient is about two per cent or 105.6 feet per mile. The total capitalization HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 345 (1898) was §18,236,246, of which $4,247,909 was in stock and SlO..')68. 3.50 in bonds. — (History. ) The original corporation was organized in both Indi- ana and Illinois in 1869, and the Illinois section of i,he line opened from Mount Cannel to Albion (18 niile.s) in January, 1873. The Indiana division was sold under foreclosure in 1876 to the Louis- ville, "New Albany & St. Louis Railway Com- pany, while the Illinois division was reorganized in 1878 under the name of the St. Louis, Mount Carmel & New Albany Railroad. A few months later the two divisions were consolidated under the name of the former. In 1881 this line was again consolidated with the Evansville, Rockport & Eastern Railroad (of Indiana), taking the name of the Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis Railroad. In 1889, by a still further consolidation, it absorbed several short lines in Indiana and Illi- nois — those in the latter State being the Illinois & St. Louis Railroad and Coal Company, the Belleville. Centralia & Eastern (projected from Belleville to Mount Vernon) and the Venice & Carondelet — the new organization assuming the present name — Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis (Consolidated) Railroad. LOUISVILLE & XASHVILLE RAILROAD, a corporation operating an extensive system of railroads, chiefly south of the Ohio River and extending through Kentucky and Tennessee into Indiana. The portion of the line in Illinois (known as the St. Louis. Evansville & Nashville line) extends from East St. Louis to the Wabash River, in White Count)' (133.64 miles), with branches from Belleville to O'Fallon (6.07 miles), and from McLeansboro to Shawneetown (40.7 miles) — total, 180.41 miles. The Illinois Divi- sion, though virtually owned by the operating line, is formally leased from the Southeast & St. Louis Railway Company, whose corporate exist- ence is merely nominal. The latter comjianj' acquired title to the property after foreclosure in November, 1880, and leased it in perpetuity to the Louisville & Nashville Company. The total earnings and income of the leased line in Illinois, for 1898, were §1,0.52,789, and the total expendi- tures (including 847,198 taxes) were §657,125. LOUISVILLE & ST. LOUIS RAILWAY. (See JackxnnvilU' d- Sf. Louis Ixailiray.) LOVEJOY, Elijah Parish, minister and anti- slavery journalist, was born at Albion, Maine, Nov. 9, 1802 — the son of a Congregational minis- ter. He graduated at Waterville College in 1826, came west and taught school in St. Louis in 1827, and became editor of a Whig paper there in 1829. Later, he studied theology at Princeton and was licensed as a Presbyterian minister in 1833. Returning to St. Louis, he started "The Observer" — a religious weekly, which condemned slave-holding. Threats of violence from the pro-slavery party induced him to remove his paper, presses, etc., to Alton, in July, 1836. Three times within twelve months his plant was de- stroyed by a mob. A fourth press having been procured, a number of his friends agreed to pro- tect it from destruction in the warehouse where it was stored. On the evening of Nov. 7, 1837, a mob, having assembled about the building, sent one of their number to the roof to set it on fire. Lovejoy, with two of his friends, stepped outside to reconnoiter. when he was shot down by parties in ambush, breathing liis last a few minutes later. His death did much to strengthen the anti-slavery sentiment north of Mason and Dixon's line. His party regarded him as a martyr, and his 'death was made the text for many impassioned and effective appeals iu oppo- sition to an institution which employed moboc- racy and murder iu its efforts to suppress free discussion. (See Alton Riots.) LOVEJOY, Owen, clergyman and Congressman, was born at Albion, Maine, Jan. 6, 1811. Being the son of a clergyman of small means, he was tlirown upon his own resources, but secured a collegiate education, graduating at Bowdoin College. In 1836 he removed to Alton, 111., join- ing his brother, Elijah Parish Lovejoy, who was conducting an anti-slaverj' and religious journal there, and whose assassination by a pro-slavery mob he witnessed the following year. (See Alton Kiots and Elijah P. Loirjoy.) This tragedy induced him to devote his life to a crusade against slaver}'. Having previously begun the study of theology, he was ordained to the minis- try and officiated for several years as pastor of a Congregational church at Princeton. In 1.S47 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Constitu- tional Convention on the "Liberty" ticket, but, in 1854, was elected to the Legislature upon that issue, and earnestly supported Abraham Lincoln for United States Senator. Upon his election to the Legislature he resigned his pastorate at Princeton, his congregation presenting him with a solid silver service in token of their esteem. In 1856 he was elected a Representative in Congress bj' a majority of 7,000, and was re-electe'T, Orrington, capitalist and philanthro- pist, was born in Bowdoinham, Maine, Dec. 24, 1815; came to Chicago in 1842, and engaged in the grain commission business, becoming a mem- ■ ber of the Board of Trade at its organization. Later, he became interested in real estate oper- ations, fire and life insui-ance and in railway enterprises, being one of the early promoters of the Chicago & Galena Union, now a part of the ll HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 347 Chicago & Northwestern Railroad. He also took an active part in municipal affairs, and, during the War, was an efficient member of the "War Finance Committee." A liberal patron of all moral and benevolent enterprises, as shown by his cooperation with the "Relief and Aid Soci- ety" after the fire of 1871, and his generous bene- factions to the Young Men's Christian Association and feeble churches, his most efficient service was rendered to the cause of education as repre- sented in the Northwestern University, of which he was a Trustee from its organization, and much of the time an executive officer. To his noble benefaction the institution owes its splendid library building, erected some years ago at a cost of $100,000. In the future history of Chi- cago, Mr. Lvmt's name will stand beside that of J. Young Scammon, AValter L. Newberry, John Crerar, and others of its most liberal benefactors. Died, at his home in Evanston, April .5, 1897. LTJSK, John T., pioneer, was born in South Carolina, Nov. 7, 1784; brought to Kentucky in 1791 by his father (James Lusk), who established a ferry across the Ohio, opposite the present town of Golconda, in Pope County, 111. Lusk's Creek, which empties into the Ohio in that vicinity, took its name from tliis famil}-. In 180.5 the sub- ject of this sketch came to Madison County, 111., and settled near Edwardsville. During the War of 1812-14 he was engaged in the service as a "Ranger." When Edwardsville began its growth, he moved into tlie town and erected a house of hewn logs, a story and a half high and containing three rooms, which became the first hotel in the town and a place of considerable historical note. Sir. Lusk held, at different periods, the positions of Deputy Circuit Clerk, County Clerk, Recorder and Postmaster, dying, Dec. 22, 18.57. LUTHERANS, The. Wliile this sect in Illi- nois, as elsewhere, is divided into many branches, it is a unit in accepting the Bible as the only in- fallible rule of faith, in the use of Luther's small Catechism in instruction of the young, in the practice of infant baptism and confirmation at an early age, and in acceptance of the Augsburg Confession. Services are conducted, in various sections of the country, in not less than twelve different languages. The number of Lutheran ministers in Illinois exceeds 400, who preach in the English, German, Danish, Swedisli, Fin- nish and Hungarian tongues. The churches over which they preside recognize allegiance to eight distinct ecclesiastical bodies, denomi- nated synods, as follows: The Northern, South- ern, Central and Wartburg Synods of the General Synod; the Illinois-Missouri District of the Synodical Conference; the Synod for tlie Norwegian Evangelical Church; the Swedish- Augustana, and tlie Indiana Synod of the General Council. To illustrate the large proportion of the foreign element in this denomination, reference may be made to the fact that, of si.xty-tliree Lutheran churches in Chicago, only four use the English language. Of the remainder, thirty- seven make use of the German, ten Swedish, nine Norwegian and three Danish. The whole num- ber of communicants in the State, in 1892, was estimated at 90,000. The General Synod sustains a German Theological vSeminary in Chicago. (See also Religious Denominations. LYONS, a village of Cook County, 12 miles southwest of Chicago. Population (1880), 486; (1890), 732; (1900), 951 MACALISTER & STEBBINS BONDS, the name given to a class of State indebtedness incurred in the year 1841, through the hypothe- cation, by John D.Whiteside (then Fund Com- missioner of the State of Illinois), with Messrs. Macalister & Stebbins, brokers of New York City, of 804 interest-bearing bonds of .§1,000 each, payable in 1865, upon whicli tlie said Macalister & Stebbins advanced to the State 8261,. 560. 83. This was done with the understanding that the firm would make further advances sufficient to increase the aggregate to fortj' per cent of the face value of the bonds, but upon which no further advances were actually made. In addi- tion to these, there were deposited with the same firm, within the next few months, with a like understanding, internal improvement bonds and State scrip amounting to 8109,215.44 — making the aggregate of State securities in their Iiands 8913,- 215.44, upon which the State had received only the amount already named — being 28.64 per cent of the face value of such indebtedness. Attempts having been made by the holders of these bonds (with whom they had been hj'pothecated by Macalister & Stebbins), to secure settlement on their par face value, tlie matter became the sub- ject of repeated legislative acts, the most impor- tant of which were passed in 1847 and 1849 — both reciting, in their respective preambles, the history of the transaction. The last of these provided for the issue to Macalister & Stebbins of new bonds, payable in 1805, for the amount of princi- pal and interest of the sum actually advanced and found to be due. conditioned ujion tlie sur- render, by them, of the original bonds and other 348 niSTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. evidences of indebtedness received by them in 1841. Tliis tlie actual iiolders refused to accept, and brought tlie case before the Supreme Court in an effort to compel the Governor (who was then ex-officio Fund Commissioner) to recognize the full face of their claim. This the Supreme Court refused to do, on the ground that, the executive being a coordinate branch of the Gov- ernment, they had no authority over his official acts. In 18.J9 a partial refunding of these bonds, to the amount of §114,000, was obtained from Governor Bissell, who, being an invalid, was probably but imperfectly acquainted with their history and previous legislation on the subject. Representations made to him led to a suspension of the proceeding, and, as the bonds were not transferable except on the books of the Funding Agency in the office of the State Auditor, they were treated as illegal and void, and were ulti- mately surrendered by the holders on the basis originally fixed, without loss to the State. In 1865 an additional act was passed requiring the presentation, for payment, of the portion of the original bonds still outstanding, on pain of for- feiture, and this was finally done. MACK, Alonzo >V., legislator, was born at More- town, Vt., in 1822; at 10 years of age settled at Kalamazoo, Mich. , later began the study of medi- cine and graduated at Laporte, Ind., in 1844. Then, having removed to Kankakee, 111., he adopted the practice of law ; in 18.")8 was elected Representative, and, in 1860 and "04, to the Senate, serving through five continuous sessions (185808). In 1803 he assisted in organizing the Seventy-sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, of which he was commissioned Colonel, but resigned, in January following, to take his seat in the Senate. Colonel jMack, who was a zealous friend of Governor Yates, was one of the leading spirits in tlie establishment of "The Chicago Repub- lican," in May, 18f)5, and was its business mana- ger the first year of its publication, but disagreeing with the editor, Charles A. Dana, both finally retired. Colonel Mack then resumed the practice of law in Chicago, dying there, Jan. 4, 1871. MACKIX.VW, tlie first county-seat of Tazewell County, at intersection of two railroad lines, 18 miles southeast of Peoria. The district is agri- cultural and stock-raising. There are manufacto- ries of farm implements, pressed brick, liarne-^s, wagons and carriages, also a State bank and a weekly paper. Population (1890), 545; (1900), 859. MAC MILLAX, Thomas C, Clerk of United States District Court, was born at Stranraer, Scotland, Oct. 4, 1850; came with his parents, in 1857, to Chicago, where he graduated from the High School and spent some time in the Chicago University; ju 1873 became a reporter on "The Chicago Inter Ocean;" two years later accom- panied an exploring expedition to the Black Hills and, in 1875-70, represented that paper with General Crook in the campaign against the Sioux. After an extended tour in Europe, he assumed charge of the "Curiosity Shop" department of "The Inter Ocean," served on the Cook County Board of Education and as a Director of the Chi cago Public Library, besides eight years in the General Assembly— 1885-89 in the House and 1889- 93 in the Senate. In January, 1896, Mr. MacMillan was appointed Clerk of the United States District Court at Chicago. He has been a Trustee of Ilh- nois College since 1886, and, in 1885, received the honorary degree of A.M. from that institution. MACOMB, the county-seat of McDonough County, situated on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 59 miles northeast of Quincy, 39 miles southwest of Galesburg. The principal manufactures are sewer-pipes, drain-tile, pot- tery, and schoolde.sk castings. The city has interurban electric car line, banks, nine churches, high school and four newspapers; is the seat of Western Illinois State Normal School, and West- ern Preparatory School and Business College. Population (1890), 4 052; (1900), 5,375. M.VrOX, a village in Macon County, on the Illi- nois Central Railroad, 10 miles south Ijy west of Decatur. Macon County is one of the mo.st fer- tile in the corn belt, and the city is an important shipping-point for corn. It has wagon and cigar factories, four churches, a graded school, and a weekly paper. Population (1890), 819; (1900), 705. MACON COUNTY, situated near the geograph- ical center of the .State. The census of 1900 gave its area as 580 square miles, and its population, 44,003. It was organized in 1829, and named for Nathaniel IMacon, a revolutionary soldier and statesman. The surface is chiefly level prairie, although in parts there is a fair growth of timber. The county is well drained by the Sangamon River and its tributaries. The soil is that high grade of fertility which one might expect in the corn belt of the central portion of the State. Besides corn, oats, rye and barley are extensively cultivated, while potatoes, sorghum and wool are among the products. Decatur is the county-seat and principal city in the heart of a rich agricul- tural region. Maroa, in the northern part of the county, enjoys considerable local trade. MACOUPIN COUNTY, a south-central county, with an area of 804 square miles and a population HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 349 of 42,256 in 1900. Tlie word Macoupin is of Indian derivation, signifying '"white potato," The county, originally a part of Madison, and later of Greene, was separately organized in 1S29, under the supervision of Seth Hodges, William Wilcox and Theodorus Davis. The first court house (of logs) was erected in 1830. It contained but two rooms, and in pleasant weather juries were wont to retire to a convenient grove to deliberate upon their findings. The surface of the county is level, with narrow belts of timber following the course of tlie streams. The soil is fertile, and both corn and wheat are extensivelj' raised. While agriculture is the chief industry in the south, stock-raising is successfully carried on in the north. Carlinville is the county-seat and Bunker Hill, Stanton, Yirden and Girard the other principal towns. MAC VEAGH, Franklin, merchant, lawyer and politician, was born on a farm in Chester County, Pa., graduated from Yale University in 1862, and, two years later, from Columbia Law School, New York. He was soon compelled to abandon practice on account of ill-health, and removed to Chicago, in September, 1865, where he embarked in business as a wholesale grocer. In 1874 he was chosen President of the Volunteer Citizens' Association, which inaugurated many important municipal reforms. He was thereafter repeatedly urged to accept other offices, among them the mayorality, but persistentl3' refused until 1894, when he accepted a nomination for United States Senator by a State Convention of the IJemocratic Party. He made a thorough can- vass of the State, but the Republicans having gained control of the Legislature, he was defeated. He is the head of one of the most extensive wholesale grocery establishments in the city of Chicago. MADISON COUXTT, situated in the southwest division of the State, and bordering on the Mis- sissippi River. Its area is about 740 square miles. The surface of the county is hilly along the Jlis- sissippi bluffs, but generally either level or only slightly undulating in tlie interior. The "Ameri- can Bottom" occupies a strij) of country along the western border, four to .six miles wide, as far north as Alton, and is exceptionally fertile. The county was organized in 1812, being the first count}' set off from St. Clair County after the organization of Illinois Territory, in 1809, and the third within the Territory. It was named in honor of James Madison, then President of the United States. At that time it embraced suli- stantially the whole of the northern jjart of the State, but its limits were steadily reduced by excisions until 1843. The soil is fertile, com, wlieat, oats, hiij-, and potatoes being raised and exported in large quantities. Coal seams under- lie the soil, and carboniferous limestone crops out in the neighborhood of Alton. American settlers began first to arrive about 1800, the Judys, GiU- hams and Whitesides being among the first, gen- erallj' locating in the American Bottom, and laying tlie foundation for the present county. In the early hi.stor}- of the State, Madison County was the home of a large number of prominent men who exerted a large influence in shaping its destiny. Among these were Governor Edwards, Governor Coles, Judge Samuel D. Lockwood, and many more whose names are intimately inter- woven with State history. The county -seat is at Edwardsville, and Alton is the principal city. Population (1890). 51,535; (1900), 64,694, MAGRUDER, Benjamin D., Justice of the Supreme Court, was born near Natchez, Miss., Sept. 37, 1838; graduated from Yale College in 1856, and, for three years thereafter, engaged in teaching in his father's private academy at Baton Rouge, La., and in reading law. In 1859 he graduated from the law department of the University of Louisiana, and the same year opened an office at Memphis, Tenn. At the out- break of the Civil War, his sympathies being strongly in favor of the Union, he came North, and, after visiting relatives at New Haven, Conn., settled at Chicago, in June, 1861. While ever radically loyal, he refrained from enlisting or taking part in political discussions during the war, many members of his immediate family being in the Confederate service. He soon achieved and easily maintained a high standing at the Chicago bar ; in 1868 was appointed Master in Chancery of the Superior Court of Cook County, and, in 1885, was elected to succeed Judge T. Ljle Dickey on the bench of the Supreme Court, being re-elected for a full term of nine years in 1888, and again in 1897. He was Chief Justice in 1891-92. MAKAXDA, a village of Jack.son County, on the Illinois Central Railway, 49 miles north of Cairo, in South Pass, in spur of Ozark Mountains, It is in the midst of a rich fruit-growing region, large amounts of this product being ship])ed tliere and at Cobden. The place has a bank and a weekly paper. Population (1900), .528. MALTIJY, Jasper A., soldier, was born in .Vsh- tabula County, Ohio, Nov. 3, 1826, served as a private in the Mexican War and was severely wounded at Chapultepec. After his discharge he 350 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. established himself in the mercantile business at Galena, 111. ; in 1861 entered the volunteer service as Lieutenant-Colonel of the Forty-fifth Illinois Infantry, was wounded at Fort Donelson. pro- moted Colonel in November, 1863, and wounded a second time at Vicksburg; commissioned Brigadier -General in August, 1863; served through the subsequent campaigns of the Army of the Tennessee, and was mustered out, January, 1866. Later, he was appointed by the commander of the district Mayor of Vicksburg, dying in that office, Dec. 12, 1867. MANCHESTER, a town of Scott County, on the Jacksonville Division of the Chicago & Alton Railwaj', 16 miles south of Jacksonville; has some manufactures of pottery. Population (1890), 408; (1900), 430. MANIERE, George, early Chicago lawyer and jurist, born of Huguenot descent, at New Lon- don, Conn., in 1817. Bereft of his father in 1831, his mother removed to New York City, where he began the study of law, occasionally contributing to "The New York Mirror," then one of the leading literary periodicals of the country. In 1835 he removed to Chicago, where he completed his professional studies and was admitted to the bar in 1839. His first office was a deputyship in the Circuit Clerk's office; later, he was appointed Master in Chancery, and served one term as Alderman and two terms as City Attorney. While filling the latter office he codified the municipal ordinances. In 1855 he was elected Judge of the Circuit Court and re-elected in 1861 without opposition. Before the expiration of his second term he died. May 21, 1863. He held the office of School Commissioner from 1844 to 1852, during which time, largely through his efforts, the school system was remodeled and the im- paired school fund placed in a satisfactory con- dition. He was one of the organizers of the Union Defense Committee in 1801, a member of the first Board of Regents of the (old) Chicago University, and prominently connected with several societies of a semi-public character. He was a polished writer and was, for a time, in edi- torial control of "The Chicago Democrat." MANN, James R., lawyer and Congressman, was born on a farm near Bloomington, 111., Oct. 20, 1856, whence his father moved to Iroquois Count}' in 1867 ; graduated at the Universitj- of Illinois in 1876 and at the Union College of Law in Chi- cago, in 1881, after which he established himself in practice in Cliicago, finally becoming the head of the law firm of Mann, Hayes & Miller; in 18S8 was elected Attorney of the village of Hyde Park and, after the annexation of that municipality to the city of Chicago, in 1892 was elected Alderman of the Thirty-second Ward, and reelected in 1894, while in the City Council becoming one of its most prominent members; in 1894, served as Temporary Chairman of the Republican State Convention at Peoria, and, in 1895, as Chairman of the Cook County Republican Convention. In 1896 he was elected, as a Republican, to the Fifty- fifth Congress, receiving a plurality of 28,459 over the Free Silver Democratic candidate, and 26,907 majority over all. In 1898 he was a can- didate for re-election. and was again successful, by over 17,000 plurality, on a largely reduced vote. Other positions held by Mr. Mann, previous to his election to Congress, include those of Master in Chancery of the Superior Court of Cook County and General Attorney of the South Park Com- missioners of the city of Chicago. MANN, Orrin L., lawyer and soldier, was bom in Geauga County, Ohio., and, in his youth, removed to the vicinity of Ann Arbor, Mich., where he learned the blacksmith trade, but, being compelled to abandon it on account of an injmj', in 1851 began study with the late Dr. Hinman, then in charge of the Wesleyan Female College, at Albion, Mich. Dr. Hinman having, two j-ears later, become President of the North- western University, at Evanston, Mr. Mann accompanied his preceptor to Chicago, continuing his studies for a time, but later engaging in teaching; in 1856 entered the University of Michigan, but left in his junior year. In 1860 he took part in the campaign which resulted in the election of Lincoln ; early in the following spring had made arrangements to engage in the lumber- trade in Chicago, but abandoned this purpose at the firing on Fort Sumter; then assisted in organizing the Thirty-ninth Regiment Illinois Volunteers (the "Yates Phalanx"). which having been accepted after considerable delay, he was chosen ilajor. The regiment was first assigned to duty in guarding the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, but afterwards took part in the first battle of Winchester and in operations in North and South Carolina. Having previously been commissioned Lieutenant-Colonel, Major Mann was now assigned to court-martial duty at Newbern and Hilton Head. Later, he partici- pated in the siege of Forts Wagner and Gregg, winning a brevet Brigadier-Generalship for meritorious service. The Thirty-ninth, having "veteranized" in 1864, was again sent east, and being assigned to the command of Gen. B. F. Butler, took part in the battle of Bermuda HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 351 Hundreds, where Colonel Mann was seriously wounded, necessitating a stay of several months in hospital. Returning to duty, he was assigned to the staff of General Ord, and later served as Provost iMarshal of tlie District of Virginia, with headquarters at Norfolk, being finally mustered out in December, 1865. After the war he engaged in the real estate and loan business, but, in 1866, was appointed Collector of Internal Revenue for the Chicago District, serving until 1868, when he was succeeded by General Corse. Other positions held by him have been : Represent- ative in the Twenty-ninth General Assembly (1874-76), Coroner of Cook Coimty (1878-80), and Sheriff (1880-82). General Mann was injured by a fall, some years since, inducing partial paraly- sis. MANNING, Joel, first Secretary of the Illinois & Michigan Canal Commissioners, was born in 1793, graduated at Union College, N. Y., in 1818, and came to Southern Illinois at an early day, residing for a time at Brownsville, Jackson County, where he held the office of County- Clerk. In 1836 he was practicing law, when he was appointed Secretary of the first Board of Commissioners of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, remaining in office until 1845. He continued to reside at Lockport, Will County, until near the close of liis life, when he removed to Joliet, dying there, Jan. 8, 1869. MAXNINCt, Jnlius, lawyer, was born in Can- ada, near Chateaugay, N. Y., but passed his earlier j'ears chiefly in the State of New York, completing his education at Middlebury College, Vt. ; in 1839 came to Knoxville, 111., where he served one term as County Judge and two terms (1842-46) as Representative in the General Assem- bly. He was also a Democratic Presidential Elector in 1848. In 18.53 he removed to Peoria, where he was elected, in 1861, a Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention of the following year. Died, at Knoxville, July 4, 1862. MANSFIELD, a village of Piatt County, at the intersection of the Peoria Division of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis and the Chicago Division of the Wabash Railways, 82 miles southeast of Bloomington. It is in the heart of a rich agricultural region ; has one news- paper. Population (1890), 533; (1900), 708. MANTEXO, a village of Kankakee County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 47 miles south of Chicago; a shipping point for grain, live- stock, small fruits and dairy products; has one newspaper. Population (1880), 632; (1890), 637; (1900), 933. MAmiOX, a village of Knox County, on the Peoria Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway, 16 miles southeast of Gales- burg. The region is agricultural. The town has- banks and a weeklj- paper. Population (1880), 548; (1890), 501; (1900), 47.5. MARCY, (Dr.) Oliver, educator, was born in Coleraine, Mass., Feb. 13, 1820; received his early education in the grammar schools of his native town, graduating, in 1842, from tlie Wesleyan University at Middletown, Conn. He early mani- fested a deep interest in the natural sciences and became a teacher in an academy at Wilbraham, Mass., where he remained until 1862, meanwhile' making numerous trips for geologic investigation One of these was made in 1849, overland, to Puget Sound, for the purpose of securing data, for maps of the Pacific Coast, and settling dis- puted questions as to the geologic formation of the Rocky Mountains. During this trip he visited San Francisco, making maps of the mountain regions for the use of the Government. In 1862- he was called to the professorship of Natural History in the Northwestern University, at Evanston, remaining there until his death. The institution was then in its infancy, and he taught mathematics in connection with his other duties. From 1890 he was Dean of the faculty. He received the degee of LL.D. from the University of Chicago in 1876. Died, at Evanston, March 19. 1899. MAREDOSIA (MARAIS de OGEE), a peculiar depression (or slough) in the southwestern part of Whiteside County, connecting the Mississippi and Rock Rivers, through which, in times of freshets, the former sometimes discharges a part of its waters into the latter. On the other hand, when Rock River is relatively liiglier, it some- times discharges through the same channel into the Mississippi. Its general course is north and south. — Cat-Tail Sloiifrh, a similar depre.ssion, runs nearly parallel with the Maredosia, at a dis- tance of five or six miles from the latter. The highest point in the Maredosia above low water in the Mississippi is thirteen feet, and that in the Cat-Tail Slough is twenty-six feet. Each is believed, at some time, to have served as a channel for the Mississippi. MARENGO, a city of McHenry County, settled in 1835, incorporated as a town in 1857 and, as a. city, in 1893; lies 68 miles northwest of Chicago, on the Cliicago & Northwestern Riiilroad. It is in the heart of a dairying and fruit-growing dis- trict; has a foundry, stove works, condensed milk plant, canning factory, water-works, eleo- 352 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. trie lights, has six churches, good schools and two weekly newspapers. Population (1880), 1,264 ; (1890), 1, 445; (1000), 2,005. MARINE, a village of Madison County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 2T miles northeast of St. Louis. Several of its ear.liest settlers were sea captains from the East, from whom the "Marine Settlement" obtained its name. Popu- lation (1880) 774; (1890,), 637; (1900), 666. MARION, the county-seat of "Williamson County, 172 miles .southeast of Springfield, on the Illinois Central and Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroads; in agricultural and coal region; has cotton and woolen mills, electric cars, water- works, ice and cold-storage plant, dry pressed brick factory, .six churches, a graded school, and three newspapers. Pop. (1890), 1,338; (1900), 2,510. MARION COUNTY, located near the center of the southern half of the State, with an area of 580 square miles ; was organized in 1823, and, by the census of 1900, had a population of 30,446. About half the county is prairie, the chief prod- ucts being tobacco, wool and fruit. The remainder is timbered land. It is watered by the tributaries of the Kaskaskia and Little Wabash Rivers. The bottom lands have a heavy growth of choice timber, and a deep, rich soil. A large portion of the county is underlaid with a thin vein of coal, and the rocks all belong to the upper coal measures. Sandstone and building sand are also abundant. Ample shipping facilities are afforded by the Illinois Central and theBaltimore & Ohio (S.W.) Railroads. Salem is the county-seat, but Centralia is the largest and most important town, being a railroad junction and center of an extensive fruit-trade. Sandoval is a thriving town at the junction of the Illinois Central and the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroads. MARISS.V, a village of St. Clair County, on the St. Louis &- Cairo Short Line Railroad. 39 miles southea.st of St. Louis. It is in a farming and mining district; has two banks, a new.spaper and a magazine. Population (l.S'.Kl), 876; (1900). 1.086. MAROA,acity in Macon County, on the Illi- nois Central Railroad, 13 miles north of Decatur and 81 miles south of Bloomington. The city has three elevators, an agricultural implement fac- tory, water-works system, electric light plant, telephone service, two banks, one newspaper, three churches and a graded scliool. Population (1880), 870; (1890), 1,164; (1900), 1,213. MARQUKTTE. (Father) Jacques, a French missionary and explorer, born at Laon, France, in 1637. He became a Jesuit at the age of 17, and, twelve years later (1666), was ordained a priest. The same year he sailed for Canada, landing at Quebec. For eighteen months he devoted him- self chiefly to the study of Indian dialects, and, in 1668, accompanied a party of Nez-Perces to Lake Superior, where he founded the mission of Sault Ste. Marie. Later, after various vicissi- tudes, he went to Mackinac, and, in that vicinity, founded the Mission of St. Ignace and built a rude church. In 1673 he accompanied Joliet on his voj-age of discovery down the Slississippi, the two setting out from Green Bay on May 17, and reaching the Mississippi, by way of the Fox and Wisconsin Riverc, June 17. (For an interesting translation of Marquette's quaint narrative of the expedition, see Shea's "Discovery and Explo- ration of the Mississippi,'' N. Y., 1852.) In Sep- tember, 1673, after leaving the Illinois and stop- ping for some time among the Indians near "Starved Rock," he returned to Green Bay much broken in health. In October, 1674, under orders from his superior, he set out to establish a mis- sion at Kaskaskia on the Upper Illinois. In December he reached the present site of Chicago, where he was compelled to halt because of exhaustion. On March 29, 1675, he resumed his journey, and reached Kaskaskia, after much suffering, on April 8. After laboring indefati- gably and making many converts, failing health compelled him to start on his return to Macki- nac. Before the voyage was completed he died. May 18, 1675, at the mouth of a stream which long bore his name — but is not the present Mar- quette River — on the eastern shore of Lake Michi- gan. His remains were subsequently removed to Point St. Ignace. He was the first to attempt to explain the lake tides, and modem science has not improved his theory. MARSEILLES, a city on the Illinois River, in La Salle County, 8 miles east of Ottawa, and 77 miles southwest of Chicago, on the line of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad. Ex- cellent water power is furnished by a dam across the river. The city has several factories, among the leading products being flour, paper and agricultural implements. Coal is mined in the vicinity. The grain trade is large, suflieient to support three elevators. There are tliree papers (one daily). Population (1890), 2,210; (1900), 2,5.")9; (1903, est.), 3,100. MARSH, lienjaniin F., Congressman, born in Wythe Township. Hancock Count}', HI., was edu- cated at private schools and at Jubilee College, leaving the latter institution one year before graduation. He read law imder the tutelage of his brother, Judge J. W. Marsh, of Warsaw, and was IIISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 353 ■admitted to the bar in 18G0. The same year lie was an unsuccessful candidate for State's Attorney. Immediately upon the first call for troops in 1861, he raised a company of cavalrj-, and. going to Springfield, tendered it to Governor Yates. No cavalry having been called for, the Governor felt constrained to decline it. On his way home Mr. Marsh stopped at Quincy and enlisted as a private in the Sixteenth Illinois Infantry, in which regi- ment he served until July 4, 18G1, when Gov- ernor Yates advised him b}- telegraph of his readiness to accept his cavalry companj'. Returning to Warsaw he recruited another com- pany within a few '>'EL, Murray, pioneer and lawyer, was born in Orange County, N. Y., Sept. 5, 1798, and educated in the common schools; left home at 14 years of age and, after a year at Louisville, spent several j-ears flat-boating, trading and hunting in tlie West,' during this period visiting Arkansas, Texas and Kansas, finally .settling on a farm near Herculaneum, Mo. In 1823 he located in Scott (then a part of Morgan) County, 111., but when the town of Jacksonville was laid out, became a citizen of that place. During the Black Hawk War (July and August. 1832), he served on tlie staff of Gen. J. D. Henry with the rank of Major ; in 1837 was appointed by Governor Dun- can a member of the Board of Public Works for the First Judicial District, in this capacity having charge of the construction of the railroad between Meredosia and Springfield (then known as the Northern Cross Railroad) — the first public rail- road built in the State, and the only one con- structed during the "internal improvement" era following 1837. He also held a commission from Governor French as Major-General of State Mi- litia, in 185.5 was appointed by President Pierce Fifth Auditor of the Treasury Department, but retired in 1859. In 1832, on his return from the Black Hawk War, he was elected a Repre- sentative in the State Legislature from Morgan County, and, in 1864, was elected to the State Senate for the District composed of Morgan, Jlenard, Cass, Schuyler and Brown Counties, serving until 1868. Though previously a Demo- crat and a delegate to the Democratic National Convention of 1860, lie was an earnest supporter of the war policy of the Government, and was one of four Democratic Senators, in the General Assembly of 1865, wlio voted for the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment of the National Constitution, prohibiting slavery in the United States. His death occurred by assassination, by HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 361 some unknown person, in his office at Jackson- ville, Feb. 9, IStiO.— John LuQIum (McConnel), son of the preceding, was born in Jacksonville, 111., Nov. 11, 1S2(), studied law and graduated at Transylvania Law School; in 1846 enlisted as a private in the Mexican War. became First Lieu- tenant and was promoted Captain after the battle of Buena Vista, where he was twice wounded. After the war he returned to Jacksonville and wrote several books illustrative of Western life and character, which were published between 1850 and 1853. At the time of his death — Jan. 17, 1862 — he was engaged in the preparation of a "History of Early Explorations in America, " hav- ing special reference to the labors of the early Roman Catholic missionaries. McCONNELL, (Gen). John, soldier, was born in Madison County, N. Y. , Dec. 5, 1834, and came with his parents to Illinois when about sixteen years of age. His father (James McConnell) was a native of Ireland, who came to the United States shortly before the W^ar of 1813, and, after remaining in New York until 1840, came to San- gamon County, 111., locating a few miles south of Springfield, where he engaged extensively in sheep-raising. He was an enterprising and pro- gressive agriculturist, and was one of the founders of the State Agricultural Society, being President of the Convention of 1853 which resulted in its organization. His death took place, Jan. 7, 1867. The subject of this sketch was engaged with his father and brothers in the farming and stock business until 1861, when he raised a company for the Third Illinois Cavalry, of which he was elected Captain, was later promoted Major, serv- ing until March, 1863, during that time taking part in some of the important battles of the war in Southwest Missouri, including Pea Ridge, and was highly complimented by his commander, Gen. G. M. Dodge, for bravery. Some three months after leaving the Third Cavalry, he was commissioned by Governor Yates Colonel of the Fifth Illinois Cavalry, and, in March, 1865, was commissioned Brevet Brigadier-General, his com- mission being signed by President Lincoln on April 14, 1865, the morning preceding the niglit of his assassination. During the latter part of his service. General McConnell was on duty in Texas, being finally mustered out in October, 1865. After the death of his father, and until 1879, he continued in the business of sheep-raising and farming, being for a time the owner of several extensive farms in Sangamon County, but. in 1879, engaged in the insurance busine.ss in Springfield, where he died, March 14, 1898. MeCOXNELL, Samuel P., son of the preceding, was born at Springfield, 111., on July 5, 1849. After completing his literary studies he read law at Springfield in the ofiice of Stuart, Edwards & Brown, and was admitted to the Ijar in 1872, soon after establishing himself in practice in Chicago. After various partnerships, in which he was asso- ciated with leading lawyers of Chicago, he was elected Judge of the Cook County Circuit Court, in 1889, to fill tlie vacancy caused by the death of Judge W. K. McAllister, serving imtil 1894, when he resigned to give his attention to private prac- tice. Although one of the youngest Judges upon the bench. Judge McConnell was called upon, soon after his election, to preside at tlie trial of the conspirators in the celebrated Cronin murder case, in which he displayed great ability. He has also had charge, as jjresiding Judge, of a number of civil suits of great importance affecting cor- porations. MoCORMICK, Cyrus Hall, inventor and manu- facturer, born in Rockbridge County, Va., Feb. 15. 1809. In youth he manifested unusual mechani- cal ingenuity, and early began attempts at the manufacture of some device for cutting grain, his first finished machine being produced in 1831. Though he had been manufacturing for years in a small way, it was not until 1844 that his first machine was shipped to the West, and, in 1847, he came to Chicago with a view to establishing its manufacture in the heart of the region where its use would be most in demand. One of his early partners in the business was William B. Ogden, afterwards so widely known in connection with Chicago's railroad history. The business grew on his hands until it became one of the largest manufacturing interests in the United States. Jlr. McCormick was a Democrat, and, in 1860, he bought "The Chicago Times." and having united it with "The Herald," which he already owned, a few months later sold the consolidated concern to Wilbur F. Storey. "The Interior," the Northwestern mouthpiece of the Presbyterian faith, had been founded by a joint stock-company in 1870, but was burned out in 1871 and removed to Cincinnati. In January, 1873, it was returned to Chicago, and, at the beginning of the following year, it became the property of Mr. McCormick in conjunction with Dr. Gray, who has been its editor and manager ever since. Mr. MeCormick's most liberal work was undoubtedl}' the endowment of the Presby- terian Theological Seminary in Chicago, which goes by his name. His death occurred. May 13, 1884, after a business life of almost unprece- 362 HISTOEICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. dented success, and after conferring upon the agriculturists of the country a boon of inestimable value. Mccormick theological semixaky, a Presbyterian school of theology in Chicago, be- ing the outgrowtli of an institution originally con- nected with Hanover College, Ind., in 1830. In IS.'iQ the late Cyrus H. McCormick donated $100,- 000 to the school, and it was removed to Chicago, wliere it was opened in September, witli a class of fifteen students. Since then nearly 8300,000 have been contributed toward a building fund by Mr. McCormick and liis lieirs, besides numerous donations to the same end made by others. The number of buildings is nine, four being for the general purposes of the institution (including dormitories), and five being houses for the pro- fessors. The course of instruction covers three annual terms of seven months each, and includes didactic and polemic theology, biblical and ecclesiastical liistory, sacred rhetoric and pastoral theology, church government and the sacra- ments. New Testament literature and exegesis, apologetics and missions, and homiletics. The faculty consists of eight professors, one adjunct professor, and one instructor in elocution and vocal cultvire. Between 200 and 300 students are enrolled, including post-graduates. McCULLOCH, David, lawyer and jurist, was born in Cumberland County, Pa., Jan. 25, 1832; received his academic education at Marshall Col- lege, Mercersburg, Pa. , graduating in the class of 1852. Then, after spending some six months as a teacher in his native village, he came west, arriving at Peoria early in 1853. Here he con- ducted a private school for two years, when, in 1855, he began the study of law in the office of Manning & Merriman, being admitted to the bar in 1857. Soon after entering upon his law studies he was elected School Commissioner for Peoria County, serving, by successive re-elections, three terras (1855-61). At the close of this period he was taken into partnership with his old precep- tor, Julius Manning, who died, July 4, 1862. In 1877 he was elected Circuit Judge for the Eighth Circuit, under the law authorizing the increa.se of Judges in each circuit to three, and was re- elected in 1879, serving until 1885. Six years of this period were spent as a Justice of the Appellate Court for the Third Ajipellate District. On retiring from the bench, Judge McCulloch entered into partnership with his son, E. D. McCullocli, which is still maintained. Politicallj-, Judge IMcCulloch was reared as a Democrat, but during the Civil War became a Republican. Since 188G he has been identified with the Prohibition Party, although, as the result of questions arising during the Spanish-American "War, giving a cordial support to the policy of President McKinley. In religious views he is a Presbyterian, and is a mem- ber of the Board of Directors of the McCormick Theological Seminary at Chicago. McCULLOUGH, Jamos Skiles, Auditor of Public Accounts, was born in Mercersburg, Franklin County, Pa., May 4, 1843; in 1854 came with his father to Urbana, 111., and grew up on a farm in that vicinity, receiving such education as could be obtained in the public schools. In 1S62, at the age of 19 years, he enlisted as a private in Companj- G, Seventy-sixth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and served during the next three years in the Departments of the Mississippi and the Gulf, meanwhile participating in the campaign against Vicksburg, and, near the close of the war, in the operations about Mobile. On the 9th of April, 18G5, while taking part in the assault on Fort Blakely, near ilobile, his left arm was torn to pieces by a grape-shot, compelling its amputation near the shoulder. His final discharge occurred in July, 18C5. Returning home he spent a year in school at Urbana, after which he was a student in the Soldiers' College at Fulton, 111., for two years. He then (1868) entered the office of the County Clerk of Champaign County as a deputy, remain- ing until 1873, when he was chosen County Clerk, serving by successive re-elections until 1896. The latter year he received the nomination of the Republican Part}' for Aviditor of Public Accounts, and, at the November election, was elected by a plurality of 138,000 votes over his Democratic opponent. He was serving his sixth term as County Clerk when chosen Auditor, having received the nomination of his party on each occasion without opposition. McDAXXOLD, John J., lawyer and ex-Con- gressman, was born in Brown County, 111. , August 29, 1851, acquired his early education in the com- mon schools of his native county and in a private school ; graduated from the Law Department of the Iowa State University in 1874, and was admitted to the bar in Illinois the same year, commencing practice at Mount Sterling. In 1885 he was made Master in Chancery, in 1886, elected County Judge, and re-elected in 1890, resigning his seat in October, 1892, to accept an election by the Democrats of the Twelftli Illinois District as Representative in the Fifty-third Congress. After retiring from Congress (March 4. 1895), Mr. SlcDannold removed to Chicago, where he engaged in the practice of his profession. o o pa g 2; > < n a t— < o > O o L V \ o o < u > z. 3 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 363 McDOXOUGH COrXTT, organized under an act passed, Jan. 25, 1826, and attached, for judicial purposes, to Scliuyler County until 1.S30. Its present area is .580 square miles — named in honor of Commodore McDouougli. The first settlement in the county was at Industry, on the site of which William Carter (the pioneer of the county) built a cabin in 182G. James and Jolm Vance and William Job settled in the vicinity in the following year. Out of this settlement grew Blandinsville. William Pennington located on Spring Creek in 1828, and, in 1831, James M. Campbell erected the first frame house on the site of the present city of Macomb. The first sermon, preached by a Protestant minister in the county, was delivered in the Job settlement Viy Eev. John Logan, a Baptist. Among the early officers were John Huston, County Treasurer; William Southward, SlierifE; Peter Hale, Coro- ner, and Jesse Bartlett, Surveyor. The first term of the Circuit Court was held in 1830, and presided over by Hon. Richard M. Young. The first railwaj- to cross the count}' was the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy (18oT). Since then other lines have penetrated it, and there are numerous railroad centers and shipping points of consider- able importance. Population (1880), 2.5,037; (1800), 27,407; (1900), 28,412. MoDOUGALL, James Alexander, lawyer and United States Senator, was born in Bethlehem, Albany County, N. Y., Xov. 19, 1817; educated at the Albany grammar school, studied law and settled in Pike County, 111., in 1837; was Attor- ney-General of Illinois four years (1843-47) ; tlien engaged in engineering and, in 1849, organized and led an exploring expedition to the Rio del Norte, Gila and Colorado Rivers, finally settling at San Francisco and engaging in the practice of law. In 1850 he was elected Attornej-General of California, served several terms in the State Legislature, and, in 18.52, was chosen, as a Demo- crat, to Congress, but declined a re-election ; in 1860 was elected United States Senator from Cali- fornia, serving as a War Democrat until 1807. At the expiration of his senatorial term he retired to Albany, N. Y., where he died, Sept. 3, 1867. Though somewhat irregular in habits, he was, at times, a brilliant and effective speaker, and, dur- ing the War of the Rebellion, rendered valuable aid to the Union cause. McFARLAXD, Andrew, M.I)., alienist, was bom in Concord, N. H., July 14, 1817, graduated at Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, in 1841, and, after being engaged in general practice for a few years, was invited to assume the man- agement of the New Hampshire Asylum for the In.sane at Concord. Here he remained some eight years, dm-ing which he acquired consider- able reputation in the treatment of nervous and mental disorders. In 1854 he was offered and accepted the position of Medical Superintendent of the Illinois State (now Central) Hospital for the Insane at Jacksonville, entering upon his duties in June of that year, and continuing his connection with that institution for a period of more than sixteen years. Having resigned his position in the State Hospital in June, 1870, he soon after established the Oaklawn Retreat, at Jacksonville, a private institution for the treat- ment of insane patients, which he conducted with a great degree of success, and with which he was associated during the remainder of his life, dying, Nov. 22, 1891. Dr. McFarland's serv- ices were in frequent request as a medical expert in cases before the courts, invariably, however, on the side of the defense. The last case in which he appeared as a witness was at the trial of Charles P. Guiteau, the assassin of President Garfield, whom he believed to be insane. JIcO.VHET, David, settled in Crawford County, 111., in 1817, and served as Representative from that County in the Third and Fourth General Assemblies (1822-26), and as Senator in the Eighth and Ninth (1832-36). Although a native of Teune.ssee, Mr, McGahey was a strong opponent of slaver}', and, at the session of 1822, was one of those who voted against the pro-slavery Constitu- tion resolution. He continued to reside in Law- rence County until his death in 1851. — James D. (McGahey), a son of the preceding, was elected to the Ninth General Assembly from Crawford County, in 1834, but died during his term of service. MeGAXX, Lawrence Edward, ex-Congressman, was born in Ireland, Feb. 2, 1852. His father having died in 1884, the following year his mother emigrated to the United States, settling at Milford, Mass., where he attended the public scliools. In 1865 he came to Chicago, and. for fourteen years, found employment as a shoe- maker. In 1879 he entered the municipal service as a clerk, and, on Jan. 1, 1885, was api)ointed Cit}' Superintendent of Streets, resigrnng in 5Iaj', 1891. He was elected in 1892, as a Democrat, to represent the Second Illinois District in the Fifty-second Congress, and re-elected to tlie Fifty- third. In 1894 he was a candidate for re-election and received a certificate of election liy a small majoritj' over Hugh R. Belknap (Repulilican). An investigation having shown his defeat. lie 364 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. magnanimoiisly surrendered his seat to his com- petitor without a contest. He lias large business interests in Chicago, especiallj' in street railroad property, being President of an important elec- tric line. McHENRT, a village in McHenry County, situ- ated on the Fox River and the Chicago & North- western Railway. The river is here navigable for steamboats of light draft, which ply between the town and Fox Lake, a favorite resort for sports- men. The town has bottling works, a creamery, marble and granite works, cigar factory, flour mills, brewery, bank, four churches, and one weekly paper. Pop. (1890), 979; (1900), 1,013. McHEXRT, William, legislator and soldier of the Black Hawk War, came from Kentucky to Illinois in 1809, locating in "White County, and afterwards became prominent as a legislator and soldier in the War of 1812, and in the Black Hawk War of 1833, serving in the latter as Major of the "Spy Battalion" and participating in the battle of Bad Axe. He also served as Represent- ative in the First, Fourth, Fifth and Ninth Gen- eral Assemblies, and as Senator in the Sixth and Seventh. While serving his last term in the House (183.5), he died and was buried at Vandalia, then the State capital. McHenry County — organ- ized by act of the Legislature, passed at a second session during the winter of 1835-36 — was named in his honor McHEXRY COUNTY, lies in the northern por- tion of the State, bounded on the north bj' Wis- consin—named for Gen. William McHenry. Its area is 624 square miles. With what is now the County of Lake, it was erected into a county in 1836, the county-seat being at McHenry. Three years later the eastern part was set off as the County of Lake, and the county-seat of McHenry County removed to Woodstock, the geograph- ical center. The soil is well watered by living springs and is highly productive. Hardwood groves are numerous. Fruits and berries are extensively cultivated, but the herbage is espe- cially adapted to dairying, Kentucky blue grass being indigenous. Large quantities of milk are daily shipped to Chicago, and the annual pro- duction of butter and cheese reaches into the millions of pounds. The geological formations comprise the drift and the Cincinnati and Niagara groups of rocks. Near Fox River are found gravel ridges. Vegetable remains and logs of wood have been found at various depths in the drift deposits ; in one instance a cedar log, seven inches in diameter, having been discovered forty- two feet below the surface. Peat is found every- where, although the most extensive deposits are in the northern half of the county, where they exist in sloughs covering several thousands of acres. Several lines of railroad cross the count}% and every important village is a railway station. Woodstock, Marengo, and Harvard are the prin- cipal towns. Population (1880), 24,908; (1890), 26,114; (1900), 29,759. McIXTOSH, (Capt.) Alexander, was born in Fulton County, N. Y., in 1822; at 19 years of age entered an academy at Galway Center, remaining three years: in 1845 removed to Joliet, 111., and, two years later, started "The Joliet True Democrat," but sold out the next year, and, in 1849, went to California. Returning in 1852, he bought back "The True Democrat," which he edited until 1857, meanwhile (1856) having been elected Clerk of the Circuit Court and Recorder of Will County. In 1863 he was appointed by President Lincoln Captain and Assistant Quarter- master, serving under General Sherman in 1864 and in the "March to the Sea," and, after the war, being for a time Post Quartermaster at Mobile. Having resigned in 1866, he engaged in mercantile business at Wilmington, Will Covmty ; but, in 1869, bought "The Wilmington Independ- ent," which he published until 1873. The next year he returned to Joliet, and, a few months after, became political editor of "The Joliet Republican," and was subsequently connected, in a similar capacity, with other papers, including "The Phoenix" and "The Sun" of the same city. Died, in Joliet. Feb. 2, 1899. McKEXDREE, TVilliam, Methodist Episcopal Bishop, was born in Virginia, in 1757, enlisted as a private in the War of the Revolution, but later served as Adjutant and in the commissary depart- ment. He was converted at 30 j-ears of age, and the next year began preaching in his native State, being advanced to the position of Presiding Elder; in 1800 was transferred to the West, Illi- nois falling within his District. Here he remained until his elevation to the episcopacy in 1808. McKendree College, at Lebanon, received its name from him, together with a donation of 480 acres of land. Died, near Nashville, Tenn. , March a, 1835. McKEXDREE COLLEGE, one of the earliest of Illinois colleges, located at Lebanon and incorpo- rated in 1835. Its founding was suggested by Rev. Peter Cartwright, and it may be said to have had its inception at the Methodist Episcopal Conference held at Mount Carmel, in September, 1827. The first funds for its establishment were subscribed by citizens of Lebanon, who contrib- HISTORICAL ENCYCL0PP:DIA OF ILLINOIS. 365 wted from their scanty means, SI, 385. Instruc- tion began, Nov. 34, l!^'.i8, under Kev. Edward Ames, afterwards a Risliop of the Methodist Epis- copal Cliurch. In IWiO Bishop McKendree made a donation of land to the infant institution, and the school was named in his honor. It cannot be said to have become really a college until 1836, and its first class graduated in 1841. University powers were granted it by an amendment to its charter in 1839. At present the departments are as follows: Preparatory, business, classical, scientific, law, music and oratory. The institu- tion owns property to the value of !j90,000, includ- ing an endowment of 825,000, and has about 2U0 students, of both sexes, and a faculty of ten instructors. (See Colleges, Early.) McLAREX, William Edward, Episcopal Bishop, was born at Geneva, N. Y., Dec. 13, 1831; gradu- ated at Washington and Jefi'erson College (Wash- ington, Pa.) in 1851, and, after six years spent in teaching and in journalistic work, entered Alle- gheny Theological Seminary, graduating and entering the Presbyterian ministry in 1860. For three years he was a missionary at Bogota, South America, and later in charge of churches at Peoria, 111., and Detroit, Mich. Having entered the Protestant Episcopal Church, he was made a deacon in July, 1872, and ordained priest the fol- lowing October, immediately thereafter assuming the pastorate of Trinitj' Church, Cleveland, Ohio. In July, 1875, he was elected Bishop of the Prot- estant Episcopal Diocese of Illinois, which then included the whole State. Subsequently, the dioceses of Quincy and Springfield were erected therefrom, Bishop McLaren remaining at the head of the Chicago See. During his episcopate, church work has been active and effective, and the Western Theological Seminary in Chicago has been founded. His published works include numerous sermons, addresses and poems, besides a volume entitled "Catholic Dogma the Antidote to Doubt" (New York, 1884). McLaughlin, Robert K., early lawyer and State Treasurer, was born in Virginia, Oct. 25, 1779; before attaining his majority went to Ken- tucky, and, about 1815, removed to Illinois, set- tling finally at Belleville, where he entered upon the practice of law. The first public position held by him seems to have been that of Enrolling and Engrossing Clerk of both Houses of the Third (or last) Territorial Legislature (1816-18). In August, 1819, he entered upon the duties of State Treasurer, as successor to John Thomas, who had been Treasurer during the whole Territorial period, serving until January, 1823. Becoming a citizen of Vandalia, by the removal thither of the State capital a few moiillis later, he cimtiuued to reside there the remainder of his life. He subse- quently represented the Fayette Di.strict as Representative in the Fifth General Assembly, and as Senator in the Sixth, Seventh and Tenth, and, in 1837, became Register of the Land Office at Vandalia, serving until 1845. Although an uncle of Gen. Joseph Dimcan, he became a can- didate for Governor against the latter, in 1834, stan 15 north of the "Base Line." This "base line" started about opposite the present site of Beards- town, and extended to a point on the Mississippi about seven miles north of Quincy. Tlie north- ern border of the "Tract" was identical with the northern boundary of Mercer County, which, extended eastward, reached the Illinois about the present village of De Pue, in the southeastern 37G HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. part of Bureau County, where the Illinois makes a great bend towards the south, a few miles west of the city of Peru. The distance between the Illinois and the Mississippi, by this line, was about 90 miles, and the entire length of the "Tract," from its northern boundary to the junction of the two rivers, was computed at 169 miles, — con- sisting of 90 miles north of the "base Une" and 79 miles south of it, to the junction of the rivers. The "Tract" was surveyed in 1815-16. It com- prised 207 entire townships of six miles square, each, and 61 fractional townships, containing an area of 5,360,000 acres, of which 3, .500, 000 acres— a little less than two-thirds — were appropriated to military bounties. The residue consisted partly of fractional sections bordering on rivers, partly of fractional quarter-sections bordering on township lines, and containing more or less than 160 acres, and partly of lands that were returned by the sur- veyors as unfit for cultivation. In addition to this, there were large reservations not coming within the above exceptions, being the overplus of lands after satisfying the military claims, and subject to entry and purchase on the same con- ditions as other Government lands. The "Tract" thus embraced the present counties of Calhoun, Pike, Adams, Brown, Schuyler, Hancock, Mc- Donough, Fulton, Peoria, Stark, Knox, Warren, Henderson and Mercer, with parts of Henry, Bureau, Putnam and Marshall — or so much of them as was necessarj- to meet the demand for bounties. Immigration to this region set in quite actively about 1823, and the development of some portions, for a time, was very rapid ; but later, its growth was retarded by the conflict of "tax- titles" and bounty-titles derived by purchase from the original holders. This led to a great deal of litigation, and called for considerable legislation; but since the adjustment of these questions, this region has kept pace with the most favored sections of the State, and it now includes some of the most important and prosperous towns and cities and many of the finest farms in Illinois. MILITIA. Illinois, taught by the experiences of the War of 1812 and the necessity of providing for protection of its citizens against the incur- sions of Indians on its borders, began the adop- tion, at an early date, of such measures as were then common in the several States for the main- tenance of a State militia. The Constitution of 1818 made the Governor "Commander-in-Chief of the army and navy of this State, " and declared that the militia of the State should "consist of all free male able-bodied persons (negroes, mu- lattoes and Indians excepted) resident in the State, oetween the ages of 18 and 45 years," and this classification was continued in the later con- stitutions, except that of 1870, which omits all reference to the subject of color. In each there is the same general provision exempting persons entertaining "conscientious scruples against bearing arms," although subject to payment of an equivalent for such exemption. The first law on the subject, enacted by the first General Assembly (1819), provided for the establishment of a general militia system for the State ; and the fact that this was modified, amended or wholly changed by acts passed at the sessions of 1821, '23, '25, '26, '27, "29, '33, '37 and '39, shows the estimation in which the subject was held. While many of these acts were of a special character, providing for a particular class of organization, the general law did little except to require per- sons subject to military duty, at stated periods, to attend county musters, which were often con- ducted in a very informal manner, or made the occasion of a sort of periodical frolic. The act of July, 1833 (following the Black Hawk War), required an enrollment of "all free, white, male inhabitants of military age (except such as might be exempt under the Constitution or laws)"; divided the State into five divisions by counties, each division to be organized into a certain .speci- fied number of brigades. This act was quite elaborate, covering some twenty-four pages, and provided for regimental, battalion and couipany musters, defined the duties of officers, manner of election, etc. The act of 1837 encouraged the organization of volunteer companies. The Me.xi- can War (1845-47) gave a new impetus to this class of legislation, as also did the War of the Rebellion (1861-65). While the office of Adju- tant-General had existed from the first, its duties — except during the Black Hawk and Mexican Wars — were rather nominal, and were discharged without stated compensation, the incumbent being merely Chief of-staff to the Governor as Commander-in-Chief. The War of the Rebellion at once brought it into prominence, as an impor- tant part of the State Government, which it has since maintained. The various measures passed, during this period, belong rather to the history of the late war than to the subject of this chapter. In 1865, however, the office was put on a different footing, and the important part it had plaj'ed, during the preceding four years, was recognized by the passage of "an act to provide for the ap- pointment, and designate the work, fix the pay and prescribe the duties, of the Adjutant-General HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 377 of Illinois." During the next four years, its most important wf)rk was the publication o£ eight volumes of war records, containing a com- plete roster of the officers and men of the various regiments and other military organizations from Illinois, with an outline of their movements and a list of the battles in which they were engaged. To the Adjutant-General's office, as now adminis- tered, is entrusted the custody of the war- records, battle-flags and trophies of the late war. A further step was taken, in 1877, in the passage of an act formulating a military code and provid- ing for more thorough organization. Modifying amendments to this act were adopted in 1879 and 1885. Wliile, under these laws, "all able-bodied male citizens of this State, between the ages of 18 and 45'' (with certain specified e.xceptions), are declared "subject to military duty, and desig- nated as the Illinois State Militia," provision is made for the organization of a body of "active militia," designated as the "Illinois National Guard," to consist of "not more than eighty-four companies of infantry, two batteries of artillery and two troops of cavalry," recruited by volun- tary enlistments for a period of three years, with right to re-enlist for one or more jears. The National Guard, as at present constituted, con- sists of three brigades, with a total force of about 9,000 men, organized into nine regiments, besides the batteries and cavalry already mentioned. Gatling guns are used by the artillery and breech- loading rifles by the infantry. Camps of instruc- tion are held for the regiments, respectively — one or more regiments participating — each year, usually at "Camp Lincoln" near Springfield, when regimental and brigade drills, competitive rifle practice and mock battles are had. An act establishing the "Naval Militia of Illinois," to consist of "not more than eight divisions or com- panies," divided into two battalions of four divi- sions each, was passed by the General Assembly of 1893 — the whole to be under the command of an officer with the rank of Commander. The commanding officer of each battalion is styled a "Lieutenant-Commander," and both the Com- mander and Lieutenant-Commanders have their respective staffs — their organization, in other respects, being conformable to the laws of the United States. A set of "Regulations," based upon these several laws, has been prepared by the Adjutant-General for the government of the various organizations. The Governor is author- ized, by law, to call out the militia to resist inva- sion, or to suppress violence and enforce execution of the laws, when called upon by the civil author- ities of any city, town or county. This authority, however, is exercised with great discretion, and only when the local authorities are deemed unable to cope with threatened resistance to law. The officers of the National Guard, when called into actual service for the suppression of riot or the enforcement of the laws, receive the same com- pensation paid to officers of the United States army of like grade, while the enlisted men receive §2 per day. During the time they are at any encamjjment, the officers and men alike receive $1 per day, with necessary subsistence and cost of transportation to and from the encampment. (For list of incumbents in Adjutant-General's office, see Adjutants-General; see, also, Spanish- American War.) MILLER, James H., Speaker of the House of Representatives, was born in Ohio, May 29, 1843; in early life came to Toulon, Stark County, 111., where he finally engaged in the practice of law. At the beginning of the Rebellion he enlisted in the Union army, but before being mustered into the service, received an injury which rendered him a cripple for life. Though of feeble physical organization and a sufferer from ill-health, he was a man of decided ability and much influence. He served as State's Attorney of Stark County (1872-76) and, in 1884, was elected Repre.sentative in the Thirty-fourth General Asisembly, at the following session being one of the most zealous supporters of Gen. John A. Logan, in the cele- brated contest which resulted in the election of the latter, for the third time, to the United States Senate. By successive re-elections he also served in the Thirty-fifth and Thirty-si.xth General Assemblies, during the session of the latter being chosen Speaker of the House, as successor to A. C. Matthews, who had been appointed, during the session. First Comptroller of the Treasury at Washington. In the earl}' part of the summer of 1890, Mr. Miller visited Colorado for the bene- fit of his health, but, a week after his arrival at Manitou Springs, died suddenly, June 27, 1890. MILLS, Benjamin, lawyer and early poli- tician, was a native of Western Massachusetts, and described by his contemporaries as a highly educated and accomplished lawyer, as well as a brilliant orator. The exact date of his .arrival in Illinois cannot be determined with certainty, but he appears to have been in the "Lead Mine Region" about Galena, as early as 1H2() or '27, and was notable as one of the first "Yankees" to locate in that section of the State. He was elected a Representative in the Eighth General Assembly (1832), his district embracing the 578 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. counties of Peoria, Jo Daviess, Putnam, La Salle and Cook, including all the State north of Sanga- mon (as it then stood), and extending from the Mississippi River to the Indiana State line. At this session occurred the impeachment trial of Theophilus W. Smith, of the Supreme Court, Mr. Jlills acting as Chairman of the Impeachment Committee, and delivering a speech of great power and brilliancy, which lasted two or three days. In 1884 he was a candidate for Congress from the Northern District, but was defeated by William L. May (Democrat), as claimed by Mr. Mill's friends, unfairly. He early fell a victim to consumption and, returning to Ma.ssachusetts. died in Berkshire County, in that State, in 1841. Hon. R. H. McClellan, of Galena, says of him: "He was a man of remarkable ability, learning and eloquence," while Governor Ford, in his "History of Illinois," testifies that, "by common consent of all his contemporaries, Mr. Mills was regarded as the most popular and brilliant lawyer of his day at the Galena bar." MILLS, Henry A., State Senator, was born at New Hartford, Oneida County, N. Y., in 1827; located at Mount Carroll, Carroll County, 111., in 1856, finally engaging in the banking bu.siness at that place. Having served in various local offices, he was, in 1874, chosen State Senator for the Eleventh District, but died at Galesburg before the expiration of his term, July 7, 1877. MILLS, Luther Laflin, lawyer, was born at North Adams, Mass., Sept. 3, 1848; brought to Chicago in infancy, and educated in the public schools of that city and at Michigan State Uni- vei-sity. In 1868 he began the study of law, was admitted to practice three years later, and, in 1876, was elected State's Attorney, being re- elected in 1880. While in this office he was con- nected with some of the most important cases ever brought before the Chicago courts. Although he has held no ofticial position except that already mentioned, his abilities at the bar and on the rostrum are widely recognized, and his services, as an attorney and an orator, have been in frequent demand. MILLSTADT, a town in St. Clair County, on branch of Mobile it Oliio Railroad. 14 miles south- southeast of St. Louis; has electric lights, churches, schools, bank, newspaper, coal mines, and manufactures flour, beer and butter. Popu- lation (1890), 1,186; (1900), 1,172. MILWAUKEE & ST. PAUL RAILWAY. (See Chicago, Milwnitkce d- St. Paul Railiray.) MINER, Orlin H., State Auditor, was born in Vermont, May 13, 1825; from 1834 to '51 he lived in Ohio, the latter year coming to Chicago, where he worked at his trade of watch- maker. In 1855 he went to Central America and was with Gen- eral William Walker at Greytown. Returning to Illinois, he resumed his trade at Springfield; in 1857 he was appointed, by Auditor Dubois, chief clerk in the Auditor's office, serving until 1864, when he was electeil State Auditor as successor to his chief. Retiring from office in 1869, he gave attention to his i)riA ate business. He was one of the founders and a Director of the Spring- field Iron Company. Died in 1879. MINIER, a village of Tazewell County, at the intersection of the Jacksonville Division of the Chicago & Alton and the Terre Haute & Peoria Railroads. 26 miles southeast of Peoria: is in fine farming district and has several grain elevators, some manufactures, two banks and a newspaper. Population (1890), 664; (1900). 746. MIXONK, a city in Woodford County, 29 miles north of Bloomington and 53 miles northeast of Peoria, on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe and the Illinois Central Railways. The surrounding region is agricultural, though much coal is mined in the vicinity. The city has brick yards, tile factories, steam flouring-mills, several grain elevators, two private banks and two weekly newspapers. Population (1880), 1,913; (1890), 2,316; (I'.IOO), 2, .546. MINORITY REPRESENTATION, a method of choosing members of the General Assembly and other deliberative bodies, designed to secure rep- resentation, in such bodies, to minority parties. In Illinois, this method is limited to the election of members of the lower branch of the General Assembly — except as to private corporations, wliich ma}', at their option, apply it in the election of Trustees or Directors. In the apportionment of members of the General Assembly (see Legis- lative Apportionment), the State Constitution requires that the Senatorial and Representative Districts shall be identical in territory, each of such Districts being entitled to choose one Sena- tor and three Representatives. The provisions of the Constitution, making specific application of the principle of "minority representation" (or "cumulative voting," as it is sometimes called), declares that, in the election of Representatives, "each cjualified voter may cast as many votes for one candidate as there are Representatives, or (he) may distribute the same, or equal parts thereof, among the candidates as he shall see fit." (State Constitution, Art. TV, sections 7 and 8.) In practice, this provision gives the voter power to cast three votes for one candidate ; two HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 379 votes for one candidate and one for another, or one and a half votes to each of two candidates, or he may distribute his vote eciually among tliree candidates (giving one to each); but no other division is admissible without invalidating his ballot as to this office. Other forms of minor- ity representation have been proposed by various writers, among whom Mr. Thomas Hare, John Stuart Mill, and Mr. Craig, of England, are most prominent ; but that adopted in Illinois seems to be the simplest and mo.st easy of application. MIXSHALL, William A., legislator and jurist, a native of Ohio who came to Rushville. 111., at an earlj' day, and entered upon the practice of law; served as Representative in the Eighth, Tenth and Twelfth General Assemblies, and as Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention of 1847. He was elected Judge of the Circuit Court for the Fifth Circuit, under the new Con- stitution, in 1848, and died in office, early in 1853, being succeeded by the late Judge Pinkney H. "Walker. MISSIOXARIES, EARLY, The earliest Chris- tian missionaries in Illinois were of the Roman Catholic faith. As a rule, these accompanied the French explorers and did not a little toward the extension of French dominion. They were usually members of one of two orders — the "Recollects," founded by St. Francis, or the "Jesuits," founded by Loyola. Between these two bodies of ecclesi- astics existed, at times, a strong rivalry ; the former having been earlier in the field, but hav- ing been virtually subordinated to the latter by Cardinal Richelieu. The controversy between the two orders gradually involved the civil authorities, and continued until the suppression of the Jesuits, in France, in 1764. The most noted of the Jesuit missionaries were Fathers Allouez, Gravier, Marquette, Dablon, Pinet, Rasle, Lamo- ges, Binneteau and Marest. Of the Recollects, the most conspicuous were Fathers Membre, Douay, Le Clerq, Hennepin and Ribourde. Besides these, there were also Father Bergier and Montigny, who, belonging to no religious order, were called secular priests. The first Catholic mission, founded in Illinois, was probably that at the original Kaskaskia, on the Illinois, in the present county of La Salle, where Father Mar- quette did missionary work in 1G73, followed by Allouez in 1677. (See Allouez, Claude Jean.) The latter was succeeded, in 1688. by Father Grav- ier, who was followed, in 1692, by Father Sebas- tian Rasle, but who, returning in 1694, remained until 1695, when he was succeeded by Pinet and Binneteau. In 1700 Father Marest was in charge of the mission, and the number of Indians among wliom he labored was, that j'ear, considerably diminished by tlie emigration of the Kaskaskias to the south. Father Gravier, about this time, labored among the Peorias, but was incapacitated by a wound received from the medicine man of the tribe, which finally resulted in his death, at Mobile, in 1706. The Peoria station remained vacant for a time, but was finally filled by Father Deville. Another early Catholic mis- sion in Illinois was that at Cahokia. While the precise date of its establishment cannot be fixed with certainty, there is evidence that it was in existence in 1700, being the earliest in that region. Among the early Fathers, who ministered to the savages there, were Pinet, St. Cosme, Bergier and Lamoges. This mission was at first called the Tamaroa, and, later, the mission of St. Sulpice. It was probablj' the first permanent mission in the Illinois Country. Among those in charge, down to 1718, were Fathers de Montigny, Damon (prob- ably), Varlet, de"la Source, and le Mercier. In 1707, Father Mermet assisted Father Marest at Kaskaskia, and, in 1720, that mission became a' regularly constituted parish, the incumbent being Father de Beaubois. Rev. Pliilip Boucher preached and administered the sacraments at Fort St. Louis, where he died in 1719, having been preceded by Fathers IMembre and Ribourde in 1680, and by Fathers Douay and Le Clerq in 1687-88. The persecution and banishment of the early Jesuit missionaries, by the Superior Council of Louisiana (of which Illinois had formerly been a part), in 1763, is a curious chapter in State his- tory. That body, following the example of some provincial legislative bodies in France, officially declared the order a dangerous nuisance, and decreed the confiscation of all its propertj-, in- cluding plate and vestments, and the razing of its churches, as well as the banislunent of its members. This decree the Louisiana Council undertook to enforce in Illinois, disregarding the fact that that territory had passed under the jurisdiction of Great Britain. The Jesuits seem to have offered no resistance, eitlier physical or legal, and aU members of the order in Illinois were ruthlessly, and without a shadow of author- ity, carried to New Orleans and thence deported to France. Only one— Father Sebastian Louis Meurin — was allowed to return to Illinois ; and he, only after promising to recognize the ecclesiastical authority of the Superior Council as supreme, and to hold no communication with Quebec or Rome. The labors of the missionaries, apart from spiritual results, were of great value. They 380 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. perpetuated the records of early discoveries, reduced the language, and even dialects, of the aborigines, to grammatical rules, and preserved the original traditions and described the customs of the savages. (Authorities: Shea and Kip's "Catholic Missions," "Magazine of AVestern His- tory," Winsor's "America,"" and Shea"s "Catholic Church in Colonial Days."") MISSISSIPPI RIVER. (Indian name, "Missi Sipi," the "Great Water."") Its head waters are in the northern part of Minnesota, 1,680 feet above tide-water. Its chief source is Itasca Lake, wliich is 1,575 feet higher than the sea, and wliicii is fed by a stream having its source within one mile of the head waters of the Red River of the North. From this sheet of water to the mouth of the river, the distance is variously estimated at from 3,000 to 3,160 miles. Lake Itasca is in lat. 47' 10' north and Ion. 95' 20' west from Greenwich. The river at first runs north- ward, but soon turns toward the east and expands into a series of small lakes. Its course, as far as Crow Wing, is extremely sinuous, below which point it runs southward to St. Cloud, thence south- eastward to Minneapolis, where occur the Falls of St. Anthony, establishing a complete barrier to navigation for the lower Mississippi. In less than a mile the river descends 66 feet, including a per- pendicular fall of 17 feet, furnishing an immense water-power, wliich is utilized in operating flour- ing-mills and other manufacturing establish- ments. A few miles below St. Paul it reaches the western boundary of Wisconsin, where it expands into the long and beautiful Lake Pepin, bordered by picturesque limestone bluffs, some 400 feet high. Below Dubuque its general direc- tion is southward, and it forms the boundary between the States of Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas and the northern part of Louisiana, on the west, and Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee and Mis- sissippi, on tlie east. After many sinuous turn- ings in its southern course, it enters the Gulf of Mexico by three principal passes, or mouths, at the southeastern extremity of Plaquemines Parish, La., in lat. 29' north and Ion. 89° 12' west. Its principal affluents on the right are the Slinnesota, Iowa. Des Moines, Missouri, Arkansas and Red Rivers, and, on the left, the Wisconsin. Illinois and Ohio. The Missouri River is longer than that part of the Mississippi above the point of junction, the distance from its source to the delta of the latter being about 4,300 miles, which exceeds that of any other river in the world. The width of the stream at St. Louis is about 3,500 feet, at the mouth of the Ohio nearly 4,500 feet, and at New Orleans about 2,500 feet. The mean velocity of the current between St. Louis and the Gulf of Mexico is about five to five and one-half miles per hour. The average depth below Red River is said to be 121 feet, though, in the vicinity of New Orleans, the maximum is said to reacli 150 feet. The principal rapids below the Falls of St. Anthony are at Rock Island and the Des Moines Rapids above Keokuk, the former having twenty-two feet fall and the latter twenty-four feet. A canal around the Des Moines Rapids, along the west bank of the river, aids navigation. The alluvial banks which pre- vail on one or both shores of the lower Mississippi, often spread out into extensive "bottoms"" which are of inexhaustible fertility. The most impor- tant of these above tlie moutli of the Ohio, is the "American Bottom."' extending along the east bank from Alton to Chester, Immense sums have been spent in the construction of levees for the protection of the lands along the lower river from overflow, as also in the construction of a system of jetties at the mouth, to improve navi- gation by deepening the channel. MISSISSIPPI RIVER BRIDGE, THE, one of the best constructed railroad bridges in the West, spanning the MissLssippi from Pike, III., to Loui- siana, Mo. Tlie construction company was char- tered, April 25, 1872, and the bridge was ready for the passage of trains on Dec. 24, 1873. On Dec. 3, 1877, it was leased in perpetuity by the Chicago & Alton Railway Company, which holds all its stock and §1.50,(100 of its bonds as an investment, paying a rental of §60,000 i)er annum, to be applied in the payment of 7 per cent interest on stock and 6 per cent on bonds. In 1894, §71,000 was paid for rental, ,§16,000 going toward a sinking fund. MOBILE & OHIO RAILRO.VD. This company operates 160,6 miles of road in Illinois, of which 151.6 are leased from the St. Louis & Cairo Rail- road. (.See St. Louis & Cairo lidilroad.) MOLINE, a flourishing manufacturing city in Rock Island County, incorporated in 1872, on the Mississippi above Rock Island and opposite Davenport, Iowa; is 168 miles .south of west from Chicago, and the intersecting point of tliree trunk lines of railway. Moline, Rock Island and Davenport are connecteORTHWESTER> UMVERSITY MEDICAL SCHOOL, located in Chicago; was organized in 1859 as Medical School of the Lind (now Lake Forest) University. Three annual terms, of five months each, at first constituted a course, although attendance at two only was compul- sory. The institution first opened in temporary quarters, Oct. 9, 18,j9, with thirteen professors and thirty-three students. By 1803 more ample accommodations were needed, and the Trustees of tlie Lind University being imable to provide a building, one was erected by the faculty. In 186-1 the Univereity relinquished all claim to the institution, which was thereupon incorporated as the Chicago ^Medical College. In 1868 the length of the annual terms was increased to six months, and additional requirements were imposed on candidates for both matriculation and gradu- ation. The same year, the college building was sold, and the erection of a new and more commo- dious edifice, on the grounds of the Jlercy Hos- pital, was commenced. Tliis was completed in 1870, and the college became the medical depart- ment of the Northwestern Universit}'. The number of professorships had been increased to eighteen, and that of undergraduates to 107. Since that date new laboratory and clinical build- ings have been erected, and the growth of the institution has been steady and substantial. Mercy and St. Luke"s Hospital, and the South Side Free Dispensary afford resources for clinical instruction. Tlie teaching faculty, as constituted in 1898, consists of about fifty instructors, in- cluding professors, lecturers, demonstrators, and assistants. NORTHWESTERN UXITERSITT WOMAN'S MEDICAL SCHOOL, an institution for the pro fessional education of women, located in Chicago. Its first corporate name was the "Woman's Hospital Medical College of Chicago," and it was in close connection with the Chicago Hospital for Women and Children. Later, it severed its connection with the hosjiital and took the name of the "Woman's Medical College of Chicago." Co-education of the .sexes, in medicine and surger}-, was experi4nentally trieil from 1 808 to 1870, but the experiment proved repugnant to the male students, who unanimously signed a protest against the continuance of the system. The result was the establishment of a separate school for women in 1870, with a faculty of six- teen professors. The requirements for graduation were fixed art four years of medical study, includ- ing three annual graded college terms of six months each. The first term opened in the autumn of 1870, witli an attendance of twenty students. Tlie original location of the school was in the "North Division" of Chicago, in tem- porary quarters. After the fire of 1871 a removal was effected to the "West Division," where (in 1878-79) a modest, but well arranged building was erected. A larger structure was built in 1884, and, in 1891, the institution became a part of the Northwestern University. The college, in all its departments, is organized along the lines of the best medical schools of the country. In 1896 there were twenty four professorships, all capably filled, and among the faculty are some of the best known specialists in the country. NORTON, Jesse 0., lawyer. Congressman and Judge, was born at Bennington, Vt., April 2.5, 1812, and graduated from Williams College in 1835. He settled at Joliet in 1839, and soon became prominent in the affairs of Will County. His first public ofl^ce was that of City Attornej', after wliich he served as County Judge (1846-50). Jlean while, he was chosen a Delegate to the Con- stitutional Convention of 1847. In 1850 he was elected to the Legislature, and, in 1853, to Con- gress, as a Whig. His vigorous opposition to the repeal of the Missouri Compromise resulted in his re election as a Representative in 1854. At the expiration of his second term (1857) he was chosen Judge of the eleventh circuit, to fill the unexpired term of Judge Randall, resigned. He was once more elected to Congress in 1862, but disagreed with his party as to the legal status of the States lately in rebellion. President Johnson appointed him LTnited States Attorney for the Northern District of Illinois, which office he filled until 18G9. Immediately upon his retirement he began private practice at Chicago, where he died, August 3, 1S7.J, NORWOOD PARK, a village of Cook County, on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad (Wis- consin Division), 11 miles northwest of Chicago. Incorporated in City of Chicago, 1893. NOrES, George Clement, clergyman, was born at Landaff, N. H., August 4, 1833, brought by his parents to Pike County, 111., in 1844, and. at the age of 16, determined to devote his life to the ministry ; in 1851, entered Illinois College at Jack- sonville, graduating with first honors in the class of 1855. In the following- autumn he entered Union Theological Seminary in New York, and, having graduated in 1858, was ordained the same year, and installed pastor of the First Presby- terian Church at Laporte, Ind. Here he remained 400 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ten }"e.ars, when he accepted a call to the First Presbj'teriau Church of Evanston, 111., then a small organization which developed, during the twenty years of his pastorate, into one of the strongest and most influential churches in Evans- ton. For a number of years Dr. Noj'es was an editorial %rriter and weekly correspondent of "The New York Evangelist," over the signature of "Clement." He wa.s al.so, for .several years, an active and very efficient member of the Board of Trustees of Knox College. The liberal bent of his mind was illustrated in the fact that he acted as counsel for Prof. David Swing, during the cele- brated trial of the latter for heresy before the Chicago Presbytery — his argument on that occasion winning encomiums from all classes of people. His death took place at Evanston, Jan. 14. 1889, as the re.sult of an attack of pneumonia, and was deeplj' deplored, not only by his own church and denomination, but by the whole com- munity. Some two weeks after it occurred a union meeting was held in one of the churches at Evanston, at which addresses in commemoration of his services were delivered by some dozen ministers of that village and of Chicago, while various social and literary organizations and the press bore testimony to his high character. He was a member of the Literary Society of Chicago, and, during the last year of his life, served as its President. Dr. Noyes was married, in 18.58, to a daughter of David A. Smith, Esq., an honored citizen and able lawyer of Jacksonville. OAKLAND, a city of Coles County on the Van- dalia Line and the Toledo, St. Louis & Western Railroad, 15 miles northeast of Charleston: is in grain center and broom-corn belt ; the town has two banks and one daily and two weekly papers. Pop. (18'J0), 9i)5;(iyUU), 1,198. OAK PARK, a village of Cook County, and popular residence suburb of Chicago, 9 miles west of the initial station of the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, on which it is located ; is also upon the line of the Wisconsin Central Rail- road. The place has numerous churches, pros- perous schools, a public library, telegraph and express offices, banks and two local papers. Population (1880), 1,888; (1890), 4,771. OBERLT, John H., journalist and Civil Serv- ice Commissioner, was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, Dec. C, 1837; spent part of Iiis boj-hood in Allegheny County, Pa., but, in ]8"<3. began learn- ing the printer's trade in the office of "The Woos- ter (Ohio) Republican," completing; it at Jlemphis. Tenn , and becoming a journeyman printer in 1857. He worked in various offices, including the Wooster paper, where he also began the study of law, but, in 1860, became part proprietor of "The Bulletin" job office at Memphis, in which he had been employed as an apprentice, and, later, as foreman. Having been notified to leave Memphis on account of his Union principles after the beginning of the Civil War, he returned to Wooster, Ohio, and conducted various papers there during the next four years, but, in 1865, came to Cairo, 111., where he served for a time as foreman of "The Cairo Democrat," three years later establishing "The Cairo Bulletin." Although the latter paper was burned out a few months later, it was immediately reestablished. In 1872 he was elected Representative in the Twenty-eighth General Assembly, and, in 1877, was appointed by Governor Cullom the Democratic member of the Railroad and Warehouse Commission, serving four years, meanwhile (in 1880) being the Demo- cratic candidate for Secretar)' of State. Other positions held by him included Mayor of the city of Cairo (1869) ; President of the National Typo- graphical Union at Chicago (1865), and at Mem- phis (1866); delegate to the Democratic National Convention at Baltimore (1872), and Chairman of the Democratic State Central Committee (1883-84). After retiring from the Railroad and Warehouse Commission, he united in founding "The Bloomington (111.) Bulletin," of which he was editor some three years. During President Cleveland's administration he was appointed a member of the Civil Service Commission, being later transferred to the Commissionership of Indian Affairs. He was subsequently connected in an editorial capacity with "The Washington Post," "The Richmond (Va.) State," "The Con- cord (N. H.) People and Patriot" and "The Wash- ington Times." While engaged in an attempt to reorganize "The People and Patriot," he died at Concord, X. II., April 15, 1899. ODD FELLOWS. "Western Star" Lodge, No. 1, I. O. O. F., was instituted at Alton, June 11, 1836. In 1838 the Grand Lodge of Illinois was instituted at the same place, and reorganized, at Springfield, in 1812. S. C. Pierce was the first Grand Master, and Samuel L. Miller, Grand Sec- retary. V.'iUley Encampment, No. 1, was organ- ized at Alton in 1838, and the Grand Encampment, at Peoria, in 1850, with Charles H. Constable Grand Patriarch. In 1850 the subordinate branches of the Order numbered seventy-six, with 3,291 members, and $25,392.87 revenue. In 18!)5 the Lodges numbered 838, the membership 50,.54-l, with §475,252.18 revenue, of which ?135,018.40 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 407 was expended for relief. The EncaiiiiJinent branch, in 1895. embraced 1T9 organizations witli a membersliip of 0,812 and $23,805.2.5 revenue, of wliich $6,781,40 was paid out for relief. The Eebekah branch, for the same year, comprised 423 Lodges, with 22,000 members and $43,215.65 revenue, of which .$3,122.79 was for relief. Tlie total sum distributed for relief by the several organizations (l.>^95) was $144.972..5fl. The Order was especially liberal in its benefactions to the sufferers bj- the Chicago fire of 1871, an appeal to its members calling forth a generous response throughout the United States. (See Odd Fellows' Orplians Home.) ODD FELLOWS' ORPHANS' HOME, a benevo lent institution, incorporated in 1S89, erected at Lincoln, 111. , under the auspices of the Daughters of Rebekah (see Odd Fellows), and dedicated August 19, 1892. The building is four stories in height, has a capacity for the accommodation of fifty children, and cost $36,524.70, exclusive of forty acres of land valued at $8,000. ODELL, a village of Living.ston County, and station on the Chicago & Alton Railway, 82 miles .south-soutlawest of Chicago. It is in a grain and stock-rai.sing region. Pofiulation (1880), 908: (1890), 800; (1900), 1,000. ODIN, a village of Marion County, at the cross- ing of the Chicago branch of the Illinois Central and the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Rail- ways, 244 miles south by west from Chicago; in fruit belt; has coal-mine, two fruit evaporators, bank and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 1,180. O'FALLOX, a village of St. Clair County, on the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway, 18 miles east of St. Louis; has interurban raihvaj-, electric lights, water-works, factories, coal-mine, bank and a new.spaper. Pop. (1900), 1,267. OGDEX, William Bntler, capitalist and Rail- way President, born at AValton, N. Y., June 15, 1805. He was a member of the New York Legis- lature in 1834, and, the following j'ear, removed to Chicago, where he established a land and trust agency. He took an active part in the various enterprises centering around Chicago, and, on tiie incorporation of the city, was elected its first Mayor. He was prominently identified with the construction of the Galena & Chicago Union RaiiroaJ, and, in 1847, became its President. Wl-.ile visiting Europe in 1853, he made a careful study of the canals of Holland, which convinced him of the desirability of widening and deepen- ing the Illinois & Michigan Canal and of con strii'-ting a .ship canal across the southern peninsula of Michigan. In 1855 he became Presi- dent of the Chicago, St. Paul & Fona." From November, 186'3, to May, 1834, General Paine was guarding railroad lines i;i Ccntrul Tennessee, and, during a part of 1SC4, in command of the Western District of Kentucky. Ha resigned, April 5, 1865, and died in Jersey City, Dec. 10. 412 IIISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 1882. A sturdy Union man, ]ie performed his duty as a soldier with great zeal and efficiency. PAL.4TIXE, a village of Cook County, on the Wisconsin Division of the Chicago & Northwest- ern Railroad, 2G miles northwest from Chicago.. There are flour and jjlaning mills here; dairying and farming are leading industries of the sur- rounding country. Population (1880), 731; (1890), 891: (IfioO). 1.020. PALESTINE, a town in Crawford County, about 3 miles from the Wabash River, 7 miles east of Robinson, and 3.') miles southwest of Terre Haute, on the Illinois Central Railway ; has five churches, a graded school, a bank, weekly newspaper, flour mill, cold storage plant, canning factory, garment factory, and municipal light and power plant. Pop. (1890), 732; (190U), 979. PALMER, Frank W., journalist, ex-Congress- man and Public Printer, was born at Manchester,. Dearborn County, Ind., Oct. 11, 1827; learned the printer's trade at Jamestown, X. Y., afterwards edited "The Jamestown Journal," and served two terms in the New York Legislature; in IS.'iS removed to Dubuijue, Iowa, and edited "The Dubuque Times." was elected to Congress in 1800, and again in 1868 and 1872, meanwhile having purchased "The Des Moines Register," which ho edited for several years. In 1873 he removed to Chicago and became editor of "The Inter Ocean," remaining two years; in 1877 was appointed Post- master of the city of Chicago, serving eight years. Shortly after the accession of President Harrison, in 1889, he was appointed Public Printer, continu- ing in office until the accession of President Cleve- land in 1893, when he returned to newspaper work, but resumed his old place at the head of the Government Printing Bureau after the inaugura- tion of President McKinley in 1897. PALMER, John McAuley, lawyer, soldier and United States Senator, was V»rn in Scott Count}', Ky., Sept. 13, 1817; removed with his father to Madison County, 111., in 1831, and. four years later, entereil Sliurtleff College, at Upper Alton, as a student ; later taught and studied law, being admitted to the bar in 1839. In 1843 he was elected Probate Judge of Slacoupin Count)', also served in the State Constitutional Convention of 1847; after discharging the duties of Probate and County Judge, was elected to the State Senate, to fill a vacancy, in 18.)2, and re-elected in 18.")4, as an Anti-Nebraska Democrat, casting his vote for Lyman TruinbuU for United States Senator in 185.1, but resigned his seat in 18.56; was President of the first Republican State Convention, held at Bloomington in the latter year, and appointed a delegate to the National Convention at Philadel- phia ; was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress in IS.W, and chosen a Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket in 1860; served as a member of the National Peace Conference of 1861 ; entered the army as Colonel of the Fourteenth Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry; was promoted Briga- dier General, in November, 1861, taking pai't in the campaign in Tennessee up to Chickamauga, assuming the command of the Fourteenth Army Corps with the rank of Major-General, but was relieved at his own request before Atlanta. In 186.'5 he was assigned, by President Lincoln, to command of the Military Department of Ken- tuck}-, but, in September, 1866, retired from the service, and, in 1867, became a citizen of Spring- field. The following year he was elected Gov- ernor, as a Republican, but, in 1872, supported Horace Greeley for President, and has since co-' operated with the Democratic party. He was three times the unsuccessful candidate of his party for L'nited States Senator, and was their nominee for Governor in 1888. but defeated. In 1890 he was nominated for United States Senator by the Democratic State Convention and elected in joint session of the Legislature. Marc^h 11, 1891, receiving on the 154th ballot 101 Democratic and two Farmers' Mutual Alliance votes. He became an important factor in the campaign of 1896 as candidate of the "Sound Money" Democracy for President, although receiving no electoral votes, proving his devotion to principle. His last j-ears were occupied in preparation of a volume of personal recollections, wh.ich was completed, under the title of "The Story of an Earnest Life." a few weeks before his death, which occurred at ids home in Springfield, September 25, 1900. PALMER, Potter, merchant and capitalist, was born in Albany County, N. Y., in 1825; received an English education and became a junior clerk in a country store at Durham, Greene County, in that State, three years later being placed in charge of the business, and finally engaging in business on his own account. Com- ing to Cliieago in 1852, he embarked in the dry- goods business on Lake Street, establishing the house which afterwards became Field, Leiter & Co. (now Marshall Field tfc Co.), from which here- tired, in 1865, with the basis of an ample fortune, which has since been immensely increased by fortunate operations in real estate. Mr. Palmer was Second Vice-President of the first Board of Local Directors of the World's Columbian Expo- sition in 1S91.— Mrs. Bertha M. Hoiiore (Palmen, wife of the preceding, is the daughter of H. II. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 413 Honore, formerly a prominent real-estate owner and operator of Chicago. She is a native of Louisville, Ky., where her girlhood was chiefly spent, though she was educated at a convent near Baltimore, Md. Later she came with her family to Chicago, and, in 1870, was married to Potter Palmer. Mrs. Palmer has been a recognized leader in many social and benevolent movements, btit won the highest praise by her ability and administrative skill, exhibited as President of the Board of Lady Managers of the World's Colum- bian Exposition of 1893. PALMYRA, a village of Macoupin County, on the Springfield Division of the St. Louis, Chicago & St. Paul Railway, 33 miles southwest from Springfield ; has some local manufactories, a bank and a newspaper. Population (1900), 813. PANA, an important railway center and prin- cipal city of Christian County, situated in the southeastern part of the County, and at the inter- secting point of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwest- ern, the Illinois Central and the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroads, 35 miles south by west from Decatur, and 42 miles southeast of Springfield. It is an important ship- ping-point for grain and has two elevators. Its mechanical establishments include two flouring mills, a foundry, two machine shops and two planing mills. The surrounding region is rich in coal, which is extensively mined. Pana has banks, several churches, graded schools, and three papers issuing daily and weekly editions. Population (1890). .1.077; (1900), 5.530. PANA, SPRINGFIELD & NORTHWESTERN RAILROAD. (See Baltiinvre & Ohio South- western Railroad.) PARIS, a handsome and flourishing city, the countj'-seat of Edgar County. It is an important railway center, situated on the "Big Four" and the Vandalia Line, 160 miles south of Chicago, and 170 miles east-northeast of St. Louis; is in the heart of a wealthy and populous agricultural region, and has a prosperous trade. Its industries include foundries, three elevators, flour, saw and planing mills, glass, broom, and corn product factories. The city has three banks, three daily and four weekly newspapers, a court liouse, ten churches, and graded schools. Pop. (1890), 4,996; (1900). 6,10.5. PARIS & DECATUR RAILROAD. (See Terre Haute & Peoria Railroad.) PARIS & TERRE HAUTE RAILROAD. (See Terre Haute & Peoria Railroad.) VXUKS, (jiavion D. A., lawyer, was born at Bristol, Ontario County, N. Y., Sept. 17, 1817; went to New York City in 1838, where he com- pleted his legal studies and was admitted to the bar, removing to Lockport, 111., in 1843. Here he successively edited a paper, served as Jlaster in Chancery and in an engineering corps on the Illinois & Michigan Canal ; was elected County Judge in 1849, removed to Joliet, and, for a time, acted as an attorney of the Chicago & Rock Island, the Michigan Central and the Chicago & Alton Railroads; was also a Trustee of the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb at Jackson- ville ; was elected Representative in 1853, became a Republican and served on the first Republican State Central Committee (1856); the same year was elected to the State Senate, and was a Commissioner of the State Penitentiary in 1864. In 1872 Mr. Parks joined in the Liberal-Repub- lican movement, was defeated for Congress, and afterwards acted with the Democratic party. Died, Dec. 28, 1895. PARKS, Lawson A., journalist, was born at Mecklenburg, N. C, April 15, 1813; learned the printing trade at Charlotte, in that State ; came to St. Louis in 1833, and, in 1836, assisted in estab- lishing "The Alton Telegraph," but sold his interest a few years later. Then, having offi- ciated as pastor of Presbyterian churches for some j'ears, in 1854 he again became associated with "The Telegraph," acting as its editor. Died at Alton, March 31. 1875. PARK RIDGE, a suburban village on the "Wis- consin Division of the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 13 miles northwest of Chicago. Popu- lation (1880), 4.57; (1890), 987; (1900), 1,340. PARTRIDGE, Charles Addison, journalist and ' Assistant Adjutant-General of the Grand Armj^ of the Republic, was born in Westford, Chittenden County, Vt., Dec. 8, 1843; came with his parents to Lake County, 111., in 1844, and spent his boy- hood on a farm, receiving his education in the district school, with four terms in a high school at Burlington, Wis. At 16 he taught a winter district scliool near his boyhood home, and at 18 enlisted in what became Company C of the Ninety-.sixtli Regiment Illinois Volunteers, being mustered into the service as Eighth Corporal at Rockford. His regiment becoming attached to tlie Army of the Cumberland, he participated with it in the battles of Chickamauga and the Atlanta campaign, as well as those of Franklin and Nashville, and has taken a just jn-ide in the fact that he never fell out on the march, took medicine from a doctor or was absent from his regiment during its term of service, e.vccpt for four mouths while recovering from .a gunshot 414 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. wound received ax Chickamauga. He was pro- moted successively to Sergeant, Sergeant-Major, and commissioned Second Lieutenant of his old company, of which his father was First Lieuten- ant for six months and until forced to resign on account of impaired health. Receiving his final discharge, June 28, ISCS, he returned to the farm, where lie remained until 1869, in the meantime being married to Miss Jennie E. Earle, in 1866, and teaching school one winter. In 1869 he was elected County Treasurer of Lake County on the Republican ticket, and re-elected in 1871; in January of tlie latter year, purchased an interest in "The Waukegan Gazette," with which he remained associated some fifteen years, at first as the partner of Rev. A. K. Fox, and later of his younger brother, H. E. Partridge. In 1877 he was appointed, by President Hayes, Postmaster at Waukegan, serving four years; in 1886 was elected to the Legislature, serving (by successive elections) as Representative in the Thirty-fifth, Thirty-sixth and Thirty-seventh General Assem- blies, being frequently called upon to occupy the Speaker's chair, and, especially during the long Senatorial contest of 1891, being recognized as a leader of the Republican minority. In 1888 he was called to the service of the Republican State Central Committee (of which he had previously been a member), as assistant to the veteran Secre- tary, the late Daniel Shepard, remaining until the death of his chief, when he succeeded to the secretaryship. During the Presidential campaign of 1893 he was associated with the late "William J. Campbell, then the Illinois member of tlie Republican National Committee, and was en- trusted by him with many important and confi- dential missions. Without solicitation on his part, in 1894 he was again called to assume the secretaryship of the Republican State Central Committee, and bore a conspicuous and influ- ential part in winning the brilliant success achieved by the party in the campaign of that year. From 1893 t(j 189.'j he served as Mayor of Waukegan; in 1896 became Assistant Adjutant- General of tlio Grand Army of the Republic for the Department of Illinois— a position which he held in 1889 under Commander James S. Martin, and to which he has been re-appointed by succes- sive Department Commanders up to the present time. Sir. Partridge's service in the various public positions held by him, has given him an accjuaintance extending to every county in the State. PATOKA, a village of Marion County, on the Western branch of the Illinois Central Railway, 15 miles south of Vandalia. There are flour and saw mills here; the surrounding country is agri- cultural. Population (1890), 502; (1900), 640. PATTERSON, Robert Wilson, D.D., LL.D., clergyman, was born in Blount County, Tenn., Jan. 31, 1814; came to Bond County, III, with his parents in 1822, his father dying two years later; at 18 had had only nine months' schooling, but graduated at Illinois College in 1837 ; spent a year at Lane Theological Seminary, another as tutor in Illinois College, and then, after two years more at Lane Seminary and preacliing in Chicago and at Monroe, Mich., in 1842 established the Second Presb3'terian Church of Chicago, of which he remained the pastor over thirty years. In 18i50 he received a call to the chair of Didactic Theology at Lane Seminary, as successor to Dr. Lyman Beeclier, but it was declined, as was a similar call ten years later. Resigning his pastor- shi}) in 1873, lie was. for several years. Professor of Christian Evidences and Ethics in the Theological Seminary of the Northwest ; in 1876-78 served as President of Lake Forest University (of which he was one of the founders), and, in 1880-83, as lecturer in Lane Theological Seminary. He received the degree of D.D. from Hamilton Col- lege, N. Y., in 18.54, that of LL.D. from Lake Forest University, and was Moderator of the Presbyterian General Assembly (N. S. )at Wil- mington, Del., in 1859. Died, at Evanston, III., Feb. 24, 1894. PAVEY, Charles W., soldier and ex-State Auditor, was born in Highland County, Ohio, Nov. 8, 1835; removed to Illinois in 1859, settling in the vicinity of Mount Vernon, and, for a time, followed the occupation of a farmer and stock- raiser. In August, 1862, he enlisted in the Eighti- eth Illinois Volunteers for the Civil War, and became First Lieutenant of Company E. He was severely wounded at the battle of Sand Jlountain^ and, having been captiu-ed, was confined in Libby Prison, at Salisbury, N. C, and at Danville, Va., for a period of nearly twro years, enduring great hardship and suffering. Having been exchanged, he served to the close of the war as Assistant Inspector-General on the Staff of Gen- eral Rousseau, in Tennessee. He was a delegate to the Republican National Convention of 1880, which nominated General Garfield for the Presi- dency, and was one of the famous "306" wlio stood by General Grant in that struggle. In 1883 he was appointed by President Arthur Collector of Internal Revenue for the Southern District, and, in 1888, was nominated and elected State Auditor on the Republican ticket, but was de- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOrEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 415 feateJ for re-election in the "land-slide" of 1892. General Pavey has been prominent in "G. A. R." councils, and held the position of Junior Vice- Commander for the Department of Illinois in 1878, and that of Senior Vice-Commander in 1879. He also served as Brigadier-General of the National Guard, for Southern Illinois, during the railroad strike of 18T7. In ISOT he received from President McKinley the appointment of Special Agent of the Treasury Department. His home is at Jlount Vernon, JelTersou County. PAWNEE, a village of Sangamon County, at the eastern terminus of the Auburn & Pawnee Railroad, 19 miles south of Springfield. The town has a bank and a weekly paper. Population (1900), 595; (1903, est.), 1,000. PAWNEE RAILROAD, a short line in Sanga- mon County, extending from Pawnee to Auburn (9 miles), where it forms a junction with the Chicago & Alton Railroad. The company was organized and procured a charter in December, 1888, and the road completed the following year. The cost was ?101,774. Capital stock authorized, .$100,000; funded debt (1895), §50,000. PAW PAW. a village of Lee County, at the junction of two branches of the Chicago, Bur- lington it Quincy Railway, 8 miles northwest of Earlville. The town is in a farming region, but has a bank and one weekly paper. Population (1890), 635; (1900), 765. PAXTON, the county-seat of Ford County, is situated at the intersection of the Chicago Divi- sion of the Illinois Central and the Lake Erie & Western Railroads, 103 miles south by west from Chicago, and 49 miles east of Bloomington. It contains a court house, two schools, water-works, electric light and water-heating sj-stem, two banks, nine churches, and one daily newspaper. It is an important shipping-point for the farm products of the surrounding territoiy, which is a rich agricultural region. Besides brick and tile works and flour mills, factories for the manu- facture of carriages, buggies, hardware, cigars, brooms, and plows are located here. Pop. (1890), 3,187; (1900), 3.036. PAYSON, a village in Adams County, 15 miles southeast of Quincy ; the neare.st I'ailroad station being Fall Creek, on the Quincy and Louisiana Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway; has one newspaper. Population (1900), 465. PATSON, Lewis E., lawyer and ex-Congress- man, was born at Providence, R. I., Sept. 17, 1840; came to Illinois at the age of 12. and, after passing through the common schools, attended Lombard University, at Galesburg, for two years. He was admitted to the bar at Ottawa in 1862, and, in 1865, took up his residence at Pontiac. From 1869 to 1873 he was Judge of the Livingston County Court, and, from 1881 to 1891, represented his District in Congress, being elected as a Republican, but, in 1890, was defeated by his Democratic opponent, Herman \V. Snow. Since retiring from Congress he has practiced his pro- fession in Washington, D. C. PEABOBY, Selini Hobart, educator, was born in Rockingham County, Vt., August 20, 1829; after reaching 13 years of age, spent a year in a Boston Latin School, then engaged in various occupations, including teaching, until 1848, when he entered the University of Vermont, graduat- ing third in his class in 1852; was appointed Pro- fessor of Mathematics and Engineering in the Polytechnic College at Philadelphia, in 18.54, remaining three years, when he spent five years in Wisconsin, the last three as Superintendent of Schools at Racine. From 1865 to 1871 he was teacher of physical science in Chicago High School, also conducting night schools for work- ing men ; in 1871 became Professor of Physics and Engineering in Massachusetts Agricultural Col- lege, but returned to the Chicago High School in 1874 ; in 1876 took charge of the Chicago Acad- emy of Sciences, and, in 1878, entered the Illinois Industrial University (now University of Illinois), at Champaign, first as Professor of Mechanical Engineering, in 1880 becoming President, but resigning in 1891. During the World's Colum- bian Exposition at Chicago, Professor Peabody was Chief of the Department of Liberal Arts, and, on the expiration of his service there, assumed the position of Curator of the newly organized Chicago Academy of Sciences, from which he retii'ed some two years later. PEARL, a village of Pike County, on the Kan- sas City branch of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 14 miles west of Roodhouse. Population (1890), 928; (HlOO), 722. PEARSON, Isaac N., ex-Secretary of State, was born at Centreville, Pa., July 27, 1842; removed to Macomb, McDonough County, 111., in 1858, and has ever since resided there. In 1872 he was elected Clerk of the Circuit Court, and re-elected in 1876. Later he engaged in real-estate and banking business. He was a member of the lower house in the Thirty-third, and of the Senate in the Thirty-fifth, General Assembly, but before the expiration of his term in the latter, was elected Secretary of State, on the Republican ticket, in 1888. In 1892 he was a candidate for re-election. 41G HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. but was defeated, although, next to Governor Fifer, he received the largest vote cast for any candidate for a political ofHce on the Republican State ticket. PEARSOX, John M., ex-Raihvay and Ware- house Commissioner, bom at Newburyport, Mass., in 1S32— the son of a ship-carpenter; was educated in his native State and came to Illinois in 1S49, locating at the city of Alton, where he was afterwards engaged in the manufacture of agricultural implements. In 1873 he was ap- pointed a member of the first Railway and Ware- house Commission, serving four years; in 1878 was elected Representative in the Thirty-first General Assembly from Madison County, and was re-elected, successively, in 1880 and "82. He was appointed a member of the first Board of Live-Stock Commissioners in ISS.j, serving until 1893, for a considerable portion of the time as President of the Board. 5Ir. Pearson is a life- long Republican and prominent member of the Masonic fraternity. His present home is at Godfrey. PEARSONS, Daniel K., M.D., real-estate oper- ator and capitalist, was born at Bradfordton, Vt., April 14, 1820; began teaching at IG years of age, and, at 21, entered Dartmouth College, taking a two years' course. He tlien studied medicine, and, after practicing a sliort time in his native State, removed to Chicopee, Mass., where he remained from 1843 to 1857. The latter year he came to Ogle County, 111., and began operating in real estate, finally adding to this a loan busi- ness for Eastern parties, but discontinued this line in 1877. He owns extensive tracts of timber lands in Michigan, is a Director in the Chicago City Railway Company and American Exchange Bank, besides being interested in other financial institutions. He lias been one of the most liberal supporters of the Chicago Historical Society, and a princely contributor to various benevolent and educational institutions, his gifts to colleges, in different parts of the country, aggregating over a million dollars. PECATOMCA, a town in Pecatonica Township, Winnebago County, on the Pecatonica River. It is on the Chicago & Northwestern Railway, mid- way bevveen Freeport and Rockford, being 14 miles from eacli. It contains a carriage factory, machine shop, condensed milk factory, a bank, six clmrches, a graded school, and a weekly news- paper. Pop. (18!I0), 1,059; (1900), 1,045. PECATOMCA RIVER, a stream formed by the continence of two branches, both of which rise in Iowa County, Wis. They unite a little north of the Illinois State line, whence the river runs southeast to Freeport. then east and northeast, until it enters Rock River at Rockton. From the headwaters of either branch to the mouth of the river is about 50 miles. PECK, Ebenezer, early lawyer, was born in Portland, Maine, May 22, 1805; received an aca- demical education, studied law and was admitted to the bar in Canada in 1827. He was twice elected to the Provincial Parliament and made King's Counsel in 1833; came to Illinois in 1835, settling in Chicago; served in the State Senate (1838-40), and in the Hou.se (1840-43 and 1858-60); was also Clerk of the Supreme Court (1841-45), Reporter of Supreme Court decisions (1849-63), and member of the Constitutional Convention of 1869 70. ilr. Peck was an intimate personal friend of Abraham Lincoln, by whom he was appointed a member of the Couit of Claims, at Washington, serving until 1875. Died, May 25, 1881. PECK, Ferdinand Wythe, lawj'er and finan- cier, was born in Chicago, July 15, 1848 — the son of Philip F. W. Peck, a pioneer and early mer- chant of the metropolis of Illinois; was educated in the iiublic schools, the Chicago University and Union College of Law, graduating from both of the last named institutions, and being admitted to the bar in 1809. For a time he engaged in jjractice, but his father having died in 1871, the responsibility of caring for a large estate devolved upon him and has since occupied his time, though he has given much attention to the amelioration of the condition of the poor of his native city, and works of practical benevo- lence and public interest. He is one of tlie founders of the Illinois Humane Society, lias been President and a member of the Board of Control of the Cliicago Athenreum, member of the Board of Education, President of the Chicago Union League, and was an influential factor in securing the success of the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago, in 1893, serving as First 'V'ice-Presi- dent of the Chicago Board of Directors, Chair- man of the Finance Committee, and member of the Board of Reference and Control. Of late j-ears, Mr. Peck has been connected with Re\eral important building enterprises of a senii-public character, whicli have added to the reputation of Chicago, including the Auditorium, Stock Ex- change Building and others in wliich he is a leading stockholder, and in tlie erection of wliich he has been a chief promoter. In 1898 he was appointed, by Pre.sident McKinley, the United States Commissioner to the International Expo- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 417 sition at Paris of 1900, as successor to tlio late Maj. M. P. Handy, and the success which lias followed his discharge of the duties of that position, has demonstrated the fitness of his selection. PECK, (ieor^e R., railway attorney, born in Steuben County, N. Y., in 1843; was early taken to Wisconsin, where he assisted in clearing his father's farm; at 16 became a country school- teacher to aid in freeing the same farm from debt ; enlisted at 19 in the First Wisconsin Heavy Artiller)-, later becoming a Captain in the Thirty- first Wisconsin Infantry, with which he joined in "Sherman's March to the Sea." Returning home at the close of the war, he began the study of law at Janesville, spending six years there as a student. Clerk of the Circuit Court and in prac- tice. From there he went to Kansas and, between 1871 and '74, practiced liis profession at Independ- ence, when he was appointed by President Grant United States District Attorney for the Kansas District, but resigned this position, in 1879, to return to general practice. In 1881 he became General Solicitor of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad, removing to Chicago in 1893. In 189.5 he resigned his position with the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad to accept a similar position with the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Company, which (1898) he still holds. Mr. Peck is recognized as one of the most gifted orators in the West, and, in 1897, was chosen to deliver the principal address at the un- veiling of the Logan equestrian statue in Lake Front Park, Chicago ; has also officiated as orator on a number of other important public occasions, alwaj's acquitting himself with distinction. PECK, John Mason, D.D., clergyman and edu- cator, was born in Litchfield, Conn., Oct. 31, 1789; removed to Greene County, N. Y., in 1811, where he united with the Baptist Church, the same year entering on pastoral work, while prosecuting his studies and supporting himself by teaching. In 1814 he became pastor of a cliurch at Amenia, N. Y., and, in 1817, was sent west as a mission- ary, arriving in St. Louis in the latter part of the same year. During the next nine years ho trav- eled extensively througli Missouri and Illinois, as an itinerant preacher and teacher, finally locating at Rock Spring, St. Clair County, where, in 1826, he established the Rock Spring Seminary for the education of teachers and ministers. Out of this grew Shurtleff College, founded at Upper Alton in 183r), in .securing the endowment of which Dr. Peck traveled many thousands of miles and col- lected §20,000, and of which he served as Trustee for many years. L^p to 1843 he devoted much time to aiding in the establishment of a theolog- ical institution at Covington, Ky. , and, for two years following, was Corresponding Secretary and Financial Agent of the American Baptist Publi- cation Society, with headquarters in Philadelphia. Returning to the AVcst, he served as 'pastor of sev- eral important churches in Jlissouri. Illinois and Kentucky. A man of indomitable will, unflag- ging industry and thoroughly upright in conduct, for a period of a quarter of a century, in the early history of the State, probably no man exerted a larger influence for good and the advancement of the cause of education, among the pioneer citi- zens of all classes, than Dr. Peck. Thou.i;h giving his attention so constantly to preaching and teaching, he found time to write much, not only for the various publications with which he was, from time to time, connected, but also for other periodicals, besides publishing "A Guide for Emi- grants" (1831), of which a new edition appeared in 1836, and a "Gazetteer of Illinois" (Jackson- ville, 1834, and Boston, 1837), which continue to be valued for the information they contain of the condition of the country at that time. He w.ns an industrious collector of historical records in the form of newspapers and pamphlets, which were unfortunately destroyed by fire a few years before his death. In 18.')2 he received the degree of D.D. from Harvard University. Died, at Rock Spring, St. Clair County, March 15, 1858. PECK, Philip F. W., pioneer merchant, was born in Providence, R. I., in 1809, the son of a wholesale merchant who had lost his fortune by indorsing for a friend. After some years spent in a mercantile house in New York, he came to Chicago on a prospecting tour, in 1830; the fol- lowing year brought a stock of goods to the embryo emporimii of the Northwest — then a small backwoods hamlet — and, by trade and fortunate investments in real estate, laid the foundation of what afterwards became a large fortune. He died, Oct. 23, 1871, as the result of an accident occurring about the time of the great fire of two weeks previous, from which he was a heavy sufferer pecuniarily. Three of'liis sons, Walter L., Clarence I. and Fenlinand W. Peck, are among Chicago's most substantial citizens. PEKI\, a flomishing city, the coanty-seat of Tazewell County, and an important railway cen- ter, located on the Illinois River, 10 miles south of Peoria and 56 miles north of Springfield. Agriculture and coalmining are the chief occu- pations in the surrounding coiuitry, but the city itself is an important grain market with large 418 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. general shipping interests. It lias several dis- tilleries, besides grain elevators, malt-houses, brick and tile works, lumber yards, planing mills, marble works, plow and wagon works, and a factory for corn products. Its banking facilities are adequate, and its religious and educational advantages are excellent. The city has a public library, park, steam-heating plant, three daily and four weekly papers. Pop. (1890), 6,347; (1900), 8,420. PEKIN, LINCOLN & DECATUR RAILROAD. (See Peoria. Decatur <£- Evanxrille jRaHirai/.) PELL, Oilbert T., Representative in the Third Illinois General Assembly (18212) from Edwards County, and an opponent of the resolution for a State Convention adopted by the Legislature at that session, designed to open the door for the admission of slavery. Mr. Pell was a son-in-law of Morris Birkbeck, who was one of the leaders in opposition to the Convention scheme, and very naturally sympathized with his father-in-law. He was elected to the Legislature, for a second term, in 1828, but subsequently left the State, dying elsewhere, when his widow removed to Australia. PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD. As to oper- ations of this corporation in Illinois, see Calumet River; Pittsburg. Fort Wayne & Chicago; South Chicago & Southern, and Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railways. The whole num- ber of miles owned, leased and operated by the Pennsylvania System, in 1898, was 1,987.21, of which only 61.34 miles were in Illinois. It owns, however, a controlling interest in the stock of the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railway (vphich see). PEORIA, the second largest city of the State and the county-seat of Peoria County, is IGO miles southwest of Chicago, and at the foot of an expan- sion of the Illinois River known as Peoria Lake. The site of the town occupies an elevated plateau, having a water frontage of four miles and extend- ing back to a bluff, which rises 2.i0 feet above the river level and about 120 feet above the highest point of the main site. It was settled in 1778 or '79, although, as generally believed, the French missionaries had a station there in 1711. There was certainly a settlement there as early as 172.5, when Renault received a grant of lands at Pimi- teoui, facing tlie lake then bearing tlie same name as the village. From that date until 1812, the place was (U)iitinuously occupied as a French village, and is said to have been the most impor- tant jioint for trading in the Mississippi Valley. The original village was situated about a mile and a half above the foot of the lake ; but later, the pres- ent site was occupied, at first receiving the name of "La Ville de Maillet,'' froma French Canadian who resided in Peoria, from 17G.5 to 1801 (the time of his death), and who commanded a compan3' of volunteers in the Revolutionary War. The popu- lation of the old town removed to the new site, and the present name was given to the place by American settlers, from the Peoria Indians, who were the occupants of the country when it was first discovered, but who had followed their cog- nate tribes of the Illinois family to Cahokia and Kaskaskia, about a century before American occupation of this region. In 1812 the town is estimated to have contained about seventy dwell- ings, with a population of between 200 and 300, made up largely of French traders, hunters and voyageurs, with a considerable admixture of half-breeds and Indians, and a few Americans. Among the latter were Thomas Forsyth, Indian Agent and confidential adviser of Governor Edwards: Michael La Croix, son-in- law of Julian Dubuque, founder of the city of Dubuque ; Antoine Le Claire, founder of Daven- port, and for whom Le Claire, Iowa, is named; William Arundel, afterwards Recorder of St. Clair County, and Isaac Darnielle, the second law- yer in Illinois. — In November, 1812, about half the town was burned, by order of Capt. Thomas E. Cr.aig, who had been directed, by Governor Edwards, to proceed up the river in boats with materials to build a fort at Peoria. At the same time, the Governor himself was at the head of a force marching against Black Partridge's vil- lage, which he destroyed. Edwards had no com- munication with Craig, who appears to have acted solely on his own responsibility. That the latter's action was utterly unjustifiable, there can now be little doubt. He alleged, bj' way of excuse, tliat his boats had been fired upon from the shore, at night, by Indians or others, who were harbored by the citizens. The testimony of the French, however, is to the effect that it was an unprovoked and cowardlj' assault, insti- gated by wine which the soldiers had stolen from the cellars of the inhabitants. The bulk of those who remained after the fire were taken by Craig to a point below Alton and put ashore. Tliis occurred in the beginning of winter, and the people, being left in a destitute condition, were subjected to great suffering. A Congressional investigation followed, and the French, having satisfactorily est;iblished the fact that they were not liostile, were restored to their ])Ossessions. — In 1813 a fort, designed for permanent occupancy, I HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 419 was erected and named Fort Clark, in honor of Col. George Rogers Clark. It had one (if not two) block-hou.ses, with magazines and quarters for officers and men. It was finally evacuated in 1818, and was soon afterwards burned by the Indians. Although a trading-post had been maintained here, at intervals, after the affair of 1812, there was no attempt made to rebuild the town until 1819, when Americans began to arrive. — In 1824 a post of the American Fur Com- pany was established here by John Hamlin, the companj- having alread}' had, for five years, a station at Wesley City, three miles farther down the river. Hamlin also traded in pork and other products, and was the first to introduce keel- boats on the Illinois River. By transferring his cargo to lighter draft boats, when necessary, he made the trip from Peoria to Chicago entirely by water, going from the Des Plaines to Mud Lake, and thence to the South Branch of the Chicago River, without unloading. In 183-1 the town had but seven frame houses and twenty-one log cabins. It was incorporated as a town in 1835 (Rudolphus Rouse being the first President), and, as the City of Peoria, ten years later (Wm. Hale being the first Slay or). — Peoria is an important railway and business center, eleven railroad lines concentrating here. It presents many attractive features, such as handsome residences, fine views of river, bluff and valley scenery, with an elab- orate system of parks and drives. An excellent school system is liberally supported, and its public buildings (national, county and city) are fine and costly. Its cliurches are elegant and well attended, the leading denominations being Methodist Episcopal, Congregational, Presby- terian, Baptist, Protestant and Reformed Episco- pal, Lutheran, Evangelical and Roman Catholic. It is the seat of Bradley Polytechnic Institute, a young and flourishing scientilic school affiliated with the University of Chicago, and richly en- dowed through the munificence of Mrs. Lydia Bradley, who devotes her whole estate, of at least a million dollars, to this object. Right Rev. Jolin L. Spaulding. Bishop of the Roman Catho- lic diocese of Peoria, is erecting a handsome and costly building for the Spaulding Institute, a school for the higher education of young men. — At Bartonville, a suburb of Peoria, on an eleva- tion commanding a magnificent view of the Illi- nois River valley for many miles, the State has located an asylum for the incurable insane. It is now in process of erection, and is intended to be one of the most complete of its kind in the world. Peoria lies in a corn and coal region, is noted for the number and extent of its distilleries, and, in 1890, ranked eighth among the grain markets of the country. It also has an extensive commerce with Chicago, St. Louis and other important cities; was credited, by the census of 1890, with 554 manufacturing establishments, representing 90 different branches of industry, with a capital of $15,072,567 and an estimated annual product of §55,504,523. Its leading industries are the manu- factm-e of distilled and malt liquors, agricultural implements, glucose and machine-shop products. Its contributions to the internal revenue of the country are second only to those of the New York district. Population (1870), 22,849; (1880), 29,259; (1890), 41, 024; (1900), 56,100. PEORIA COUNTY, originally a part of Fulton County, but cut off in 1825. It took its name from the Peoria Indians, who occupied that region when it was first discovered. As first organized, it included the present counties of Jo Daviess and . Cook, with many others in the northern part of the State. At that time there were less than 1,500 inhabitants in the entire region; and John Hamlin, a Justice of the Peace, on his return from Green Bay (whither he had accompanied William S. Hamilton, a son of Alexander Hamil- ton, with a drove of cattle for the fort there), solemnized, at Chicago, the marriage of Alex- ander Wolcott, then Indian Agent, with a daughter of John Kinzie. The original Peoria County has been subdivided into thirtj' counties, among them being some of the largest and rich- est in the State. The first county officer was Norman Hyde, who was elected Judge of the Probate Court by the Legislature in January, 1825. His commission from Governor Coles was dated on the eighteenth of that month, but he did not qualify until June 4, following, when he took the oath of office before John Dixon, Circuit Clerk, who founded the cit.y that bears his name. Meanwhile, Mr. Hyde had been appointed the first Clerk of the County Commissioners" Court, and served in that capacity until entering upon his duties as Probate Judge. The first election of county officers was held, March 7, 1825, at the house of William Eads. Nathan Dillon, Joseph Smith, and William Holland were chosen Com- missioners; Samuel Fulton Sheriff, and William Phillips Coroner. The first County Treasurer was Aaron llawley, and the first general election of officers took place in 1826. The first court house was a log cabin, and the first term of the Circuit Court began Nov. 14, 1825, John York Sawyer sitting on the bench, with John Dixon, Clerk; Samuel Fulton, Sheriff; and John 420 HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Twiney, tlie Attorney-General, present. Peoria County is, at present, one of the wealthiest and most populous counties in the State. Its soil is fertile and its manufactures numerous, especially at Peoria, the countj'-seat and princijial city (which see) . The area of the county is 61.5 square miles, and its population (1880), 55,353; (1890). 70.378; (lOCO), 8«.(i08. PEORIA LAKE, an expansion of the Illinois River, forming the eastern boundary of Peoria County, which it separates from the counties of Woodford and Tazewell. It is about 20 miles long and 2)4 miles broad at the wide.st part. PEORIA, ATLAMA & DECATUR RAIL- ROAD. (See Terre Haute dr Peoria Railruad.) PEORIA, DECATUR & EVAXSVILLE RAIL- WAY. The total length of this line, extending from Peoria, 111., to Evansville, Ind., is 330.87 miles, all owned by the company, of which 273 miles are in Illinois. It extends from Pekin, southeast to Grayville, on the Wabash Rivei" — is single track, unballasted, and of standard gauge. Between Pekin and Peoria the company uses the tracks of the Peoria & Pekin Union Railway, of which it is one-fourth owner. Between Hervey City and Midland Junction it has trackage privi leges over the line owned jointly b3' the Peoria, Decatur & Evansville and the Terre Haute & Peoria Companies (7.5 miles). Between Slidland Junction and Decatur (3.4 miles) the tracks of the Illinois Central are used, the two lines having terminal facilities at Decatur in common. The rails are of fifty-two and sixty-pound steel. — (History.) The main line of the Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Railway is the result of the consoli- dation of several lines built under separate char- ters. (1) The Pekin, Lincoln & Decatur Railroad, chartered in 1867, built in 1869-71, and operated the latter year, was leased to the Toledo, Wabash & Western Railway, but sold to representatives of the bond-holders, on account of default on interest, in 1876, and reorganized as the Pekin, Lincoln & Decatur Railway. (2) The Decatur, Sullivan & Mattoon Railroad, (projected from Decatur to Mattoon), was incorporated in 1871, completed from Mattoon to Hervey City, in 1872, and, the same year, consolidated with the Chi- cago & Great Southern; in January, 1874, the Decatur line passed into the hands of a receiver, and, in 1877, having been sold under foreclosure, was reorganized as the Decatur, JIattoon & South- ern Railroad. In 1879 it was placed in the hands of trustees, but the Pekin, Lincoln & Decatur Railway having acquired a controlling interest during the same year, the two lines were con- solidated under the name of the Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Railway Companj'. (3) Tlie Gray- ville & Mattoon Railroad, chartered in 1857, was consolidated in \>i~'i with the Mount Vernon & Grayville Railroad (projected), the new corpo- ration taking the name of the Chicago & Illinois Southern (already mentioned). In 1872 the latter corporation was consolidated with the Decatur, Sullivan & Mattoon Railroad, under the name of the Chicago & Illinois Southern Railway. Both consolidations, however, were set aside by decree of the United States District Court, in 1876, and the partially graded road and franchises of the Grayville & Mattoon lines sold, under foreclosure, to the contractors for the construction ; 20 miles of tlie line from Olney to Newton, were completed during the month of September of that j'ear, and the entire line, from Grayville to Mattoon, in 1878. In 1880 this line was sold, under decree of foreclosure, to the Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Railway Company, wliich had already acquired the Decatur & Mattoon Division— thus placing the entire line, from Peoria to Grayville, in the hands of one corporation. A line under the name of the Evansville & Peoria Railroad, chartered in Indiana in 1880, was consolidated, the same year, with the Illinois corporation under the name of the latter, and completed from Grayville to Evansville in 1882. (4) The Chicago & Ohio River Railroad — chartered, in 1809, as the Dan- ville, Olney & Ohio River Railroad — was con- structed, as a narrow-gauge line, from Kansas to West Liberty, in 1878-81; in the latter year was changed to standard gauge and completeil. in 1883, from Sidell to Olney (86 miles). The same year it went into the hands of a receiver, was sold under foreclosure, in February, 1886, and reorgan- ized, in May following, as the Chicago & Ohio River Railroad ; was consolidated with the Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Railwav, in 1893, and used as the Chicago Division of that line. The projierty and franchises of the entire line passed into the hands of receivers in 1894, and ai'e still (1898) under tlieir management. PEORIA, PEKIN & JACKSONVILLE RAIL- ROAD. (See Chicago, Peoria li- St. Louis Pail- road of Illinois.) PEORIA & BUREAU VALLEY RAILROAD, a sliort line, 46.7 miles in length, operated by the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway Com- pany, extending from Peoria to Bureau Junction, 111. It was incorporated, Feb. 12. 1853. com- pleted the following year, and leased to the Rock Island in perpetuity, April 14, 18.54, the annual rental being §125,000. The par value of the HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 421 capital stock is §1,500,000. Annual dividends of 8 per cent are guaranteed, payable semi-anuu- all)'. (See Chicago, Kock Island e of his daughter, Mrs. Lu- cretia Yeatman, in St. Louis, Mo., Jan. 23, 1850. Pope County was named in his honor. — Ocn. John (Pope), son of the preceding, w.as born in Louis- ville, Ky., March 16, 1823; grailuated at the United States Military Academy, 1842, and a]iiiointed brevet Second Lieutenant of Topographical Engineers; served in Florida (1842-44), on the northeast boundary survey, and in the Mexican War (1846-47), being promoted Fii-st Lieutenant for bravery at Monterey and Captain at Buena Vista. In 1849 lie conducted an exploring expe- dition in Minnesota, was in charge of topograph- ical engineering service in New Mexico (1851 -.53), and of the survey of a route for the Union Pacific Railway (18.53-59), meanwhile experimenting on the feasibilitv of artesian wells on the "Staked HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 429 Plains" in Northwestern Texas. He was a zeal- ous friend of Abraliaui Lincoln in the political campaign of 1860, and was court-martialed for criticising the policj- of President Buchanan, in a paper read before a literary society in Cincinnati, the proceedings being finally dropped on the recommendation of the (then) Secretary of War, Joseph Holt. In 1801 he was one of the officers detailed by the "War Department to conduct Mr. Lincoln to the capital, and, in May following, ■was made Brigadier-General of Volunteers and assigned to command in Missouri, where he per- formed valuable service in protecting railroad communications and driving out guerrillas, gain- ing an important victory over Sterling Price at Blackwater, in December of that year; in 1803 had command of the land forces co-operating ■with Admiral Foote, in the expedition against New Madrid and Island No. 10, resulting in the capture of that stronghold with 6,500 prisoners, 125 cannon and 7,000 small arms, thereby win- ning a Major-General's commission. Later, hav- ing participated in the operations against Corinth, lie was transferred to command of the Army of Virginia, and soon after commissioned Briga- dier-General in the regular army. Here, being forced to meet a greatly superior force under General Lee, lie was subjected to reverses which led to his falling back on Washington and a, request to be relieved of his command. For fail- ure to give him proper support, Gen. Fitzjohn Porter was tried by court-martial, and, having been convicted, was casliiered and declared for- ever disqualified from holding any office of trust or profit under the United States Government — although this verdict was finally set aside and Porter restored to tlie army as Colonel, by act of Congress, in August, 1886. General Pope's sub- sequent service was performed chiefly against the Indians in the Northwest, until 1865, when he took command of the military division of Mis- souri, and, in June following, of the Department of the Missouri, including all the Northwestern States and Territories, from which he was relieved early in 1866. Later, he held command, under the Reconstruction Acts, in Georgia, Ala- bama and Florida (1807-68) ; the Department of the Lakes (1808-70) ; Department of the Missouri (1870- 84) ; and Department of the Pacific, from 1884 to his retirement, March 16, 1886. General Pope published "Explorations from the Bed River to the Rio Grande'' and "Campaigns in Virginia" (1803). Died, at Sandusky, Oliio, Sept 23, 1893. POPE COUNTY, lies on the southern border of the State, and contains an area of about 360 sciuare miles — named in honor of Judge Nathaniel Pope. It was erected in 1810 (two j'ears before the admission of Illinois as a State) from parts of Gallatin and Johnson Counties. The county seat was first located at Sandsville, but later changed to Golconda. Robert Lacy, Benoni Lee and Thomas Ferguson were the first Commissioners; Hamlet Ferguson was chosen Sheriff; John Scott, Recorder ; Thomas C. Browne, Prosecuting- Attor- ney, and Samuel Omelvenej', Treasurer. The highest land in Southern Illinois is in the north- eastern part of this county, reaching an elevation of 1,046 feet. The bluffs along the Ohio River are bold in outline, and the ridges are surmounted by a thick growth of timber, notably oak and hick- ory. Portions of the bottom lands are submerged, at times, during a part of the year and are covered with cypress timber. The remains of Indian mounds and fortifications are found, and some interesting relics have been exhumed. Sand- stone is quarried in abundance, and coal is found here and there. Mineral springs (with copperas as the chief ingredient) are numerous. Iron is found in limited quantities, among the rooks toward the south, while spar and kaolin clay are found in the north. The chief agricultural products are potatoes, corn and tobacco. Popu- lation (ISyO), 14,010; (1900), 13,585. PORT BYRON, a village of Rock Island County, on the Mississippi River and the Chicago, Mil- waukee ifc St. Paul Railway, 16 miles above Rock I.sland; has lime kihis, grain elevator, two banks, academ}-, public schools, and a newspaper. Pop. (1000), 733. The (Illinois) Western Hospital for tlie In.sane is located at Watertown, t.velve miles below Port Byron. PORTER, (Rev.) Jeremiah, pioneer clergy- man, was born at Hadley. Mass., in 1804; gradu- ated from Williams College in 1825, and studied theology at both Andover and Princeton semi- naries, graduating from the latter in 1831. The same year he made the (then) long and perilous journey to Fort Brady, a military post at the Sault Ste. Marie, where he began his work as a missionarj'. In 1833 he came to Chicago, wliere he remained for two years, organizing the First Presbyterian Church of Cliicago, with a member- ship of twenty-six persons. Afterwards he had pastoral charge of churches at Peoria and Farm- ington. While in Chicago he was married to Miss Eliza Chappell, one of the earliest teachers in Chicago. From 1840 to "58 he was located at Green Bay, Wis. , accepting a call from a Chicago Church in the year last named. In 1861 he was commissioned Chaplain in the volunteer service 430 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. by Governor Yates, and mustered out in 1865. The next five years were divided between labors at Brownsville, Tex., in the service of the Sani- tary Commission, and a pastorate at Prairie du Chien. In 1870 he was commissioned Chaplain in the regular army, remaining in the service (with occasional leaves of absence) until 1883, when he was retired from active service on account of advanced age. His closing years were spent at the homes of his children in Detroit and Beloit; died at the latter city, July 25, 1893, at the age of 89 years. POSEY, ((ieii.) Thomas, Continental and Revolutionary soldier, was born in Virginia, July 9. 1750 ; in 177-1 took part in Lord Dunmore's expe- dition against the Indians, and, later, in various engagements of the Revolutionary War, being part of the time under the immediate command of Washington ; was with General Wayne in the assault on Stony Point and present at Cornwallis' surrender at Yorkto wn ; also served, after the war, with Wayne as a Brigadier-General in the North- west Territory. Removing to Kentucky, he served in the State Senate, for a time being presiding officer and acting Lieutenant-Governor ; later (1813), was elected United States Senator from Louisiana, and, from 1813 to '16, served as Territorial Governor of Indiana Died, at the home of his son-in-law, Joseph M. Street, at Shawneetown, III, March 18, 1818, where he lies buried. At the time of his death General Posey was serving as Indian Agent. POST, Joel S., lawyer and soldier of the Mexi- can War; was born in Ontario (now Wayne) County, N. Y., April 27, 1816; in 1828 removed with his father to Washtenaw Coimty, Mich., remaining there until 1839, when he came to Macon County, 111. The following year, he com- menced the study of law with Judge Charles Emmerson, of Decatur, and was admitted to the bar in 1841. In 1840 he enlisted in the Mexican War, and served as Quartermaster of the Fourth Regiment (Col. E. D. Baker's) ; in 1856 was elected to the State Senate, and, at the following session, was a leading supporter of the measures which resulted in the establishment of the State Nor- mal School at Bloomington. Capt. Post's later years were spent at Decatur, where he died, June 7, 1886. POST, Philip Sidney, soldier and Congress- man, was born at Florida, Orange County, N. Y., March 19, 1833; at the age of 22 graduated from Union College, studied law at Poughkeepsie Law School, and, removing to Illinois, was admitted to the bar in 1856 At the outbreak of the Civil War he enlisted, and was commissioned Second Lieutenant in the Fifty-ninth Illinois Volunteers. He was a gallant, fearless soldier, and was re- peatedly promoted for braverj' and meritorious service, until he attained the rank of brevet Brigadier-General. He participated in many important battles and was severely wounded at Pea Ridge and Nashville. In 1S65 he was in com- mand in Western Texas. After the close of the war he entered the diplomatic service, being appointed Consul-General to Austria-Hungary in 1874, but re.signed in 1879, and returned to his home in Galesburg. From 1882 to 1886 he was a member of the Republican State Central Com- mittee, and, during 1886, was Commander of the Department of Illinois, G. A. R. He was elected to Congress from the Tenth District on tlie Repub- lican ticket in 1886, serving continuously by re- election until his death, which occurred in Washington, Jan. 6, 1895. POST, Triimau Mareellus, D.D., clergyman, was born at Middlebury, Vt., June 3, 1810; gradu- ated at Middlebury College in 1829, was Principal of Castleton Academy for a year, and a tutor at Middlebury two years, meanwhile studying law. After a winter spent in Washington, listening to the orators of the time in Congress and before the Supreme Court, including Clay, Webster, Wirt and their contemporaries, he went west in 1833, first visiting .St. Louis, but finally settling at Jacksonville, 111., where he was admitted to the bar, but soon after accepted the Professorship of Classical Languages in Illinois College, and later that of Historj-; then began the study of theolog}', was ordained in 1840, and assumed the pastorship of the Congregational Church in Jack- sonville. In 1847 he was called to the pastorate of the Third Presbj'terian Church of St. Louis, and, in 1851, to the First Congregational Church, of which the former furnisheil the juicleus. For a year or two after removing to St. Louis, he continued his lectures on history at Illinois Col- lege for a short period each j'ear; also held the professorship of Ancient and IModern History in Washington University, in St. Louis; in 1873-75 was Southworth lecturer on Congregationalism in Andover Theological Seminary and, for sev- eral years. Professor of Ecclesiastical History in Chicago Theological Seminary. His splendid diction and his noble style o£ oratorj' caused luni to be much sought after as a public lecturer or platform speaker at college commencements, while liis pnrity of life and refinement of charac- ter attracted to him all witli whom he came in personal contact. He received the degree of HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 431 D.D. from Middlebury College in 1855; was a fre- quent contributor to "The Biblical Repository" and other religious publications, and, besides numerous addresses, sermons and pamphlets, he was the author of a volume entitled "The Skep- tical Era in Modern History" (New York, 1856). He resigned his pastorate in January, 18S2, but continued to be a frequent speaker, either in the pulpit or on the lecture platform, nearly to the period of his death, which occurred in St. Louis, Dec. 31, 1886. For a quarter of a century he was one of the Trustees of Monticello Female Semi- nary, at Godfrey, 111., being, for a considerable portion of the time. President of the Board. POTTAWATOMIES, THE, an Indian tribe, one of the three subdivisions of the OjiVjwas (or Ojibbeways), who, in turn, constituted a numer- ous family of the Algonquins. The other branches were the Ottawa and the Chippewas. The latter, however, retained the family name, and hence some writers have regarded the "Ojib- beways" and the "Chipisewas" as essentially identical. This interchanging of names has been a prolific source of error. Inherently, the dis- tinction was analogous to that existing between genus and species, although a confusion of nomenclature has naturally resulted in errors more or less serious. Taese three tribes early •separated, the Pottawatomies going south from Green Bay along the western shore of Lake Michigan. The meaning of the name is, "we are making a fire, " and the word is a translation into the Pottawatomie language of the name first given to the tribe by the Miamis. These Indians were tall, fierce and haughty, and the tribe was divided into four branches, or clans, called by names which signify, respectively, the golden carp, the tortoise, the crab and the frog. Accord- ing to the "Jesuit Relations," the Pottawatomies were first met by the French, on the north of Lake Huron, in 1639-40. More than a quarter of a century later (1666) Father Allouez speaks of them as dwellers on the shores of Lake Micliigan. The same Father described them as idolatrous and polygamous, yet as possessing a rude civility and as being kindly disposed toward the French. This friendshiij continued unbroken until the expulsion of the latter from the Northwest. About 1678 they spread southward from Green Bay to the head of Lake Michigan, a portion of the tribe settling in Illinois as far .soutli as the Kankakee and Illinois Rivers, crowding the Wiunebagoes and the Sacs and Foxes on the west, and advancing, on the east, into the countrj' of the Miamis as far as the Wabash and the Maumee. They fought on the side of the French in the French and Indian War, and later took part in the conspiracy of Pontiac to capture and reduce the British posts, and were so influenced by Tecumseh and the Prophet that a considerable number of their warri- ors fought against General Harrison at Tippe- canoe. During the War of 1812 tliey actively supported tlie British. They were also prominent at the Chicago massacre. Schoolcraft says of them, "They were foremost at all treaties where lands were to be ceded, clamoring for the lion's share of all presents and annuities, particularly where these last were the price paid for the sale of other lands than their own." The Pottawato- mies were parties to the treaties at Chicago in 1832 and 1833. and were among the last of the tribes to remove beyond the Mississippi, their final emigration not taking place until 1838. In 1846 the scattered fragments of this tribe coalesced with those of the Chippewas and Ottawas, and formed the Pottawatomie nation. They ceded all their lands, wherever located, to the United States, for §850,000, agreeing to accept 576,000 acres in Kansas in lieu of §87,000 of this amount. Through the rapacity and trespasses of white settlers, this reservation was soon dismembered, and the lands passed into other hands. In 1867, under an ena- bling act of Congress, 1,400 of the nation (then estimated at 2,500) became citizens. Their pres- ent location is in the southeastern part of Okla- homa. POWELL, John Wesley, Ph.D., LL.D., geolo- gist and anthropologist, was born at Mount ilorris N. Y., March 24, 1834, the son of a Methodist itinerant preacher, passing his early life at vari- ous places in Ohio, Wisconsin and Illinois ; studied for a time in Illinois College (Jacksonville), and subsequently in Wheaton College, but, in 1854, began a special course at Oberlin, Ohio, teaching at intervals in public schools. Having a predi- lection for the natural sciences, he spent nuich time in making collections, which he placed in various Illinois institutions. Entering the army in 1861 as a private of the Twentieth Illinois Volunteers, he later became a Captain of the Second Illinois Artillery, being finally promoted Major. He lost his right arm at the battle of Shiloh, but returned to his regiment as soon as sufficiently recovered, and continued in active service to the close of the war. In 1865 he became Professor of Geology and Curator of the Museum in Illinois Wesleyan University at Bloomington, but resigned to accept a similar position in the State Normal University. In 1867 he began his 432 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. greatest work in connection with science by leading a class of pupils to the mountains of Colorado for the study of geology, wliich he fol- lowed, a year later, by a more thorough survey of the canon of the Colorado River than had ever before been attempted. This led to provision by Congress, in 1870, for a topographical and geo- logical survey of the Colorado and its tributaries, which was appropriately placed under his direc- tion. Later, he was placed in charge of the Bureau of Ethnology in connection with the Smithsonian Institute, and. again in 1881, was assigned to the directorship of the United States Geological Survej-, later becoming Director of the Bureau of Ethnology, in connection with the Smithsonian Institute in Washington City, where (1899) be still remains. In 1886 Major Powell received the degree of Ph.D. from Heidel- berg University, and that of LL.D. from Har- vard the same year. He is also a member of the leading scientific associations of the country, while his reports and addresses fill numerous volumes issued by the Government. POWELL, William Henry, soldier and manu- factm'er, was born in South Wales, May 10, 182,1; came to America in 1830, was educated in the common schools of Tennessee, and (1856-61) was manager of a manufacturing company at Iron- ton, Ohio; in 1861, became Captain of a AVest Virginia cavalry company, and was advanced through the grades of JIajor, Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel ; was wounded while leading a charge at Wytheville, Va. , left on the field, captured and confined in Libby Prison six months. After ex- change he led a cavaby division in the Armj- of the Shenandoah ; was made Brigadier-General in October, 1864; after the war settled in West Vii-- ginia, and was a Republican Presidential Elector in 1868. He is now at the head of a nail mill and foundry in Belleville, and was Commander of the Grand Army of the Republic for the Department of Illinois during 1895-96. PRAIRIE CITY, a village in M<-Donough County, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincj- Railroad. 23 miles southwest from Galesburg and 17 miles northeast of Macomb; has a carriage factory, fltiur mill, elevators, lumber and stock yards, a nursery, a bank, four churclies and two weekly papers. Pop ( 1890). 812; (1900), 818. PR.VIRIE DU POXT, (in English, Bridge Prairie), an early French settlement, one mile south of Cahokia. It was commenced about 1760, located on the banks of a creek, on which was the first mill, operated by water-power, in that section, having been erected by missionaries from St. Sulpice, in 1754. In 1765 the village contained fourteen families. In 1844 it was inundated ami nearly destroyed. PR.VIRIE du ROCHER, (in English, Prairie of the Rock), an early French village in what is now Monroe County, which began to spring up near Fort Chartres (see Fort Chartres), and by 1722 had grown to be a considerable settlement. It stood at the foot of the Mississippi bluffs, about four miles northeast of the fort. Like other French villages in Illinois, it bad its church and priest, its common field and commons. JIany of the houses were picturesque cottages built of limestone. The ancient village is now extinct; yet, near the outlet of a creek which runs through the bluff, may be seen the vestiges of a water mill, said to have been erected by the Jesuits during the days of French occupation. PRENTICE, William S., Methodist Episcopal clergyman, was born in St. Clair County, 111., in 1819; licensed as a Methodist preacher in 1849, and filled pastorates at Paris. Danville, Carlin- ville, Springfield, Jacksonville and otlier places — the latter part of his life, serving as Presiding Elder ; was a delegate to the General Conference of 1860, and regularly re-elected from 1872 to the end of his life. During the latter part of his life his home was in Springfield. Died, June 28, 1887. PRENTISS, Benjamin Mayberry, soldier, was born at Belleville, Wood County, Va., Xov. 23, 1819; in 1835 accompanied his parents to Mis- souri, and, in 1841, removed to Quincy, 111., where he learned a trade, afterwards embarking in the commission business. In 1844-45 he was Lieuten- ant of a company sent against tlie Mormons at Nauvoo, later serving as Captain of Volunteers in the Mexican War. In 1860 he was an unsuccess- ful Republican candidate for Congress; at the outbreak of the Civil War tendered his services to Governor Yates, and was commissioned Colonel of the Tenth Illinois Volunteers, was almost immediately promoted to Brigadier-General and placed in command at Cairo, so continuing until relieved by General Grant, in September, 1861. At the battle Of Shiloh, in April following, he was captured with most of his command, after a most vigorous fight with a superior rebel force, but, in 1862, was exchanged and brevetted Major- General of Volunteers. He was a member of the court-martial that tried Gen. Fitzjohn Porter, and, as commander at Helena, Ark. , defeated the Confederate Generals Holmes and Price on July 3, 1803. He resigned his commission, Oct. 28. 1863. In 1869 he was appointed by President Grant Pension Agent at Quincy, serving four I HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 433 years. At present (1898) General Prentiss' resi- dence is at Bethany, Mo., where he served as Postmaster, during the aihninistration of Presi- dent Benjamin Harrison, and was reappointed by President .McKinley. Died Feb. 8, 1901. PRESIDENTI.VL ELECTORS. (See Elections.) PRESBYTERI.W HOSPITAL, located at Chi- cago, was organized in 1883 by a number of wealthy and liberal Presbyterians, "for the pur- pose of affording medical and surgical aid to sick and disabled persons, and to provide them, while inmates of the hospital, with the ministrations of the gospel, agreeably to the doctrines and forms of the Presbj'terian Cluirch '" Rusli Med- ical College offered a jjortion of its ground as a site (see RusIi Medical College), and through generous subscriptions, a well-planned building was erected, capable of accommodating about 2.50 patients. A corridor connects the college and hospital buildings. Tlie medical staff comprises eighteen of Chicago's best known physicians and surgeons. PRESBYTERIAXS, THE. The first Pre.sby- terian society in Illinois was organized bj- Rev. James McGreadj-, of Kentucky, in 181C, at Sharon, "White County. Revs. Samuel J. Mills and Daniel Smith, also Presbyterians, liad visited the State in 1814, as representatives of the Massa- chusetts Missionar}' Society, but had formed no society. The members of the Sharon church were almost all immigrants from the South, and were largely of Scotch-Irish extraction. Two other churches were established in 1819 — one at Shoal Creek, Bond County, and the other at Edwardsville. In 182.) there were but three Presbyterian ministers in Illinois — Revs. Stephen BlLss, John Brich and B. F. Spilman. Ten years later tliere were 80 churches, with a membersliip of 2,500 and 00 ministers. In 1880 the number of churches had increased to 487; but, in 1890, (as shown by tlie United States census) there were less. In the latter year there were 40.5 ministers and 52,945 members. The Synod of Illinois is the highest ecclesiastical court of the denomination in the State, and, under its jurisdiction, the church maintains two seminaries: one (the Mc- Cormick) at Chicago, and the other (the Black- burn University) at Carlinville. The organ of the denomination is "The Interior," founded bj' Cyrus H. McCormick, and published weekly at Chicago, with William C. Gray as editor. The Illinois S.ynod embraced within its jurisdiction (1895) eleven Presbyteries, to which were attached 483 churches, 464 ministers and a membership of 63,247. (See also Religious Denominations.) PRICKETT, Abraham, pioneer merchant, was born near Lexington. Ky., came to Madison Count.y, 111., in 1808; was emplo3'ed for a time in the drug business in St. Louis, then opened a store at Edwardsville, wliere, in 1813, he received from the first County Court of Madison County, a license to retail merchandise. In 1818, he served as one of the three Delegates from Madison County to tlie Convention which framed the first State Constitution, and, the same year, was elected a Representative in the First General Assembly; was also Postmaster of the town of Edwardsville for a number of years. In 1825 he removed to Adams County and laid ovit an addi- tion to the city of Quincy ; was also engaged there in trade with the Indians. In 1836, while engaged on a Government contract for the re- moval of snags and other obstructions to the navi- gation of Red River, he died at Natchitoches, La. — Oeorge W. (Prickett) a son of the preceding, and afterwards a citizen of Chicago, is said to have been the first white child born in Edwards- ville.— Isaac (Prickett), a brother of Abraham, came to St. Louis in 1815, and to Edwardsville in 1818, where he was engaged in mercantile busi- ness with his brother and, later, on his own account. He held the offices of Postmaster, Pub- lic Administrator, Quartermaster-General of State Militia. Inspector of the State Penitentiary, and, from 1838 to '42, was Receiver of Public Moneys at Edwardsville, dying in 1844. PRICKETT, David, pioneer lawyer, was born in FraukUn County, Ga., Sept. 21, 1800; in early childhood was taken by his parents to Kentucky and from there to Edwardsville, 111. He gradu- ated from Transylvania University, and, in 1821, began the practice of law; was the first Supreme Court Reporter of Illinois, Judge of the Madison County Probate Court, Representative in the General Assembly (1826-28), Aid-de-Camp to General Whiteside in the Black Hawk War, State's Attorney for Springfield Judicial Circuit (1837), Treasurer of the Board of Canal Commis- sioners (1840), Director of the State Bank of Illi- nois (1842), Clerk of the House of Representatives for ten sessions and Assistant Clerk of the same at the time of his death, March 1, 1847. PRIXCE, David, physician and surgeon, was born in Brooklj-ne, Windham County, Conn., June 21, 1816; removed with his parents to Canandaigua, N. Y., and was educated in the academy there ; began the study of medicine in the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York, finishing at the Ohio Jledical Coll(>ge, Cin- cinnati, where he was associated, for a vear and a 434 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. half, with the celebrated surgeon, Dr. Muzzy. In 1843 he came to Jacksonville, 111., and, for two years, was Professor of Anatomy in the Medical Department of Illinois College; later, spent five years practicing in St. Louis, and lecturing on surgery in the St. Louis Medical College, when, returning to Jacksonville in 1853, he established himself in practice there, devoting special atten- tion to surgery, in which he had already won a wide reputation. During the latter part of the Civil War he served, for fourteen months, as Brigade Surgeon in the Army of the Potomac, and, on the capture of a portion of his brigade, voluntarily surrendered liimself that he might attend the captives of his command in Libby Prison. After the close of the war he was employed for some months, by the Sanitary Com- mission, in writing a medical history of the war. He visited Europe twice, first in 1881 as a dele- gate to the International Medical Congress in London, and again as a member of the Copen- hagen Congress of 1884 — at each visit making careful inspection of the hospitals in London, Paris, aud Berlin. About 1867 he established a Sanitarium in Jacksonville for the treatment of surgical cases and chronic diseases, to which he gave the closing years of his life. Thoroughly devoted to his profession, liberal, public-spirited and sagacious in the adoption of new methods, he stood in the front rank of his profession, and his death was mourned by large numbers who had received the benefit of his ministrations without money and without price. He was member of a number of leading professional associations, besides local literary and social organizations. Died, at Jacksonville, Dec. 19, 1889. PRINCE, Edward, lawyer, was born at West Bloomfield, Ontario County, N. Y., Dec. 8, 1832; attended school at Pay.son. 111., and Illinois Col- lege, Jacksonville, graduating from the latter in 1852 ; studied law at yuincy, aud after admission to the bar in 1853, began dealing in real estate. In 1801 he offered his services to Governor Yates, was made Captain and Drill-master of cavalry and, a few months later, commissioned Lieuten- ant-Colonel of the Seventh Illinois Cavalry, tak- ing part, as second in command, in the celebrated "Grierson raid" through Mississippi, in 1803, serving until discharged with the rank of Colonel of his regiment, in 1864. After the war he gave considerable attention to engineering and the construction of a system of water-works for the city of Quincy. where he now resides. PRINCE, («eorge W., lawyer and Congressman, born in Tazewell County, 111., March 4, 1854; was educated in the public schools and at Knox Col- lege, graduating from the latter in 1878. He then studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1880; was elected City Attorney of Galesburg the following year ; served as chairman of the Knox County Rejjublican Central Committee in 1884, and, in 1888, was elected Representative in the General Assembly and re-elected two years later. In 1892 he was the Republican nominee for Attorney-General of the State of Illinois, but was defeated with the rest of the State ticket ; at a special election, held in April, 1895, he was chosen Representative in Congress from the Tenth District to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Col. Philip Sidney Post, which had occurred in January preceding. In common with a majority of his colleagues, Mr. Prince was re-elected in 1896, receiving a plurality of nearly 16,000 votes, and was elected for a third term in November, 1898. PRINCETON, a city and the county-seat of Bureau County, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 22 miles west southwest of Mendota, and 104 miles west-southwest of Chi- cago; has a court house, gas-works, electric lights, graded and high schools, numerous churches, three newspapers and several banks. Coal is mined five miles east, and the manufac- tures include flour, carriages and farm imple- ments. Pop. (1890), 3,396; (1900), 4,033. Prince- ton is populated with one of the most intelligent and progressive communities in the State. It wastliehomeof Owen Lovejoy during the greater part of Ills life in Illinois. PRINCETON & WESTERN R.VILWAY. (See Chicago A Xorthwesfern Railway.) PKINCEVILLE, a village of Peoria County, on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe aud the Rock Island & Peoria Railways, 23 miles northwest of Peoria; is a trade center for a prosperous agricul- tural region. Population (1890), 041; (1900), 73.S PROPHETSTOWN, a town in Whiteside County, on Rock River and the Fulton Bianch of the Chicago, Burlington it Quincy Railroad, 45 miles northwest of Mendota; has some manu- factures, three banks and two new.spapers. Pop. (1890), 094; (1900), 1,143. PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION. (See Minority Representation. ) PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH. The pioneer Episcopal clergyman in this State was the Rt. Rev. Philander Chase, who was made Bishop of Illinois in 1835, and was the founder of Jubi- lee College. (See Chase, Ret: Philander.) The State at present is organized under the provincial I HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 435 system, tho province comprising the dioceses of Chicago. Quincy and Springfield. At its head (1IS98) is the Rt. Rev. William E. McLaren. Bishop of Chicago. Rev. George F. Seymour of Spring- field is Bishop of the Springfield Diocese, with C. R. Hale, Coadjutor at Cairo, and Rev. Alex- ander Burgess, Bishop of the Quincy Diocese, with residence at Peoria. The numerical strength of the church in Illinois is not great, although between 18!S0and \>arc'nts to Taze- well County, 111; .settled in Pekin in 18.">3. wliere he read law, and was admitted to the bar in 1856. At the outbreak of the rebellion he was commis- sioned, by Governor Yates, Major of the Eleventh Illinois Cavah'y, and took part in numerous engagements in Western Tennessee and Missis- sippi, incduding the battles of Shiloh and Corinth. Resigning his commission in 1803, he took up his residence at Peoria, where he resumed practice and began the preparation of his first legal work — "Common Law Pleading and Practice." In 1864 he formed a partnership with Col. Robert G. IngersoU, which continued until 1867, when Sir. Puterbaugh was elected Circuit Court Judge. He retired from the bench in 1873 to resume pri- vate practice and pursue his work as an author. His first work, having already run through tliree editions, was followed by "Puterbaugh"s Chan- cerj- Pleading and Practice," the first edition of which appeared in 1874, and "Michigan Chancery Practice," which appeared in 1881. In 1880 he was chosen Presidential Elector on the Republi- can ticket. Died, Sept. 25, 1892. Leslie D. (Puterbaugh), a son of Judge Puterbaugh, is Judge of the Circuit Court of the Peoria Circuit. PUTXAM COUXTT, the smallest county in the State, both as to area and population, containing only 170 square miles; population (1900), 4,746. It lies near tlie center of the north half of the State, and was named in honor of Gen. Israel Putnam, The first American to erect a cabin within its limits was Gurdon S. Hubbard, who was in business there, as a fur-trader, as early as 1825, but afterwards became a prominent citizen of Chicago. Tlie county was created by act of the Legislature in 1825, although a local govern- ment was not organized until some j'ears later. Since that date. Bureau, Marshall and Stark Counties have been erected therefrom. It is crossed and drained by the Illinois River. The surface is moderately undulating and the soil fertile. Corn is the chief staple, although wheat and oats are extensively cultivated. Coal is mined and exported. Hennepin is the county- seat. QUINCY, the principal city of Western Illinois, and the county-seat of Adams County. It was founded in 1822 — the late Gov. John Wood erect- ingthe first log-cabin there — and was incorporated in 1839. The site is naturalh- oneof the most beauti- ful in the State, the princi|)al part of the city being built on a limestone bluff having an elevation of 125 to 150 feet, and overlooking the Mississippi for a long distance. Its location is 112 miles west of Springfield and 264 miles .southwest of Chi- cago. Besides being a principal shipping point for tlie river trade north of St. Louis, it is the converging point of several important railway lines, including the Wabash, four branches of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, and the Quincy, Omaha & Kansas City, giving east and west, as well as north and south, connections. At the present time (1904) several important lines, or extensions of railroads already constructed, are in contemplation, which, when completed, will add largelj' to the commercial importance of the city. The city is regularly laid out, the streets inter- secting each other at right angles, and being lighted with gas and electricity. Water is obtained from the Mississippi. There are several electric railway lines, four public parks, a fine railway bridge across the Mississipiji, to which a wagon bridge has been added within the past two years ; two fine railway depots, and several elegant public buildings, including a handsome county court-house, a Government building for the use of the Post-ofBce and the United States District Court. The Illinois Soldiers' and Sailors' Home is located here, embracing a large group of cot- tages occupied by veterans of the Civil War, liesides hospital and administration buildings for tlie use of the oflScers. The city has more than thirty churches, three libraries (one free-public and two college), with excellent schools and other educational advantages. Among the higher institutions of learning are the Chaddock College (Methodist Episcopal) and the St. Francis Solanus College (Roman CathoUc). Tliere are two or three national banks, a State bank with a capital of .$300,000, beside two private lianks, four or five daily papers, with several weekly and one or two monthly publications. Its advantp.ges as a shipping point by river and railroad have made it one of the most important manufacturing cen- ters west of Chicago. The census of 1890 showed a total of 374 manufacturing estalilishnients, having an aggregate capital of SO, 187,845, employ- ing 5,058 persons, and turning out an annual product valued at $10,160,492. Tlie cost of material used was 85,597,990, and the wages paid §3,383,571. The number of different industries reported aggregated seventy-six, the more impor- tant being foundries, carriage and wagon fac- tories, agricultural implement works, cigar and 438 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. tobacco factories, flour-mills, breweries, brick- yards, lime works, saddle and harness shops, paper mills, furniture factories, organ works, and artificial-ice factories. Population (1880), 27,268; (1890), 31,494; (1900), 36,2.52. (JUINCY, ALTON & ST. LOUIS RAILROAD. (See Cliicagu, BiirliiKjfon d' Qninci/ Railroad.) QUINCY & CHICAGO RAILROAD. (See Chi- cago. Burlington A' Qniucy Railroad.) QUINCY & TOLEDO RAILROAD. (See Waba.ili Railroad. ) QUINCY & YV'ARSAW RAILROAD. (See Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad.) RAAB, Henry, ex-State Superintendent of Public Instruction, was born in Wetzlar, Rhen- ish Prussia, June 20, 1837 ; learned the trade of a currier with his father and came to the United States in 18,53, finally locating at Belleville, 111., where, in 1857, he became a teacher in the pub- lic schools ; in 1873 was made Superintendent of schools for that city, and, in 1882, was elected State Superintendent of Public Instruction on the Democratic ticket, declined a renomination in 1886; was nominated a second time in 1890, and re-elected, but defeated by S. M. Inglis in 1894. In the administration of his office, Pro- fessor Raab showed a commendable freedom from partisanship. After retiring from the office of State Superintendent, he resumed a position in connection with the public schools of Belleville. RADISSON, Pierre Esprit, an early French traveler and trader, who is said to liave reached the Upjjer Mississippi on his third voyage to the West in 16.58-.59, The period of his explorations extended from 16.52 to 1684, of which he prejjared a narrative which was published by the Prince Society of Boston in 1885, under the title of "Radisson's Voyages." He and his brother-in- law, Medard Chouart, first conceived the idea of planting a settlement at Hudson's Bay. (See Chonart, Medard.) RAILROAD AND WAREHOUSE COMMIS- SION, a Board of three Commissioners, appointed by the executive ( by and with t he advice and con- sent of the Senate) , under authority of an ac't ap- proved, April 13, 1871, for the enforcement of the provisions of the Constitution and laws in relation to railroads and warehouses. The Commission's powers are partly judicial, partly executive. The following is a summary of its powers and duties: To establisli a schedule of maximum rates, equi- table to shipper and carrier alike; to require yearly reports from railroads and warehouses; to hear and pass upon comi)laints of extortion and unjust discrimination, and (if necessary) enforce prosecutions therefor; to secure the safe condi- tion of railwaj' road-beds,. bridges and trestles; to hear and decide all manner of complaints relative to intersections anil to protect grade-crossings; to insure the adoption of a safe interlocking sys- tem, to be approved by the Commission ; to enforce proper rules for the inspection and regis- tration of grain throughout the State. The prin- cipal offices of the Commission are at the State capital, where monthly sessions are held. For the purpose of properly conducting the grain inspection department, monthly meetings are also held at Chicago, where the offices of a Grain Inspector, appointed by the Board, are located. Here all business relating to this department is discussed and necessary special meetings are held. The inspection department has no revenue outside of fees, but the latter are ample for its maintenance. Fees for inspection on arrival ("inspection in") are twenty-five cents per car- load, ten cents per wagon-load, and forty cents per 1,000 bushels from canal-boat or vessels. For inspection from store ("inspected out") the fees are fifty cents per 1,000 bushels to vessels; thirty-five cents per car-load, and ten cents per wagon load to teams. While there are never wanting some cases of friction between the trans- portation companies and warehousemen on the one hand, and the Commission on the other, there can be no question that the formation of the latter has been of great value to the receiv ers, shippers, forwarders and tax-payei"S of the State generally. Similar regulations in regard to the inspection of grain in warehouses, at East St. Louis and Peoria, are also in force. The first Board, created under the act of 1871, consi.sted of Gustavus Koerner, Richard P. Morgan and Da\id S. Hammond, holding office until 1873. Other Boards have been as follows ; 1873-77 — Henry D. Cook (deceased 1873, and succeeded by James Steele), David A. Brown and John M. Pearson; 1877-83— AVilliani M. Smith, George M. Bogue and John H. Oberly (retired 1881 and succeeded by William H. Robinson); 18.S3-8.5— Wm. N. Brain- ard. E. C. Lewis and Charles T. Stratton; l8S,5-89 — John I. Rinaker, Benjamin F. Marsh and Wm. T. Johnson (retired in 1887 and succeeded by Jason Rogers); 1889-93— John R. Wheeler, Isaac N. Phillips and W. S. Crim (succeeded, 1891, by John R. Tanner) ; 1893-97— W. S. Cantrell, Thomas F. Gahan and Charles F. Lape (succeeded, 1895, by George W. Fithian) ; 1897-99— Cicero J. Lindley, Charles S. Rannells and James E. Bidwell. (See also Grain Inspection.) O m k < 1^ 5 o r r Z o c r o w > O > r c 00 K o _w )C 2; n 7. O O z 1—1 ►J w s o E o W Q O 03 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 439 RAILROADS (I> (JEXEUAL). The existing railroad system of Illinois luul its inception in the mania for internal improvement which swept over the country in 18iiO-3T. the basis of the plan aJopteil in Illinois (as in the Eastern States) being that the State should construct, maintain, own and operate an elaborate sj-stem. Lines were to be constructed from Cairo to Galena, from Alton to Jlount Carmel, from Peoria to Warsaw, from Alton to the Central Railroad, from Belleville to Jlount Carmel, from Bloomington to Mack- inaw Town, and from ileredosia to Springfield. The experiment proved extremely unfortunate to the financial interests of the State, and laid tiie foundation of an immense debt under which it staggered for many years. The Northern Cross Railroad, extending from Meredosia to Spring- field, was the only one so far completed as to be in operation. It was sold, in 18-17, to Nicholas H. Ridgely. of Springfield for §'31,100, he being the highest bidder. This line formed a nucleus of the existing Wabash sj'steni. Tlie first road to be operated by private parties (outside of a prim- itive tramway in St. Clair County, designed for the transportation of coal to St. Louis) was the Galena & Chicago Union, chartered in 1836. This was the second line completed in the State, and the first to run from Chicago. The subsequent development of the railway system of Illinois was at first gradual, then steadj' and finally rapid. A succinct description of the various lines now in operation in the State may be found imder appropriate headings. At present Illinois leads all the States of the Union in the extent of railways in operation, the total mileage (1897) of main track being 10,78.5.43 — or 19 miles for each 100 s(^uare miles of territory and 2.5 miles for each 10,000 inhabitants — e.stimating the population (1898) at four and a quarter millions. Every one of the 102 counties of the State is traversed by at least one railroad except three — Calhoiui, Hardin and Pope. The entire capitalization of the 111 companies doing business in the State in 189G, (including cajoital stock, funded debt and current liabilities), was §3,669,104,142— equal to §67,5.56 per mile. In 1894, fifteen owned and ten leased lines paid dividends of from four to eight per cent on common, and from four- to ten per cent on preferred, stock — the total amount thus paid aggregating §2.5,.'i21,7.52. The total earnings and income, in Illinois, of all lines operated in the State, aggregated .$77, 508, .537, while the total expenditure within the State was §71,463,367. Of the .5.8,26.3,860 tons of freight carried, 11,611,- 798 were of agricultural products and 17,179,366 mineral products. The number of passengers (earning revenue) carried during the year, was 83,281,655. The total number of railroad em- ployes (of all classes) was 61,200. The entire amount of taxes paid by railroad companies for the year was §3,846,379. From 1836, when the first special charter was granted for the con- struction of a railroad in Illinois, until 1869 — after which all corporations of this character came under the general incorporation laws of the State in accordance with the Constitution of 1870 — 293 sjjecial charters for the construction of railroads were granted by the Legislature, besides numerous amendments of charters already in existence. (For the history of important indi- vidual lines see each road under its coi^porate name. ) RALSTOJf, Virgil Young, editor and soldier, was born, July 16, 1828, at Vanceburg. Ky. ; was a student in Illinois College one year (1846-47), after which he studied law in Quincy and prac- ticed for a time; also resided some time in Cali- fornia; 1.855-57 was one of the editors of "The Quinc}- Whig," and represented that paper in the Editorial Convention at Decatur, Feb. 22, 1850. (Sfee Anti-Nebraska Editorial Convention.) In 1861, he was commissioned a Captain in the Six- teenth Illinois Volunteers, but soon resigned on account of ill-health; later, enlisted in an Iowa regiment, but died in hospital at St. Louis, from wounds and exposure, Ajiril 19, 1864. RAMSAY, Riifus X., State Treasurer, was born on a farm in Clinton County, 111., May 20, 1838; received a collegiate education at Illinois and McKendree Colleges, and at Indiana State Uni- versity ; studied law with ex-Gov. A. C. French, and was admitted to the bar in 1865, but soon abandoned the law for banking, in which he was engaged both at Lebanon and Carlyle, limiting his business to the latter place about 1890. He served one term (from 1865) as County Clerk, and two terms (18.89 and '91) as Representative in the General Assembly, and, in 1892, was nominated as a Democrat and elected State Treasurer. Died in office, at Carlyle, Nov. 11, 1894. RAMSEY, a village of Fayette County, at the intersection of the Illinois Central and the Toledo, St. Louis & We.stern Railroads, 12 miles nortli of Vandalia ; the district is agricultiu-al ; has one newspaper. Pop. (1890), 598; (1900), 747. RANDOLPH COUMY, lies in the southwest section of the State, and borders on the Missis- sippi River; area 560 square miles; named for Beverly Randolph. It was set off from St. Clair County in 1795, being the second county organ- 440 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ized in the territory which now constitutes the State of Illinois. From the earliest period of Illi- nois history, Randolph County has been a pivotal point. In the autumn of 1700 a French and Indian settlement was established at Kaskaskia, which subsequently became the center of French influence in the Mississippi Valley. In 1733 Prairie du Rocher was founded by the French. It was in Randolph County that Fort Chartres was built, in 1720, and it was here that Col. George Rogers Clark's expedition for the seizure of the "Illinois Countrj'" met with success in the capture of Kaskaskia. American immigration began with the close of the Revolutionary War. Among the early settlers were the Cranes (Icha- bod and George), Gen. John Edgar, the Dodge family, the Morrisons, and John Rice Jones. Toward the close of the century came Shadrach Bond (afterwards the first Governor of the State) with his uncle of the same name, and the Menards (Pierre and Hippolyte), the first of whom subsequently became Lieutenant - Gov- ernor. (See Bond, Shadrach; Menard, Pierre.) In outline, Randolph County is triangular, while its surface is diversified. Timber and building stone are abundant, and coal underlies a consid- erable area. Chester, the county -seat, a city of 3,000 inhabitants, is a place of considerable trade and the seat of the Southern Illinois Penitentiary. The county is crossed by several railroad lines, and transportation facilities are excellent. Pop- ulation (1890), 25,049; (1900). 28.001. K.l>SOM,(Gen.) Thomas Edward Greenfield, soldier, was born at Norwich, Vt., Nov. 29, 1834; educated at Norwich University, an institution under charge of his father, who was later an officer of the Mexican War and killed at Chapul- tepec. Having learned civil engineering, he entered on his profession at Peru, 111., in 1851; in 1855 became a member of the real-estate firm of A. J. Galloway & Co., Chicago, soon after removing to Fayette County, where he acted as agent of the Illinois Central Railroad. Under the first call for volunteers, in April, 1861, he organized a company, which having been incor- porated in the Eleventh Illinois, he was elected Major, and, on the reorganization of the regiment for the three-years' service, was commissioned Lieutenant-Colonel, in this capacity having com- mand of his regiment at Fort Donelson, where he was severely wounded and won deserved pro- motion to a colonelcy, as successor to Gen. W. H. L. Wallace, afterwards killed at Shiloh. Here Colonel Ransom again distinguished himself by his bravery, and though again wounded while leading liis regiment, remained in command through the day. His service was recognized by promotion as Brigadier - General. He bore a prominent part in the siege of Vicksburg and in the Red River campaign, and, later, commanded the Seventh Army Corps in the operations about Atlanta, but finally fell a victim to disease and his numerous wounds, dj'ing in Chicago, Oct. 39, 1864, having previously received the brevet rank of Major-General. General Ransom was con- fessedly one of the most brilliant officers contrib- uted by Illinois to the War for the Union, and was pronounced, by both Grant and Sherman, one of the ablest volunteer generals in their com- mands. RAXTOUL, a city in Champaign County, at the junction of the main line of the Ilhnois Cen- tral Railroad, with its West Lebanon and Leroy branch, 14 miles north-northeast of Champaign and 114 miles south by west of Chicago. It has a national bank, seven churches, opera house, graded school, two weekly papers, machine shops, flouring and flax mills, tile factories, and many handsome residences. Pop. (1900), 1,207. RASLE, Sebastian, a Jesuit missionary, born in France, in lO.'jS; at his own request was attached to the French missions in Canada in 1689, and, about 1691 or "OS. was sent to the Illi- nois Country, where he labored for two years, traveling much and making a careful study of the Indian dialects. He left many manuscripts descriptive of his journeyings and of the mode of life and character of the aborigines. From Illi- nois he was transferred to Norridgewock, Maine, where he prepared a dictionary of the Abenaki language in three volumes, which is now pre- served in the library of Harvard College. His influence over his Indian parishioners was great, and his use of it. during the French and Indian War. so incensed the English colonists in Massa- chusetts that the Governor set a price upon his head. On August 12, 1724, he was slain, with seven Indian chiefs who were seeking to aid his escape, during a night attack upon Norridge- wock by a force of English soldiers from Fort Riclimond, his mutilated body being interred the next day by the Indians. In 1833, the citizens of Norridgewock erected a monument to his mem- ory on the spot where he fell. RASTER, Herman, journalist, was born in Ger- many in 1828; entered journalism and came to America in 1851, being employed on German papers in Buffalo and New York City; in 1867 accepted the position of editor-in-chief of "The Chicago Staats Zeitung, " which he continued to HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 441 fill until June, 1890, when he went to Eurojje for the beneKt of his health, dying at Dresden, July 24, ISDl. While employed on papers in this country during the Civil War, he acted as the American correspondent of papers at Berlin, Bremen, Vienna, and other cities of Central Europe. He served as delegate to lioth State and National Conventions of the Republican party, and. in ISliO, received from President Grant the appointment of Collector of Internal Revenue for the Chicago District, but. during the later years of his life, co<">perated with the Democratic I^arty. RAUCH, John Henry, physician and sanitary expert, l)orn in Lebanon, Pa., Sept. 4, 1828, and graduated in medicine at the University of Penn- sylvania, in 1849. The following year he removed to Iowa, settling at Burlington. He was an active member of the Iowa State Jledical Society, and, in IS.'il, prepared and published a "Report on the Medical and Economic Botany of Iowa," and, later, made a collection of ichthyologic remains of the Upper Mississippi and Missouri for Professor Agassiz. From 1857 to 1860 he filled the chair of Materia Medica and Medical Botany at Rush Medical College, Chicago, occupj'ing the same position in 1859 in the Chicago College of Pharmacj', of which he was one of the organ- izers. During the Civil War he served, until 1864, as Assistant Medical Director, first in the Army of the Potomac, and later in Louisiana, being brevetted Lieutenant-Colonel at the close of the struggle. Returning to Chicago, he aided in reorganizing the city's health service, and, in 1867, was appointed a member of the new Board of Health and Sanitary Inspector, serving until 1876. The latter year he was chosen President of the American Public Health Association, and, in 1877, a member of the newly created State Board of Health of Illinois, and elected its first President. Later, he became Secretary, and con- tinued in that oflSce during his connection with the Board. In 1878-79 he devoted much attention to the yellow-fever epidemic, and was instru- mental in the formation of the Sanitary Council of the Mississijipi, and in securing the adoption of a system of river inspection by the National Board of Health. He was a member of many scientific bodies, and the author of numerous monographs and printed addresses, chiefly in the domain of sanitary science and preventive med- icine Among them may be noticed "Intra- mural Interments and Their Influence on Health and Epidemics," "Sanitary Problems of Chi- cago," "Prevention of Asiatic Cholera in North America," and a series of reports as Secretary of the State Board of Health. Died, at Lebanon, Pa., March 34, 1894. RAUM. ((ien.) Green Berry, soldier and author, was born at Golconda, Pope County, 111., Dec. 3, 1829, studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1853, but, three years later, removed with his family to Kansas. His Free-State proclivities rendering him obnoxious to the pro-slavery party there, he returned to Illinois in 1857, settling at Harrisburg, Saline County. Early in the Civil War he was commissioned a Major in the Fifty- sixth Illinois Volunteers, was subsequently pro- moted to a Lieutenant-Colonelcy, and, later, advanced to a Brigadier-Generalship, resigning his commission at the close of the war (Maj- 6, 18G5). He was with Rosecrans in the Mississippi campaign of 1862, took a conspicuous part in the battle of Corinth, participated in the siege of Vicksburg and was wounded at Missionary Ridge. He also rendered valuable service during the Atlanta campaign, keeping lines of communi- cation open, re-enforcing Resaca and repulsing an attack by General Hood. He was with Sherman in the "March to the Sea," and with Hancock, in the Shenandoah Valley, when the war closed. In 1866 General Raum became President of the pro- jected Cairo & Vincennes Railroad, an enterprise of which he had been an active promoter. He was elected to Congress in 1866 from the South- ern Illinois District (then the Thirteenth), serv- ing one term, and the same year presided over the Republican State Convention, as he did again in 1876 and in 1880 — was also a delegate to the National Conventions at Cincinnati and Chicago the last two j-ears just mentioned. From August 2, 1876, to May 31, 1883, General Raum served as Commissioner of Internal Revenue at Washing- ton, in that time having sujierintended the col- lection of $800,000,000 of revenue, and the disbursement of 630,000.000. After retiring from the Commissionership, he resumed the practice of law in Washington. In 1889 he was appointed Commissioner of Pensions, remaining to the close of President Harrison's administration, when he removed to Chicago and again engaged in practice. During the various political cam- paigns of the past thirty years, his services have been in frequent request as a campaign speaker, and he has canvassed a number of States in the interest of the Republican party. Besides his official reports, he is author of "The Existing Conflict Between Republican Government and Southern Oligarchy" (Washington, 1884), and a number of magazine articles. 442 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. RAUM, John, pioneer and early legislator, was born in HummeLstown. Pa., July 14, 1T93, and died at Golconda, III., March U, 1869. Having received a liberal education in his native State, the subject of this sketch settled at Shawneetown, 111., in 1823, but removed to Golconda, Pope County, in 1826. He had previously served tliree years in the War of 1812, as First Lieutenant of the Sixteenth Infantry, and, while a resident of Illinois, served in the Black Hawk War of 1832 as Brigade Major. He was also elected Senator from the District composed of Pope and Johnson Counties in the Eighth General Assembly (1833), as successor to Samuel Alexander, who had resigned. The following year he was appointed Clerk of the Circuit Court of Pope County, and was also elected Clerk of the County Court the same year, holding both offices for many years, and retaining the County Clerkship up to his death, a period of thirty-five years. He was married March 22, 1827, to Juliet C. Field, and was father of Brig. -Gen. Green B. Raum, and Maj. Jolm M. Raum, both of whom served in the volunteer army from Illinois during the Civil War. RAWLINS, John Aaron, soldier, Secretary of War, was born at East Galena, Feb. 13, 1831, the son of a small farmer, who was also a charcoal- burner. The son, after irregular attendance on the district schools and a year passed at Mount Morris Academy, began tlie study of law. He was admitted to the bar at Galena in 1854, and at once began practice. In 18.')7 he was elected City Attorney of Galena, and nominated on the Doug- las electoral ticket in 1860. At the outbreak of the Civil War lie favored, and publicly advocated, coercive measures, and it is said that it was partly through his influence that General Grant early tendered his services to the Government. He served on tlie staff of the latter from the time General Grant was given command of a brigade imtil the close of the war, most of the time being its chief, and rising in rank, step by step, until, ■ in 1863, he became a Brigadier-General, and, in 1865, a Major-General. His long service on the staff of General Grant indicates the estimation in which he was held by his chief. Promptly on the assumption of the Presidency by General Grant, in March, 1869, lie was appointed Secre- tary of War, but consumption had already obtained a hold upon his constitution, and he sur- vived only six months, dying in office, Sept. 6, 1869. RAY, Charles H., journalist, was born at Nor- vrich, Chenango County, N. Y., March 13, 1821; came west in 1843, studied medicine and began practice at Muscatine. Iowa, afterwards locating in Tazewell County, III., also being associated, for a time, with the publication of a temperance paper at Springfield. In 1847 he removed to Galena, soon after becoming editor of "The Galena Jeffersonian,"' a Democratic paper, with which he remained until 1854. He took strong ground against the Kansas- Nebraska Bill, and, at the session of the Legislature of 185.5, served as Secretary of the Senate, also acting as corre- spondent of "The New York Tribune" ; a few months later became associated witli Joseph Medill and John C. Vaughan in the purchase and management of "The Chicago Tribune," Dr. Ray assuming the position of editor-in-chief. Dr. Ray was one of the most trencliant and powerful writers ever connected with the Illinois press, and his articles exerted a wide influence during the period of tlie organization of the Republican part}', in which he was an influential factor. He was a member of tlie Convention of Anti-Neb- raska editors held at Decatur, Feb. 22, 1856, and served as Chairman of the Committee on Reso- lutions. (See Anti-Nebraska Editorial Conven- tion.) At the State Republican Convention held at Bloomington, in May following, he was appointed a member of the State Central Com- mittee for that j-ear; was also Canal Trustee by appointment of Governor Bissell, serving from 1857 to 1861. In November, 1863, he severed his connection with "The Tribune" and engaged in oil spe<-ulations in Canada which proved finan- cially disastrous. In 1865 he returned to tlie j)aper as an editorial writer, remaining only for a short time. In 1868 he assumed the niiinagement of "The Chicago Evening Post," with wliioh lie remained identified until his death, Sept. 23, 1870. RAY, Lyman Reecher, ex-Lieutenaut-Gov- ernor, was born iii Crittenden County, Vt., August 17, 1831; removed to Illinois in 18.52, and has since, been engaged in mercantile business in this State. After filling several local offices he was elected to represent Grundy County in the lower house of the Twenty-eighth General Assembly (1872), and, ten years later, was chosen State .Senator, .serving from 1883 to 1887. and being one of the recognized party leaders on tlie floor. In 1888, he was elected Lieutenant-Gov- ernor on the Republican ticket, his term expiring in 1893. His liome is at Morris, Grundy County. RAY, William H., Congressman, was born in Dutchess County, N. Y., Dec. 14, 1813; grew to manhood in his native State, receiving a limited HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 443 education; in 1834 removed to Rushville, III., engaging in business as a merchant and, later, as a banker ; was a member of the fu'st State Board of Equalization (1867-69), and, in 1872, was elected to Congress as a Republican, representing his District from 1873 to 187.""). Died, Jan. 25, 1881. RAYMOND, a village of Montgomery County, on the St Louis Division of the Wabash Railway, 50 miles southwest of Decatur ; has electric lights, some manufactures and a weekly paper. Con- siderable coal is mined here and grain and fruit grown in the surrounding country. Population (1880). 543: (1890). 841; (1900), 906. RAYMOND, (Rev.) Miner, D.D., clergyman and educator, was born in New Y'ork City, August 29, 1811, being descended from a family of Huguenots (known by the name of "Rai- monde"), who were expelled from France on account of their religion. In his youth he learned the trade of a shoemaker with his father, at Rensselaerville, N. Y. He united with the Methodist Episcopal Church at the age of 17, later taking a course in the Wesleyan Academy at Wilbraham, Mass., where he afterwards became a teacher. In 1838 he joined the New England Conference and, three years later, began pastoral work at Worcester, subsequently occu- pying pulpits in Boston and Westfield. In 1848, On the resignation of Dr. Robert Allyn (after- wards President of McKendree College and of the Southern Illinois Normal University at Carbon- dale), Dr. Raymond succeeded to the principalship of the Academy at Wilbraham, remaining there until 1864, when he was elected to the chair of systematic theology in the Garrett Biblical Insti- tute at Evanston, 111., his connection with the latter institution continuing until 1895, when he resigned. For some three years of this period he served as pastor of the First Methodist Church at Evanston. His death occurred, Nov. 25, 1897. REAVIS, Loiran Uriab, journalist, was born in the Sangamon Bottom, Ma.son County, 111., March 26, 1831 ; in 1855 entered the office of "The Beardstown Gazette, " later purcliased an intere.st in the paper and continued its iiublication under the name of '"The Central lUinoian," until 1857, when he sold out and went to Nebraska. Return- ing, in 1860, he repurchased his old paper and conducted it until 1866, when he sold out for the last time. The remainder of his life was devoted chiefly' to ailvocating the removal of the National Capital to St. Louis, whicli he did by lectures and the publication of pamphlets and books on the subject; also published a "Life of Horace Greeley. ■■ another of General Harnej-, and two or three other volumes. Died in St. Louis, April 25, 1889. RECTOR, the name of a prominent and influ- ential family who lived at Kaskaskia in Terri- torial davs. According to Governor Reynohls, who has left the most detailed account of them in Ids ""Pioneer History of Illinois,"" they consisted of nine brothers and four daughters, all of whom were born in Fauquier County, Va., some of them emigrating to Ohio, while others came to Illinois, arriving at Kaskaskia in 1806. Reynolds describes them as passionate and impulsive, but possessed of a high standard of integrity and a chivalrous and patriotic spirit. — William, the oldest brother, and regarded as the head of the family, became a Deputy Surveyor soon after coming to Illinois, .and took part in the Indian campaigns between 1812 and 1814. In 1816 he was appointed Surveyor-General of Illinois, Mis- souri and Arkansas, and afterwards removed to St. Louis. — Steplien, another of the brothers, was a Lieutenant in Captain Moore's Company of Rangers in the War of 1812, while Cliarles commanded one of the two regiments organized by Governor Edwards, in 1812. for the expedition against the Indians at the head of Peoria Lake. — Nelson, still another brother, served in the same expedition on the staff of Governor Edwards. Stephen, ah-eady mentioned, was a member of the expedition sent to strengthen Prairie du Chien in 1814, and showed great cour- age in a fight with the Indians at Rock Island. During the same year Nelson Rector and Captain Samuel Whiteside joined Col. Zachary Taylor (afterwards President) in an expedition on the Upper Mississippi, in which they came in conflict with the British and Indians at Rock Island, in which Captain Rector again displayed the cour- age so characteristic of his family. On the 1st of March, 1814, while in charge of a surveying party on Saline Creek, in Gallatin County, according to Reynolds, Nelson was ambushed by the Indians and, though severely wounded, was carried away by his horse, and recovered. — Elias, anotlier mem- ber of the family, was Governor Edwards' lirst Adjutant-General, serving a few months in 1809, wlien he gave place to Robert Morrison, but was reappointed in 1810, serving for more than three years. — Thomas, one of the younger members, had a duel with Joshua Barton on "Bloody Island," sometime between 1812 and 1814, in which he killed his antagonist. (See Duels.) A ])ortion of this historic family drifted into Arkan- sas, where they became prominent, one of their 444 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. descendants serving as Governor of that State during tlie Civil War period. RED Bl'l), a city in Randolph County, on the Mobile & Ohio Railroad, some 37 miles south- southeast of St. Louis, and 21 miles south of Belle- ville; has a carriage factory and two flouring mills, electric lights, a hospital, two banks, five churches, a graded school and a weekly news- paper. Pop. (1890), 1,176; (1900), 1,169. REEVES, Owen T,, lawyer and jurist, was born in Ross County, Ohio, Dec. 18, 1829 ; gradu- ated at the Ohio Wesleyan University, at Dela- ware, in 1S50, afterwards serving as a tutor in that institution and as Principal of a Higli School at Chillicothe. In 18.54 he came to Bloom- ington, III, and, as a member of the School Board, assisted in reorganizing the school system of that city; also has served continuously, for over 40 years, as one of the Trustees of the Illi- nois Wesleyan University, being a part of the time President of the Board. In the meantime, he had begun the practice of law, served as City Attorney ai;d member of the Board of Supervis- ors. Jul}' 1, 1862, he enlisted in the Seventieth Illinois Volunteers (a 100-days' emergency regi- ment), was elected Colonel and mustered out, with his command, in October, 1862. Colonel Reeves was subsequently connected with the construction of the Lafa3-ette, Bloomington & Mississippi Railroad (now a part of the Illinois Central), and was also one of the founders of the Law Department of the Wesleyan LTniversity. In 1877 he was elected to the Circuit bench, serv- ing continuously, by repeated re-elections, until 1891 — during the latter part of his incumbency being upon the Appellate bench. REEVES, Walter, Member of Congress and lawyer, was born near Brownsville, Pa., Sept. 25, 1848; removed to Illinois at 8 years of age and was reared on a farm; later became a teacher and lawyer, following his profession at Streator; in 1894 he was nominated by the Republicans of the Eleventh District for Congress, as successor to the Hon. Thomas J. Henderson, and was elected, receiving a majority over three competitors. Mr. Reeves was re-elected in 1896, and again in 1898. REFORMATORY, ILLINOIS STATE, a prison for the incarceration of male offenders under 21 years of age, who are believed to be susceptible of reformation. It is the successor of the '"State Reform School," which was created by act of the Legislature of 18G7, but not opened for the admission of inmates until 1871. It is located at Pontiac. The number of inmates, in 1872, was 165, which was increased to 324 in 1890. The results, while moderately successful, were not altogether satisfactorj'. The appropriations made for con- struction, maintenance, etc., were not upon a scale adequate to accomplish what was desired, and. in 1891, a radical change was effected. Previous to that date the limit, as to age, was 16 years. The law establishing the present reforma- tory provides for a system of indeterminate sen- tences, and a release upon parole, of inmates who, in the opinion of the Board of Managers, may be safely granted conditional liberation. The inmates are divided into two classes. (1) those between the ages of 10 and 16, and(2) those between 16 and 21. The Board of Managers is composed of five members, not more than three of whom shall be of the same part}', their term of office to be for ten years. The course of treat- ment is educational (intellectually, morally and industrially), schools being conducted, trades taught, and the inmates constantly impre.ssed with the conviction that, only through genuine and unmistakable evidence of improvement, can they regain their freedom. The reformatory influence of the institution may be best inferred from the results of one year's operation. Of 146 inmates paroled, 15 violated their parole and became fugitives, 6 were returned to the Reformatory, 1 died, and 124 remained in employment and regularly reporting. Among the industries carried on are painting and glaz- ing, masonry and plastering, gardening, knit- ting, chair-caning, broom-making, carpentering, tailoring and blacksmithing. The grounds of the Reformatory contain a vein of excellent coal, which it is proposed to mine, utilizing the clay, thus obtained, in the manufacture of brick, which can be employed in the construction of additional needed buildings. The average num- ber of inmates is about 800, and the crimes for which they are sentenced range, in gravity, from simple assault, or petit larceny, to the most seri- ous offenses known to the criminal code, with the e.xception of homicide. The number of inmates, at the beginning of the year 1895, was 812. An institution of a similar character, for the confinement of juvenile female offenders, was established under an act of the Legislature passed at the session of 1893. and located at Gen- eva, Kane County. (See Home for Juvenile Female Offenders.) RELIGIOUS DEXOMIXATIONS. The State constitution contains the familiar guaranty of absolute freedom of conscience. The chief denominations have gi'own in like ratio with the HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 445 population, as may be seen from figures given below. The earliest Christian services held were conducted by Catholic missionaries, who attested the sincerity of their convictions (in many instances) by the sacrifice of their lives, either through violence or exposure. The aborigines, however, were not easily Christianized ; and, shortly after the cession of Illinois by France to Great Britain, the Catholic missions, being gener- allj' withdrawn, ceased to exert much influence upon the red men, although the French, who remained in the ceded territory, continued to adhere to their ancient faith. (See Early Mis- sionaries. ) One of the first Protestant sects to hold service in Illinois, was the Methodist Epis- copal; Rev. Joseph Lillard coming to Illinois in 1793, and Rev. Hosea Riggs settling in the American Bottom in 1796. (For history of Methodism in Illinois, see Methodist Episeopal Church.) The pioneer Protestant preacher, however, was a Baptist — Elder James Smith — who came to New Design in 1787. Revs. David Badgley and Joseph Chance followed him in 1796, and the first denominational association was formed in 1807. (As to inception and growth of this denomination in Illinois, see also Bap- tists.) In 1814 the Massachusetts Missionary Society sent two missionaries to Illinois — Revs. Samuel J. Mills and Daniel Smith. Two years later (1816), the First Presbyterian Church was organized at Sliaron, by Rev. James McGready, of Kentucky. (See also Presbyterians. ) The Congregationalists began to arrive with the tide of immigration that set in from the Eastern States, early in the '30's. Four churches were organized in 1833, and the subsequent growth of tlie denomination in the State, if gradual, has been steady. (See Congregationalists.) About the same time came the Disciples of Christ (some- times called, from their founder, "Campbellites"). Thej' encouraged free discussion, were liberal and warm hearted, and did not require belief in any particular creed as a condition of membership. The sect grew rapidly in numerical strength. (See Disciples of Christ. ) The Protestant Episco- palians obtained their first foothold in Illinois, in 1830, when Rev. Philander Chase (afterward con- secrated Bishop) immigrated to the State from the East. (See Protestant Episcopal Church.) The Lutherans in Illinois are chiefly of German or Scandinavian birth or descent, as may be inferred from the fact that, out of sixtj'-four churches in Chicago under care of the Missouri Synod, only four use the English language. They are the only Protestant sect maintaining (when- ever possible) a system of parochial schools. (See Lutherans.) There are tweut}--six other religious bodies in the State, exclusive of the Jews, who have twelve synagogues and nine rabbis. Ac- cording to the census statistics of 1890, these twenty-six sects, with their numerical strength, number of buildings, ministers, etc., are as fol- lows: Anti-Mission Baptists, 2,800 members, 78 churches and 63 ministers; Church of God, 1,200 members, 39 churches, 34 ministers; Dunkards, 121,000 members, 155 churches, 83 ministers; Friends ("Quakers") 2,655 members, 35 churches; Free Metliodists, 1,805 members, 38 churches, 84 ministers; Free- Will Baptists. 4,694 members, 107 churches, 72 ministers; Evangelical Association, 15,904 members, 143 churches, 152 ministers; Cumberland Presbyterians, 11,804 members, 198 churches, 149 ministers; Methodist Episcopal (South) 3,927 members, 34 churches, 33 minis- ters; Moravians, 720 members, 3 churches, 3 ministers; New Jerusalem Church (Swedenborgi- ans), 662 members, 14 chui-ches, 8 ministers; Primitive Methodist, 230 members, 2 churches, 2 ministers; Protestant Methodist, 5,000 members, 91 churches, 106 ministers ; Reformed Church in United States, 4,100 members, 34 churches, 19 ministers; Reformed Church of America, 2,200 members, 24 churches, 23 ministers; Reformed EpLscopalians, 2,150 members, 13 churches, 11 ministers; Reformed Presbyterians, 1,400 mem- bers. 7 churches, 6 ministers; Salvation Army, 1,980 members; Second Adventists, 4,500 mem- bers, 64 churches, 35 ministers; Seventh Day Baptists, 320 members, 7 churches, 11 ministers; Universalists, 3,160 members, 45 churches, 37 ministers; Unitarians, 1,225 members, 19 churches, 14 ministers; United Evangelical, 30,000 members, 129 churches, 108 ministers; United Brethren, 16,500 members, 275 churches, 260 ministers; United Presbyterians, 11,250 mem- bers, 203 churches, 199 ministers; Wesleyan Methodists, 1,100 members, 16 churches, 33 min- isters. (See various Churches under their proper names; also Boman Catholic Church.) REND, William Patricls, soldier, capitalist, and coal-operator, was born in County Leitrim, Ireland, Feb. 10, 1840. brought to Lowell, Mass., in boyhood, and graduated from the high school there at 17; taught for a time near New York City and later in Maryland, where he began a course of classical study. The Civil War coming on, he enlisted in the Fourteenth Regiment New York Volunteers, serving most of the time as a non-commi.ssioned officer, and participating in the battles of the second Bull Run. Malvern Hill, 446 UISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Antietam, Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville. After the war he came to Chicago and secured employment in a railway surveyor's office, later acting as foreman of the Northwestern freight depot, and finalh' embarking in the coal business, which was conducted with such success that he became the owner of some of the most valuable mining properties in the coimtry. Meanwhile lie has taken a deep interest in the welfare of miners and other classes of laborers, and has sought to promote arbitration and conciliation between employers and employed, as a means of averting disastrous strikes. He was especially active during the long strike of 1^97, in eflforts to bring about an understanding between the miners and the operators. For several years he held a commission as Lieutenant-Colonel of the Illinois National Guard until compelled, by the demands 'of his private business, to tender his resignation. REPRESEXTATIYES IN CONGRESS. The foUowinj^ table presents the names, residence. Districts re])resented. politics (except as to earlier onesK and length of term or terms of service of Illinois Representatives in the lower House of Consress, f as a Territory down to the present time; (D. Democrat; \V, Whig; K, Republican; rom the organization of Illinois G-B, Greenback; P, Fopuhst). Sbadrach Bond Kaskaskia Benjamin Stephenson Edwardsviile.. Nathaniel Pope ' Kaskaskia John McLean |Sbawneetown. Daniel P. Cook [Kaskaskia. JacksonA Morgan Cos Jacksonville Springtield Belleville Belleville BelleviUe Mt. Vernon Belleville Joseph Duncan, Joseph Duncan , WiUiam L. May.D., Charles Slade... .... John Beynulds, D... John Reynolds, D... Zadoc Casey, D Adam W, Snyder. D John T. Stuart, W |Springheld John T.Stuart, O.P Springfield, Kohert Smith. D I Alton John A. McClernand, D . . . Shawneetown John A. McClernand. D .. ., Springfield Orlando B. Ficklin, J) , Charleston Orlando B. Ficklin, D Charleston Jolin Wen [worth, D ; Chicago John Went worth, D Chicago John Wentworth.R Chicago Stephen A. Douglas, D Quiucy WiUiam A. Richardson, D. jRushville andQuincy WiUiam A. Richardson, D. jQuincy Joseph P. Hoge, D... Galena John J. Hardin, W Jacksonville Edward D. Baker, W SSpringfield Edward D. Baker, W Calena John Henry, W 'Jacksonville Tliomas J. Turner,!) Freeporl Abraham Lincoln, W Springfield William H.Bisscii. D i Belleville William H.Bissell.D Belleville. Marshall ... Petersburg . Petersburg. Marion Marion .... Belvidere... Galena. . Timothy B. Young. D. Thomas L. Harris, D Thomas I-. Hsirris, D... Willis Ahen, D Willis Allen. D Richard S. Maloney, !>., Thompson Campbell, J), Richard Vates, \V Jacksonville. Richard Yates. W Jacksonville. E- B. Washburne, R Galena E. B. Washburne, R Galena , Jesse O. Norton, R , Jesse O. Norton, R James Knox, R James C. Allen, D James C. Allen. D James H. Woodwurlh, R Jacob C. Davis, D Lyman Trumbull, B J. L. I). Morrison, D Samuels. Murshall.D. ... Samuel S. MarshulMi Samuels. Marshall, D. .. John F. Farnsworth. R ... John F. Farnsworth, R .. Owen Lo vejoy , R Owen Lovejov. R William Kellogg, R Isaac N. Morris, D Charles D. Hodges, I> ... Aaron Sbaw, D 1 Territory., Territory., Territory. State State Stale , Third Third First First First Second ..., First Third Eighth .... First Second ... Sixth Third Third Fourth ... Second First Fifth Fifth Sixth Sixth Seventh .. Seventh . . SLxth Seventh . . Sixth Seventh... First Eighth.... Third. ... Seventh . . Sixth Second.... Ninth Fourth.... Sixth Seventh... Sixth First Third Joliet Joliet Kuoxvilte Palestine Palestine ;Chicago Quincy Belleville I Belleville McLeansboro... 'McLeansboro .. McLeansboro... Chicago St. Charles Princeton Princeton Canton Quincy CarrolUon Lawrenceville.. Third , sixth , Fourth , Seventh State-at-large Second Firth Eighth Eighth Ninth Eleventh Nineleenlh ... Second Second Third Fifth Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh l.Sl-2-14 18H-lti 1816-18 1818-19 1819-27 1827-33 18:13-34 1834-39 1833-34 1834-37 1839-43 1833-43 1837-39 1839-43 1863-65 1843-49 1843-51 1859-62 1843-49 1851-53 1843-51 1853-55 1865-67 1843-47 1847-5t; 1861-63 1843-45 1843-15 1845-46 1849-51 Feb. to Mar.. 1847, 1847-19 1847-49 1849-53 1853-55 1849-51 1849-51 1855-58 1851-53 1853-55., 1861-53.. 1851-53.. 1851-53.. 1853-55., 1853-63.. l8r.3-69. . 1853-57 1863-65 1853-57 1853-57 1863-65 1855-57 ... 1856-67 1855 1855-57 1855-59 l8(i5-73 1873-75 1S57-61 18f.;^73 1857-63 1863-65 1857-63 1857-61 Jan. to Mar.. 1859. I857-S9 Reuarks. Made Rec'r of Pub. Moneys. Made Rec'r of Pub. Moneys. Elected V. S. Senator, 1824 and "Sit. Elected Governor: resigned. To succeed Duncan. Died; term completed by Reynolds. One and cue-half terms. Resigned, Dec., *61 ; succeeded by A. L. Knapp. El'd U.S. Sen,.Apr./47;suc,hyW. A.Richardson Res'd.Aug., '56; term filled by Jacob C. Davis. Resigned, Dec, '46; succeeded by John Henry. Served Baker's unexpired term. Died, Nov.24, '58; sue. by Chas. D. Hodges. , Resignd, March 9, '69 to accept French oils- I sion; term filled by H. C. Burchard. To fill unexpired term of RichardsoD. Chosen U. S. Senator; resigned. Filled Trumbull's une.xpired term. Died, Mar.. *64: term filled by E.C.Ingersoll. Filled unexpired term of Thoe. L. Harris. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 447 Aaron Shaiv. IJ Juuies L". Robinson, D. James C Uobinsoil, D. JaiitesC. Bobinson, V. James C Kobinaon, I). Philip B. Fouke. D .. John A. Logan, R John A. Logan, D Isaac N. Arnold, R Isaac N. Arnold, R William J, Allen, D William J. Allen, D A. L, Knapp, 1> A. L. Knapp. D Charles M. Harris, R Ebon C. lE^gersoll, R John R. Eden, D John R. Eden, D John R. Eden, D Lewis W. Rosn, D William R, Morrison, J)... William R. Morrison, D .. William R. Morrison, D... S. W. Moulton, R S. W, Moulton, D S. W. Monlton, D Abner C. Harding. R Burton C Cook, R H, P. H. Bromwell.R Shelby M. Cnllom, R Anthony Thornton, D Jehu Baker, R Jehu Baker. R Jehu Baker. P A. J. Kuykeiidall, R Norman B. Judd, R Albert O. Burr, D Green B. Raum, R Horatio C. Burchard, R... Hnralio C Burchard, E... John B. Hawley, R JohnB. Hawley, R Jense H. Moore, R Thomas W. McNeeley, D. John B. Hay, R Jolin .M. Crebs, D John L. Beverldge, R Charles B. Farwell, R Charles B. Farwell, R Charles B. Farwell, R Brad. N. Stevens, R Henry Snapp, R Edward Y. Rice, D . John B. Rice, R B. G. Caultield. D Jasper D. Ward, R Stephen A. Hurlbut, R Franklin Corwin, R Greenbur.v L, Fort, R. Kksidencb. Sixteenth.. Seventh .,. Eleventh.. Eighth .... Tweirth... Eighth .... Ninth LawrenceviUe ., Marshall Marshall Springheld Spriiiglield Belleville Benton Carboudale State-at-large. Chicago Second Chicago First Marion Ninth Marion Thirteenth Jerseyvllle Fifth Jersey ville Tenth Oquawka Fourth Peoria Fifth Sullivan Seventh Sullivan Fifteenth Sullivan Seventeenth... Lewistown Ninth Waterloo Twelfth Waterloo Seventeenth... Waterloo Eighteenth — Slielbvville State-at-large. Shelbvville Fifteenth Shelby ville Seventeenth.. Monmouth Fourth Ottawa Sixth Charleston Seventh Spri ngjield Eighth Shelby ville Tenth Belleville Twelfth Belleville Eighteenth — Belleville Twenty-flrst . Vienna Thirteeniii Chicago First Carrollton Tenth Metropolis Thirteenth Freeport Third Freeport Fifth Rocklsland Fourth Rock Island Sixth Decatur Seventh Petersburg Ninth Belleville Twelfth Carmi Thirteenth — Evanston State-at-large . Chicago First Chicago Third Chicago Third Princeton Fifth Joliet Sixth Hillsboro Tenth Chicago First Chicago 1 First Chicago Second Belvidere " Peru Lacon Canton Granville Barriere, R Willlaoi H, Ray. R iRushville Robert M. Knapp, D IJerseyville Robert M. Knapp, D IJerseyville John McNulta, R ' Bloomington Joseph G. Cannon, R ;Tu8colaand Danville Jo.seph G, Cannon, R jDanviile Joseph G. Cannon, R Danville Joseph G. Cannon, R ' Danville James 3. Martin, R uSalein Isaac Clements, R Carbondale Carter H. Harrison, I) k:hicago John V. Le .Movne, D Chicago T.J. Henderson, R Princeton AGeneseo, T.J. Henderson, R Princeton Alexander Campbell, G.B.. LaSalle Richard H. Whif.ng, R JohnC. Bagbv, D .Scott Wike, li Scott Wike, D William M. Springer, D. .. William M. Springer, D. . Adlai E. Stevenson. D Bloomington. Adiai E. Stevenson, D Bloomington., Fourth Seventh Eighth Ninth Tenth Eleventh Eleventh Thirteenth... Fourteenth ... Fifteenth Fifteenth Twelfth Sixteentli Eighteenth... Second Third Sixth Seventh Seventh Peoria (Ninth Rushville | Tenth Pittsfield lEIeveiith PittsHeld Twelfth Springfield iTwelfth Springfield iThirteenth. . . Tliirteenth.... Thirteenth . . Williani.^J Sparks. D. William Hartzell.D .. . William B. Anderson, D . William Aldrlch. R Carter H Harrison, D ... Lorenz Brentano. R William I.athrop. R Philip C Haves. R Thomas A Bovd. R Benjamin F Marsh, R ,. Carlyle [.Sixteenth. jChester Eighteenth „ 'Mt. Vernon Nineteenth.. jChicago First 'Chicago Second IChicago iThIrd Rockford Fourth Morris ISeventh Lewis ton Ninth Warsaw (Tenth IS83-S5. . mo!).«3.. m()3-ti5. . 1871-73.. l»73-7o . 1S50-63.. 1839-62.. 1809-71.. 1S61J;3.. 18li.i-65.. 18011-63. . 1803-65.. 1861-63.. 1863-65.. 1863-05.. 1661-71., 1803-65,. 1873-79.. 1885-87.. 1803-09... 1863-65.. 1873-83.. 1883-87.. 1S65-87.. 1881-83.. 1883-85.. 1865-69.. 1865-71., 1865-69., 1865-71... 1865-07.. 1805-09.. 1887-89.. 1897-99.. 1805-67... .^-7-71.. 1867-71.. 1807-69... 1869-73.. 1873-79... 1869-73.., 1873-75.. 1869-73., 1869-73. 1869-73. 1869-73., 1871-7.3.. 1871-73.. 1873-76.. 1881-83.. 1871-73., 1871-73., 1871 73. 1873-74. 1874-77.. 1873-75.. 1873-77.. 1873-75.. 1873-81.. l87-'i-75.. 187.3-75.. 1873-75.. 1877-79.. 1873-75.. 1873-83.. 1883-91 . 1,893-95.. 1805. 1873-75.. 1873-75.. 1875 79.. l,'i7G 77., 1875-83. 1883-95., 1875-77., 1875-77.. 1875-77.. 1875-77.., 1889-93., 1875 83., 1883 95., 1875-77. 1879-81.. 187.5-83.. 1875 79., 1875 77.. 1877-8.1.. 187; 1877-79.. 1877-79.. 1877-81. 1877 -SI. 1.877-8.3.. Served Logan's unexpired term. Served McClernand*s unexpired term. Res'd, Apr. "62; term filled by W. J. Allen. < Chosen V. S. Senator, 1871; resigned; term ( tilled by John L. Beveridge. 1864-'G5 filled Lovejoy's unexpired t«rm . Re-elected, '70 but res'd before beg'ng of term. Filled unexpired term of Washburne. Served unexpired term of Logan. May, '76, seat awarded to J. V. LeMoyne. Filled unexpired term of B. C. Cook. Died Dec '74; succeeded by B. G. Caultield. From 1874-76 served out Rice's term. Awarded seat, vice Farwell. 448 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Residence. BenjaDiin F. Marsh, R Berijainiii F. Marsh. R Thomas F. Tfpton. R E. W. Towiishend. D Goorge R. Davis. R George R. Davis. R Hirani Barber. R John C. Sherwiii, R R. Itf. A.Hawk.R James W.Jiiingleton, D A. P. ForsvUie, G. B JohiiR. Thomas. R John R.Thomas. R William Cullen.R William CulIen.R Lewis E. Payson, R Lewis E. Payson. R John H. Lewis, R Dietrich C.Smith. R R. W. Dunham, R John F. Finerty, R George E, Adams, R Reuben Ell wood, R Robert R. Hitt, R Robert R, Hitt, R N, E, Worthington, D Willi.am H, Neece, D James M, Riggs, D Joualhau H, Rowell. R,., Prank Lawler. D James H. Ward. D Albert J. Hopkins, R, Albert J, Hopkins, R Ralph Plumb, R SilasG, Landes, D William E, Mason, R Philip Sidney Post, R William H.Gest, R George A, Anderson, D Edward Lane, D AbnerTavlor, R Charles A, Hill, R Geo, W, Filhian, D Williams, Forman, D James R, Williams, D James R, Williams, D George W, Smith. R George ■«'. Smith, R Lawrence E, McQarin, D, , Allan C, Durborow, Jr,, D WalterC, Newberry, D... Lewis Steward. Ind Warsaw j Eleventh . Warsaw Fil'teenth . Bloomingtou. ShawneetowQ Chicago Chicago Chicago Geneva and Elgin,, Mt, Carroll Quincy Isabel Metropolis Metropolis Ottawa Ottawa Poutiac Pontiac Knosville Pekin Chicago Chicago Chicago Sycamore Mt. Morris Mt. Morris Peoria Macomb Winchester ; Bloomington Chicago Chicago .Aurora Aurora Streator Mt. Carmel Chicago Galesburg Rock Island Quincy Hillsboro Chicago Thirteenth... Nineteenth... Second Third Third Fourth Fifth Eleventh Fifteenth Eighteenth... Twentieth Seventh Eighth Eighth Ninth Ninth Thirteenth ... First Second Fourth Fifth Sixth Ninth Tenth Eleventh Twelfth Fourteenth.,. Second Third Fifth Eighth Eighth Sixteenth Third Tenth Eleventh Twelfth Seventeenth. . First Eighth . 1877-89.. 1879-83. 1879-81 I I879-8'i!! !!!!jbierge E, Foss, R Chicago .Seventh George W. Prince, R Galesburg Tenth Walter Reeves. R 'streator Eleventh Vespasian Warner, R ^Clinton | Thirteenth J. V. Graff. R ' Pekin Fourteenth.... Finis E. Downing. 1) ] Virginia , ! Sixteenth James A,Connoily,R Springfield Seventeenth,.. Frederick Remaim, R I Vandaha Eighteenth — Wm, F. L. Hadley.R lEdwardsville Eighteenth Benson Wood, R [Effingham Xi..eleenth. . Orlando Burrell.R , Carmi Twentieth ,,, Everett J, Murphy, R East St, Louis Twenty-tirst James R, Mann, R Chicago First Daniel W, Mills, R Chicago Second Thomas M, Jett, D Hillsboro Eighteenth James R, Campbell, D McLeansboro Twentieth.,,, George P. Foster. R Chicago Third . Thomas Cusack, D Chicago Fourth Edgar T, Noonan.l) Chicago Filth Henry S, lioutell, R IChicago Sixth W. E. Williams. D Pittsfleld Sixteenth B. F. Caldwell, D Chatham Seventeenth,. Joseph B. Crowley, D Robinson Nineteenth .,, W. A. Rodenberg, R EastSt. Louis |Twenty lirst,. 1893-95 1895—., 1887-89. , 1887-95.. )-93,, 1889-91., S-95,. 1889-95., S-95.. 1899—,, 1889-95,. 1895- . . 1891-95.. 1-9.V, 1891-93., 1891-93,. 1-.91-93.. 1891-93., lt9.3-95.. 1893-95.. 1893-97,, 1893-95.. 1893-95.. 1893-95.. 1895— ' 1895-99 .\warded seat aftercon. with L. E. McGann. 1895-99 1 1805-98 I Died, June 4, 1893- 1895- 8; suc'd. by Henry a Boutell. 1895— 1895— 1895— .!".'.'.'."."...... ..'Dietiijui.v 14. 'kV suc'd. ijy W. J?. il Hatjiey. lo95- Elected to fill vacancy. 1895-97 1895-97 1895-97 ' 1897- 1897- 1899- . 11899-. 1898— [Succeeded E. D. Cooke, deceased. 1899— ' 1899- 1899- HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 449 REYNOLDS, John, Justice of Supreme Court and fourth Governor of Illinois, was born of Irish ancestry, in ilontgomerj' County, Pa., Feb. 26, 17S9, and brought by his parents to Kaskaskia, 111., in 1800, .spending the first nine years of his life in Illinois on a farm. xVfter receiving a com- mon school education, and a two years' course of study in a college at Knoxville, Tenn., he studied law and began practice. In 1812-13 be served as a scout in the campaigns against the Indians, winning for himself the title, iu after life, of "The Old Ranger." Afterwards he removed to Cahokia, where he began the practice of law, and, in 1818, became As.sociate Justice of the first Supreme Court of the new State. Retiring from the bench in 1S2.5, he served two terms in the Legislature, and was elected Governor in 1830, in 1833 personally commanding the State volunteers called for service in the Black Hawk War. Two weeks before the expiration of his term (1834), he resigned to accept a seat in Con- gress, to which he had been elected as the suc- cessor of Charles Slade, who had died in office, and was again elected in 1838, always as a Demo- crat. He dlso served as Representative in the Fifteenth General Assembly, and again in the Eighteenth (1853-54), being chosen Speaker of the latter. In 1858 he was the administration (or Buchanan) Democratic candidate for State Su- perintendent of Public Instruction, as opposed to the Republican and regular (or Douglas) Demo- cratic candidates. For some years he edited a daily paper called "The Eagle," which was pub- lished at Belleville. While Governor Reynolds acquired some reputation as a "classical scholar, ' ' from the time spent in a Tennessee College at that early day, this was not sustained by either his colloquial or written style. He was an ardent champion of slavery, and, in the early days of the Rebellion, gained unfavorable notori- ety in consequence of a letter written to Jefferson Davis expressing sympathy with the cause of "seces.sion. " Nevertheless, in spite of intense prejudice and bitter partisanship on some ques- tions, he possessed many amiable qualities, as shown by his devotion to temperance, and his popularity among persons of opposite political opinions. Although at times crude in style, ami not always reliable in his statement of historical facts and events. Governor Reynolds has rendered a valuable service to posteritj- by his writings relating to the early history of the State, espe- cially those connected with his own times. His best known works are: "Pioneer History of Illi- nois" (Belleville, 1848); "A Glance at the Crystal Palace, and Sketches of Travel" (1854); and "My Life and Times" (1855). His death occurred at Belleville. May 8, 1805. REYXOLDS, John Parker, Secretary and President of State Board of Agriculture, was born at Lebanon, Ohio, March 1, lbi30, antl graduated from tlie Miami University at the age of 18. In 1840 he graduated from the Cincinnati Law School, and soon afterward began practice. He removed to Illinois in 1854, settling first in Win- nebago County, later, successi\ely in Marion County, in Springfield and in Chicago. From 1860 to 1870 he was Secretary of the State Agri- cultural Society, and, upon the creation of the State Board of Agriculture in 1871, was elected its President, filling that position until 1888, when he resigned. He has also occupied numer- ous other posts of honor and of trust of a public or semi-public character, having been President of the Illinois State Sanitarj- Commission during the War of the Rebellion, a Commissioner to the Paris Exposition of 1867, Chief Grain Inspector from 1878 to 1882, and Secretary of the Inter- State Industrial Exposition Company of Chicago, from the date of its organization (1873) until its final dissolution. His most important public service, in recent yeai's, was rendered asDirector- in-Chief of the Illinois exhibit in the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893. REYNOLDS, Joseph Smith, soldier and legis- lator, was born at New Lenox, 111., Dec. 3, 1S39; at 17 years of age went to Chicago, was educated in the high school there, within a month after graduation enlisting as a private in the Sixty- fourth Illinois Volunteers. From the ranks he rose to a colonelcy through the gradations of Second-Lieutenant and Captain, and, in July, 1865, was brevetted Brigadier-General. He was a gallant soldier, and was thrice wounded. On his return home after nearly four years" service, he entered the law department of the Chicago University, graduating therefrom and beginning practice in 18(36, General Reynolds has been prominent in jjublic life, having .served as a member of both branches of the General Assem- bly, and having been "h, State Commissioner to the Vienna Exposition of 1873. He is a member of the G. A. R. , and, in 1875, was elected Senior Vice-Commander of the order for the United States. REYNOLDS, William Morton, clerg3'man, was born in Fayette County, Pa. , March 4, 1812 ; after graduating at Jefferson College, Pa., in 1S33, was connected with various institutions in that State, as well as President of Capital University at 450 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Columbus, Ohio, ; then, coming to Illinois, was President of the Illinois State University at Springfield, 1857-60, after which he became Prin- cipal of a female seminary in Chicago. Previ- ously a Lutlieran, he took orders in the Protestant Episcopal Church in 1804, and served several parishes until his death. In his early life he founded, and, for a time, conducted several reli- gious publications at Gettysburg, Pa., besides issuing a number of printed addresses and other published works. Died at Oak Park, near Chi- cago, Sept. 5, 1876. RHOADS, (Col.) Franklin Lawrence, soldier and steamboat captain, was born in Harrisburg, Pa., Oct. 11, 1824; brought to Pekin, Tazewell County, 111., in 1836, where he learned the print- er's trade, and, on the breaking out of the Mexican War, enlisted, serving to the close. Returning home he engaged in the river trade, and, for fifteen years, commanded steamboats on the Illinois, Mississippi and Ohio Rivers. In April, 1861. he was commissioned Captain of a company of three months' men attached to the Eighth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and, on the reorganization of the regiment for the three- years' service, was commissioned Lieutenant- Colonel, soon after being promoted to the colo- nelcy, as successor to Col. Richard J. Oglesby, who had been promoted Brigadier-General. After serving through the spring campaign of 1863 in Western Kentucky and Tennessee, he was com- pelled by rapidly declining health to resign, when he located in Shawneetown, retiring in 1874 to his farm near tliat city. During the latter years of his life he was a confirmed invalid, dying at Shawneetown, Jan. 6, 1879. RHOADS, Joshua, M.D., A.M., pliysician and educator, was born in Philadelphia, Sept. 14, 1806; studied medicine and graduated at the University of Pennsylvania with the degi-ee of M.D., also receiving tlie degree of A.M., from Princeton; after several years spent in practice as a physician, and as Principal in some of the public schools of Philadelphia, in 1839 he was elected Principal of the Pennsylvania Institution for the Blind, and, in 1850, took charge of the State Institution for the Blind at Jacksonville, 111., then in its infancy. Here he remained until 1874, when he retired. Died, February 1, 1876. RICE, Edward T., lawyer and jurist, born in Logan County, Ky., Feb. 8, 1820, was educated in the common schools and at Shurtleff College, after which he read law with John M. Palmer at Carlinville, and was admitted to practice, in 1845, at Hillsboro ; in 1847 was elected County Recorder of Montgomer}' County, and, in 1848. to the Six- teenth General Assembly, serving one term. Later lie was elected County Judge of Montgom- ery County, was Master in Chancery from 1853 to 1857, and the latter year was elected Judge of the Eighteenth Circuit, being re-elected in 1861 and again in 1867. He was also a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, and, at the election of the latter year, was chosen Repre- sentative in the Forty-second Congress as a Democrat. Died, April 16, 1883. RICE, John B., theatrical manager, Mayor of Chicago, and Congressman, was born at Easton, Md. , in 1809. By profession he was an actor, and, coming to Chicago in 1847, built and opened there the first theater. In 1857 he retired from the stage, and, in 1865, was elected Mayor of Chicago, the city of his adoption, and re-elected in 1867. He was also prominent in the early stages of the Civil War in the measures taken to raise troops in Chicago. In 1872 he was elected to the Forty-third Congress as a Republican, but, before the expiration of his term, died, at Nor- folk, Va., on Dec. 6, 1874. At a special election to fill the vacancy, Bernard G. Caulfield was chosen to succeed him. RICHARDSOX, William A., lawyer and poli- tician, born in Fayette County, Ky., Oct. 11, 1811, was educated at Transylvania University, came to the bar at 19, and settled in Schuyler County, 111., becoming State's Attorney in 1835; was elected to the lower branch of the Legislature in 1836, to the Senate in 1838, and to the House again in 1844, from Adams County — the latter year being also chosen Presidential Elector on the Polk and Dallas ticket, and, at the succeeding session of the General Assembly, serving as Speaker of the House. He entered the Jlexican War as Captain, and won a Majority through gallantry at Buena Vista. From 1847 to 1856 (when he resigned to become a candidate for Governor), lie was a Democratic Representative in Congress from the Quincy District ; re-entered Congress in 1861, and, in 1863, was chosen LTnited States Senator to fill the unexpired term of .Stephen A. Douglas. He was a delegate to tlie National Democratic Convention of 1868, but after that retired to private life, acting, for a short time, as editor of "The Quincy Herald." Died, at Quincy, Dec. 27, 1875. RICHLAND COUNTY, situated in the south- east quarter of the State, and lias an area of 361 square miles. It was organized from Edwards County in 1841. Among the early pioneers may be mentioned the Evans brothers, Thaddeus HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 451 Morehouse, Hugh Calhoun and son, Thomas Gardner, James Parker, Cornelius De Long, James Gilmore and Elijah Nelson. In 1820 there were but tliirty families in the district. The first frame houses — the Nelson and More- house homesteads — were built in 1821, and, some years later, James Laws erected the first brick house. The pioneers traded at Vincennes, but, in 1825, a store was opened at Stringtown by Jacob May ; and the same year the first school was opened at Watertown, taught by Isaac Chaun- cey. The first church was erected by the Bap- tists in 1822, and services were conducted by William Martin, a Kentuckian. For a long time the mails were carried on horseback by Louis and James Beard, but. in 1824, Stills and Whet- sell established a line of four-horse stages. The principal road, known as the "trace road," lead- ing from Louisville to Cahokia. followed a buffalo and Indian trail about where the main street of Olney now is. Olney was selected as the county-seat upon the organization of the county, and a Mr. Lilly built the first liouse there. The chief branches of industry followed by the inliabitants are agriculture and fruit- growing. Population (1880), 15,545; (1890), 15,019; (1000). ](;,391. KIDGE FARM, a villa leof Vermillion County, at junction of the Cleveland, Cincinnati. Chicago & St. Louis and the Toledo. St. Louis & Western Railroads, 174 miles northenst of St. Louis; has electric light plant, planmg mill, elevators, liank and two papers. Pop. (1900), 9:)::!; (1904), 1.300. RIDOELY, a manulacturing and mining sub- urb of the city of Springfield. An extensive rolling mill is located there, and there are several coal-shafts in the vicinity. Population(lyOO), 1.169. RIDOELY, Charles, manufacturer and capi- talist, born in Springfield. 111.. Jan. IT, 183G; was educated in private schools and at Illinois Col- lege; after leaving college spent some time as a clerk in his father's bank at Springfield, finally becoming a member of the firm and successively Cashier and Vice-President. In 1870 he was Democratic candidate for State Treasurer, but later has affiliated with the Republican party. About 1872 lie became identified with the Spring- field Iron Company, of which he lias been Presi- dent for many years ; has also been President of the Consolidated Coal Company of St. Louis and. for some time, was a Director of the W,abash Rail- road. Mr. Ridgely is also one of the Trustees of Illinois College. RIIMJELY, Nicholas H., early banker, was born in Baltimore, Md., April 27, 1800; after leaving school was engaged, for a time, in the dry-goods trade, but. in 1829, came to St. Louis to assume a clerkship in the branch of the United States Bank just organized there. In 1835 a branch of the State Bank of Illinois was established at Springfield, and Mr. Ridgely became its cashier, and, when it went into liqui- dation, -was appointed one of the trustees to wind up its affairs. He subsequently became Presi- dent of the Clark's Exchange Bank in that city, but this having gone into liquidation a few years later, he went into the private banking business as head of the "Ridgely Bank," which, in 1866, became the "Ridgely National Bank," one of the strongest financial institutions in the State out- side of Chicago. After the collapse of the inter- nal improvement scheme, Mr. Ridgely became one of the purchasers of the "Northern Cross Railroad" (now that part of the Wabash system extending from the Illinois river to Springfield), when it was sold by the State in 1847, paying therefor §21,100. He was also one of the Spring- field bankers to tender a loan to the State at the beginning of the war in 1861. He was one of the builders and principal owner of the Springfield gas-light system. His business career was an eminently successful one, leaving an estate at his death, Jan. 31, 18S3. valued at over §2,000,000. RIDGWAY, a village of Gallatin County, on the Shawneetown Division of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway, 12 miles northwest of ShawneetoTn ; has a bank and one newsiiappT. Pop. (1890). .523; (1900). 839; (1903, est), 1,000. RIDGWAY, Thomas S., merchant, banker and politician, was bom at Carmi. 111., August 30, 182G. His father having died when he was but 4 years old and his mother when he was 14, his education was largel}' acquired through contact with tlie world, apart from such as he received from his mother and during a year's attendance at a private school. When he was 6 years of age the family removed to Shawneetown, where he ever afterwards maile his home. In 1845 he em- barked in business as a merchant, and the firm of. Peeples & Ridgway soon became one of the most prominent in Southern Illinois. In 1865 tlie partners closed out their business and organized the first National Bank of Shawneetown, , of which, after the death of Mr. Peeples in 1875, Mr. Ridgway was President. He was one of the projectors of the Springfield & Illinois South- eastern Railway, now a part of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern system, and, from 1867 to 1874, served as its President. He was an ardent and active Republican, and served as a delegate 452 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. to every State and Xational Convention of his party from 1868 to 1S96. In 1874 he was elected State Treasurer, the candidate for Superintendent of Public Instruction on the same ticket being defeated. In 1876 and 1880 he was an unsuccess- ful candidate for his party's nomination for Gov- ernor. Three times he consented to lead the forlorn hope of the Republicans as a candidate for Congress from an impregnably Democratic stronghold. For several years lie was a Director of the McCormick Tlieological Seminary, at Clii- cago, and, for nineteen years, was a Trustee of the Southern Illinois Normal University at Carbon- dale, resigning in 1893. Died, at Shawneetown, Nov. 17, 1897. RIGGSj James M., ex-Congressman, was born in Scott County, 111., April 17, 1839, where he received a common school education, supple- mented by a partial collegiate course. He is a practicing lawj-er of Winchester. In 1864 he was elected Sheriff, serving two years. In 1871-73 he represented Scott County in the lower house of the Twenty-seventh General Assembly, and was State's Attorney from 1873 to 1876. In 1883, and again in 1884, he was the successful Democratic candidate for Congress in the Twelfth Illinois District. RIGGS, Scott, pioneer, was born in North Carolina about 1790; removed to Crawford Count}'. Ill, early in 181.5, and represented that county in the First General Assembly (1818-20). In 1835 he removed to Scott County, where he continued to reside until his death, Feb, 34, 1873. RI^AKER, John I., lawyer and Congressman, born in Baltimore, Md., Nov. 18, 1830. Left an orphan at an early age, he came to Illinois in 1836. and, for several years, lived on farms in Sangamon and IMorgan Counties; was educated at Illinois and McKendree Colleges, graduating from the latter in 1851 ; in 1853 began reading law with John M. Pahuer at Carlinville, and was admitted to the bar in 1854. In August, 1863, he recruited the One Hundred and Twenty-second Illinois Volunteers, of which he was commis- sioned Colonel. Four months later he was wounded in battle, but served with his regiment through the war, and was brevetted Brigailier- General at its close. Returning from the war he resumed the practice of his profession at Carlin- ville. Since 1858 he has been an active Rejiub- lican; has twice (1872 and '76) served his party as a Presidential Elector— the latter year for the Stateat-large — and. in 1874, accepted a nomina- tion for Congi-ess against William R. Morrison, largely reducing the normal Democratic major- ity. At the State Republican Convention of 1880 he was a prominent, but unsuccessful, candidate for the Republican nomination for Governor. In 1894 he made the race as the Republican candi- date for Congress in the Sixteenth District and, although his opponent was awarded the certifi- cate of election, on a bare majority of 60 votes on the face of the returns, a re-count, ordered by the Fifty- fourth Congress, showed- a majority for General Riuaker, and he was seated near the close of the first session. He was a candidate for re-election in 1896, but defeated in a strongly Democratic District. RIPLEY, Edward Pay son. Railway President, was born in Dorchester (now a part of Boston), Mass., Oct. 30, 1845, being related, on his mother's side, to the distinguished author. Dr. Edward Payson. After receiving his education in the high school of his native place, at the age of 17 he entered upon a commercial life, as clerk in a wholesale dry-goods establishment in Boston. About the time he became of age, he entered into the service of the Penn.sylvania Railroad as a clerk in the freight department in the Boston office, but, a few years later, assumed a responsible position in connection with the Chicago, Burling- ton & Quincy line, finally becoming General Agent for the business of that road east of Buffalo, though retaining his headquarters at Bo.ston. In 1878 he removed to Chicago to accept the position of General Freight Agent of the Chi- cago, Burlington & Quincj' System, with which he remained twelve years, serving successively as General Traffic Manager and General Manager, imtil June 1, 1890, when he resigned to become Third Vice-President of the Chicago. Milwaukee & St. Paul line. This relation was continued until Jan. 1, 1896, when Mr. Ripley accepted the Presidency of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad, which (1899) he now holds. Mr. Ripley was a prominent factor in securing the location of the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago, and, in April, 1891. was chosen one of the Directors of the Exposition, serving on the Executive Committee and the Committee of Ways and Means and Transportation, being Chair- man of the latter. RIVERSIDE, a suburban town on the Des Plaines River and the Chicago. Burlington & Quincy Railway. 11 miles west of Chicago; has handsome parks, several churches, a bank, two local jiapers and numerous fine residences. Population (1890). 1,000; (1900), 1,.')51 RIVERTON, a village in Clear Creek Town- ship, Sangamon County,. at the crossing of the HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 453 Wabash Railroad over the Sangamon River, 6^ miles east-northeast of Springfield. It has four churches, a nursery, and two coal mines Popu- lation (1880). 70.5: (1890), 1,127, (1900), 1 511; (1903, est), about C. 000. RIVES, John Cook, early banker and journal- ist, was born in Franklin County, Va., Jlay ~4, 1795; in. 1806 removed to Keutuckj', where he grew up under care of an uncle, Samuel Casey. He received a good education and was a man of high character and attractive manners. In his early manhood he came to Illinois, and was con- nected, for a time, with the Branch State Bank at Edwardsville, but, about 1824, removed to Shawneetown and held a position in the bank there; also studied law and was admitted to practice. Finally, having accepted a clerkship in the Fourth Auditor's Office in Washington, he removed to that city, and, in 1830, became associated with Francis P. Blair, Sr., in the establishment of "The Congressional Globe" (the predecessor of "The Congressional Record"), of which he finally became sole proprietor, so remaining until 1864. Like his partner, Blair, although a native of Virginia and a life-long Democrat, he was intensely loyal, and contrib- uted liberally of his means for the equipment of soldiers from the District of Columbia, and for the support of their families, during the Civil War. His expenditures for these objects have been estimated at some §30,000. Died, in Prince George's County, Md., April 10, 1864. ROAXOKE, a village of Woodford County, on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway, 26 miles northeast of Peoria; is in a coal district; has two banks, a coal mine, and one newspaper. Population (1880), 355; (1890), 831; (1900), 966. ROBB, Thomas Patten, Sanitary Agent, was born in Bath, Maine, in 1819; came to Cook County, 111., in 1838, and, after arriving at man- hood, established the first exclusive wholesale grocery house in Chicago, remaining in the busi- ness until 1850. He then went to California, establishing himself in mercantile business at Sacramento, where he remained seven years, meanwhile being elected Mayor of that city. Returning to Chicago on the breaking out of the war, he was appointed on the staff of Governor Yates with the rank of Major, and, while serv- ing in this capacity, was instrumental in giving General Grant the first duty he performed in the office of the Adjutant-General after his arrival from Galena. Later, he was assigned to duty as Inspector-General of Illinois troops with the rank of Colonel, having general charge of sanitary affairs until the close of the war, when he was appointed Cotton Agent for the State of Georgia, and, still later. President of the Board of Tax Commissioners for that State. Other positions held by him were those of Postmaster and Col- lector of Customs at Savannah, Ga. ; he was also one of the publishers of "The New Era," a Republican paper at Atlanta, and a prominent actor in reconstruction affairs. Resigning the Collectorship, he was appointed by the President United States Commissioner to investigate Mexi- can outi'ages on the Rio Grande border ; was sub- sequently identified with Texas railroad interests as the President of the Corpus Christi & Rio Grande Railroad, and one of the jjrojectors of the Chicago, Texas & Mexican Central Railway, being thus engaged until 1872. Later he returned to California, dying near Glenwood, in that State, April 10, 1895, aged 75 years and 10 months. ROBERTS, William' Charles, clergyman and educator, was born in a small village of Wales, England., Sept. 23, 1832; received his primary education in that countrj', but, removing to America during his minority, graduated from Princeton College in 1855, and from Princeton Theological Seminary in 1858. After filling vari- ous pastorates in Delaware, New Jersey and Ohio, in 1881 he was elected Corresponding Secretary of the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions, the next year being offered the Presidency of Rutgers College, which he declined. In 1887 he accepted the presidency of Lake Forest Univer- sity, which he still retains. From 1859 to 1,863 he was a Trustee of Lafayette College, and, in 1866, was elected to a trusteeship of his Alma Mater. He has traveled extensively in the Orient, and was a member of the first and third councils of the Reformed Churches, held at Edin- burgh and Belfast. Besides occasional sennons and frequent contributions to English, Ameri- can, German and Welsli jjeriodicals. Dr. Roberts has published a Welsh translation of the West- minster shorter catechism and a collection of letters on the great preachers of Wales, which appeared in Utica. 18C8. He received the degree of D.D., from Union College in 1872, and that of LL.D., from Princeton, in 1887. ROBINSON, an incorporated city and the county -seat of Crawford Courty. 25 miles north- west of Vincennes, Ind. , and 44 miles south of Paris, 111. ; is on two lines of railroad and in the heart of a fruit and agricultural region The city has water-works, electric lights, two banks and three weekly newspapers Population (1890) 1,387; (1900), 1,683; (1904), about 2,000. 454 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ROBINSON, James C, lawyer and former Congressman, was born in Edgar County, 111., in 1822, read law and was admitted to the bar in 1850. He served as a private during the Mexican War, and, in 1858, was elected to Congress as a Democrat, as be was again in 1860, '63, "70 and '73. In 1864 he was the Democratic nominee for Governor. He was a fluent speaker, and attained considerable distinction as an advocate in crimi- nal practice. Died, at Springfield, Nov. 3, 1886. ROBINSON, John M., United States Senator, born in Kentucky in 1793, was liberally educated and became a lawyer bj' profession. In early life lie settled at Carmi, 111., where he married. He was of fine physique, of engaging manners, and personally popular. Through his association with the State militia he earned the title of "General." In 1830 he was elected to the United States Senate, to fill the unexpired term of John McLean. His immediate predecessor was David Jewett Baker, ajipointed by Governor Edwards, who served one month but failed of election by the Legislature. In 1834 5Ir. Robinson was re- elected for a full term, which expired in 1841. In 1843 he was elected to a seat upon the Illinois Supreme bench, but died at Ottawa, April 27, of the same year, within three months after his elevation. ROCHELLE, a city of Ogle County and an intersecting point of the Chicago & Northwestern and the Chicago, Burlington & i^uiney Railways. It is 75 miles west of Chicago, 27 miles si^uth of Rockford, and 23 miles east by nortli of Dixon. It IS in a rich agricultural and stock-raising region, rendering Roehelle an important ship ping point. Among its industrial establish- ments are water work.s, electric lights, a flouring mill and silk underwear factory- The citj has three Iwiiks, live cluircbes and thi'ee newspapers. Pop (l.'-OO 1,789; (1900), 3,073, (1903), 3. 500. ROCnrSTEH, a village and early settlement in Sangamon County, laid out in 1819; in rich agri(niltm-,il district, on the Baltimore & Oliio Soirtli'.vestern Railroad, 7>4 miles southeast of Springfield; has a bank, two churches, one school, and a newspaper. Population (1900) 365 ROCK F.VLLS, a city in Whiteside County, on Rock Riverand tlie Chicago, Burlington it Quincy Railroad; has excellent water-power, a good public school system with a high scliool, banks and a weekly new.'-p;i])er. Agriiniltural imple- ments, bar-bed wire, fiirnitnre. floirr and paper are its chief manufactures. Water for the navigable feeder of the Hennepin Canal is taken from Rock River at this point. Pop. (1900), 2,176. ROCKFORD, a flourishing manufacturing city, the county -seat of Winnebago County ; lies on both sides of the Rock River, 92 miles west of Chicago. Four trunk lines of railroad — the Chi- cago, Burlington & Quincy, the Cliicago & North- western, the Illinois Central and the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul — intersect here. Excellent water-power is secured b}' a dam across the river, and communication between the two divisions of the city is facilitated by three railway and three highway bridges. Water is jirovided from five artesian wells, a reserve main leading to the river. The city is wealthy, prosperous and pro- gressive. The assessed valuation of property, in 1893, was §6,531,235. Churches are numerous and schools, both public and private, are abrrndant and well conducted. The census of 1890 showed §7,715,069 capital invested in 246 manufacturing establishments, which employed 5,223 persons and turned oirt an annual product valued at §8.888,- 904. The princijial industries are the manrrfac- ture of agricultural imijlements and furniture, though watches, silver-plated ware, paper, flour and grape sugar are among the other products. Pop. (1880), 13,129; (1890), 23,584; (1900), 31,051. ROCKFORD COLLEGE, located at Rockford, 111., incorporated in 1847; in 1898 had a faculty of 21 instructors with 161 pupils. The branches taught include the classics, music and fine arts. It has a library of 6, 150 volumes, funds and en- dowment aggregating §50,880 and property vah-.ed at §240.880, of which §1,50,000 is real estate. ROCK Island, the principal city and county- seat of Rock L-land County, on the Mississippi River, 183 miles west by south from Chicago; is the converging point of five lines of railroad, and the western terminus of the Hennepin Canal. The name is derived from an island in the Missis- sippi River, opposite the city, 3 miles long, which belongs to the United States Government and contains an arsenal and armory. The river channel north of the island is navigable, the southern channel having been dammed by the Government, thereby giving great water power to Rock Island and Moline. A combined railway and high'vay bridge spans the river from Rock Island to Davenport, Iowa, crossing the island, while a railway bridge connects the cities a mile below. The island was tlie site of Fort Arm- strong during the Black Hawk War, and was also a place for the confinement of Confederate prison- ers during the Civil War. Rock Island is in a re- gion of much picturesque scenery and has exten- sive mamrfactrrres of lumber, agricultirral imple- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 455 inents, iron, carriages anJ wagons and oilcloth; also five banks and three newspapers, two issuing daily editions. Pop. (1890), Vi.tiU; (1900), li),493. ROCK ISLAND COUXTY, in the northwest3rn section of the State bordering upon the Missis- sippi River (which constitutes its northwestern boundary for more tlian (in miles), ami having an area of 440 square miles. In ISUi the Govern- ment erected a fort on Rock Island (an island in the Mississippi, 3 miles long and one-half to three-quarters of a mile wide), naming it Fort Armstrong. It has always remained a military post, and is now the seat of an extensive arsenal and work-shops. In the spring of 1828, settle- ments were made near Port Byron by John and Thomas Kinney, Archibald Allen and George Harlan. Other early settlers, near Rock Island and Rapids City, were J. \V. Spencer, J. W. Bar- rials, Benjamin F. Pike and Conrad Leak; and among the pioneers were Wells and Jlichael Bart- lett, Joel Thompson, the Simms brothers and George Davenport. The country was full of Indians, this being the headquarters of Black Hawk and the initial point of the Black Hawk War. {See Black Hawk, a,nt\ Black Ilairk War. ) By 1829 settlers were increased in number and county organization was effected in 18.35, Rock Island (then called Stephenson) being made the county-seat. Joseph Conway was the first County Clerk, and Joel Wells, Sr., the first Treas- urer. The first court was held at the residence of John W. Barriels, in Farnhamsburg. The county is irregular in shape, and the soil and scenery greatly varied. Coal is abundant, the water-power inexhaustible, and the count3-'s mining and manufacturing interests are very extensive. Several lines of railway cross the county, affording admirable transportation facili- ties to both eastern and western markets. Rock Island and Moline (which see) are the two prin- cipal cities in the comity, though there are several other important points. Coal Valley is the center of large mining interests, and Milan is also a manufacturing center. Port Byron is one of the oldest towns in the county, and has con- siderable lime and lumber interests, while Water- town is the seat of the Western Hospital for the Insane. Population of the county (1880), 38,302; (1890), 41,917; (1900), .5.5.249. ROCK ISLAND & PEORIA RAILWAY, a standard-guage road, laid with steel rails, extend- ing from Rock Island to Peoria, 91 miles. It is lessee of the Rock Island & Mercer County Rail- road, running from Milan to Cable. 111., giving it A total length of 118 miles — with Peoria Terminal, 121.10 miles.— (History.) The company is a reorganization (Oct. 9, 1877) of the Peoria & Rock Island Railroad Company, whose road was sold under foreclosure, April 4, 1877. The latter Road was the result of the consolidation, in 18C9, of two corporations — the Rock Island & Peoria and the Peoria &. Rock Island Railroad Compa- nies — the new organization taking the latter name. The road was opened through its entire length, Jan. 1, 1872, its sale under foreclosure and reorganization under its present name taking . place, as already stated, in 1877. The Cable Branch was organized in 1876, as the Rock Island & Mercer County Railroad, and opened in De- cember of the same year, sold under foreclosure in 1877, and leased to the Rock Island & Peoria Rail- road. July 1, 1885, for 999 years, the rental for the entire period being commuted at §450,000. — (Fl.VANCi.\L.) The cost of the entire road and equipment was $2,654,487. The capital stock (1898) is 51,500.000; funded debt, §600,000; other forms of indebtedness increasing the total capital invested to 82,181,066. ROCK RIVER, a stream which rises in Wash- ington County, Wis., and flows generally in a southerly direction, a part of its course being very sinuous. After crossing the northern boundary of Illinois, it runs southwestward, intersecting the counties of Winnebago, Ogle, Lee, Whiteside and Rock Island, and entering the Mississippi three miles below the city of Rock Island. It is about 375 miles long, but its navigation is paftl.y obstructed by rapids, which, however, furnish abundant water-power. The principal towns on its banks are Rockford, Dixon and Sterling. Its valley is wide, and noted for its beauty and fertility. ROCKTOX, a village in Winnebago County, at tlie junction of two branches of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, on Rock River, 13 miles north of Rockford ; has manufactures of paper and agricultural iniiilements. a feed mill, and local paper. Pop. (1890), 892; (1900), 936. ROE, Edward Reynolds, A.B., M.D., physician, soldier and author, was born at Lebanon. Ohio, June 22, 1813; removed with his father, in 1819, to Cincinnati, and graduated at Louisville Med- ical Institute in 1842 ; began practice at Anderson, Ind., but soon removed to Shawneetown, 111., where he gave much attention to geological research and made some extensive natural his- tory collections. From 1848 to "52 he resided at Jacksonville, lectured extensively on his favorite science, wrote fur the press and, for two years (1850-53), edited "The Jacksonville Journal,"" still 456 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. later editing the newly established "Constitu- tionalist" for a few months. During a part of this period he was lecturer on natural science at Shurtleff College ; also delivered a lecture before the State Legislature on the geology of Illinois, which was immediately followed bj- the passage of the act establishing tlie State Geological Department. A majority of both houses joined in a request for his appointment as State Geolo- gist, but it was rejected on partisan grounds — he, then, being a Whig. Removing to Blooming- ton in 18.52, Dr. Roe became prominent in educa- tional matters, being the first Professor of Natural Science in the State Normal University, and also a Trustee of the Illinois Wesleyan University. Having identified liimself with the Democratic party at this time, he became its nominee for State Superintendent of Public Instruction in 18G0, but, on the inception of the war in 1801, he promptly espoused the cause of the Union, raised three companies (mostly Normal students) which were attached to the Thirtj'-third Illinois (Nor- mal) Regiment ; was elected Captain and succes- sively promoted to Major and Lieutenant-Colonel. Having been dangerously wounded in the assault at Vicksburg, on May 22, 1863, and compelled to return home, he was elected Circuit Clerk by the combined vote of both parties, was re-elected four years later, became editor of "The Bloom- ington Pantagrapli" and, in 1870, was elected to the Twenty-seventh General Assembly, where lie won distinction by a somewhat notal>le humorous speech in opposition to removing'the State Capital to Peoria. In 1871 he was ap- pointed Marshal for the Soutliern District of IIU- nois, serving nine years. Dr. Roe was a somewhat prolific author, having produced more tlian a dozen works which liave appeared in book form. One of these, "Virginia Rose; a Tale of Illinois in Early Days," first appeared as a prize serial in "The Alton Courier" in 18.53. Otliersof his more noteworthy productions are: "The Gray and the Blue"; "Brought to Bay"; "From the Beaten Path"; "G. A. R. ; or How She Married His Double"; "Dr. Caldwell; or tlie Trail of the Serpent"; and "Prairie-Land and Other Poems." He died in Chicago, Nov 6, 1893. ROGtERS, George Clarke, soldier, was born in Grafton County, N H., Nov. 22, 1838; but was educated in Vermont and Illinois, having re- moved to the latter State early in life. While teaching he studied law and was admitted to the bar in 18G0; was the first, in 1801, to raise a com- pany in Lake County for the war, which was mustered into the Fifteenth Illinois Volunteers; was chosen Second-Lieutenant and later Captain ; was wounded four times at Sliiloh, but refused to leave the field, and led liis regiment in the final charge; was promoted Lieutenant-Colonel and soon after commissioned Colonel for gallantry at Hatchie. At Champion Hills he received three wounds, from one of wliich he never fully re- covered; took a prominent part in the operations at Allatoona and commanded a brigade nearly two years, including the Atlanta campaign, retiring with the rank of brevet Brigadier-Gen- eral. Since the war has practiced law in Illinois and in Kansas. ROGERS, Henry Wade, educator, lawyer and author, was born in Central New York in 1853; entered Hamilton College, but the following year became a student in Michigan University, graduating there in 1874, also receiving the degree of A.M., from the same institution, in 1877. In 1883 he was elected to a professorship in the Ann Arbor Law Scliool, and, in 1885, was made Dean of the Faculty, succeeding Judge Cooley, at the age of 32. Five years later lie was tendered, and accepted, the Presidency of the Northwestern University, at Evanston, being the first layman cliosen to the position, and succeed- ing a long line of Bishops and divines. The same year (1890), Wesleyan University conferred upon him the honorary degree of LL. D. He is a mem- ber of the American Bar Association, has served for a number of years on its Committee on Legal Education and Admission to tlie Bar, and was the first Chairman of tlie Section on Legal Edu- cation. President Rogers was the General Chair- man of the Conference on the Future Foreign Policy of the United States, held at Saratoga Springs, N. Y., in August, 1898. At tlie Con- gress held in 1893, as auxiliary to the Columbian Exposition, he was chosen Chairman of the Com- mittee on Law Reform and Jurisprudence, and was for a time associate editor of "The American Law Register," of Pliiladeljihia. He is also the author of a treatise on "Expert Testimony," which has passed through two editions, and lias edited a work entitled "Illinois Citations," besides doing much other valuable literary work of a similar character. ROGERS, John Gorin, jurist, was born at Glasgow, Ky., Dec. 28, 1818, of English and early Virginian ancestrj"; was educated at Center Col- lege, Danville, Ky. , and at Transylvania LTniver- sity, graduating from the latter institution in 18il, with the degree of Bachelor of Laws. For sixteen years he practiced in his native town, and, in 1857, removed to Chicago, where he soon. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 457 attained professional prominence. In 1870 lie was elected a Judge of the Cook County Circuit Court, continuing on the beneli. through repeated re-elections, until his deatli, which occurred suddenly, Jan. 10, 1887, four years before the expiration of the term for which lie liad been elected. ROGERS PARK, a village and suburb 9 miles north of Cliicago, on Lake Michigan and the Cliicago & Northwestern and the Chicago, Mil- waukee & St. Paul Railways; has a bank and two weekly newspapers ; is reached by electric street- car line from Chicago, and is a popular residence suburb. Annexed to City of Chicago, 1893. ROLL, John E., pioneer, was born in Green Village, N. J., June 4, 1814: came to Illinois in 1830, and settled in Sangamon County. He assisted Abraham Lincoln in the construction of the flat-boat with which the latter descended the Mississippi River to New Orleans, in 1831. Mr. Roll, who was a mechanic and contractor, built a number of houses in Springfield, where he has since continued to reside. ROMAX CATHOLIC CHURCH. The earliest Christians to establisli j)laces of worship in Illi- nois were priests of the Catholic faith. Early Catholic missionaries were explorers and hi.stori- ans as well as preachers. (See Allouez; Berg'wr; Early ^lissiotiaries; Oravier; Marquette.) The church went hand in hand with the represent- atives of the French Government, carrying in one hand the cross and in the other the flag of France, simultaneously disseminating the doc- trines of Christianity and inculcating loyalty to the House of Bourbon. For nearly a hundred years, the self-sacrificing and devoted Catholic clergy of the seventeenth and eighteenth cen- turies ministered to the spiritual wants of the early French settlers and the natives. They were not without factional jealousies, however, and a severe blow was dealt to a branch of them in the order for the banishment of the Jesuits and the confiscation of their property. (See Early Mis- sionaries.) The subsequent occupation of tlie country by the English, with the contemiioraue- ous emigration of a considerable portion of the French west of the Mississippi, dissipated many congregations. Up to 1830 Illinois was included in the diocese of Missouri ; but at that time it was constituted a separate diocese, under the episco- pal control of Rt. Rev. Joseph Rosatti. At that date there were few, if any, priests in Illinois. But Bishop Rosatti was a man of earnest purjwse and rare administrative ability. New parishes were organized as rapidly as circumstances would i^ermit, and the growth of the clmrch has been steady. By 1840 there were thirty-one parishes and twenty prie.sts. In 189fi there are reported 698 parishes, 704 clergymen and a Catholic population exceeding 850,000. (See also Hdir/iuns Dcnoiii inatioHS. ) ROODHOrSE, a city in Greene County, 21 miles south of Jacksonville, and at junction of three divisions of the Chicago & Alton Rjiilroad ; is in fertile agricultural and coal-mining region; city contains a flouring mill, grain-elevator, stock- yards, railwaj' shops, water- works, electric light plant, two private banks, fine opera liouse, good school buildings, one daily and two weekly papers. Pop. (1890), 2,3G0; (1900), 2,351. ROODHOUSE, John, farmer and founder of the town of Roodhouse, in Greene County, 111., was born in Yorkshire, England, brought to America in childhood, his father settling in Greene County, 111., in 1831. In his early man- liood he opened a farm in Tazewell County, but finally returned to the paternal ' home in Greene County, where, on the location of the Jackson- ville Division of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, he laid out the town of Roodhouse, at the junc- tion of the Louisiana and Kansas City branch with the main line. ROOT, George Frederick, musical composer and author, was born at Shefiield, Mass., August 30, 1820. He was a natural musician, and, while emploj-ed on liis father's farm, learned to play on various instruments. In 1838 he removed to Bos- ton, where he began his life-work. Besides teaching music in the public schools, he was employed to direct the musical service in two churches. From Boston he removed to New York, and, in 1850, went to Paris for purposes of musical study. In 18.53 he made his first public essay as a composer in the song, "Hazel Dell," which became popular at once. From this time forward his success as a song-writer was assured. His music, while not of a high artistic character, captivated the popular ear and ajiijcaled strongly to the heart. In 18(i0 he tiK)k up his residence in Chicago, where he conducted a musical journal and wrote those "war songs" which created and perpetuated his fame. Among tlie best known are "Rally Round the Flag"; "Just Before the Battle, Mother"; and "Tranii), Tramp, Tramp." Other popular songs by him are "Rosalie, the Prairie Flower"; "A Hundred Years Ago" ; and "The Old Folks are Gone." Besides songs he composed several cantatas and much sacred music, also publishing many books of instruction and numerous collections of vocal and instru- 458 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. mental music. In 1872 tlie University of Chicago conferred on him tlie degree of Mus. Doc. Died, near Portland, JIaine, August 6, 1895. ROOTS, Benajah Guernsey, civil engineer, and educator, was born in Onondaga County N. Y., April 20, 1811, and educated in the schools and academies of Central New York; began teaching in 1827, and, after spending a year at sea for the benefit of his health, took a course in law and civil engineering. He was employed as a civil engineer on the Western Railroad of Massachusetts until 1838, when he came to Illi- nois and obtained employment on the railroad projected from Alton to Shawneetown, under the "internal improvement S3'stem" of 1837. When that was suspended in 1839, he settled on a farm near the present site of Tamaroa, Perry County, and soon after opened a boarding school, continuing its management until 184G, when he became Principal of a seminary at S]>arta. In 1851 he went into the service of the Illinois Cen- tral Railroad, first as resident engineer in charge of surveys and construction, later as land agent and attorney. lie was prominent in the introduction of the graded school system in Illi- nois and in the establishment of the State Nor- mal School at Blooniington and the University of Illinois at Champaign ; was a member of the State Board of Education from its organization, and served as delegate to tlie National Repub- lican Convention of 1868. Died, at his home in Perry County, 111., May 9, 1888.— Philander Keep (Roots), son of the preceding, born in Tolland County, Conn., June 4, 1838, brought to Illinois the same year and educated in his father's school, and in an academy at CarroUton and the Wes- leyan University at Bloomington ; at the age of 17 belonged to a corps of engineers employed on a Southern railroad, and, during the war, served as a civil engineer in the construction and repair of military roads. Later, he was Deputy Sur- veyor-General of Nebraska; in 1871 became Chief Engineer on the Cairo & Fulton (now a part of the Iron Mountain) Railway ; then engaged in the banking business in Arkansas, first as casliier of a bank at Fort Smith and afterwards of the Merchants' National Bank at Little Rock, of which his brother, Logan H., was President. — Logan H. (Roots), another son, born near Tama- roa, Perry County. Ill, March 22. 1841, was edu- cated at home and at the State Normal "at Hloomington, meanwhile serving as principal of a high school at Duquoin ; in 1802 enlisted in the Eighty-first Illinois Volunteers, serving through the war and acting as Cliief Commissary for General Sherman on the "Jlarch to the Sea," and participating in the great review in Wash- ington, in May, 1865. After the conclusion of the war he was appointed Collector of Internal Revenue for the First Arkansas District, was elected from 'that State to the Fortieth and Forty-first Congresses (1868 and 1870) — being, at the time, tlie youngest member in that body — and was ajipointed United States Marshal by Presi- dent (irant. He finally became President of the Merchants" National Bank at Little Rock, with which he remained nearly twentj' years. Died, suddenly, of congestion of the brain, May 30, 1893, leaving an estate valued at nearly one and a half millions, of which he gave a large share to charitable purposes and to the city of Little Rock, for the benefit of its hospitals and the im- provement of its parks. ROSE, James A., Secretary of State, was born at Golconda, Pope County, 111., Oct. 13, 18.50. The foundation of his education was secured in the public schools of his native place, and, after a term in the Normal Universitj^ at Normal. III., at the age of 18 he took charge of a country school. Soon he was chosen Principal of the Golconda graded schools, was later made County Superintendent of Schools, and re-elected for a second term. During his second term he was admitted to the bar, and, resigning the pffice of Superintendent, was elected State's Attorney without opposition, being re-elected for another term. In 1889, by appointment of Governor Fifer, he became one of the Trustees of the Pontiac Reformatory, serving until the next j-ear, when he was transferred to the Board of Commissioners of the Southern Illinois Peniten- tiary at Chester, which position he continued to occupy until 1893. In 1890 he was electe, his father locating on a stock- farm near Galesburg; in 1859 removed to Colo- rado, where he engaged in mining and mercantile business until 1801, when he enlisted in a com- pany of scouts, being advanced from the rank of First Lieutenant to the Colonelcy of the Tliird Colorado Cavalry, meanwhile serving as Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention of 1864. Retiring to private life, he again engaged in mer- cantile and mining business, first in Nevada and then in Idaho; served two terms in the Terri torial Legislature of the latter, was appointed Territorial Governor in 1889 and, in 1890, was chosen the first Governor of the State, in October of the same year being elected to the United States Senate, and re-elected in 1895 for a second term, which ends in 1901. Senator Shoup is one of the few Western Senators who remained faith- ful to the regular Republican organization, during the political campaign of 1896. SHOW ALTER, John W., jurist, was born in Mason County, Ky., Feb. 8, 1844; resided some years in Scott County in that State, and was educated in the local schools, at Majsville and Ohio University, finally graduating at Y'ale Col- lege in 1867; came to Chicago in 1869, studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1870. He returned to Kentucky after the fire of 1871, but, in 1872, again came to Chicago and entered the employment of the firm of Jloore & Caulfield, with whom he had been before the fire. In 1879 he became a member of the firm of Abbott, Oliver & Showalter (later, Oliver & Showalter), where he remained until his appointment as United States Circuit Judge, in March, 1895. Died, in Chicago, Dec. 12, 1898. SHUMAN, Andrew, journalist and Lieutenant- Governor, was born at ^lanor. Lancaster County, Pa., Nov. 8, 1830. His father dying in 1837, he was reared by an uncle. At the age of 15 he became an apprentice in the office of "The Lan- caster Union and Sentinel." A year later he ac- companied his employer to Auburn, N.Y^., working for two yeai'S on "The Daily Advertiser" of that city, then known as Governor Seward's "home organ." At the age of 18 he edited, published and distributed — during his leisure hours — a small weekly paper called "The Auburnian." At the conclusion of his apprenticeship he was em- ployed, for a year or two, in editing and publish- ing "The Caj'uga Chief," a temperance journal. 480 EISTOEICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. In 1851 he entered Hamilton College, but, before the completion of his junior year, consented, at the solicitation of friends of William H. Seward, to assume editorial control of "The Syracuse Daily Journal." In July, 1856, he came to Clii- cago, to accei)t an editorial position on "The Evening Journal" of that city, later becoming editor-in-cliief and President of the Journal Com- pany. From 1865 to 1870 (first by executive appointment and afterward by popular election) he was a Commissioner of the Illinois State Peni- tentiary at Joliet, resigning the office four years before the expiration of his term. In 1876 he was elected Lieutenant-Governor on the Repub- lican ticket. Owing to declining liealth, he abandoned active journalistic work in 1888. dying in Chicago, May 5, 1890. His home during the latter years of his Ufe was at Evanston. Governor Shuman was author of a romance entitled "Loves of a Lawyer," besides numerous addresses before literary, commercial and scien- tific associations. SHU M WAY, Dorice D wight, merchant, was born at 'Williamsburg. Worcester County, Mass., Sept. 28, 1813, descended from French Huguenot ancestry; came to Zanesville, Ohio, in 1837, and to Montgomery County, III., in 1841; married a daughter of Hiram Rountree, an early resident of Hillsboro, and, in 1843, located in Christian County ; was engaged for a time in merchandis- ing at Taylorville, but retired in 1858, tliereafter giving his attention to a large landed estate. In 1846 he was chosen Representative in the General Assembly, served in the Constitutional Conven- tion of 1847, and four jears as County Judge of Christian County. Died, May 9, 1870. — Hiram P. (Shumwaj'), eldest son of the preceding, was born in Montgomery County, 111., June. 1842; spent liis boyhood on a farm in Christian County and in his father's store at Taylorville; took an academy course and, in 1864, engaged in mercan- tile business; was Representative in the Twenty- eighth General Assembly and Senator in the Thirty-sixth and Thirty-seventh, afterwards removing to Spiingfield, where he engaged in the stone business. SHl'RTLEFF COLLEGE, an institution located at Upper Alton, aud the third estab- lished in Illinois. It was originally incorporated as the "Alton College" in 1831, under a special charter which was not accepted, but re-incorpo- rated in 1835, in an "omnibus bill" with Illi- nois and SIcKendree Colleges. (See Early Col- leges.) Its primal origin was a school at Rock Spring in St. Clair County, founded about 1824, by Rev. John M. Peck. This became the "Rock Spring Seminary" in 1827, and, about 1831, was united with an academy at Upper Alton. This was the nucleus of "Alton" (afterward "Shurt- leff") College. As far as its denominational control is concerned, it has always I)een domi- nated by Baptist influence. Dr. Peck's original idea was to found a school for teaching theology and Biblical literature, but this project was at first inhibited by the State. Hubbard Loomis and John Russell were among the first instruc- tors. Later, Dr. Benjamin Shurtleff donated the college §10,000. and the institution was named in his honor. College cla.sses were not organized vmtil 1840, and several j-ears elapsed before a class graduated. Its endowment in 1898 was over §126,000, in addition to §125,000 worth of real and personal property. About 255 students were in attendance. Besides preparatory and collegiate departments, the college also maintains a theo- logical scliool- It has a faculty of twenty instructors and is co-educational. SIBLEY, a village of Ford County, on the Chi- cago Division of the Wabash Railway, 105 miles south-southwest of Chicago; has banks aud a weekly newspaper. The district is agricultural. Population (1890), 404; (1900), 444. SIBLEY, Joseph, lawyer and jurist, was bom at Westfield. Mass., in 1818; learned tlie trade of a whip maker and afterwards engaged in mer- chandising. In 1843 he began the study of law at Syracuse, N. Y., and, upon admission to the bar, came west, finally settling at Nauvoo. Han- cock County. He maintained a neutral attitude during the Mormon troubles, tlius giving offense to a section of the community. In 1847 lie was an unsuccessful candidate for the Legislature, but was elected in 18.50, and re-elected in 1852. In 1853 lie removed to Warsaw, and, in 18.55, was elected Judge of the Circuit Court, and re-elected in 1861, '67 and '73, being as.signed to the bench of the Appellate Court of the Second District, in 1877. His residence, after 1865, was at Quincy, where he died. June 18, 1897. SIDELL,a village of Vermillion County, on the Chicago & Eastern Illinois and Cincinnati. Hamil- ton it Dayton Railroads; has a bank, electric light plant and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 776. SIDNEY, a village of Champaign County, on the main line of the Wabash Railway, at the junc- tion of a branch to Champaign, 48 miles east-north- east of Decatur. It is in a farming district; has a bank and a newspaper. Population. (1900;, 5G4. SIM, (Dr.) IVilliani, pioneer iihysician, was born at Aberdeen, Scotland, in 1795, came to HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 481 America in early manhood, and was the first phy- sician to settle at Golconda, in Pope County, which he represented in the Fovuth and Fifth General Assemblies (1824 and '28). He married a Miss Elizabeth Jack of Pliiladelpliia, making the journey from Golconda to Philadelphia for that purpose on horseback. He had a family of five cliildren, one son, Dr. Francis L. Sim, rising to distinction as a physician, and, for a time, being President of a Jledical College at Menipliis, Tenn. The elder Dr. Sim died at Golconda, in 1868. SIMS, James, early legislator and Methodist preacher, was a native of South Carolina, but removed to Kentucky in early manhood, thence to St. Clair County, III, and, in 1820, to Sanga- mon County, where he was elected, in 1822, as the first Representative from that county in the Third General Assembly. At the succeeding .ses- sion of the Legislature, he was one of those wlio voted against the Convention resolution designed to prepare the way for making Illinois a slave State. Mr. Sims resided for a time in Menard County, but finally removed to Morgan. SINGER, Horace M., capitalist, was born in Schnectady, N. Y., Oct. 1, 1823; came to Chicago in 1836 and found employment on the Illinois & Michigan Canal, serving as superintendent of repairs upon the Canal until 18.53. Wliile thus employed he became one of the projirietors of the stone-quarries at Lemont, managed by the firm of Singer & Talcott until about 1890, when they became tlie property of the Western Stone Company. Originally a Democrat, he became a Republican during the Civil War, and served as a member of the Twenty-fifth General As.sembly (1867) for Cook County, was elected County Com- missioner in 1870, and was Chairman of the Republican County Central Committee in 1880. He was also associated with several financial institutions, being a director of the First National Bank and of the Auditorium Company of Chi- cago, and a member of the Union League and Calumet Clubs. Died, at Pa.sadena, Cal., Dec. 28, 1896. SINGLETON, James Vf., Congressman, born at Paxton, Va., Nov. 28, 1811; was educated at the Winchester (Va. ) Academy, and removed to Illinois in 1833, settling first at Mount Sterling, Brown County, and, some twenty years later, near Quincy. By profession he was a lawyer, and was prominent in political and commercial affairs. In his later years he devoted consider- able attention to stock-raising. He was elected Brigadier-General of the Illinois militia in 1844, being identified to .some extent with the "Mor- mon War"; was a member of tlie Con.stituti()nal Conventions of 1847 and 1862, served six terms in the Legislature, and was elected, on the Demo- cratic ticket, to Congress in 1878, and again in 1880. In 1882 he ran as an independent Demo- ci'at, but was defeated by the regular nominee of his party. James M. Riggs. During the War of the Rebellion he was one of the most consjjicuous leaders of the "peace party." He constructed the Quincy & Toledo (now part of the Wabash) and the Quincy, Alton & St. Louis (now part of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy) Railways, being President of both companies. His death occurred at Baltimore, Md., April 4, 1892. SINNET, John S., pioneer, was born at Lex- ington, Ky., March 10, 1796; at three years of age, taken by his parents to Missouri ; enlisted in the War of 1812, but, soon after the war, came to Illinois, and, about 1818, settled in what is now Christian County, locating on land constituting a part of the present city of Taj'lorville. In 1840 he removed to Tazewell County, dying there, Jan. 13, 1872. SKINNER, Mark, jurist, was born at Manches- ter, Vt., Sept. 13, 1813; graduated from Middle- bury College in 1833, studied law, and, in 1836, came to Chicago; was admitted to the bar in 1839, became City Attorney in 1840, later Master in Chancery for Cook County, and finally United States District Attorney under President Tj'ler. As member of the House Finance Committee in the Fifteenth General Assembly (1846-48), he aided influentially in securing the adoption of measures for refunding and paying the State debt. In 18.51 he was elected Judge of the Court of Common Pleas (now Superior Court) of Cook County, but declined a re-election in 18.53. Origi- nally a Democrat, Judge Skinner was an ardent opponent of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill and a libei'al supporter of the Government policy dur- ing the rebellion. He liberally aided the United States Sanitary Commission and was identified with all the leading charities of the city. Among the great business enterprises with which he was officially associated were the Galena & Chi- cago Union and tlie Chicago. Burlington & Quincy Railways (in each of whioli he was a Director), tlie Chicago Marine & Fire Insurance Company, the Gas-Light and Coke Companj' and others. Died, Sept. 16, 1887. Judge Skinner's only sur- viving .son was killed in the trenches before Petersburg, the last year of the Civil War. SKINNER, Otis Ainsnortli, clergyman and author, w.as born at Royalton, Vt., July 3. 1807; 482 HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. taught for some time, became a Universalist minister, serving churches in Baltimore, Boston and New York between 1831 and 1857; then came to Elgin, 111., was elected President of Lom- bard University at Galesbm-g, but the following year took cliarge of a church at Joliet. Died, at Naperville, Sept. 18, 1861. He wrote several vol- umes on religious topics, and, at different times, edited religious periodicals at Baltimore, Haver- hill, Mass., and Boston. SKINNER, Ozias C, lawyer and jurist, was born at Floyd, Oneida County, N. Y., in 1817; in 1836, removed to Illinois, settling in Peoria County, where he engaged in farming. In 1838 he began the study of law at Greenville, Ohio, and was admitted to the bar of that State in 1840. Eighteen months later he returned to Illinois, and began practice at Carthage, Hancock County, removing to Quincy in 1841. During the '"Mor- mon War" he served as Aid-de-camp to Governor Ford. In 1848 he was elected to the lower house of the Sixteenth General Assembly, and, for a short time, served as Prosecuting Attorney for the district including Adams and Brown Coun- ties. In 1851 he was elected Judge of the (then) Fifteenth Judicial Circuit, and, in 1855, suc- ceeded Judge S. H. Treat on the Supreme bench, resigning this position in April, 1858, two months before the expiration of his term. He was a large land owner and had extensive agricultural interests. He built, and was the first President of the Carthage & Quincy Railroad, now a part of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy system. He was a prominent member of the Constitutional Convention of 1869, serving as Chairman of the Committee on Judiciary. Died in 1877. SLADE, Charles, early Congressman; his early history, including date and place of birth, are unknown. In 1820 he was elected Representative from Washington County in the Second General Assembly, and, in 1826, was re-elected to the same body for Clinton and Washington. In 1833 he was elected one of the three Congressmen from Illinois, representing the First District. After attending the first session of the Twenty- third Congress, while on his waj' home, he was attacked with cholera, dying near Vincennes, Ind., July 11, 1834. SLADE, James P., ex-State Superintendent of Public Instruction, was born at Westerlo, Albany County, N. Y., Feb. 9, 1837, and spent his boy- hood with his parents on a farm, except while absent at school; in 1856 removed to Belleville, 111., where he soon became connected with the public schools, serving for a number of years as Principal of the Belleville High School. While connected with the Belleville schools, he was elected County Superintendent, remaining in office some ten years ; later had charge of Almira College at Greenville, Bond Coimty, served six years as Superintendent of Schools at East St. Louis and, in 1878, was elected State Superintend- ent of Public Instruction as the nominee of the Republican party. On retirement from the office of State Superintendent, he resumed his place at the head of Almira College, but, for the past few years, has been Superintendent of Schools at East St. Louis. SLATERY AGITATION OF 1823-24. (See Slavery and Slave Laws.) SLAVERY AND SLAY'E LAWS. African slaves were first brought into the Illinois country by a Frenchman named Pierre F. Renault, about 1722. At that time the present State formed a part of Louisiana, and the traffic in slaves was regulated by French royal edicts. AVhen Great Britain acquired the territorj', at the close of tlie French and Indian War, the former subjects of France were guaranteed security for their per- sons "and effects," and no interference with slavery was attempted. Upon the conquest of Illinois by Virginia (see Clark, George Rogers). the French very generally professed allegiance to that commonwealth, and, in her deed of cession to the United States, Virginia expressly stipulated for the protection of the "rights and liberties" of the French citizens. This was construed as recognizing the right of property in negro slaves. Even the Ordinance of 1787, while pro- hibiting slavery in the Northwest Territory, pre- served to the settlers (reference being especially made to the French and Canadians) "of the Kas- kaskias, St. Vincents and neighboring villages, their laws and customs, now (then) in force, relative to the descent and conveyance of prop- erty. ' ' A conservative construction of this clause was, that while it prohibited the extension of slavery and the importation of slaves, the status of those who were at that time in involuntary servitude, and of their descendants, was left un- changed. There were those, however, who denied the constitutionality of the Ordinance in toto, on the ground that Congress had exceeded its powers in its passage. There was also a party which claimed that all children of slaves, born after 1787, were free from birth. In 1794 a con- vention was held at Vincennes, pursuant to a call from Governor Harrison, and a memorial to Con- gress was adopted, praying for tlie repeal — or. at least a modification — of the sixth clause of the HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 483 Ordinance of 1787. The first Congressional Com- mittee, to which this petition was referred, reported adversely upon it ; but a second commit- tee recommended the suspension of the operation of tlie clause in question for ten years. But no action was taken by the National Legislature, and, in 1807, a counter petition, extensively signed, was forwarded to that body, and Congress left the matter in statu quo. It is worthy of note tliat some of the most earnest opponents of tlie measure were Representatives from Soutliern Slave States, John Randolph, of Virginia, being one of them. Tlie pro-slavery party in the State then prepared what is popularly known as tlie "Indenture Law," which was one of the first acts adopted by Governor Edwards and liis Council, and was re-enacted by the first Territorial Legis- lature in 1812. It was entitled, "An Act relating to the Introduction of Negroes and Mulattoes into this Territory." and gave permission to bring slaves above 15 years of age into tlie State, when they might be registered and kept in servitude within certain limitations. Slaves under tliat age might also be brought in, registered, and held in bondage until they reached the age of 35, if males, and 30, if females. The issue of registered slaves were to serve tlieir mother's master until tlie age of 30 or 28, according to sex. The effect of this legislation was rapidly to increase tlie number of slaves. The Constitution of 1818 pro- hibited the introduction of slavery thereafter — that is to saj-, after its adoption. In 1822 the slave-holding party, with their supporters, began to agitate the question of so amending the organic law as to make Illinois a slave State. To effect .such a change the calling of a convention was necessary, and, for eighteen months, the struggle between "conventionLsts" and their opponents was bitter and fierce. The question was submitted to a popular vote on August 2, 1834, the result of the count showing 4,973 votes for such convention and 6,640 against. This decisive result settled the question of slave-hold- ing in Illinois for all future time, though the existence of slavery in the State continued to be recognized by the National Census until 1840. The number, according to the census of 1810. was 168; in 1820 they had increased to 917. Then the number began to diminish, being reduced in 1830 to 747, and, in 1840 (the la.st census which shows any portion of the population lielil in bondage), it was 331. Hooper Warren — who has been mentioned else- where as editor of "The Edwardsville Spectator," and a leading factor in securing the defeat of the scheme to make Illinois a slave State in 1822 — in an article in the first number of "The Genius of Liberty" (January, 1841), speaking of that con- test, says there were, at its beginning, only three papers in the State — "The Intelligencer" at Van- dalia, "The Gazette" at Shawneetown, and "The Spectator" at Edwardsville. The first two of these, at the outset, favored the Convention scheme, while "The Spectator" opposed it. The management of the campaign on the part of the pro-slavery party was assigned to Emanuel J. West, Theophilus W. Smith and Oliver L. Kelly, and. a paper was established by the name of "The Illinois Republican." with Smith as editor. Among the active opponents of the measure were George Churchill, Thomas Lijipincott, Samuel D. Lockwood, Henry Starr (afterwards of Cincin- nati), Rev. John M. Peck and Rev. James Lenien, of St. Clair County. Others who con- tributed to the cause were Daniel P. Cook, Morris Birkbeok, Dr. Hugh Steel and Burton of Jackson County, Dr. Henry Perrine of Bond; William Leggett of Edwardsville (afterwards editor of "The New York Evening Post"), Ben- jamin Lundy (then of Jlissouri), David Blackwell and Rev. John Dew, of St. Clair County. Still otiiers were Nathaniel Pope (Judge of the United States District Court), William B. Archer, Wil- liam H. Brown and Benjamin Mills (of Vandalia), John Tillson, Dr. Horatio Newhall, George For- quer. Col. Thomas Mather, Thomas Ford, Judge David J. Baker, Charles W. Hunter and Henry H. Snow (of Alton). This testimony is of interest as coming from one who probably had more to do with defeating tlie scheme, with the exception of Gov. Edward Coles. Outside of the more elabor- ate Histories of Illinois, the most accurate and detailed accounts of this particular period are to be found in "Sketch of Edward Coles" by the late E. B. Washburne, and "Early Movement in Illi- nois for the Legalization of Slavery," an ad- dress before the Chicago Historical Society (1864), by Hon. William H. Brown, of Chicago. (See also, Co?t's, Edward; Wai-ren. Hooper: Brou-n. William H.; Churchill, Oeorge; Lippincott, Tliomus; &nA Newspapers, Early, elsewhere in this volume. ) SLOAN, Wesley, legislator and jurist, was born in Dorchester County, Md., Feb. 20,, 1806. At the age of 17, having received a fair academic education, he accompanied his parents to Phila- delphia, where, for a year, he was employed in a wholesale grocery. His father dying, he returned to Maryland and engaged in teaching, at the same time studying law, and being admitted to 484 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. the bar in 1831. He came to Illinois in 1838, going first to Chicago, and afterward to Kaskas- kia, finally settling at Golconda in 1839, whicli continued to be his home the remainder of his life. In 1848 he was elected to the Legislature, and re-elected in 18,50, '52, and '56, serving tliree times as Cliairman of the Judiciary Committee. He was one of the members of the first State Board of Education, created by Act of Feb. 18, 1857, and took a prominent part in the founding and organization of the State educational insti- tutions. In 1857 lie was elected to the bench of the Nineteenth Judicial Circuit, and re-elected in 1861, but declined a re-election for a third term. Died, Jan. 15, 1887, SMITH, Abiier, jurist, was born at Orange, Franklin County, Mass., August 4, 1843, of an old New England family, whose ancestors came to Massachusetts Colony about 1630; was edu- cated in the public schools and at Middlebury College, Vt., graduating from the latter in 1866. After graduation he spent a year as a teacher in Newton Academy, at Shoreham, Vt., coming to Chicago in 1867, and entering upon the study of law, being admitted to the bar in 1868. The next twenty-five years were spent in the practice of his profession in Chicago, within that time serv- ing as the attorney of several important corpo- rations. In 1893 he was elected a Judge of the Circuit Court of Cook County, and re-elected in 1897, his term of service continuing until 1903. SMITH, (Dr.) Charles (xilmau, physician, was born at Exeter, N. H., Jan. 4, 1838, received his early education at Phillips Academy, in his native place, finally graduating from Harvard Univer- sity in 1847. He soon after commenced the study of medicine in the Harvard Medical School, but completed his course at the University of Penn- sylvania in 1851. After two years spent as attending physician of the Alms House in South Boston, Mass., in 1853 he came to Chicago, where he soon acquired an extensive practice. During the Civil War he was one of six physicians employed by the Government for the treatment of prisoners of war in hosjiital at Camp Douglas. In 1868 he visited Europe for the purpose of observing the management of hospitals in Ger- many, France and England, on his return being invited to lecture in the Woman's Medical College in Chicago, and also becoming consulting phy- sician in the Women's and Children's Hospital, as well as in the Pi'esbyterian Hospital — a position which he continued to occupy for the remainder of his life, gaining a wide reputation in the treat- ment of women's and children's diseases. Died, Jan. 10, 1894. SMITH, David Allen, lawyer, was born near Richmond, Va., June 18, 1809; removed with his father, at an early day, to Pulaski, Tenn. ; at 17 went to Courtland, Lawrence County, Ala., where he studied law with Judge Bramlette and began practice. His father, dying about 1831, left him the owner of a number of slaves whom, in 1837, he brought to Carlinville. 111., and emanci- pated, giving bond that they should not become a charge to the State. In 1839 he removed to Jacksonville, where he practiced law until his death. Col. John J. Hardin was his partner at the time of his death on the battle-field of Buena Vista. Mr. Smith was a Trustee and generous patron of Illinois College, for a quarter of a cen- tury, but never held any political office. As a lawyer he was conscientious and faithful to the interests of his clients ; as a citizen, liberal, pub- lic-spirited and patriotic. He contributed liber- ally to the support of the Government dur- ing the war for the Union. Died, at Anoka, Minn., July 13, 1865, where he had gone to accompany an in%alid son. — Thomas William (Smith), eldest son of the preceding, born at Courtland, Ala., Sept. 27, 1832; died at Clear- water, Minn., Oct. 29, 1865. He graduated at lUinois College in 1853, studied law and served as Captain in the Tenth Illinois Volunteers, until, broken in health, he returned home to die. SMITH, Dietrich C, ex-Congressman, was born at Ostfriesland, Hanover, April 4, 1840, in boyhood came to the United States, and, since 1849, has been a resident of Pekin, Tazewell County. In 1861 he enli.sted in the Eighth Illi- nois Volunteers, was promoted to a Lieutenancy, and, while so serving, was severely wounded at Shiloh. Later, he was attached to the One Hun- dred and Thirty-ninth Illinois Infantry, and was mustered out of service as Captain of Company C of that regiment. His business is that of banker and manufacturer, besides which he has had con- siderable experience in the construction and management of railroads. He was a member of the Thirtieth General Assembly, and, in 1880, was elected Representative in Congress from what was then the Thirteenth District, on the Repub- lican ticket, defeating Adlai E. Stevenson, after- wards Vice-President. In 1882, his county (Taze- well) having been attached to the district for many years rejiresented b}- Wm. 51. Si)ringer, he was defeated by the latter as a candidate for re- election. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 485 SMITH, George, one of Chicago's pioneers and early bankers, was born in Aberdeenshire, Scot- land, March 8, 1808. It was his early intention to study medicine, and he entered Aberdeen Col- lege with this end in view, but was forced to quit the institution at the end of two years, because of impaired vision. In 1833 he came to America, and, in 1834, settled in Chicago, where he resided until 1861, meanwhile spending one year in Scot- land. He invested largely in real estate in Chi- cago and Wisconsin, at one time owning a considerable portion of the present site of Mil- waukee. In 1837 he secured the charter for the Wisconsin Marine and Fire Insurance Company, whose headquarters were at Milwaukee. He was really the owner of the company, although Alex- ander Jlitchell, of Milwaukee, was its Secretary. Under this charter Jlr. Smith was able to issue $1,500,000 in certificates, which circulated freely as currency. In 1839 he founded Chicago's first private banking house. About 1843 he was inter- ested in a storage and commission business in Chicago, with a Mr. Webster as partner. He was a Director in the old Galena & Chicago Union Railroad (now a part of the Chicago & Northwestern), and aided it, while in course of construction, by loans of money ; was also a charter member of the Chicago Board of Trade, organized in 1848. In 18.54, the State of Wiscon- sin having prohibited the circulation of the Wis- consin Marine and Fire Insurance certificates above mentioned, Mr. Smith sold out the com- pany to his partner, Mitchell, and bought two Georgia bank charters, which, together, em- powered him to issue §3,000,000 in currency. Tlie notes were dulj- issued in Georgia, and put into circulation in Illinois, over the counter of George Smith & Co. "s Cliicago bank. About 18.56 Mr. Smith began winding up his affairs in Chicago, meanwhile spending most of his time in Scotland, but, returning in 1860, made extensive invest- ments in railroad and other American securities, which netted him large profits. The amount of capital whicli he is reputed to have taken with him to his native land has been estimated at §10,000,000, though he retained considerable tracts of valuable lands in Wisconsin and about Chicago. Among those who were associated with him in business, eitlier as employes or otherwise, and who have since been prominently identified with Chicago business affairs, were Hon. Charles B, Farwell, E. I. Tinkham (after- wards a prominent banker of Chicago). E. W. Willard, now of Newport. R. I., and others. Mr. Smith made several visits, during the last forty years, to the United States, but divided his time chiefly between Scotland (where he was the owner of a castle) and London. Died Oct. 7, 1899. SMITH, (ileorge W., soldier, lawyer and State Treasurer, was born in Brooklyn, N. Y., Jan. 8, 1837. It was his intention to acquire a col- legiate education, but his father's business embarrassments having compelletl the abandon- ment of his studies, at 17 of years age he went to Arkansas and taught school for two years. In 18.56 he returned to Albany and began the study of law, graduating from the law school in 18.58. In October of that year he removed to Chicago, where he remained continuously in practice, with the exception of the years 1862-65, when he was serving in the Union army, and 1867-68, when he filled the office of State Treasurer. He was mus- tered into service, August 27, 1862, as a Captain in the Eighty-eighth Illinois Infantry — the second Board of Trade regiment. At Stone River, he was seriously wounded and captured. After four days' confinement, he was aided by a negro to escape. He made his way to the Union lines, but was granted leave of absence, being incapaci- tated for service. On his return to duty he joined his regiment in the Chattanooga cam- paign, and was officially complimented for his bravery at Gordon's Mills. At Mission Ridge he was again severely wounded, and was once more personally complimented in the official repoi't. At Kenesaw Mountain (June 27, 1864), Capt. Smith commanded the regiment after the killing of Lieutenant-Colonel Chandler, and was pro- moted to a Lieutenant-Colonelcy for bravery on the field. He led the charge at Franklin, and was brevetted Colonel, and thanked by the com- mander for his gallant service. In the spring of 1865 he was brevetted Brigadier-General, and, in June following, was mustered out. Returning to Chicago, he resumed the practice of his pro- fession, and gained a prominent position at the bar. In 1866 he was elected State Treasurer, and, after the expiration of his term, in January, 1869, held no public office. General Smith was, for many years, a Trustee of the Cliicago Histor- ical Society, and Vice-President of the Board. Died, in Chicago, Sept. 16, 1898. SMITH, tieorgc W., lawyer and Congressman, was born in Putnam County, Ohio. August 18, 1846. When he was four years old, his father removed to Wayne County, 111., settling on a farm. He attended the common schools and graduated from the literary department of Mc- Kendree College, at Lebanon, in 1868. In his youth he learned the trade of a bLacksmith, but 486 HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. later determined to study law. After reading for a time at Fairfield, 111., he entered the Law- Department of the Bloomington (Ind.) Univer- sity, graduating there in 1870. The same year he was admitted to tlie bar in Illinois, and has since practiced at Murphysboro. In 1880 he was a Republican Presidential Elector, and, in 1888, was elected a Republican Representative to Congress from the Twentieth Illinois District, and lias been continuously re-elected, now (1899) serving his sixth consecutive term as Representative from the Twenty-second District. SMITH, Giles Alexander, soldier, and Assist- ant Postmaster-General, was born in Jefferson County, N. Y., Sept. 29. 1829; engaged in dry- goods business in Cincinnati and Bloomington, 111., in 1861 being proprietor of a hotel in tlie latter place; became a Captain in the Eighth Missouri Volunteers, was engaged at Forts Henry and Donelson, Shiloh and Corinth, and promoted Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel in 1862 ; led liis regiment on the first attack on Vicksburg. and was severely wounded at Arkansas Post ; was pro- moted Brigadier General in August, 1863, for gallant and meritorious conduct; led a brigade of the Fifteenth Army Corps at Chattanooga and Missionary Ridge, as also in the Atlanta cam- paign, and a division of the Seventeenth Corps in the "March to the Sea." After the surrender of Lee he was transferred to the Twenty fifth Army Corps, became Major-General in 1865, and resigned in 1866, having declined a commission as Colonel in the regular army ; about 1869 was appointed, by President Grant, Second Assistant Postmaster-General, but resigned on account of failing health in 1872. Died, at Bloomington, Nov. 8, 1876. (ieneral Smith was one of the founders of the Society of. the Army of the Tennes-see. SMITH, Gustavus Adolplins, soldier, was born in Philadelphia, Dec. 26. 1820; at 16 joined two brothers who had located at Springfield, Oluo, where he learned tlie trade of a carriage-maker. In December, 1837, he arrived at Decatur, 111., but soon after located at Springfield, where he resided some six years. Tlien, returning to Decatur, he devoted his attention to carriage manufactiu-e, doing a large business with the South, but losing heavily as the result of the war. An original Wliig, he became a Democrat on the dissolution of the AVhig party, but early took ground in favor of the Union after the firing on Fort Sumter; was offereil and accepted the colonelcy of the Thirty-fifth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, at the same time assisting Governor Yates in the selection of Camp Butler as a camp of recruiting and instruction. Having been assigned to duty in Missouri, in the summer of 1861, he proceeded to Jefferson City, joined Fre- mont at Carthage in tliat State, and made a forced march to Springfield, afterwards taking part in the campaign in Arkansas and in tlie battle of Pea Ridge, where he had a horse shot under him and was severely (and, it was supposed, fatally) wounded, not recovering until 1868. Being compelled to return home, he received authority to raise an independent brigade, but was unable to accompany it to the field. In Sep- tember, 1862, he was commissioned a Brigadier- General by President Lincoln, "for meritorious conduct.-"' but was unable to enter into active service on account of his wound. Later, he was assigned to the command of a convalescent camp at Murfreesboro, Tenn., under Gen. George H. Thomas. In 1864 he took part in securing the second election of President Lincoln, and, in the early part of 1865, was commissioned by Gov- ernor Oglesby Colonel of a new regiment (the One Hundred and Fifty-fifth Illinois), but, on account of his wounds, was assigned to court- martial duty, remaining in the service until January, 1866, when he was mustered out with the brevet rank of Brigadier-General. During the second year of his service he was presented with a magnificent sword by the rank and file of his regiment (the Thirty-fifth), for brave and gal- lant conduct at Pea Ridge. After retiring from the army, lie engaged in cotton planting in Ala- bama, but was not successful ; in 1868, canvas.sed Alabama for General Grant for President, but declined a nomination in his own favor for Con- gress. Ill 1870 he was appointed, by General Grant, United States Collection and Disbursing Agent for the District of New Jlexico, where he continued to reside. SMITH, John Corson, soldier, ex-Lieutenant- Go veriior and ex-State Treasurer, was born in Philadelphia. Feb. 13, 1832. At the age of 16 he was apprenticed to a carpenter and builder. In 18.")4 he came to Chicago, and worked at his trade, for a time, but soon removed to Galena, where he finally engaged in business as a contractor. In 1862 he enlisted as a private in the Seventy-fourth Illinois Volunteers, but, having received author- ity from Governor Yates, raised a company, of which he was chosen Captain, and which was incorporated in the Ninety-si.xth Illinois Infan- try. Of this regiment he was soon elected Major. After a short service about Cincinnati, Oliio, and Covington and Newport, Ky., the Ninety- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 487 sixth was sent to the front, and took part (anioii}; other battles) in the secoiul engagement at Fort Donelson and in the bloody light at Franklin, Tenu. Later, Major Smith was assigned to statT duty under Generals Baird and Steedman. serv- ing through the TuUahoma campaign, and par- ticipating in the liattlesof Chickaniauga, Lookout Mountain and Jlissionarj- Ridge. Being promoted to a Lieutenant-Colonelcy, he rejoined his regi- ment, and was given command of a brigade. In the xVtlanta campaign he served gallantly, tak- ing a conspicuous part in its long series of bloody engagements, and being severely wounded -'it Kenesaw Jlountain. In February, 1865, he was brevetted Colonel, and, in June, 1865, Brigadier- General. Soon after liis return to Galena he was appointed Assistant Assessor of Internal Revenue, but was legislated out of office in 1873. In 1873 he removed to Chicago and embarked in business. In 1874-76 he was a member (and Secretary) of the Illinois Board of Commissioners to the Cen- tennial Exposition at Philadeli)hia. In 1875 he was appointed Chief Grain-Inspector at Chicago, and held the office for several years. In 1872 and '76 he was a delegate to the National Republican Conventions of those years, and, in 1878, was elected State Treasurer, as he was again in 1883. In 1884 he was elected Lieutenant-Governor, serv- ing until 1889. He is a prominent Mason, Knight Templar and Odd Fellow, as well as a distin- guished member of the Order of Nobles of the Mystic Shrine, and was prominently connected with the erection of the "Masonic Temple Build- ing" in Chicago. SMITH, John Eugene, soldier, was born in Switzerland, August 3, 1816, the son of an officer who had served under Napoleon, and after the downfall of the latter, emigrated to Philadelphia. The subject of this sketch received an academic education and became a jeweler ; in 1861 entered the volunteer service as Colonel of the Forty-fifth Illinois Infantry ; took part in the capture of Forts Henry and Donelson, in the battle of Shiloh and siege of Corinth ; was promoted a Brigadier- General in November, 1862, and placed in com- mand of a division in tlie Sixteenth Army Corps; led the Third Division of the Seventeenth Army Cori)S in the Vicksburg campaign, later being transferred to the Fifteenth, and taking jiart in the battle of Missionary Ridge and the Atlanta and Carolina campaigns of 1864-65. He received the brevet rank of Major-General of Volunteers in January, 1865, and, on his muster-out from the volunteer service, became Colonel of the Twenty- seventh United States Infantry, being transferred, in 1870, to the Fourteenth. In 1867 his services at Vicksburg antl Savannah were further recog- nized by conferring upon him the brevets of Brig- adier and Major-G(>neral in the regular army. In May, 1881, he was retired, afterwards residing in Chicago, where he died, Jan. 39, 1897. S3IITH, Joseph, the founder of the Mormon sect, was born at Sharon, Vt., Dec. 23, 1805. In 1815 his parents removed to Palmj-ra, N. Y., and still later to Slanchester. He early showed a dreamy mental cast, and claimed to bo able to locate stolen articles by means of a magic stone. In 1820 he claimed to have seen a vision, but his pretensions were ridiculed by liis acquaintances. His story of the revelation of the golden plates by the angel Moroni, and of the latter's instruc- tions to him, is well known. With the aid of Slartin Harris and Oliver Cowdery he prepared the "Book of Mormon," alleging that he had deciphered it from heaven-sent characters, through the aid of miraculous spectacles. This was published in 1830. In later years Smith claimed to have received supplementary reve- lations, which so taxed the credulity of his fol- lowers that some of them apostatized. He also claimed supernatural power, such as exorcism, etc. He soon gained followers in considerable numbers, whom, in 1832, he led west, a part settling at Kirtland, Ohio, and the remainder in Jackson County, Mo. Driven- out of Ohio five years later, the bulk of the sect found the way to their friends in Missouri, whence they were finally expelled after many conflicts with the authorities. Smith, with the other refugees, fled to Hancock County, 111., founding the city of Nauvoo, which was incorporated in 1840. Here was begun, in the following year, the erection of a great temple, but again he aroused the hostility of the authorities, although .soon wielding con- siiler.able political power. After vario\is unsuc- cessful attempts to arrest him in 1844, .Smith and a number of his followers were induced to sur- render themselves under the promise of protection from violence and a fair trial. Having been taken to Carthage, the county-seat, all were dis- cliarged under recognizance to appear at coui-t except Smith and his brother Hyrum, who were held under the new charge of "trea-son," and were ])laced in jail. So intense had been the feeling against the Mormons, that Governor Ford called out the militia to preserve the peace; but it is evident that the feeling among the latter was in sympathy with that of the populace. Most of the militia were disbanded after Smith's ari'est, one companj- being left on duty at Carthage, 488 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. from whom only eight men were detailed to guard the jail. In this condition of affairs a mob of 150 disguised men, alleged to be from "Warsaw, appeared before the jail on the evening of June 27, and, forcing the guards — who made only a feeble resistance, — Joseph Smith and his brother Hyrum were both shot down, while a friend, who had remained with them, was wounded. The fate of Smith undoubtedly went far to win for him the reputation of martyr, and give a new impulse to the Mormon faith. (See Mormons; Kauvoo. ) SMITH, Justin Almerin, D.D., clergyman and editor, was born at Ticonderoga, N. Y., Dec. 29, 1819, educated at New Hampton Literary and Theological Institute and Union College, gradu- ating from the latter in 1843; served a year as Principal of the Union Academy at Bennington, Vt., followed by four years of pastoral work, when he assumed the pastorate of the First Bap- tist church at Rochester, N. Y. , wliere he remained five years. Then (1853) he removed to Chicago to assume the editorship of "The Chris- tian Times" (now "The Standard"), with which he was associated for the remainder of his life. Meanwhile he assisted in organizing three Baptist churches in Chicago, serving two of them as pastor for a considerable period; made an ex- tended tour of Europe in 1809, attending the Vatican Council at Rome; was a Trustee and one of the founders of the old Chicago Univer- sity, and Trustee and Lecturer of the Baptist Theological Seminary ; was also the author of several religious works. Died, at Morgan Park, near Chicago, Feb. 4, 1890. SMITH, Perry H., lawyer and politician, was born in Augusta, Oneida County, N. Y., March 18, 1828; entered Hamilton College at the age of 14 and graduated, second in his class, at 18 ; began reading law and was admitted to the bar on com- ing of age in 1849. Then, removing to Appleton, Wis., when 23 years of age he was elected a Judge, served later in both branches of the Legislature, and, in 1857, became Vice-President of the Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac Railway, retaining the same position in the reorganized corporation %\'hen it became the Chicago & Northwestern. In 1850 Mr. Smith came to Chi- cago and resided there till his death, on Palm Sunday of 1885. He was prominent in railway circles and in the coimcils of the Democratic party, being the recognized representative of Jlr. Tilden's interests in the Northwest in the cam- paign of 1870. SMITH, Robert, Congressman and lawyer, was born at Petersborough, N. H., June 12, 1802; was educated and admitted to the bar in his native town, settled at Alton, 111., in 1832, and engaged in practice. In 1830 he was elected to the General Assembly from Madison County, and re-elected in 1838. In 1842 he was elected to the Twenty-eighth Congress, and twice re-elected, serving three successive terms. During the Civil War he was commissioned Paymaster, with the rank of Major, and was stationed at St. Louis. He was largely interested in the construction of water power at Minneapolis, Minn., and also in railroad enterprises in Illinois. He was a promi- nent Mason and a public-spirited citizen. Died, at Alton, Dec. 20, 1807. SMITH, Samuel Lisle, lawyer, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1817, and, belonging to a wealthy family, enjoyed superior educational advantages, taking a course in the Yale Law School at an age too earh' to admit of his receiv- ing a degree. In 1830 he came to Illinois, to look after some landed interests of his father's in the vicinity of Peru. Returning east within the next two years, he obtained his diploma, and, again coming west, located in Chicago in 1838, and, for a time, occupied an office with the well-known law firm of Butterfield & Collins. In 1839 he was elected City Attorney and, at the great Whig meeting at Springfield, in June, 1840, was one of the principal speakers, establishing a reputation as one of the most brilliant campaign orators in the West. As an admirer of Henry Clay, he was active in the Presidential campaign of 1844, and was also a prominent speaker at the River and Harbor Convention at Chicago, in 1847. With a keen sense of humor, brilliant, witty and a mas- ter of repartee and invective, he achieved popu- larity, both at the bar and on the lecture platform, and had the promise of future success, which was unfortunately marred by his convivial" habits. Died of cholera, in Chicago, July 30, 1854. Mr. Smith married the daughter of Dr. Potts, of Philadelphia, an eminent clergyman of the Episcopal Church. SMITH, Sidney, jurist, was born in Washing- ton County, N. Y., May 12, 1829; studied law and was admitted to the bar at Albion, in that State, in 1S51 ; came to Chicago in 1850 and entered into partnership with Grant Goodrich and Will- iam W. Farwell, both of whom were afterwards elected to jjlaces on the bench — the first in the Sui)erior, and the latter in the Circuit Court. In 1879 Judge Smith was elected to the Superior Court of Cook County, serving until 1885, when he became the attorney of the Chicago Board of Trade. He was the Republican candidate for HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 489' Mayor, in opposition to Carter H. Harrison, in 18S.5, and is believed bj- many to have been honestly elected, though defeated on the face of the returns. A recount was orilered by the court, but so much delaj- was incurred and so many obstacles placed in the way of carrying the order into eflfect, that Judge Smith abandoned the con- test in disgust, although making material gains as far as it had gone. During liis professional career he was connected, as counsel, with some of the most important trials before the Chicago courts; was also one of the Directors of the Chi- cago Public Library, on its organization in 1871. Died suddenly, in Chicago, Oct. 6. 1898. SMITH, Theophiliis Wasliington, Judge and politician, was born in New York City, Sept. 28, 1784, served for a time in the United States navy, was a law student in the office of Aaron Burr, was admitted to the bar in his native State in 1805, and, in 1816, came west, finally locating at Edwardsville, where he soon became a prominent figure in early State history. In 1820 he was an unsuccessful candidate before the Legislature for the office of Attorney-General, being defeated by Samuel D. Lockwood, but was elected to the State Senate in 1822, serving four years. In 1823 he was one of the leaders of the "Conventionist" party, whose aim was to adopt a new Constitution wliich would legalize slavery in Illinois, during tliis period being the editor of tlie leading organ of the pro-slavery party. In 1825 he was elected one of the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court, but resigned, Dec. 26, 1842. He was im- peached in 1832 on charges alleging oppressive conduct, corruption, and other high misdemean- ors in office, but secured a negative acquittal, a two-thirds vote being necessary to conviction. The vote in the Senate stood twelve for convic- tion (on a part of the charges) to ten for acquittal, four being excused from voting. During the Black Hawk War he served as Quartermaster- General on the Governor's staff. As a jurist, he was charged by his political opponents with being unable to divest himself of his partisan bias, and even with privately advising counsel, in political causes, of defects in the record, which they (the counsel) liad not discovered. He was also a member of the first Board of Commission- ers of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, appointed in 1823. Died, in Chicago, May 0, 184G. SMITH, WilHam Henry, journalist. Associ- ated Press Manager, was born in Columbia County, N. Y., Dec. 1, 1833; at three years of age was taken by his parents to Oliio, where he enjoyed the best educational advantages that State at the time afforded. After completing his school course he began teaching, and, for a time, served as tutor in a Western college, but soon turned his attention to journalism, at first as assistant editor of a weekly publication at Cincin- nati, still later becoming its editor, and, in 1855, city editor of "The Cincinnati Gazette," with which he was connected in a more responsible position at the beginning of the war, incidentally doing work upon "The Literary Review." His connection with a leading paper enabled him to exert a strong influence in sujjport of tlie Govern- ment. This he used most faithfully in assisting to raise troops in the first years of the war, and, in 1863, in bringing forward and securing the election of John Brough as a Union candidate for Governor in opposition to Clement L. Vallandi- gham, the Democratic candidate. In 1864 he was nominated and elected Secretary of State, being re-elected two years later. After retiring from office he returned to journalism at Cincinnati, as editor of "The Evening Chronicle," from which he retired in 1870 to become Agent of the West- ern Associated Press, with headquarters, at first at Cleveland, but later at Chicago. His success in this line was demonstrated by the final union of the New York and Western Associated Press organizations under his management, continuing until 1893, when he retired. Mr. Smith was a strong personal friend of President Hayes, by whom he was appointed Collector of the Port of Chicago in 1877. While engaged in official duties he found time to do considerable literary work, having published, several years ago, "The St. Clair Papers," in two volumes, and a life of Charles Hammond, besides contributions to periodicals. After retiring from the management of the Associated Press, he was engaged upon a "His- tory of American Politics" and a "Life of Ruther- ford B. Hayes," which are said to have been well advanced at the time of his death, which took place at his home, at Lake Forest, 111., July 27, 1896. SMITH, William M., mercliant, stock- breeder and politician, was born near Frankfort. Ky., Ma}' 23. 1827; in 1846 accompanied his father's family to Lexington, McLean County, 111., where they settled. A few years later lie bought forty acres of government land, finally increasing his holdings to 800 acres, and becoming a breeder of fine stock. Still later he added to his agricultural pursuits the business of a mercliant. Having early identified himself witli the Republican party, lie remained a firm adlierent of its i)rin- ciples during the Civil War, and, while declining 490 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. a commission tendered him by Governor Yates, devoted his time and means liberally to the re- cruiting and organization of regiments for serv- ice in the field, and pi-oeuring supplies for the sick and wounded. In 1866 he was elected to the lower house of the Legislature, and was re-elected in 1868 and 'TO. serving, during his last term, as Speaker. In 18T7 he was appointed by Governor CuUora a member of the Railroad and Warehouse Commission, of which body he served as President until 1883. He was a man of remarkably genial temperament, liberal impulses, and wide popu- larity. Died. March 2.5, 1886. SMITH, William Sooy, soldier and civil engi- neer, was boru at Tarlton, Pickaway County, Ohio, July 22, 1830; graduated at Ohio University in 1849, and, at the United States Jlilitary Acad- emy, in 18r)3, having among his classmates, at the latter. Generals McPherson, Schofield and Sheri- dan. Coming to Chicago the following year, he first found emplo3'ment as an engineer on the Illinois Central Railroad, but later became assist- ant of Lieutenant-Colonel Graham in engineer service on the lakes ; a year later took charge of a select school in Buffalo; in 18.")T made the first surveys for the International Bridge at Niagara Falls, then went into the service of extensive locomotive and bridge- works at Trenton, N. J., in tlieir interest making a visit to Cuba, and also superintending the construction of a bridge across the Savannah River. The war intervening, he retvu-ned North and was appointed Lieutenant- Colonel and assigned to duty as Assistant Adju- tant-General at Camp Denison, Ohio, but, in June, 1862, was commissioned Colonel of the Thirteenth Ohio Volunteers, participating in the West Virginia cami)aigns. and later, at Shiloh and Perryville. In April, 1862, he was promoted Brigadier-General of volunteers, commanding divisions in the Army of the Ohio until the fall of 1862, when he joined Grant and took part in the Vicksbiu-g campaign, as commander of the First Division of the Sixteenth Army Corps. Subsequently he was made Chief of the Cavalry Department, serving on the staffs of (irant and Sherman, until compelled to resign, in 1864, on account of impaired health. During the war General Smith rendered valuable service to the Union cause in great emergencies, bj- his knowl- edge of engineering. On retiring to private life he resumed his profession at Chicago, and since has been employe'GF1ELD & ILLINOIS SOUTHEAST- ERN RAILROAD. (See Baltimore A Ohio Soiitliwestcni Ritilroad. ) SPRIX(iFIELl) A: NORTHWESTERN RAIL- ROAD. (See Chicago, Peoria & Ht Louis Railroad of Illinois.) Sl'RIN(i VALLEY, an incorporated city in Bureau County, at intersection of the Chicago & Northwestern, tlie Cliicago, Rock Island & Pacific, the Chicago, Burlington tt Quincy, and the Toluca, Marquette & Northern Railways, 100 miles soutliwest of Chicago. It lies in a coal- mining region and has important manufacturing interests as well. It has two banks, electric street and interurban railways, and two news- papers. Population (1^90), 3,887; (1900), 6,214. ST. AGATHA'S SCHOOL, an institution for young ladies, at Springfield, under the patronage of the Bishop of the Episcopal Church, incorpo- rated in 1889. It has a faculty of eight teachers giving instruction in the preparatory and higher branches, including music and fine arts. It reported fifty-five pupils in 1894, and real estate valued at §15,000. ST. ALBAN'S ACADEMY, a boys' and young men's school at Knoxville, 111., incorporated in 1896 under the auspices of the Episcopal Church ; in 1898 had a faculty of seven teachers, with forty-five pupils, and property valued at §61,100, of which !$54,000 was real estate. Instruction is given in the classical and scientific branches, besides music and preparatory studies. ST. ANNE, a village of Kankakee County, at the crossing of the Chicago & Eastern Illinois and the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railways, 60 miles south of Chicago. The town has two banks, tile and brick factory, and a weekly newspaper. Pop. (1900), 1,000. ST. CHARLES, a city in Kane County, on both sides of Fox River, at intersection of the Cliicago & Northwestern and the Cliicago Great Western Railways; 38 miles west of Chicago and 10 miles south of Elgin. The river furnishes excellent water-power, wliicli is being utilized by a number of important manufacturing enterprises. The city is connected with Chicago and many towns in the Fox River valley by interurban electric trolley lines ; is also the seat of tlie State Home for Boys. Pop. (1890), 1,690; (1900), 2,67r). ST. CLAIR, Arthur, first Governor of the Northwe.st Territory, was born of titled ancestry at Thurso, Scotland, in 1734; came to America in 1757 as an ensign, having purchased his commis- sion, participated in the capture of Louisburg, Canada, in 17.58, and fought under Wolfe at Quebec. In 1764 he settled in Pennsylvania, where lie amassed a moderate fortune, and be- came prominent in public affairs. He served with distinction during the Revolutionary War, rising to the rank of JIajor-General, and succeeding Cieneral Gates in command at Ticonderoga, but, later, was censured by Washington for his hasty evacuation of the post, though finally vindicated by a military court. His Revolutionary record, however, was generally good, and even distin- guished. He represented Pennsylvania in the Continental Congress, and presided over that body in 1787. He served as Governor of the Northwest Territory (including the present State of Illinois) from 1789 to 1803. As an executive he was not successful, being unpopular because of his arbitrariness. In November, 1791, he suffered a serious defeat by the Indians in the valley between the Miami and the Wabash. In this campaign he was badly crippled by the gout, and had to be carried on a litter ; he was again vindicated by a Congressional investigation. His first visit to the Illinois Country was made in 1790, when he organized St. Clair County, which was named in his honor. In 1802 President Jef- ferson removed him from the governorship of Ohio Territory, of which he had continued to be the Governor after its separation from Indiana and Illinois. The remainder of his life was spent in comparative penury. Shortly before his decease, he was granted an annuity by the Penn- sylvania Legislature and by Congress. Died, at Greensburg, Pa., August 31, 1818. ST. CLAIR COUNTY, the first county organ- ized within the territory comprised in the pres- ent State of Illinois — the whole region west of the Ohio River having been first placed under civil jurisdiction, under the name of "Illinois County," by an act of the Virginia House of Delegates, passed in October, 1778, a few months after the capture of Kaskaskia by Col. George Rogers Clark. (See Illinois; also Clark, George Rogers.) St. Clair County was finally set off by an order of Gov. Arthur St Clair, on occa- sion of his first visit to the "IlUnois Country," in April, 1790 — more than two years after his assumption of the duties of Governor of the Northwest Territory, which then comprehended the "Illinois Country" as well as the whole region within the present States of Ohio, Indiana, Michigan and Wisconsin. Governor .St. Clair's order, which bears date, April 27, 1790. defines the boundaries of the new county — which took his own name — as follows: "Beginning at the mouth of the Little Michillimackanack River, 49S niSTOPJCxVL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. running thence southerl}- in a direct line to tlie moutli of tlie little river above Fort Massac upon the Ohio River; thence with tlie said river to its junction with the Mississippi ; thence vip the Mississippi to the mouth of tlie Illinois, and so up the Illinois River to the place of beginning, with all the adjacent islands of said rivers, Illinois and Mississippi."' The "Little Michillimackanack," the initial ijoint mentioned in this description — also variously spelled "Makina" and "Macki- naw," the latter being the name by which the stream is now known — empties into the Illinois River on the south side a few miles below Pekin, in Tazewell Coimty. The boundaries of St. Clair County, as given by Gov. St. Clair, indicate the imperfect knowledge of the topog- raphy of the "Illinois Country" existing in that day, as a line drawn south from the mouth of the Mackinaw River, instead of reaching the Ohio "above Fort Massac." would have followed the longitude of the present city of Springfield, striking the Mississippi about the northwestern corner of Jackson County, twenty-five miles west of the mouth of the Ohio. The object of Gov- ernor St. Clair's order was, of course, to include the settled portions of the Illinois Country in the new county ; and, if it had had the effect intended, the eastern border of the county would have fol- lowed a line some fifty miles farther eastward, along the eastern border of Marion, Jefferson, Franklin, Williara.son and Jolinson Counties, reaching the Ohio River about the present site of Metropolis City in Massac Count)', and embracing about one-half of the area of the present State of Illinois. For all practical purposes it embraced all the Illinois Country, as it included that por- tion in which the wliite settlements were located. (See St. Clair, Arthur; also Illinois Country.) The early records of St. Clair County are in the French language ; its first settlers and its early civilization were French, and the lirst church to inculcate the doctrine of Christianity was the Roman Catholic. Tlie first proceedings in court under the common law were had in 1T9G. The first Justices of the Peace were appointed in 1807, and, as there was no penitentiary, the whipping- post and pillory played an important part in tlie code of penalties, these punishments being im- partially meted out as late as the time of Judge (afterwards Governor) Reynolds, to "the lame, the halt and the blind," for sucli offenses as the lar- ceny of a silk haiidkercliief. At first three places — Cahokia, Prairie du Roclier and Kaskas- kia — were named as coimty seats by Governor St. Clair; but Randolph County having been set off in 1895, Cahokia became the county-seat of the older couuty, so remaining until 1813, when Belleville was selected as the seat of justice. At that time it was a mere cornfield owned by George Blair, althougli settlements had previously been established in Ridge Prairie and at Badgley. Judge Jesse B. Thomas held his first court in a log-cabin, but a rude court house was erected in 1814, and, the same year, George E. Blair estab- lished a hostelry, Joseph Kerr opened a store, and, in 1817, additional impiovements were inaugurated by Daniel Murray and others, from Baltimore. John H. Dennis ami the Mitchells and Wests (from Virginia) settled soon after- ward, becoming farmers and mechanics. Belle- ville was incorporated in 1819. In 1825 Governor Edwards bought the large landed interests of Etienne Personeau, a large French land-owner, ordered a new survey of the town and infused fresh life itito its development. Settlers began to arrive in large numbers, mainly Virginians, who brought with them their slaves, the right to hold which was, for many years, a fruitful and perennial source of strife. Emigrants from Germany began to arrive at an early day. and now a large proportion of the population of Belleville and St. Clair County is made up of that nationality. The county, as at present organized, lies on the west- ern border of the south half of the State, iinmedi- atel)' opposite St. Louis, and comprises some 680 square miles. Three-fourths of it are underlaid by a vein of coal, six to eight feet tliick, and about one hundred feet below the surface. Con- siderable wheat is raised. The princip:il towns are Belleville. East St. Louis, Lebanon and Mas- coutah. Population of the county (1880), 61,806; (1890), 66,.571; (1900), 86,685. ST. JOHN, an incorporated village of Perry County, on the Illinois Central Railway, one mile north of Duquoin. Coal is mined and salt manu- factured here. Population about 500. ST. JOSEPH, a village of Champaign County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati. Chicago it St. Louis Railway, 10 miles east of Cliampaign; has inter- urban railroad connection. Pop. (1900), 637. ST. JOSEPH'S HOSPITAL, (Chicago), founded in 1860, by the Sisters of Charity. Having been de- stroyed in the fire of 1871, it was rebuilt in the following year. In 1892 it was reconstructed, en- larged and made thoroughly modern in its appoint- ments. It can accommodate aliout 250 jiatients. The Sistersattend to tlie nursing, and conduct tlie domestic and financial affairs. Tlie medical staff comprises ten physicans and surgeons, among whom are some of the most eminent in Chicaga IIISTOUICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 499 ST. LOUIS, ALTON & CHICAGO RAILROAD. (See Chicago <£• Alton Rati road.) ST. LOUS, ALTOS A. SPRINGFIELD RAIL- ROAD. (See St. Louis. Chicago & St. Paul Railroad.) ST. LOUIS, ALTON ic TERRE HAUTE RAILOAD, a corporation formerly operating an extensive system of railroads in Illinois. TheTerre Haute & Alton Railroad Company (the original corporation) was chartered in Januai-y, 1851, work begun in 1853, and the main line from Terre Haute to Alton (173.5 miles) crompleted, March 1, 1856. The Belleville & lUinoistown branch (from Belleville to East St. Louis) was chartered in 1853, and completed between the points named in the title, in the fall of 1854. This corporation secured authority to construct an extension from lUinoistown (now East St. Louis) to Alton, which was completed in October, 1856, giving the first railroad connection between Alton & St. Louis. Simultaneously with this, these two roads (the Terre Haute & Alton and the Belleville & lUinoistown) were consolidated under a single charter by special act of the Legis- lature in February, 1854, the consolidated line taking the name of the Terre Haute, Alton & St. Louis Railroad. Subsequently the road became financiall}' embarassed, was sold under foreclosure and reorganized, in 1863, under the name of the St. Louis. Alton & Terre Haute Railroad. June 1, 1867, the main line (from Terre Haute to St. Louis) was leased for niety-nine j'ears to the Indianapolis & St. Louis Railway Company (an Indiana corporation) guaranteed by certain other lines, but the lease was subsequently broken by the insolvency of the lessee and some of the guarantors. The Indianapolis & St. I^ouis went into the hands of a receiver in 1883, and was sold under foreclosure, in July of the same year, its interest being absorbed by the Cleveland, Cin- cinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, by which the main line is now operated. The ])rt>perties officially reported as remaining in the hands of the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad, June 30, 1895, beside the Belleville Branch (14.40 miles), included the following leased and subsidi- ary lines: Belleville & Southern Illinois — "Cairo Short Line" (56.40 miles); Belleville & Eldorado, (50.30 miles); Belleville & Carondelet (17.30 miles); St. Louis Southern and branches (47.27 miles), and Chicago, St. Louis & Paducah Rail- way (53.50 miles). AH these have been leased, since the close of the fiscal year 1895, to the Illi- nois Central. (For sketches of these several roads see headings of each. ) ST. LOUIS, CHICAGO & ST. PAUL RAIL- ROAD, (Bluif Line), a line running from Spring- field to Granite Cit}', 111., (opposite St. Louis), 103.1 miles, with a branch from Lock Haven to Grafton, 111., 8.4 miles — total length of line in Illinois, 110.5 miles. The track is of standard gauge, laid with 56 to 70-pound steel rails. — (His- tory. ) The road was originally incorporated under the name of the St. Louis, Jerseyville & Springfield Railroad, built from Bates to Grafton in 1883, and absorbed by the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Company ; was surrendered by the receivers of the latter in 1886, and passed under the control of the bond-holders, by whom it was transferred to a corporation known as the St. Louis & Central Illinois Railroad Company. In June, 1887, the St. Louis, Alton & Springfield Railroad Company was organized, with power to build extensions from Newborn to Alton, and from Bates to Springfield, which was done. In October, 1890, a receiver was appointed, followed by a reorganization under the present name (St. Louis, Chicago & St. Paul). Default was made on the interest and, in June following, it was again placed in the hands' of receivers, by whom it was operated until 1898. The total earnings and income for the fiscal year 1897-98 were §318,815, operating expenses, $373,370; total capitalization, §4,853,536, of which, §1,500,000 was in the form of stock and §1,235 000 in income bonds. ST. LOUIS, INDIANAPOLIS & EASTERN RAILROAD, a railroad line 90 miles in length, extending from Switz City, Ind., to Effingham, 111. — 56 miles being within the State of Illinois. It is of standard gauge and the track laid chiefly with iron rails. — (History.) The orginal corpo- ration was chartered in 1869 as the Springfield, Effingham & Quincy Railway Company. It was built as a narrow-gauge line bj- the Cincinnati, Eflingham & Quincj- Construction Company, which went into the hands of a receiver in 1878. The road was completed by the receiver in 1880, and, in 1885, restored to the Construction Com- pany by the discharge of the receiver. For a short time it was operated in connection with the Bloomfield Railroad of Indiana, but was reorganized in 18^16 as the Indiana & Illinois Southern Railroad, and the gauge changed to standard in 1S87. Having made defavilt in the payment of interest, it was sold under foreclosure in 1890 and purchased in the interest of the bond- holders, by whom it was conveyed to the St. Louis, Indianapolis & Eastern Railroad Company, in whose name the line is' operated. Its business 500 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. is limited, and chiefly local. The total earnings in 1898 were §65,583 and the expenditures §69,112. Its capital stock was $740,900; bonded debt, §978,000, other indebtedness increasing the total capital investment to §1,810,736. ST. LOUIS, JACKSONVILLE & CHICAGO RAILROAD. (See Chicacjo d- Alton Railroad.) ST. LOUIS, JERSEYVILLE & SPRIXUFIELD RAILROAD. (See St. Louis, Cliicago & St. Paul Railroad.) ST. LOUIS, MOUNT CARMEL & NEW AL- BANY RAILROAD. (See Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis (^Consolidated) Railroad.) ST. LOUIS, PEORIA & NORTHERN RAIL- WAY, known as "Peoria Short Line,"' a corpo- ration organized, Feb. 29, 1896, to take over and unite the properties of the St. Louis & Eastern, the St. Louis & Peoria and the North and South Railways, and to extend tlie same due north from Springfield to Peoria (60 miles), and thence to Fulton or East Clinton, 111. , on the L^pper Mis- sissippi. The line extends from Springfield to Glen Carbon (84.46 miles), with trackage facilities over the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railroad and the Merchants' Terminal Bridge (18 miles) to St. Louis. — (History.) This road haS been made up of three sections or divisions. (1) The initial section of the line was constructed under the name of the St. Louis & Chicago Railroad of Illinois, incorporated in 1885, and opened from Mount Olive to Alhambra in 1887. It passed into the hands of a receiver, was sold under fore- closure in 1889, and reorganized, in 1890, as the St. Louis & Peoria Railroad. The St. Louis & East- ern, chartered in 1889, built the line from Glen Carbon to Marine, which was opened in 1893; the following year, bought the St. Louis & Peoria line, and, in 1895, constructed tlie link (8 miles) between Alliambra and Marine. (3) The North & South Railroad Company of Illinois, organized in 1890, as successor to the St. Louis & Chicago Rjiilway Company, proceeded in the construction of the line (50.46 miles) from Mt. Olive to Spring- field, whicli was subsequently leased to the Chi- cago, Peoria & St. Louis, then under the management of the Jacksonville, Louisville & St. Louis Railway. The latter corporation having defaulted, the property passed into the hands of a receiver. By expiration of the lease in Decem- ber, 1896, the property reverted to the proprietary Company, whicli took possession, Jan. 1, 1896. Tlie St. Louis & Southeastern then bought the line outright, and it was incorporated as apart of the new organization under the name of tlie St. Louis, Peoria & Northern Railway, the North & South Railroad going out of existence. In May, 1899, the St. Louis, Peoria & Northern was sold to the reorganized Chicago & Alton Railroad Comjiany, to be operated as a short line between Peoria & St. Louis. ST. LOUIS, ROCK ISLAND & CHICAGO RAILROAD. (See Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad.) ST. LOUIS SOUTHERN RAILROAD, a line running from Piuckneyville, 111., via Murphys- boro, to Carbondale. The company is also the lessee of the Carbondale & Shawneetown Rail- road, extending from Carbondale to Marion, 17.5 miles — total, 50.5 miles. The track is of standard gauge and laid with 56 and 60-pound steel rails. The company was organized in August, 1886, to succeed to the property of the St. Louis Coal Rail- road (organized in 1879) and the St. Louis Central Railway; and was leased for 980 years from Dec. 1, 1886, to the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad Companj', at an annual rental equal to thirty per cent of the gross earnings, with a mini- mum guarantee of §32,000, which is sufficient to pay the interest on the first mortgage bonds. During the year 1896 this line passed under lease from the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Rail- road Companj-, into the hands of the Illinois Central Railroad Comi>an}-. ST. LOUIS, SPRINGFIELD & VINCENNES RAILROAD COMPANY, a corporation organized in July, 1899, to take over the propertj' of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway in the State of Illinois, known as the Ohio & Mississippi and the Springfield & Illinois Southeastern Railways — the former extending from Viu- cennes, Ind., to East St. Louis, and the latter from Beardstown to Shawneetown. The prop- erty was sold under foreclosure, at Cincinnati, July 10, 1899, and transferred, for purposes of reorganization, into the hands of the new cor- poration, July 28, 1899. (For history of the several lines see Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway.) ST. LOUIS, VANDALIA & TERRE HAUTE RAILROAD. This line extends from East St. Louis eastward acro-ss the State, to the Indiana State line, a distance of 158.3 miles. The Terre Haute & Indianapolis Railroad Company is the lessee. Tlie track is single, of standard gauge, and laid with steel rails. The outstanding capi- tal stock, in 1898, was §3,924,058, the bonded debt, §4,496,000, and the floating debt, §218.480.— (His- tory ) The St. Louis, Vandalia & Terre Haute Railroad was chartered in 18()5, openeil in 1870 and leased to the Terre Haute & Indianapolis HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 501 Railroad, for itself and the Pittsburg, Cincinnati. Cliicago & St. Louis Railroad. ST. LOUIS & C.4IR0 RAILROAD, extend.s from East St. Loui.s to Cairo, 111., 151.0 miles, with a branch from Millstadt Jiiiiotion to High Prairie, y miles. The track is of standard gauge and laid mainl}- with steel rails. — (History.) The origi- nal charter was granted to the Cairo & St. Louis Railroad Company, Feb. 16, 186.5, and the road opened, March 1, 1875. Subsequently it passed into tlie hands of a receiver, was sold under fore- closure, July 14, 1881, and was taken charge of by a new company under its present name, Feb. 1, 1882. On Feb. 1, 1886, it was leased to the Mobile & Ohio Railroad Companj- for forty-five years, and now constitutes the Illinois Division of that line, giving it a connection with St. Louis. (See Mobile & Oh lo Hailway. ) ST. LOUIS & CENTRAL ILLINOIS RAIL- KOAD. (See St. Louis, Chicago & St. Paul Railroad.) ST. LOUIS & CHICAGO RAILROAD (of Illinois). (See St. Louis, Peoria & Northern Railu-ay.) ST. LOUIS & EASTERN RAILROAD. (See St. Louis, Peoria & Xortheru Railway.) ST. LOUIS & PEORIA RAILWAY. (See St. Louis. Peoria -J M Z o > 2^ <: • w Z o > r r HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 505 payment, are supposed to have been lost. (See Macalititer and Stebbins Bonds.) STATE UUARDI.VNS FOR GIRLS, a bureau organized for the care of female juvenile delin- quents, by act of June 2, 189.3. Tlie Board consists of seven members, nominated by the Executive and confirmed by the Senate, and wlio consti- tute a body politic and corporate. Not more than two of the members may reside in the same Con- gressional District and, of the seven members, four must be women. (See also Home for Female Juvenile Offenders.) The term of office is six years. STATE HOUSE, located at Springfield. Its construction was begun under an act passed by the Legislature in February, 1867, and completed in 1887. It stands in a park of about eight acres, donated to tlie State by tlie citizens of Spring- field. A provision of the State Constitution of 1870 prohibited the expenditure of anj- sum in excess of .?3,.'>00,000 in the erection and furnishing of the building, without previous approval of such additional expenditure by the people. This amount proving insufficient, the Legislature, at its session of 1885, passed an act making an addi- tional appropriation of §.531,712, which having been apjjroved by popular vote at the general election of 1886, the expenditure was made and the oapitol completed during the following j-ear, thus raising the total cost of construction and fur- nisliing to a little in excess of §4,000,000. The building is cruciform as to its ground plan, and classic in its style of aroliitecture ; its extreme dimensions (including porticoes), from north |to south, being 379 feet, and, from east to west, 286 feet. Tlie walls are of dressed Joliet limestone, while tlie porticoes, which are spacious and lofty, are of .sandstone, supported by polished columns of gray granite. Tlie three stories of the building are surmounted by a Jlansard roof, with two turrets and a central dome of stately dimensions. Its extreme height, to the top of the iron flag-staff, which rises from a lantern springing from the dome, is 364 feet. STATE NORMAL UNIVERSITY, an institu tion for the education of teachers, organized under an act of the General Assembly, passed Feb. 18, 1857. This act placed the work of organization in the hands of a board of fifteen persons, which was styled "The Board of Educa- tion of the State of Illinois," and was constituted as follows: C. B. Denio of Jo Daviess County; Simeon Wright of Lee ; Daniel Wilkins of Mc- Lean ; Charles E. Hovey of Peoria ; George P. Rex of Pike; Samuel W. Moulton of Shelby; John Gillespie of Jasper; George Bunsen of St. Clair; Wesley Sloan of Pope; Ninian W. Edwards of Sangamon ; John R. Eden of Moultrie ; Flavel Moseley and William Wells of Cook ; Albert R. Shannon of White ; and the Superintendent o\. Public Instruction, ex-officio. The object of the University, as defined in the organizing law, is to qualify teachers for the public schools of the State, and the course of instruction to be given embraces "the art of teaching, and all branches which pertain to a common school education; in the elements of the natural sciences, including agricultural chemistry, animal and vegetable physiology; in the fundamental laws of the United States and of the State of Illinois in regard to the rights and duties of citizens, and sucli other studies as the Board of Education may, from time to time, prescribe." Various cities competed for the location of the institution, Bloomington being finally selected, its bid, in- cluding 160 acres of land, being estimated as equivalent to §141,725. The corner-stone was laid on September 29, 1857, and the first building was ready for permanent occupancy in Septem- ber, 1860. Previously, however, it had been sufficiently advanced to permit of its being used, and the first commencement exercises were held on June 29 of the latter year. Tliree years earlier, the academic department liad been organ- ized under the charge of Charles E. Hovey. The first cost, including furniture, etc., was not far from §200,000. Gratuitous instruction is given to two pupils from each countj', and to three from each Senatorial District. The departments are : Grammar school, liigh school, normal department and model school, all of which are overcrowded. The whole number of students in attendance on the institution during the school year, 1897-98, was 1,197, of whom 891 were in the normal department and 306 in the practice school depart- ment, including representatives from 86 coun- ties of the State, with a few pupils from other States on the payment of tuition. Tlie teacliing faculty (including tlie President and Librarian) for the same j-ear, was made up of twenty-six members— twelve ladies and fourteen gentlemen. The expenditures for the year 1897-98 aggregated §47,626.92, against §66,528.69 for 1896-97. Nearly §22,000 of the amount expended during the latter year was on account of the construction of a gymnasium building. STATE PROPERTY. The United States Cen- sus of 1890 gave the value of real and personal property belonging to the State as follows; Pub- lic lands, §328,000; buildings, §23,104,000; mis- 50C HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. cellaneous property, 82,650,000— total, S'35, 142,000. The land may be subdivided thus : Camp-grounds of the Illinois National Guard near Springfield (donated), .$40,000; Illinois and Michigan Canal, $168,000; Illinois University lands, in Illinois (donated by the General Government), .$41,000, in Minnesota (similarly donated), $79,000. The buildings comprise those connected with the charitable, penal and educational institutions of the State, besides the State Arsenal, two build- ings for the use of the Appellate Courts (at Ottawa and Mount Vernon), the State House, the Executive Mansion, and locks and dams erected at Henry and Copperas Creek. Of the miscellaneous property, §120,000 represents the equipment of tlie Illinois National Guard ; Sl,9''59,- 000 the value of the movable property of public buildings; 8'>50,000 the endowment fund of tlie University of Illinois; and .$21,000 the movable property of the Illinois & Michigan Canal. The figures given relative to the value of the public buildings include onlj' the first appropriations for their erection. Considerable sums have since been expended upon some of them in repairs, enlargements and im])rovements. STATE TREASURERS. The only Treasurer of Illinois during the Territorial period was John Thomas, who served from 1813 to 1818, and became the first incumbent under the State Government. Under the Constitution of 1818 the Treasurer was elected, biennially, by joint vote of the two Houses of the General Assembly ; by the Constitution of 1848, tliis officer was made elective by the people for the same period, with- out limitations as to number of terms ; imder tlio Con.stitution of 1870, the manner of election and duration of term are unchanged, but the incum- bent is ineligible to re-election, for two years from expiration of the term for which he may have been chosen. The following is a list of the State Treasurers, from the date of the admission of the State into the Union down to the present time (1899), with the date and duration of the term of each: John Thomas, 1818-19; Robert K. McLaughlin, 1819-23; Abner Field, 1823 27; James Hall, 1827 31; John Dement, 1831-36; Charles Gregory, 1830-37; John D. Whiteside, 1837-41; Milton Carpenter, 1841-48; John Moore, 1848-57; James Miller, 1857-59; William Butler, 1859-63; Alexander Starne, 1863-65; James H. Beveridge, 1865-67; George W. Smith, 1867-69; ErastusN. Bates, 1869-73; Edward Rutz. 1873-7.5; Thomas S. Ridgway, 1875-77; Edward Rutz. 1877-79; John C. Smith. 1879-81; Edward Rutz, 1881-83, John C. Smith, 1883-85; Jacob Gross, 1885-87; John R. Tanner, 1887-89; Charles Becker, 1889-91; Edward S. Wilson, 1891-93; Rufus N. Ramsay, 1893-95 ; Henry Wulff, 1895-97 ; Henry L. Hertz, 1897-99; Floyd K. Whittemore, 1899-. STAl'XTOX, a village in the southeast corner of Macoupin County, on the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis and the Wabash Railways; is 36 miles northeast of St. Louis, and 14 miles .southwest of Litchfield. Agriculture and coal-mining aie the industries of the surrounding region. Staunton lias two banks, eight churches and a weekly newspappr. Population (1880), 1,358; (1890), 2,309; (1900), 2,786 STEEL PRODUCTION. In the manufacture of steel, Illinois has long ranked as the second State in the Union in the amount of its output, and, during the period between 1880 and 1890, the increase in production was 241 per cent. In 1880 there were but six steel works in the State ; in 1890 these had increased to fourteen ; and the production of steel of all kinds (in tons of 2,000 pounds) had risen from 254,569 tons to 868,250. Of the 3.837,039 tons of Bessemer steel ingots,^5r direct castings, produced in the United States in 1890, 22 per cent were turned out in Illinois, nearl}- all the steel produced in the State being made by that process. From the tonnage of ingots, as given above, Illinois produced 622,260 pounds of steel rails, — more than 30 per cent of the aggregate for the entire country. This fact is noteworthy, inasmuch as the competition in the manufacture of Bessemer steel rails, since 1880, has been so great that many rail mills have converted their steel into forms other than rails, experience having proved tlieir production to anj' considerable extent, during the past few years, unprofitable except in works favorably located for obtaining cheap raw material, or operated under the latest and most approved methods of manufactvure. Open-hearth steel is no longer made in Illinois, but the manufacture of crucible steel is slightly increasing, the out- put in 1890 being 445 tons, as against 130 in 1880. For purposes rec|uiring special grades of steel the product of the crucible process will be always in demand, but the high cost of manufacture prevents it, in a majority of instances, from successfully competing in price with the other processes mentioned. STEPHENSON, Renjamin, pioneer and early politician, came to Illinois from Kentucky in 1809, and was appointed the first Sheriff of Randol])!! County by Governor Edwards \mder the Territorial Government; afterwards served HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 507 as a Colonel of Illinois militia during the War of 1S1~; represented Illinois Territory as Delegate in Congress. 1814-lG, and, on bis retirement from Congress, became Register of the Land Oflice at Edwardsville. finally d3'ingat Edwardsville — Col. James W. (Stephenson), a son of the preceding, was a soldier during the Black Hawk War, after- wards became a prominent politician in the north- western part of the State, served as Register of the Land Office at Galena and, in 1838, received the Democratic nomination for Governor, but withdrew before the election. STEPHEXSOX, (Dr.) Benjamin Franklin, physician and soldier, was born in Wajne County, 111., Oct. 30, 1823, and accompanied his parents, in 182.5, to Sangamon County, where the family settled. His early educational advantages were meager, and he did not studj' his profession (medicine) until after reaching his majoritj-, graduating from Rush Medical College, Chicago, in 18.50. He began practice at Petersburg, but, in April, 1863, was mustered into the volunteer army as Surgeon of the Fourteenth Illinois Infantry. After a little over two years service he was mustered out in June, 18(i4. when he took up his residence in Springfield, and, for a year, was engaged in the drug business there. In 18G.5 lie resumed professional practice. He lacked tenac- ity of purpose, however, was indifferent to money, and always willing to give his own services and orders for medicine to the poor. Hence, his prac- tice was not lucrative. He was one of the leaders in the organization of the Grand Army of the Republic (which see), in connection with wliich he is most widely known; but' his services in its cause failed to receive, during his lifetime, the recognition which they deserved, nor did the organization promptly flourish, as he had hoped. He finally returned with his family to Peters- burg. Died, at Rock Creek, Menard, County, 111., August 30, 1871. STEPHENSON COUNTY, a northwestern county, with an area of 560 square miles. The soil is rich, productive and well timbered. Fruit- culture and stock-raising are among the chief industries. Not until 1827 did the aborigines quit the locality, and the county was organized, ten years later, and named for Gen. Henjamin Stephenson. A man named Kirker, who had been in the employment of Colonel Gratiot as a lead-miner, near Galena, is said to have built the first cabin within the present limits of wliat was called Burr Oak Grove, and .set himself up as an Indian-trader in 1826, but only remained a short time. He was followed, the next j'ear, by Oliver W. Kellogg, who took Kirker's place, built a more pretentioi'is dwelling and became the first permanent settler. Later came WilUam Wad- dams, the Montagues, Baker, Kilpatrick, Preston, the Goddards. and others whose names are linked with the county's early history. The first house in Freeport was built bj- William Baker. Organi- zation was effected in 1837, the total poll being eighty-four votes. The earliest teacher was Nel- son Martin, who is said to have taught a school of some twelve pupils, in a house which stood on tlie site of the present city of Freeport. Popula- tion (1880), 31,963; (189U), 31,338; (1900), 34,933. STERLING, a flourisliing city on the north bank of Rock River, in Wiiiteside County, 109 miles west of Chi(;ago, 39 miles east of Clinton, Iowa, and 52 miles east-northeast of Rock Island. It lias ample railway facilities, furnished by the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, the Sterling & Peoria, and the Chicago & Northwe.stern Rail- roads. It contains fourteen churches, an opera house, high ami grade schools, Carnegie library, Government postoffice building, three banks, electric street and interurban car lines, electric and gas lighting, water-works, paved streets and sidewalks, fire department and four newspaper offices, two issuing daily editions. It has fine water-power, and is an important manufacturing center, its works turning out agricultural imple- ments, carriages, paper, barbed-wire, school furni- ture, burial caskets, pumps, sash, doors, etc. It also has the Sterling Iron Works, besides foundries and machine shops. The river here flows through charming scenery. Pop. (1890), 5,824; (1900) 6.309. STEVENS, Bradford &., ex-Congressman, was born at Boscawen (afterwards Webster), N. H., Jan. 8, 1813. After attending schools in New Hampshire and at Montreal, he entered Dart- mouth College, graduating therefrom in 1835. During the six years following, he devoted him- self to teaching, at Hopkinsville, Ky., and New York City. In 1843 he removed to Bureau County, 111., where he became a merchant and farmer. In 1868 he was chairman of the Board of Supervisors, and, in 1870, was elected to Con- gress, as an Independent Democrat, for the Fifth District. STEVENSON, Adlai E., ex-Vice-President of the United States, was born in Christian County, Ky., Oct. 23, 1835. In 1852 he removed witli his parents to Blooniington, McLean County, 111., where the family settled; was educated at the Illinois Wesleyaii University and at Centre Col- lege, K}'., was admitted to the bar in 1858 and began practice at Metamora. Woodford County, 508 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. where he was Master in Chancery, 1861-65, and State's Attorney, 1865-69. In 1864 he was candi- date for Presidential Elector on the Democratic ticket. In 1869 he returned to Bloomington, where he has since resided. In 1874, and again in 1876, he was an unsuccessful candidate of his party for Congress, but was elected as a Green- back Democrat in 1878, though defeated in 1880 and 1883. In 1877 he was appointed by President Hayes a member of the Board of Visitors to West Point. During the first administration of President Cleveland (1885-89) he was First Assist- ant Postmaster General; was a member of the National Democratic Conventions of 1884 and 1892, being Chairman of the Illinois delegation the latter year. In 1892 he received his party's nomination for the Vice-Presidency, and was elected to that office, serving until 1897. Since retiring from office he has resumed his residence at Bloomington. STEWARD, Lewis, manufacturer and former Congressman, was born in Wayne Countj", Pa., Nov. 20, 1824, and received a common school education. At the age of 14 he accompanied his parents to Kendall County, 111., where he after- wards resided, being engaged in farming and the manufacture of agricultural implements at Piano. He studied law but never practiced. In 1876 he was an unsuccessful candidate for Gov- ernor on the Democratic ticket, being defeated by Shelby M. Cullom. In 1890 the Democrats of the Eighth Illinois District elected him to Con- gress. In 1892 he was again a candidate, but was defeated by his Republican opponent, Robert A. Childs, by the narrow margin of 27 votes, and. In 1894, was again defeated, this time being pitted against Albert J. Hopkins. Mr. Steward died at his home at Piano, August 26, 1896. STEWARDSOX, a town of Shelby County, at the intersection of the Toledo, St. Louis & Kan- sas City RiiiUvay with the Altamont branch of the Waba.sh, 12 miles southeast of Shelby ville; is in a grain and lumber region ; has a bank and a weekly paper. Population, (1900), 677. STICKXEY, William H., pioneer lawyer, was born in Baltimore, Md., Nov. 9, 1809, studied law and was admitted to the bar at Cincinnati in 1831, and, in Illinois in 1834, being at that time a resident of Shawneetown; was elected State's Attorney by the Legislature, in 1839, for the cir- cuit embracing some fourteen counties in the southern and southeastern part of the State ; for a time also, about 1835-36, officiated as editor of "The Gallatin Democrat," and "The Illinois Advertiser, ' ' published at Shawneetown. In 1846 Mr. Stickney was elected to the lower branch of the General Assembly from Gallatin County, and, twenty-eight years later — having come to Chi- cago in 1848 — to the same body from Cook County, serving in the somewhat famous Twenty- ninth Assembly. He also held the office of Police Justice for some thirteen years, from 1860 onward. He lived to an advanced age, dying in Chicago, Feb. 14, 1898, being at the time the oldest surviving member of the Chicago bar. STILES, Isaac Newton, lawyer and soldier, bom at Suffield, Conn., July 16, 1833; was ad- mitted to the bar at Lafayette, Ind., in 1855, became Prosecuting Attorney, a member of the Legislature and an effective speaker in the Fre- mont campaign of 1856 ; enlisted as a private sol- dier at the beginning of the war, went to the field as Adjutant, was captured at Malvern Hill, and, after six weeks' confinement in Libby prison, exchanged and returned to duty; was promoted Major, Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel, and brevetted Brigadier-General for meritorious service. After the war he practiced his profes- sion in Chicago, though almost totally blind. Died, Jan. 18, 1895. STILLMAX, Stephen, first State Senator from Sangamon County, 111. , was a native of Massachu- setts who came, with his widowed mother, to Sangamon County in 1820, and settled near Williarasville, where he became the first Post- master in the first postoffice in the State north of the Sangamon River. In 1822, Mr. Stillman was elected as the first State Senator from Sangamon County, serving four years, and. at his first session, being one of the opponents of the pro-slavery Convention resolution. He died, in Peoria, some- where between 1835 and 1840. STILLMAN VALLEY, village in Ogle County, on Chicago Great We.stern and the Chicago, Mil- waukee & St. Paul Railways; site of first battle Black Hawk War; has graded schools, four churches, a bank and a newspaper. Pop. , 475. STITES, Samuel, pioneer, was born near Mount Bethel, Somerset County, N. J., Oct. 31, 1776; died, August 16. 1839, on his farm, which subsequently became the site of the city of Tren- ton, in Clinton County, 111. He was descended from John Stites, M.D., who was born in Eng- land in 1595, emigrated to America, and died at Hempstead, L. I., in 1717. at the age of 122 years. The family removed to New Jersey in the latter part of the seventeenth century. Samuel was a cou.sin of Benjamin Stites, the first white man to settle within the present limits of Cincinnati, and various members of the family were prominent in HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 509 the settlement of the upper Ohio Valley as early as 1788. Samuel Stites married, Sept. 14, 1794, Martha Martin, daughter of Ephraim Martin, and grand- daugliter of Col. Ephraim Martin, botli soldiers of the New Jersey line during the Revo- lutionary War — with the la.st named of whoni he had (in connection witli John Cleves Symmes) been intimately associated in the purchase and settlement of the Miami Valley. In 1800 he removed to Hamilton County, Ohio, in 1803 to Greene County, and, in 1818, in company with his son-in-law. Anthony Wayne Casad, to St. Clair County, 111., settling near Union Grove. Later, he removed to O'Fallon, and, .still later, to Clinton County. He left a large family, several members of wliich became prominent pioneers in the movements toward Minne.sota and Kansas. STOLBRAXD, Carlos John Mueller, soldier, ■was born in Sweden, May 11, 1821; at the age of 18, enlisted in the Royal Artillery of his native land, serving through the campaign of Sehleswig- Holstein (1848) ; came to the United States soon after, and, in 1861, enlisted in the first battalion of Illinois Light Artillerj", finally becoming Chief of Artillery under Gen. John A. Logan. When the latter became commander of the Fifteenth Army Corps, Col. Stolbrand was placed at the head of the artillery brigade; in February, 1865, was made Brigadier-General, and mustered out in January, 1866. After the war he went South, and was Secretary of the South Carolina Consti- tutional Convention of 1868. The same year he was a delegate to the Republican National Con- vention at Chicago, and a Presidential Elector. He was an inventor and patented various im- provements in steam engines and boilers; was also Superintendent of Public Buildings at Charleston, S. C, under President Harrison. Died, at Charleston, Feb. 3, 1894. STONE, Daniel, early lawyer and legislator, was a native of Vermont and graduate of Middle- bury College; became a member of the Spring- field (111.) bar in 1833, and, in 1836, was elected to the General Assembly — being one of the cele- brated "Long Nine" from Sangamon County, and joining Abraham Lincoln in his protest against a series of pro-slavery resolutions which had been adopted by the House. In 1837 he was a Circuit Court Judge and, being assigned to the nortli- western part of the State, removed to Galena, but was legislated out of office, when he left the State, dying a few years later, in Essex County, N. J. STONE, Horatio 0., pioneer, was born in Ontario (now Monroe) County, N. Y., Jan. 2, 1811 ; in boyhood learned the trade of shoemaker, and later acted as overseer of laborers on the Lackawanna Canal. In 1831, having located in Wayne County, Mich., he was drafted for the Black Hawk War, serving twenty-two days under Gen. Jacob Brown. In January, 1835, he came to Chicago and, having made a fortunate specu- lation in real estate in that earlj' day, a few months later entered upon the grocery and pro- vision trade, which he afterwards extended to grain ; finally giving his chief attention to real estate, in which he was remarkably successful, leaving a large fortune at his death, which occurred in Chicago, June 20, 1877. STONE, (Rev.) Luther, Baptist clergyman, was born in the town of Oxford, Worcester County, Mass., Sept. 26, 1815, and spent his boy- hood on a farm. After acquiring a common school education, he prepared for college at Lei- cester Academy, and, in 1835, entered Brown University, graduating in the class of 1839. He then spent three years at the Theological Insti- tute at Newton, Mass. ; was ordained to the ministry at Oxford, in 1843, but, coming west the next year, entered ujKm evangelical work in Rock Island, Davenport, Burlington and neigh- boring towns. Later, he was pastor of the First Baptist Church at Rockford, 111. In 1847 Mr. Stone came to Chicago and established "The Watchman of the Prairies," which survives to- day under the name of "The Standard," and has become the leading Baptist organ in the West. After six years of editorial work, he took up evangeli.stic work in Chicago, among the poor and criminal classes. During the Civil War he conducted religious services at Camp Douglas, Soldiers" Rest and the Marine Hospital. He was associated in the conduct and promotion of many educational and charitable institutions. He did much for the First Baptist Church of Chicago, and, during the latter years of his life, was attached to the Immaiiuel Baptist Church, which he labored to establish. Died, in July, 1890. STONE, Melville E., journalist, banker, Man- ager ot Associated Press, born at Hudson, 111., August 18, 1848. Coming to Chicago in 1860, he grailuated from the local high school in 1867, and, in 1870, acquired the sole proprietorship of a foundry and machine shop. Finding himself without re.sourci's alter the great fire of 1871, he embarked in journalism, rising, through the suc- cessive grades of rej>()rter, city editor, assistant editor and Washington correspondent, to the position of editor-in-chief of his own journal. 510 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. He was connected with various Chicago dailies between 1871 and 187"), and, on Christmas Day of the latter year, issued the first number of "The Chicago Daily Xews." He gradually disposed of his interest in this journal, entirely severing his connection therewith in 1S88. Since that date he has been engaged in banking in the city of Chicago, and is also General JIanager of the Associated Press. STONE, Samuel, philanthropist, was born at Chesterfield, Mass., Dec. 6, 1798; left an orphan at seven years of age, after a short term in Lei- cester Academy, and several years in a wholesale store in Boston, at the age of 19 removed to Rochester, N. Y., to take charge of interests in the "Holland Purchase." belonging to his father's estate ; in 1843-49, was a resident of ^Detroit and interested in some of the early railroad enter- prises centering there, but the latter year re- moved to Milwaukee, lieing there associated with Ezra Cornell in telegraph construction. In 1859 he became a citizen of Chicago, where he was one of tlie founders of the Chicago Historical Society, anjl a liberal patron of many enterprises of a public and benevolent character. Died, May 4, 1876. STONE FORT, a village in the counties of Saline and Williamson. It is situated on the Cairo Division of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, .')7 miles northeast of Cairo. Population (1900), 479. STOREY, Wilbur P., journalist and news- paper publisher, was born at Salisbur}-, Vt., Dec. 19, 1819. He began to learn the printer's trade at 12, and, before he was 19, was part owner of a Democratic paper called "The Herald," published at La Porte, Ind. Later, he either edited or con- trolled journals published at Mishawaka, Ind., and Jackson and Detroit, Mich. In Januar}-, 1861, he became the principal owner of "The Chicago Times," then the leading Democratic organ of Cliicago. His paper soon came to be regarded as the organ of the anti-war party throughout the Northwest, and, in June, 1863, was suppressed by a ndlitary order issued by General Burnside, which was subsequently revoked by President Lincoln. Tlie net result was an increase in "The Times' " notoriety and circulation. Other charges, of an equally gj-ave nature, relating to its sources of income, its char- acter as a family newspaper, etc., were repeateiUy made, but to all these Mr. Storey turned a deaf ear. He lost heavily in the fire of 1871, but, in 1872, appeared as the editor of "The Times," then destitute of political ties. About 187G his health began to decline. Medical aid failed to afford relief, and, in August, 1884, he was ad- judged to be of unsound mind, and his estate was placed in the hands of a conservator. On the 27th of the following October (1884), he died at his home in Chicago. STORRS, Emery Alexander, lawyer, was born at Hinsdale. Cattaraugus Count3-, X. Y., August 12, 1835 ; began the study of law with his father, later pursued a legal course at Buifalo, and, in 1853, was admitted to the bar; spent two years (1857-59) in New York City, the latter year re- moving to Chicago, wliere he attained great prominence as an advocate at the bar. as well as an orator on other occasions. Politically a Republican, he took an active part in Presidential campaigns, being a delegate-at-large from Illinois to the National Republican Conventions of 1868, '72, and '80, and serving as one of the Vice-Presi- dents in 1872. Erratic in habits and a master of epigram and repartee, manj- of his speeches are quoted with relish and appreciation by those who were his contemporaries at the Chicago bar. Died suddenly, wliile in attendance on the Su- preme Court at Ottawa. Sejjt. 12, 1885. STRAWN, Jacob, agriculturist and stock- dealer, born in Somerset County, Pa., May 30, 1800; removed to Licking County, Ohio, in 1817, and to Illinois, in 1831, settling four miles south- west of Jacksonville. He was one of the first to demonstrate the possibilities of Illinois as a live- stock state. Unpretentious and despising mere show, he illustrated the virtues of industry, fru- gality and honesty. At his death^which occurred August 23, 186.5 — he left an estate estimated in value at about §1,000,000, acquired bj- industry and business enterprise. He was a zealous Unionist during the war, at one time contributing §10.000 to the Cliristian Commission. STREATOR, a city (laid out in 1868 and incor- porated in 1882) in the southern part of La Salle Count}-, 93 miles southwest of Chicago ; situated on the Vermilion River and a central point for five railr(,)aarty. whose candidate for Congress he was in 1878, and for Governor in 1880, when he received nearly 3,000 votes more than his party's Presidential nominee, in Illinois. In 1884 he was elected Stq,te Senator by a coali- tion of Greenbackers and Democrats in the Twenty-fourth Senatorial Distriit, but acted as an independent throughout his entire term. STRONG, William Emerson, soldier, was born at Granville. N. Y. in IsKJ; from 13 years of age, spent his early life in Wisconsin, studied law and was admitted to the bar at Racine in 1861. Tlie same year he enlisted under the first call for troops, took part, as Captain of a Wisconsin Com- pany, in the first battle of Bull Run; was afterwards promoted and assigned to duty as Inspector-General in the West, participated in the Vicksburg and Atlanta campaigns, being finally advanced to the rank of Brigadier-Gen- eral. After some fifteen months spent in the position of Inspector-General of the Freedmen's Bureau (186.5-66), he located in Chicago, and became connected with several important busi- ness enterprises, besides assisting, as an officer on the staff of Governor Cullom, in the organization of the Illinois National Guard. He was elected on the first Board of Directors of the World's Columbian Exposition, and, while making a tour of Europe in the interest of that enterprise, died, at Florence, Italy. Ajn-il 10, 1891. STUART, John Todd, lawyer and Congress- man, born near Lexington, Ky., Nov. 10, 1807 — the son of Robert Stuart, a Presbyterian minister and Professor of Languages in Transylvania University, and related, on the maternal side, to the Todd family, of whom Mrs. Abraham Lincoln was a member. He graduated at Centre College, Danville, in 182G, and, after studying law, re- moved to Springfield, 111., in 1828, and began practice. In 1832 he was elected Representative in the General Assembly, re-elected in 1834, and, in 1836, defeated, as the Whig candidate for Con- gress, by Wm. L. May, though elected, two years later, over Stephen A. Douglas, and again in 1840. In 1837, Abraham Lincoln, who had been studying law under Mr. Stuart's advice and in.struction, became his partner, the relation- ship continuing until 1841. He served in the State Senate, ISIO-.'jS, was the Bell-Everett candidate for Governor in 1860, and was elected to Congress, as a Democrat, for a third time, in 1862, but, in 1864, was defeated by Shelby M. Cullom, his former pupil. During the latter years of his life. Mr Stuart was head of the law firm of Stuart, Edwards & Brown. Died, at Springfield. Nov. 2S, 1885. STl'RCiES, Solomon, merchant and banker, was born at Fairfield, Conn., April 21, 1796, early manifested a passion for the sea and, in 1810, 512 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. made a voyage, on a vessel of which his brother was captain, from New York to Georgetown, D. C, intending to continue it to Lisbon. At Georgetown he was induced to accept a position as clerk with a Mr. 'NViUiams, where he was associated with two otlier youths, as fellow-era- ployes, who became eminent bankers and capitalists— W. W. Corcoran, afterwards the well-known banker of Washington, and George W. Peabody, who had a successful banking career in England, and won a name as one of the most liberal and public-spirited of philanthropists. During tlie War of 1612 young Sturges joined a volunteer infantry company, where he had, for comrades, George W. Peabody and Francis S. Key, the latter author of the popular national song, "The Star Spangled Banner." In 1814 Mr. Sturges accepted a clerkship in the store of his brother-in-law, Ebenezer Buckingham, at Put- nam, Muskingum County, Ohio, two years later becoming a partner in the concern, where he developed that business capacity which laid the foundation for his future wealth. Before steam- ers navigated the waters of the Ohio and Missis- sippi Rivers, he piloted flat-boats, loaded with produce and merchandise, to New Orleans, return- ing overland. During one of his visits to that city, he witnessed the arrival of the "Washing- ton," the first steamer to descend the Mississippi, as, in 1817, he saw the arrival of the "W^alk-in- the- Water" at Detroit, the first steamer to arrive from Buffalo — the occasion of his visit to Detroit being to carry funds to General Cass to pay off the United States troops. About 1849 he was associated with the construction of the Wabash & Erie Canal, from the Ohio River to Terre Haute, Ind., advancing money for the prosecution of the work, for wliich was reimbursed by the State. In 1854 he came to Chicago, and, in partnership with his brothers-in-law, C. P. and Alvah Buek- ingliam, erected the first large grain-elevator in that cit}', on land leased from the Illinois Central Railroad Company, follovi-ing it, two years later, by another of equal capacity. For a time, sub- stantially all the grain coming into Chicago, by railroad, passed into these elevators. In 1857 he established the private banking house of Solomon Sturges & Sons, which, shortly after his death, under the management of his son, George Stur- ges, became tlie Northwestern National Bank of Chicago. He was intensely patriotic and, on the breaking out of the War of the Rebellion, used of his means freely in support of the Govern- ment, equipping the Sturges Rifles, an independ- ent company, at a cost of §20,000. He was also a subscriber to the first loan made by the Govern- ment, during this period, taking $100,000 in Government bonds. While devoted to his busi- ness, he was a hater of shams and con'uption, and contributed freelj- to Christian and benevolent enterprises. Died, at the home of a daughter, at Zanesville, Ohio, Oct. 14, 1864, leaving a large fortune aeiiuired by legitimate trade. STURTEVAM, JnUau Miinson, D.D., LL.D., clergyman and educator, was born at Warren, Litchfield County, Conn., July 26, 1805; spent his }-outh in Summit County, Oliio, meanwhile pre- paring for college; in 1822, entered Yale College as the classmate of the celebrated Ehzur Wright, graduating in 1826. After two years as Princi- pal of an academy at Canaan, Conn. , he entered Yale Divinity School, graduating there in 1829; then came west, and, after spending a year in superintending the erection of buildings, in De- cember, 1830, as sole tutor, began instruction to <> class of nine pupils in what is now Illinois Col- lege, at Jacksonville. Having been joined, the following year, by Dr. Edward Beecher as Presi- dent, Mr. Sturtevant assumed tlie chair of Mathe- matics, Natural Philosophy and Astronomy, wliich he retained until 1844, when, by the retirement of Dr. Beecher, lie succeeded to the offices of President and Professor of Intellectual and Moral Philosophy. Here he labored, inces- santly and unselfishly, as a teacher during term time, and, as financial agent during vacations, in tlie interest of the institution of which he had been one of the chief founders, serving until 1876, when he resigned the Presidency, giving his attention, for the next ten years, to the duties of Professor of Mental Science and Science of Gov- ernment, whicli he had discharged from 1870. In 1886 he retired from the institution entirely, having given to its service fifty-six years of his life. In 1863, Dr. Sturtevant visited Europe in the interest of the Union cause, delivering effec- tive addresses at a number of points in England. He was a frequent contributor to the weekly religious and periodical press, and was the author of "Economics, or the Science of Wealth" (1876) — a text-book on political economy, and "Keys of Sect, or the Church of the New Testament" (1879), besides frequently occupying the pulpits of local and distant churches — having been early ordained a Congregational minister. He received the degree of D.D. from the University of Mis- souri and that of LL.D. from Iowa University. Died, in Jacksonville, Feb. 11, 1886.— Julian M. (Sturtevant). Jr.. son of the preceding, was born at Jacksonville, III. Feb. 2, 1834; fitted for col- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 513 lege in the preparatory department of Illinois College and graduated from the college (proper) in 1S54. After leaving college lie served as teacher in the Jacksonville public schools one year, then spent a year as tutor in Illinois Col- lege, when he began the study of theology at Andover Theological Seminary, graduating there in 1859, meanwhile having discharged the duties of Chaplain of the Connecticut State's prison in 1858. He was ordained a minister of the Con- gregational Church at Hannibal, Mo., in 1860, remaining as pastor in that city nine years. He has since been engaged in pastoral work in New York City (1809-70), Ottawa. III., (1870-73); Den- ver, Colo., (1873-77); Grinnell, Iowa, (1877-84); Cleveland. Ohio, (1884-90); Galesburg, lU., (1890-93), and Aurora, (1893-97). Since leaving the Congregational church at Aurora, Dr. Sturte- vant has been engaged in pastoral work in Chi- cago. He was also editor of "The Congrega- tionalisf " of Iowa (1881-84), and, at different periods, has served as Trustee of Colorado, Marietta and Knox Colleges; being still an honored member of the Knox College Board. He received the degree of D.D. from Illinois College, in 1879. SUBLETTE, a station and village on the Illi- nois Central Railroad, in Lee County, 8 miles northwest of Mendota. Population, (1900), 306. SUFFRAGE, in general, the right or privilege of voting. The qualifications of electors (or voters), in the choice of public officers in Illinois, are fixed by the State Constitution (Art. VII.), except as to school officers, which are prescribed by law. Under the State Constitution the exer- cise of the right to vote is limited to persons who were electors at the time of the adoption of the Constitution of 1848, or who are native or natu- ralized male citizens of the United States, of the age of 21 years or over, who have been residents of the State one year, of the county ninety days, and of the district (or precinct) in which they offer to vote, 30 days. Under an act passed in 1891, women, of 21 years of age and upwards, are entitled to vote for school officers, and are also eligible to such offices under the .same conditions, as to age and residence, as male citizens. (See Elections; Australian Ballot.) SULLIVAN, a city and county-seat of Moultrie County, 25 miles southeast of Decatur and 14 miles northwest of Mattoon ; is on three lines of railway. It is in an agricultural and stock-rais- ing region; contains two State banks and four weekly newspapers. Population (1880), 1,305; <1890), 1,468; (1900), 2,399; (1900, est.). 3,100. SULLIVAX, William K., journalist, was born at Waterford, Ireland, Xov. 10, 1843; educated at the Waterford Model School and in Dulilin; came to the United States in 1863, and, after teaching for a time in Kane County, in 1864 enlisted in the One Himdred and Forty-first Regiment Illinois Volunteers. Then, after a brief season spent in teaching and on a visit to his native land, he began work as a reporter on New York papers, later being employed on "The Chicago Tribime"' and "The Evening Journal," on the latter, at different times, holding the position of city edi- tor, managing editor and correspondent. He was also a Representative from Cook County in the Twenty -seventh General Assembly, for three years a member of the Chicago Board of Edu- cation, and appointed United States Consul to the Bermudas by President Harrison, resigning in 1892. Died, in Chicago, January 17, 1899. SULLIVAXT, Michael Lucas, agriculturist, was born at Franklinton (a suburb of Columbus, Ohio), August 6, 1807; was educated at Ohio University and Centre College, Ky., and — after being engaged in the improvement of an immense tract of land inherited from his father near his birth-place, devoting much attention, meanwhile, to the raising of improved stock— in 1854 sold his Ohio lands and bought 80,000 acres, chiefly in Champaign and Piatt Counties, 111., where he began farming on a larger scale than before. The enterprise proved a financial failure, and he was finally compelled to sell a considerable portion of his estate in Champaign County, known as Broad Lands, to John T. Alexander (see Alexander, John T.), retiring to a farm of 40,000 acres at Burr Oaks, 111. He died, at Henderson, Ky., Jan. 29, 1879. SUMMERFIELD, a village of St. Clair County, on the Baltimore &; Ohio Southwestern Railwa}-, 27 miles east of St Louis ; was the home of Gen. Fred. Hecker. Population (1900), 360. SUMNER, a city of Lawrence County, on the Baltimore & Ohio .Southwestern Railroad, 111 miles west of Vincenues, Ind. : has a fine school Iiouse, four churches, two banks, two flour mills, tele- phones, and one weekly newspaper. Pop. (1890), 1,037; (1900), 1,268. SUPERINTENDENTS OF PUBLIC INSTRUC- TION. The office of State Superintendent of Public Instruction was created by act of the Legislature, at a special session held in 1851. its duties previous to that time, from 1845, having been discharged by the Secretary of State as Siiperinten', Anthony, jurist, was born in Bourbon County, Ky., Nov. 9, 1814 — being descended from a Virginia family. After tlie usual primary instruction in the common schools, he spent two years in a high school at Gallatin, Tenn., when he entered Centre College at Dan- ville, Ky., afterwards continuing his studies at Miami University, Ohio, where he graduated in 1834. Having studied law with an uncle at Paris. Ky., he was licensed to practice in 1836, when he left his native State with a view to set- tling in Jlissouri, but. visiting his uncle. Gen. William F. Thornton, at Shelby ville. 111., was induced to establish himself in practice there, lie served as a member of the State Constitutional Conventions of 1847 and 1862, and as Represent- ative in the Seventeenth General Assembly (1850-52) for Shelby County. In 1864 he was elected to the Thirty-ninth Congress, and. in 1870, to the Illinois Supreme Court, but .served only until 1873, wlien he resigned. In 1879 Judge Thornton removed to Decatur, 111., but subsequently returned to Shelbyville, where (1898) he now resiiles. THORNTON, WilHam Fitzhusrh, Commissioner of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, was born in Hanover County, Va., Oct. 4, 1789: in 1800. went to Alexandria, Va. , where he conducted a drug business for a time, also acting as associate li HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 523 editor of "The Alexandria Gazette." Subse- quently removing to Washington City, he con- ducted a paper there in the interest of John Quincy Adams for the Presidency. During the War of 1812-14 he served as a Captain of cavalry, and, for a time, as .staff-officer of General Winder. On occasion of the visit of Marquis La Fayette to America (1824-25) he accompanied the distin- guished Frenchman from Baltimore to Kich- mond. In 1829 he removed to Kentucky, and, in 1833, to Shelbyville, 111., where he soon after engaged in mercantile business, to which he added a banking and brokerage business in 1859, with which he was actively associated vmtil his death. In 1836, he was appointed, by Governor Duncan, one of the Commissioners of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, serving as President of the Board until 1842. In 1840, he made a visit to London, as financial agent of the State, in the interest of the Canal, and succeeded in making a sale of bonds to the amount of §1,000,000 on what were then considered favorable terms. General Thornton was an ardent Whig until the organi- zation of the Republican party, when he became a Democrat. Died, at Shelbyville, Oct. 21, 1873. TILLSON, John, pioneer, was born at Halifax, Mass., March 13, 1796; came to Illinois in 1819, locating at Hillsboro, Montgomery County, where he became a prominent and enterprising operator in real estate, doing a large business for eastern parties; was one of the founders of Hillsboro Academy and an influential and liberal friend of Illinois College, being a Trustee of the latter f roni its establishment until his death ; was sup- ported in the Legislature of 1827 for State Treas- urer, but defeated by James Hall. Died, at Peoria, May 11, 1853.— Christiana Holmes (Till- son), wife of the preceding, was born at Kingston, Mass., Oct. 10, 1798; married to John Tillson in 1822, and immediately came to Illinois to reside ; was a woman of rare culture and refinement, and deeply interested in benevolent enterprises. IMed, in New York City, May 29, 1872.— Cliarles Holmes (Tillson), son of John and Christiana Holmes Tillson, was born at Hillsboro, 111., Sept. 15, 1823; educated at Hillsboro Academy and Illinois College, graduating from the latter in 1844; studied law in St. Louis and at Transyl- vania University, was admitted to the bar in St. Louis and practiced there some years — al.so served several terms in the City Council, and was a member of tlie National Guard of Missouri in tlie War of tlie Rebellion. Died, Nov. 25, 1865.— John (Tillson), Jr., another son, was born at Hillsboro, 111., Oct. 13, 1825; educated at Hills- boro Academy and Illinois College, but did not graduate from the latter; graduateil from Tran- sylvania Law ,SchooI, Ky., in 1847, and was admitted to tlie bar at Quincy. 111., the same year; practiced two years at Galena, when he returned to Quincy. In ISGl he enlisted in the Tentli Regiment Illinois Volunteers, became its Lieutenant-Colonel, on the jiromotion of Col. J. D. Morgan to Brigadier-General, was advanced to the colonelcy, and, in July, 186.5, was mustered out with the rank of brevet Brigadier-General; for two years later held a commission as Captain in the regular army. Daring a portion of 1869-70 he was editor of "The Quincy Wliig"; in 1873 was elected Representative in the Twenty-eiglith General Assembly to succeed Nehemiah Bushnell, who had died in office, and, during the same year, was appointed Collector of Internal Revenue for the Quincy District, serving until 1881, Died, Augast 6, 1892. TILLSON, Robert, pioneer, was born in Hali- fax County, Mass., August 12, 1800; came to Illi- nois in 1823, and was employed, for several years, as a clerk in the land agencj- of his brother, John Tillson, at Hillsboro. In 1826 he engaged in the mercantile business with Charles Holmes, Jr,, in St. Louis, but, in 1828, removed to Quincy, 111,, where he opened the first general store in tliat city ; also served as Postmaster for some ten years During this period he built tlie first two- story frame building erected in Quincy, up to that date. Retiring from the mercantile business in 1840 he engaged in real estate, ultimately becoming the proprietor of considerable property of this character ; was also a contractor for fur- nishing cavalry accouterments to the Government during the war. Soon after the war he erected one of the hand.somest business blocks existing in the city at that time. Died, in Quincy, Dec. 27, 1892. TINCHER, John L.. banker, was born in Ken- tucky in 1831 ; brought by his parents to Vermil- ion County, Ind., in 1829, and left an orphan at 17; attended school in Coles County, 111 , and was employed as clerk in a store at Danville, 1843-53. He then became a member of the firm of Tincher & Englisli. merchants, later establish- ing a bank, wliich became the First National Bank of Danville. In 1864 Jlr Tincher was elected Representative in tlie Twenty-fourth General Assembly and, two ^-ears later, to the Senate, being re-elected in 1870. He was also a member of the State Constitutional Convention of 1869-70. Died, in Springfield, Dec. 17, 1871, 524 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. while in attendance on the adjourned session of tliat year. TIPTOX, Thomas F., lawyer and jurist, was born in Franklin County, Ohio, August 29, 1833 ; has been a resident of McLean County, 111., from the age of 10 years, his present home being at Bloomington. He was admitted to the bar in 185T, and, from January, 1867, to December, 1868, was State's Attorney for the Eighth Judicial Circuit. In 1870 he was elected Judge of the same circuit, and under the new Constitution, was chosen Judge of the new Fourteenth Circuit. From 1877 to 1879 he represented the (then) Thirteenth Illinois District in Congress, but, in 1878, was defeated by Adlai E. Stevenson, the Democratic nominee. In 1891 he was re-elected to a seat on the Circuit bench for the Bloomington Circuit, but resumed practice at the expiration of his term in 1897. TISKILWA, a village of Bureau County, on the Chicago, Rock Island it Pacific Railway, 7 miles southwest of Princeton; has creameries and cheese factories, churches, school, library, water- works, bank and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 965. TODD, (Col.) John, soldier, was born in Mont- gomery County, Pa., in 1750; took part in the battle of Point Plea.sant, Va., in 1774, as Adju- tant-General of General Lewis; settled as a lawyer at Fincastle, Va., and, in 1775, removed to Fayette County, Ky., the next year locating near Lexington. He was one of the first two Delegates from Kentucky County to the Virginia House of Burgesses, and, in 1778, accompanied Col. George Rogers Clark on his expedition against Kaskaskia and Vincennes. In Decem- ber, 1778, lie was appointed by Gov. Patrick Henry, Lieutenant Commandant of Illinois County, embracing the region northwest of the Ohio River, serving two years; in 1780, was again a member of the Virginia Legislature, where he procured grants of land for public schools and introduced a bill for negro-emancipation. He was killed by Indians, at the battle of Blue Licks, Ky., August 19, 1782. TODD, (Dr.) John, physician, born near Lex- ington, Ky., April 27, 1787, was one of the earli- est graduates of Transylvania University, also graduating at the Medical University of Pliila- delphia ; was appointed Surgeon-General of Ken- tucky troops in the War of 1812, and captured at tue battle of River Raisin. Returning to Lex- ington after his release, he practiced there and at Bardstown. removed to Edwardsville, 111., in 1817, and, in 1827, to Springfield, where he had been appointed Register of the Laud Office by President John Quincy Adams, but was removed by Jackson in 1829. Dr. Todd continued to reside at Springfield until his deatli, which occurred, Jan. 9, 1865. He was a grandson of John Todd, who was appointed Commandant of Illinois County by Gov. Patrick Henry in 1778, and an uncle of Mrs. Abraham Lincoln. — John Dlair Smith (Todd), son of the preceding, was born at Lexington, Ky., April 4, 1814; came with his father to Illinois in 1817; graduated at the United States Military Academy in 1837, serving after- wards in the Florida and Mexican wars and on the frontier; resigned, and was an Indian-trader in Dakota, 1856-61 ; the latter year, took his seat as a Delegate in Congress from Dakota, then served as Brigadier-General of Volun- teers, 1861-62; was again Delegate in Congress in 1863-05, Speaker of the Dakota Legislature in 1867, and Governor of the Territory, 1869-71. Died, at Yankton City, Jan. 5, 1872. TOLEDO, a village and the county-seat of Cumberland County, on the Illinois Central Rail- road; founded in 18.54; has five churches, a graded school, two banks, creamery, flour mill, elevator, and two weekly newspapers. There are no manu- factories, the leading industry in the surrounding country being agriculture. Pop. (1890), 676; (1900), 818. TOLEDO, CINCINNATI & ST. LOUIS RAIL- ROAD. (See Toledo, St. Louis & Kansas Cits Railroad. ) TOLEDO, PEORIA & WARSAW RAILROAD. (See Toledo, Peoria d- Western Railway.) TOLEDO, PEORIA & WESTERN RAILROAD. (See Toledo. Peoria d- We.ifern Railwai/.) TOLEDO, PEORIA & WESTERN RAILWAY, a line of railroad wholly within the State of Illi- nois, extending from Effner. at the Indiana State line, west to the Mississippi River at \Vars;iw. The length of the whole line is 230.7 miles, owned entirely bj' the company. It is made up of a division from Effner to Peoria (110.9 miles)— which is practically an air-line throughout nearly its entire length — and the Peoria and Warsaw Divi.sion (108.8 miles) with branches from La Harpe to Iowa Junction (10.4 miles) and 0.6 of a mile connecting with the Keokuk bridge at Hamilton. — (History.) The original charter for this line was granted, in 1863. under the name of the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw Railroad ; the main line was completed in 1868, and the Lii Harpe & Iowa Junction branch in 1873. Default was made in 1873, the road sold under foreclosure, in 1880, and reorganized as the Toledo. Peoria & Western Railroad, and the line leased for 49^ HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 525 years to the AVabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Companj-. The latter defaulted in July, 1(?S4, and, a year later, the Toledo, Peoria & Western was transferred to trustees for the first mortgage bond -holders, was sold under foreclosure in October, 1886, and, in March, 1887, the present company, under the name of the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railway Company, wa.s organized for the purpose of taking over the property. In 1893 the Pennsylvania Railroad Company obtained a controlling interest in the stock, and, in 1894, an agreement, for joint ownership and management, was entered into between that corporation and the Chicago, Burlington & Quiucy Railroad Com- panj'. The total capitalization, in 1898, was §9,712,433, of which §4,076,900 was in stock and $4,89.1,000 in bonds. TOLEDO, ST, LOUIS i' KANSAS CITY RAIL- ROAD. This line crosses the State in a northeast direction from East St. Louis to Humrick, near the Indiana State line, with Toledo as its eastern terminus. The length of the entire line is 4.')0.73 miles, of which 179V'2 miles are operated in Illi- nois. — (History.) The Illinois portion of the line grew out of the union of charters granted to the Tuscola, Charleston & Vincennes and the Charleston, Neoga & St. Louis Railroad Com- panies, which were consolidated in 1881 with certain Indiana lines under the name of the Toledo, Cincinnati & St. Louis Railroad. During 1883 a narrow-gauge road was constructed from Ridge Farm, in Vermilion County, to East St. Louis (172 miles). In 1885 this was sold under foreclosure and, in June, 1886, consolidated with the main line under the name of the Toledo, St. Louis & Kansas City Railroad. The whole line was changed to standard gauge in 1887-89, and otherwise materially improved, but, in 1893, went into the hands of receivers. Plans of re- organization have been under consideration, but the receivers were still in control in 1898. TOLEDO, WABASH & WESTERN RAIL- ROAD. (See Wabash Railroad.) TOLONO, a city in Champaign County, situ- ated at the intersection of the Wabash and the Illinois Central Railroads, 9 miles south of Cham- paign and 37 miles east-northeast of Decatur. It is the business center of a prosperous agricultural region. The town has five churches, a graded school, a bank, a button factory, and a weekly newspaper. Population (1880), 905; (1890), 902; (1900), 845. TOXICA, a village of La Salle County, on the Illinois Central Railway, 9 miles .south of La Salle; the district is agricultural, but the place has some manufactures and a newspaper. Population (1890), 473; (1900), 497. TONTY, Chevalier Henry de, explorer and sol- dier, born at Gaeta. Italy, about 1650 What is now known as the Tontine system of insurance undoubtedly originated with his father. The younger Tonty was adventurous, and, even as a youth, tool^ part in numerous land and naval encounters. In the course of his experience he lost a hand, which was replaced by an iron or copper substitute. He embarked with La Salle in 1678, and aided in the construction of a fort at Niagara. He advanced into the country of the Illinois and established friendly relations with them, only to witness the defeat of his putative savage allies by the Iroquois. After various encounters (chiefly under the direction of La Salle) with the Indians in Illinois, he returned to Green Bay in 1681. The same year— under La Salle's orders— he began the erection of Fort St. Louis, on what is now called "Starved Rock" in La Salle County. In 1682 he descended the Mis- sissippi to its mouth, with La Salle, but was ordered back to Mackinaw for assistance. In 1684 he returned to Illinois and successfully repulsed the Iroquois from Fort St. Louis. In 1686 he again descended the Mississippi in search of La Salle. Disheartened by the death of his commander and the loss of his early comrades, he took up his residence with the Illinois Indians. Among them he was found by Iberville in 1700, as a hunter and fur-trader. He died, in Mobile, in September, 1704. He was La Salle's most effi- cient coadjutor, and next to his ill-fated leader, did more than any other of the early French explorers to make Illinois known to the civilized world. TOPOGRAPHY. Illinois is, generally speak- ing, an elevated table-laud. If low water at Cairo be adopted as the maximum depression, and the summits of the two ridges hereinafter men- tioned as the highest points of elevation, the alti- tude of this table land above the sea-level varies from 300 to 850 feet, the mean elevation being about 600 feet. The State has no mountain chains, and its few hills are probably the result of unequal denudation during the drift epoch. In some localities, particularly in the valley of the upper Mississippi, the streams have cut channels from 200 to 300 feet deep through the nearly horizontal strata, and here are found pre- cipitous scarps, but, for the most part, the fundamental rocks are covered by a thick layer of detrital material. In the northwest there is a broken tract of uneven ground ; the central por- 52G HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. tion of the State is almost wholly flat prairie, and, in the alluvial lands in the State, there are many deep valleys, eroded by the action of streams. The surface generally slopes toward the south and southwest, but the uniformity is broken by two ridges, which cross the State, one in either extremity. The northern ridge crosses the Rock River at Grand Detour and the Illinois at Split Rock, with an extreme altitude of 800 to 850 feet above sea level, though the altitude of Mount Morris, in Ogle County, exceeds 900 feet. That in the south consists of a range of hills in the latitude of Jonesboro, and extending from Shawneetown to Grand Tower. These hills are also about 800 feet above the level of the ocean. The liigliest point in the State is in Jo Daviess County, just south of the Wisconsin State line (near Scale's Mound) reaching an elevation of 1,257 feet above sea-level, while the highest in the south is in the northeast corner of Pope County — 1,046 feet — a spur of the Ozark moun- tains. The following statistics regarding eleva- tions are taken from a report of Prof. C. W. Rolfe, of the University of Illinois, based on observations made under the auspices of the Illi- nois Board of World's Fair Commissioners: The lowest gauge of tlie Ohio river, at its mouth (above sea-level), is 2(i8.58 feet, and the mean level of Lake Michigan at Chicago 581,28 feet. The altitudes of a few prominent points are as follows: Highest point in Jackson County, 695 feet; "Bald Knob" in Union County, 985; high- est point in Cook County (Barrington), 818; in La Salle County (Mendota), 747; in Livingston (Strawn), 770; in Will (Monee), 804; in Pike (Arden), 790; in Lake (Lake Zurich), 880; in Bureau, 910; in Boone, 1,010; in Lee (Carnahan), 1,017; in Stephenson (Waddam's Grove), 1,018; in Kane (Briar Hill), 974; in Winnebago, 985. The elevations of important towns are : Peoria, 465; Jacksonville, 602; Springfield, .596; Gales- burg, 7.55; Joliet, 537; Rockford, 728; Blooming- ton, 821. Outside of the immediate valleys of the streams, and a few isolated groves or copses, little timber is foiuid in the northern and central portions of the State, and such growth as there is, lacks the thriftiness characteristic of the for- ests in the Ohio valley. These forests cover a belt extending some sixty miles north of Cairo, and, while they generally include few coniferous trees, they abound in various species of oak, black and white walnut, white and yellow pop- lar, ash, elm, .sugar maple, linden, honey Iocu.st, Cottonwood, mulberry, :--.ycaraore, pecan, persim- mon, and (in the immediate valley of the Ohio) the cypress. From a commercial point of view, Illinois loses nothing through the lack of timber over three-fourths of the State's area. Chicago is an accessible market for the product of the forests of the upper lakes, so that the supply of lumber is ample, while extensive coal-fields sup- pl}' abundant fuel. The rich soil of the prairies, witli its abundance of organic matter (see Oeo- logical Formations), more than compensates for the want of pine forests, whose soil is ill adapted to agriculture. About two-thirds of the entire boundary of tlie State consists of navigable waters. These, with their tributary streams, ensure suflicient drainage. TORRENS LAND TITLE SYSTEM. A system for the registration of titles to, and incumbrances upon, land, as well as transfers thereof, intended to i-emove all unnecessary obstructions to the cheap, simple and safe sale, acquisition and transfer of realty. The system has been in suc- cessful operation in Canada, Australia, New Zea- land and British Columbia for many years, and it is also in force in some States in the American Union. An act providing for its introduction into Illinois was first passed by the Twenty- ninth General Assembly, and approved, June 13, 1895. The final legislation in reference thei'eto was enacted by the succeeding Legislature, and was approved, May 1, 1897. It is far more elabo- rate in its consideration of details, and is believed to be, in many respects, much better adapted to accomplish the ends in view, than was the origi- nal act of 1895. The law is applicable only to counties of the first and second class, and can be adopted in no county except by a vote of a majority of the qualified voters of the same — the vote "for" or "against" to be taken at either the November or April elections, or at an election for the clioice of Judges. Thus far the only county to adopt the system has been Cook, and there it encountered strong opposition on the part of certain parties of influence and wealth. After its adoption, a test case was brought, rais- ing the question of the constitutionality of the act. The issue was taken to tlie Supreme Court, which tribunal finall}' upheld the law. —The Torrens system substitutes a certificate of regis- tration and of transfer for the more elaborate deeds and mortgages in use for centuries. Under it there can be no actual transfer of a title until the same is entered upon the public land regis- ter, kept in the office of the Registrar, in which case the deed or mortgage becomes a mere power of attorney to autl\orize the transfer to be made, upon the principle of an ordiuarj' stock transfer, HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 527 or of the registration of a Uniteil States bond, the actual transfer and public notice thereof being siumltaueo-os. A brief sj'nopsis of the pro- visions of the Illinois statute is given below; Recorders of deeds are made Registrars, and required to give bonds of either SoO.OOO or $200,- 000, according to the population of the county. Any person or corporation, having an interest in land, may make application to an}- court having chancery jurisdiction, to have his title thereto registered. Such application must be in writ- ing, signed and verified by oath, and must con- form, in matters of specification and detail, with the requirements of the act. The coui't may refer the application to one of the standing examiners appointed by the Registrar, who are required to be competent attorneys and to give bond to ex- amine into the title, as well as the truth of the applicant's statements. Immediately upon the filing of the application, notice thereof is given by the clerk, through publication and the is.suance of a summons to be served, as in other proceed- ings in chancery, against all persons mentioned in the petition as having or claiming any inter- est in the property described. Any person inter- ested, whether named as a defendant or not, may enter an appearance witliin the time allowed. A failure to enter an appearance is regarded as a confession by default. The court, in passing upon the application, is in no case bound by the examiner's report, but may require other and further proof ; and, in its final adjudication, passes upon all questions of title and incumbrance, directing the Registrar to register the title in the party in whom it is to be vested, and making provision as to the manner and order in which incumbrances thereon shall appear upon the certificate to be issued. An appeal may be allowed to the Supreme Court, if prayed at the time of entering the decree, upon like terms as in other cases in chancery; and a writ of error may be sued out from that tribunal within two years after the entry of the order or decree. The period last mentioned maj' be said to be the statutory period of limitation, after which the decree of the court must be regarded as final, although safeguards are provided for those who may have been defrauded, and for a few other classes of persons. Upon the filing of the order or decree of the court, it becomes the duty of the Registrar to issue a certificate of title, the form of which is prescribed by the act, making such notations at the end as shall show and preserve the priorities of all estates, mortgages, incum- brances and changes to which the owner's title is subject. For llie purpose of preserving evidence of the owner's han:lw"it!ng, a receipt for the certificate, duly witnessed or acknowledged, is required of him, which is preserved in the Regis- trar's office. In case any registered owner should desire to transfer the whole or any part of his estate, or any interest therein, he is required to execute a convej'ance to the transferee, which, together with the certificate of title last issued, must be surrendered to the Registrar. That official thereupon issues a new certificate, stamp- ing the word "cancelled" across the surrendered certificate, as well as upon the coiTesponding entry in his books of record. When land is first brought within the operation of the act, the receiver of the certificate of title is required to pay to the Registrar one-tenth of one per cent of the value of the land, the aggregate so received to be deposited with and invested by the County Treasurer, and reserved as an indemnity fund for the reimbursement of persons sustaining any loss through any omission, mistake or malfea- sance of the Registrar or his subordinates. The advantage claimed for the Torrens system is, chiefly, that titles registered thereunder can be dealt with more safely, quickly and inexpensively than under the old system ; it being possible to close the entire transaction within an hour or two, without the need of an abstract of title, while (as the law is administered in Cook County) the cost of transfer is only S3. It is asserted that a title, once registered, can be dealt with almost as quickly and cheaply, and quite as safely, as shares of stock or registered bonds. TOULO>\ the county-seat of Stark County, on the Peoria & Rock Island Railroad, 37 niiies north- northwest of Peoria, and 11 miles .southeast of Galva. Besides the county court- house, the town has five churches and a high school, an academy, steam granite works, two banks, and two weekly papers. Population (1880), 967; (1890), 945; (1900), 1,057. TOWER HILL, a village of Shelby County, on tlie Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis and the Baltimore & Ohio Soutliwestern Rail- roads, 7 miles east of Pana; has bank, grain ele- vators, and coal mine. Pop. (1900), 615. TOW.XSHEXD, Kicliard W., lawyer and Con- gressman, was born in Prince George's County, Md., April 30, 1840. Between the ages of 10 and 18 he attended public and private schools at Washington, D. C. In 1858 he came to Illinois, where he began teaching, at the same time reading law with S. S. Marshall, at Mc- Leansboro, where he was admitted to the bar 528 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. in 1862, and where he began jjractice. From l.S(i3 to 1868 he was Circuit Clerk of Hamilton County, and, from 1868 to 1872, Prosecuting Attorney for the Twelfth Judicial Circuit. In 1873 he removed to Shawneetown, where he became an officer of the Gallatin National Bank. From 1C64 to 1875 lie was a member of the Democratic State Cen- tral Committee, and a delegate to the National Democratic Convention at Baltimore, in 1872. For twelve years (1877 to 1889) he represented his District in Congress; was re-elected in 1888, but died, March 9, 1889, a few days after the beginning of his seventh term. TRACY, John M., artist, was born in Illinois about 1842 ; served in an Illinois regiment during the Civil War; studied jjaiuting in Paris in 1866-76 ; e.stablished himself as a portrait painter in St. Louis and, later, won a high reputation as a painter of animals, being regarded as an author- ity on the anatomy of the horse and the dog. Died, at Ocean Springs, Miss., March 30, 1893. TREASURERS. (See State Treasurers.) TREAT, Samuel Hubbel, lawyer and jurist, was born at Plainfield, Otsego County, N. Y., June 21, 1811, worked on his father's farm and studied law at Richfield, where he was admitted to practice. In 1834 he came to Springfield, 111., traveling most of the way on foot. Here he formed a partnership with George Forquer, who had held the offices of Secretary of State and Attorney-General. In 1839 he was appointed a Circuit Judge, and, on the reorganization of the Supreme Court in 1841, was elevated to the Supreme bench, being acting Chief Justice at the time of the adoption of the Constitution of 1848. Having been elected to the Supreme bench under the new Constitution, he remained in office until March, 1855, when he resigned to take the posi- tion of Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Illinois, to which he had been appointed by President Pierce. This position he continued to occupy until his death, which occurred at Springfield, March 27, 1887. Judge Treat's judicial career was one of the long- est in the history of the State, covering a period of forty-eight years, of which fourteen were spent vipon the Supreme bench, and thirty-two in the position of Judge of the United States Dis- trict Court. TREATIES. {See Greenville, Treaty of; Indian Treat iCK.) TREE, Lambert, jurist, diplomat and ex-Con- gressman, was born in Washington, D. C, Nov. 29, 1832, of an ancestry distinguished in the War of the Revolution. He received a superior clas- sical and professional education, and was admit- ted to the bar, at Washington, in October, 185.'). Removing to Chicago soon afterward, his profes- sional career has been chiefly connected with that city. In 1864 he was chosen President of the Law Institute, and served as Judge of the Circuit Court of Cook County, from 1870 to 1875, when he resigned. The three following years he spent in foreign travel, returning to Chicago in 1878. In that year, and again in 1880, he was the Democratic candidate for Congress from the Fourth Illinois District, but was defeated by his Republican opponent. In 1885 he was the candi- date of h.is party for United States Senator, but was defeated by John A. Logan, by one vote. In 1884 he' was a member of the National Democratic Convention which first nominated Grover Cleve- land, and, in July, 1885, President Cleveland appointed him Jlinister to Belgium, conferring the Russian mission upon him in September, 1888. On March 3, 1889, he resigned this post and returned home. In 1800 he was appointed by President Harrison a Commissioner to the Inter- national Monetai-y Conference at Washington. The year before he had attended (altliough not as a delegate) the International Conference, at Brus- sels, looking to the suppression of the slave-trade, where he exerted all his influence on the side of liumanity. In 1892 Belgium conferred upon him the distinction of "Councillor of Honor" upon its commission to the World's Columliian Exposi- tion. In 1896 Judge Tree was one of the most earnest opponents of the free-silver policy, and, after the Spanish- American War, a zealous advo- cate of the policy of retaining the territory acquireil from Spain. TREMONT, a town of Tazewell County, on the Peoria Division of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, 9 miles southeast of Pekin ; has two banks, two telephone exchanges, and one newspaper. Pop. (1900), 768. TRENTON, a town of Clinton County, on the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway, 31 miles east of St. Louis: in agricultural district; has creamery, milk condensery, two coal mines, six ohui'clies, a public school and one newspaper Pop. (1890), 1,384; (1900), 1,706: (1904), about 3,000. TROY, a village of Madison County, on the Teire Haute it Indianapolis railroad, 21 miles northeast of St. Louij ; has churches, a bank and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 1,080. TRUITT, James MadLsoii, lawyer and soldier, a native of Trimble County, Ky., was born Feb. 12, 1843, but lived in Illinois since 1843, his father having settled near Carrollton that year; was 1 HISTOraCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 529 educated at Hillsboro and at MoKen dree College ; enlisted in the One Hundred and Seventeenth Illinois Volunteers in 1862, and was promoted from the ranks to Lieutenant. After tlie war he studied law with Jesse J. Phillips, now of the Supreme Court, and, in 1873, was elected to the Twenty -eighth General Assemblj', and, in 1888, a Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket. Mr. Truitt has been twice a prominent but unsuc- cessful candidate for the Republican nomination for Attorney-General. His home is at Hillsboro, where he is engaged in the practice of his profes- sion. Died July 26, 1900. TRUMBULL, Lyman, statesman, was born at Colchester, Conn., Oct. 12, 1813, descended from a historical family, being a grand-nephew of Gov. Jonathan Trumbull, of Connecticut, from whom the name "Brother Jonathan" was derived as an appellation for Americans. Having received an academic education in his native town, at the age of 16 he began teaching a district school near his home, went South four years later, and en- gaged in teaching at Greenville, Ga. Here he studied law with Judge Hiram Warner, after- wards of the Supreme Court, and was admitted to the bar in 1837. Leaving Georgia the same year, he came to Illinois on horseback, visiting Vandalia, Belleville, Jack.sonville, Springfield, Tremont and La Salle, and finally reaching Chicago, then a village of four or five thousand inhabitants. At Jacksonville he obtained a license to practice from Judge Lockwood. and, after visiting Michi- gan and his native State, he settled at Belleville, which continued to be his home for twenty years. His entrance into public life began with his elec- tion as Representative in the General Assembly in 1840. This was followed, in February, 1841, by his appointment by Governor Carlin, Secre- tary of State, as the successor of Stephen A. Douglas, who, after holding the position only two months, had resigned to accept a seat on the Supreme bench. Here he remained two years, when he was removed by Governor Ford, March 4, 1843, but, five years later (1848), was elected a Justice of the Supreme Court, was re-elected in 1852, but resigned in 18.)3 on account of impaired health. A year later (18.")4) he was elected to Congress from the Belleville District as an anti- Nebraska Democrat, but, before taking Ins seat. was promoted to the United States Senate, as the siiccessor of General Shields in the memorable con- test of 1855, which resulted in the defeat of Abra- ham Lincoln. Senator TrumbulTs career of eighteen years in the United States Senate (being re-elected in 1861 and 1867) is one of the most memorable in the history of that body, covering, as it does, the whole history of the war for the Union, and the period of reconstruction which followed it. During this period, as Chairman of the Senate Committee on Judiciary, he liad more to do in shaping legislation on war and recon- struction measures than any other single member of that body. While he disagreed with a large majoritj' of his Reijublican associates on the ques- tion of Andrew Jolui-son's impeachment, he was always found in sympatliy with them on the vital questions affecting the war and restoration of the Union. The Civil Rights Bill and Freedmen's Bureau Bills were shaped by his hand. In 1872 he joined in the "'Liberal Republican" movement and afterwards co-operated with the Democratic party, being their candidate for Governor in 1880. From 1863 his home was in Chicago, where, after retiring from the Senate, he con- tinued in the practice of his profession until his death, which occurred in that city, June 25, 1896. TU(i MILLS. These were a sort of primitive machine used in grinding corn in Territorial and early State days. The mechanism consisted of an upright shaft, into the upper end of which were fastened bars, resembling those in the capstan of a ship. Into the outer end of each of tliese bars was driven a pin. A belt, made of a broad strip of ox-hide, twisted into a sort of rope, was stretched around these pins and wrapped twice around a circular piece of wood called a trundle head, tlirough which passed a perpendicular flat bar of iron, which turned the millstone, usually about eighteen inches in diameter. From the upright shaft projected a beam, to which were hitched one or two horses, wliich furnished the motive power. Oxen were sometimes employed as motive power in lieu of horses. These rudi- mentary contrivances were capable of grinding about twelve busliels of corn, each, per day. TULEY, Murray Floyd, lawyer and jurist, was born at Louisville, Ky., March 4, 1827, of English extraction and descended from the early settlers of Virginia. His father died in 1832, and, eleven years later, his mother, having married Col. Richard J. Hamilton, for many years a ])rominent lawyer of Chicago, removed with her family to that city. Young Tuley began reading law with his step-father and completed his studies at the Louisville Law Institute in 1847, the same j-ear being admitted to the bar in Chicago. About the same time he enlLsted in the Fifth Illinois Volun- teers for service in the Mexican War, and was commissioned First Lieutenant. The war having ended, he settled at Santa Fe, N. M., where he 530 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. practiced law, also served as Attorney-General and in the Territorial Legislature. Returning to Chicago in 1854, he was associated in practice, successively, with Andrew Harvie, Judge Garj- and J. N. Barker, and finally as head of the firm of Tuley, Stiles & Lewis. From 1869 to 1873 he was Corporation Counsel, and during this time framed the General Incorporation Act for Cities, under which the City of Chicago was reincor- porated. In 1879 he was elevated to the bench of the Circuit Court of Cook County, and re- elected every six years thereafter, his last election being in 1897. He is now serving his fourth term, some ten years of his incumbency having been spent in the capacity of Chief Justice. TUXXICLIFFE, Damon (;., lawyer and jurist, was born in Herkimer County, N. Y., August 20, 1839 ; at the age of 20, emigrated to Illinois, set- tling in Vermont, Fulton County, where, for a time, he was engaged in mercantile pursuits. He subsequently studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 18.53. In 1854 he established himself at Macomb, IMcDonough County, where he built up a large and lucrative practice. In 1868 he was chosen Presidential Elector on the Repub- lican ticket, and. from February to June, 1885, by appointment of Governor Oglesby, occupied a seat on the bench of the Supreme Court, vice Pinkney H. Walker, deceased, who had been one of his first professional preceptors. TURCHIN, John Basil (Ivan Vasilevitch Tur- chinoff), soldier, engineer and author, was born in Russia, Jan. 30, 1822. He graduated from the artillery school at St. Petersburg, in 1841, and was commissioned ensign ; participated in the Hungarian campaign of 1849, and, in 18.52, was assigned to the staff of the Imperial Guards; served through the Crimean War, rising to the rank of Colonel, and being made senior staff officer of the active corps. In 1856 he came to this country, settling in Chicago, and, for five years, was in the service of the Illinois Central Railway Company as topographical engineer. In 1861 he was commissioned Colonel of the Nine- teenth Illinois Volunteers, and, after leading his regiment in Missouri, Kentucky and Alabama, was, on July 7, 1862, promoted to a Brigadier- Generalship, being attached to the Army of the Cumberland until 1864, when he resigned. After the war he was, for six years, solicitor of patents at Chicago, but, in 1873, returned to engineering. In 1879 he established a Polish colony at Radom, in Washington County, in this State, and settled as a farmer. He is an occasional contriliutor to the press, writing usually on military or scientific subjects, and is the author of the "Campaign and Battle of Cluckamauga" (Chicago, 1888). TURNER (now WEST CHICAGO), a town and manufacturing center in Winfield Township, Du Page County, 30 miles west of Chicago, at the junction of two divisions of the Chicago, Burling- ton it Quincy, the Elgin, Joliet & Eastern and the Chicago & Northwestern Railroads. The town has a rolling mill, manufactories of wagons and pumps, and railroad repair shops. It also has live churches, a graded school, and two newspapers. Pop. (1900), 1,877; with suburb, 3,270. TURXER, (Col.) Henry L., soldier and real- estate operator, was born at Oberlin, Ohio, August 26, 1845, and received a part of his edu- cation in the college there. During the Civil War he served as First Lieutenant in the One Hundred and Fiftieth Ohio Volunteers, and later, with the same rank in a colored regiment, taking part in the operations about Richmond, the capture of Fort Fisher, of Wilmington and of Gen. Joe Johnston's army. Coming to Chi- cago after the close of the war, he became con- nected with the business office of "The Advance," but later was employed in the banking house of Jay Cooke & Co., in Philadelphia. On the failure of that concern, in 1S72, he returned to Chicago and bought "The Advance," which he conducted some two years, when he sold out and engaged in the real estate business, with which he has since been identified — being President of the Chicago Real Estate Board in 1888. He has also been President of the Western Publishing Comi>any and a Trustee of Oberlin College. Colonel Turner is an enthusiastic member of the Illinois National Guard and. on the declaration of war between the United States and Spain, in April, 1898, promptly resumed his connection with the First Regiment of the Guard, and finally led it to Santiago de Cuba during the fighting there — his regiment being the onlj' one from Illinois to see actual serv- ice in the field during the progress of the war. Colonel Turner won the admiration of his com- mand and the entire nation by the manner in which he discharged his duty. The regiment was mustered out at Chicago, Nov. 17, 1898, when he retired to private life. TURXER, John Bice, Railway President, was born at Colchester, Delaware County, N. Y., Jan. 14, 1799; after a brief business career in his native State, lie became identified with the con- struction and operation of railroads. Among the works with which he was thus connected, were the Delaware Division of the New York & Erie and the Troy & Sclienectady Roads. In 1843 he II HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 531 came to Chicago, having previously purchased a large body of land at Blue Island. In 1847 he joined with W. B. Ogden and others, in resusci- tating the Galena & Cliicago Union Railway, which had been incorporated in 1836. lie became President of the Company in IS.JO. and a.ssi.sted in constructing various sections of road in Northern Illinois and Wisconsin, whicli have since become portions of the Chicago & Northwestern sj-stem. He was also one of the original Directors of the North Side Street Railway Company, organized in 18.")9. Died. Feb. 26, 1871. TUK>En, Joiiatliait Baldwin, educator and agriculturist, was born in Templeton. Mass., Dec. 7, 180.5; grew up on a farm and. before reaching his majority, began teaching in a country school. After spending a short time in an academy at Salem, in 1827 he entered the preparatorj' depart- ment of Yale College, supporting himself, in part, by manual labor and teaching in a gymnasium. In 1829 he matriculated in the classical depart- ment at Yale, graduated in 188.3, and the same year accepted a position as tutor in Illinois Col- lege at Jacksonville, 111., which had been opened, three years previous, by the late Dr. J. M. Sturte- vant. In the next fourteen years he gave in- struction in nearly every branch embraced in the college curriculum, though holding, during most of this period, the chair of Rhetoric and English Literature. In 1847 he retired from college duties to give attention to scientific agriculture, in which he had always manifested a deep inter- est. The cultivation and sale of the Osage orange as a hedge plant now occupied his attention for many years, and its successful introduction in Illinois and other Western States — where the absence of timber rendered some substitute a necessit)' for fencing purposes — was largely due to his efforts. At the same time he took a deep interest in the cause of practical scientific edu- cation for the industrial classes, and, about 1850, began formulating that system of industrial edu- cation which, after twelve years of labor and agitation, he had the satisfaction of seeing recognized in the act adopted by Congress, anil approved by President Lincoln, in July, 18G2, making liberal donations of public lands for the establishment of "Industrial Colleges"' in the several States, out of which grew the University of Illinois at Champaign. Wliile Professor Tur- ner had zealous colaborers in this field, in Illinois and elsewhere, to him. more than to any other single man in the Nation, belongs the credit for . this magnificent achievement. (See Education. and University of Illinois.) He was also one of tlie chief factors in founding and building up tlie Illinois State Teachers' ^Vssociation, and the State Agricultural anil Horticultural Societies. His address on "The Millennium of Labor, ' delivered at the first State Agricultural Fair at .Springfield, in 18.58, is still remembered as mark- ing an era in industrial progress in Illinois. A zealous champion of free thought, in lioth political and religious affairs, he long bore the reproach which attached to the radical Abolitionist, only to enjoy, in later years, the respect universally accorded to those who had the courage and independence to avow their honest convictions. Prof. Turner was twice an unsuccessful candidate for Congress — once as a Reiniblican and once as an "Independent" — and wrote nmch on political, religious and educational topics. The evening of an honored and useful life was spent among friends in Jacksonville, which was his home for more than sixty j'ears, his death taking place in that city, Jan. 10, 1899, at the advanced age of 93 years.— Mrs. Mary Turner Carriel, at the pres- ent time (1899) one of the Trustees of the Univer- sity of Illinois, is Prof. Turner's only daughter. TUBNER, Thomas J., lawyer and Congress- man, born in Trumbull County, Ohio, April 5, 181.3. Leaving home at the age of 18, he spent three years in Indiana and in the mining dis- tricts about Galena and in Southern Wisconsin, locating in Stephenson County, in 1836, where he was admitted to the bar in 1840, and elected Probate Judge in 1841, Soon afterwards Gov- ernor Ford appointed him Prosecuting .\ttorney, in which capacity he secured the conviction and punishment of the murderers of Colonel Daven- port. In 1846 he was elected to Congress as a Democrat, and, the following year, founded "The Prairie Democrat" (afterward "The Freeport Bulletin"), the first newspaper published in the county. Elected to tlie Legislature in 1854, he was chosen Speaker of tlie House, the next year becoming the first Mayor of Freeport. He was a member of the Peace Cfniference of 1861, and, in May of that year, was commissioned, by Governor Yates, Colonel of the E'ifteeuth Illinois Volun- teers, but resigned in 1862. He served as a mem- ber of the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, and, in 1871, was again elected to the Legisla- ture, where he received the Democratic caucus nomination for United States Senator against General Logan. In 1871 lu" removed to Chicago, and was twice an imsuccessful candidate for the office of State's Attorney. In February, 1874, he went to Hot Springs, Ark., for medical treatment, and died there, April 3 following. 632 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. TUSCOLA, a city and the county-seat of Douglas County, located at the intersection of the Illinois Central and two other trunk lines of rail- way, 23 miles south of Champaign, and 36 miles east of Decatur. Besides a brick court-house it has five churches, a graded school, a national bank, two weekly newspapers and two establish- ments for th^ manufacture of carriages and wagons. Population (1880), 1,457; (1890), 1,897; (1900), 3,569. TUSCOLA, CHARLESTON & TIXCENNES RAILROAD. (See Toledo. St. Louis <£■ Kansas City Railroad. ) TUTHILL, Richard Stanley, jurist, was born at Vergennes, Jackson County, 111., No%'. 10, 1841. After passing through the common schools of his native county, he took a preparatory course in a high school at St. Louis and in Illinois College, Jacksonville, when he entered Middlebury Col- lege, Vt. , graduating there in 1863. Immediately thereafter he joined the Federal army at Vicks- burg, and, after .serving for some time in a com- pany of scouts attached to General Logan's command, was commissioned a Lieutenant in the First Michigan Light Artillery, with which he served until the close of the war, meanwhile being twice promoted. During this time he was •with General Sherman in the march to Meridian, and in the Atlanta campaign, also took part with General Thomas in the operations against the rebel General Hood in Tennessee, and in the battle of Nashville. Having resigned his com- mission in May, 1865, he took up the study of law, which he had prosecuted as he had opportu- nity while in the army, and was admitted to the bar at Nashville in 1866, afterwards serving for a time as Prosecuting Attorney on the Nashville circuit. In 1873 he removed to Chicago, two years later was elected City Attornej- and re- elected in 1877 ; was a delegate to the Republican National Convention of 1880 and, in 1884, was ap])ointed L'nited States District Attorney for the Northern District, serving until 1886. In 1887 he w'as elected Judge of the Circuit Court of Cook County to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Judge Rogers, was re-elected for a full term in 1891, and again in 1897. TYXDALE, Sharon, Secretary of State, born in Philadelphia, Pa., Jan. 19, 1816; at the age of 17 came to Belleville, 111., and was engaged for a time in mercantile business, later being employed in a surveyor's corps under the internal impi-ove- ment system of 1837. Having married in 1839, he returned soon after to Philadelphia, where he engaged in mercantile business with his father; then came to Illinois, a second time, in 1845, spend- ing a year or two in business at Peoria. About 1847 he returned to Belleville and entered upon a course of mathematical study, with a view to fitting himself more thoroughly for the profe.ssion of a civil engineer. In 1851 he graduated in engineering at Cambridge, Ma.ss., after xvhich he was employed for a time on the Sunbury & Erie Railroad, and later on certain Illinois railroads. In 1857 he was elected County Surveyor of St. Clair County, and, in 1861, by appointment of President Lincoln, became Postmaster of the city of Belleville. He held this position until 1864, when he received the Republican nomination for Secretary of State and was elected, remaining in ofKce four years. He was an earnest advocate, and virtually author, of the first act for the regis- tration of voters in Illinois, passed at the session of 1865. After retiring from office in 1869, he continued to reside in Springfield, and was em- ployed for a time in the survej* of the Gihnan, Clinton & Springfield Raihvay — now the Spring- field Division of the Illinois Central. At an early hour on tlie morning of April 29, 1871, while going from his home to the railroad station at Springfield, to take the train for St. Louis, he was assassinated upon the street bj- shooting, as sup- posed for the purpose of robbery — his dead body being found a few hours later at the scene of the tragedy. Mr. Tyndale was a brother of Gen. Hector Tyndale of Pennsj-lvania, who won a high reputation by his services during the war. His second wife, who survived him, was a daughter of Shadrach Penn, an editor of con- siderable reputation who was the contemporary and rival of George D. Prentice at Louisville, for some years. "UNDERGROUND RAILROAD," THE. A historj' of Illinois would be incomplete without reference to the unique system which existed there, as in other Northern States, from forty to seventy jears ago, known by the somewhat mys- terious title of "The Undei-gi'ound Railroad." The origin of tlie term has been traced (probably in a spirit of facetiousness) to the expression of a Kentucky planter who, having pursued a fugi- tive slave across the Ohio River, was so surprised b_v his sudden disappearance, as soon as he had reached the opposite shore, that he was led to remark. "The nigger must have gone off on an underground road." From "underground road" to "underground railroad," the transition would appear to have been easy, especially in view of the increased facility with which the work was performed when railroads came into use. For HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 533 readers of the present generation, it may be well to explain what "The Underground Railroad" really was It may be defined as the figurative appellation for a si»utaneous movement in the free States — extending, sometimes, into the slave States themselves — to assist slaves in their efforts to escape from bondage to freedom. The movement dates back to a period close to the Revolutionarj' War, long before it received a definite name. Assistance given to fugitives from one State by citizens of another, became a cause of complaint almost as soon as the Govern- ment was organized. In fact, the first President himself lost a slave who took refuge at Ports- mouth, N. H., where the public sentiment was so strong against his return, that the patriotic and philosophic "Father of his Country" chose to let him remain unmolested, rather than "excite a mob or riot, or even vmeasy sensations, in the minds of well-disposed citizens." That the mat- ter was already one of concern in the minds of slaveholders, is shown by the fact that a provision was inserted in the Con.stitution for their coucili- ation, guaranteeing the return of fugitives from labor, as well as from justice, from one State to another. In 1793 Congress passed the first Fugitive Slave Law, which was signed by President Washing- ton. This law provided that the owner, his agent or attorney, miglit follow the slave into any State or Territory, and, upon oath or affi- davit before a court or magi.strate, be entitled to a warrant for his return. Any jjerson who should hinder the arrest of the fugitive, or who should harbor, aid or assist him, knowing him to be such, was subject to a fine of §000 for each offense. — In 18.50, fifty-seven years later, the first act having proved inefficacious, or conditions having changed, a second and more stringent law was enacted. This is the one usually referred to in discussions of the subject. It i^rovided for an increased fine, not to exceed §1,000, and im- prisonment not exceeding six months, with liability for civil damages to the party injured. No proof of ownership was required beyond the statement of a claimant, and the accused was not ))erniitted to testify for himself. The fee of the United States Commissioner, before whom the case was tried, was ten dollars if he found for the claimant: if not, five dollars. This seemed to many an indirect form of bribery; clearly, it made it to the Judge's pecuniary advantage to decide in favor of the claimant. The law made it possible and easy for a white man to arrest, and carry into slavery, any free negro who could not innnediately prove, by other witnesses, that he was born free, or had purcliased liis freedom. Instead of discouraging the disposition, on the part of the opponents of slavery, to aid fugi- tives in their efforts to reach a region where they would be secure in their freedom, the effect of the Fugitive Slave Law of 18.50 (as that of 1793 had been in a smaller degree) was the very oppo- site of that intended by its authors — unless, indeed, they meant to make matters worse. The provisions of the act seemed, to many people, so unfair, so one-sided, that they rebelled in spirit and refused to be made parties to its enforce- ment. The law aroused the anti-slavery senti- ment of the North, and stimulated the active friends of the fugitives to take greater risks in their behalf. New efforts on the part of the slaveholders were met by a determination to evade, hinder and nullify the law. And here a strange anomaly is presented. The slaveholder, in attempting, to recover his slave, was acting within his constitutional and legal rights. The slave was his property in law. He had purchased or inherited his bondman on the same plane with his horse or his land, and, apart from the right to hold a human being in bond- age, regarded his legal rights to the one as good as the other. From a legal standpoint his posi- tion was impregnable. The slave was his, repre- senting so much of monej' value, and whoever was instrumental in the loss of that slave was, both tlieoretically and technically, a partner in robbery. Therefore he looked on "The Under- ground Railway" as the work of thieves, and en- tertained bitter hatred toward all concerned in its operation. On tlie other hand, men who were, in all other respects, gooil citizens — often relig- iously devout and pillars of the church — became bold and flagrant violators of the law in relation to this sort of property. They set at nought a plain provision of the Constitution and the act of Congress for its enforcement. Without hope of personal gain or reward, at the risk of fine and imprisonment, with the certainty of social ostra- cism and bitter opposition, they harbored the fugitive and helped him forward on every occasion. And why? Because they saw in him a man, with the same inherent right to "life, liberty and the pursuit of liajjpine.ss" tliat they themselves possessed. To them this was a higher law than anj- Legislature. State or National, could enact. They denied that there could be truly such a thing as property in man. Believing that the law violated human rights, they justified themselves in rendering it null and void. 534 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. For the most part, the "Underground Rail- road" operators and promoters were plain, obscure men, without hope of fame or desire for notoriety. Yet there were some whose names are con.spicuous in history, such as Wendell Phillips, Thomas VVentworth Higginscu and Theodore Parker of Massachusetts; Gerrit Smith and Thurlow Weed of Kew York; Joshua R. Giddings of Ohio, and Owen Lovejoy of Illinois. Tliese had their followers and sympathizers in all the Northern States, and even in some por- tions of the South. It is a curious fact, that some of the most active spirits connected with the "Underground Railroad" were natives of the South, or had resided there long enough to become thoroughly accpiainted with the "insti- tution." Levi Coffin, who had the reputation of being the "President of the Underground Rail- road' — at least so far as the region west of the Ohio was concerned — was an active operator on the line in North Carolina before his removal from that State to Indiana in 1836. Indeed, as a system, it is claimed to have had its origin at Guilford College, In the "Old North State" in 1X19, though the evidence of this maj' not be conclusive. Owing to the peculiar nature of their business, no official reports were made, no lists of officers, conductors, station agents or operators preserved, and few records kept which are now accessible. Consequently, we are dependent chiefly upon the peisonal recollection of individual operators for a history of their transactions. Each station on the road was the house of a "friend" and it is rigniflcant. in this connection, that in every . e'.tlement Virginia and Kentucky, and the fact that it offered the shortest route through free soil to Canada, it was traversed by more lines than any other State, although Indiana was pretty thoroughly "grid-ironed" by roails to freedom. In all, however, the routes were irregular, often zigzag, for purposes of security, and the "con- ductor" was any one who conveyed fugitives from one station to another The "train" was some- times a farm-wagon, loaded with produce for market at some town (or depot) on the line, fre- quently a closed carriage, and it is related that once, in Ohio, a number of carriages conveying a large party, were made to represent a funeral procession. Occasionally the train ran on foot, for convenience of side-tracking into the woods or a cornfield, in case of pursuit by a wild loco- motive. Then, again, there were not wanting lawjers who, in case the operator, conductor ur station agent got into trouble, were ready, without fee or reward, to defend either him or his human freight in the courts. These included such names of national repute as Salmon P. Cliase, Thaddeus Stevens, Charles Sumner, William IL Seward, Rutherford B. Hayes, Richard H. Dana, and Isaac N. Arnold, while, taking the whole country over, their "name was legion." And there were a few men of wealth, like Thomas Garrett of Delaware, willing to contribute money by thousands to their assistance. Although technically acting in violation of law — or, as claimed by themselves, in obedience to a "higher law" — the time has already come when there is a disposition to look upon the actors as, in a certain sense, heroes, and their deeds as fitly belonging to the field of romance. The most comprehensive collection of material relating to the history of this movement has been furnished in a recent volume entitled, "The Underground Railroad from Slavery to Free- dom," by Prof. Wilbur II. Siebert, of Ohio State University; and, while it is not wholly free from errors, both as to individual names and facts, it will probably remain as the best compilation of history bearing on this subject — especially as the principal actors are fast pas.sing away. One of the interesting features of Prof. Siebert's book is a map purporting to give the i>rincipal routes and stations in the States northwest of the Ohio, yet the accuracy of this, as well as the correct- ness ). personal names given, has been ijuestioned 1 >■ .'iir.ie best infomied on the subject. As j.iiC .; 'ie expected from its geographical position bi-lA<>a two slave States — Kentucky and Mis- t,..a.i — on the one hand, and the lakes offering a highway to Canada on the other, it is naturally to be assumed (hat Illinois would be an attract- ive fiekl, bt)t!i for the fugitive and his sympa- thizer. The period of greatest activitj- of the system in this .State was between 1840 and 1861 — the latter being the year when the pro-slavei'y party in the South, by their attempt forcibly to dissolve the Union, took the business out of the hands of the secret agents of the "Underground Railroad." and — in a certain sense — ^placed it in the hands of the Union armies. It was in 1841 that Abra- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 535 ham Lincoln — then a conservative opponent of tlie extension of slavery — on an appeal from a jiulgiuent, rendered bj' the Circuit Court in Taze- well County, in favor of the holder of a note given for the service of the indentured slave- girl "Nance," obtained a decision from the Supreme Court of Illinois upholding the doctrine that the girl was free under the Ordinance of IT.ST and the State Constitution, and that tlie note, given to the person wlio claimed to be her owner, was void. And it is a somewhat curious coincidence that the same Abraham Lincoln, as President of the United States, in the second year of the War of the Rebellion, issued the Proclamation of Emancipation which finally resulted in striking the shackles from the limbs of every slave in the Union. In the practical operation of aiding fugitives in Illinois, it was natural that the towns along the border upon the Ohio and Mississijipi Rivers, sliould have served as a sort of entrepots, or initial stations, for the reception of this class of freight — especially if adjacent to some anti- slavery community. Tliis was the case at Ches- ter, from which access was easy to Sparta, where a colony of Covenanters, or Seceders, was located, and whence a route extended, by way of Oakdale, Nashville and Centralia, in the direction of Chicago. Alton offered convenient access to Bond County, where there was a communitj- of anti-slavery people at an early day, or the fugi- tives could be forwarded northward by way of Jerseyville, Waverly and Jacksonville, about each of which there was a strong anti-slavery sentiment. Quincy, in spite of an intense hos- tiUty among the mass of the community to anj- thing savoring of abolitionism, became the theater of great activity on the part of the opponents of the institution, especially after the advent there of Dr. David Nelson and Dr. Rich- ard Eells, both of whom had rendered themselves obnoxious to the people of Missouri by extending aid to fugitives. The former was a practical abolitionist who, liaving freed his .slaves in his native State of Virginia, removed to Missouri and attempted to estalilish Marion College, a few miles from Palmyra, l)ut was soon driven to Illinois. Locating near Quincy, he founded the "Mission Institute" thei'e, at which lie continued to dis- seminate his anti-slavery views, while educating young men for missionary work. The "Insti- tute" was finally burned by emissaries from Mis- souri, while three young men wlio had been connected with it, having been caught in Mis- souri, were condenmed to twelve years" confine- ment in the penitentiary of that State — partly on the testimony of a negro, ahhough a negro was not then a legal witness in the courts against a white man. Dr. Eells was prosecuted before Steplien A. Douglas (then a Judge of the Circuit Court), and fined for aiding a fugitive to escape, and tlie judgment against him was finally con- firmed by tlie Supreme Court after his death, in 1852, ten years after the original indictment. A map in Professor .Siebert's book, showing the routes and principal stations of the "Undergound Railroad," makes mention of the following places in Illinois, in addition to those alreadj' referred to: Carlinville, in Macoupin County; Payson and Mendon, in Adams; Washington, in Taze- well ; 5Ietamora, in Woodford ; Magnolia, in Put- nam ; Galesburg, in Knox ; Princeton (the home of Owen Lovejoy and the Bryants), in Bureau, and many more. Ottawa appears to have been the meeting point of a number of lines, as well as the home of a strong colony of practical abo litionists. Cairo also became an important transfer station for fugitives arriving by river, after the completion of the Illinois Central Rail- road, especially as it offered the speediest way of reaching Chicago, towards which nearly all the lines converged. It was here that tlie fugitives could be most safely disposed of by placing them upon vessels, which, without stopping at inter- mediate ports, could soon land them on Canadian .soil. As to methods, these differed according to cir- cumstances, tlie emergencies of the occasion, or the taste, convenience or resources of the oper- ator. Deacon Levi Morse, of Woodford County, near Metamora, had a route towards Magnolia, Putnam County; and his favorite "car" was a farm wagon in which there was a double bottom. The passengers were snugly placed below, and grain sacks, filled with bran or other light material, were laid over, so that the whole presented the appearance of an ordinary load of grain on its way to market. The same was true as to stations and routes. One, who was an operator, says: "Wherever an abolitionist hiippened on a fugi- tive, or the conver.se, there was a station, for the time, and the route was to the next anti-slavery man to the east or the north. As a general rule, the agent preferred not to know an3-tliing beyond the operation of his own immediate section of the road. If he knew nothing about the operations of another, and the other knew nothing of his, they could not be witnesses in court. We have it on the authority of Judge Harvey B. Hurd, of Chicago, that runaways were usually 536 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS forwarded from that city to Canada by way of the Lakes, there being several steamers available for that purpose. On one occasion thirteen were put aboard a vessel under the eyes of a United States Marshal and his deputies. The fugitives, secreted in a woodshed, one by one took the places of colored stevedores carrying wood aboard the ship. Possibly the term, "There's a nigger in tlie woodpile," may have originated in this incident. Thirteen was an "unlucky num- ber" in this instance — for the masters. Among the notable trials for assisting runaways in violation of the Fugitive Slave Law, in addi- tion to the case of Dr. Eells, already mentioned, were those of Owen Lovejoy of Princeton, and Deacon Gushing of Will County, both of whom were defended by Judge James Collins of Chi- cago. John Hossack and Dr. Joseph Stout of Ottawa, with some half-dozen of their neighbors and friends, were tried at Ottawa, in 1859, for assisting a fugitive and acquitted on a techni- cality. A strong array of attornej-s, afterwards widely known through the northern part of the State, appeared for the defense, including Isaac N. Arnold, Joseph Knox, B. C. Cook, J. V. Eus- tace, Edward S. Leland and E. C. Lamed. Joseph T. Morse, of Woodford County, was also arrested, taken to Peoria and committed to jail, but acquitted on trial. Another noteworthy case was that of Dr. Samuel Willard (now of Chicago) and his father, Julius A. Willard, charged with assisting in the escape of a fugitive at Jacksonville, in 1843, when the Doctor was a student in Illinois College. "The National Corporation Reporter," a few years ago, gave an account of this affair, together with a letter from Dr. Willard, in which he states that, after protracted litigation, during which the case was carried to the Supreme Court, it was ended by his pleading guilty before Judge Samuel D. Lockwood, when he was fined one dollar and costs — the latter amounting to twenty dollars. The Doctor frankly adds: "My father, as well as myself, helped many fugitives afterwards." It did not always happen, however, that offenders escaped so easily. Judge Harvey B. Hurd, alreadj- referred to, and an active anti-slavery man in tlie days of the Fugitive Slave Law, relates the following: Once, when the trial of a fugitive was going on before Ju.stice Kercheval, in a room on the second floor of a two-story frame building on Clark Street in the city of Chicago, the crowd in attendance filled the room, the stairway and the adjoining sidewalk. In some way the prisoner got mixed in with the audience, and passed down over the heads of those on the stairs, where tlie officers were unable to follow. In another case, tried before United States Commissioner Geo. W. Meeker, the result was made to hinge upon a point in the indictment to the effect that the fugitive was "copper-colored." The Commissioner, as the story goes, being in- clined to favor jjublic sentiment, called for a large copper cent, that he might make comparison. The decision was, that the prisoner was "off color," so to speak, and he was hustled out of the room before the officers could re-arrest him, as they had been instructed to do. Dr. Samuel Willard, in a review of Professor Siebert's book, published in "The Dial" of Chi cago, makes mention of Henry Irving and Will- iam Chauucey Carter as among his active allies at Jacksonville, with Rev. Bilious Pond and Deacon Lyman of Farmington (near the present village of Farmiugdale in Sangamon County), Luther Ransom of Springfield, Andrew Borders of Randolph County, Joseph Gerrish of Jersey and William T. Allan of Henry, as their coadju- tors in other parts of the State. Other active agents or promoters, in the same field, included such names as Dr. Charles V. Dyer, Philo Carpen- ter, Calvin De Wolf, L. C. P. Freer, Zebina East- man, James H. Collins, Harvey B. Hurd, J. Young Scammon, Col. J. F. Farnsworth and others of Chicago, whose names have alreadj- been men- tioned ; Rev. Asa Turner, Deacon Ballard, J. K. Van Dorn and Erastus Benton, of Quincy and Adams County; President Rufus Blanchard of Knox College, Galesburg ; John Leeper of Bond ; the late Prof. J. B. Turner and Elihu Wolcott of Jacksonville; Cajit. Parker Slorse and his four .sons — Joseph T. , Levi P., Parker, Jr., and Jhirk — of Woodford County ; Rev. William Sloane of Randolph; William Strawn of La Salle, besides a Iiost who were willing to aid their fellow men in tlieir aspirations to freedom, without advertising their own exploits. Among the incidents of "Underground Rail- road" in Illinois is one which had some importance I)olitically, having for its climax a dramatic scene in Congre.ss, but of wliich. .so far as known, no full account has ever been written. About 18.")5, Epliraim Lombard, a Mississippi planter, l)ut a New Englander by birtli, purchased a large body of i)rairie land in the nt)rtheastern part of Stark County, and, taking up his residence temporarily in the village of Bradford, began its improve- ment. He had brought with him from Mississippi a negro, gray-haired and bent with age, a slave HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 537 of probably no great value. "Old Mose, " as he was calleii, soon came to be well known and a favorite in the neighborhood. Lombard boldly stated that he had brought liim there as a slave ; that, by virtue of the Dred Scott decision (then of recent date), he had a constitutional right to take his slaves wherever he plea.sed, and that "Old Mose" was just as much liis property in Illinois as in Mississippi. It soon became evident to some, that his bringing of the negro to Illinois was an experiment to test the law and the feel- ings of the Northern people. This being the case, a shrewd plaj' would have been to let him have his way till other slaves should have been brought to stock the new plantation But this was too slow a process for the abolitionists, to whom the holding of a slave in the free State of Illinois appeared an unbearable outrage. It was feared that he might take the old negro back to Mississippi and fail to bring any others. It was reported, also, that "Old Mose" was ill-treated; that he was given only the coarsest food in a back shed, as if he were a horse or a dog. instead of being permitted to eat at table with the family. The prairie citizen of that time was verj- par- ticular upon this point of etiquette. The hired man or woman, debarred from the table of his or her emploj'er, would not have remained a daj'. A quiet consultation with "Old Mose" revealed the fact that he would hail the gift of freedom joyously. Accordinglj-, one Peter Risedorf, and another equally daring, met him by the light of the stars and, before morning, he was placed in the care of Owen Lovejoy, at Princeton, twenty miles away. From there he was speedily "franked" by the member of Congress to friends in Canada. There was a great commotion in Bradford over the "stealing" of "Old Mose.'' Lombard and his friends denounced the act in terms bitter and profane, and threatened vengeance upon the per- petrators. The conductors were known only to a few, and the}' kept their secret well. Lovejoy's part in the affair, however, soon leaked out. Lomljard returned to Mississippi, where he related his experiences to Mr. Singleton, the Representative in Congress from his district. During the next session of Congress, Singleton took occasion, in a speech, to sneer at Lovejoj' as a "nigger-stealer. ■" citing the case of "Old Mose." Mr. Lovejoy replied in his usual fervid and dramatic style, making a speech which ensured his election to Congress for life — "Is it desired to call attention to this fact of my assisting fugitive slaves'i" he said, "Owen Lovejoy lives at Prince- ton, 111., three quarter's of a mile east of the village, antl he aids every slave that comes to his door and asks it. Thou invisible Demon of Slavery, dost thou think to cross my humble threshold and forbid me to give bread to the hungry and shelter to the homeless'? I bid you defiance, in the name of my God!" AVith another incident of an amusing charac- ter this article may be closetl: Hon. J. Young Scammon, of Chicago, being accused of conniving at the escape of a slave from officers of the law, was asked by the court what he would do if sum- moned as one of a posse to pursue and capture a fugitive. "I would certainlj' obey the summons," he replied, "but — I sliould probablj- stub my toe and fall down befoi'e I reached him." Note.— Those who wish to pursue the subject of the " Underground Railroad " in lUinois further, are referred to the work of Dr. Siebert, already mentioned, and to the various County Histories which have been issued and may he found in the i)Uhlic libraries; also for interesting inci- dents, to "Keminiscences of Levi Coffin," .Johnson's " From Dixie to Canada," Tetifs Sketches, ".still. Under- ground Railroad, " and a pamphlet of the same title by James H. Fairchild, ex-President of Oberlin College. UNDERWOOD, William H., lawyer, legislator and jurist, was born at Schoharie Court House, N. Y., Feb. 31, 1818, and, after admission to the bar, removed to Belleville, 111., where he began practice in 1840. The following year he was elected State's Attorney, and re-elected in 1843. In 1846 he was chosen a member of the lower house of the General Assembly, and, in 1848-.54. sat as Judge of the Second Circuit. During this period he declined a nomination to Congress, although equivalent to an election. In 1856 he was elected State Senator, and re-elected in 1860. He was a member of the Constitutional Conven- tion of 1869-70. and, in 1870, was again elected to the Senate, retiring to private life in 1872. Died, Sept. 23, 1875. UNIOiV COUNTY, one of the fifteen counties into which Illinois was divided at the time of its admission as a State — having been organized, under the Territorial Government, in Januarj', 1818. It is situated in the southern division of the State, bounded on the west by the Mississippi River, and has an area of 400 square miles. The eastern and interior portions are drained by the Cache River and Clear Creek. The western part of the county comprises the broad, rich bottom lands lying along the Mississippi, but is subject to frequent overflow, while the eastern jjortion is liilly, and most of its area originally heavily tim- bered. The cotiuty is especially rich in minerals. Iron-ore, lead, bituminous coal, chalk, alum and 538 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. potter's clay are found in considerable abun- dance. Several lines of railway (the most impor tant being the Illinois Central) either cross or tap the county. The chief occupation is agri- culture, although manufacturing is carried on to a limited extent. Fruit is extensively cultivated. Jonesboro is the county-seat, and Cobden and Anna important shipping stations. The latter is the location of the Southern Hospital for the Insane. The population of the county, in 1890, was 21,529. Being next to St. Clair, Randolph and Gallatin, one of the earliest settled counties in the State, many prominent men found their first home, on coming into the State, at Jones- boro, and this region, for a time, exerted a strong influence in public affairs. Pop, (1900), 22,610. i:mo\ le.\gue of America, a secret pout- ical and patriotic order wliich liad its origin early in the late Civil AVar, for the avowed pur- pose of sustaining the cause of the Union and counteracting the machinations of the secret organizations designed to promote the success of the Rebellion. The first regular Council of the order was organized at Pekin, Tazewell County, June 25, 1862, consi.sting of eleven members, as follows: John W. Glasgow, Dr. D. A. Cheever, Hart Montgomery, Maj. Richard N. CuUom (father of Senator Cullom), Alexander Small, Eev. J. W. M. Vernon, George n. Harlow (after- ward Secretary of State), Charles Turner, Col. Jonathan Merriam, Henry Pratt and L. F. Gar- rett. One of the number was a Union refugee froni Tennessee, who dictated the first oath from memory, as administered to members of a some- what similar order which had been organized among the Unionists of his own State. It sol- emnly pledged the taker, (1) to preserve invio- late tlie secrets and business of the order; (2) to "support, maintain, protect and defend the civil liberties of the Union of these United States against all enemies, either domestic or foreign, at all times and under all circumstances, "" even "if necessary, to the sacrifice of life"; (3) to aid in electing only true Union men to offices of trust in the town, county. State and General Government; (4) to assist, protect and defend any member of the order who might be in jieril from his connection with the order, and (5) to obej- all laws, rules or regulations of any Council to which the taker of the oath might be attached. The oath was taken upon the Bible, the Decla- ration of Independence and Constitution of the United States, the taker pledging his sacred honor to its fulfillment. A special reason for tlie organization existed in the activity, about this time, of the "Knights of the Golden Circle," a disloyal organization which had been introduced from the South, and which afterwards took the name, in the North, of "American Kniglits" and "Sons of Liberty. " (See Secret Treasonable Soci- eties.) Three months later, the organization had extended to a number of other counties of the State and, on the 2.jth of September following, the first State Council met at Bloomington — twelve counties being represented — and a State organization was effected. At this meeting the following general officers were chosen; Grand President — Judge Mark Bangs, of Marshall County (now of Chicago) ; Grand Vice-President — Prof. Daniel Wilkin, of McLean ; Grand Secre- tary — George H. Harlow, of Tazewell ; Gi-and Treasurer — H. S. Austin, of Peoria, Grand Mar- shal— J. R. Gorin, of Macon; Grand Herald — A. Gould, of Henry; Grand Sentinel — John E. Rosette, of Sangamon. An Executive Committee was also appointed, consisting of Joseph Medill of "The Chicago Tribune"; Dr. A. J. McFar- land, of Morgan County; J. K. Warren, of Macon; Rev. J. C. Rybolt, of La Salle; the President, Judge Bangs; Enoch Emery, of Peoria; and John E. Rosette. Under the direction of tliis Committee, with Mr. Medill as its Cliairman, the constitution and by-laws were thorouglilj* revised and a new ritual adopted, which materi- ally changed the phraseology and removed some of the crudities of the original obligation, as well as increased the beauty and impressiveness of the initiator}- ceremonies. New signs, grips and pass-words were also adopted, which were finally accepted by the various organizations of the order throughout the Union, which, by this time, included many soldiers in the arm}-, as well as civilians. The second Grand (or State) Council was held at Springfield, January 14, 1863, witli only seven counties represented. The limited representation was discouraging, but the mem- bers took lieart from the inspiring words of Gov- ernor Yates, addressed to a committee of the order who waited upon liim. At a special ses- sion of the Executive Committee, helil at Peoria, six days later, a vigorous campaign was mapped out. mider which agents were sent into nearly every county in the State. In Oc- tober, 1862, the strength of the order in Illi- nois was estimated at three to five thousand ; a few months later, the number of enrolled members had increased to 50,000 — so rapid liad been the growth of the order. On March 25, 1803, a Grand Council met in Chicago — 404 Councils in Illinois being represented, with HISTORICAL EXCYCLUPEDIA OF ILLL\"Ol«. a number from Ohio, Indiana, Micliigan, Wiscon- sin. Iowa and Jliunesota. At this meeting a Committee was appointed to prepare a plan of organization for a National Grand Council, which was carried out at Cleveland, Ohio, on the 20th of May following — the constitution, ritual and signs of the Illinois organization being adopted with slight modifications. The levised obligation — taken upon the Bible, the Declaration of Inde- pendence and the Constitution of the United States — bound members of the League to "sup- port, protect and defend the Government of the United States and the (lag thereof, against all enemies, foreign and domestic,"' and to' "bear true faith and allegiance to the same"; to "defend the State against invasion or insurrection"; to support only "true and reliable men" for offices of trust and profit; to protect and defend worthy members, and to preserve inviolate the secrets of the order. The address to new mem- bers was a model of impressiveness and a ])o\verf ul appeal to their patriotism. The organization extended rapidly, not only throughout the North- west, but in the South also, especially in the army. In 1864 the number of Councils in Illinois was estimated at 1,300, with a membership of 175,000; and it is estimated that the total mem- bership, throughout the Union, was 2,000,000. The influence of the silent, but zealous and effect- ive, operations of the organization, was shown, not onlj' in the stimulus given to enlistments and support of the war policy of the Government, but in the raising of supplies for the sick and wounded soldiers in the field. Within a few weeks before the fall of Vicksburg, over §25,000 in cash, besides large quantities of stores, were sent to Col. John Williams (then in charge of the Sanitarj' Bureau at Springfield), as the direct result of appeals made through circulars sent out by the officeis of t'.te "Ijcague." Large contri- butions 01 money and suiiplies also reached the sic'.; .".nd wounded in hospital through the medium of tlie Salutary Commission in Chicago. Zealous efforts were made by the o^jposition to get at the secrets of the order, and, in one case, a complete copy of the ritual was published by one of their organs ; but the effect was so far the reverse of what was anticipated, that this line of attack was not continued. During the stormy session of the Legislature in 1803, the League is said to have rendered effective service in protecting Gov- ernor Yates from threatened assassination. It continued its silent but effective operations until the complete overthrow of the rebellion, when it ceased to exist as a political organization. IMTED ST.VTES SEXATOKS. The follow- ing is a list ol' United States .sfuators from Illinois, from the date of the admission of the State into the Union until 1899, with the date and duration of the term of each: Ninian Edwards, 1818-24; Jesse B. Thomas, Sr., 1818-29; John McLean, 1824-25 and 1829-30; EUas Kent Kane, 1825 35; David Jewett Baker, Nov. 12 to Dec. 11, 1830; John M. Robinson, 1830-41; William L. D. Ewing, 1835-37; Richard M. Yoimg, 1837-43; .Samuel Mc- Roberts, 1841-43; Sidney Bree.se, 1843-49; James Semple, 1843-47; Stephen A. Douglas, 1847-61; James Shields, 1849-55; Lyman Trumbull, 1855-78; Orville II. Browning. 1801-U3; William A. Rich- ardson, 1863-65; Richard Yate.s, 1865-71; John A. Logan, 1871-77 and 1879-86: Richard J. Ogle.sby, 1873-79; David Davis, 1877-83; Shelby M. Cullom, first elected in 1883, and re-elected in "89 and '95, his third term expiring in 1901; Charles B. Far- well, 1887-91; John McAuley Palmer, 1891-97; William E. Mason, elected in 1897, for the term expiring, March 4, 1903. IM VERSITY OF CHIC.VGO (The New). One of the leading educational iu.stitutions of the country, located at Chicago. It is the outgrowth of an attempt, put forth by the American Educa- tional Society (organized at Washington in 1888), to supply the place which the original institution of the same name had been designed to fill. (See Uniwrsify of Chicago— Tlie Old.) The following year, Mr. John D. Rockefeller of New York ten- dered a contribution of §600. 000 toward the endow- ment of the enterprise, conditioned upon securing additional pledges to the amount of 8400,000 by June 1, 1890. The offer was accepted, and the sum promptly raised. In addition, a site, covering four blocks of land in the city of Chicago, was secured — two and one-half blocks being acquired by purchase for $282,500, and one and one-half (valued at 8125,000) donated by Mr. Marshall Field. A charter was secured and an organiza- tion effected, Sept. 10, 1890. The Presidency of the institution was tendered to, and accepted by. Dr. William R. Harper. Since that time the University has been the recipient of other gener- ous benefactions by Mr. Rockefeller and others, until the aggregate donations (1898) exceed §10,- 000.000. Of this amount over one half has been contril)uted hj' Mr. Rockefeller, wliilo he has jjledged himself to make additifinal contributions of §2.000,000, conditioned upon the raising of a like sum, from other donors, by Jan. 1, 1900. The buildings erected on the campus, prior to 1896, include a chemical laboratory costing §182,000; a lecture hall, §150,000; a pliysical laboratory I 540 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS. SloO.OOO; a museum, §100,000; an academy dor- mitory, $30,U0U; three dormitories for women, $150,000; two dormitories for men, §100,000, to which several important additions were made during 189(3 and 97. The faculty embraces over 150 instructors, selected with reference to their fitness for their respective departments from among the most eminent scholars in America and Europe. Women are admitted as students and graduated upon an equaUty with men. The work of practical instruction began in October, 1892, with 589 registered students, coming from nearly every Northern State, and including 250 gradu- ates from other institutions, to wliich accessions were made, during the year, raising the aggregate to over 900. The second year the number ex- ceeded 1,100; the thu-d, it rose to 1,750, and the fourth (1895-96), to some 2,000, including repre- sentatives from ever^' State of the Union, besides many from foreign countries. Special features of tlie institution include the admission of gradu- ates from other institutions to a post-graduate course, and the Fniversity Extension Division, ■ whicli is conducted largely by means of lecture courses, in other cities, or through lecture centers in the vicinity of the University, non-resident students having the privilege of written exami- nations. The various libraries embrace over 300,000 volumes, of which nearly 60,000 belong to what are called the "Departmental Libraries," besides a large and valuable collection of maps and pamphlets. UXIVERSITY OF CHICAGO (The Old), an educational institution at Chicago, under the care of the Baptist denomination, for some years known as the Douglas University. Senator Stephen A. Douglas offered, in 1854, to donate ten acres of land, in what was then near the southern border of the city of Chicago, as a site for an institution of learning, provided buildings cost- ing §100,000, be erected thereon within a stipu- lated time. The corner-stone of the main building wa,s laid, July 4, 1857. but the financial panic of that year prevented its completion, and Mr. Doug- las extended the time, and finally deeded the land to the trustees without reserve. For eighteen years the institution led a precarious existence, struggling under a heavj- debt. By 1885, mort- gages to the amount of §320,000 having accunui- lated. tlie trustees abandoned further effort, and acquiesced in the sale of the property under fore- closure proceedings. The original plan of tlie institution contemplated preparatorj' and col- legiate departments, together with a college of law and a theological school. UNIVERSITY OF ILLIXOIS, the leading edu- cational institution under control of the State, located at Urbaua and adjoining the city of Champaign. The Legislature at the session of 1863 accepted a grant of 480,000 acres of land under Act of Congress, approved July 2, 1862, making an appropriation of public lands to States — 30,000 acres for each Senator and each Representative in Congress — establishing colleges for teaching agri- culture and tlie mechanic arts, though not to the exclusion of clas.sical and scientific studies. Land- scrip under this grant was issued and placed in the hands of Governor Yates, and a Board of Trustees appointed under the State law was organ- ized in March, 1867, the institution being located the same year. Departments and courses of study were established, and Dr. John M. Gregory, of Michigan, was chosen Regent (President). — The landscrip issued to Illinois was sold at an early day for what it wonld bring in open market, except 25,000 acres, which was located in Ne- braska and Minnesota. This has recently been sold, realizing a larger sum than was received for all the scrip otherwise disposed of. The entire sum thus secured for permanent endowment ag- gregates §613,026. Tlie University revenues were further increased by donations from Congress to each institution organized under the Act of 1863, of §15,000 per annum for the maintenance of an Agricultural Experiment Station, and, in 1890, of a similar amount for instruction — the latter to be increased §1.000 annually until it should reacli §25.000.— A mechanical building was erected in 1871, and this is claimed to have been the first of its kind in America intended for strictly educa- tional purposes. What was called '"the main building" was formally opened in December, 1873. Other buildings embrace a "Science Hall,"' opened in 1892; a new "Engineering Hall," 1894; a fine Library Building, 1897. Eleven other prin- cipal structures and a number of smaller ones have been erected as conditions -equired. The value of property aggregates nearly §2,500,000, and appropriations from the State, for all purposes, previous to 1904, foot up §3,123,517.90.— Since 1871 the institution has been open to women. The courses of study embrace agriculture, chem- istry, polyteclmics, military tactics, natural and general sciences, languages and literature, eco- nomics, household science, trade and commerce. The Graduate School dates from 1891. In 1896 the Chicago College of Pharmacy was connected with the University: a College of Law and a Library School were opened in 1897, and the same year the Chicago College of Physicians and Sur- a » n. •"! xS » o <: w JO o r ■z. o ?3 (33 > >. ■g 2 3 .- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 5-il geons was affiliated as the College of Medicine — a School of Dentistry being added to tlie latter in 1901. In 1S85 the State Laboratory of Natural History was transferred from Normal, 111., and an Agricultural Experiment Station entablished in 1888, from which bulletins are sent to farmers throughout the State who may desire them. — The first name of the Institution was "Illinois Indus- trial University," but, in 1885, this was changed to "University of Illinois." In 1887 the Trustees (of whom there are nine) were made elective by popular vote — three being elected every two years, eacli holding office six _vears. Dr. Gregory, having resigned the office of Regent in 1880, was succeeded by Dr. Selim H. Peabody, who had been Professor of Jlechanical and Civil Engineer- ing. Dr. Peabody resigned in 1891. The duties of Regent were then discharged by Prof. Thomas J. Burrill until August, 1894, when Dr. Andrevi^ Sloan Draper, former State Superintendent of Public Instruction of the State of New York, was installed as President, .serving until 1904. — The corps of instruction (1904) includes over 100 Pro- fessors, 60 Associate and Assistant Professors and 200 Instructors and Assistants, besides special lecturers, demonstrators and clerks. The num- ber of students has increased rapidly in recent years, as shown by the following totals for suc- cessive years from 1890-91 to 1903-04, inclusive: 519; 583; 714; 743; 810; 8.52; 1,075: 1,582; 1,824; 2,234; 2,505; 2,932; 3,289; 3,.589. Of the last num- ber, 2,271 were men and 718 women. During 1903-04 there were in all departments at Urbana, 3,547 students (256 being in the Preparatory Aca- demy) ; and in the three Professional Departments in Chicago, 1,042, of whom 694 were in the Col- lege of Medicine, 185 in the School of Pllarmacy, and 163 in the School of Dentistry. The Univer- sity Library contains 63.700 volumes and 14,500 pamphlets, not including 5,350 volumes and 15,850 pamphlets in the State Laboratory of Nat- ural History. — The University occupies a con- spicuous and attractive site, embracing 220 acres adjacent to the line between Urbana and Cham- paign, and near the residence portion of the two cities. The athletic field of 11 acres, on vi-hich stand the gymnasium and armory, is enclosed with an ornamental iron fence. The campus, otherwise, is an open and beautiful park with fine landscape effects. UNORGANIZED COUXTIES. In addition to the 103 counties into which Illinois is divided, acts were passed by the General A.ssembly, at diiTerent times, providing for the organiza- tion of a number of others, a few of wliich were subsequently organized under different names, but the majorit3' of whicli were never organized at all — the propo.sition for such or- ganization being rejected by vote of the people within the proposed boundaries, or allowed to lapse by non-action. These unorganized coun- ties, with the date of the several acts authorizing them, ;.nd the territory which they were in- tended to include, were as follows; Allen County (1841) — comprising portions of Sanga- mon, Morgan and Macoupin Counties; Audobon (Audubon) County (1843) — from portions of Mont- gomery, Fayette and Sholljy; Benton County (1843) — from Morgan, Greene and Slacoupin; Coffee County (1837) — with substantially the same territory now comprised within the bound- aries of Stark County, authorized two years later; Dane County (1839) — name changed to Christian in 1840; Harrison Count}' (1855)— from McLean, Champaign and Vermilion, com- prising territory since partially incorporated in Ford County; Holmes County (1857) — from Champaign and Vermilion; Marquette Comity (1843), changed (1847) to Highland— compris- ing the northern portion of Adams, (this act was accepted, with Columbus as the county- seat, but organization finally vacated) ; IMichi- gan County (1837) — from a part of Cook; Milton County (1843) — from the south part of Vermil- ion; Okaw County (1841) — comprising substan- tially the same territory as Moultrie, organized imder act of 1843; Oregon County (1851) — from parts of Sangamon, Morgan and Macoupin Coun- ties, and covering substantially the same terri- tory as projjosed to be incorporated in Allen County ten years earlier. Tlie last act of this character was passed in 1867, wlien an attempt was made to organize Lincoln Count}' out O- l)arts of Chamjiaign and Vermilion, but whicu failed for want of an affirmative vote. UPPER ALTON, a city of Madison County, situated on the Chicago it Alton Railroad, about 1^ miles northeast of Alton— laid out in 1816. It has several churches, and is the seat of Shurtleff College and the Western Military Academy, the former founded about 1831, and controlled by the Baptist denomination. Beds of excellent clay are found in the vicinity and utilized in pottery manufacture. Pop. (1890). 1.803; (1900). 2.373. UPTON, George Putnam, journalist, was born at Roxbury, Mass., Oct. 25, 1834; graduated from Brown University in 1854, removed to Chicago in 1855, and began newspaper work on "The Native American," the following year taking the place of city editor of "The Evening Jour- 542 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. nal." In 1863, Mr. Upton became musical critic on "The Chicago Tribune," serving for a time also as its war correspondent in the field, later (about 1881) taking a place on the general edi- torial staff, which he still retains. He is regarded as an authority on musical and dramatic topics. Mr. Upton is also a stockholder in, and, for sev- eral years, has been V^ice-President of the "Trib- une" Company. Besides numerous contributions to magazines, his works include: "Letters of Peregrine Pickle" (1869) ; "Memories, a Story of German Love," translated from the German of Ma.x Muller (1879); "Woman in Music" (1880); "Lives of German Composers" (3 vols. — 1883-84); liesides four volumes of standard operas, oratorios, cantatas, and symphonies (1885-88). URBANA, a flourishing city, the county-seat of Champaign County, on the "Big Four," the Illinois Central and the Wabash Railways: 130 miles south of Chicago and 31 miles west of Dan- ville; in agricultural and coal-mining region. The mechanical industries include extensive rail- road shops, manufacture of brick, suspenders and lawn-mowers. The Cunningham Deaconesses' Home and Orphanage is located here. The city has water-works, gas and electric light plants, electric car-lines (local and interurban), superior .schools, nine churches, three banks and three newspapers. Urbana is the seat of the University of Illinois. Pop. (1890), 3,.511; (1900). 5,728. (JSREY, William J., editor and soldier, was born at Washington (near Natchez). Miss., May 16, 1827; was educated at Natchez, and, before reaching manhood, came to Macon Count}-, 111., where he engaged in teaching until 1846, when he enlisted as a private in Company C, Fourth Illinois Volunteers, for the Mexican War. In 1855, he joined with a Mr. Wingate in the estab- lishment, at Decatur, of "The Illinois State Chron- icle." of whicli he soon after took sole charge, conducting tlie paper until 1861, when he enlisted in the Thii-ty-fifth Illinois Volunteers and was appointed Adjutant. Although born and edu- cated in a slave State, Mr. Usrey was an earnest opponent of slavery, as proved by the attitude of his paper in opposition to the Kansas-Nebraska Bill. He was one of the most zealous endorsers of the proposition for a conference of the Anti- Nebraska editors of the State of Illinois, to agree upon a line of jiolicy in opposition to the fiuther extension of slavery, and, wlien that body met at Decatur, on Feb. 22, 1856, he served as its Secre- tary, thus taking a prominent part in the initial steps which resulted in the organization of the Republican party in Illinois. (See Anti-I^'ebraska Editorial Convention.) After returning from the war he resumed his place as editor of "The Chronicle," but finallj' retired from newspaper work in 1871. He was twice Postmaster of the city of Decatur, first previous to 1850, and again under the administration of Pre.sident Grant; served also as a member of the City Council and was a member of the local Post of the G. A. R., and Secretary of the Macon County Association of Mexican War Veterans. Died, at Decatur, Jan. 20, 1894. UTICA, (also called North Utica), a village of La Salle County, on the Illinois & Michigan Canal and the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway, 10 miles west of Ottawa, situated on the Illinois River opposite "Starved Rock," also believed to stand on the site of the Kaskaskia village found by the French Explorer, La Salle, when he first visited Illinois. "Utica cement" is produced here ; it also has several factories or mills, besides banks and a weekly paper. Popu- lation (1880), 767; (1890), 1,094; (1900), 1,160. VAJf ARJfAM, John, lawj'er and soldier, was born at Plattsburg, N. Y., March 3, 1820. Hav- ing lost his father at five years of age, he went to live with a farmer, but ran away in his boyhood; later, began teaching, studied law, and was ad- mitted to the bar in New York City, beginning practice at 5Iarshali, Jlich. In 1858 he removed to Chicago, and, as a member of the firm of Walker, Van Arnam & Dexter, became promi- nent as a criminal lawyer and railroad attorney, being for a time Solicitor of the Chicago, Burling- ton & Quincy Railroad. In 1862 he assisted in organizing the One Hundred and Twenty-seventh Illinois Volunteer Infantrj' and was commissioned its Colonel, but was comjielled to resign on account of illness. After spending some time in California, he resumed practice in Chicago in 1865. His later years were spent in California, dying at San Diego, in that State, April 6, 1S90. VAXD.VLIA, tlie principal city and count}- -.seat of Fayette County. It is situated on the Kas- kaskia River, 30 miles north of Centralia, 63 miles south by west of Decatur, and 68 miles east-northeast of St. Louis. It is an intersecting point for the Illinois Central and the St. Louis, Vandalia and Terre Haute Railroads. It was the capital of the ,State fi-om 1820 to 1839, the seat of government being removed to Springfield, the latter year, in accordance with act of the General Assembly passed at the session of 1837. It con- tains a court house (old State Capitol building), six churches, two banks, three weekly papers, a HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 543 graded school, flour, saw and paper mills, foundry, stave and heading mill, carriage and wagon and brick works. Pop. (1890), 2,144; (1900), 2 06.5. V.\JiDEVEER, Horatio 31., pioneer lawyer, was bom in Washington County, Ind., March 1, 1816; came with his family to Illinois at an early age, settling on Clear Creek, now in Christian County; taught school and studied law, using books borrowed from the late Hon. John T. Stuart of Springfield ; was elected first County Recorder of Christian County and, soon after, appointed Circuit Clerk, filling both offices three years. He also held the office of County Judge from 1848 to 1857 ; was twice chosen Representative in the General Assembl3' (1843 and 1850) and once to the State Senate (1862); in 1846, euU-sted and was chosen Captain of a company for the Mexican War, but, having been rejected on account of the quota being full, was appointed Assistant-Quarter- master, in this capacity serving on the staff of General Taylor at the battle of Buena Vista. Among other offices held by Mr. Vandeveer, were those of Postmaster of Taylorville, Master in Chancery, Presidential Elector (1848), Delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 1862, and Judge of the Circuit Court (1870-79). In 1868 Judge Vandeveer established the private banking firm of H. M. Vandeveer & Co., at Taylorville, which, in conjunction with his sons, he continued successfully during the remainder of his life. Died, March 12, 1894. VAN HORNE, William C, Railway Manager and President, was born in Will County, 111., Februarj-, 1843; began his career as a telegraph operator on tiie Illinois Central Railroad in 1856, was attached to the Michigan Central and Chi- cago & Alton Railroads (1858.72), later being General JIanager or General Superintendent of various other lines (1872-79). He next .served as General Superintendent of the Chicago, Milwau- kee & St. Paul, but soon after became General Manager of the Canadian Pacific, which he assisted to construct to the Pacific Coast; was elected Vice-President of the line in 1884, and its President in 1888. His services have been recog- nized by conferring upon liim the order of knighthood by tlie British Government. VASSEl'R, Noel C, pioneer Indian-trader, was born of French parentage in Canada, Dec. 25, 1799; at the age of 17 made a trip with a trading part}' to the West, crossing Wisconsin by way of the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers, the route inirsued by Joliet and JIarquette in 1673; later, was associ- ated with Gurdon S. Hubbard in the service of the American Fur Company, in 1820 visiting the region now embraced in Iroquois County, where he and Hubbani subsequently established a trad- ing post among the Pottawatomie Indians, believed to have been the site of the present town of Iroquois. The way of reaching their station from Chicago was by the Chicago and Des Plaines Rivers to the Kankakee, and ascending the latter and the Iroquois. Here Vasseur re- mained in trade until the removal of the Indians west of the l\Iississippi. in which he served as agent of the Government. WHiile in the Iroquois region he married W'atseka, a somewhat famous Pottawatomie woman, for whom the town of Watseka was named, and who had previously been the Indian wife of a fellow-trader. His later years were spent at Bourbonnais Grove, in Kankakee County, where he died, Dec. 12, 1879. VENICE, a city of Madison County, on the Mississippi River opposite St. Louis and 2 miles north of East St. Louis ; is touched by six trunk lines of railroad, and at the eastern approach to the new "'Merchants' Bridge," with its round- house, has two ferries to St. Louis, street car line, electric lights, water-works, some manufactures and a newspaper. Pop. (1890), 933; (1900), 2.450. VENICE & CARONDELET RAILROAD. (See Louisville, Evcnsville & St. Louis (Consolidated) Railroad.) VERMILION COUNTY, an eastern county, bordering on tlie Indiana State line, and drained by the Vermilion and Little Vermilion Rivers, from which it takes its name. It was originally organized in 1826, when it extended north to Lake Michigan. Its present area is 926 square miles. The discovery of salt springs, in 1819, aided in attracting immigration to this region, but the manufacture of salt was abandoned many years ago. Early settlers were Seymour Treat, James Butler, Henry Johnston. Harvey Lidington, Gurdon S. Hubbard and Daniel W. Beckwith. James Butler and Achilles Morgan were the first County Commissioners. Many interesting fossil remains have been found, among them the skeleton of a mastodon (1868). Fire clay is found in large quantities, and two coal seams cross the county. The surface is level .-ind the soil fertile. Corn is the chief agricultural product, although oats, wheat, rye, and potatoes are extensively cultivated. Stock-raising and wool-growing are important industries. There are also several manufactories, chiefly at Dan- ville, which is the county-seat. Coal mining is carried on extensively, especially in the vicin- ity of Danville. Population (1880), 41,588; (1890). 49,905; (1900), 65,035. 544 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. VERMILION RITER, a tributary of the lUi- nois; rises in Ford and the northern part of McLean County, and, running northwestward through Livingston and the southern part of La Salle Counties, enters the Illinois River nearly opposite the city of La Salle ; has a length of about 80 miles. VERMILION RIVER, an affluent of the Wa- bash, formed by the union of the North, Middle and South Forks, which rise in Illinois, and come together near Danv-.lle in this State. It flows southeastward, and enters the Wabash in Vermilion County, Ind. The main stream is about 28 miles long. The South Fork, however, which rises in Champaign Count}' and runs east- ward, has a length of nearly 75 miles. The Little Vermilion River enters the Wabash about 7 or 8 miles below the Vermilion, which is some- times called the Big Vermilion, by way of distinction. VER3I0NT, a village in Fulton County, at junction of Galesburg and St. Louis Divi.sion of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 24 miles north of Beardstown ; has a carriage manu- factory flour and saw-mills, brick and tile works, electric light plant, besides two banks, four churches, two graded schools, and one weekly newspaper. An artesian well has been sunk here to the depth of 2 600 feet Pop. (1900), 1,195. VERSAILLES, a town of Brown County, on the AVabash Railway, 48 miles east of Quincy ; is in a timber and agricultural district ; has a bank and weekly newspaper. Population (1900), 624. VIENNA, the county-seat of Johnson County, situated on the Cairo and Vincennes branch of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroad, 36 miles north-northwest of Cairo. It has a court house, several churches, a graded school, banks and two weekly newspapers. Population (1880), 494; (1890), 828: (1900), 1,217. VIGO, Francois, pioneer and early Indian- trader, was born at Mondovi, Sardinia (Western Italy), in 1747, served as a private soldier, first at Havana and afterwards at New Orleans. When he left the .Si)auish army he came to St. Louis, then the military headquarters of Spain for L^pper Louisiana, where he liecame a partner of Com- mandant de Leba, and was extensively engaged in the fur-trade among the Indians on the Obit) and Mississippi Rivers. On the occupation of Kaskaskia by Col. George Rogers Clark in 1778, he rendered valuable aid to the Americans, turn- ing out supplies to feeil Clark's destitute soldiers, and accepting Virginia Continental money, at par, in paj-ment, incurring liabilities in excess of $20,000. This, followed by the confiscation policy of the British Colonel Hamilton, at Vincennes, where Vigo had considerable property, reduced him to extreme penury. H. W. Beckwith says that, towards the close of his life, he lived on his little liome.stead near Vincennes, in great poverty but cheerful to the last He was never recom- pensed during his life for his .sacrifices in behalf of the American cause, though a tardy restitution was attempted, after his death, by the United States Government, for the benefit of his heirs. He died, at a ripe old age, at Vincennes, Ind., March 22, 1835. VILLA RIDGE, a village of Pula.ski County, on the Illinois Central Railwaj", 10 miles north of Cairo. Population, 500. VINCENNES, Jean Baptiste Bissot, a Canadian explorer, born at Quebec, January, 1688, of aris- tocratic and wealthy ancestry. He was closely connected with Louis Joliet — probably his brother-in-law. although some historians say that he was the latter's nephew. He entered the Canadian army as ensign in 1701. and had a long and varied experience as an Indian fighter. About 1725 he took up his residence on what is now the site of the present city of Vincennes, Ind., which is named in his honor. Here he erected an earth fort and established a trading- post. In 1726. imder orders, he cooperated with D'Artaguiette (then the French Governor of Illi- nois) in an expedition against the Chickasaws. The expedition resulted disastrously. Vincennes and D'Artaguiette were captured and burned at the stake, together with Father Senat (a Jesuit priest) and others of the command. (See also D'Artaguiette/ French Governors of Illinois. ) VIRDEN, a city of Macoupin County, on the Chicago & Alton and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroads, 21 miles .south by west from Springfield, and 31 miles east-southeast of Jack- sonville. It has five churches, two banks, two newspapers, telephone service, electric lights, grain elevators, machine shop, and extensive coal mines. Pop.(1900), 2,280; (school censusl903), 3,651. VIRGINIA, an incorporated city, the county- seat of Cass County, situated at the intersection of the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis, with the Spring- field Division of the Baltimore & Ohio South- western Railroad. 15 miles north of Jacksonville, and 33 miles west-northwest of Springfield. It lies in the heart of a rich agricultural region. There is a flouring mill here, besides manu- fivctories of wagons and cigars. The city has two National and one State bank, five churches, a HISTORICAL ENCYCLOrEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 545 higli scliool, and two weekly papers. Pop (1890), 1,602; (1900). 1.600. YOCKE, William, lawyer, was born at Miu- deu, Westphalia ^Germauy), in 1S39, the son of a Government Secretary in the Prussian service. Having lost his father at an early age, he emi- grated to America in 1856, and, after a short stay in New York, came to Chicago, where he found employment as a paper-carrier for "The Staats-Zeitung," meanwhile giving his attention to the study of law. Later, he became associated with a real-estate firm; on the commencement of the Civil "War, enlisted as a private in a three months' regiment, and, finally, in the Twenty-fouith Illinois (the first Hecker regi- ment), in which he rose to the rank of Captain. Returning from the army, he was employed as city editor of "The Staats-Zeitung," but, in 1865, became Clerk of the Chicago Police Court, serving until 1869. Meanwhile he had been admitted to the bar, and, on retii'ement from office, began practice, but, in ISTO, was elected Representative in tlie Twenty-seventh General Assembly, in which he bore a leading part in framing "the burnt record act" made necessary by the lire of 1871. He has since been engaged in the practice of his profession, having been, for a number of years, attorney for the German Consulate at Chicago, also serving, for several years, on the Chicago Board of Education. Mr. Vocke is a man of high literary tastes, as shown by his publication, in 1869, of a volume of poems translated from the German, which has been highly commended, besides a legal work on "The Administration of Justice in the United States, and a Synopsis of the Mode of Procedure in our Federal and State Com'ts and All Federal and State Laws relating to Subjects of Interest to Aliens," which has been pubhshed in the Ger- man Language, and is highly valued by German lawyers and business men. Mr. Vocke was a member of the Republican National Convention of 1872 at Philadelphia, which nominated General Grant for the Presidency a second time. VOLK, Leonard Wells, a distinguished Illinois sculptor, born at Wellstown (afterwards Wells), N. Y., Nov. 7, 1828. Later, his father, who was a marble cutter , removed to Pittsfield, Mass., and, at the age of 16, Leonard began work in his shop. In 1848 he came west and began model- ing in clay and drawing at St. Louis, being only self-taught. He married a cousin of Stephen A. Douglas, and the latter, in 1855, aided him in the prosecution of his art studies in Italy. Two years afterward he settled in Chicago, where he modeled the first portrait bust ever made in the city, having for his subject his first patron — the "Little Giant." The ue.\t year (18.58) he made a life-size marble statue of Douglas. In 1860 he made a portrait bust of Abraham Lincoln, which ]iassed into the possession of tlie Cliicago His- torical Society and was destroyed in the great fire of 1871. In 1808-G9, and again in 1871-73, he revisited Italy for purposes of study. In 1867 he was elected academician of the Chicago Academy, and was its President for eight years. He was genial, companionable and charitable, and always ready to assist his yoimger and less fortunate pro- fessional brethren. His best known works are the Douglas Monument, in Chicago, .several soldiers' monuments in different parts of the country, the statuary for the Henry Keep mausoleum at Watertown, N. Y., life-size statues of Lincoln and Douglas, in the State House at Springfield, and numerous portrait busts of men eminent in political, ecclesiastical and commercial life. Died, at Osceola, Wis., August 18, 1805. VOSS, Arno, journalist, law3-er and soldier, born in Prussia, April 10, 1821 ; emigrated to the United States and was admitted to the bar in Chicago, in 1848, the same year becoming editor of "The Staats-Zeitung"; was elected City Attorney in 1852, and again in 1853; in 1861 became Major of the Sixth Illinois Cavalry, but afterwards assisted in organizing the Twelfth Cavalry, of which he was commissioned Colonel, still later serving with his command in Vir- ginia. He was at Harper's Ferrj' at the time of the capture of that place in September, 1862, but succeeded in cutting his way, with his command, through the rebel lines, escaping into Pennsyl- vania. Compelled by ill-health to leave the serv- ice in 1863, he retired to a farm in Will County, but, in 1869. returned to Chicago, where he served as Master in Chancery and was elected to the lower branch of the General Assembly in 1876, but declined a re-election in 1878. Died, in Chi- cago, March 23, 1888. WABASH, CHESTER & WESTERN RAIL- ROAD, a railway running fiom Chester to Mount Vernon, 111. , 63. 33 miles, with a branch extend- ing from Chester to Menard. 1.5 miles; total mileage, 64.83. It is of standard gauge, and almost entirely laid with 00-pound steel rails. — (History.) It was organized, Feb. 20, 1878, as successor to the Iron Jlountain, Chester & East- ern Railroad. Dining the li.scal year 1893-94 the Company i)urchased the Tamaroa & IMount Ver- non Railroad, extending from Mount Vernon to 546 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Tamaroa, 23.5 miles. Capital stock (1898), $1,- 250,000; boniled indebtedness, $090,000; total capitalization, §3,038,573. WABASH COUNTY, situated in the southeast corner of the State ; area 220 square miles. The county was carved out from Edwards in 1834, and the first court house built at Centerrille, in May, 182G. Later, Mount Carmel was made the county-seat. (See Mount Car7nel.) The Wabash Eiver drains the county on the east; other streams are the Bon Pas, Coffee and Crawfish Creeks. The surface is undulating with a fair growth of timber. The chief industries are the raising of live-stock and the cultivation of cere- als. The wool-crop is likewise valuable. The county is crossed by the Louisville. Evansville & St. Louis and the Cairo and Vincennes Division of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Raib-oads. Population (1880), 4,945; (1890), 11,8GG; (1900), 12,583. WABASH RAILROAD, an extensive railroad system connecting the cities of Detroit and Toledo, on the east, with Kansas City and Council Bluffs, on the west, with branches to Chicago, St. Louis, Quincy and Altamont, 111., and to Keokuk and Des Sloines, Iowa. The total mileage (1898) is 1,874.90 miles, of which 077.4 miles are in Illi- nois — all of the latter being the property of the company, besides 170.7 miles of yard-tracks, sid- ings and spurs. The company has trackage privileges over the Toledo, Peoria & Western (0.5 miles) between Elvaston and Keokuk bridge, and over the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy (31.8 miles) between Camp Point and Quincy. — (His- tory.) A considerable portion of this i-oad in Illinois is constructed on the line upon which the Northern Cross Railroad was projected, in the "internal improvement" scheme adopted in 1837, and embraces the only section of road completed under that scheme — that between the Illinois River and Springfield. (1) The construction of this section was begun by the State, May 11, 1837, the first rail laid. May 9, 1838, the road completed to Jacksonville, Jan. 1, 1840, and to Springfield, Maj' 13, 1842. It was operated for a time by "mule power." but the income was in- sufficient to keep the line in repair and it was finally abandoned. In 1847 the line was sold for $21,100 toN. H. Ridgelyand Thomas Mather of Springfield, and by them transferred to New York capitalists, who organized the Sangamon & Morgan Railroad Company, reconstructed the road from Springfield to Naples and opened it for business in 1849. (2) In 1853 two corporations ■were organized in Ohio and Indiana, respectively. under the name of the Toledo & Illinois Railroad and the Lake Erie, Wabash & St. Louis Railroad, which were consolidated as the Toledo, Wabash & Western Railroad, June 25, 1856. In 1858 these lines were sold separately under foreclo- sure, and finally reorganized, under a special char- ter granted by the Illinois Legislature, under the name of the Great Western Railroad Company. (3) The Quincy & Toledo Railroad, extending from Camp Point to the Illinois River opposite Meredosia, was constructed in 1858-59, and that, with the Illinois & Southern Iowa (from Clay- ton to Keokuk), was united, July 1, 1865, with the eastern divisions extending to Toledo, the new organization taking the name of the main line, (Toledo, Wabash & Western). (4) The Hannibal & Naples Division (49.6 miles), from Bluff's to Hannibal, Mo., was chartered in 1803, opened for business in 1870 and leased to the Toledo, Wabash & Western. The latter defaulted on its interest in 1875, was placed in the hands of a receiver and, in 1877, was turned over to a new company under the name of the Wabash Railway Company. (5) In 1868 the companj', as it then existed, promoted and secured the con- struction, and afterwards acquired the owner- ship, of a line extending from Decatur to East St. Louis (110.5 miles) under the name of the Deca- tur & East St. Louis Railroad. (0) The Eel River Railroad, from Butler to Logansport, Ind., was acquired in 1877, and afterwards extended to Detroit under the name of the Detroit, Butler & St. Louis Railroad, completing the connection from Logansport to Detroit. — In November, 1879, the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Com- pany was organized, took the property and con- solidated it with certain lines west of the Mississippi, of which tlie chief was the St. Louis, Kansas City & Northern. A line had been pro- jected from Decatur to Chicago as early as 1870, but, not having been constructed in 1881, the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific purchased what was known as the Chicago & Paducah Railroad, uniting with the main line at Bement, and (by way of the Decatur and St. Louis Division) gi%-- ing a direct line between Chicago and St. Louis. At this time the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific was operating the following additional leased lines: Pekin, Lincoln & Decatur (07.2 miles); Hannibal & Central 3Iis.souri (70.2 miles); Lafayette, Mun- cie & Bloomington (36.7 miles), anil the Lafayette Bloomington & Muncie (80 miles). A connection between Chicago on the west and Toledo and Detroit on the east was established over the Grand Trunk road in 1883, but, in 1890, the com- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 547 pany constructed a line from 5Iontpelier. Ohio, to Clark, InJ. (149.7 miles), thence by track lease to Chicago (17.5 miles), giving an independent line between Chicago and Detroit by wliat is known to investors as the Detroit & Chicago Division. The total mileage of the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific system, in 1884, amounted to over 3,600 miles; but, in May of that year, default having been made in the paj'ment of interest, the work of disintegration began. The main line east of the Slississippi and tliat on the west were sepa- rated, the latter taking the name of the "Wabash Western." The Eastern Division was placed in the hands of a receiver, so remaining until May, 1889, when the two divisions, having been bought in by a purchasing committee, were consolidated under the present name. The total earnings and income of the road in Illinois, for the fiscal year 1898, were $4,403,021, and tlie expenses $4,836,110. The total capital invested (1898) was 8139,889,643, including capital stock of $52,000,000 and bonds to the amount of §81,- 534,000. WABASH KIVER, rises in northwestern Ohio, passes into Indiana, and runs northwest to Hun- tington. It then flows nearly due west to Logans- port, thence southwest to Covington, finally turning southward to Terre Haute, a few miles below which it strikes the western boundary of Indiana. It fornas the boundary between Illinois and Indiana (taking into account its numerous windings) for some 300 miles. Below Vincennes it runs in a south-southwesterly direction, and enters the Ohio at the south- west extremity of Indiana, near latitude 37^ 49' north. Its length is estimated at 557 miles. WABASH & MISSISSIPPI RAILROAD. (See lUinois Central Railruad.) WABASH, ST. LOUIS & PACIFIC RAIL- ROAD. (See Wabash Railroail.) WABASH & WESTERN RAILROAD. (See Wabash Railroad.) WAIT, William Smith, pioneer, and original suggestor of the Illinois Central Railroad, was born in Portland, Maine, March 5, 1789, and edu- cated in the public schools of his native place. In his youth he entered a book publishing house in which his father was a partner, and was for a time associated with the pulilication of a weekly paper. Later the business was conducted at Boston, and extended over the Eastern, Miildle, and Southern States, the subject of this sketch making extensive tours in the interest of the firm. In 1817 he made a tour to the West, reaching St. Louis, and, early in the following year, visited Bond County, 111., wliere he made his first entrj- of land from the Government. Returning to Boston a few months later, he con- tinued in the service of the publishing firm until 1820, when he again came to Illinois, and, in 1831, began farming in Ripley Township, Bond County. Returning East in 1824, he spent the next ten years in the employment of the publish- ing firm, with occasional visits to Illinois. In 1835 he located permanently near Greenville, Bond County, and engaged extensively in farm- ing and fruit-raising, planting one of the largest apple orchards in the State at that early day. In 1845 he presided as chairman over the National Industrial Convention in New York, and, in 1848, was nominated as the candidate of the National Reform As.sociation for Vice-President on the ticket with Gerrit Smith of New York, but declined. He was also prominent in County and State Agricultural Societies. Mr Wait has been credited with being one of the first (if not the very first) to suggest the construction of the Illinois Central Railroad, which he did as early as 1835 ; was also one of the prime movers in the construction of the Mississippi & Atlantic Rail- road — now the "Vandalia Line'" — giving much time to the latter enterprise from 1840 for many years, and was one of the original incorporators of the St. Louis & lUinois Bridge Company. Died, July 17, 1865. WALKER, Cyrus, pioneer, lawyer, born in Rockbridge County, Va., May 14, 1791; was taken while an infant to Adair County, Ky., and came to Macomb, 111., in 1833, being the second lawyer to locate in SIcDonough County. He had a wide reputation as a successful advocate, especially in criminal cases, and practiced extensively in the courts of Western Illinois and also in Iowa. Died, Dec. 1, 1875. Jlr. Walker was uncle of the late Piukney H. Walker of the Supreme Court, who studied law with him. He was Whig candidate for Presidential Elector for the State-at- large in 1840. WALKER, James Barr, clergyman, was born in Philadelphia, July 29, 1805; in his youth served as errand boy in a country store near Pittsburg and spent four j'ears in a printing oflice ; then became clerk in the office of Monlecai M. Noah, in New York, studied law and gradu- ated from Western Reserve College, Ohio ; edited various religious papers, including "The Watch- man of the Prairies" (now "The Advance") of Chicago, was licensed to preach by the Presbytery of Chicago, and for some time was lec-turer on 548 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. "Harmony between Soience and Revealed Reli- gion" at Uberliu College and Chicago Theological Seminary. He was author of several volumes, one of which — "Tlie Philosophy of the Plan of Salvation," published anonyitiously under the editorship of Prof. Calvin E. Stowe (1855) — ran through several editions and was translated into five different languages, including Hindustanee. Died, at Wheaton, 111., March 6, 1887. WALKER, James Monroe, corporation lawyer and Railway President, was born at Claremont, N. H., Feb. 14, 1820. At fifteen he removed with his parents to a farm in Michigan ; was educated at Oberlin, Ohio, and at the University of Michi- gan, Ann Arbor, graduating from the latter in 1849. He then entered a law office as clerk and student, was admitted to the bar the next year, and soon after elected Prosecuting Attorney of Washtenaw County ; was also local attorney for the Michigan Central Railway, for which, after his removal to Chicago in 185.3, he became Gen- eral Solicitor. Two years later the firm of Sedg- wick & Walker, which had been organized in Michigan, became attorneys for the Chicago, Burliugtbn & Quincy Railroad, and, until his death, Mr. Walker was associated with this com- pany, either as General Solicitor, General Counsel or President, filling the latter position from 1870 to 1875. Mr. Walker organized both the Chicago and Kansas City stock-yards, and was President of these corporations, as also of the Wilmington Coal Company, down to the time of his death, which occurred on Jan. 22, 1881, as a result of heart disease. WALKER, (Rev.) Jesse, Methodist Episcopal missionary, was born in Rockingham County, Va., June 9, 1766; in 1800 removed to Tennessee, became a traveling preacher in 1802, and, in 1806, came to Illinois under the presiding-elder- ship of Rev. William McKendree (afterwards Bishop), locating first at Turke}- Hill, St. Clair County. In 1807 he held a camp meeting near Edwardsville — the first on Illinois soil. Later, he transferred his labors to Northern Illinois; was at Peoria in 1824; at Ottawa in 1825, and devoted much time to missionary work among the Pottawatomies, maintaining a school among them for a time. He visited Chicago in 1826, and there is evidence that he was a prominent resident there for several years, occupying a log house, which he used as a church and living-room, on "Wolf Point" at the junction of the North and South Branches of the Chicago River. While acting as superintendent of the Fox River mis- sion, his residence appears to have been at Plain- field, in the northern part of Will County. Died, Oct. 5, 1835. WALKER, Pinkney H., lawj-er and jurist, was born in Adair County, Ky., June 18, 1815. His boyhood was chiefl}' passed in farm work and as clerk in a general store ; in 1834 he came to Illi- nois, settling at Rushville, where he worked iu a store for four years. In 1838 he removed to Macomb, where he began attendance at an acad- emy and the study of law with his uncle. Cj'rus W^alker, a leading lawyer of his time. He was admitted to the bar in 1839, practicing at Macomb until 1848, when he returned to Rushville. In 1853 he was elected Judge of the Fifth Judicial Circuit, to fill a vacancy, and re-elected in 1855. This position he resigned in 1858, having been appointed, by Governor Bissell, to fill the vacancy on the bench of the Supreme Court occasioned by the resignation of Judge Skinner. Two months later he was elected to the same position, and re-elected in 1807 and "70. He presided as Chief Justice from January, 1864, to June, '67, and again from June, 1874, to June, "75. Before the expiration of his last term he died, Feb. 7, 1885. WALL, George Willard, lawyer, politician and Judge, was born at Chillicothe, Ohio, April 22, 1839; brought to Perry County, 111., in infancy, and received bis preparatory education at McKen. dree College, finally graduating from the Uni- versity of Michigan in 1858, and from the Cincmnati Law School in 1859, when he began practice at Duquoin, 111. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1862, and, from 1864 to "68, served as State's Attorney for the Third Judicial District ; was also a Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention of 1869-70. In 1872 he was an unsuccessful Democratic candi- date for Congress, although running ahead of his ticket. In 1877 he was elected to the bench of the Third Circuit, and reelected in "79, "85 and '91, much of the time since 1877 being on duty upon the Appellate bench. His home is at Duquoin. WALLACE, (Rev.) Peter, D.D., clergyman and soldier; was born in Mason County, Ky., Ajjril 11, 1813; taken in infancy to Brown County, Ohio, where he grew up on a farm until 15 years of age, when he was apprenticed to a carpenter; at the age of 20 came to Illinois, where he became a contractor and builder, fol- lowing this occupation for a number of years. He was converted in 1835 at Springfield, 111., and, some years later, having decided to enter the ministry, was admitted to the Illinois Conference as a deacon by Bishop E. S. Janes in 1855, and HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 549 placed in charge of the Danville Circuit. Two years later he was ordained by Bishop Scott, and, in the next few years, held pastorates at various places in the central and eastern parts of the State. From 1807 to 1874 he was Presiding Elder of the Mattoon and Quiuej' Districts, and, for six years, held the position of President of the Board of Trustees of Chaddock College at Quincy, from •which he received the degree of D.D. in 1881. In the second year of the Civil War he raised a company in Sangamon County, was chosen its Captain and assigned to the Seventy-third Illinois Volunteers, known as the "preachers' regiment" — all of its ofBcers being ministers. In 1864 he was compelled by ill-health to resign his commission. While pastor of the church at Say- brook. 111., he was offered the position of Post- master of that place, which he decided to accept, and was allowed to retire from the active minis- try. On retirement from office, in 1884, he removed to Chicago. In 1889 he was appointed by Governor Fifer the first Chaplain of the Sol- diers' and Sailors' Home at Quincj', but retired some four years afterward, when he returned to Chicago. Dr. Wallace was an eloquent and effective preacher and continued to preach, at intervals, until within a short time of his decease, which occurred in Chicago, Feb. 21, 1897, in his 84th year. A zealous patriot, he frequently spoke very effectively upon the political rostrum. Originally a Whig, he became a Republican on the organization of that party, and took pride in the fact that the first vote he ever cast was for Abraham Lincoln, for Representative in the Legis- lature, in 1834. He was a Knight Templar, Vice- President of tlie Tippecanoe Club of Chicago, and, at his deatli. Chaplain of America Post, No. 708, G. A. R. WALLACE, William Henry Lamb, lawyer and soldier, was born at Urbana, Ohio, July 8, 1831 ; brought to Illinois in 1833, his father settling near La Salle and, afterwards, at Slount IMorris, Ogle County, where young Wallace attended tlie Rock River Seminary ; was admitted to the bar in 184.'); in 1846 enlisted as a private in the First Illi- nois Volunteers (Col. John J. Hardin's regiment), for the Mexican War, rising to the rank of Adju- tant and participtingin the battle of Buena Vista (wliere his connuander was killed), and in other engagements. Returning to his profession at Ottawa, he served as Di-strict Attorney (18.'J'2-.')6), tlien became partner of Iiis father-in-law. Col. T. Lyle Dickey, afterwards of the Supreme Court. In April, ls61, lie was one of the first to answer the call for troops by enlisting, and became Colo- nel of the Eleventh Illinois (three-months' men), afterwards re-enlisting for three years. As commander of a brigade he participated in the capture of Forts Henry and Donelson, in Feb- ruary, 1862, receiving promotion as Brigadier- General for gallantry. At Pittsburg Landing (Shiloh), as commander of Gen. C. F. Smith's Division, devolving on him on account of the illness of his superior officer, he showed great courage, but fell mortally wounded, dying at Charleston, Tenn. , April 10, 1862. His career promised great brilliancy and his loss was greatly deplored.— Martin R. M. ( Wallace), brother of the preceding, was born at Urbana, Ohio, Sept. 29, 1829, came to La Salle County, 111. , witli his father's family and was educated in the local schools and at Rock River Seminary ; studied law at Ottawa, and was admitted to the bar in 1856, soon after locating in Chicago. In 1861 he assisted in organizing the Fourth Regiment Illi- nois Cavalry, of which he became Lieutenant- Colonel, and was complimented, in 186.5, with the rank of brevet Brigadier-General. After the war he served as Assessor of Internal Revenue (1866-69); County Judge (1809-77) ; Pro-secuting Attorney (1884); and, for many years past, lias been one of the Justices of the Peace of the city of Chicago. WALNUT, a town of Bureau County, on the Mendota and Fulton branch of the Chicago, Bur- lington & Quincy Railroad, 26 miles west of Mendota; is in a farming and stock-raising dis- trict; has two banks and two newspapers. Popu- lation (1890), 605; (1900), 791. WAR OF 1S12, Upon the declaration of war by Congress, in June, 1812, the Pottawatomies, and most of the other tribes of Indians in the Territorj' of Illinois, strongly sympatliized with the British. The savages had been hostile and restless for some time previous, and blockhouses and family forts had been erected at a number of points, especially in the settlements most exposed to the incursions of the savages. Gov- ernor Edwards, becoming apprehensive of an outbreak, constructed Fort Russell, a few miles from Edwardsville. Taking the Held in person, he made this his headipiarters, and collected a force of 2.50 mounted volunteers, who were later reinforced by two companies of rangers, under Col. William Russell, numbering about 100 men. An independent company of twenty-one spies, of wliicli John Reynolds — afterwards Governor — was a member, was also formed and led by Capt. Samuel Ju.ails and in numer- ous skirmishes among the bayous, being mustered out, June Hi, 1865, and ordered to Springfield, where it arrived, June 24, 1865, and was paid off and disbanded at Camp Butler, on July 2. Eighty-eighth Infantry. Organized at Chi- cago, in September, 1863, and known as the "Second Board of Trade Regiment." It was mustered in, Sept. 4, 1862 ; was engaged at Perry- ville, Stone River, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, Adairsville, New Hope Church, Pine Mountain, Mud Creek, Kenesaw Mountain, Smyrna Camp Ground, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Lovejoy Station, Franklin and Nashville; v.-as mustered out, June 9, 1865, at Nashville, Tenn., and arrived at Chicago, June 13, 1865, where it received final pay and discharge. June 22, 1865. Eighty-ninth Infantry. Called the "Rail- road Regiment" ; was organized by the railroad companies of Illinois, at Chicago, in August, 1862, and mustered into service on the 2Tth of that month. It fought at Stone River, Chicka- mauga, Missionary Ridge, Knoxville, Resaca, Rocky Face Ridge, Pickett's Mills, Kenesaw Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Lovejoy's Station, Spring Hill, Columbia, Frank- lin and Nashville; was mustered out, June 10, 1865, in the field near Nashville, Tenn. ; arrived at Chicago two days later, and was finally dis- charged, June 24, after a service of two years, nine months and twenty seven days. Ninetieth Infantry. Mustered into service at Chicago, Sept. 7, 1862 ; participated in the siege of Vicksburg and the campaign against Jackson, and was engaged at Missionary Ridge, Resaca, Pallas, New Hope Church, Big Shanty. Kenesaw Mountain, Marietta, Nickajack Creek, Rosswell, Atlanta, Jonesboro and Fort McAllister. After the review at Washington, the regiment was mustered out, June 6, and returned to Chicago, June 9, 1865, where it was finally discharged, KiNETY-FlRST INFANTRY. Organized at Camp Rutler, near Springfield, in August. 1862, and 562 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. mustered in on Sept. 8, 1862 : participated in the campaigns against Vicksl)urg and New Orlean.s, and all along tlie soutliwestern frontier in Louisiana and Texas, as well as in tlie investiture and cajsture of Mobile. It was mustered out at Mobile, July 13, 1865, starting for home the same day, and being finally paid off and discharged on July 28, following. NiXETY-SECOXD INFANTRY (Mounted). Organ- ized and mustered into service, Sept. 4, 1862, being recruited from Ogle, Stephenson and Car- roll Counties. During its term of service, the Ninety-second was in more tlian sixty battles and skirmishes, including Ringgold, Chickamauga, and the numerous engagements on the "March to the Sea," and during the pursuit of Jolinston through the Carolinas. It was mustered out at Concord, N. C, and paid and discharged from tlie service at Cliicago, July 10, 1865. Ninety-third Infantry. Organized at Chi- cago, in September, 1862, and mustered in, Oct. 13, 998 strong. It participated in the movements against Jackson anil Vieksburg, and was engaged at Cliampion Hills and at Fort Fisher ; also was engaged in the battles of Missionary Ridge, Dallas, Resaca, and many minor engagements, following Sherman in his camijaign thougli the Carolinas. Mustered out of service, June 23, 1865, and, on the 2.5th, arrived at Chicago, receiv- ing final payment and discharge. July 7, 1865, the regiment liaving marclied 2,551 miles, traveled by water, 2,206 miles, and. by railroad, 1.237 miles — total, 6,U87 miles. Ninety-fourth Infantry. Organized at Bloomington in August, 1862, and enlisted wholly in McLean Count}-. After some warm experi ence in Southwest Missouri, tlie regiment took part in the siege and capture of Vieksburg. and was. later, actively engaged in the campaigns in Louisiana and Texas. It participated in the cap- ture of Mobile, leading the final assault. After several months of garrison dutj', the regiment was mustered out at Galveston, Texas, on July 17, 1865, reaching Bloomington on August 9, follow- ing, having served just three years, marched 1,200 miles, traveled by railroad 610 miles, and. by steamer, 6,000 miles, and taken part in nine bat- tles, sieges and skirmishes. Ninety-fifth Inp.^ntry. Organized at Rock- ford and mustered into service, Sept. 4, 1S62. It was recruited from the counties of JIcHenry and Boone — three companies from the latter and seven from the former. It took part in the cam- paigns in Northern Mississippi and against Vieks- burg. in the Rod River expedition, the campaigns against Price in Missouri and Arkansas, against Mobile and around Atlanta. Among the battles in which the regiment was engaged were those of the Tallahatchie River, Grand Gulf, Raymond, Champion Hills, Fort de Russey, Old River, Cloutierville, Mansura, Yellow Bayou, Guntown, Nashville, Spanish Fort, Fort Blakely, Kenesaw Mountain, Cbattahoochie River, Atlanta, Ezra Church, Jonesboro, Lovejoy Station and Nash- ville. The distance traveled by the regiment, while in the service, was 9.960 miles. It was transferred to the Forty-seventh Illinois Infan- try, August 25, 1865. Ninety-sixth Infantry. Recruited during the months of July and August, 1862. and mus- tered into service, as a regiment, Sept. 6, 1862. The battles engaged in included Fort Donelson, Spring Hill, Franklin, Triune, Liberty Gap, Shelbj'ville. Chickamauga, Wauhatchie, Lookout Mountain. Buzzard's Roost, Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca. Kingston. New Hope Church, Dallas, Pine Jlountain, Kenesaw Jlountain, Smyrna Camp Ground, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Rough and Ready, Jonesboro, Lovejoy's Station, Frank- lin and Nashville. Its date of final pay and dis- charge was June 30, 1865. Ninety-seventh Infantry. Organized in August and September, 1802, and mustered in on Sept. 16; participated in the battles of Chickasaw Bluffs, Arkansas Post. Port Gibson, Champion Hills, Black River, Vieksburg. Jackson and Mobile. On July 20, 1865, it was mustered out and proceeded homeward, reaching Sj^ringfield, August 10, after an absence of three years, less a few days. Ninety-eighth Infantry. Organized at Cen- tralia, September, 1802. and mustered in, .Sept. 3; took part in engagements at Chickamauga, Mc- Minnville, Farmington and Selma, besides many others of less note. It was mustered out. June 27, 1865, the recruits being transferred to the Sixty-first Illinois Volunteers. The regiment arrived at Springfield, June 30. and received final payment and discharge, July 7, 1865. Ninety-ninth Infantry. Organized in Pike County and mustered in at Florence, August 23, 1862; participated in the following battles and skirmislies: Beaver Creek, Hartsville. Magnolia Hills, Raymond. Cliampion Hills, Black River, Vieksburg, Jackson. Fort Esperanza. Grand Coteau, Fish River, Spanish Fort and Blakely: days under fire, 62; miles traveled, 5,900; men killed in battle, 38; men died of wounds and disease, 149; men discharged for disability. 127; men deserted, 35; oflScers killed in battle. 3: HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 563 officers died, 2; officers resigned, 26. Tlie regi- ment was mustered out at Baton Rouge, July 31, 1805, and paid off and discharged, August 9, following. O.VE Hundredth Ixf.^^xtry. Organized at Joliet, in August, 1862, and mustered in, August 30. The entire regiment was recruited in Will County. It was engaged at Bardstown, Stone Eiver, Lookout Mountain, Missionary Ridge, and Nashville; was mustered out of service, June 12, 186.], at Nashville. Tenn., and arrived at Chicago, June lo, where it received final payment and discharge. One Hundred .\nd First Inf.^ntry. Organ- ized at Jacksonville during the latter part of the month of August, 1862, and, on Sept. 2, 1862, was mustered in. It participated in the battles of Wauhatchie, Chattanooga, Resaca, New Hope Church, Kenesaw and Pine Mountains, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Averysboro and Bentonville. On Dec. 20, 1862, five companies were cajjtured at Holly Springs, Miss., paroled and sent to Jefferson Barracks, Mo. , and formally exchanged in June, 1863. On the 7th of June, 186.J, it was mustered out, and started for Springfield, where, on the 21st of June, it was paid off and disbanded. One Hundred and Second Infantry. Organ- ized at Knoxville, in August, 1862, and mustered in, September 1 and 2. It was engaged at Resaca, Camp Creek, Burnt Hickory. Big Shanty, Peach Tree Creek and Averysboro; mustered out of service June 6. 1865, and started home, arriving at Chicago on the 9th, and, June 14, received final payment and discharge. One Hundred and Third Inf.a.ntry. Re- cruited wholly in Fulton County, and mustered into the service, Oct. 2, 1862. It took part in the Grierson raid, the sieges of Vicksburg, Jack- son. Atlanta and Savannah, and the battles of Missionary Ridge, Buzzard's Roost. Resaca, Dal- las. Kenesaw Mountain and Griswoldsville; was also in the cami)aigu through the Carolinas. The regiment was mustered out at Louisville, June 21, and received final discharge at Chi- cago, July 9, I860. The original strength of the regiment was 808, and 84 recruits were enlisted. One Hundred and Fourth Infantry. Organ- ized at Ottawa, in Augu.st, 1862, and composed almost entirely of La Salle County men. The regiment was engaged in the liattles of Harts- ville, Chickamauga, Lookout Mountain. Mission- ary Ridge, Resaca, Peach Tree Creek. Utoy Creek, Jonesboro and Bentonville, besides many severe skirmishes; was mustered out at Washing- ton, D. C. . June 6, 1865. and, a few days later, received final discharge at Chicago. One Hundred and Fifth Infantry. Mus- tered into service, Sept. 2, 1862, at Dixon, and participated in the Atlanta campaign, lieing engaged at Resaca, Peach Tree Creek and Atlanta, and almost constantly skirmishing; also took part in the "March to tlie Sea" and the campaign in the Carolinas, including the siege of Savannah and the battles of Averysboro and Bentonville. It was mustered out at Washing- ton, D. C. , June 7, 180.5, and paid off and dis- charged at Chicago, June 17. One Hundred .\nd Sixth Inf.4..ntry. Mus- tered into service at Lincoln, Sept. 18. 1862. eight of the ten companies having been recruited in Logan County, the other two being from San- gamon and Menard Counties. It aided in the defense of Jackson, Tenn.. where Company "C w-as captured and paroled, being exchanged in the summer of 1863; took part in the siege of Vicksburg, the Yazoo expedition, the capture of Little Rock, the battle of Clarendon, and per- formed service at various points in Arkansas. It was mustered out, July 12, 1865, at Pine Bluff, Ark , and arrived at Springfield, July 24, 1865, where it received final payment and discharge One Hundred axd Seventh Infantry. Mus- tered into service at Springfield, Sept. 4, 1862; was composed of six companies from DeWitt and four companies from Piatt County. It was engaged at Campbell's Station, Dandridge, Rocky-Face Ridge, Resaca, Kenesaw Mountain, .\tlanta. Spring Hill, Franklin, Nashville and Fort Anderson, and mustered out, June 21, 1865, at Salisbury, N. C, reaching Springfield, for final payment and discliarge, July 2, 1865. One Hundred and Eighth Infantry. Organ- ized at Peoria, and mustered into service, August 28, 1862 ; took part in the first expedition against Vicksljurg and in the battles of Arkansas Post (Fort Hindman), Port Gib.son and Champion Hills; in the capture of Vicksburg. the battle of Guntown, the reduction of Siianish Fort, and the capture of Mobile. It was mustered out at Vicks- burg, August 5, 1865, and received final discharge iit Chicago. August 11. One Hundred and Ninth Infantry. Re- cruited from Union and Pulaski Counties and mastered into the service, Sejjt. 11, 1802. Owing to its number being greatly reduced, it was con- solidated with tlie Eleventh Infantry in April, 1863. (See Eleventh Infantry.) One Hundred and Tenth Infantry. Organ- ized at Anna and mustered in. Sept. 11. 1802; was 564 HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. engaged at Stone River. Woodbuiy, and in numerous skirmishes in Kentucky and Tennessee. In Maj-, 1803, the regiment was consolidated, its numbers having been greatlj- reduced. Subse- quently it participated in the battles of Chicka- mauga and Jlissionary Ridge, the battles around Atlanta and the campaign through the Carolinas, being present at Johnston's surrender. The regi- ment was mustered out at "Washington, D. C, June 5, 1865, and received final discliarge at Chicago, June 15. The enlisted men whose term of service liad not expired at date of muster-out, were consolidated into four companies and trans- ferred to the Sixtieth Illinois Veteran Volunteer Infantry. One Hundred and Eleventh Infantry. Re- cruited from Marion, Clay, Washington, Clinton and Wayne Counties, and mustered into the serv- ice at Salem, Sept. 18, 1862. The regiment aided in the capture of Decatur, Ala. ; took part in the Atlanta campaign, being engaged at Resaca, Dallas, Kenesaw, Atlanta and Jonesboro ; i)artici- pated in the '"March to the Sea"" and the cam- paign in the Carolinas, taking part in the battles of Fort McAllister and Bentonville. It was mus- tered out at Washington, D. C, June 7, 1865, receiving final di,scharge at Springfield, June '.27, having traveled 3,736 miles, of which 1,836 was on the march. One Hundred and Twelfth Infantry. Mus- tered into service at Peoria, Sept. 20 and 2"2, 1862 ; participated in the campaign in East Ten- nessee, under Burnside, and in that against Atlanta, under Sherman; was also engaged in the battles of Columbia, Franklin and Nashville, and the capture of Fort Anderson and Wilming- ton. It was mustered out at Goldsboro, N. C, June 20, 1865, and finally discharged at Chicago, July 7, 1865. One Hundred and Thirteenth Infantry. Left Camp Hancock (near Chicago) for the front, Nov. 6, 1862; was engaged in the Tallahatchie expedition, participated in the battle of Chicka- saw Bayou, and was sent North to guard prison- ers and recruit. The regiment also took part in the siege and capture of Vicksburg, was mustered out, June 20, 1865, and finally discharged at Chi- cago, five days later. One Hundred and Fourteenth Infantry. Organized in July and August, 1862, and mustered in at Springfield, Sept. 18, being recruited from Cass, Menard and Sangamon Counties. The regi- ment participated in the battle of Jackson (Miss.), the siege and capture of Vicksburg, and in the battles of Guntown and Harrisville, the pursuit of Price through Missouri, the battle of Nash- ville, and tlie capture of Mobile. It v.as mustered out at Vicksburg. August 3. 186."). receiving final payment and discliarge at Springfield. August 15, 1865. One Hundred and Fifteenth Infantry*. Ordered to the front from Springfield, Oct. 4, 1802 ; was engaged at Chickamauga, Chattanooga, Missionary Ridge. Tunnel Hill, Resaca and in all the principal battles of the Atlanta campaign, and in the defense of Nasliville and pursuit of Hood; was mustered out of service, June 11, 1865, and received final pay and discharge, June 23, 186.5, at Springfield. One Hundred and Sixteenth Infantry. Recruited almost wholly from Macon County, numbering 980 officers and men when it started from Decatur for" the front on Nov. 8, 1862. It participated in the battles of Cliickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, Champion Hills, Black River Bridge. Missionary Ridge, Resaca, Dallas. Big Shant\', Kenesaw Mountain, Stone Mountain, Atlanta, Fort McAllister and Bentonville, and was mustered out, June 7, 1805, near Washington, D. C. One Hundred and Seventeenth Infantry. Organized at Springfield, and mustered in, Sept. 19, 1862 ; participated in the Meridian campaign, the Red River expedition (assisting in the cap- ture of Fort de Russey), and in the battles of Pleasant Hill, Yellow Bayou, Tupelo, Franklin, Nashville, Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely. It was mustered out at Springfield, August 5, 1865, having traveled 9,276 miles, 3,307 of wliich were marched. One Hundred and Eighteenth Infantry'. Organized and mustered into the service at Springfield, Nov. 7, 1862 ; was engaged at Chicka- saw Bluffs, Arkansas Post, Port Gibson, Cham- pion Hills, Black River Brit. 10, 1862, at Springfield ; took part in the Vicksburg campaign and in the battles of Port Gibson, Raymond and Champion Hills, the siege of Vicksburg, the Meridian raid, the Yazoo expedition, and the capture of Mobile. On the 16th of August. 1865, eleven days less than three years after the first company went into camp at Springfield, the regi- ment was mustered out at Chicago. Colonel Howe's history ofthe battle-flag of the regiment, stated that it had been borne 4.100 miles, in four- teen skirimishes, ten battles and two sieges of forty-seven days and nights, and tliirteen days and nights, respectively. One Hundred and Twenty'-fifth Infan- try'. Mustered into service, Sept. 3, 1862; par- ticipated in the battles of PerryviUe, Chicka- mauga. Missionary Ridge, Kene.saw Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta and Jonesboro, and in the "Ma'-cli to the Sea" and the Carolina cam- paign, being engaged at Averysboro and Benton- ville. It was mustered out at Washington, D. C, June 9, 1865, and finally discharged at Chicago. One Hundred .and Twenty-sixth Infan- try". Organized at Alton and mustered in, Sept. 4, 1862, and participated in the siege of Vicksburg. Six companies were engaged in skirmish line, near Humboldt, Tenn., and the regiment took part in' the capture of Little Rock and in the fight at Clarendon, Ark. It was nmstered out July 12, 1865. One Hundred and Twenty-seventh Infan- try'. Mustered into service at Chicago, Sept. 6, 1862; took part in the first campaign against Vicksburg, and in the battle of Arkansas Post, the siege of Vicksburg under Grant, the capture of Jackson (Miss.), the battles of Missionary Ridge and Lookout Mountain, the Meridian raid, and in the fighting at Resaca, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta and Jonesboro; also accom- panied Sherman in his march through Georgia and the Carolinas, taking part in the battle of Bentonville ; was mustered out at Chicago. June IT, 1865. One Hundred and Twenty-eighth Infan- try. Mustered in, Dec. 18, 1862, but remained in service less than five months, when, its num- ber of officers and men having been reduced from 860 to 161 (largely by desertions), a number of officers were dismissed, and the few remaining officers and men were formed into a detachment, and transferred to another Illinois regiment. One Hundred and Twenty'-ninth Infan- try*. Organized at Pontiac, in August, 1862, and mustered into the service Sept. 8. Prior to May, 1864, the regiment was chiefly engaged in garri- son duty. It marched with Sherman in the Atlanta campaign and through Georgia and the Carolinas, and took part in the battles of Resaca, Buzzard's Roost, Lost Mountain, Dallas, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta. Averysboro and Benton- ville. It received final pay and discharge at Chi- ca'-o, June 10, 1865. One Hundred and Thirtieth Infantry. Organized at Springfield and mustered into service, Oct. 25, 1862; was engaged at Port Gib- son, Champion Hills, Black River Bridge, Vicks- burg, Jackson (Miss.), and in the Red River expedition. While on this expedition almost the entire regiment was captured at the battle of Mansfield, and not paroled until near the close of the war. The remaining officers and men were consolidated with the Seventy-seventh Infantry in January, 1865, and participated in the capture of Mobile. Six months later its regimental re- organization, as the One Hundred and Thirtieth, was ordered. It wivs mustered out at New Orleans, August 15, 1865, and discharged at Springfield, Aug^t 31. 566 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. One Huxdred and Thikty-first Infan- try. Organized in September, Vili'Z, and mus- tered into the service, Nov. 13, with 815 men, exclusive of officers. In October, 1863, it was consolidated with the Twentj-ninth Infantry, and ceased to exist as a separate organization. Up to that time the regiment had been in but a few conflicts and in no jjitclied battle. One Hundred a-Xd Thirty'-second Infan- try'. Organized at Chicago and mustered in for 100 days from June 1, 18G4. The regiment re- mained on duty at Paducah until the expiration of its service, when it moved to Chicago, and was mustered out, Oct. 17, 1864. One Hundred ajjd Thirty-third Infan- try'. Organized at Springfield, and mustered in for one hundred days, May 81, 1864; was engaged during its term of service in guarding prisoners of war at Rock Island ; was mustered out, Sept. 4, 1864, at Camp Butler. One Hundred and Thirty-fourth Infan- try'. Organized at Chicago and mustered in, May 31, 1864, for 100 days; was assigned to garrison duty at Columbus, Ky., and mustered out of service, Oct. 25, 1864, at Chicago. One Hundred and Thirty-fifth Infan- try'. Mustered in for lOO-days" service at Mat- toon, June 6, 1804, having a strength of 853 men. It was chiefly engaged, during its term of service, in doing garrison duty and guarding railroads. It was mustered out at Springfield, Sept. 28, 1864. One Hundred and Thirty'-sixth Infan- try. Enlisted about the first of May, 1864, for 100 days, and went into camp at Centralia, 111., but was not mustered into service until June 1, following. Its principal service was garrison duty, with occasional scouts and raids amongst guerrillas. At the end of its term of service the regiment re-enlisted for fifteen days; was mus- tered out at Springfield, Oct. 23, 1864, and dis- charged eight days Uiter One Hundred and Thirty'-seventh Inf.\n- TRY'. Organized at Quincy, with ex-Gov. John Wood as its Colonel, and mustered in, June 5, 1864, for 100 days. Was on duty at Mempliis, Tenn , and mustered out of service at Spring- field. III. Sept. 4, 1864. One Hundred and Thirty-eighth Infan- try' Organized at Quincy, and mustered in, June 21, 1864, for 100 days; was assigned to garri- son duty at Fort Leavenworth, Kan., and in Western Missouri. It was mustered out of serv- ice at Si)riugfield, 111., Oct. 14. 1864. One Hundred and Thirty-ninth Infan- try. Mustered into service as a 100-day's regi- ment, at Peoria, Jime 1, 1864; was engaged in garrison duty at Columbus and Cairo, in making reprisals for guerrilla raids, and in the pursuit of tlie Confederate General Price in Missouri. The latter service was rendered, at the President's request, after the term of enlistment had expired. It was mustered out at Peoria, Oct. 25, 1864, hav- ing been in the service nearly five months. One Hundred ^0\D Fourtieth Infantry*. Organized as a lOO-daj's' regiment, at Springfield, Jime 18, 1864, and mustered into service on that date. The regiment was engaged in guarding railroads between Memphis and Holly Springs.and in garrison duty at Memphis. After the term of enlistment Lad expired and the regiment had been mustered out, it aided in the jjursuit of General Price through Missouri ; was finally dis- charged at Chicago, after serving about five months One Hundred and Forty-first Infan- try'. Mustered into service as a 100- days' regi- ment, at Elgin, June 16, 1864 — strength, 843 men; departed for the field, June 27, 1864; was mus- tered out at Chicago, Oct. 10, 1804. One Hundred and Forty'-second Infan- try'. Organized at Freeport as a battalion of eight companies, and sent to Camp Butler, where two companies were added and the regiment mastered into service for 100 days, June 18, 1864. It was ordered to Memphis, Tenn. , five days later, and assigned to duty at White's Station, eleven miles from that city, where it was employed in guarding the Mempliis & Charleston railroad. It was mustered out at Chicago, on Oct, 27, 1864, the men having voluntarily served one month beyond their term of enlistment. One Hundred .and Forty'-third Infan- try'. Organized at Mattoon, and mustered in, June 11, 1864, for 100 daj-s. It was assigned to garrison duty, and mustered out at Mattoon, Sept. 26, 1864. One Hundred and Forty'-fourth Infan- try'. Organized at Alton, in 1864, as a one-year regiment; was nmstered into the service, Oct. 21, its strength being 1,159 men. It was mustered out, July 14, 1865. One Hundred and Forty'-fifth Infan- try. Mustered into service at Springfield, June 9, 1864 ; strength, 880 men. It departed for tlie field, June 12, 1864; was mustered out, Sept. 23, 1864. One Hundred and Forty'-sixth Infan- try'. Organizeil at Springfield, Sept. 18, 1864, for one year. Was assigned to the duty of guarding drafted men at Brighton, Quincy, Jacksonville HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 567 and Springfield, and mustered out at Springfield, July 5, imr>. One Hundred and Forty-seventh Infan- try. Organized at Chiuago, and mustered into service for one year, Feb. IS and 19, 186.5; was engaged chiefly on guard or garri.son duty, in scouting and in skirmishing with guerrillas. Mustered out at Nashville, Jan. 22, 18G6. and received final discharge at Springfield, Feb. 4. One Hundred and Forty-eighth Infan- try. Organized at Springfield, Feb. 21, 186.5, for the term of one year ; was assigned to garrison and guard duty and mustered out, Sept. 5, 186.5, at Nashville, Tenn ; arrived at Si^ringfield, Sept. 9, 1865, where it was paid off and discharged. One Hundred axd Forty-ninth Inf.\x- TRY'. Organized at Springfield, Feb. 11, 1865, and mustered in for one j-ear; was engaged in garrison and guard dut}' ; mustered out, Jan. 27, 1866, at Dalton, Ga. . and ordered to Springfield, where it received final payment and discharge. One Hundred and Fiftieth Infantry. Organized at Springfield, and mustered in, Feb. 14, 1865, for one year; was on duty in Tennessee and Georgia, guarding railroads and garrisoning towns. It was mustered out, Jan. 16, 1866, at Atlanta, Ga. , and ordered to Springfield, where it received final paj-ment and discharge. One Hundred and Fifty-first Infantry. This regiment was organized at Quincy, 111., and mustered into the United States service, Feb. 23, 1865, and was composed of companies from various parts of the State, recruited, under the call of Dec. 19, 1864. It was engaged in guard duty, with a few guerrilla skirmishes, and was present at the surrender of General War- ford's army, at Kingston, Ga. ; was mustered out at Columbus, Ga., Jan. 24, 1866, and ordered to Springfield, where it received final payment and discharge, Feb. 8, 1866. One Hundred and Fifty-second Infan- try. Organized at Springfield and mustered in, Feb. 18, 1865, for one year ; was mustered out of .service, to date Sept. 11, at Memphis, Tenn., and arrived at Camp Butler, Sept. 9, 1865, where it received final payment and discharge. One Hundred .and Fifty-third Infan- try. Organized at Chicago, and mustered in, Feb. 27, 1865. for one year; was not engaged in any battles. It was miistered out, Sept. 15, 1865, and moved to Springfield, 111., and, Sept. 24, received final pay and discharge. One Hundred and Fifty-fourth Infan- try. Organized at Springfield, Feb. 21, 1865, for one year. Sept. 18, 1865, the regiment was mustered out at Nashville, Tenn., and ordered to Springfield for final payment and discharge, \vliere it arrived, Sept. 22; was paid oU and dis- cliarged at Camp Butler, Sept. 29. One Hundred and Fifty-fifth Infan- try. Organized at Springfield and mustered in Feb. 28, 1865, for one year, 904 strong. On Sept. 4, 1865, it was mustered out of service, and moved to Camp Butler, where it received final pay and discharge. One Hundred and Fifty-sixth Infan- try. Organized and mustered in during the months of February and March, 1865, from the northern counties of the State, for the term of one year. The officers of tlie regiment have left no written record of its history, but its service seems to have been rendered chiefly in Tennessee in the neighborhood of Memphis, Nashville and Chattanooga. Judging by the muster-rolls of the Adjutant-General, the regiment would apjiear to have been greatly depleted by desertions and otherwise, the remnant being finally mustered out, Sept. 20, 1865. First Cavalry. Organized — consisting of seven companies, A, B, C, D, E, F and G — at Alton, in 1861, and mustered into the United States service, July 3. After some service in Missouri, the regiment participated in the battle of Lexington, in that State, and was surrendered, with the remainder of the garrison, Sept. 20, 1861. The oSicers were paroled, and the men sworn not to take up arms again until discharged. No ex- change having been effected in November, the non-commissioned officers and privates were ordered to Springfield and discharged. In June, 1863, the regiment was reorganized at Benton Barracks, Mo., being afterwards employed in guarding supply trains and supply depots at various points. Mustered out, at Benton Bar- racks, July 14, 1862. Second Cavalry. Organized at Springfield and mustered into service, August 12, 1861, with Company M (which joined the regiment some montlis later), numbering 47 commissioned offi- cers and 1,040 enlisted men. This number was in- creased by recruits and re-enlistments, during its four and a half year's term of service, to 2,236 enlisted men and 145 commissioned officers. It was engaged at Belmont; a portion of the regi- ment took part in the battles at Fort Hemy, Fort Donelsun and Shiloh, another portion at Merriweather's Ferry, Bolivar and Holly Springs, and participated in the investment of Vicksburg. In January, 1864, the major part of the regiment re-enlisted as veterans, later, participating in the 568 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Red River expedition and the investment of Fort Blakely. It was mustered out at San Antonio, Tex., Nov. 23, 186.5, and finally paid and dis- charged at Springfield, Jan. 3, 1800. Third Cavalry. Composed of twelve com- panies, from various localities in the State, the grand total of company officers and enlisted men, under the first organization, being 1,433. It was organized at Springfield, in August, 1801 ; partici- pated in the battles of Pea Ridge, Haines' Bluff, Arkansas Post, Port Gibson, Cliampion Hills, Black River Bridge, and the siege of Vicksburg. In July, 1804, a large portion of the regiment re- enlisted as veterans. The remainder were mus- tered out, Sept. n, 1804. The veterans iKirticipated in the repulse of Forrest, at Memphis, and in tlie battles of Lawrenceburg, Spring Hill, Campbells- ville and Franklin. From May to October, 180.5, engaged in service against the Indians in the Northwest The regiment was mustered out at Springfield, Oct. 18, 1805. Fourth Cavalry. Mustered into service, Sept. 20, 1801, and participated in the battles of Fort Henry, Fort Donelson, and Sliiloli; in the siege of Corintli, and in many engagements of less historic note; was mustered out at Springfield in November, 18G4. By order of the War Depart- ment, of June 18, 180.5, the members of the regiment whose terms liad not exiiired, were con- solidated with the Twelfth Illinois Cavalry. Fifth Cavalry. Organized at Camp Butler, in November, 1801 ; took part in the Sleridian raid and the expedition against Jackson, Miss., and in numerous minor expeditions, doing effect- ive work at Canton, Grenada, "Woodville, and other points. On Jan. 1, 1804, a large portion of the regiment re-enlisted as veterans. Its final muster-out took place, 0(^t. 27, 1805, and it re- ceived final payment and discharge, October 30. Sixth Cavalry. Organized at Springfield, Nov. 19, 1861 ; participated in Sherman's advance upon Grenada; in the Grierson raid through Mis- sissippi and Louisiana, the siege of Port Hudson, the battles of Moscow (Tenn), West Point (Miss.), Franklin and Nashville; re-enlisted as veterans, March 30, 1864; was mustered out at Selma, Ala., Nov. 5, 1S05, and received discharge, November 20, at Springfield. Seventh Cavalry. Organized at Springfield, and was mastered into service, Oct. 13, 1801. It participated in the battles of Farmington, luka, Corinth (second battle) ; in Grierson's raid through Mississippi and Louisiana; in the en- gagement at Plain's Store (La.), and the invest- ment of Port Hudson. In March, 1864, 388 officers and men re-enlisted as veterans. The non-veterans were engaged at Guntown, and the entire regiment took part in the battle of Frank- lin. After the close of hostilities, it was stationed in Alabama and Mississippi, until the latter part of October, 1805 ; was mustered out at NashviUe, and finally discharged at Springfield, Nov. 17, 1865. EiQiiTH Cavalry. Organized at St. Charles, 111., and mustered in, Sept. 18, 1801. The regi- ment was ordered to Virginia, and participated in the general advance on Manassas in March, 1802; was engaged at Mechanicsville, Gaines' Hill, Malvern Hill, Sugar Loaf Mountain, Middle- town, South Jlountain, Antietam, Fredericks- burg, Sulphur Springs, Warrenton, Rapidan Station, Northern Neck, Gettysburg, Williams- burg, Funkstown, Falling Water, Chester Gap Sandy Hook, Culpepper, Brandy Station, and in many raids and skirmishes. It was mustered out of service at Benton Barracks, Mo., July 17, 1865, and ordered to Chicago, where it received final paj'ment and discharge. Ninth Cavalry Organized at Chicago, in the autumn of 1861, and mustered in, November 30; was engaged at Cold water, Grenada, Wyatt, Saulsburj-, Moscow, Guntown, Pontotoc, Tupelo, Old Town Creek, Hurricane Creek, Lawrence- burg, Campellsville, Franklin and Nashville. The regiment re-enlisted as veterans, Marcli 16, 1864; was mustered out of service at Selma, Ala., Oct. 31, 1865, and ordered to Springfield, where the men received final payment and discharge. Tenth Cavalry. Organized at Springfield in the latter part of September, 1801, and mustered into .service, Nov. 25, 1801; was engaged at Prairie Grove, Cotton Plant, Arkansas Post, in the Yazoo Pass expedition, at Richmond (La,), Brownsville, Baj-ou Metoe, Bayou La Fourche and Little Rock. In February, 1804, a large portion of tlie regiment re enlisted as veter- ans, the non-veterans accompanying General Banks in liis Red River expedition. On Jan. 27, 1805, the veterans, and recruits were consolidated with the Fifteenth Cavalry, and all reorganized under the name of the Tenth Illinois Veteran Volunteer Cavalry. JIustered out of service at San Antonio, Texas, Nov. 22, 1805, and received final discliarge at Springfield, Jan. 6, 1866. Ele\'enth Cavalry. Robert G. Ingersoll of Peoria, and Basil D. Meeks, of Woodford County, obtained permission to raise a regiment of cavalry, and recruiting commenced in October, 1801. The regiment was recruited from the counties of Peoria, Fulton, Tazewell, Woodford, HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 569 Marshall, Stark, Knox, Henderson and Warren; was mustered into the service at Peoria, Dec. 20, 1861, and was first under fire at Shiloh. It also took part in the raid in the rear of Corinth, and in the battles of Bolivar, Corinth (second battle), luka, Lexington and Jackson (Tenn.); in Mc- pherson's expedition to Canton and Sherman's Meridian raid, in the relief of Yazoo City, and in numerous less important raids and skirmishes. Most of the regiment re-enlisted as veterans in December, 1863; tlie non- veterans being mus- tered out at Memphis, in the autumn of 1864. The veterans were mustered out at the same place, Sept. 30, 1865, and discharged at Springfield, October 20. Twelfth Cavalry. Organized at Spiingfield, in February, 1862, and remained there guarding rebel prisoners until June 2r>, when it was mounted and sent to Martinsburg, Va. It was engaged at Fredericksburg, Williamsport. Falling Waters, the Rapidan and Stevensburg. On Nov. 26, 1863, the regiment was relieved from service and ordered home to reorganize as veterans. Subsequently it joined Banks in the Red River expedition and in Davidson's expedition against Mobile. While at Memphis the Twelfth Cavalry was consolidated into an eight-company organi- zation, and the Foui'th Cavalry, having previously been consolidated into a battalion of five com- panies, was consolidated with the Twelfth. The consolidated regiment was mustered out at Houston, Texas, May 29, 1866, and, on June 18, received final'pay and discharge at Springfield. Thirteenth C.vvalry. Organized at Chicago, in December, 1861 ; moved to the front from Benton Barracks, Mo., in February, 1862, and was engaged in the following battles and skir- mishes (all in Missouri and Arkansas) : Putnam's Ferry, Cotton Plant, Union City (twice). Camp Pillow, Bloomfield (first and second battles). Van Buren, Allen, Eleven Point River, Jackson, White River. Chalk Bluff, Busly>- Creek, near Helena, Grand Prairie, White River, Deadnian's Lake, Brownsville, Bayou Metoe, Austin, Little Rock, Benton, Batesville, Pine Blull. Arkadel- phia, Okolona, Little Missouri River, Prairie du Anne, Camden, Jenkins' Ferry, Cross Roads, Mount Elba, Douglas Landing and Monticello. The regiment was mustered out, August 31, 1863, and received final pay and discharge at Spring- field, Sept. 13, 186.5. Fourteenth Cavalry. Mustered into service at Peoria, in January and February, 1863; par- ticipated in the battle of Cumberland Gap, in tlie defense of Knoxville and the pursuit of Long- street, in the engagements at Bean Station and Daudridge, in the Jlacon raid, and in the cavalry l)attle at Sunshine Church. In the latter Gen- eral Stoneman surrendered, but the Fourteenth cut its way out. On their retreat the men were betrayed by a guide and the regiment badly cut U]) and scattered, those escaping being hunted by soldiers with bloodhounds. Later, it was engaged at Waynesboro and in tlie battles of Franklin and Nashville, and was mustered out at Nashville, July 31, 180.5, having marched over 10,000 miles, exclusive of duty done by detachments. Fifteenth Cavalry. Composed of companies originally independent, attached to infantry regi- ments and acting as such; participated in the battles of Fort Donelson and Shiloh, and in the siege and capture of Corinth. Regimental or- ganization was effected in the spring of 1863, and thereafter it was engaged chiefly in scouting and post duty. It was mustered out at Springfield, August 25, 1864, the recruits (whose term of service had not expired) being consolidated with the Tenth Cavalry. Sixteenth Cavalry. Composed principally of Chicago men— Thieleman's and Schambeck's Cavalry Companies, raised at the outset of the war, forming the nucleus of the regiment. The former served as General Sherman's body-guard for some time. Captain Thieleman was made a Major and authorized to raise a battalion, the two companies named thenceforth being known as Thieleman's Battalion. In September, 1862, the War Department authorized the extension of the battalion to a regiment, and, on the lltli of June, 1863. the regimental organization was com- pleted. It took part in the East Tennessee cam- paign, a portion of the regiment aiding in the defense of Knoxville, a part garrisoning Cumber- and Gap, and one battalion being captured by Longstreet. The regiment also participated in the battles of Rocky Face Ridge, Buzzard's Roost, Resaca, Kingston, Cassville, Carterville, Allatoona, Kenesaw, Lost Mountain, Mines Ridge, Powder Springs, Chattahoochie, Atlanta, Joneslioro, Franklin and Nashville. It arrived in Chicago, August 23, 1865, for final payment and discharge, having marched about 5,000 miles and engaged in thirty-one battles, besides numer- ous skirmishes. Seventeenth Cavalry. Mustered into serv- ice in January and February, 1864 ; aided in the repulse of Price at Jefferson City, Mo. , and was engaged at Booneville, Independence, Mine Creek, and Fort Scott, besides doing garrison duty, scouting and raiding. It was mustered 570 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. out in November and December, 1805, at Leaven- worth, Kan. Gov. Jolin L. Beveridge. who had previously been a Captain and Major of the Eighth Cavahy, was the Colonel of this regi- ment. First Light Artillery. Consisted of ten batteries. Batterj' A was organized under the first call for State troops, April 21, 1861, but not mustered into the three years' service until Juh' 16; was engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, the sieges of Vicksburg and Jackson, and in the Atlanta cam- paign; was in reserve at Champion Hills and Nashville, and mustered out July 3, 1865, at Chicago. Battery B was organized in April, 1861, en- gaged at Belmont, Fort Donelson, Shiloh, in the siege of Corinth and at La Grange, Holly Springs, Memphis, Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, the siege of Vicksburg, Mechanicsburg, Richmond (La.), the Atlanta campaign and the battle of Nashville. The Battery was reorganized by con- solidation with Battery A, and mustered out at Chicago, July 2, 1865. Battery D was organized at Cairo, Sept. 2, 1861 ; was engaged at Fort Donelson and at Shiloh, and mustered out, Jul}- 28, 1865, at Chicago. Batteiy E was organized at Camp Douglas and mustered into service, Dec. 19, 1861 ; was engaged at Shiloh, Corinth, Jackson, Vicksburg, Gun- town, Pontotoc, Tupelo and Nashville, and mus- tered out at Louisville, Dec. 24, 1864. Battery F was recruited at Dixon and mus- tered in at Springfield, Feb. 25, 1863. It took part in the siege of Corinth and the Yocona expedition, and was consolidated with the other batteries in the regiment, March 7, 1865. Battery G was organized at Cairo and mus- tered in Sept. 28, 1861 ; was engageil in the siege and the second battle of Corinth, and mustered out at Springfield, July 24, 1865. Battery H was recruited in and about Chicago, during January and February, 1862 ; participated in the battle of Shiloh, siege of Vicksburg, and in the Atlanta campaign, the "March to the Sea," and through the Carolinas with Sherman. Battery I was organized at Camp Douglas and mustered in, Feb. 10, 1862; was engaged at Shiloh. in the Tallahatchie raid, the sieges of Vicksburg and Jackson, and in the battles of Chattanooga and Vicksburg It veteranized, March 17, 1864, and was mustered out, July 26, 1865. Battery K was organized at Shawneetown and mustered in, Jan. D, 1862, particijiated in Burn- side's campaign in Tennessee, and in the capture of Knoxville. Part of the men were mustered out at Springfield iu June, 1865, and the re- manider at Chicago in July. Battery M was organized at Camp Douglas and mustered into the service, August 12, 1862, for three years. It served through the Chickamauga campaign, being engaged at Cliickamauga; also was engaged at Missionary Ridge, was besieged at Chattanooga, and took part in all the impor- tant battles of the Atlanta campaign. It was mustered out at Chicago, July 24, 1864, having traveled 3,102 miles and been under fire 178 days. Second Light Artillery. Consisted of nine batteries. Battery A was organized at Peoria, and mustered into service, May 23, 1861 ; served in Missouri and Arkansas, doing brilliant work at Pea Ridge. It was mustered out of service at Springfield. July 27, 1865. Battery D was organized at Cairo, and mustered into service in December, 1861 ; was engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Vicksburg, Jackson, Meridian and Decatur, and mustered out at Louisville, Nov. 21, 1864. Battery E was organized at St. Louis, Mo. , in August, 1861, and mustered into service. August 20, at that jjoint. It was engaged at Fort Donel- son and Shiloh, and in the siege of Corinth and the Yocona expedition — was consolidated with Battery A. Battery F was organized at Cape Girardeau, Mo., and mustered in, Dec. 11, 1861; was engaged at Shiloh, in the siege and second battle of Corinth, and the Meridian campaign; also at Kenesaw, Atlanta and Jonesboro. It was mustered out, July 27, 1865, at Springfield. Battery H was organized at Springfield, De- cember, 1801, and mustered in, Dec. 31, 1861; was engaged at Fort Donelson and in the siege of Fort Pillow; veteranized, Jan. 1, 1804, was mounted as cavalrj- the following summer, and mustered out at Springfield, July 29, 1805. Battery I was recruited in Will County, and mustered into service at Camp Butler, Dec. 31, 1861. It participated in the siege of Island No. 10, in the advance upon Cornith, and in the battles of Perryville, Chickamauga. Lookout Mountain, Missionary Ridge and Chattanooga. It veteranized, Jan. 1, 1804, marched with Sher- man to Atlanta, and thence to Savannah and through the Cai'olinas, and was mustered out at Sjiringfield. Battery K was organized at Springfield and mustered in Dec. 31, 1863; was engaged at Fort Pillow, the capture of Clarkston, Mo., and the HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 571 siege of Vicksbiirg. It was mustered out, Jul}- 14. 1865, at Chicago. Battery L was organized at Chicago and mus- tered in, Feb. 28, 1862; participated in the ad- vance on Corintli, tlie battle of Hatchie and the advance on tlie Tallahatchie, and was mustered out at Chicago, August 9, 1865. Battery JI was organized at Chicago, and mus- tered in at Springfield, Juue, 1862 ; was engaged at Jonesboro, Blue Spring, Blount.sville and Rogersville, being finally consolidated with other batteries of the regiment. Chicago Boakd of Trade Battery. Organ- ized through the efforts of the Chicago Board of Trade, which raised §15,000 for its equipment, within fort3-eight hours. It was mustered into service, August 1, 1862, was engaged at Law- renceburg, Murfreesboro, Stone River, Chicka- mauga, Farmington, Decatur (Ga. ), Atlanta, Lovejoy Station, Nashville, Selma and Columbus (Ga. ) It was mustered out at Chicago, June 30, 1865, and paid in full, July 3, having marched 5.268 miles and traveled by rail 1,231 miles. The battery was in eleven of the hardest battles fought in the West, and in twenty-six minor battles, being in action forty-two times while on scouts, reconnoissances or outpost duty. Chicago Mercantile Battery. Recruited and organized under the auspices of the Mercan- tile Association, an association of prominent and patriotic merchants of the City of Chicago. It was mustered into service, Avigust 29, 1862, at Camp Douglas, participated in the Tallahatchie and Yazoo expeditions, the first attack upon Vicksburg, the battle of Arkansas Post, the siege of Vicksburg. the battles of Magnolia Hills, Champion Hills, Black River Bridge and Jackson (Miss.); also took part in Banks' Red River ex- pedition; was mustered out at Chicago, and received final payment, July 10, 1865, having traveled, bj' river, .sea and land, over 11,000 miles. Springfield Light Artillery. Recruited principallj' from the cities of Springfield, Belle- ville and Wenona. and mustered into service at Springfield, for the term of three 3-ears, August 21, 1862, numbering 109 men and officers. It participated in the capture of Little Rock and in the Red River expedition, and was mustered out at Springfield, 114 strong, June 30, 1865. Cogswell's Battery, Light Artillery. Organized at Ottawa. 111., and mustered in. Nov. 11, 1861, as Company A (Artillery) Fifty-third Illinois Volunteers, Colonel Cushman command- ing the regiment. It participated in the advance on Corinth, the siege of Vicksburg, the battle of Missionary Ridge, and the capture of Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely, near Mobile. The regiment was mustered out at Springfield, August 14, 1865, having served three years and nine months, marched over 7,500 miles, and partici- pated in seven sieges and battles. Sturges Rifles. An independent company, organized at Chicago, armed, equipped and sub- sisted for nearly two months, by the patriotic generosity of Mr. Solomon Sturges; was mustered into service. May 6, 18G1 ; in June following, was ordered to West Virginia, serving as body- guard of General McClellan; was engaged at Rich Mountain, in the siege of Yorktown, and in the seven days' battle of tlie Chickahorainy. A portion of the company was at Antietam, the remainder having been detached as foragers, scouts, etc. It was mustered out at Washington, Nov. 25, 1862. WAR, THE SPANISH - AMERICAN. The oppressions and misrule which had character- ized the administration of affairs by the Spanish Government and its agents for generations, in the Island of Cuba, culminated, in April, 1898, in mutual declarations of war between Spain and the United States. The causes leading up to this result were the injurious effects upon American commerce and the interests of American citizens owning property in Cuba, as well as the constant expense imposed upon the Government of the United States in the maintenance of a large navy along the South Atlantic coast to suppress fili- bustering, superadded to the friction and unrest produced among the people of this country by the long continuance of disorders and abuses so near to our own shores, which aroused the sympathy and indignation of the entire civilized world. For three j-ears a large proportion of the Cuban population had been in open rebellion against the Spanish Government, and, while the latter had imported a large army to the island and sub- jected the insurgents and their families and sj'mpathizers to the grossest cruelties, not even excepting torture and starvation itself, their policy had failed to bring the insurgents into subjection or to restore order. In this condition of affairs the United States Government had endeavored, through negotiation, to secure a miti- gation of the evils complained of, by a modifica- tion of the Spanish policy of government in the island : but all suggestions in this direction had either been resented by Spain as unwarrantable interference in her affairs, or promises of reform, when made, had been as invariably broken. 572 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. In the meantime an increasing sentiment had been growing up in the United States in favor of conceding belligerent rights to the Cuban insur- gents, or the recognition of their independence, which found expression in measures proposed in Congress — all offers of friendly intervention by the United States having been rejected by Spain with evidences of indignation. Compelled, at last, to recognize its inability to subdue the insur- rection, the Spanish Government, in November, 1897, made a pretense of tendering autonomy to the Cuban people, with the privilege of amnesty to the insurgents on laying down their arms. The long duration of the war and the outrages perpetrated upon the lielpless "reconcentrados, '' coupled with the increased confidence of the insurgents in the final triumph of their cause, rendered this movement — even if intended to be carried out to the letter — of no avail. The proffer came too late, and was promptly rejected. In this condition of affairs and with a view to greater security for American interests, the American battleship JIaine was ordered to Havana, on Jan. 24, 1898. It arrived in Havana Harbor the following day, and was anchored at a point designated by the Spanish commander. On the night of February l.i, following, it was blown up and destroyed by some force, as shown by after investigation, applied from without. Of a crew of 3.54 men belonging to the vessel at the time, 266 were either killed outright by the explosion, or died from their wounds. Not only the Ameri- can people, but the entire civilized world, was shocked by the catastrophe. An act of horrible treachery had been perpetrated against an American vessel and its crew on a peaceful mis- sion in the harbor of a professedly friendly na- tion. The successive steps leading to actual hostili- ties were rapid and eventful. One of the earliest and most significant of these was the passage, by a unanimous vote of both houses of Congress, on March 9, of an appropriation placing §50,000,000 in the hands of the President as an emergency fund for purposes of national defense. This was followed, two days later, by an order for the mobilization of the army. The more important events following this step were : An order, under date of April 5, withdrawing American consuls from Spanish stations; the departure, on April 9, of Consul-General Fitzhugh Lee from Havana; April 19, the adoption by Congress of concurrent resolutions declaring Cuba independent and directing the President to use the land and naval forces of the United States to put an end to Spanish authority in the island; April 20, the sending to the Spanish Government, by the Presi- dent, of an ultimatum in accordance with this act; April 21, the delivery to Minister Woodfoi'd, at Madrid, of his passports without waiting for the presentation of the ultimatum, with the de[xirture of the Spanish Minister from Washing- ton ; April 23, the issue of a call by the President for 12.j,000 volunters; April 24, the final declara- tion of war by Spain ; April 25, the adoption by Congress of a resolution declaring that war had existed from April 21; on the same date an order to Admiral Dewey, in command of the Asiatic Squadron at Hongkong, to sail for Manila with a view to investing that city and blockading Philippine ports. The chief events subsequent to the declaration of war embraced the following: May 1, the destruction by Admiral Dewey"s squadron of the Spanish fleet in the harbor of Manila; May 19, the arrival of the Spanish Admiral Cervera"s fleet at Santiago de Cuba; May 25, a second call by the President for 75,000 volunteers; July 3, the attempt of Cervera's fleet to escape, and its destruction off Santiago; July 17. the surrender of Santiago to the forces under General Shafter; July 30, the statement by the President, through the French Ambassador at Wasliington, of the terms on which the United States would consent to make peace ; August 9, acceptance of the peace terms by Spain, followed, three days later, by the signing of the peace protocol ; September 9, the appointment by the President of Peace Couimi.s- sioners on the part of the United States; Sept. 18, the announcement of the Peace Commissioners selected by Spain ; October 1, the beginning of the Peace Conference by the representatives of the two powers, at Paris, and the formal signing, on December 10, of the peace treaty, including the recognition by Spain of the freedom of Cuba, with the transfer to the United States of Porto Rico and her other West India islands, together with the surrender of the Philippines for a con- sideration of §20,000,000. Seldom, if ever, in the history of nations have such vast and far-reaching results been accom- plished within so short a period.' The war, which practically began with the destruction of the Spanish fleet in Manila Harbor — an event which aroused the enthusiasm of the whole American jMjople, and won the respect and admiration of other nations — was practically ended by the surrender of Santiago and the declaration by the President of the conditions of peace Just three months later. Succeeding HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 573 events, up to the formal signing of the jjeace treaty, vere merely the recognition of results previousl}' determined. HlSTOKY OF IlLLNOIS REGIMENTS.— The part played by Illinois in connection with these events may be brietl)' summarized in the history of lUi- •nois regiments and other organizations. Under the first call of the President for 125,000 volun- teers, eight regiments — seven of infantry and one of cavalry — were assigned to Illinois, to which was subsequently added, on application through Governor Tanner, one battery of light artil- lery. Tlie infantry regiments were made up of the Illinois National Guard, numbered consecutivel}' from one to seven, and were practically mobilized at their home stations within forty-eight hours from the receipt of the call, and began to arrive at Camp Tanner, near Springfield, the jjlace of rendezvous, on April 26, the daj' after the issue of the Governor's call. The record of Illinois troops is consijicuous for the promptness of their response and the com- pleteness of their organization — in this respect being unsurpassed by those of any other State. Under tlie call of May 2.) for an additional force of 75,000 men, the quota assigned to Illinois was two regiments, which were promptly furnished, taking the names of the Eighth and Ninth. The first of these belonged to the Illinois National Guard, as the regiments mustered in under the first call had done, while the Ninth was one of a number of "Provisional Regiments" which had tendered their services to the Government. Some twenty-five other regiments of this class, more or less complete, stood ready to perfect their organi- zations should there be occasion for their serv- ices. The aggregate strength of Illinois organi- zations at date of muster out from the United States service was 12,280—11,789 men and 491 officers. First Reoime.vt Illinois Volunteers (orig- inally Illinois National Guard) was organized at Chicago, and mustered into the United States service at Camp Tanner (Springfield), under tlie command of Col. Henry L. Turner, May 13, 1898 ; left Springfield for Camp Thomas (Chickamauga) May 17; assigned to Fir.st Brigade, Third Division, of the First Army Corps; started for Tampa, Fla., June 2, but soon after arrival tliere was transferred to Picnic Island, and assigned to provost duty in place of the First United States Infantry. On June 30 the bulk of the regiment embarked for Cuba, but was detained in tlie har- bor at Key West until .luly 5, when the vessel sailed for Santiago, arriving in Guantanamo Bay on the evening of the 8th. Disembarking on the 10th, the whole regiment arrived on the firing line on the 11th, spent several days and niglits in the trenches before Santiago, and were present at tlie surremler of that city on the 17th. Two companies had previously been detached for the scarcely less perilous duty of service in the fever hospitals and in caring for their wounded comrades. The next month was spent on guard duty in the captured city, until August 25, when, depleted in numbers and weakened by fever, the bulk of the regiment was transferred by hospital boats to Camp Wikoff, on Jlontauk Point, L. I. The members of the regi- ment able to tra\el left Camp Wikoff, Sejitember 8, for Chicago, arriving two days later, wliere they met an enthusiastic reception and were mustered out, November 17, 1,233 strong (rank and file) — a considerable number of recruits having joined the regiment just before leaving Tampa. The record of the First was con.spicuous by the fact that it was the only Illinois regiment to see service in Cuba during the progress of actual hostilities. Before leaving Tampa some eighty members of the regiment were detailed for engineering dut\' in Porto Rico, sailed for that island on July 12, and were among the first to perform service there. The First suffered severely from yellow fever while in Cuba, but, as a regiment, while in the service, made a brilliant record, which was highly complimented in the official reports of its com- manding officers. Second Regiment Illinois Volunteer In- fantry (originally Second I. N. G.). This regi- ment, also from Chicago, began to arrive at Springfield, April 37, 1898 — at that time number- ing 1,202 men and 47 officers, under command of Col. George 51. Moulton; was mustered in between May 4 and May 15; on May 17 started for Tampa. Fla., but en route its destination was changed to Jack.sonville, where, as a part of the Seventh Army Corps, under command of Gen. Fitzhugh Lee, it a.ssisted in the dedication of Camp Cuba Libre. October 25 it was transferred to Savannah, Ga., remaining at "Camp Lee" until December 8, when two battalions embarked for Havana, landing on the 15th, being followed, a few days later, by the Third Battalion, and sta- tioned at Camj) Columbia. From Dec. 17 to Jan. 11, 1809, Colonel Moulton served as Cliief of Police for the city of Havana. On March 28 to 80 the regiment left Camp Columbia in detach- ments for Augusta, Ga., where it arrived April 5, and was mustered out, April 2fl, 1,051 strong (rank and file), and returned to Chicago. Dur- 674 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ing its stay in Cuba the regiment did not lose a man. A liistory of this regiment lias been written by Rev. H. W. Bolton, its late Chaplain. Third Regiment Illinois Volunteer In- fantry, composed of companies of the Illinois National Guard from the counties of La Salle. Livingston, Kane, Kankakee, McHenry, Ogle, Will, and AVinnebago, under command of Col. Fred Beuuitt, reported at Springfield, with 1,170 men and 50 officers, on April ^'T; was mustered in Jlay 7, 1898; transferred from Springfield to Camp Thomas (Chickamauga), Jlay 14; on July 22 left Chickamauga for Porto Rico; on the 28th sailed from Newport News, on the liner St. Louis, arriving at Ponce, Porto Rico, on July 31; soon after disembarking captured Arroyo, and assisted in the capture of Guayama, which was the beginning of General Brooke's advance across the island to San Juan, when intelligence was received of the signing of' the peace protocol by Spain. From August 13 to October 1 the Third continued in the performance of guard duty in Porto Rico ; on October 22. 980 men and 39 offi- cers took transport for home by way of New York, arriving in Chicago, November 11, the several companies being mustered out at their respective home stations. Its strength at final muster-out was 1,273 men and officers. This regiment had the distinction of being one of the first to see service in Porto Rico, hut suffered severely from fever and other diseases during the three months of its stay in the islaml. Fourth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, com- posed of companies from Champaign, Coles, Douglas, Edgar, Effingham, Fayette, Jackson, Jefferson, Montgomery, Richland, and St. Clair counties; mu.stered into the .service at Spring- field, May 20, under command of Col. Casimer Andel; started immediatelj- for Tampa, Fla., but en route its destination was changed to Jackson- ville, where it was stationed at Camp Cuba Libre as a part of the Seventh Corps under command of Gen. Fitzhugh Lee; in October was transferred to Savannah, Ga., remaining at Camp Onward until about the first of Januai-y, when the regi- ment took sliip for Havana. Here the regiment was stationed at Camp Columbia until A])i-il 4, 1890, when it returned to Augusta, Ga., and was mustered out at Camp Mackenzie (Augusta), May 2, the companies returning to their respective home stations. During a part of its stay at Jacksonville, and again at Savannah, the regi- ment was employed on guard duty. While at Jacksonville Colonel Andel was suspended by court-martial, and finally tendered his resigna- tion, his place being supplied by Lieut. -Col. Eben Swift, of the Ninth. Fifth Regiment Illinois Volunteer In- F.\NTRY was the first regiment to report, and was mustered in at Springfield, May 7, 1898, under command of Col. James S. Culver, being finally composed of twelve companies from Pike, Chris- tian, Sangamon, McLean, Montgomery, Adams, Tazewell, Macon, Morgan, Peoria, and Fulton counties; on May 14 left Springfield for Camp Thomas (Chickamauga, Ga. ), being assigned to the command of General Brooke ; August 3 left Chickamauga for Newport News, Va., with the expectation of embarking for Porto Rico — a previous order of July 26 to the same piu^jort having been countermanded; at Newport News embarked on the transport Obdam, but again the order was rescinded, and, after remaining on board thirty-six hours, the regiment was disem- barked. The next move was made to Lexington, Ky., where the regiment — having lost hope of reaching "the front" — remained until Sept. 5, when it returned to Springfield for final muster- out. This regiment was composed of some of the best material in the State, and anxious for active service, but after a succession of disappoint- ments, was compelled to return to its home sta- tion without meeting the enemy. After its arrival at Springfield the regiment was furloughed for thirtj- days and finally mustered out, October 16, numbering 1,213 men and 47 officers. Sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteer In- F.\NTRY, consisting of twelve companies from the counties of Rock Island, Knox, Whiteside, Lee, Carroll, Stephenson, Henry, Warren, Bureau, and Jo Daviess, was mustered in May 11, 1898, under command of Col. D. Jack Foster; on May 17 left Springfield for Camp Alger, Va. ; July ■> the regiment moved to Charleston, S. C, where a part embarked for Siboney, Cuba, but the wliole re.giment was soon after united in General Jliles" expedition for the invasion of Porto Rico, landing at Guanico on July 25, and advancing into the interior as far as Adjunta and Utuado. After several weeks' service in the interior, the regiment returned to Ponce, and on September 7 took transport for the return home, arrived at Springfield a week later, and was nuistered out November 2.">, the regiment at that time consist- ing of 1,239 men and 49 officers. Seventh Illinois Volunteer Infantry (known as the "Hibernian Rifles"). Two battalions of this regiment reported at Spring, field, April 27, with 33 officers and 765 enlisted men, being after.vards increased to the maxi- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 575 mum; was miistereil into the United States serv- ice, umler command of Col. Marcus Kavanagh, Jlay 18, 1S9S; on May 28 started for Camp Alger, Va. ; was afterwards encamped at Thorouglifare Gap and Camp Meade; on September 9 returned to Springfield, was furloughed for thirty days, and mustered out, October 20, numbering 1,260 men and 49 officers. Like the Fifth, the Seventh saw no actual service in the field. Eighth Illinois Volunteer Inf.\ntry (col- ored regiment), mustered into the service at Springfield under the second call of the Presi- dent, July 23, 1898, being composed wholly of Afro- Americans under officers of their own race, with Col. John R. Marshall in command, the muster-roll showing 1,195 men and 76 officers. The six companies, from A to P, were from Chi- cago, the other five being, respectively, from Bloomington, Springfield, Quincy, Litchfield, Mound City and Metropolis, and Cairo. The regiment having tendered their services to relieve the First Illinois on duty at Santiago de Cuba, it started for Cuba, August 8, by way of New York ; immediately on arrival at Santiago, a we.ek later, was assigned to duty, but subse- quently transferred to San Luis, where Colone, Marshall was made military governor. The major part of the regiment remained here until ordered home early in March, 1899, arrived at Chicago, March 15, and was mustered out, April 3, 1,226 strong, rank and file, having been in service nine months and six days. Ninth Illinois Volunteer Infantry was organized from the counties of Southern Illinois, and mustered in at Springfield under the second call of the President, July 4-11, 1898, under com- mand of Col. James R. Campbell; arrived at Camp Cuba Libre (Jacksonville, Fla. ), August 9; two months later was transferred to Savannah, Ga. ; was moved to Havana in December, where it remained until ilay, 1899. wlien it returned to Augusta, Ga., and was mustered out tliere, May 20, 1899, at that time consisting of 1,095 men and 46 officers. From Augusta the several companies returned to their respective home stations. Tlie Ninth was the only "Provisional Regiment" from Illinois mustered into the service during the war, the other regiments all belonging to the National Guard. First Illinois Cavalry was organized at Clii- cago immediately after the President's first call, seven companies being recruited from Chicago, two from Bloomington, and one each from Springfield, Elkhart, and Lacon; was mustered in at Springfield. May 21. 1S9S. under command of Col. Edward C. Young; left Springfield for Camp Thomas, Ga., May 30, remaining there until August 24, when it returned to Fort Sheriiian, near Chicago, where it was stationed until October 11, wlien it was mustered out, at that time con- sisting of 1,158 men and 50 officers. Although the regiment saw no active service in the field, it established an excellent record for itself in respect to discipline. First Engineering Corps, consisting of 80 men detailed from tlie First Illinois Volunteers, were among the first Illinois soldiers to see serv- ice in Porto Rico, accompanj'ing General Miles' expedition in the latter part of July, and being engaged for a time in the construction of bridges in aid of the intended advance across the island. On September 8 they embarked for the return home, arrived at Chicago, September 17, and were mustered out November 20. B.^ttery A (I. N. G.), from Danville, 111., was mustered in under a special order of the War Department, May 12, 1898, under command of Capt. Oscar P. Yaeger, consisting of 118 men; left Springfield for Camp Thomas, Ga., May 19, and, two months later, joined in General Miles' Porto Rico expedition, landing at Guanico on August 3, and taking part in the affair at Gua- yama on the 12th. News of peace having been received, the Battery returned to Ponce, where it remained until September 7, when it started on the return liome by way of New York, arrived at Danville, September 17, was furloughed for sixty days, and mustered out November 25. The Battery was equipped with modern breech-load- ing rapid-firing guns, operated by practical artil- lerists and prepared for effective service. Naval Reserves. — One of the earliest steps taken by the Government after it became ap- parent that hostilities could not be averted, was to begin preparation for strengthening the naval arm of the service. The existence of tlie "Naval Militia," first organized in 1893, placed Illinois in an exceptionally favorable position for making a pi'ompt response to the call of the Government, as well as furnishing a superior class of men for service — a fact evidenced during the operations in the West Indies. Gen. John McNulta. as head of tlie local committee, was active in calling tlie attention of the Navj' Department to the value of the service to be rendered by this organization, which resulted in its being enlisted practically as a body, taking the name of "Naval Reserves" — all but eighty -eight of the number passing the ]iliysical examination, the places of these being j)rc>iiipMy inied by new recruits. The first de- 576 HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. tachment of over 200 left Chicago Ma}- 3, under the eonimauJ of Lieut.-Com. John M. Ifawley, followed soon after l)y the remainder of the First Battalion, making tlie whole number from Chi- cago 400, with 307, constituting the Second Bat- talion, from other towns of the State. The latter was. made up of 147 men from Moline, 38 from Quincy, and 62 from Alton— making a total from the State of 667. This does not include others, not belonging to this organization, who enlisted for service in the navy during the war, which raised the whole number for the State over 1,000. The Reserves enlisted from Illinois occupied a different relation to the Government from that of the "naval militia" of other States, which retained their State organizations, while those from Illinois were regularly mustered into the United States service. The recruits from Illinois were embarked at Key West, Norfolk and New York, and distributed among fifty-two different vessels, including nearly every vessel belonging to the North Atlantic Sfjuadrou. They saw serv- ice in nearly every department from the position of stokers in the hold to that of gunners in the turrets of the big battleships, the largest nvimber (60) being assigned to the famous battleship Ore- gon, while the cruiser Yale followed with 47; the Harvard with 3.5; Cincinnati, 27; Yankton, 19; Franklin, 18; Montgomery and Indiana, each, 17; Hector, 14; Marietta, 11; Wilmington and Lan- caster, 10 each, and others down to one each. Illinois sailors thus had the privilege of partici- pating in the brilliant affair of July 3, which resulted in the destruction of Cervera's fleet off Santiago, as also in nearly every other event in the West Indies of less importance, without the lo.ss of a man while in the service, although among the most exjiosed. They were mustered out at different times, as they could be spared from the service, or the vessels to which they were attached went out of commission, a portion serving out their full term of one year. The Reserves from Chicago retain their organization under the name of "Naval Reserve Veterans," with headquarters in the Masonic Temple Build- ing, Chicago. WARD, James H., ex-Congressman, was born in .Chicago, Nov. 30, 18.53, and educated in the Chicago public schools and at the University of Notre Dame, graduating from the latter in 1873. Three years later he graduateil from the Union College of Law, Chicago, and was admitted to the bar. Since then he has continued to practice his i)rofession in his native city. In 1879 he was elected Supervisor of the town of West Chicago, and, in 1884, was a candidate for Presidential Elector on the Democratic ticket, and the same year, was the successful candidate of his party for Congress in the Third Illinois District, serv- ing one term. >VIXNEBAGO INDIANS, a tribe of the Da- cota, or Sioux, stock, which at one time occupied a part of Northern IlUnoLs. The word Winne- bago is a corruption of the French Ouinebe- goutz, Ouimbegouc, etc., the diphthong "ou" taking the place of the consonant "w," which is wanting in the French alphabet. These were, in turn, French missi^ellings of an Algonquin term meaning "fetid," which the latter tribe applied to the Winnebagoes because they had come from the western ocean — the salt (or "fetid") water. In their advance towards the East the Winnebagoes early invaded the country of the Illinois, but were finally driven north- ward by the latter, who surpassed them in num- bers rather than in bravery. The invaders settled in Wisconsin, near the Fox River, and here they were first visited by the Jesuit Fathers in the seventeenth century. (See Jesuit Rela- tions.) The Winnebagoes are commonly re- garded as a Wisconsin tribe; yet, that they claimed territorial rights in Illinois is shown by the fact that the treaty of Prairie du Chien (August 1, 1829), alludes to a Winnebago village located in what is now Jo Daviess County, near the mouth of the Pecatonica River. While, as a rule, the tribe, if left to itself, was disposed to live in amity with the whites, it was carried away by the eloquence and diplomacy of Tecumseh and the cajoleries of "The Prophet."' General Harrison especially alludes to the brav- ery of the Winnebago warriors at Tippecanoe* which he attributees in part, however, to a super- stitious faith in "The Prophet." In Jime or July, 1827, an unprovoked and brutal outrage by the whites upon an unoffending and practically defenseless party of Winnebagoes, near Prairie du Chien brought on what is known as the 'Winnebago War." (See Winnchacjo War.) The tribe took no part in the Black Hawk War, largely because of the great influence and shrewd tactic of their chief, Naw-caw. By treaties executed in 1833 and 1837 the Winnebagoes ceded to the United States all their lands lying east of the Jlississippi. They were finally removed west of that river, and, after many shiftings of loca- tion, were placed upon the Omaha Reservation in Eastern Nebraska, where their industry, thrift and peaceable disposition elicited high praise from Government officials. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 577 WARNER, Vespasian, lawyer and Member of Congress, was born in De Witt County, 111., April 23, 18-12, and has Lived all his life in his native county — his present residence being Clinton. After a short course in Lombard University, while studying law in the office of Hon. Law- rence Weldon, at Clinton, he enli.sted as a private soldier of the Twentieth Illinois Volunteers, in June, 1861, serving until July, 180G, wlien he was nuistered out with the rank of Captain and brevet Major. He received a gunshot wound at Shiloh, but continued to serve in the Army of the Tennessee until the evacuation of Atlanta, when he was ordered North on account of dis- ability. His last service was in fighting Indians on the plains. After the war he completed his law studies at Harvard University, graduating in 1808, when he entered into a law partnership with Clifton H. Moore of Clinton. He served as Judge-Advocate General of the Illinois National Guard for several years, with the rank of Colonel, under the administrations of Governors Hamil- ton, Oglesby and Fifer, and, in 1894, was nomi- nated and elected, as a Republican, to the Fifty-fourth Congress for the Thirteentli District, being re-elected in 1896, and again in 1898. In the Fifty-tifth Congress, Mr. Warner was a mem- ber of the Committees on Agriculture and Invalid Pensions, and Chairman of the Committee on Revision of the Laws. WARREN, a village in Jo Daviess County, at intersection of the Illinois Central and the Chi- cago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railways, 26 miles west-nortliwest of Freeport and 27 miles east by north of Galena. The surrounding region is agricultural and stock-raising ; there are also lead mines in the vicinity. Tobacco is grown to some extent. Warren has a flouring mill, tin factory, creamery and stone quarries, a State bank, water supply from artesian wells, fire department, gas plant, two weekly newspapers, five churches, a high school, an academy and a public library. Pop. (1890), 1,172; (1900), 1,337. WARREX, Calvin A., lawyer, was born in Es.sex County, N. Y., June 3, 1807; in his youth, worked for a time, as a typographer, in the office of "The Northern Spectator," at Poultney, Vt., side by side with Horace Greeley, afterwards the founder of "The New York Tribune." Later, he became one of the publishers of "The Palladium" at Ballston, N. Y., but, in 1832, removed to Hamilton County, Ohio, where he began the stuily of law, completing liis course at Transyl- vaiua University, Ky., in 1834, and beginning practice at. Batavia, Ohio, as the partner of Thomas Morris, then a United States Senator from Ohio, whose daughter he married, thereby becoming the brother-in-law of tlie late Lsaac N. Morris, of Quincy, 111. In 1836, Mr. Warren came to Quinc}% Adams County, 111., but soon after removed to Warsaw in Hancock County, where he resided until 1H39, when he returned to Quincy. Here he continued in practice, either alone or as a partner, at different times, of sev- eral of the leading attorneys of tliat city. Although he held no office except tliatof Masier in Chancery, which he occuijied for some si.vteen years, the possession of an inexhaustible fund of humor, with strong practical sense and decided ability as a speaker, gave him great popularity at the bar and upon the stump, and made him a recognized leader in tlie ranks of the Democratic l^arty, of which he was a life-long member. He served as Presidential Elector on tlie Pierce ticket in 18.52, and was the nominee of liis party for the same position on one or two other occa- sions. Died, at Quincy, Feb. 22, 1881. WARREN, Hooper, pioneer journalist, was born at Walpole, N. H., in 1790; learned the print- er's trade on the Rutland (Vt. ) "Herald"; in 1814 went to Delaware, whence, three years later, he emigrated to Kentucky, working for a time on a paper at Frankfort. In 1818 he came to St. Louis and worked in the office of the old "Mis- souri Gazette" (the predeces.sor of "The Repub- lican"), and also acted as the agent of a lumber company at Cairo, 111. , when the whole popula- tion of that place consisted of one family domi- ciled on a grounded flat-boat. In March, 1819, he established, at Edvvardsville, the third paper in Illinois, its predecessors being "The Illinois Intelligencer," at Kaskaskia, and "The Illinois Emigrant," at Shawneetown. The name given to the new paper was "The Spectator," and the contest over the effort to introduce a pro-slavery clause in the State Constitution soon brought it into prominence. Backed by Governor Coles, Congressman Daniel P. Cook, Judge S. D. Lock- wood, Rev. Tliomas Lipjiincott, Judge Wm. H. Brown (afterwards of Chicago). George Churchill and other opponents of slavery, "The Spectator" made a sturdy fight in opposition to the scheme, which ended in defeat of the measure by the rejection at the polls, in 1824, of the proposition for a Constitutional Convention. Warren left the Edwardsville paper in 182.1, and was, for a time, associated witli "The National Crisis," an anti-slavery paper at Cincinnati, but soon re- turned to Illinois and establislied "The Sangamon Spectator" — tlie first paper ever published at the 578 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. present State capital. This he sold out in 1829, and, for the next three years, was connected with "The Advertiser and Upper Mississippi Her- ald," at Galena. Abandoning this field in 1832, he removed to Hennepin, where, within the next five years, he held the offices of Clerk of the Cir- cuit and County Commissioners" Courts and ex- oflScio Recorder of Deeds. In 1836 he began the publication of the third paper in Chicago — "The Commercial Advertiser" (a weekly) — which was continued a little more than a year, when it was abandoned, and he settled on a farm at Henry, Marshall County. His further newspaper ven- tures were, as the associate of Zebina Eastman, in the publication of "The Genius of Liberty," at Lowell, La Salle County, and "The Western Citizen" — afterwards "The Free West" — in Chi- cago. (See Eastman, Zebina, and Lundy, Ben- jamin.) On the discontinuance of "The Free West" in 1856, he again retired to his farm at Henry, where he spent the remainder of his days. While returning home from a visit to Chicago, in August, 1864, he was taken ill at Mendota, dying there on the 22d of tlie month. WARREN, John Esaias, diplomatist and real- estate operator, was born in Troy, N. Y., in 1826, graduated at Union College and was connected with the American Legation to Spain during the administration of President Pierce; in 1859-60 was a member of the Minnesota Legislature and, in 1861-62, Mayor of St. Paul; in 1867, came to Chicago, where, while engaged in real-estate business, he became known to the press as the author of a series of articles entitled "Topics of the Time." In 1886 he took up his residence in Brussels, Belgium, where he died, July 6, 1896. Mr. Warren was author of several volumes of travel, of which "An Attache in Spain" and "Para" are most important. WARREN COUNTY. A western county, created by act of the Legislature, in 1825, but not fully organized until 1830, having at that time about 350 inhabitants ; has an area of 540 square miles, and was named for Gen. Joseph Warren. It is drained by the Henderson River and its affluents, and is traversed b}- the Chicago, Bur- lington & Quincy (two divisions), tlie Iowa Central and the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroads. Bituminous coal is mined and lime- stone is quarried in large quantities. The count)-"s early development was retarded in consequence of having become the "seat of war," during the Black Hawk War. The principal products are grain and live-stock, although manufacturing is carried on to some extent. The county -seat and chief city is Jlonmouth (which see). Roseville is a shipping point. Population (1880), 22,933. (1890), 21.281; (1900), 23,163. WARRENSBURG, a town of Macon County, on Peoria Division 111. Cent. Railway, 9 miles northwest of Decatur; has elevators, canning factory, a bank and newspaper. Pop. (1900), 503. WARS.VW, the largest town in Hancock County, and admirably situated for trade. It stands on a bluif on the Mississippi River, some three miles below Keokuk, and about 40 miles above Quincy. It is the western terminus of the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railway, and lies 116 miles west-southwest of Peoria. Old Fort Edwards, established by Gen. Zachary Taylor, during the War of 1812, was located within the limits of the present city of Warsaw, opposite the mouth of the Des Moines River. An iron foundry, a large woolen mill, a plow factory and cooperage works are its principal manufac- turing establishments. The channel of the Missis- sippi admits of the passage of the largest steamers up to this point. Warsaw has eight churches, a system of common schools comprising one high and three grammar schools, a National bank and two weekly newspapers. Population (1880), 3,105; (1890), 2,721; (1900), 2,335. WASHBURN, a village of Woodford County, on a branch of the Chicago & Alton Railway 25 miles northeast of Peoria; has banks and a weekly paper ; the district is agricultural. Popu- lation (1890), .598; (1900), 703. WASHBURNE, Elihu Benjamin, Congressman and diplomatist, was born at Livermore, Maine, Sept. 23, 1816; in early life learned the trade of a printer, but graduated from Harvard Law School and was admitted to the bar in 1840. Coming west, he settled at Galena, forming a partnership with Charles S. Hempstead, for the practice of law, in 1841. He was a stalwart Whig, and, as such, was elected to Congress in 1852. He con- tinued to represent his District until 1869, taking a prominent position, as a Republican, on tlie organization of that party. On account of his long service he was known as the "Father of the House," administering the Speaker's oath three times to Schuyler Colfax and once to James O. Blaine. He was appointed Secretary of State by General Grant in 1869, but surrendered his port- folio to become Envoy to France, in which ca- pacity he acliieved great distinction. He was the only official representative of a foreign govern- ment who remaineil in Paris, during the siege of that city by the Germans (1870-71) and the reign of the "Commune." For his conduct he was HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 579 honored by the Governments of France and Ger- man}' alike. On his returu to the United States, he made his home in Chicago, where he devoted his latter years chiefly to literary labor, and where he died, Oct. 23, 1887. He was strongly favored as a candidate for the Presidency in 1880. WASHINGTON, a city in Tazewell County, situated at the intersection of the Chicago & Alton, the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe, and the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railroads. It is 31 miles west of El Paso, and 12 miles east of Peoria. Carriages, plows and farming implements con- stitute the manufactured output. It is also an important shipping-point for farm products. It has electric light and water-works plants, eight churches, a graded school, two banks and two newspapers. Pop. (1890), 1,301; (1900), 1,451. WASHINGTON COUNTY, an interior county of Southern Illinois, east of St Louis; is drained by the Kaskaskia River and the Elkhorn, Beaucoup and Muddy Creeks; was organized in 1818, and has an area of .5'40 square miles. The surface is diversified, well watered and timbered. The soil is of variable fertility. Corn, wheat and oats are the chief agricultural products. Manu- facturing is carried on to some extent, among the products being agricultural implements, flour, carriages and wagons. The most impor- tant town is Nashville, which is also the county- seat. Population (1890), 19,262; (1900), 19,526. Washington was one of the fifteen counties into which Illinois was divided at the organization of the State Government, being one of the last three created during the Territorial period — the other two being Franklin and Union. WASHINGTON HEIGHTS, a village of Cook County, on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific and the Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railways, 12 miles soutliwest of Chicago; has a graded school, female seminary, military school, a car factory, several churches and a newspaper. Annexed to City of Chicago, 1890. WATAGA, a village of Knox County, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 8 miles northeast of Galesburg. Population (1900), 545. WATERLOO, the county-seat and chief town of Monroe County, on the Illinois Division of the Mobile & Ohio Railroad, 24 miles east of south from St. Louis. The region is chiefly agricultural, but underlaid with coal. Its industries embrace two flour mills, a plow factory, distillery, cream- ery, two ice plants, and some minor concerns. The city has municipal water and electric light plants, four churches, a graded .school and two newspapers. Pop. (1890), 1,860; (1900) 2,114 WATERMAN, Arba Nelson, lawyer and jurist, was burn at Greensboro, Orleans County. Vt., Feb. 3, 1836. After receiving an academic edu- cation and teaching for a time, he read law at Montpelier and, later, passed through the Albany Law School. In 1861 he was admitted to the bar, removed to Joliet, 111., and opened an office. In 1863 he enlisted as a private in the One Hun- dredth Illinois Volunteers, serving with the Army of the Cumberland for two years, and being mustered out in August, 1864, with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. On leaving the army, Colonel Waterman commenced practice in Chicago. In 1873-74 he represented the Eleventh Ward in the City Council. In 1887 he was elected to the bench of the Cook County Circuit Court, and was re-elected in 1891 and. again, in 1897. In 1890 he was assigned as one of the Judges of the Appellate Court. WATSEKA, the county-seat of Iroquois County, situated on the Iroquois River, at the mouth of Sugar Creek, and at tlie intersection of the Chi- cago & Eastern Illinois and the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railroads, 77 miles south of Chicago, 46 miles north of Danville and 14 miles east of Oilman. It has flour-mills, brick and tile works and foundries, besides several churches, banks, a graded school and three weekly newspapers. Artesian well water is obtained by boring to the depth of 100 to 160 feet, and some forty flowing streams from these shafts are in the place. Popu- lation (1890), 2,017; (1900), 2,.505. WATTS, Amos, jurist, was born in St. Clair County, 111., Oct. 2.5, 1821, but removed to Wash- ington County in boyhood, and was elected County Clerk in 1847, '49 and '53, and .State's Attorney for the Second Judicial District in 18,56 and '60; then became editor and proprietor of a news- paper, later re.suming the practice of law, and. in 1873, was elected Circuit Judge, remaining in oflice until his death, at Nashville, lU., Dec. 6, 1888. WAUKEGAN, the county-.seat and principal city of Lake County, situated en the shore of Lake Michigan and on the Chicago & North- western Railroad, about 36 miles north by west from Chicago, and .50 miles south of Milwaukee: is also the northern terminus of the Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Railroad and connected by electric lines with Chicago and Fox Lake. Lake Michigan is about 80 miles wide opposite this point. Waukegan was first known as "Little Fort." from tlie remains of an old fort that stood on its site. The principal part of the city is built on a bluff, which rises abruptly to the height of about 580 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. tifty feet. Between the blutf and the shore is a flat tract about 400 yards wide which is occupied by gardens, dwellings, warehouses and manu- factories. The manufactures include steel-wire, refined sugar, scales, agricultural implements, brass and iron products, sash, doors and blinds, leather, beer, etc. ; the city has paved streets, gas and electric light plants, three banks, eight or ten churches, graded and high schools and two iiew.spapers. A large trade in grain, lumber, coal and dairy products is carried on. Pop. (1890), 4,91.^; (1900), 9,426. WALKEGAN & SOUTHWESTERN RAIL- WAY. (See Elgin, Joliet cfc Easteni Railway.) WAVER LY, a city in Morgan Count}", IS miles southeast of Jacksonville, on the Jacksonville & St. Louis and the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railroads. It was originally settled by enter- prising emigrants from New England, whose descendants constitute a large proportion of the population. It is the center of a rich agricultural region, has a fine graded school, six or seven churches, two banks, two newspapers and tile works. Population (1880), 1,124; (1890), 1,337; (1900), 1,573. WAYNE, (Gen.) Anthony, soldier, was born in Chester County, Pa., Jan. 1, 1745, of Anglo-Irish descent, graduated as a Surveyor, and first prac- ticed his profession in Nova Scotia. During the years immediately antecedent to the Revolution he was prominent in the colonial councils of his native State, to which he had returned in 1767, where he became a member of the "Committee of Safety." On June 3, 1776, he was commissioned Colonel of the Fourth Regiment of Pennsylvania troops in the Continental army, and, during the War of the Revolution, was conspicuous for his courage and ability as a leader. One of his most daring and successful achievements was the cap- ture of Stony Point, in 1779, when — the works having been carried and Wayne having received, what was supposed to be. his death-wound— he entered the fort, supported by his aids. For this service he was awarded a gold medal by Con- gress. He also took a conspicuous part in the investiture and capture of Yorktown. In October, 1783, he was brevetted Major-General. In 1784 he was elected to the Pennsylvania Legislature. A few j'ears later he settled in Georgia, which State he represented in Congress for seven months, when his seat was declared vacant after contest. In April, 1792. he was confirmed as General-in-Chief of the United States Army, on nomination of President Washington. His con- nection with Illinois history began shortly after St. Clair's defeat, when he led a force into Ohio (1783) and erected a stockade at Greenville, which he named Fort Recovery ; his object being to subdue the hostile savage tribes. In this he was eminently successful and, on August 3, 1793, after a victorious campaign, negotiated the Treaty of Greenville, as broad in its provisions as it was far-reaching in its influence. He was a daring fighter, and although Washington called him "prudent," his dauntlessness earned for him the sobriquet of "Mad Anthony." In matters of dress he was punctilious, and, on this account, he was sometimes dubbed "Dandy Wayne.' He was one of the few white officers whom all the Western Indian tribes at once feared and re- spected. They named him "Black Snake" and "Tornado." He died at Presque Isle near Erie, Dec. 15, 1796. Thirteen years afterward his remains were removed by one of his sons, and interred in Badnor churchyard, in his native count}-. The Pennsylvania Historical Society erected a marble monument over his grave, and appropriately dedicated it on July 4 of the same year. WAYXE COUNTY, in the southeast quarter of the State ; has an area of 720 square miles ; was organized in 1819, and named for Gen. Anthony Wayne. The county is watered and drained by the Little Wabash and its branches, notably the Skillet Fork. At the first election held in the county, only fifteen votes were cast. Earh' life was exceedingly primitive, the first settlers pounding corn into meal with a wooden pestle, a hollowed stump being used as a mortar. The first mill erected (of the antique South Carolina pattern) charged 25 cents per bushel for grinding. Prairie and woodland make up the surface, and the soil is fertile. Railroad facilities are furnished by the Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis and the Baltimore & Ohio (Southwestern) Railroads. Corn, oats, tobacco, wheat, hay and wool are the chief agricultural products. Saw mills are numer- ous and there are also carriage and wagon facto- ries. Fairfield is the county-seat. Population (1880), 21,291; (1890), 23,806; (1900), 27,626. WEAS, THE, a branch of the Miami tribe of Indians. They called them.selves "We-wee- hahs," and were spoken of by the French as "Oui- at-a-nons" and "Oui-as." Other corruptions of the name were common among the British and American colonists. In 1718 they had a village at Chicago, but abandoned it through fear of their hostile neighViors, the Chippewas and Potta- watomies. The Weas were, at one time, brave and warlike; but their numliers were reduced by HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 58; constant warfare and disease, and, in the end, debauchery enervated and demoralized them. They were removed west of the Mississippi and given a reservation in Miami County, Kan. This they ultimately sold, and, under the leadership of Bapti.ste Peoria, united witli their few remain- ing brethren of the Miamis and with the remnant of the mini under the title of the "confederated tribes," and settled in Indian Territory. (See also Mia m is; Pia n kcsli a ics. ) WEBB, Edwin B., early lawyer and politician, was born about 1802, came to the vicinity of Carmi, White County, III, about 1808 to 1830, and, still later, studied law at Transylvania Uni- versity. He held the oiSce of Prosecuting Attorney of Wliite County, and, in 1834. was elected to the lower branch of the General Assemblj-, serving, by successive re-electious, until 1843, and, in the Senate, from 1842 to "46. During his service in the House he was a col- le^igue and political and personal friend of Abraham Lincoln. He opposed the internal improvement sclieme of 1837, predicting many of the disasters wliich were actually realized a few years later. He was a candidate for Presi- dential Elector on the Whig ticket, in 1844 and '48, and, in 1852, received the nomination for Governor as the opponent of Joel A. Matteson, two years later, being an unsuccessful candidate for Justice of the Supreme Court in opposition to Judge W. B. Scales. While practicing law at Carmi, he was also a partner of his brother in the mercantile business. Died, Oct. 14. 1858, in the 56th j-ear of bis age. WEBB, Henry Livingston, soldier and pioneer (an elder brother of James Watson Webb, a noted New York journalist), was born at Claverack, N. Y., Feb. 6, 1795; served as a soldier in the War of 1812, came to Southern Illinois in 1817, and became one of the founders of the town of America near the mouth of the Ohio ; was Repre- sentative in tlie Fourth and Eleventli General Assemblies, a Major in tlie Black Hawk War and Captain of volunteers and, afterwards, Colonel of regulars, in tlie Mexican War. In 1860 lie went to Texas and served, for a time, in a .semi-mili- tary capacity under the Confederate Govern- ment; retilrned to Illinois in 1869, and died, at Makanda. Oct. 5, 1876. WEBSTER, Fletclier, lawyer and soldier, was born at Portsmouth, N. H., July 23, 1813; gradu- ated at Harvard in 1833, and studied law witli his father (Daniel Webster) ; in 1837, located at Peru, 111., where lie practiced three years. His father having been appointed Secretary of State in 1841, the son became his private secretary, was also Secretary of Legation to Caleb Gushing (Minister to China) in 1843, a member of the Massachusetts Legislature in 1847, and Surveyor of the Port of Boston, 1850-61 ; the latter year became Colonel of the Twelfth Massachusetts Volunteers, and was killed in the second battle of Bull Run, Augu.st 30, 1862. WEBSTER, Joseph Dana, civil engineer and soldier, was born at Old Hampton, N. H., August 25, 1811. He graduated from Dart- mouth College in 1832, and afterwards read law at Newburyport, Mass. His natural incli- nation was for engineering, and, after serv- ing for a time in the Engineer and War offices, at Washington, was made a United States civil engineer (1835) and, on July 7, 1838, entered the army as Second Lieutenant of Topographical Engineers. He served through the Mexican War, was made First Lieutenant in 1849, and promoted to a captaincy, in March, 1853. Thir- teen months later he resigned, removing to Chi- cago, where he made his permanent home, and soon after was identified, for a time, with the proprietorship of "The Chicago Tribune." He was President of the commission that perfected the Chicago sewerage system, and designed and executed the raising of the grade of a large por- tion of the city from two to eight feet, whole blocks of buildings being rai;!ed by jack screws, while new foundations were inserted. At the outbreak of the Civil War he tendered his serv- ices to the Government and superintended the erection of the fortifications at Cairo, 111., and Paducah, Ky. On April 7, 1861, he was com- niissioned Paymaster of Volunteers, with the i-ank of Major, and, in February, 1862, Colonel of the First Illinois Artillery. For several months he was chief of General Grant's staff, participat- ing in the capture of Forts Donelson and Henrj-, and in the battle of Shiloh. in the latter as Chief of Artillery. In October. 1862, the War Depart- ment detailed him to make a survey of the Illi- nois cV Michigan Canal, and, the following month, he was commissioned Brigadier-General of Volunteers, servingas Military Governor of Mem- phis and Superintendent of military railroads. He was again chief of staff to General Grant during the Vicksburg campaign, and. from 1864 until the clo.se of the war, occujiied the same relation to General Sherman. He w.as brevetted Major-General of Volunteers, March 13. 18(i5. but, resigning Nov. (!, following, returned to Chicago, where he s|ient the remainder of liis life. From 1869 to 1872 he was Asse.ssor of Internal Revenue 682 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. there, and, later, Assistant United States Treas- urer, and, in July, 1872, was appointed Collector of Internal Revenue. Died, at Chicago, March 13, 1876. WELCH, William R., lawyer and jurist, was born in Jessamine County, Ky., Jan. 23, 1828, educated at Transj-lvauia University, Lexington, graduating from the academic department in 1847, and, from the law school, in 1851. In 1864 he removed to Carlinville, Macoupin County, 111., which place he made his permanent home. In 1877 he was elected to the bench of the Fifth Circuit, and re-elected in 1879 and "8.5. In 1884 he was assigned to the bench of the Appellate Court for tlie Second District. Died, Sept. 1, 1888. WELDOX, Layrrence, one of the Judges of the United States Court of Claims, Washington, D. C, was born in Muskingum County, Ohio, in 1829 ; while a child, removed with his parents to Madison County, and was educated in the com- mon schools, the local academy and at Wittenberg College, Springfield, in the same State ; read law with Hon. R. A. Harrison, a prominent member of the Ohio bar, and was admitted to practice in 1854, meanwhile, in 18,52-.53, having served as a clerk in the office of the Secretary of State at Columbus. In 1854 he removed to Illinois, locat- ing at Clinton, DeWitt County, where he engaged in practice ; in 1860 was elected a Representative in the Twenty-second General Assembly, was also chosen a Presidential Elector the same year, and assisted in the first election of Abraham Lincoln to the Presidencj'. Early in 1861 he resigned his seat in the Legislature to accept the position of United States District Attorney for the Southern District of Illinois, tendered him by President Lincoln, but resigned the latter office in 1866 and, the following year, removed to Bloomington, where he continued the practice of his profession until 1883, when he was appointed, by President Arthur, an Associate Justice of the United States Court of Claims at Washington — a position which he still (1899) continues to fill. Judge Weldon is among the remaining few who rode the circuit and practiced law with Mr. Lin- coln. From the time of coming to the State in 1854 to 1860, he was one of Mr. Lincoln's most intimate traveling companions in the old Eighth Circuit, which e.xtended from Sangamon Count)' on the west to Vermilion on the east, and of which Judge David Davis, afterwards of the Supreme Court of tlie United States and LTnited States Senator, was the presiding Justice. Tlie Judge holds in his memory many pleasant remi- niscences of that daj', especially of the eastern portion of the District, where he was accustomed to meet the late Senator Voorhees, Senator Mc- Donald and other leading lawj-ers of Indiana, as well as the historic men whom he met at the State capital. WELLS, Albert W., lawyer and legislator, was born at Woodstock, Conn., May 9, 1839, and enjoyed only such educational and other advan- tages as belonged to the average New England boy of that period. During his boyhood his family removed to New Jersey, where he attended an academy, later, graduating from Columbia College and Law School in New York City, and began practice with State Senator Robert Allen at Red Bank, N. J. During the Civil War he enlisted in a New Jersey regiment and took part in the battle of Gettysburg, resuming his profes- sion at the close of the war. Coming west in 1870, he settled in Quincy, 111., where he con- tinued practice. In 1886 he was elected to the House of Representatives from Atlams County, as a Democrat, and re-elected two years later. In 1890 he was advanced to the Senate, where, by re-election in 1894, he served continuously until his death in office, March 5, 1897. His abilities and long service — covering the sessions of the Thirty-fifth to the Fortieth General Assem- blies — placed him at the head of the Democratic side of the Senate during the latter part of his legislative career. WELLS, William, soldier and victim of the Fort Dearborn massacre, was born in Kentucky, about 1770. When a boy of 12, he was captured by the Miami Indians, whose chief. Little Turtle, adopted him. giving him his daughter in mar- riage when he grew to manhood. He was higlily esteemed by the tribe as a warrior, and, in 1790, was present at the battle where Gen. Arthur St. Clair was defeated. He then realized that he was fighting against his own race, and informed his father-in-law that he intended to ally liimself with the whites. Leaving the Miamis, he made his way to General Wayne, who made him Cap- tain of a company of scouts. After the treaty of Greenville (1795) he settled on a farm near Fort Wayne, where he was joined by his Indian wife. Here he acted as Indian Agent and Justice of the Peace. In 1813 he learned of the contemplated evacuation of Fort Dearborn, and, at the head of tliirty Jliamis, he set out for the post, his inten- tion being to furnish a body-guard to the non- combatants on their projiosed march to Fort Wayne. On August 13, he marched out of the fort with fifteen of his duskv warriors behind HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 563 him, the remainder bringing up the rear. Before a mile and a half had been traveled, the party fell into an Indian ambuscade, and an indiscrimi- nate massacre followed. (See Fort Deai-botm.) The Miamis fled, and Captain Wells' body was riddled with bullets, his head cut off and his heart taken out. He was an uncle of Mrs. Heald, wife of the commander of Fort Dearborn. WELLS, William Harvey, educator, was born in Tolland, Corm., Feb. 2', 1812; lived on a farm until 17 years old, attending school irregularly, but made such progress that he became succes- sive!}' a teacher in the Teachers" Seminary at Andover and Newburyport, and, finally. Principal of the State Normal School at Westfield, Mass. In 18.56 he accepted the position of Superintend- ent of Public Schools for the city of Chicago, serving till 1864, when he resigned. He was an organizer of the Massachusetts State Teachers' Association, one of the first editors of "The Massachusetts Teacher" and prominently con- nected with various benevolent, educational and learned societies : was also author of several text- books, and assisted in the revision of "Webster's Unabridged Dictionary." Died, Jan. 21, 1885. WENONA, city on the eastern border of Mar- shall County, 20 miles south of La Salle, has zinc works, public and parochial schools, a weekly paper, two banks, and five churches. A good quality of soft coal is mined here. Popu- lation (1880), 911; (1890), 1,053; (1900), 1,486. WENTWORTH, John, early journalist and Congressman, was born at Sandwich, N. H., March 5, 1815, graduated from Dartmouth Col- lege in 1836, and came to Chicago the same year, where he became editor of "The Chicago Demo- crat, " which had been estabhshed by John Cal- houn three years previoiis. He soon after became proprietor of "The Democrat," of which he con- tinued to be the publisher until it was merged into "The Chicago Tribune," July 24, 1864. He also studied law, and was admitted to the Illinois bar in 1841. He served in Congress as a Demo- crat from 1843 to 1851, and again from 1853 to 1855, but left the Democratic party on the repeal of the Missouri Compromise. He was elected Mayor of Chicago in 1857, and again in 1860, during his incumbency introducing a number of important municipal reforms ; was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1862, and twice served on the Board of Education. He again represented Illinois in Congress as a Republican from 1865 to 1867 — making fourteen years of service in that body. In 1872 he joined in the Greeley movement, but later renewed liis alle- giance to the Republican party. In 1878 Mr. Went- worth published an elaborate genealogical work in three volumes, entitled "Historj' of the Went- worth Family." A volume of "Congressional Reminiscences" and two by him on "Early Chi- cago," published in connection with the Fergus Historical Series, contain some valuable informa- tion on early local and national liistory. On account of his extraordinary height he received the sobriquet of "Long John," by which he was familiarly known throughout the State. Died, in Chicago, Oct. 16, 1888. WEST, Ednard M., merchant and banker, was born in Virginia, May 2, 1814; came with his father to Illinois in 1818; in 1829 became a clerk in the Recorder's office at Edwardsville, also served as deputy postmaster, and, in 1833, took a position in tlie United States Land Office there. Two years later he engaged in mercantile busi- ness, which he prosecuted over thirty years — meanwhile filling the office of County Treasurer, ex-officio Superintendent of Schools, and Delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 1847. In 1867, in conjunction with W. R. Prickett, he established a bank at Edwardsville, with which he was con- nected until his death, Oct. 31, 1887. Mr. West ofliciated frequently as a "local preacher" of the Methodist Church, in which capacity he showed much ability as a public speaker. WEST, Mary Allen, educator and pliilanthro- pist, was born at Galesbm-g, lU.; July 31, 1837; graduated at Knox Seminary in 1854 and taught until 1873, when she was elected County Super- intendent of Schools, serving nine jears. She took an active and influential interest in educa- tional and reformatory movements, was for two years editor of "Our Home Monthly," in Phila- delphia, and also a contributor to otlier journals, besides being editor-in-chief of "The Union Sig- nal," Chicago, the organ of the Woman's Chris- tian Temperance Union — in which she held the position of President ; was also President, in the latter days of her life, of the Illinois Woman's Press Association of Chicago, that city having become her home in 1885. In 1892, Miss West started on a tour of the world for the benefit of her health, but died at Tokio, Japan, Dec. 1, 1892. WESTERN HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE, an institution for the treatment of tlie insane, located at Watertown, Rock Island County, in accordance with an act of the General Assembly, approved. May 22, 1895. Tlie Thirty-ninth Gen- eral Assembly made an appropriation of .§100,000 for the erection of fire-proof buildings, while Rock Island Countj' donated a tract of 400 acres 584 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. of land valued at S40, OOU. The site selected by the Commissioners, is a commanding one overlooking the Mississippi River, eight miles above Rock Island, and five and a half miles from Moline, and the buildings are of the most modern style of con- struction. Watertown is reached by two lines of railroad — the Chicago, ilihvaukee & St. Paul and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy — besides the Mississippi River. The erection of buildings was begun in 1896, and they were opened for the reception of patients in 1898. They have a ca- pacitv for 800 patients. WESTERN MILITARY ACADEMY, an insti tution located at Upper Alton, Madison County, incorporated in 189'2; has a facultj' of eight mem- bers and reports eiglity pupils for 1897-98, with property valued at 8T0,000. The institution gives instruction in literary and scientific branches, besides preparatory and business courses. WESTERN NORMAL COLLEGE, located at Bushnell, McDonough County; incorporated in 1888. It is co-educational, has a corps of twelve instructors and reported 500 pupils for 1897-98, 300 males and 200 females. WESTERN SPRINGS, a village of Cook County, and residence suburb of the city of Chi- cago, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Rail- road, 15 miles west of the initial station. Population (1890), 451; (IHOO), 662. WESTERN THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, located in Chicago and controlled by the Protes- tant Episcopal Church. It was founded in 1883 through the munificence of Dr. Tolman Wheeler, and was opened for students two years later. It has two buildings, of a superior order of archi- tecture — one including the school and lecture rooms and the other a dormitory. A hospital and gj-mnasium are attached to the latter, and a school for boys is conducted on the first floor of the main building, which is known as Wheeler Hall. The institution is under the general super- vision of Rt. Rev. William E. McLaren, Protes- tant Episcopal Bishop of tlie Diocese of Illinois. WESTFIELI), village of Clark County, on Cin., Ham. & Dayton R. R., 10 m. s -e. of Charleston; seat of Westfield College; has a bank, five churches and two newspapers. Pop. (1900), 820. WEST SALEM, a town of Edwards County, on the Peoria-Evansville Div. 111. Cent. R. R., 12 miles northeast of Albion; has a bank and a weekly paper. Pop. (1890), 476; (1900), 700. WETHERELL, Emma Abbott, vocalist, was born in Chicago, Dp/?. 9, 1849; in her childhood attracted attention while singing with her father (a poor musician) in hotels and on the streets in Chicago, Peoria and elsewhere; at 18 years of age, went to New York to study, earning her way by giving concerts en route, and receiving aid and encouragement from Clara Louisa Kellogg; in New York was patronized by Henry Ward Beecher and others, and aided in securing the training of European masters. Compelled to sur- mount many obstacles from poverty and other causes, her after success in her profession was phenomenal. Died, during a professional tour, at Salt Lake City, Jan. 5, 1891. Miss Abbott married her manager, Eugene Wetherell, who Llied before her. WH EATON, a city and the county-seat of Du Page County, situated on the Chicago & North- western Railway, 25 miles west of Chicago. Agri- culture and stock-raising are the chief industries in the surrounding region. The city owns a new water- v,-crks plant (costing §60,000) and has a public library valued at §75.000, the gift of a resident, Mr. John Quincy Adams; has a court house, electric light plant, sewerage and drainage system, seven churches, three graded schools, four weekly newspapers and a State bank. Wheaton is the seat of Wheaton College (which see) Population (1880). 1,160; (1890), 1,622; (1900), 2,345. WHEATON COLLEGE, an educational insti- tution located at Wheaton, Du Page County, and under Congregational control. It was founded in 1853, as the Illinois Institute, and was char- tered under its present name in 1860. Its early existence was one of struggle, but of late years it has been establislied on a better foundation, in 1898 having §54,000 invested in productive funds, and property aggregating §136,000. The faculty comprises fifteen professors, and, in 1898, there were 321 students in attendance. It is co-edu- cational and instruction is given in business and preparatory studies, as well as the fine arts, music and cla.'ssical literature. WHEELER, David Hilton, D.D., LL.D., clergy- man, was bom at Ithaca, N. Y., Nov. 19, 1829; graduated at Rock River Seminary, Mount Jlorris, in 1851; edited "The Carroll County Republican" and held a professorship in Cornell College, Iowa, (1857-61); was United States Con- sul at Geneva, Switzerland, (1861-66) ; Professor of English Literature in Northwestern University (1867-75); edited "The Methodist" in New York, seven years, and was President of Allegheny College (1883-87); received the degi-ee of D.D. from Cornell College in 1867, and that of LL. D. from the Northwestern University in 1881. He is the author of "Brigandage in South Italy" HISTOEICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 585 (two volumes, 1864) and "By-Ways of Literature" (1883), besides some translations. WHEELER, Hamilton K., ex-Congressman, was born at Ballston. X. Y., August 5. 1848, but emigrated with his parents to Illinois in 18.52; remained on a farm until 19 years of age. his educational advantages being limited to three months' attendance upon a district school each year. In 1871, he was admitted to the bar at Kankakee, where he has since continued to prac- tice. In 1884 he was elected to represent the Six- teenth District in the State Senate, where he served on many important committees, being Chairman of that on the Judicial Department. In 1892 he was elected Representative in Con- gress from the Ninth Illinois District, on the Republican ticket. WHEELIMi, a town on the northern border of Cook County, on the Wisconsin Central Railway. Population "(1890). 811; (19001, 331. WHISTLER, (Maj.) John, soldier and builder of the first Fort Dearborn, was born in Ulster, Ire- land, about 1756; served imder Burgoyne in the Revolution, and was with the force surrendered by that officer at Saratoga, in 1777. After the peace he returned to the United States, settled at Hagerstown, Md., and entered the United States Army, serving at first in the ranks and being severely wounded in the disastrous Indian cam- paigns of 1791. Later, he was promoted to a captaincy and, in the summer of 1803, sent with his company, to the head of Lake Michigan, where he constructed the first Fort Dearborn within the limits of the present city of Chicago, remaining in command until 1811, when he was succeeded by Captain Heald. He received the brevet rank of Major, in 1815 was appointed military store- keeper at Newport, Ky., and after- wards at Jefferson Barracks, near St. Louis, where he died, Sept. 3, 1829. Lieut. William Whistler, his son. who was with his father, for a time, in old Fort Dearborn — but transferred, in 1809, to Fort Wayne — was of tlie force included in Hull's surrender at Detroit in 1812. After his exchange he was promoted to a captaincy, to the rank of JIajor in 1826 and to a Lieutenant-Colo- nelcy in 1845, dying at Newport, Ky., in 1863. James Abbott McNiel Wliistler, the celebrated, but eccentric artist of that name, is a grandson of the first Major Whistler. WHITE, George E., ex-Congressman, was born in Massachusetts in 1848: after graduating, at the age of 16, he enlisted as a private in the Fifty- seventh Massachusetts Veteran 'Volunteers, serv- ing under General Grant in the campaign against Richmond from the battle of the Wilder- ness until the surrender of Lee. Having taken a course in a commercial college at Worcester, Mass., in 1867 he came to Chicago, securing em- ployment in a lmnl)er yard, but a year later began business on his own account, which he has successfully conducted. In 1878 he was elected to the State Senate, as a Republican, from one of the Chicago Districts, and re-elected four years later, serving in that body eight years. He declined a nomination for Congre.ss in 1884, but accepted in 1894, and was elected for tlie Fifth District, as he was again in 1896, but was defeated, in 1898, by Edward T. Noonan, Demo- crat. WHITE, Horace, journalist, was born at Cole- brook, N. H., August 10, 1834; in 1853 graduated at Beloit College, Wis., whither his father had removed in 1837 ; engaged in journalism as city editor of "The Chicago Evening Journal," later becoming agent of the Associated Press, and, in 1857, an editorial writer on "The Chicago Trib- une," during a part of the war acting as its Washington correspondent. He also served, in 1856. as Assistant Secretary of the Kansas National Committee, and, later, as Secretary of the Republican State Central Committee. In 1864 he purchased an interest in "The Tribune," a year or so later becoming editor-in-chief, but retired in October, 1874. After a protracted European tour, he united with Carl Sohurz and E. L. Godkin of "The Nation," in the purchase and reorganization of "The New York Evening Post." of which he is now editor-in-chief. WHITE, Jnlins, soldier, was born in Cazen- ovia, N. Y., Sept. 29, 1816; removed to Illinois in 1836, residing there and in Wisconsin, wiiere he was a member of the Legislature of 1849; in 1861 was made Collector of Customs at Chicago, but resigned to assume the colonelcy of the Thirty-.seventh Illinois Volunteers, which he commanded on the Fremont expedition to South- west Missouri. He afterwards served with Gen- eral Curtiss in Arkansas, participated in the battle of Pea Ridge and was promoted to the rank of Brigadier-General. He was suljsequently assigned to the Department of the Slienandoah, but finding his position at Martinsburg, W. Va., untenable, retired to Harper's Ferry, voluntarily serving under Colonel Miles, his inferior in com- mand. When this i)ost was surrendered (Sept. 15. 1862). he was made a prisoner, but released under parole ; was tried by a court of inquiry at his own request, and acquitted, the court finding that he had acted with courage and cai)ability. 686 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. He resigned in 1864, and, in Marcli, 1865, was brevetted Major-General of Volunteers. Died, at Evanston, May 13, 1890. WHITE COUNTY, .situated in the southeastern quarter of the State, and bounded on the east by tlie Wabash River; was organized in 1816, being the tenth county organized during the Territorial period: area, 500 square miles. The county is crossed by three railroads and drained by the Wabash and Little Wabash Rivers. The surface consists of prairie and woodland, and the soil is, for the most part, liighly productive. The princi- pal agricultural products are corn, wheat, oats, potatoes, tobacco, fruit, butter, sorghum and wool. The principal industrial establishments are carriage factories, saw mills and flour mills. Carmi is the county-seat. Other towns are En- field, Grayville and Norris City. Population (1880), 23,087; (1890), 25,005; (1900). 25,380. WHITEHALL, a city in Greene County, at the inter.section of the Chicago & Alton and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroads, 65 miles north of St. Louis and 2-1 miles south-southwest of Jacksonville; in rich farming region; has stoneware and sewer-pipe factories, foundry and machine shop, flour mill, elevators, wagon shops, creamery, water system, sanitarium, heating, electric light and power system, nurseries and fruit-supply hou.ses, and two poultry packing houses; also has five churches, a graded school, two banks and three newspapers — one daily. Pop- ulation (1890), 1,961; (1900), 2,030. WHITEHOUSE, Henry John, Protestant Epis copal Bishop, was born in New York City, August 19, 1803; graduateil from Columbia College in 1821, and from the (New York) General Theolog- ical Seminary in 1824. After ordination he was rector of various parishes in Pennsylvania and New York until 1851, when he was chosen Assist- ant Bishop of Illinois, succeeding Bishop Chase in 1853. In 1867, by invitation of the Archbishop of Canterbury, he delivered the opening sermon before the Pan-Anglican Conference held in England. During this visit he received the degree of D.D. from Oxford University, and that of LL.D. from Cambridge. His rigid views as a churchman and a disciplinarian, were illustrated in his prosecution of Rev. Charles Edward Cheney, which resulted in the formation of the Reformed Episcopal Church. He was a brilliant orator and a trenchant and unj-ielding controver- sialist. Died, in t^liicago, August 10, 1874. WHITESIDE COUNTY, in the northwestern portion of the State bordering on the Mississippi River; created by act of the Legislature passed in 1830, and named for Capt. Samuel Whiteside, a noted Indian fighter; area, 700 square miles. The surface is level, diversified by prairies and wood- land, and the soil is extremely fertile. The countj'-seat was first fixed at Lyndon, then at Sterling, and finally at Morrison, its present location. The Rock River crosses the county and furnishes abundant water power for numer- ous factories, turning out agricultural imple- ments, carriages and wagons, furniture, woolen goods, flour and wrapping paper. There are also distilling and brewing interests, besides .saw and planing mills. Corn is the stai)le agricultural product, although all the leading cereals are extensively grown. The principal towns are Morrison. Sterling. Fulton and Rock Falls. Popu- lation (1880), 30,885; (18:i0), 30 854; (1900), 34.710. WHITESIDE, William, pioneer and soldier of the Revolution, emigrated from the frontier of North Carolina to Kentucky, and thence, in 1793. to the present limits of Monroe County, 111., erecting a fort between Cahokia and Kaskaskia, which became widely known as "Whiteside Station." He served as a Justice of the Peace, and was active in organizing the militia during the War of 1813-14, dying at the old Station in 1815. — John (Whiteside), a brother of the preced- ing, and also a Revolutionary soldier, came to Illinois at the same time, as also did William B. and Samuel, sons of the two brothers, respec- tively'. All of them became famous as Indian fighters. The two latter served as Captains of companies of "Rangers" in the War of 1812, Samuel taking part in the battle of Rock Island in 1814, and contributing greatly to the success of the day. During the Black Hawk War (1832) he attained the rank of Brigadier-General. Whiteside County was named in his honor. He made one of the earliest improvements in Ridge Prairie, a rich section of Madison County, and represented that county in the First General Assembly. William B. served as Sheriff of Madi- son County for a number of j'ears. — John D. (Whiteside), another member of this historic family, became very prominent, serving in the lower House of the Seventh, Eighth, Ninth and Fourteenth General Assemblies, and in the Sen- ate of the Tenth, from Slonroe County ; was a Presidential Elector in 1836, State Treasurer (1837-41) and a member of the State Constitu- tional Convention of 1847. General Whiteside, as he was known, was the second of James Shields in the famous Shields and Lincoln duel (so-called) in 1842, and, as such, carried the challenge of the former to Mr. Lincoln. (See Duels. ) HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 587 ■WHITING, Lorenzo D., legislator, was born in Wayne Count}', N. Y., Nov. 17, 1819; came to Illinois in 1838, but diil not settle there perma- nently until 1849, when he located in Bureau County. He was a Kejiresentative from that county in the Twenty-sixth General Assembly (1869), and a member of the Senate continuously from 1871 to 1887, serving in the latter through eight General Assemblies. Died at his home near Tiskilwa, Bureau County, 111., Oct. 10, 1889. WHITING, Richard H., Congressman, was born at West Hartford, Couu., June 17, 1826, and received a common school education. In 1H62 he was commissioned Pajiuaster in the Volunteer Army of the Union, and resigned in 186G. Hav- ing removed to Illinois, he was appointed Assist- ant Assessor of Internal Revenue for the Fifth Illinois District, in February, 1870, and so contin- ued until the abolition of the office in 1873. On retiring from the Assessorship he was appointed Collector of Internal Revenue, and served until March 4, 1875, when he resigned to take his seat as Republican Representative in Congress from the Peoria District, to which he had been elected in November, 1874. After the expiration of his term he held no public office, but was a member of the Republican National Convention of 1884. Died, at the Continental Hotel, in New York City, May 24, 1888. WHITXEY, James TV., pioneer lawyer and early teacher, known by the nickname of "Lord Coke"; came to Illinois in Territorial days (be- lieved to have been about 1800) ; resided for some time at or near Edwardsville, then became a teacher at Atlas, Pike County, and, still later, the first Circuit and County Clerk of that county. Though nominally a law3-er, he had little if any practice. He acquired tlie title, by which lie was popularly known for a quarter of a century, by his custom of visiting the State Capital, during the sessions of the General Assembly, when he would organize the lobbyists and visit- ors about the capital — of which there were an unusual number in those days — into wliat was called the "Third House." Having been regu- larly chosen to preside under the name of "Speaker of the Lobby," he would deliver a mes- sage full of practical hits and jokes, aimed at members of the two houses and others, which would be received with cheers and laughter. The meetings of the "Tliird House," being held in the evening, were attended by many members and visitors in lieu of other forms of entertain- ment. Mr. Whitney's home, in his latter years. was at Pittsfield. He resided for a time at yuincy. Died. Dec. 13, 1860, aged over 80 years. WHITTExMORK, Floyd K., State Treasurer, is a native of New York, came at an early age, with his parents, to Sycamore, 111., where he was edu- cated in the high school there. lie purposed becoming a lawyer, but, on the election of the late James H. Beveridge State Treasurer, in 1864, accepted the position of clerk in the office. Later, he was employed as a clerk in the banking house of Jacob Bunn in Springfield, and, on the organization of the State National Bank, was chosen cashier of that Institution, retaining the position some twenty years. After the appoint- ment of Hon. John R. Tanner to the position of Assistant Treasurer of the United States, at Chi- cago, in 1892, Mr. Whittemore became cashier in that office, and, in 186.5, Assistant State Treas- rure under the administration of State Treasurer Henry Wulff. In 1898 lie was elected State Treasurer, receiving a plurality of 43,450 over his Democratic opponent. WICKERSHAM, (Col.) Dudley, soldier and merchant, was born in W(.)odfurd County, Ky., Nov. 22, 1819; came to Springfield, 111., in 1843, and served as a member of the Fourth Regiment Illinois Volunteers (Col. E. D. Baker's) through the Mexican War. On the return of peace he engaged in the dry-goods trade in Springfield, until 1861, when he enlisted in the Tenth Regi- ment Illinois Cavalry, serving, first as Lieutenant- Colonel and then as Colonel, until May, 1864, when, his regiment having been consolidated with the Fifteenth Cavalry, he resigned. After the war, he held the office of Assessor of Internal Revenue for several years, after which he en- gaged in the grocery trade. Died, in Springfield, August 8, 1898. WIDEN, Raphael, pioneer and early legislator, was a native of Sweden, who, having been taken to France at eight years of age, was edut'ated for a Catholic priest. Coming to the United States in 1815, he was at Cahokia, 111., in 1818, wliere, during the same year, he married into a French family of that place. He served in the House of Representatives from Randolph County, in the Second and Third General Assemblies (1820-24), and as Senator in the Fourtli and Fifth (1824-28). During his last term in the House, he was one of tliose who voted against the pro-slavery Con- vention resolution. He died of cholera, at Kas- kaskia. in 1.S33. WIKE, Seott, lawyer and ex-Congressman, was born at Meadville, Pa., April 6, 1834; at 4 years of age removed with his parents to Quincj-, 111., 588 HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS. and, in 1844, to Pike County. Having graduated from Lombard Unirersity, Galesburg, in 1857, he began reading law witli Judge O. C. Skinner of Quincy. He was admitted to the bar in 1858, but, before commencing practice, spent a year at Harvard Law Scliool, graduating there in 1859. Immediately thereafter he opened an ofBce at Pittsfield, 111., and has resided there ever since. In politics he has alwaj's been a .strong Democrat. He seri-ed two terms in the Legislature (1863-67) and, in 1874, was oliosen Representative from his District in Congress, being re-elected in 1888 and, again, in 1890. In 1893 he was appointed by President Cleveland Third Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, which position he continued to fill until March, 1897, when he resumed the practice of law at Pittsfield. Died Jan. 15, 1901 WILEY, (Col.) Benjamin Ladd, .soldier, was born in Smithfleld, Jefferson County, Ohio, March 25, 1821. came to Illinois in 1845 and began life at Vienna, Johnson County, as a teacher. In 1846 he enlisted for the Mexican War, as a member of the Fifth (Colonel Newby's) Regiment Illinois Volunteers, serving chiefly iu New Mexico until mustered out in 1848. A year later he removed to Jonesboro, where lie spent some time at the carpenter's trade, after which he became clerk in a store, meanwhile assisting to edit "The Jonesboro Gazette" until 1853; then became traveling salesman for a St. Louis firm, but later engaged in the hardware trade at Jonesboro, in which he continued for several years. In 1856 lie was the Republican candidate for Congi-ess for the Ninth District, receiving 4,000 votes, while Fremont, the Republican can- didate for President, received only 825 in the same district. In 1857 he opened a real estate office in Jonesboro in conjunction with David L. Phillips and Col. J. W. Ashley, with which he was connected until 1860. when he removed to Makanda, Jackson Countj'. In September, 1861, he was mustered in as Lieutenant-Colonel of the Fifth Illinois Cavab-j-, later serving in Missouri and Arkansas imder Generals Steele and Curtiss, being, a part of the time, in command 6f the First Brigade of Cavalry, and, in the advance on Vicks- burg, having command of the right wing of Genei-al Grant's cavalry. Being disabled by rheumatism at the end of the siege, he tendered his resignation, and was immediatelj- ai>pointod Enrolling Officer at Cairo, serving in this capac- ity until May, 1865, when he was mustered out. In 1869 he was appointed by Governor Palmer one of the Commissioners to locate the Southern Illinois Hospital for the Insane, and served a.'^ Secretary of the Board until the institution was opened at Anna, in May, 1871. In 1869 he was defeated as a candidate for County Judge of Jackson Count}", and, in 1872, for the State Sen- ate, b}' a small niajorit}- in a strongly Democratic District; in 1876 was the Republican candidate for Congress, in the Eighteenth District, against William Hartzell, but was defeated by only twenty votes, while carrying six out of the ten counties comprising the District. In the latter years of his life. Colonel Wiley was engaged quite extensively in fruit-growing at Makanda, Jack- son County, where he died. March 22. 1890. WILKIE, Fram- Bangs, journalist, was born in Saratoga County, N. Y., July 2, 1880; took a partial course at Union College, after which he edited papers at Schenectady, N. Y., Elgin, IU., and Davenport and Dubuque. Iowa; also serving, during a part of the Civil War, as the western war correspondent of "The New York Times." In 1863 he became an editorial writer on "The Chicago Times," remaining with that paper, with the exception of a brief interval, until 1888 — a part of the time as its European correspond- ent. He was the author of a series of sketches over the nom de plume of "Poliuto," and of a volume of reminiscences under the title, "Thirty-five Years of Journalism," published sliortlj" before his death, which took place, April 12, 1892. WILKIX, Jacob W., Justice of the Supreme Court, was born in Licking County, Ohio, June 7, 1837; removed with his parents to Illinois, at 12 years of age, and was educated at McKendree College ; served three years in the War for the Union; studied law with Judge Scliolfield and was admitted to the bar in 1866. In 1872, he was chosen Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket, and, in 1879, elected Judge of the Circuit Court and re-elected in 188.5 — the latter year being assigned to the Appellate bench for the Fourth District, where he remained until his election to the Supreme bench in 1888, being re-elected to the latter office in 1897. His home is at Danville. WILKIXSOX, Ira 0., laii\-yer and Judge, was born in Virginia in 1822, and accompanied his father to Jacksonville (1835). where he was edu- cated. During a short service as Deputy Clerk of Morgan County, he conceived a fondness for the profession of the law, and, after a coiu'se of study under Judge William Thomas, was admitted to practice in 1847. Richard Yates (afterwards Gov- ernor and Senator) was his first partner. In 1845 he removed to Rock Island, and, six years later, HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 589 was elected a Circuit Judge, being again closen to the same position in 1861. At the expiration of his second term he removed to Chicago. Died, at Jacksonville, August 24, 1894. WILKINSON, John P., early merchant, was born, Dec. 14, 1790, in New Kent County. Va., emigrated first to Kentuckj', and, in 1828, settled in Jacksonville, 111., where he engaged in mer- cantile business. Mr. Wilkinson was a liberal friend of Illinois College and Jacksonville Female Academy, of each of which he was a Trustee from their origin until his death, which occurred, during a business visit to St. Louis, in December, 1841. WILL, Conrad, pioneer physician and early legislator, was born in Philadelpliia, June 4, 1778; about 1804 removed to Somerset County Pa., and, in 1813. to Kaskaskia, 111. He was a i^hj-sician by profession, but having leased the saline lands on the Big Muddy, in the vicinity of what after- wards became the town of Brownsville, he engaged in the manufacture of salt, removing thither in 181.'5, and becoming one of the founders of Brownsville, afterwards the first county -seat of Jackson County. On the organization of Jackson County, in 1810, he became a member of the first Board of County Commissioners, and, in 1818, served as Delegate from that county in the Convention which framed the first State Consti- tution. Thereafter he served continuously as a member of the Legislature from 1818 to "34 — first as Senator in the First General Assembly, then as Representative in the Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth, and again as Senator in the Sixth, Seventh, Eighth and Ninth — his career being conspicuous for long service. He died in office, June 11, 1834. Dr. Will was short of stature, fleshy, of jovial disposition and fond of playing practical jokes upon his a.ssociates, but very popular, as shown by his successive elections to the Legislature. He has been called "The Father of Jackson County." Will County, organized by act of the Legislature two years after his death, was named in his honor. WILL COITXTY, a northeastern count}', era- bracing 8.')U sijuare miles, named in honor of Dr. Conrad Will, an early politician and legislator. Early explorations of the territory were made in 1829, when white settlers were few. The bluff west of Joliet is said to have been first occupied by David and Benjamin Maggard. Josepli Smith, the Mormon "apostle," exjjounded his peculiar doctrines at "the Point" in 1831. Sev- eral of the early settlers fieri from the country during (or after) a raid by the Sac Indians. Tliere is a legend, seemingly well supported, to the effect that the first lumber, sawed to build the first frame house in Chicago (that of P. F. W. Peck), was sawed at Plainfield. Will County, originally a part of Cook, was separately erected in 183G, Joliet being made the county-seat. Agriculture, quarrying and manufacturing are the chief industries. Joliet. Lockport and Wil- mington are the principal towns. Population (1880). .53.422; (1890), 62,007; (1900), 74,764. WILLARD, Frances Elizabeth, teacher and reformer, was born at Churchville, N. Y., Sept. 28, 1839, graduated from the Northwestern Female College at Evanston, 111., in 18.59, and, in 1862, accepteil tlie Professorship of Natural Sciences in that in.stitution. During 1866-67 she was the Principal of the Genessee Wesleyan Seminary. The next two years she devoted to travel and study abroad, meanwhile contribut- ing to various periodicals. From 1871 to 1874 she was Professor of ^"Esthetics in the Northwestern University and dean of the Woman's College. She was alwaj-s an enthusiastic champion of temperance, and, in 1874, abandoned her profes- sion to identify lierself with tlie Woman's Chris- tian Temperance Union. For five years she was Correspondnig Secretary of the national bod}-, and, from 1879, its President. While Secretary she organized the Home Protective Association, and prepared a petition to the Illinois Legislature, to which nearly 200,000 names were attached, asking for the granting to women of the right to vote on the license question. In 1878 she suc- ceeded her brother, Oliver A. Willard (who had ' died), as editor of "The Chicago Evening Post," but, a few months later, withdrew, and. in 1882, was elected as a member of the executive com- mittee of the National Prohibition party. In 1886 she became leader of the White Cross Move- ment for the protection of women, and succeeded in securing favorable legislation, in thi^ direc- tion, in twelve States. In 1883 slie founded the World's Christian Temperance Union, and, in 1888. was cliosen its President, as also President of the International Council of Women. The latter years of her life were spent t'liiefly abroad, much of the time as the guest and co-worker of Lady Henry Somerset, of England, during which she devoted much attention to investigating the condition of women in the Orient. Jliss Willard was a prolific and highly valued contributor to the magazines, and (besides numerous pami)hlets) published several volumes, including "Nineteen Beautiful Years" (a tribute to her sister); "Woman iu Temperance"; "How to Win," and 590 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. "Woman in the Pulpit." Died, in New York, Feb. 18. 1898. WILLARD, Samuel, A.M., M.l)., LL.D., phy- sician and educator, was born in Lunenberg, Vt., Dec. 30, 1821— the lineal descendant of Maj. Simon Willard, one of the founders of Concord, Mass., and prominent in "King Philip's War," and of his son. Rev. Dr. Samuel Willard, of the Old South Church, Boston, and seventh President of Harvard College. The subject of this sketch ■was taken in his infancy to Boston, and, in 1831, to CarroUton, 111., where his father pursued the avocation of a druggist. After a preparatory course at Shurtleff College, Upper Alton, in 1836 he entered the freshman class in Illinois College at Jacksonville, but withdrew the following year, re-entering college in 1840 and graduating in the class of 1843, as a classmate of Dr. Newton Bate- man, afterwards State Superintendent of Public Instruction and President of Knox College, and Rev. Thomas K. Beecher, now of Elmira, N. Y. The next year he spent as Tutor in Illinois Col- lege, when he began the study of medicine at Quincy, graduating from the Medical Department of Illinois College in 1848. During a part of the latter year he edited a Free-Soil campaign paper ("The Tribune") at Quincy, and, later, "The Western Temperance Magazine" at the same place. In 1849 lie began the practice of his pro- fession at St. Louis, but the next year removed to CoUinsville, 111., remaining until 1857, when he took charge of the Department of Languages in the newly organized State Normal University at Normal. The second year of the Civil War (1862) he enlisted as a private in the Ninety-seventh Illinois Volunteer Infantry, but was soon after commissioned as Surgeon with tlie rank of Major, participating in the campaigns in Tennessee and in the first attack upon Vicksburg. Being dis- abled by an attack of i)aralysis, in February, 1863, he was compelled to resign, when he had suffici- ently recovered accepting a position in the office of Provost Marshal General Oakes, at Spring- field, where he remained until the close of the war. He then became Grand Secretary of tlie Independent Order of Odd-Fellows for the State of Illinois — a position which he had held from 1856 to 1862 —remaining under his second appoint- ment from 1865 to "69. The next year he served as Superintendent of Schools at Springfield, meanwhile assisting in founding the Springfield public library, and serving as its first librarian. In 1870 he accepted the professorship of History in the West Side High School of Chicago, which, with the exception of two years (1884-86), he continued to occupy for more than twenty- five years, retiring in 1898. In the meantime, Dr. Willard has been a laborious literary worker, having been, for a considerable period, editor, or assistant-editor, of "The Illinois Teacher," a con- tributor to "The Century Magazine" and "The Dial" of Chicago, besides having published a "Digest of the Laws of Odd Fellowship" in six- teen volumes, begun while he was Grand Secre- tary of the Order in 1864. and continued in 1873 and "82; a "Sj'nopsis of Historj- and Historical Chart." covering the period from B. C. 800 to A. D. 1876 — of which he has had a second edition in course of preparation. Of late years he has been engaged upon a "Historical Diction- ary of Names and Places," which will include some 12,000 topics, and which promises to be the most important work of his life. Previous to the war he was an avowed Abolitionist and operator on the "Underground Railroad," who made no concealment of his opinions, and, on one or two occasions, was called to answer for them in prosecutions under the "Fugitive Slave Act." (See " Undei-grotnid Railroad.") His friend and classmate, the late Dr. Bateman, says of him: "Dr. Willard is a sound thinker; a clear and forcible writer; of broad and accurate scholarship; conscientious, genial and kindly, and a most estimable gentleman." WILLIAMS, Archibald, lawyer and JHrist, was born in Montgomery Countj', Ky., Jiuie 10, 1801 ; with moderate advantages but natural fondness for study, he chose the profession of law, and was admitted to the bar in Tennessee in 1828, coming to Quincy, 111., the following year. He was elected to the General Assembly three times — serving in the Senate in 1832-36, and in the House, 1836-40 ; was United States District Attorney for the Southern District of Illinois, by appointment of President Taylor, 1849-53; was twice the candidate of his party (the Whig) for United States Senator, and ajipointed by Presi- dent Lincoln, in 1861, United States District Judge for the State of Kansas. His abilities and liigh character were widely recognized. Died, in Quincy, Sept. 21, 1863— His son, John H., an attorney at Quincy, served as Judge of the Cir- cuit Court 1879-85.— Another son. Abraham Lin- coln, was twice elected Attorney-General of Kansas. WILLIAMS, Erastus Smith, lawyer and ju- rist, was born at Salem, N. Y., May 22, 1821. In 1843 he removed to Chicago, where, after reading law, he was admitted to the bar in 1844. In 1854 lie was appointed Master in Chancery, which HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 591 oflSce he filled until 1863, when he was elected a Judge of the Circuit Court of Cook County. After re-election in 1870 he became Chief Justice, and, at the same time, heard most of the cases on the equity side of the court. In 1879 he was a candidate for re-election as a Republican, but was defeated with the party ticket. After his retirement from the bench he resumed private practice. Died, Feb. 24, 1884. WILLIAMS, James R., Congressman, was born in White County. 111., Dec. 27, 1850, at the age of 25 graduated from the Indiana State Uni- versity-, at Bloomington, and, in 1876, from the Union College of Law, Chicago, since then being an active and successful practitioner at Carmi. In 1880 he was appointed Master in Chancery and seiTed two years. From 1882 to 1886 he was County Judge. In 1893 he was a nominee on the Democratic ticket for Presidential Elector. He was elected to represent the Nineteenth Illi- nois District in the Fifty-first Congress at a special election held to fill the vacancy occasioned by the death of R. W. Townshend, was re-elected in 1890 and 1892, but defeated by Orlando Burrell (Republican) for re-election in the newly organ- ized Twentieth District in 1894. In 1898 he was again a candidate and elected to the Fifty sixth Congress. WILLIAMS, John, pioneer merchant, was born in Bath County, Ky., Sept. 11, 1808; be- tween 14 and 16 years of age was clerk in a store in his native State; then, joining his parents, who had settled on a tract of land in a part of Sangamon (now Menard) County, III., he found employment as clerk in the store of Major Elijali lies, at Springfield, whom he succeeded in busi- ness at tlie age of 22, continuing it without inter- ruption until 1880. In 1856 Mr. Williams was the Republican candidate for Congress in the Springfield District, and, in 1861, was appointed Commissary General for tlie State, rendering valuable service in furnishing supplies for State troops, in camps of instruction and while proceed- ing to the field, in the first years of the war ; was also chief officer of the Illinois Sanitary Commis- sion for two years, and, as one of the intimate personal friends of Mr. Lincoln, was chosen to accompany the remains of the martj-red President, from Washington to Sjiringfield, for burial. Liberal, enterprising and public-spirited, his name ■was associated with nearly every public enter- prise of importance in Springfield during his business career — being one of the founders, and, for eleven years President, of the First National Bank; a chief promoter in the construction of what is now the Springfield Division of the Illi- nois Central Railroa '01. In November of the latter year he was commissioned the first Colonel of the Fifty- second Illinois Volunteer Infantrj', but resigned, a few weeks later, and resumed his place ujjon the bench. From 1867 to 1879 he devoted him- self to private practice, which was largely in the Federal Courts. In 1879 he resumed his seat upon the bench (this time for the Twelfth Cir- cuit), and was at once designated as one of the Judges of the Appellate Court at Chicago, of whicli tribunal he became Chief Justice in 1881. In 1885 he was re-elected Circuit Judge, but died, about the close of his term, at Geneva, June 8, 1891. WILSON, James (Jrant, soldier and author, was born at Edinburgh, Scotland, April 28, 1832, and, when only a year old, was brought bj' his father, William Wilson, to America. The family settled at Poughkeepsie, N. Y., where James Grant was educated at College Hill and under private teachers. After finishing his studies he became his father's partner in business, but. in 1855, went abroad, and, shortly after his return, removed to Chicago, where he founded the first literary paper established in the Northwest. At the outbreak of the Civil War, he disjwsed of his journal to enlist in the Fifteenth Illinois Cavah-y, of which he was commissioned Major and after- wanls promoted to the colonelcy. In August, 1803, while at New Orleans, by advice of General Grant, he accepted a commission as Colonel of the Fourth Regiment United States Colored Cavalr}-, and was assigned, as Aid-de-camp, to the staff of the Commander of the Department of the Gulf, filling this post until April, 1865. When General Banks was relieved. Colonel Wil- son was brevetted Brigadier-General and placed in command at Port Hudson, resigning in July, 1865, since which time liis home has been in New York. He is best known as an author, having published numerous addresses, and being a fre- (juent contributor to American and European magazines. Among larger works wliicli he has written or edited are "Biographical Sketches of Illinois Officers"; "Love in Letters"; "Life of General U. S. Grant"; "Life and Letters of Fitz Greene Halleck"; "Poets and Poetry of Scotland"; "Bryant and His Friends", and "Appleton's Cj'clopedia of American Biograpln*. " WILSON, James Harrison, soldier and mili- tary engineer, was born near Shawneetown, 111., Sept. 2, 1837. His grandfather, Alexander Wil- 594 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. son. was one of the pioneers of Illinois, and his fatlier (Harrison Wilson) was an ensign dur- ing the War of 1812 and a Captain in the Black Hawk War. His brother (Bluford Wilson) served as Assistant Adjutant-General of Volun- teers during tlie Civil War, and as Solicitor of the United States Treasiiry during the "whisky ring" prosecutions. James H. was educated in the common schools, at McKendree College, and the United States Military Academy at West Point, graduating from the latter in 1860, and being assigned to the Topographical Engineer Corps. In September, 1861, he was promoted to a First Lieutenancy, then served as Chief Topo- graphical Engineer of the Port Royal expedition until March, 1863; was afterwards attached to the Department of the South, being present at the bombardment of Fort Pulaski ; was Aid-de- camp to McClellan, and participated in the bat- tles of South Mountain and Antietam ; was made Lieutenant-Colonel of Volunteers in November, 1862 ; was Chief Topographical Engineer and Inspector-General of the Army of the Tennessee until October, 1863, being actively engaged in the operations around Vicksburg; was made Captain of Engineers in May, 1863, and Brigadier- General of Volunteers, Oct. 31, following. He also conducted operations preliminary to the battle of Chattanooga and Missionary Ridge, and for the relief of Kno.xville. Later, he was placed in command of the Third Division of the cavalry corps of the Army of the Potomac, serving from May to August, 1864. under General Sheridan. Subsequently he was transferred to the Depart- ment of the Mississippi, where he so distinguished himself that, on April 20, 1865, he was made Major-General of Volunteers. In twenty-eight days he captured five fortified cities, twenty- three stands of colors, 288 guns and 6,820 prison- ers — among the latter being Jefferson Davis. He was mustered out of the volunteer service in January, 1866, and, on July 28, following, was commissioned Lieutenant-Colonel of the Thirty- fifth United States Infantry, being also brevetted Major-General in the regular army. On Dec. 31, 1870, he returned to civil life, and was afterwards largely engaged in railroad and engineering oper- ations, especially in West Virginia. Promptly after the declaration of war with Spain (1898) General Wilson was appointed, by the President, Major-General of Volunteers, serving until its close. He is the author of "China: Travels and Investigations in the Middle Kingdom" ; "Life of Andrew J. Alexander"; and the "Life of Gen. U. S. Grant," in conjunction with Charles A. Dana. His home, in recent years, has been in New York. WILSON, Jolin M., lawyer and jurist, was born in New Hampshire in 1802, graduated at Bowdoin College in 1824 — the classmate of Frank- lin Pierce and Nathaniel Hawthorne ; studied law in New Hampshire and came to Illinois in 1835, locating at Joliet; removed to Chicago in 1841, where he was the partner of Norman B. Judd, serving, at different periods, as attorney of the Chicago & Rock Island, the Lake Shore & Michi- gan Southern and the Chicago & Northwestern Railways; was Judge of the Court of Common Pleas of Cook County, 18.J3-59, when he became Presiding Judge of the Superior Court of Chicago, serving until 1868. Died, Dec. 7, 1883. WILSON, John P., lawyer, was born in White- side County, 111., July 3, 1844; educated in the common schools and at Knox College, Galesburg, graduating from the latter in 186.J; two years later was admitted to the bar in Chicago, and speedily attained prominence in his jjrofession. During the World's Fair period he was retained as counsel by the Committee on Grounds and Buildings, and was prominently connected, as counsel for the city, with the Lake Front litiga- tion. WILSON, Robert L., early legislator, was born in Washington County, Pa., Sept. 11, 1805, taken to Zanesville, Ohio, in 1810, graduated at Frank- lin College in 1831, studied law and, in 1833, removed to Athens (now in Menard County), 111. ; was elected Representative in 1836, and was one of the members from Sangamon County, known as the "Long Nine,"' who assisted in securing the removal of the State Capital to Springfield. Mr. Wilson removed to Sterling, Whiteside County, in 1840, was elected five times Circuit Clerk and served eight years as Probate Judge. Immedi- ately after the fall of Fort Sumter, he enlisted as private in a battalion in Washington City under command of Cassius JI. Clay, for guard duty until the arrival of the Seventh New York Regi- ment. He subsequently assisted in raising troops in Illinois, was appointed Paymaster by Lincoln, serving at Washington, St. Louis, and, after the fall of Vicksburg, at Springfield — being mu.stered out in November, 1865. Died, in White- side County, 1880. WILSON, Robert S., lawyer and jurist, was born at Montrose, Susquehanna Comity, Pa., Nov. 6, 1812; learned the printer's art, then stmlied law and was admitted to the bar in Allegheny County, about 1833; in 1836 removed to Ann Arbor, Mich., where he served as Probate Judge HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 593 anJ State Senator; in 1850 came to Chicago, was elected Judge of the Recorder's Court in 1853, and re-elected in 1858, serving ten years, and proving "a terror to evil-doers." Died, at Law- rence. Mich., Dec. 23, 1883. WILSON, William, early jurist, was born in Loudoim County, Va. , April 27, 1791; .studied law with Hon. John Cook, a distinguished lawj-er, and minister to France in tlie early part of the century; in 1817 removed to Kentucky, soon after came to Illinois, two years later locating in White County, near Carmi, which continued to be his home during the remainder of his life. In 1819 he was appointed Associate Justice of the Supreme Court as successor to William P. Foster, who is described by Governor Ford as "a great rascal and no lawj-er," and who held office only about nine months. Judge Wilson was re-elected to the Supreme bench, as Chief- Justice, in 1825, being then only a little over 30 years old, and held office until the reorganization of the Supreme Coui-t under the Constitution of 1848 — a period of over twenty-nine years, and, with the exception of Judge Browne'.s, the long- est term of service in the history of the court. He died at his home in White County, April 29, 1857. A Whig in early life, he allied himself with the Democratic party on the dissolution of the former. Hon. James C. Conkling, of Spring- field, says of him, "as a writer, his style was clear and distinct; as a lawyer, his judgment was sound and discriminating." WINCHESTER, a city and county-seat of Scott County, founded in 1839, situated on Big Sandy Creek and on the line of the Chicago. Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 29 miles south of Beardstown and 84 miles north by west of St. Louis. While the surrounding region is agricultural and largely devoted to wheat growing, there is some coal mining. Winchester is an important shipping- point, having three grain elevators', two flouring mills, and a coal mine employing fifty miners. There are four Protestant and one Catholic church, a court house, a high school, a graded school building, two banks and two weekly news- papers. Population (1880). 1,626; (1890), 1,542; (1900). 1.711. WINDSOR, a city of Shelby County at the cross- ing of. the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis and the Wabash Railways, 11 miles north- e:ist of Shelbyville. Population (1880), 708; ri890). 8S8; (1900), 866. WINES, Frederick Howard, clergyman and sociologist, was born in Philadelphia. Pa.. April 9, 1838, graduated at Washington (Pa. ) College in 1857, and, after serving as tutor there for a short time, entered Princeton Theological Semi- nary, but was compelled temporarily to discon- tinue his studies on account of a weakness of the eyes. The Presbytery of St. Louis licensed him to preach in 1860, and, in 1862, he was com- missioned Hospital Chaplain in the Union army. During 1862-64 he was stationed at Springfield, Mo., participating in the battle of Springfield on Jan. 8, 1863, and being personally mentioned for bravery on the field in the official report. Re- entering the seminary at Princeton in 1864, he graduated in 1865, and at once accepted a call to the pulpit of the First Presbyterian Church of Springfield, 111., which he filled for four j'ears. In 1869 he was appointed Secretary of the newly created Board of Commissioners of Public Chari- ties of Illinois, in which capacity he continued until 1893, when he resigned. For the next four years he was chiefly engaged in literary work, in lecturing before universities on topics connected with social science, in aiding in the organization of charitable work, and in the conduct of a thorough investigation into the relations between liquor legislation and crime. At an early period he took a prominent part in organizing the various Boards of Public Charities of the United States into an organization known as the National Conference of Charities and Corrections, and, at the Louisville meeting (1883), was elected its President. At the International Penitentiai-y Congress at Stockholm (1878) lie was the official delegate from Illinois. On his return, as a result of his observations while abroad, he submitted to the Legislature a rejwrt strongly advocating the construction of the Kankakee Hospital for the Insane, then about to be built, upon the "detached ward" or "village" plan, a departure from then existing methods, which marks an era in the treatment of insane in the United States. Mr. Wines conducted the investigation into the condition and number of the defective, depend- ent and delinquent cla.sses throughout the coun- try, his report constituting a separate volume under the "Tenth Census," and rendered a simi- lar service in connection with the eleventh census (1890). In 1887 he was elected Seiu-etary of the National Prison As.sociation, succeeding to the post formerly held by his father, Enoch Cobb Wines, D.D., LL.D. After the inauguration of Governor Tanner in 1897, he resumed his former position of Secretary of the Board of Public Charities, remaining until 1899, when he again tendered his resignation, having received the appointment to the position of Assistant Director 59G HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. of the Twelfth Census, which he now holds. He is the author of '"Crime and Reformation"' (1895) ; of a voluminous series of reports ; also of numer- our. pamphlets and brochures, among which may be mentioned "Tlie County Jail System; An Argument for its Abolition" (1878) ; "The Kanka- kee Hospital" (1882); "Provision for the Insane in the United States"' (188.5); "Conditional Liberation, or the Paroling of Prisoners"' (1886), and "American Prisons in the Tenth Census" (1888). WINES, Walter B., lawyer (brother of Freder- ick H. Wines), was born in Boston, Mass., Oct. 10, 1848, received his primary education at Willis- ton Academy, East HaniDton, Mass., after which he entered Middlebury College, Vt., taking a classical course and graduating there. He after- wards became a student in the law department of Columbia College, N. Y. , graduating in 18T1, being admitted to the bar the same year and commencing practice in New York City. In 1879 he came to Springfielil, 111., and was, for a time, identified with the bar of that city. Later, he removed to Chicago, where he has been engaged in literary and journalistic work. WINNEBAGO COUNTY, situated in the "northern tier," bordering on the Wisconsin State line ; was organized, under an act passed in 1836, from La Salle and Jo Daviess Counties, and has an area of 552 square miles. The county is drained by the Rock and Pecatonica Rivers. The surface is rolling prairie and the soil fertile. The geology is simple, the quaternary deposits being underlaid bj' the Galena blue and buff limestone, adapted for building purposes. All the cereals are raised in abundance, the chief product being corn. The Winnebago Indians (who gave name to the county) formerly lived on the west side of the Rock River, and the Potta- watomies on the east, but both tribes removed westward in 1835. (As to manufacturing inter- ests, see Rockford.) Population (1880), 30,505; (1890), 39,938; (1900), 47,845 WINNEBAGO WAR. The name given to an Indian disturbance which had its origin in 1827, during the adinini.sti'ation of Gov. Ninian Edwards. The Indians had been quiet since the conclusion of the War of 1812, but a few isolated outrages were sufficient to start terrified "run- ners" in all directions. In the northern portion of the State, from Galena to Chicago (then Fort Dearborn) the alarm was intense. The meagre militia force of the State was summoned and volunteers were called for. Meanwhile, 600 United States Regular Infantry, under command of Gen. Henry Atkinson, put in an appearance. Besides the infantry, Atkinson had at his disposal some 130 mounted sharpshooters. The origin of the disturbance was as follows: The Winne- bagoes attacked a band of Chippewa-s, who were (by treaty) under Government potection, several of the latter being killed. For participation in this offense, four Winnebago Indians were sum- marily apprehended, sui-rendered to the Chippe- was and shot. Meanwhile, some dispute had arisen as to the title of the lands, claimed by the Wiunebagoes in the vicinity of Galena, which had been occupied bj- white miners. Repeated acts of hostility and of reprisal, along the Upper Mississippi, intensified mutual distrust. A gather- ing of the Indians around two keel-boats, laden with supplies for Fort Suelling, which had anchored near Prairie du Chien and opposite a Winnebago camp, was regarded by the whites as a hostile act. Liquor was freely distributed, and there is historical evidence that a half-dozen drunken squaws were carried off and shamefully maltreated. Several hundred warriors assembled to avenge the deception which had been practiced upon them. They laid in ambush for the boats on their return trip. The first passed too rapidly to be successfulh' assailed, but the second grounded and was savagely, j^et unsuccessfully, attacked. The presence of General Atkinson's forces prevented an actual outbreak, and, on his demand, the great Winnebago Chief. Red Bird, with six other leading men of the tribe, sur- rendered themselves as hostages to save their nation from extermination. A majority of these were, after trial, aci|uitted. Red Bird, however, unable to endure confinement, literally pined to death in pri.son, dying on Feb. 16, 1828. He is described as having been a savage of superior intelligence and noble character. A treaty of peace was concluded with the Wiunebagoes in a council held at Prairie du Chien, a few months later, but the affair seems to have produced as much alarm among the Indians as it did among the whites. (For Winnebago Ivdians see yingea^S.) WINNETKA, a village of Cook County, on the Chicago & Northwestern Railway, KiVi.- miles north of Chicago. It stands eighty feet above the level of Lake Michigan, has good schools (being the seat of the Winnetka Institute), sev- eral churches, and is a popular residence town. Population (1880), 584; (1890), 1,079; (1900), 1,833. WINSTON, Frederick Hauipton, lawyer, was born in Liberty Comity. Ga., Nov. 20, 1S30. was brought to AVoodford County. Ky., in l.'^35, left an orphan at 12, and attended the common HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 507 scliools until 18, when, returning to Georgia, he engaged in cotton manufacture. He finally began the study of law with United States Sena- tor W. C. Dawson, and graduated from Harvard Law School in 1852 ; spent some time in the office of W. M. Evarts in X^w York, was admitted to the bar and came to Chicago in 1853, where he formed a partnership with Norman B. Judd, afterwards being associated with Judge Henry W. Blodgett; served as general solicitor of the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern, the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific and the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railwa3's — remaining with the latter twenty years. In 1885 he was appointed, by President Cleveland, Minister to Persia, but resigned the following year, and traveled exten- sively in Russia, Scandinavia and other foreign countries. Mr. Winston was a delegate to the Democratic National Conventions of 1868, '76 and "84; first President of the Stock Yards at Jersey City, for twelve years President of the Lincoln Park Commission, and a Director of the Lincoln National Bank. WISCOXSIX CENTRAL LINES. The W iscon- sin Central Company was organized, June 17, 1887, and subsequently acquired the Minnesota, St. Croix & Wisconsin, the Wisconsin & Minne- sota, the Chippewa Falls & Western, the St. Paul & St. Croix Falls, the Wisconsin Central, the Penokee, and the Packwaukee & Montebello Rail- roads, and assumed the leases of the Milwaukee & Lake Winnebago and the Wisconsin & Minne- sota Roads. On July 1, 1888, the company began to operate the entire Wisconsin Central system, witli the exception of the Wisconsin Central Railroad and the leased Milwaukee & Lake Win- nebago, which remained in charge of the Wis- consin Central Railroad mortgage trustees until Nov. 1, 1889, when these, too, passed under the control of the Wisconsin Central Company. The Wisconsin Central Railroad Company is a re- organization (Oct. 1, 1879) of a company formed Jan. 1, 1871. Tlie Wisconsin Central and the Wisconsin Central Railroad Companies, though differing in name, are a financial unit; the former liolding most of the first mortgage bonds of the latter, and substantially all its notes, stocks and income bonds, but, for legal reasons (such as the protection of land titles), it is necessary that separate corporations be maintained. On April 1, 1890, the Wisconsin Central Company executed a lease to the Northern Pacific Railroad, l)ut this was set aside by the courts, on Sejit. 27, 189;i, for nonpayment of rent, and was finally canceled. On the same day receivers were appointed to insure the protection of all interests. The total mileage is 415. -16 miles, of which the Company owns 258.90— only .10 of a mile in Illinois. A line, 58.10 miles in length, with 8.44 miles of side-track (total, 6G..54 miles), lying wholly within the .State of Illinois, is operated by the Chicago & Wisconsin and furnishes the allied line an en- trance into Chicago. WITHROW, Thomas P., lawyer, was born in Virginia in March, 1833, removed with his parents to Ohio in cliildhood, attended tlie Western Reserve College, and, after the death of his father, taught school and worked as a printer, later, editing a paper at Mount Vernon. In 1855 he removed to Janesville, Wis. , where he again engaged in journalistic work, studied law, was admitted to the bar in Iowa in 1857, settled at Des Moines and served as private secretary of Governors Lowe and Kirkwood. In 1860 he became Supreme Court Reponter; served as Cliairman of the Republican State Central Com- mittee in 1863 and, in 1866, became associated witli the Rock Island Railroad in the capacity of local attorney, was made chief law officer of the Company in 1873, and removed to Chicago, and, in 1890, was promoted to the position of General Counsel. Died, in Chicago, Feb. 3, 1893. WOLCOTT, (Dr.) Alexander, early Indian Agent, was born at East Windsor, Conn., Feb. 14, 1790; graduated from Y'ale College in 1809, and, after a coiu-se in medicine, was commis- sioned, in 1812, Surgeon's Mate in the United States Army. In 1820 he was appointed Indian Agent at Fort Dearborn (now Cliicago), as suc- cessor to Charles Jouett— the first Agent— wlio had been appointed a United States Judge in Arkansas. The same year he accompanied Gen- eral Lewis Cass and Henry Schoolcraft on their tour among the Indians of the Northwest: was married in 1823 to Ellen Marion Kinzie, a daughter of Col. John Kinzie, the first perma- nent settler of Chicago ; in 1825 was appointed a Justice of the Peace for Peoria County, which then included Cook County; was a Judge of Election in 1830, and one of the purchasers of a block of ground in the heart of the present city of Chicago, at the first sale of lots, held Sept. 27, 1830, but died before tlie close of the year. Dr. Wolcott appears to have been a higli-minded and honorable man, as well as far in advance of the mass of ])ioneers in jioint of education and intel- ligence. WOMAN'S MEDICAL COLLE«E OF CHI- CA(iO. (See Northwestern University Woman's Medical School.) 508 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. WOMAN SUFFRAGE. (See Suffrage.) WOOD, Benson, lawyer ami Congressman, was born in Susquehanna County, Pa., in 1839; re- ceived a common school and academic education; at the age of 20 came to Illinois, and, for two years, taught scliool in Lee County. He then enlisted as a soldier In an Illinois regiment, attaining the rank of Captain of Infantry ; after the war, graduated from the Law Department of the old Chicago University, and lias since been engaged in the practice of his profession. He was elected a member of the Twenty -eighth Gen- eral Assembly (1872) and was a delegate to the Republican National Conventions of 1876 and 1888 ; also served as Mayor of the city of Effing- ham, where he now resides. In 1894 he was elected to the Fifty-fourth Congress by the Republicans of the Nineteenth District, which has uniformly returned a Democrat, and, in office, proved himself a most industrious and efficient member. Mr. Wood was defeated as a candidate for re-election in 1896. WOOD, John, pioneer, Lieutenant-Governor and (iovernor, was born at Moravia, N. Y., Dec. 20, 1798 — his father being a Revolutionary soldier who had served as Surgeon and Captain in the army. At the age of 21 years young Wood re- moved to Illinois, settling in what is now Adams County, and building the first log-cabin on the site of the present city of Quiney. He was a member of the upper house of the Seventeenth and Eight- eenth General Assemblies, and was elected Lieu- tenant-Governor in 18.J9 on the same ticket with Governor Bissell, and served out the unexpired term of the latter, who died in office. (See Bis- sell, William H.) He was succeeded by Richard Yates in 1861. In February of that year he was appointed one of the five Commissioners from Illinois to the "Peace Conference" at Wash- ington, to consider methods for averting civil war. The following ilay he was appointed Quartermaster-General for the State by Governor Yates, and assisted most efficiently in fitting out the troops for the field. In June, 1864, he was commissioned Colonel of the One Hundred and Thirty-seventh Illinois Volunteers (100-daj's' men) and mustered out of service the following Sep- tember, Died, at Quiney, June 11, 1880. He was liberal, patriotic and public-spirited. His fellow-citizens of Quiney erected a monument to his memor)-, whicli was appropriately dedicated, July 4, ls.s:!. WOODFORD COUNTY, situated a little north of the center of tlie State, bounded on the west by the Illinois River; organized in 1841; area, .540 square miles. The surface is generally level, except along the Illinois River, the soil fertile and well watereil. The county lies in the north- ern section of the great coal field of the State. Eureka is the county seat. Other thriving cities and towns are Metamora, Minonk, El Paso and Roanoke. Corn, oats, wheat, potatoes and barley are the principal crops. The chief mechanical industries are flour manufacture, carriage and wagon-making, and saddlery and harness work. Population (1890), 21,429; (1900), 21,822. WOODHULL, a village of Henry County, on Keitbsburg branch Chicago, Burlington & Quiney Railroad, 15 miles west of Galva; has a bank, electric lights, waterworks, brick and tile woiks, six churches and weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 774. WOODMAN, Charles W., lawyer and Congress- man, was born in Aalborg, Denmark. March 11, 1844; received his early education in the schools of his native country, but took to the sea in I860, following the life of a sailor until 186.S, when, coming to Philadelpliia, he enlLsted in the Gulf Squadron of the United States. .After the war, he came to Chicago, and, after reading law for some time in the office of James L. High, gradu- ated from the Law Department of the Chicago University in 1871. Some years later he was appointed Prosecuting Attorney for some of the lower courts, and. in 1881, was nominated by the Judges of Cook County as one of the Justices of the Peace for the city of Chicago. In 1894 he became the Republican candidate for Congress from the Fourth District and was elected, but failed to .secure a renomination in 1896. Died, in Elgin A.sylum for the Insane, March 18, 1898. WOODS, Robert Mann, was born at Greenville, Pa., April 17, 1840; came with his parents to Illi- nois in 1842, the family settling at Barry, Pike County, but subse(iuently residing at Pittsfield, Canton and Galesliurg. He was educated at Knox College in the latter place, which was his home from 1849 to '.")8; later, taught school in low.a and Missouri until 1861. when he went to Springfield and began the study of law with Milton Hay and Shelby M. Cullom. His law studies having been interrupted by the Civil War, after spending some time in the mustering and disbursing office, he was promoted by Gov- ernor Yates to a place in the executive office, from which he went to the field as Adjutant of the Sixty-fourth Illinois Infantry, known as the "Yates Sharji-Shooters."' After participating, with the Army of the Tennessee, in the Atlanta campaign, lie took part in the "March to the Sea," and the campaign in the Carolinas, includ- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 699 ing the siege of Savaiiuah and the forcing of the Salkahatchie. where he distinguislied himself, as also in the taking of Columbia, Fayetteville, Cheraw, Raleigh and Bentouville. At the latter place he had a hor.se shot under him and won the brevet rank of Major for gallantry in the field, having previously been commissioned Captain of Company A of his regiment. He also served on the staffs of Gens. Giles A. Smith, Benjamin F. Potts, and William W. Belknap, and was the last mustering officer in General Sherman's army. In 1867 Major Woods removed to Chicago, where he was in business for a number of years, serving as chief clerk of Custom House construction from 1873 to 1877, In 1879 he purchased "The Daily Republican" at Joliet, which he conducted successfully for fifteen years. While connected with "The Republican," lie served as Secretary of the Illinois Republican Press Association and in various other positions. Major Woods was one of the founders of the Grand Army of the Republic, whose birth-place was in Illinois. (See Grand Army of the Repub- lic; also Steplienson, Dr. B. F.) When Dr. Stephenson (who had been Surgeon of the Four- teenth Illinois Infantry), conceived the idea of founding such an order, he called to his assist- ance Major Woods, who was then engaged in writing the histories of Illinois regiments for the Adjutant-General's Report. The Major wrote the Constitution and By-laws of the Order, the charter blanks for all the reports, etc. The first official order bears his name as the first Adjutant- General of the Order, as follows: Headquarters Department of Illinois Grand Army of the Repi'blic. Spkinhfield. III., April 1, 186G. General Orders ' No. 1. \ The following named olRcers are hereby appointed and assigned to duty at these headquarters. They will be obeyed and respected accordingly; Colonel Jules C. Webber. A.D.C. and Chief of StafT. Colonel John M. Snyder, Quartermaster-General. Major Robert M. Woods. Adjutant-General. Captain John A. Lightfoot, Assistant Adjutant-General. Captain John S. Phelps, Ald-de-Camp. By order of B. F. Stepheusou, Department Commander. Robert M. Woods, AUjutant-Oeueral. Major Woods afterwards organized the various Departments in the West, and it has been con- ceded that he furnished the money necessary to carry on the work during the first six months of the existence of the Order. He has never accepted a nomination or run for any political office, l)ut is now engaged in financial bu.siness in Joliet and Chicago, with his residence in the .former place. WOODSON, David Meade, lawyer and jurist, was born in Jessamine County, Ky., May 18, 180G; was educated in private schools and at Tran.sylvauia University, and read law with his father. He served it term in the Kentucky Legis- lature in 1832, and, in 1834, removed to Illinois, settling at CarroUton, Greene County. In 1839 he was elected State's Attorney and, in 1840, a member of the lower house of the Legislature, being elected a second time in .1868. In 1843 he was the Whig candidate for Congress in the Fifth District, but was defeated by Stephen A. Douglas. He was a member of the Constitutional Conventions of 1847 and 1809-70. In 1848 he was elected a Judge of the First Judicial Circuit, remaining in office until 1867. Died, in 1877. WOODSTOCK, the county-seat of McHenry County, situated on the Cliicago & Northwestern Railway, about 51 miles northwest of Chicago and 33 miles east of Rockford. It contains a court house, eight churches, four banks, three newspaper offices, foundry and machine shops, planing mills, canning works, pickle, cheese and butter factories. The Oliver Typewriter Factory is located here; the town is also the seat of the Todd Seminary for boys. Population (1890). 1,683; (1900), 3,.503. WORCESTER, Linus E., State Senator, was born in Windsor, Vt., Dec. 5, 1811, was educated in the common schools of his native State and at Chester Academy, came to Illinois in 1836, and, after teaching three years, entered a dry-goods store at Whitehall as clerk, later becoming a partner. He was also engaged in various other branches of business at diff'erent times, including the ilrug, hardware, grocery, agricultural imi)le- ment and lumber business. In 1843 he was appointed Postmaster at Whitehall, serving twelve years ; was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1847, served as County Judge for six years from 1853, and as Trustee of the Insti- tution for the Deaf and Dumb, at Jacksonville, from 1859, by successive reappointments, for twelve years. In 1856 he was elected, as a Demo- c^rat, to the State Senate, to succeed John 51. Palmer, re-signed ; was re-elected in 1860, and, at the session of 1865, was one of the five Demo- cratic members of that bodj' who voted for the ratification of the Emancipation Amendment of the National Constitution, He was elected County Judge a second time, in 1863, and re- elected in 1867, served as delegate to the Demo- cratic National Convention of 1876, and, for more than thirty years, was one of the Directors of the Jacksonville branch of the Chicago & Alton 600 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Railroad, serving from the organization of the corporation until his death, which occurred Oct. 19, lb91. WORDEX, a village of Madison County, on the Wabash and the Jacksonville, Louisville & St. Louis Railways, .32 miles nortlieast of St. Louis. Population (1S90|, .522; (lyOO), .^44 WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. An exhibition of the scientific, liberal and mechan- ical arts of all nations, held at Chicago, between May 1 and Oct. 31, 1893. The project had its inception in November, 1885, in a resolution adopted by the directorate of the Chicago Inter- State Exposition Company. On July 6, 1888, the first well defined action was taken, the Iroquois Club, of Chicago, inviting the co-operation of six other leading clubs of that city in '"securing the location of an international celebration at Chi- cago of the 400th anniversary of the discovery of America by Columbus." In July, 1889, a decisive step was taken in the appointment by Mayor Cregier, under resolution of the City Council, of a committee of 100 (afterwards increased to 2.56) citizens, who were charged with the duty of promoting the selection of Chicago as the site for the Exposition. New York, Washington and St. Louis were competing points, but the choice of Congress fell upon Chicago, and the act establish- ing the World's Fair at that city was signed by President Harrison on April 25, 1890. Under the requirements of the law, the President appointed eight Commissioners-at-large, with two Commis- sioners and two alternates from each State and Territory and the District of Columbia. Col. George R. Davis, of Chicago, was elected Direc- tor-General by the body thus constituted. Ex- Senator Thomas M. Palmer, of Michigan, was chosen President of tlie Commission and John T. Dickinson, of Texas, Secretarj'. This Commis- sion delegated much of its power to a Board of Reference and Control, who were in.structed to act with a similar number appointed by the World's Columbian Exposition. The latter organization was an incorporation, with a direc- torate of forty-five members, elected annually by the stockholders. Lyman J. Gage, of Cliicago. was the first President of the corporation, and was succeeded by W. T. Baker and Harlow N. Higinbotham. In addition to these bodies, certain powers were vested in a Board of Lady Managers, composed of two members, with alternates, from each State and Territory, besides nine from the city of Chicago. Mrs. Potter Palmer was chosen President of the latter. This Board was particu- larly charged with supervision of women's par- ticipation in the Exposition, and of the exhibits of women's work. The supreme executive power was vested in the Joint Board of Control. The site selected was Jackson Park, in the South Division of Chi- cago, with a strip connecting Jackson and Washington Parks, known as tlje "Midway Plaisance, " which was surrendered to "conces- sionaires'' who purchased the privilege of giving exhibitions, or conducting restaurants or selling- booths thereon. The total area of the site was 683 acres, and that of the buildings — not reckon- ing those erected by States other than Illinois, and by foreign governments — was about 200 acres. When to this is added the acreage of the foreign and State buildings, the total space under roof approximated 250 acres. These fig- ures do not include the buildings erected by private exhibitors, caterers and venders, which would add a small percentage to the grand total. Forty-seven foreign Governments made appropri- ations for the erection of their own buildings and otiier expenses connected with official represen- tation, and there were exhibitors from eighty-six nations. The United States Government erected its own building, and appropriated $500,000 to defray the expenses of a national exhibit, besides §2.500,000 toward the general cost of the Exposi- tion. The appropriations bj- foreign Governments aggregated about §6,500.000, and those by the States and Territories, §6,120,000— that of Illinois being §800,000. The entire outlay of the World's Columbian Exposition Company, up to March 31, 18iJ4, including the cost of preliminary organiza- tion, construction, operating and post-Exposition expenses, was §27,151,800. This is, of course, exclusive of foreign and State expenditures, which would swell the aggregate cost to nearly §45,000,000. Citizens of Chicago subscribed §5,608,206 toward the capital stock of the Exposi- tion Company, and the municipality, §5,000.000, which was raised by the sale of bonds. (See Tliirtysixfh Getieral Assembly.) The site, while admirably adapted to the pur- pose, was, when chosen, a marshy flat, crossed by low sand ridges, iiiK)n which stood occasional clumps of stunted scrub oaks. Before the gates of the great fair wei-e opened to the public, the entire area had been transformed into a dream of beauty. Marshes had been drained, filled in and sodded ; driveways and broad walks constructed ; artificial ponds and lagoons dug and embanked, and all the highest skill of the landscape garden- er's art hid been called into play to produce MAP OP THE GROUNDS OF THE 3 pOJ^UM^IAJST EX^OpjION AT Jackson Park showing the General Arrangemeat of Buildings and Grounds 1S93. ■LIUL^UU^UiUiLIUUyiLili n#Ft?^^ -^^ r;r,.?^---"H^:a..J^;r#l ig,ini . E ntrance ^ C ,,.,.l:»-./t^=^Ml»\YAV== == ===='Pl. -A ISA>"(;E===='^"-'''=' ■==^'"'=== =^/a/f^^^^ ll ^ I I Bazaar of iCZ 1 LMoorish- ; TurkTsiTI r^tcH '. ; R.R.Statlon ^/.' j/i*''^ T' ^ d - J Nalions N| i r- JP'"". ■ Village | I«ettu>..ht , r-J //' I'l/ f 17^1 SSr? i J' Til n 111 i?j ?r s J I $/'// I s M 7n^^T^^^^^^^™|r~i; HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. GOl varied and striking effects. But the task had been a Herculean one. There were seventeen principal (or, as they may be called, depart- mental) buildings, all of beautiful and ornate design, and all of vast size. They were known as the Jlanufacturers' and Liberal Arts, the Machinery, Electrical, Transportation, Woman's, Horticultural, Mines and Mining. Anthropolog- ical, Administration, Art Galleries, Agricultural. Art Institute, Fisheries, Live Stock, Dairy and Forestry buildings, and the JIusic Hall and Ca- sino. Several of these had large annexes. The Manufacturers" Building was the largest. It was rectangular (1687x787 feet), having a ground area of 31 acres and a floor and gallery area of 44 acres. Its central chamber was 1280x380 feet, with a nave 107 feet wide, both hall and nave being surrounded bj- a gallery 50 feet wide. It was four times as large as the Roman Coliseum and three times as large as St. Petei's at Rome; 17,000,000 feet of lumber, 13,000,000 pounds of steel, and 2,000,000 pounds of iron had been used in its con.struction, involving a cost of §1,800,000. It was originall}- intended to open the Exposi- tion, formal!}-, on Oct. 21, 1892, the quadri-centen- nial of Columbus' discovery of land on the We.stern Hemisphere, but the magnitude of the undertaking rendered this impracticable. Con- sequentlj-, while dedicatory ceremonies were held on that da}-, preceded by a monster procession and followed by elaborate pyrotechnic displays at night. May 1, 1893, was fixed as the opening day ^the machinery and fountains lieing put in oper- ation, at the touch of an electric button by Presi- dent Cleveland, at the close of a short address. The total number of admissions from that date to Oct. 31, was 27, .530,400 — the largest for any single day being on Oct. 9 (Chicago Day) amount- ing to 701.944. The total receipts from all sources (including National and State appropriations, subscriptions, etc.), amounted to §28,151, 1()8.75, of which 810,620,330.76 was from the sale of tick ets, and §3,699,581.43 from concessions. The aggregate attendance fell short of that at the Paris Exposition of 1889 by about 500,000, while the receipts from the sale of tickets and con- cessions exceeded the latter by nearly .'55,800,000. Subscribers to the Exposition stock received a return of ten per cent on the same. The Illinois building was the first of the State buildings to be completed. It was also the largest and most costly, but was severely criti- cised from an architectural standpoint. The exhibits showed tlie internal resources of the State, as well as the development of its govern- mental system, and its progress in civilization from the daj's of the first pioneers. The entire Illinois exhibit in the State building was imder charge of the State Board of Agriculture, who devoted one-tenth of the appropriation, and a like proportion of floor space, to the exhibition of the work of Illinois women as scientists, authors, artists, decorators, etc. Among sjjecial features of the Illinois exlubit were: State trophies and relics, kept in a fire-proof memorial hall; tlie dis- play of grains and minerals, and an immense topographical map (prepared at a cost of §15.000), drafted on a scale of two miles to the inch, show- ing the character and resources of the State, and correcting many serious cartographical errors previously undiscovered. WORTHEN, Amos Henry, scientist and State Geologist, was born at Bradford, Vt., Oct. 31, 1813, emigrated to Kentucky in 1834, and, in 1836, removed to Illinois, locating at Warsaw. Teach- ing, surveying and mercantile business were his pursuits until 1843, when he returned to the East, spending two years in Boston, but return- ing to Warsaw in 1844. His natural predilections were toward the natural sciences, and, after coming west, he devoted mast of his leisure time to the collection and study of specimens of mineralogy, geology and conchology. On tlie organization of the geological survey of Illinois in 1851, he was appointed assistant to Dr. J. G. Norwood, then State Geologist, and, in 1858, suc- ceeded to the office, having meanwhile spent three years as Assistant Geologist in the first Iowa survey. As State Geologist he puldished seven volumes of reports, and was engaged upon the eighth when overtaken by death, May 6, 1888. These reports, wliich are as comprehensive as they are voluminous, have been reviewed and warmly commended by the leading scientific periodicals of this coimtry and Eui-ope. In 1877 field work was discontinued, and the State His- torical Library and Natural History Museum were established. Professor Worthen being placed in charge as curator. He was the author of various valuable scientific papers and member of numer- ous scientific societies in this country and in Europe. W0RTHI>(;T0\, Nicholas Ellsworth, ex-Con- gressman, was born in Brooke County, W. Va., March 30, 1836, and completed his education at Allegheny College, Pa., studied Law at Jlorgan- town, Va., and was ailniitted to the bar in 1800. He is a resident of Peoria, and, by profession, a lawyer; was Countj' Superintendent of Schools of Peoria County from 1868 to 1872, and a mem- 603 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ber of the State Board of Education from 1S69 to 1872. In 1882 he was elected to Congress, as a Democrat, from the Tenth Congressional District, and re-elected in 1884. In 1886 he was again a candidate, but was defeated by his Kejjublican opponent, Philii^ Sidney Post. He was elected Circuit Judge of the Tenth Judicial District in 1891, and re-elected in 1897. In 1894 he .served upon a commission appointed by President Cleve- land, to investigate the labor strikes of that year at Chicago. WRIfctHT, John Stephen, manufacturer, was born at Sheffield, Mass., July 16, 1815; came to Chicago in 1832, with his father, who opened a store in that city ; in 1837, at his own expense, built the first school building in Chicago; in 1840 established "The Prairie Farmer," which he con- ducted for many years in the interest of popular education and progressive agriculture. In 1852 he engaged in the manufacture of Atkins' self- raking reaper and mower, was one of the pro- moters of the Galena & Chicago Union and the Illinois Central Railways, and wrote a volume entitled, "Chicago: Past, Present and Future," published in 1870. Died, in Chicago. Sept. 26, 1874. WULFF, Henry, ex-State Treasurer, was born in Meldorf, Germany, August 24, 1854; came to Chicago in 1863, and began his political career as a Trustee of the town of Jefferson. In 1866 he was elected County Clerk of Cook County, and re-elected in 1890; in 1894 became the Republican nominee for State Treasurer, receiving, at the November election of that year, the unprece- dented plurality of 133,427 votes over his Demo- cratic opponent. WYANET, a town of Bureau Count}', at the intersection of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy and the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railways, 7 miles southwest of Princeton. Population (1890), 670; (1900), 902. WYLIE, (Rev.) Samuel, domestic missionary, born in Ireland and came to America in boyhood ; was educated at the University of Pennsylvania and the Theological Seminary of the Reformed Presbyterian Church, and ordained in 1818. Soon after this he came west as a ilomestie mis- sionary and, in 1820, became pastor of a church at Si)arta, 111., where he remained until his death, March 20, 1873, after a pastorate of 52 years. During his pastorate the church sent out a dozen colonies to form new church organizations else- where. He is described as able, eloquent and scholarly. WYMAN, (Col.) John B., soldier, was born in Massachusetts, July 12, 1817, and educated in the schools of that State mitil 14 years of age, when he became a clerk in a clothing store in his native town of Shrewsbury, later being associated with mercantile establishments in Cincinnati, and again in his native State. From 1846 to 1850 he was employed successively as a clerk in the car and machine shops at Springfield, Mass., then as Superintendentof Construction, and. later, as con- ductor on the New York & New Ha\-en Railroad, finall}', in 1850, becoming Superintendent of Ihe Connecticut River Railroad. In 1852 he entered the service of the Illinois Central Railroad Com- pany, assisting in the survey and construction of the line under Col. R. B. Mason, the Chief Engi- neer, and finally becoming Assistant Superin- tendent of the Northern Division. He was one of the original proprietors of the town of Amboy, in Lee County, and its first ilayor, also serving a second term. Having a fondness for military affairs, he was usually connected with some mili- tary organization — while in Cincinnati being attached to a companj-, of which Prof. O. M. Mitchell, the celebrated astronomer (afterwards Major-General Mitchell), was Captain. After coming to Illinois he became Captain of the Chi- cago Light Guards. Having lef*^ the employ of the Railroad in 1858, he was in private business at Amboy at the beginning of the Civil War in 1801. As Assistant- Adjutant General, by appoint- ment of Governor Yates, he rendered valuable service in the early weeks of the \va,T in securing arms from Jefferson Barracks and in the organi- zation of the three-months' regiments. Then, having organized the Thirteenth Illinois Volun- teer Infantry — the first organized in the State for the three years' service — he was commis- sioned its Colonel, and, in July following, entered upon the dutj- of guarding the railroad lines in Southwest Missouri and Arkansas. The follow- ing year his regiment was attached to General Sherman's command in the first campaign against Vicksburg. On the second day of the Battle of Chickasaw Bayou, he fell mortally wounded, dying on the field, Dec. 28, 1862. Colo- nel Wyman was one of the most accomplisl-.ed and promising of the volunteer soldiers sent to the field from Illinois, of whom so many were former employes of the Illinois Central R'I.\, a village of Claj' County, on the Balti- more & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, 87 miles east of St. Louis. Population (lllOll), 800. Y.VTES CITY, a village of Knox County, at the junction of tlie Peoria Division of the Chicago, Burlington it Quincy Railroad, with the Rushville branch, 23 miles .southeast of Galesburg. The to.wn has banks, a coal mine, telephone exchange, school, churches and a newspai)er. Pop. (1890), 687; (1900). fi.m YATES, Henry, pioneer, was born in Caroline County, Va.. Oct. 29. 1780 — being a grand-nephew of Chief Justice John Marshall ; removed to Fa- yette County. Ky.. where he located and laid out the town of Warsaw, which afterwards became the county-seat of Gallatin County. In 1831 he removed to Sangamon County, 111. , and, in 1832, settled at the site of the present town of Berlin, which he laid out the following year, also laying out the town of New Berlin, a few years later, on the line of the Wabash Railway. He was father of Gov. Richard Yates. Died, Sept. 13, 186.5. — Henry (Yates), Jr. , son of the preceding, was born at Berlin. 111., March 7, 183.5 ; engaged in merchan- dising at New Berlin; in 1862, raised a company of volunteers for the One Hundred and Sixth Regiment Illinois Infantry, was appointed Lieu- tenant-Colonel and brevetted Colonel and Briga- dier-General. He was accidentally, shot in 1863, and suffered sun-stroke at Little Rock, from which he never full}- recovered. Died, August 3, 1871. Y'ATES, Richard, former Governor and United States Senator, was born at Warsaw, Ky., Jan. 18, 1815, of English descent. In 1831 he accom- panied his father to Illinois, the family settling first at Sjiringfield and later at Berlin, Sangamon County. He soon after entered Illinois College, from which he graduated in 1835, and oubse- quently read law with Col. John J. Hardin, at .Jack.sonville, which thereafter became his home. In 1842 he was elected Representative in the Gen- eral Assembly from Slorgan County, and was re-elected in 18-14, and again in 1848. In 1850 he was a candidate for Congress from the Seventh District and elected over Maj. Thomas L. Harris, the previous incumbent, being the only Whig Representative in the Thirty-second Congress from Illinois. Two years later he was re-elected over John Calhoun, but was defeated, in 18.54, by his old opponent, Harris. He was one of the most vigorous opponents of the Kansas- Nebraska Bill in the Thirtj'-third Congress, and an early participant in the movement for the organization of the Republican party to resist the further extension of .slavery, being a prominent sjieaker. on tlie .same platform with Lincoln, before the first Republican State Convention held at Bloom- ington, in May, 1856, and serving as one of the Vice-Presidents of that body. In I860 he was elected to the executive chair on the ticket headed by Abraham Lincoln for the Presidency, and, by his energetic sujjport of the National administration in its measures for the .suppression of the Rebellion, won the sobriquet of "the Illi- nois War-Governor." In 1865 he was elected United States Senator, serving until 1871. He died suddenly, at .St. Louis. Nov. 27, 1873, while returning from Arkansas, whither he had gone, as a United States Commissioner, by appointment of President Grant, to in.S])ect a l.and-subsidy railroad. He was a man of rare ability, earnest- ness of purpose and extraordinary personal mag- netism, as well as of a lofty order of patriotisnr. His faults were those of a nature generous, impulsive and warm-hearted. YORKVILLE, the county-seat of Kendall County, on Fo.x River and Streator Division of Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 12 miles southwest of Aurora; on interurban electric line; has watei -jjower, electric lights, a bank, churches and weekly newspaper. Pop. (1890) 375; (1900). 413. YOUXG, Brig'liaiii, Mormon leader, was born at Whittingham, Vt., June 1, 1801, joined the Mormons in 1831 and, the next j'ear, became a.sso- ciated with Joseph Smith, at Kirtland, Ohio, and, in 1835, an "apostle." He accompanied a con- siderable body of that sect to Independence, Mo., but was driven out with them in 1837, settling for a short time at Quincy, 111., but later remov- ing to Nauvoo, of which he was one of the foun- ders. On the assassination of Smith, in 1844, he became the successor of the latter, as head of the Mormon Church, and, the following j'ear, headed the exodus from Illinois, wliicli finally resulted in the Mormon settlement in L'tah. His sulisequent career there, where he was appointed Governor by President Fillmore, and, for a time, sviccess- fully defied national authority, is a matter of national rather than State history. He remained at the head of the Mormon Church until his deatli at Salt Lake City, Augu.st 29, 1877. YOUNCii, Richard Montgomery, United States Senator, was born in Kentucky in 1796, .studied law and removed to Jonesboro, 111., where he was admitted to tlie bar in 1817: served in the Second C04 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. General Assembly (1830-33) as Representative from Union County; was a Circuit Judge, 1835-37; Presidential Elector in 1838; Circuit Judge again, 1839-37; elected United States Senator in 1837 as successor to W. L. D. Exving, serving until 1843, when he was commissioned Justice of the Su- preme Court, but resigned in 1847 to become Commissioner of the General Land Office at Washington. During the session of 1850-51, he served as Clerk of the National House of Rejore- sentatives. Died, in an insane asylum, in Wash- ington, in 1853. YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION, first permanently organized at Chicago, in 1858, although desultory movements of a kindred char- acter had previously been started at Peoria, Quincy, Chicago and Springfield, some as early as 1854. From 1858 to 1873, various associations were formed at different points tliroughout the State, which were entirely independent of each other. The first effort looking to union and mutual aid, was made in 1873, when Robert Weidensall, on behalf of the International Com- mittee, called a convention, to meet at Blooming- ton, November 6-9. State conventions have been held annually since 1872. In that of 1875, steps were taken looking to the ajipointment of a State Secretary, and, in 1876, Charles M. Morton assumed the office. Much evangelistic work was done, and new associations formed, tlie total number reported at the Champaign Convention, in 1877, being sixty -two. After one year's work Mr. Morton resigned the secretaryship, the office remaining vacant for three years. The question of the appointment of a successor was discussed at tlie Decatur Convention in 1879, and, in April, 1880, I. B. Brown was made State Secretary, and has occupied the position to the present time (1899). At the date of his appointment the official figures showed si.xteen associations in_ Illi- nois, with a total membership of 3,443. and prop- erty valued at §136,500, including building funds, tlie associations at Chicago and Aurora owning buildings. Thirteen officers were employed, none of them being in Chicago. Since 1880 the work has steadily grown, so that five Assistant State Secretaries are now employed. In 1886, a plan for arranging tlie State work under depart- mental administration was devised, but not put in operation until 1.H90. The present six depart- ments of supervision are: General Supervision, in charge of the State Secretary and his A.ssist- ants; railroad and city work; counties and towns; work among students; corresponding membership department, and office work. Tlie two last named are under one executive head, but each of the others in charge of an Assistant Secretary, who is resijonsible for its development The entire work is under the supervision of a State Executive Committee of twenty-seven members, one-third of whom are elected annually. Willis H. Herrick of Chicago has been its chaii'- man for several j'ears. This body is appointed by a State convention composed of delegates from the local Associations. Of these there were, in October, 1898, 116, with a membership of 15,888. The value of the propertj' owned was §3,500,000. Twenty-two occupy their own build- ings, of which five are for railroail men and one for students. Weekly gatherings for young men numbered 248, and there are now representatives or correspondents in 665 communities where no organization has been effected. Scientific phys- ical culture is made a feature by 40 associations, and educational work has been largely developed. The enrollment in evening classes, during 1898-99, was 978. The building of the Cliicago branch (erected in 1893) is the finest of its class in the world. Recently a successful association has been formed among coal miners, and another among tlie first grade boys of the Illinois State Reformatory, while an extensive work has been conducted at the camps of the Illinois National Guard. ZANE, Charles S., law)'er and jurist, was born in Cumberland County, N. J., March 3, 1831, of Englisli and New England stock. At the age of 19 he emigrated to Sangamon County, 111., for a time working on a farm and at brick-making. From 1853 to '55 he attended MoKendree College, but did not graduate, and, on leaving college, engaged in teaching, at the same time reading law. In 1857 he was admitted to the bar and commenced practice at Springfield. The follow- ing year lie was elected City Attorney. He had for partners, at different times, William H. Herndon (once a partner of Abraham Lincoln) and Senator Shelby M. Cullom. In 1873 he was elected a Judge of the Circuit Court for the Fifth Judicial Circuit, and was re-elected in 1879. In 1883 President Arthur appointed him Chief Jus- tice of Utah, where lie lias since resided, though superseded by the appointment of a successor by President Cleveland. At the first State elec- tion in Utah, held in November, 1895, he was chosen one of the Judges of the Supreme Court of the new Commonwealth, but was defeated for re-election, by his Democratic opponent, in 1898. SUPPLEMENT. The following matter, received too late for insertion in the hody of this work, is added In the form of a supplement. COGHLAX, (Capt.) Joseph Bnlloek, naval officei", was born in Kentucky, and, at tlie age of 15 years, came to Illinois, living on a farm for a time near Carlyle, in Clinton County. In 18(50 he was appointed by his uncle, Hon. Philip B. Fouke — then a Representative in Congress from the Belleville District — to the Naval Academy at Annapolis, graduating in 1803, and being pro- moted through the successive grades of Ensign, Master, Lieutenant, Lieutenant-Commander, and Commander, and serving upon various vessels until Nov. 18, 1893, when he was commissioned Captain and, in 1897, assigned to the command of the battleship Raleigh, on the Asiatic Station. He was thus connected with Admiral Dewey's squadron at the beginning of the Spanish-Ameri- can War, and took a conspicuous and brilliant part in the affair in Manila Baj' , on May 1, 1898, which resulted in the destruction of the Spanish fleet. Captain Coghlan's connection with subsequent events in the Philip]jines was in the highest degree creditable to himself and the country. His vessel (the Raleigh) was the first of Admiral Dewey's squadron to return home, coming by waj' of the Suez Canal, in the summer of 1899, he and liis crew receiving an immense ovation on their arrival in New York harbor. CRA>'E, (Rev.) Jamea Lyons, clergyman, army chaplain, was born at Mt. Eaton, Wayne County, Oliio, August 30, 1823, united with the Methodist Episcopal Church at Cincinnati in 1841, and, coming to Edgar County, Illinois, in 1843, attended a seminary at Paris some three years. He joined the Illinois Conference in 1846, and was assigned to the Danville circuit, after- wards presiding over cliarges at Grandview, Hills- boro, Alton, Jacksonville, and Springfield — at the last two points being .stationed two or more times, besides .serving as Presiding Elder of the Paris, Danville, and Springfield Districts. The importance of the stations which lie filled during his itinerant career served as evidence of liis recognized ability and popularity as a preachei'. In July, 1861, he was appointed Chaplain of the Twenty-first Regiment Illinois Volunteers, at that time commanded by Ulysses S. Grant as Colonel, and, although he remained with the regiment only a few months, the friendship then established between him and the future com- mander of the armies of the Union lasted through their lives. This was shown by his appointment by President Grant, in 1869, to the position of Postmaster of the city of Springfield, whicli came to him as a personal compliment, being re- appointed four years afterwards and continuing in office eight years. After retiring from tho Springfield postotfice, he occupied charges at Island Grove and Shelby ville, his death occurring at the latter place, July 39, 1879, as the result of an attack of paralysis some two weeks previous. Mr. Crane was married in 1847 to Miss Elizabeth Mayo, daughter of Col. J. Mayo — a prominent citizen of Edgar County, at an early day — his wife surviving him some twenty years. Rev. Charles A. Crane and Rev. Frank Crane, pastors of prominent Methodist churches in Boston and Chicago, are sons of the subject of this sketch. DAWES, Charles Gates, Comptroller of the Treasury, was born at Marietta, Ohio, August 37, 186.5; graduated from Marietta College in 1884, and from the Cincinnati Law School in 1886; worked at civil engineering during his vacations, finally becoming Chief Engineer of the Toledo & Ohio Railroad. Between 1887 and 1894 he waa engaged in the practice of law at Lincoln, Neb., but afterwards became interested in the gas busi- ness in various cities, including Evanston, 111., which became his home. In 1896 he took a lead- ing part in securing instructions by the Republi- can State Convention at Springfield in favor of the nomination of Mr. McKiuley for the Pre.si- dency, and during the succeeding campaign served as a member of the National Republican Committee for the State of Illinois. Soon after the accession of President McKinley, he was appointed Comptroller of the Treasury, a position 605 606 HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. which he now holds. Jlr. Dawes is the son of R. B. Dawes, a former Congressman from Ohio, and the great-grandson of Manasseh Cutler, who was an influential factor in the early history of the Northwest Territory, and lias been credited with exerting a strong influence in shaping and securing the adoption of the Ordinance of 1787. DISTIN, (Col.) William L., former Depart- ment Commander of Grand Army of the Repub- lic for the State of Illinois, was born at Cincinnati, Ohio, Feb. 9, 1848, his father being of English descent, while his maternal grandfather was a Colonel of the Polish Lancers in the army of the first Napoleon, who, after the exile of his leader, came to America, settling in Indiana. The father of the subject of this sketch settled at Keokuk, Iowa, where the son grew to manhood and in February, 1863, enlisted as a private in the Seventeenth Iowa Infantry, having been twice rejected previously on account of physical ail- ment. Soon after enlistment he was detailed for provost-marshal duty, but later took part with his regiment in the campaign in Alabama. He served for a time in the Fifteenth Armj' Corps, under Gen. John A. Logan, was subsequently detailed for duty on the Staff of General Raum, and participated in the battles of Resaoa and Tilton, Ga. Having been captured in the latter, he was imprisoned successively at Jacksonville (Ga.), Montgomery, Savannah, and finally at Andersonville. From the latter he succeeded in effecting his escape, but was recaptured and returned to that famous prison-pen. Having escaped a secoml time b)' assuming the name of a dead man and briliing the guard, he was again captured and imprisoned at various points hi Jlis- sissippi until exchanged about the time of the assassination of President Lincoln. He was then so weakened by his long confinement and scanty fare that he had to be carried on board the steamer on a stretcher. At tliis time he narrowly escaped being on board the steamer Sultana, wliioh was blown up below Cairo, with 3,100 soldiers on boaril, a large jjroportion of whom lost their lives. After being mustered out at Daven- port, Iowa, June 28, ISO."), he was employed for a time on the Des Moines Valley Railroad, and as a messenger and route agent of the United States Express Company. In 1872 he established him- self in business in Quincy, 111., in which he proved very successful. Here he became prom- inent in local Granil Army circles, and, in 1800, was xinanimously elected Commander of the Department of Illinois. Previous to this he had been an officer of the Illinois National Guard, and served as Aid-de-Camp, with the rank of Colonel, on the staff of Governors Hamilton, Oglesby and Fifer. In 1897 Colonel Distin was appointed by President McKinley Surveyor-Gen- eral for the Territory of Alaska, a position which (1899) he still holds. DUMMEK, Henry E., lawyer, was born at Hallowell. Maine, April 9, 1808, was educated in Bowdoin College, graduating there in the class of 1827, after which he took a course in law at Cam- bridge Law School, and was soon after admitted to the bar. Then, having spent some two years in his native State, in 1832 he removed to Illinois, settling first in Springfield, where he remained six years, being for a part of the time a partner of John T. Stuart, who afterwards became the first partner in law of Abraham Lincoln. Mr. Dum- mer had a brother, Richard William Dummer, who had preceded him to Illinois, living for a time in Jacksonville. In 1838 he removed to Beardstown, Cass County, which continued to be his home for more than a quarter of a century. During his residence there he served as Alder- man, City Attorney and Judge of Probate for Cass County ; also represented Cass Count}' in tlie Constitutional Convention of 1847, and, in 18(10, was elected State Senator in the Twenty-second General Assembly, serving four years. Mr. Dummer was an earnest Republican, and served that party as a delegate for the State-at-large to the Convention of 1864, at Baltimore, which nominated Abraham Lincoln for the Presidenc)- a second time. In 1864 he removed to Jackson- ville, and for the next year was the law partner of David A. Smith, until the death of the latter in 1865. In the summer of 1878 Mr. Dummer went to Mackinac, Mich., in search of health, but died there August 12 of that year. ECKELS, James H., ex-Comptroller of the Currency, was born of Scotch-Irish parentage at Princeton, 111., Nov. 22, 18.')8, was educated in the common schools and tlie high school of his native town, graduated from the Law School at Albany, N. Y., in 1881, and the following year began practice at Ottawa, 111. Here lie con- tinued in active practice until 1893. when he was appointed by President Cleveland Comptroller of the Currency, serving until May 1, 1898, when he resigned to accept the presidency of the Com- mercial National Bank of Chicago. Mr. Eckels manifested such distinguished ability in the dis- charge of his duties as Comptroller that he received the notable compliment of being retained in office by a Republican administration more than a year after the retirement of Presi- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 607 dent Cleveland, while his selection for a place at the head of one of the leading banking institu- tions of Cliicagowas a no less marked recognition of his abilities as a financier. He was a Delegate from the Eleventh District to the National Democratic Convention at Chicago in 1892, and repiesented the same district in the Gold Demo- cratic Convention at Indianapolis in 1806, and assisted in framing the platform there adopted — which indicated his views on tlie financial (lues- tions involved in the campaign of that year. FIELD, Daniel, early merchant, was born in Jefferson County, Kentuckj', Nov. 30, 1790, and settled at Golconda, 111., in 1818, dying there in 1853. He was a man of great enterprise, engaged in merchandising, and became a large laud- holder, farmer and stock-grower, and an extensive shipper of stock and produce to lower Mississippi markets. He married Elizabeth Dailey of Charleston, Ind., and raised a large family, of children, one of whom, Philip D., became Sheriff> while another, John, was County Judge of Pope County. His daughter, Maria, married Gen. Green B. Raum, who became prominent as a soldier during the Civil War and, later, as a mem- ber of Congress and Commissioner of Internal Revenue and Pension Commissioner in Wash- ington. FIELD, Green B., member of a pioneer family, was born within the present limits of the State of Indiana in 1787, served as a Lieutenant in the War of 1812, was married in Bourbon County, Kentucky, to Miss JIary E. Cogswell, the daughter of Dr. Josepli Cogswell, a soldier of the Revolutionary War, and, in 1817, removed to Pope County, Illinois, where he laid off the town of Golconda, which became the county-seat. He served as a Representative from Pope County in the First General Assembly (1818-20), and was the fatlier of Juliet C. Field, who became the wife of John Raum; of Edna Field, the wife of Dr. Tarlton Dunn, and of Green B. Field, who was a Lieutenant in Third Regiment Illinois Volunteers during the Mexican War. Mr. Field was the grandfather of Gen. Green B. Raum, mentioned in the preceding paragraph. He died of yellow fever in Louisiana in 1823. GALE, Stephen Francis, first Chicago book- seller and a railway promoter, was born at E.xeter, N. H.. March 8, 1812; at 15 years of age became clerk in a leading book-store in Boston; came to Chicago in Ih:!,"), and soon afterwards opened the first book and stationery establish- ment in tliat city, whicli. in after years, gained an extensive trade. In 1842 the firm of S. F. Gale & Co. was organized, but Mr. Gale, having become head of the Chicago Fire Department, retired from business in 1845 As early as 1846 he was associated with W m. B. Ogden and John B. Turner in the steps tlien being taken to revive tlie Galena & Chicago Union Riiilroad (now a part of the Chicago & Northwestern), and, in conjunction witli these gentlemen, became responsible for the means to purchase the charter and assets of the road from the Eastern bond- holders. Later, he engaged in the construction of the branch road from Turner Junction to Aurora, became President of the line and ex- tended it to Mendota to connect with the Illinois Central at that Point. These roads afterwards became a part of tlie Chicago, Burlington & Quincy line. A number of years ago Mr. Gale returned to his old home in New Hampshire, where he has since resided. HAY, John, early settler, came to the region of Kaskaskia between 1790 and 1800, and became a prominent citizen of St. Clair County. He was selected as a member of the First Legislative Council of Indiana Territory' for St. Clair County in 1803. In 1809 he was appointed Clerk of the Common Pleas Court of St. Clair County, and was continued in office after the organization of the State Government, serving until his death at Belleville in 1845. HAYS, John, pioneer settler of Northwest Ter- ritory, was a native of New York, who came to Cahokia, in the "Illinois Country," in 1793, and lived there the remainder of his life. His early life had been spent in the fur-trade about Macki- nac, in the Lake of the Woods region and about tlie sources of the Mississippi. During the War of 1812 he was able to fm-nish Governor Edwards valuable information in reference to the Indians in the Northwest. He filled the office of Post- master at Cahokia for a number of years, and was Sheriff of St. Clair County from 1798 to 1818. MOULTON, (Col.) George M., soldier and building contractor, was born at Readsburg, Vt., March 15, 1»~>\. came early in life to Chicago, and was educated in the scliools of that city. By pro- fession he is a contractor and builder, the linn of which he is a member having been connected with tlie construction of a number of large build- ings, including some extensive grain elevators. Colonel Moulton became a member of tlie Second Regiment Illinois National Guard in June. 1884, being elected to tlie office of Major, which he retained until January, 1893. when lie was apiioiiited Inspector of Ride Practice on the staff of General Wheeler. A year later he was com GOrt HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. iiiissioiioJ Colouel of tlio regiment, a position wliioli lie occupied at tlie time of the call by the Presiilcnt for troops to serve in the Spunisli- Americau War in April, 1898. He promptly iinswered the call, anarts or all of the tribe, especially in 181">. in 1810, in ISiiand in 182:!, and tinally recog- nized by Black Hawk hini.self in iHIil. The part of the treaty of 180-1 which was the immediate cause of the disagreement was that which stipulated that, so long as the lands ceded under it remained the property of the United States (that is, should not be transferred to private owners), ' 'the Indians belonging to the said tril)es shall enjoy the priv- ilege of living or hunting upon them." Al- though these lands liad not been put upon the market, or even surveyed, as "scjuatters"' multi- plied in this region little respect was paid to the treaty rights of the Indians, particularly with reference to those localities where, by reason of fertility of the soil or some other natural advan- tage, the Indians had established something like permanent homes and introduced a sort of crude cultivation. This was especially the case with reference to the Sac; village of " Saukenuk"' on the north bank of Rock River near its mouth, where the Indians, when not absent on the cha.se, had lived for over a century, had cultivated fields of corn and vegetables and had buried their dead. In the early part of the last century, it is estimated that some five hundred families had been accustomed to congregate here, making it the largest Indian village in the West. As early as 1H2S the encroachments of squatters on the rights claimed by the Indians under the treaty of 1804 began ; their fields were taken possession of by the intruders, thoir lodges burned and their women and children whipped and driven away during the absence of the men on their annual hunts. The dangers resulting from these con- flicts led Governor Edwards, as early as 1828, to demand of the General Government the expul- sion of the Indians from Illinois, which resulted in an order from President Jackson in 1829 for their removal west of the Mississipjii. On appli- cation of Col. George Davenport, a trader of much influence with the Indians, the time w^as extended to April 1, 18U0. During the preceding year Colonel Davenport and the firm of Davenport and Farnham bought from the United States Gov- ernment most of the lands on Rock River occupied by Black Hawk's band, with the intention, as has been claimed, of permitting the Indians to remain. This was not .so understood by Black Hawk, who was greatly incensed, although Davenport offered to take other lands from the Government in ex- change or cancel the sale — an arrangement to which President Jackson would not consent. On their return in tin; spring of 1830, the Indians found whites in possession of their village. Pre- vented from cultivating their fields, and their animal hunt proving unsuccessful, the following winter proved for them one of great hardship. Black Hawk, having made a visit to his " British father" (the British Agent) at Maiden, Canada, claimed to have received words of sympathy and encouragement, which induced him to determine to regain possession of their fields. In this he was encouraged by Neapope, his second in com- mand, and by assurance of sufiport from White Cloud, a half Sac and half Winnebago — known also as "The Prophet " — whose village ( Prophet s Town) was some forty miles from the mouth of Rock River, and through whom Black Hawk claimed to have leceived promisesof aid in guns, ammunition and provisions from the British. The reappearance of Black Hawk's band in the vicinity of his old haunts, in the spring of 1831, produced a wild panic among the frontier settlers. Messages were hurried to Governor Reynolds, who had succeeded Governor Edwards in De- cember previous, appealing for protection against the savages. The Governor issued a call for 700 volunteers " to remove the band of Sac Indians " at Rock Island beyond the Mississippi. Al- though Gen. E. P. Gaines of the regular artny, commanding the military di.strict, thought the regulars surticiciitly strong to cope with the situa- tion, the Governor's proclamation was responded to by more than twice the number called for. The volunteers assembled early in June, 1831, at Beardstown, the place of rendezvous named in the call, and having been organized into two regi- ments under command of Col. James D. Henrj and Col. Daniel Lieb, with a spy battalion under Gen. Joseph Duncan, marched across the country and, after effecting a junction with General Gaines' regulars, appeared before Black Hawk's village on the '2")th of June. In the meantime General Gaines, having learned that the Pottawatomies, Winnehagos and Kickapoos had promi.sed to join the Sacs in their uprising, asked the assistance of the battalion of motmted men previously offered by Governor Reynolds. The combined armies amounted to 2, .500 men, while the fighting force of the Indians was 300. Finding himself over- whelmingly outnumbered. Black Hawk withdrew midercoverof night to the west side of the Missis- sippi After burning the village, General (Jaines notified Black Hawk of his intention to pursue and attack his band, which had the effect to bring the fugitive chief to the General's head- GIO HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. quarters, where, on June 30. a new treaty was entered into by which he bound himself and his people to remain west of the Mississippi unless permitted to return by the United «tates. This ended the campaign, and the volunteers returned to their homes, although the affair had produced an intense excitement along the whole frontier, and involved a heavy expense. The next winter was spent by Black Hawk and his band on the site of old Fort Madison, in the present State of Iowa. Dissatisfied and humil- iated by his repulse of the previous year, in disre- gard of his pledge to General Gaines, on April 6, 1832, at the head of 500 warriors and their fam- ilies, he again crossed the Mississippi at Yel- low Banks about the site of the present citj- of Oquawka, fifty miles below Rock Island, with the intention, as claimed, if not permitted to stoji at his old village, to proceed to the Prophet's Town and raise a crop with the Winnel)agoes. Here he was met by The Prophet with renewed assurances of aid from the Winnebagoes, which was still further strengthened by promises from the Brit- ish Agent received through a visit bj' Neapope to Maiden the previous autumn. An incident of this invasion was the effective warning given to the white settlers by Shabona. a friendly Ottawa chief, which probably had the effect to prevent a widespread massacre. Besides the towns of Galena and Chicago, the settlements in Illinois north of Fort Clark (Peoria) were limited to some thirty families on Bureau Creek with a few cabins at Hennepin, Peru, LaSalle, Ottawa, In- dian Creek, Dixon, Kellogg's Grove, Apple Creek, and a few other points. Gen. Henry Atkinson, commanding the regulars at Fort Armstrong (Rock Island), having learned of the arrival of Black Hawk a week after he crossed the Missis- sippi, at once took steps to notifj- Governor Rey- nolds of the situation with a requisition for an adequate force of militia to cooperate with the regulars. Under date of April IG. 1832. the Gov- ernor issued his call for "a strong detachment of militia." to meet by April 22, Beardstown again being named as a place of rendezvous. The call resulted in the assembling of a force which was organized into four regiments under command of Cols. John DeWitt. Jacob Fry. John Thomas and Samuel M. Thompson, together with a spy oat- talion under Maj James D. Henry, an odd bat- talion under M;ij. Thomas James and a foot battalion under Maj. Thomas Long. To these were subsequently added two independent battalions of mounted men. under command of Majors Isaiah Stillmau ami David Bailey, which were finally consolidated as the Fifth Regiment undei command of Col. James Johnson. Tlie organiza- tion of the first four regiments at Beardstown was completed by April 27, and the force under command of Brigadier-General Whiteside (but accompanied by Governor Reynolds, who was allowed pay as Major General by the General Government) began its march to Fort Armstrong, arriving there May 7 and being mustered into the United States service. Among others accompany- ing the expedition who were then, or afterwards became, noted citizens of the State, were Vital Jarrot, Adjutant-General: Cyrus Edwards, Ord- nance Officer; Murray McConnel. Staff Officer, and Abraham Lincoln, Captain of a company of volunteers from Sangamon County in the Fourth Regiment. Col. Zachary Taylor, then commander of a regiment of regulars, arrived at Fort Arm- strong about the same time with reinforcements from Fort Leavenworth and Fort Crawford. The total force of militia amounted to 1,935 men, and of regulars about 1,000. An interesting storj- is told conce_rning a speech delivered to the volun- teers by Colonel Taylor about this time. After reminding them of their dutj' to obey an order promptl}', the future hero of the Mexican War added: "The safety of all depends upon the obe- dience and courage of all. You are citizen sol- diers; some of you may fill high offices, or even be Presidents some day — but not if j-ou refuse to do your duty. Forward, march!" A curious com- mentary upon this speech is furnished in the fact that, while Taylor himself afterwards became President, at least one of his hearers — a volunteer who probably then had no aspiration to that dis- tinction (Abraham Lincoln)— reached the same position during the most dramatic period in the nation's history. Two days after the arrival at Fort Armstrong, the advance up Rock River began, the main force of the volunteers proceeding by land under Gen- eral Whiteside, while General Atkinson, with 400 regular and 300 volunteer foot soldiers, pro- ceeded by boat, carrj'ing with him the artillery, provisions and bulk of the baggage. Whiteside, advancing by the east bank of the river, was the first to arrive at the Prophet's Town, which, finding deserted, he pushed on to Dixon's Ferry (now Dixon), where he arrived May 12. Here he found the independent battalions of Stillman and Bailey with ammunition and supplies of which Whiteside stood in need. The mounted battalions under command of Major Stillman, having been sent forward by Whiteside as a scouting party, left Dixon on the 13th and, on the afternoon of HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 611 the next day, went into camp in a strong position near the mouth of Sycamore Creek. As soon dis- covered, Black Hawk was in camp at tlie same time, as lie afterwards claimed, with about forty of his braves, on Sycamore Creek, three miles distant, while the greater part of his band were en- camped with the more war-like faction of the Pot- tawatomies some seven miles farther north on the Kishwaukee River. As claimed b.v Black Hawk in his autobiography, having been disappointed in his expectation of forming an alliance with the Winnebagoes and the Potta\\atomies, he had at this juncture determined to return to the west side of the Mississippi. Hearing of tlie arrival of Stillnian's command in the vicinity, and taking it for granted that this was the whole of Atkin- son's command, he sent out three of his young men with a wliite flag, to arrange a parley and convey to Atkinson his offer to meet the latter in council. These were captured by some of Still- man's band regardless of their flag of truce, while a party of five other braves who followed to ob- serve the treatment received by the flagbearers, were attacked and two of their number killed, the the other three escaping to their camp. Black Hawk learning the fate of his truce party was aroused to the fiercest indignation. Tearing the flag to pieces with which he had intended to go into council with the whites, and appealing to his followers to avenge the murder of their comrades, he prepared for the attack. The rangers num- bered 275 men, while Black Hawk's band has been estimated at less tlian forty. As the rangers cauglit sight of the Indians, they rushed forward in pell-mell fashion. Retiring behind a fringe of bushes, the Indians awaited the attack. As the rangers approached, Black Hawk and his party rose up with a war whoop, at the same time opening fire on their assailants. The further hist rj' of the affair was as much of a disgrace to Stillman's command as had been their desecra- tion of the flag of truce. Thrown into panic liy their reception by Black Hawk's little band, the rangers turned and, without firing a shot, began the retreat, dashing througli their own camp and abandoningeverytliing. which fell into the hands of tlie Indians. An attempt was made by one or two officers and a few of their men to check the retreat, but without success, the bulk of tlie fu- gitives continuing their mad rush for .safety tlirough the night until they reached Dixon, twenty-five miles distant, while many never stopped until they reached their homes, forty or fifty miles distant. The casualties to tlie lingers amounted to eleven killed and two wounded, while the Indian loss consisted of two spies and one of the flag-bearers, treacherously killed near Stillman's camp. This ill-starred af- fair, which has pa.s.sed into history as "Stillman's defeat," produced a general panic along the fron- tier by inducing an exaggerated estimate of the strength of the Indian force, while it led Black Hawk to form a poor opinion of the courage of the white troops at the same time that it led to an exalted estimate of the prowess of his own little band — thus becoming an important factor in prolonging the war and in the bloody massacres which followed. Whiteside, with his force of 1,400 men, aortance, was incorporated as a village in 1892, and has grown rapidly within the last few years, liaving a i)opulation, according to the cen- sus of 1900, of 2,935. LEE COUNTY TmaeNomTH Tp. 10 MOATH D E. K A L B COUNTY TW. 3» Monrtt. 1 LEE COUNTY COURT HOUSE, DIXON, 1900-19U1. THE O. R. DODGE LIHRARV BUILDING, DIXON'. HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY BY ^^yrr^c:^-«»-^ CHAPTER L GENERAL HISTORY. INTRODUCTION TREATY OF PRAIRIE DU CHIEN CESSION OF INDIAN LANDS COUNTY AND TOWNSHIP ORGANIZATION EARLY ROADS AND BRIDGES COURTS AND COURT HOUSES — COUN- TY-SEAT CONTESTS CIRCUIT JUDGES MEMBERS OF GENERAL ASSEMBLY COUNTY OFFICERS LEE COUNTY IN CIVIL WAR — STEAM AND ELECTRIC RAILROADS — DRAINAGE SYSTEMS TORNADO EARLY MARKETS — SCHOOLS STATE ROADS. FOREWORD.— In keeping with the general aim and purpose of the foregoing "Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois," the matter embraced in the following pages, constituting a part of the Special Lee County Edition, does not profess to be a narrative history, but rather a bringing-together in as con- cise form as practicable, of matters of historic interest without elaboration or em- bellishment. Much labor has been be- stowed on verification of statements, names and dates. To this end old settlers and official records have been consulted as far as possible, and the manuscript of most of the towns has been submitted to persons well posted in the early history of the particular locality. In the 619 — I case of the towns of Reynolds, Viola, East Grove, South Dixon, May and Marion, the in- formation has been obtained largely from his- tories heretofore published; but in the case of the remaining sixteen towns, facts have been procured from , various other sources as well, with a constant eye to accuracy of statement and avoidance of mistakes. By the exercise of such precautions, many misstatements found in other publications have been omitted and considerable new matter ■ incorporated. While errors are well nigh unavoidable in a work of this character, where so many names and dates are involved and where the sources of infor- mation are necessarily more or less . fallible, it is hoped that we have succeeded in reducing such shortcomings to the minimum. The reader is to understand that, when pres- ent conditions are mentioned or the present tense used, September 1, 1903, is the date re- ferred to, unless otherwise indicated. All the northern part of Illinois was ceded to the United States by the United Nations of Chippewa. Ottawa and Pottawatomie Indians, by treaty made at Prairie du Chien, July 28, 1829. The language of the cession is: "All lands comprehended within the following lim- its, to-wit: Beginning at the Winnebago Vil- lage on Rock River forty miles from the mouth, and running thence down the Rock River to a line which runs due west from the most south- ern bend of Lake Michigan to the Mississippi River, and with that line to the Mississippi op- 620 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. posite to Rock Island; thence up that river to the United States reservation at the Mouth of Ouisconsin (Wisconsin); thence with the south and east lines of said reservation to the Ouis- consin River; thence southerly passing the heads of the" small streams emptying into the Mississippi to the Rock River aforesaid at the Winnebago Village, the place of beginning. And also one other tract of land described as follows, to-wit: Beginning on the west shore of Lake Michigan at the northeast corner of the field of Antoine Ouilmette, who lives near Gross Point, about twelve miles north of Chi- cago, thence running due west to the Rock River aforesaid; thence down the said river to where a line drawn due west from the most southern bend of Lake Michigan crosses said river; thence east along said line to the Fox River of the Illinois; thence along the north- western boundary line of the cession of 1816 to Lake Michigan; thence northwardly along the western shore of said lake to place of be- ginning." Certain reservations were made, and among them this: "To Madeline, a Pottawatomie woman, wife of Joseph Ogee, one Section west o.f and adjoining the tract herein granted to Pierre Leclaire at the PawPaw Grove." Two sections were also reserved for Shab-eh-nay at his village near PawPaw Grove. In consideration of this extensive grant the United States agreed to pay said Nations, at Chicago, $16,000 in specie, annually forever, and to cause to be delivered to them the next Octo- ber $12,000 worth of goods as a present, and also to deliver fifty barrels of salt annually to them at Chicago, "and to make permanent for the use of the said Indians the blacksmith's establish- ment at Chicago." This instrument is signed by the Government Commissioners and by thirty-five chiefs and warriors; and among the witnesses are Zach- ary Taylor, subsequently President of the United States. County and Township Organization. — In December, 1836, the original county of Ogle was formed, embracing the present county of Lee, Ogle having theretofore belonged to Jo Daviess County. At a closely contested election less than 200 votes were polled In the county, a residence of six months being at that time sufficient. February 27, 1839, an act passed the General Assembly creating the County of Lee. Com- missioners from neighboring parts of the State formally located the county-seat where the Court House now stands. May 31, 1839. From the organization of the county until the adoption of the township organization system in 1850, all the county and township business was transacted by three County Commissioners, under the style of the Commissioners' Court. (See County OflBcers.) For convenience of vot- ing, the county was divided into election pre- cincts by the Commissioners who appointed the judges of election. They appointed an assessor and collector for the whole county. The County Commissioners held their first session September 13, 1839. At a meeting four days later, their only business, besides allow- ing bills, was to grant a license to Howe & Sons "to exhibit a circus." Thus early was the matter of amusements looked after by the governing body. March 4, 1840, they divided the county into sixteen road districts, and ap- pointed a supervisor for each. On the 30th of same month they established the following election precincts: Gap Grove, Dixon, Frank- lin, Malugin, Inlet and Winnebago. July 19, 1850, Joseph Crawford, Harvey Mor- gan and Lorenzo D. Wasson, commissioners ap- pointed by the County Court, reported that, in pursuance of act of the Legislature of Febru- ary 12, 1849, relating to township organization, they had divided the county into townships as follows: PawPaw, Towns 37, 38 and 39 North, Range 2 E. of Third Principal Merid- ian; Brooklyn, Towns 37, 38 and 39 N., R. 1 E.; Hanno, T. 19 N., R. 11 E. Fourth P. M.; Lee Center, T. 20 N., R. 11 E.; Bradford, T. 21 N., R. 11 E. and south half of T. 22 N., R. 11 E.; Hamilton, Towns 19 N., Ranges 8, 9 and 10 E. and T. 20 N, R. 8 E. and south half of T. 20 N., R. 9 E.; Amboy, T. 20 N., R. 10 E. and north half of T. 20 N., R 9 E.; Fremont, T. 21 N., R. 10 E. and south part of T. 22 N., R. 10 E. in Lee County; Dixon, T. 21 N., R. 9 E. and that part of T. 22 N., R. 9 E. in Lee County, and that part of T. 21 N., R. 8 E. lying south of river; Palmyra, that part of T. 22 N., R. 8 E. in Lee County and that part of T. 21 N., R. 8 E., lying north of river. It is a little singular that, on the 14th day of May. 1850, before the above report was made, the Board of Supervisors met in Its first ses- sion: Present, Daniel Baird, David Searles, C. R. Dewey, Charles Starks, Henry A. Coe and G. R. Linn. Linn was chairman. What towns I HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 621 were thus represented, or by what authority they convened, does not appear. At this meet- ing "the town formerly called Fremont" was changed to China, and "the town formerly called PawPaw" was changed to Wyoming. In 1850 the assessed value of real estate in the county was $215,360 and of personal prop- erty $168,341. The average monthly wages to farm hands was $12; the average pay to day laborers was 63 cents per day, with board, and 75 cents per day without board; carpenters, $1.50 per day; female domestics, $1.25 per week; board for laborers, $1.50 per week. In 1850 an academy was in operation at Lee Center with two teachers and 40 pupils, and there were 46 teachers and 1,518 pupils in the public schools. In this year the capital invested in the manufacture of harvesters, plows, lime, lumber, flour and other products was $24,300, and the output was valued at $5,000 per annum. The population of the entire county in 1840 was 2,035. In 1845 it had increased to 3,282; in 1850, to 5,289; in 1870, to 27,138; in 1880, to 30,186; in 1890 it dropped to 26,187; in 1900 it rose to 29,894. It may be worth while to observe that the total amount of taxes to be collected by town- ships in the County, in 1852, was as follows: Amboy, $740.35; Harmon, $702.14; Bradford, $223.66; Wyoming, $805.62; Hamilton, $448.88; Palmyra, $1,135.53; Brooklyn, $368.42; Lee Cen- ter, $463.55; Dixon, $8,738.65. To F. R. Butcher, who located in Dixon in 1838 and two years later at Rocky Ford, and who became prominently identified with Am- boy, belongs the honor of having given the county its name. This seems to be conceded; no one questions his right. It is supposed to have been named for Richard Henry Lee, the "Light Horse Harry" of Revolutionary fame. The Kellogg Trail from Peoria to Galena, which was the first defined line of travel be- tween the two points, was run by O. W. Kellogg, who settled at Buffalo Grove (now Polo), and was a brother-in-law to John Dixon, in 1827. Mrs. E. B. Baker, still living in Dixon, was his daughter. This trail is frequently referred to in the histories of the northern part of the State, particularly in connection with the Black Hawk war. It entered the territory of Lee County after passing "Dad Joe's Grove," and crossed Green River on the west line of north- west quarter of Section 35, in the Town of Marion, early owned by David Welty and now the property of his son Charles. Here was constructed the only bridge m those days over the river. The trail was the stage route from Peoria to Galena. A turnpike was built about a mile long which could be traveled only on pay- ing toll. (See Marion.) At the north end of the pike, Mr. Welty built a large log house, forty-two feet long, which for years served as a tavern for the wayfarers. It was also a stage station and appears on early maps of the county as Scottville. Levels taken at the time of the original sur- vey of the Illinois Central Railroad, indicate that Sublette is 178 feet higher than Amboy, while Eldena is 60 feet higher, and Dixon 54 feet lower than that city. The first telephone line to enter the county was that of the Central Union Telephone Com- pany, which was granted a franchise by the City of Dixon, July 6, 1881. The Lee County Telephone Company was in- corporated April 16, 1897, with J. H. Thomp- son. I. B. Countryman, C. F. Emerson and W. C. Dysart as its first Board of Directors. Its present officers are L, D. Pitcher, President and General Manager; Louis A. Pitcher, Superinten- dent and Secretary; J. C. Ayres, Treasurer. A bridge was built across Rock River at Grand Detour and completed for travel, in the spring or early fall of 1902, at the joint ex- pense of Lee and Ogle counties. Special or- ders were drawn on the Treasurer of Lee County for $28,870.46, to meet its portion of the cost. While on the subject of bridges, it is inter- esting to observe that, in 1S43, the Legislature passed an act for the incorporation of a com- pany to build a bridge across the river at Grand Detour to be known as the Rock River Bridge Company. Solon Cumins, George Gush- ing and Solomon C. Cotton were authorized to open subscription of stock. Again, in 1855, an- other company was organized by the Legisla- ture, under the name of the Grand Detour Bridge Company; Leonard Andrews (Andrus), J. W. D. Gushing and Solon Cumins were the commissioners to receive subscriptions of stock. It does not appear that anything practical was accomplished under either act. Courts and Court Houses. — In September, 1837. the first Court in Ogle County was held at Dixon, what is now Lee County being then in- cluded in Ogle. Judge Dan Stone, of Galena, presided, and appointed Thomas Ford, after- 622 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. wards Governor of the State. Prosecuting At- torney. Later Ford became Judge of the same court. The session was held in a building for- merly used as a blacksmith shop, which had been rendered reasonably suitable by laying floor, plastering and other repairs. In 1840 the first Court House was built in Court House Square, at a cost of $7,000, which was paid by donations. Father Dixon gave the block or "square," and it is commonly under- stood that he also gave eighty acres of land. He conveyed the block to the county by deed, dated March 7, 1840, and recorded in the Re- corder's Office, in Book "A" of Deeds, p. 10. The first jail was built the same year and was lo- cated on the southeast corner of Second Street and Ottawa Avenue, where the residence of Mr. W. J. McAlpine now stands, No. 204 Ottawa Avenue. The Court House was a square two-story brick building, and in the fall of 1867 its length southward was nearly doubled, and a porch with imposing columns added to the front at a cost of $7,000. In 1871 a fire-proof one-story brick addition was built as a vault and paid tor by the town of Dixon, with the aid of small ap- propriations from the towns of Nelson and Pal- myra, on the east side, costing |3,000. Prior to this, and prqbably about 1860, a one-story brick office-building was built in the northwest cor- ner of the block. On the completion of the vault, this was torn down and the records ta- ken to the Court House. The first term of the Circuit Court of the new County of Lee was held on the third Mon- day of April, 1840, Judge Dan Stone presiding; Aaron Waklee, Sheriff; Shelton L. Hall, Circuit Attorney; George W. Chase, Clerk. (See Law Records A. p. 1.) In 1872 the county jail and Sheriff's resi- dence, now in use, was built at a cost of about $25,000. The present fine Court House is an orna- ment to the city, which is so fortunate as to possess it, and a credit to the county which was so progressive as to erect it. The Board of Supervisors to whom the honor must be accorded was composed of E. W. Smith, Chair- man; W. W. Gilmore, Hugh McGuirk, M. A. Crawford, Thomas M. Philips, M. A. Girton and Geo. W. Smith; Jas. Kirby, A. J. Tompkins, J. M. Trostle, Wm. S. Frost, E. C. Parsons. N. A. Cortright, Wm. Anderson, John W. Wads- worth, John M. Gardner, Hugh Fitzpatrick, Henry Shippert, W. W. Hardin, M. Sullivan, Geo. J. Barth, E. C. Lamb, F. L. Childs and F. E. Rogers — the first seven constituting the Building Committee with Supervisor Smith as chairman, he being also chairman of the Board. R. S. Farrand, then County Judge, and other county officers rendered valuable service by their cooperation. W. J. McAlpine was the contractor and Charles E. Bush the architect. The actual cost of the improvement, as shown by the records, is itemized thus: Building alone, $103,394.94; wooden furniture, $8,818.70; metal furnishings, $4,816; street wall, cement walks, grading, etc.. $7,174.14— Total, $124,- 203.78. To meet the cost $90,000 of county bonds were issued, falling due in installments of $1,- 000 each in annual payments, commencing in 1905. The balance was raised by direct tax. The old Court House was vacated in March, 1900. The September term of the Circuit Court of 1901 was held in the new building and the county officers were on duty in their new quar- ters. In the interim, while the building was be- ing constructed, the Schuler building. 401-403 First Street, housed the various offices and served as a Court House. At the convening of the September term sim- ple appropriate exercises were had in observ- ance of the occasion. Judges Crabtree. Shaw and Baume, the three Judges of the Circuit, were on the bench. Judge Crabtree presiding. The new court room was crowded with specta- tors. Suitable remarks were made by members of the bar and others, to which the Judges in turn responded. The new building covers the ground occupied by the old. The cornerstone was laid by the Grand Lodge of A. F. & A. M. of Illinois, July 17, 1900, and the event was otherwise honored by a fitting program, Judge Kohlsaat, of the United States District Court at Chicago, deliv- ering the address. County-seat Contests. — At the September term, 1896, a petition was filed with the County Clerk, praying that an election be ordered by the County Court to be held November 10th, on the question of removal of the County-seat from Dixon to Amboy. The election was ordered and the total number of votes cast on the sub- ject were 6,725, of which 4,115 were against re- moval. The fight was vigorous on both sides. Among the inducements offered by the Amboy party was the adoption of a resolution by the City Council to appropriate $I5,(I00 for the pur- HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 623 chase of a Court-house site, and a subscription list filed in the County Cleric's office, payable to the Board of Supervisors, for $50,000 for the erection of county buildings in Amboy. The location of the county-seat had been a bone of contention from an early date, and only by the election above referred to was it finally settled. That was the only time when it was submitted to vote of the people; but a fight which may be called stalwart, if not bitter, was waged by Amboy in 1860, and another less de- termined, eight or nine years later. In those years it was only by special act of the Legisla- ture that the county-seat could be moved, and hence the wars were waged in the halls of leg- islation at Springfield. In 1860 Lee and White- side Counties were in one Legislative District, and the Amboy party, by combining with White- side, secured an enormous advantage in the elec- tion of Dr. George Ryan, of Paw Paw (after- wards of Amboy). as Representative in the Leg- islature, and Dr. R. F. Adams of Lee Center as Senator. The Dixon party set up Judge Heaton against Adams, but the latter was elected. Ryan and Adams, together with their home sup- porters, made themselves busy by the means prevalent in legislative bodies, in obtaining pledges and clinching them. Indeed, everything was culminating to their entire satisfaction and every sign was auspicious, when a force undreamed of appeared on the scene. It was the venerable, much beloved Father Dixon. His mildness of manner, his flowing white locks and winning face, accomplished their undoing as nothing else could have done. He met each member, many of whom already knew him per- sonally or by reputation; was invited to sit by the Speaker during the deliberations of the body; was the guest of honor at banquets, and was the social lion of the hour. Members who had promised to vote for the removal bill began to weaken as the time for action approached, saying they had not the heart to take the coun- ty-seat away from the town the genial old man had founded and which bore his honored name; and with this leaven working against it, to- gether with the shrewdness of James L. Camp, B. F. Shaw, J. C. Ayres and others, the bill was defeated. The attentions paid Father Dixon, however, had prostrated him. The change from his simple habits of life were too severe for his system. A special car on the Illinois Central \\as provided, and the old gentleman was car- ried to it on a stretcher and hurried home. Thus ended Amboy's first attempt to remove the coveted seat of government from Dixon. The next campaign was in 1869 or 1870 when Alonzo Kinyon of Amboy was In the Lower House of the Legislature. This belated effort, however, lacked the confidence and co-opera- tion of the active men of Amboy which charac- terized the former, and easily succumbed to the organized opposition of the Dixon contingent. Judges of Circuit Court. — For Circuit Court purposes Lee County has formed a part of dif- ferent circuits, as follows: Sixth Circuit from 1840 to 1849; Twenty-second, from 1857; Third, from 1873; Thirteenth, from 1877, and from 1S97 the Fifteenth, to which it still belongs. The Judges of the Circuit Court from the bar of Lee County have been as follows: J. V. Eus- tace, commissioned March 16, 1857, Twenty-sec- ond Circuit; W. W. Heaton. July 1, 1861, and June 7, 1867, Twenty-second Circuit; W. W. Heaton, June 16, 1873, Third Circuit, died De- cember 26, 1877, and was succeeded by J. V. Eustace, who was commissioned to Fifteenth Circuit, June 16, 1879, and June 16, 1885. He died December 13, 1887, and was succeeded by J. H. Cartwright, of Ogle County. J. D. Crab- tree was commissioned to same circuit June 9, 18SS, to succeed Judge Bailey, of Stephenson County, deceased. He was again commissioned June 16, 1891, and June 8, 1897; died May 22, 1902, and was succeeded by R. S. Farrand, who was commissioned August 1, 1902, and June 18, 1903, being the present incumbent. All were elected, no vacancies having been filled by ap- pointment. Members of the Legislature. — State Sena- tors—Silas Noble, 1846-48; Richard F. Ad- ams, 1858-62; Jas. K. Edsall, 1870-72; Henry D. Dement, 1876-80; John D. Crabtree, 1886 to May 29, 1888, when he resigned; Chas. H. Hughes, 1902, present incumbent. Represent- atives — Jos. Crawford, 1848-54; John V. Eustace. 1856-58; George Ryan, 1860-62 and 1866-68; De- mas Harris, 1862-64; Obed W. Bryant, 1864-66; Alonzo Kinyon, 1868-70; Norman H. Ryan, 1870- 72; Henry D. Dement, 1872-76; Abijah Powers, 1876-78; Bernard H. 'Irusdell, 1876-80; Alex. P. Dysart, 1878-82; Solomon H. Bethea, 1882-84; John B. Felker, 1882-84; Chas. H. Ingalls, 1884- S6; Benj. H. Bradshaw, 1886-90; Sherwood Dixon, 1888-92; Luther W. Mitchell, 1890-92; Washington I. Guflfin, 1892-1900; Chas. H. Hughes, 1900-02. 624 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. County Commissioners — At the first election in 1839 the full Board of three Commissioners was chosen. After this the term of one expired and his successor was elected each year. C. F. Ingalls, Nathan Whitney and J. P. Dixon con- stituted the first Beard, and their successors were as follows: A. E. Haskell, 1840; Joseph Crawford. 1841; 0. F. Ayres. 1842; J. C. Mor- gan, 1843; D. Baird, 1844; D. H. Birdsell, 1845; James Goble, 1846, to fill vacancy caused by Baird's resignation; Warren Badger, 1847; Ste- phen Fuller, 1848; John Gilmore, 1848, to fill vacancy to 1850, when township organization went into effect. County Judges — Harvey Morgan from 1839 to 1843; Otis A. Eddy to 1847; Lorenzo Wood from November, 1849, to December 27, 1853; David Welty. from December. 1853, to December, 1861; William W. DeWolf, December, 1861, to No- \ ember 6. 1869; John D. Crabtree, November 6, 1869, to December 1, 1877; James B. Char- ters, December 1, 1877, to December 1, 1882; Richard S. Farrand, December 1, 1882. to Au- gust 9. 1902; Robert H. Scott, by appointment. August 9, 1902, elected November 4, 1902, pres- ent incumbent. County Clerks- — Isaac S. Boardman, from 1839 to June 7. 1843; Jas. P. Dixon, June to Septem- ber, 1843; Charles T. Chase. September, 1843, to 1849: J. B. Gregory. November 28, 1849, to November, 1853; Thomas W. Eustace. Decem- ber, 1853, to December 4. 1861; James A. Haw- ley, December 4. 1861, to December 1, 1882; Charles H. Gardner, to December, 1886; James H. Thompson, December, 1886, to November 24, 1902; William C. Thompson, November 24, 1902, present incumbent. Clerks of Circuit Court — Geo. W. Chase, April, 1840, to 1841; C. T. Chase. 1841-51; N. F. Porter. 1851; Isaac S. Boardman. 1851-57; G. E. Haskell, 1857-59; Isaac S. Boardman in 1859; B. F. Shaw, 1859-68; J. N. Hyde. 1868-76; Rem- ington Warriner, 1876 to December 1, 1882; Ira W. Lewis, December 1, 1882, to December 7, ]896; Arvene S. Hyde, December 7, 1896, to January 1, 1898; Ira W. Lewis, by appoint- ment, January 1, 1898, to December, 1898, elected November. 1898, to fill unexpired term of Arvene S. Hyde to December, 1900; Ira W. Lewis. December. 1900. present incumbent. Recorders — Michael Fellows, 1839-44; Edwin W. Kine, 1844-50, since which time the Clerk of the Circuit Court has served as ex-oflicio Re- corder. County Treasurers — John Morse, 1840-43; Na- than Morehouse. 1843-46; S. Parker, in 1846; W. W. Bethea, to 1850; Elias B. Stiles, 1850-57; Thomas B. Little, 1857-59; Elias B. Stiles, 1859- 63; Joseph T. Little, 1863-71; Josiah Little, 1871-75; Frederick A. Truman, 1875-79; Josiah Little, 1879-86; Chas. H. Hughes. 1886-90; Mich- ael M. Maloney, 1890-94; Chas. F. Welty, 1894- 98; John M. Sterling, 1S98-1902; Walter B. Merriman, November. 1902. present incumbent. Sheriffs— A. Waklee, 1839-40; Aaron L. Por- ter, 1840-42; James Campbell, 1842-48; James Goble, 1848-51; Aaron L. Porter, 1851-53; Ozias Wheeler, in 1853; William Butler, to 1856; Ozi- as Wheeler, 1856-58; Lester Harding, 1858-60; Aaron L. Porter, 1860-62; Charles F. Lynn, 1862-64; Rensselaer P. Treadwell. 1864-66; Tru- man L. Pratt, 1866-68; George M. Berkley, 1868- 76; J. N. Hills, 1876-80; Walter Little, 1880-82; Isaac Edwards, 1882-86; William H. Woodyatt, 1886-90; Geo. F. Stainbrook, 1890-94; Joseph L. Gray, 1894-98; Michael J. McGowan, 1898- 1902: Chas. H. Wohnke. Nov. 24, 1902, present incumbent. Superitendent of Schools (First known as School Commissioner) — ^E. R. Mason, to 1840; Joseph T. Little. 1840-43; Daniel B. McKinney, 1843-46; Lorenzo Wood. 1846-50; John V. Eus- tace, 1850-53; John Stevens, 1853-55; S. Wright, 1855-57; James A. Hawley, 1857-59; John Hon- roe, 1859-61; W. H. Gardner. 1861-63; B. F. Atherton, 1863-65; James H. Preston, 1865-73; Daniel Carey, 1873-76; James H. Preston, 1876, to December, 1880; Samuel J. Howe. 1880 to November 2, 1886; P. M. James, 1886-90; Jay C. Edwards. 1890-94; J. F. Edwards, 1894 to No- vember 4, 1902, elected for third term Novem- ber, 1902, present incumbent. Surveyors — Joseph Crawford. 1839-44: S. H. Whitmore, 1844-46; S. Parker in 1846; C. Camp, 1846-49; Joseph Crawford. 1849-55; A. W. Tink- ham, 1855-57; Milton Santee. 1857-61; K. P. Booth, 1861-63; W. B. Andrus, 1863-65; C. R. Hall, 1865-67; Wm. McMahan. 1867 to November 7. 1882; Henry E. Wylie, 1882-88; L. B. Neigh- bor, 1888-92; Chas. C. Jacobs, 1892-96; Wm. B. McMahan. 1896-1900: L. B. Neighbor. Novem- ber, 1900, present incumbent. Cormiers — Samuel Johnson, 1839-41; John Lord. 1841-48; Sol. Parker. 1848-50; Jas. Goble, 1850-54; D. B. McKinney. 1854-56; H. O. Kel- sey, 1856-64; Jos. Hatch, Jr.. 1864-66; H. Barrel], 1866-70; A. E. Wilcox, 1870-80; J. C. Church, 1880 to November, 1888; Wm. B. Andrus, 1888 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 625 to December, 1899; Chas. T. Smith, 1899 to No- vember 6, 1900, at which date he was elected for third term. State's Attorney— W'm. E. Ives, 1872-76; A. C. Bardwell, 1876-80; Chas. B. Morrison, Decem- ber 1, 1880, to December 7, 1896; Edward H. Brewster, 1896-1900; Chas. H. Wooster, Decem- ber, 1900, present incumbent. County Assessor, Overseer of Poor aiid Col- lector — Under the first organization, the Coun- ty Commissioners cliose these officers. March 7, 1840, John Morse was appointed first Asses- sor, April 16th of the same year, Joseph Saw- yer was appointed first Overseer of the Poor and David Tripp first Collector. LEE COUNTY IN THE CIVIL WAR. A good sized volume would be required to fairly set forth the part which the people of Lee County took in that memorable struggle. The limitations of space therefore preclude the effort, but a few interesting facts will be set down. The quotas assigned to the State by the Fed- eral Government under the several calls were: Call of 1861, 47,785; call of July, 1862, 26,148; call of August, 1862, 26,148 for nine months, be- ing equivalent to 6,537 for three years; draft call of 1863, 36,700; of October 17, 1863, 27,930; February 1, 1864. 46.309; March 4, 1864, 18,- 564; July 18, 1864, 52,057; December 19, 1864, 32,887. The total quotas of Lee County were 2,454, and the enlistments credited to the coun- ty were eight short of this number. To meet this constant drain, the county and and the towns of Dixon, Palmyra, Lee Center and Willow Creek, offered bounties as induce- ment to enlistments. The records in the Coun- ty Clerk's office are very meager on the subject, but the reports of the Adjutant-General of the State show that the county paid $405,214.75 in bounties, and to soldiers' families $15,405.75, besides $218,707.55 paid as interest on county warrants or bonds — making a total of $639,- 388.05. This was more than was expended for this purpose by any other county in the State, Cook and Bureau alone excepted. It is commonly supposed that no draft was made to fill any of the quotas assigned to Lee County, but the writer is obliged to dispel this illusion. As clerk to John V. Eustace, Provost Marshal, he took part in a draft which was publicly made in the court room at the Court House in Dixon. How many were drafted or on what quota, he does not recall. The num- ber was small, and it may be that subsequent enlistments avoided the necessity of its being reported to the Adjutant-General's office. At a special session of the Board of Super- visors held May 14, 1861, a resolution was passed appropriating $6,000 to "equip' the vol- unteers of Lee County, and John G. Fleck, Josi- ah M. Davis and Louis M. Blaisdell were ap- pointed commissioners to expend the same. The resolution refers to the "Ten Regiment" bill, then recently passed by the Legislature, and recites that "two companies are from this coun- ty," and that no provision had been made for their equipment. The resolution authorized scrip to be issued in denominations of $1, $2, $3 and $5, payable February 15, 1862. No other business was transacted at this session. At the September meeting, 1861, a tax of 25 cents on the $100 was voted to pay this scrip. The Thirteenth Illinois Volunteer Infantry was recruited under the Ten Regiment bill, above alluded to. It was mustered into the United States service, May 24, 1861, by Capt. John Pope of the regular army, at Camp De- ment, Dixon, with John B. Wyman, of Amboy, Colonel; B. F. Parks, of Aurora, Lieutenant- Colonel, and A. B. Gorgas, of Dixon, Major. Sunday, June 16, 1861, the regiment took train for Caseyville near St. Louis, under Officers John B. Wyman, Colonel, Benj. F. Parks, Lieu- tenant-Colonel, and Fred'k W. Partridge, Ma- jor. We quote from the Adjutant-General's report: "The Thirteenth was the first regi- ment organized from the then Second Congres- sional District, and was composed of as good citizens as Northern Illinois contained, many that enlisted as privates rising to field offices in later regiments. Its Colonel, John B. Wy- man, organized and commanded the Chicago Light Guards, the first crack corps the Garden City ever had, and he soon brought the Thir- teenth to a degree of proficiency in drill and soldierly deportment that was never excelled by any regiment with which it was afterwards associated." September 2, 1861, the Thirty-fourth Illinois Infantry left for the South, with E. N. Kirk as Colonel, Amos Bosworth, Lieutenant-Colonel, and Chas. N. Levanway, Major. The companies were raised by the surrounding counties and first went into camp at Camp Butler, Spring- field, where regimental organization was ef- fected September 7, 1861. About 530— nearly all the survivors — were mustered as a veteran or- 626 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. ganization while still at the front, and on Janu- ary 8, 1864, started home on veteran furlough, rendezvoused at Dixon and started back for the field February 28. January 14, 1862, an artillery company was organized in Dixon with John T. Cheney as Cap- tain. Though commonly known as Cheney's Battery, it was in fact Battery "F" of First Illinois Artillery. In February, 1865, the com- pany organization was discontinued and, on March Tth, it was consolidated with other bat- teries in the Regiment. September 2, 1862, the Seventy-fifth Illinois Volunteers, which had been quartered in West Dixon camp, was mustered into service with Dr. George Ryan as Colonel, John E. Bennett, Lieutenant-Colonel, and Wm. M. Kilgour, Major. It was composed almost entirely of men from Lee, Ogle and Whiteside counties. It re- mained at Camp Dement until September 27, when it went to the front, crossing the Ohio on the evening of the 30th and, on the 8th of October, was engaged in the battle of Perry- ville, where its loss was severe. RAILROADS.— The survey of the Illinois Central Railroad through Lee County was com- pleted in 1851, and construction was commenced the following year. January 13, 1855, regular trains began running, though the bridge at Dixon was not then completed. Passengers were transferred by boat until February 8, when the first train crossed the bridge. The section through the county was formally opened for traffic February 1. February 12, 1855, trains commenced running to Chicago on the "Galena & Chicago Union Air Line." It was also called the Dixon Air- Line, and is now the Chicago & Northwestern. The Chicago & Rock River Railroad was char- tered by the Legislature of 1868-9. Every town through which it passed, except two, took stock in the railroad and issued bonds in payment. Amboy Town, by a vote of 517 for to 92 against, issued $100,000 of bonds which, after long and fruitless litigation, were refunded for another issue, $65,500 of which are still to become due. Wyoming bonded itself for $50,000 for the same purpose. After stubborn litigation the town found further resistance futile and, in settle- ment, issued $102,380 in bonds, all of which have been paid. Other towns had similar ex- perience; the town of Harmon alone escaping by means of an injunction restraining the issue of the bonds which the people had voted. Lee Center and Marion were the only towns on the line that did not vote to issue bonds for stock. In every case the stock thus purchased was sold by the towns at a discount. The road was completed in the summer of 1872. Later it be- came a part of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy System. In 1870-71 the Chicago & Iowa Railway was constructed through Rochelle. Ogle County, on to Aurora, passing through the body of Alto Township, and a corner of Willow Creek. This, too, was soon absorbed by the Chicago, Bur- lington & Quincy System. In 1902 the Peoria & Northwestern Railway was built, connecting with the Chicago & North- western at Nelson and extending to Peoria, passing through Nelson Township and the northwest portion of Harmon. The Rochelle & Southern Railway Company is, at this writing, engaged in constructing a railroad from a point on the Chicago, Bur- lington & Quincy, near Steward, to McNab in Putnam County, extending southerly through the eastern portion of this county. Vigorous movements are now on foot to con- nect the towns and cities of this part of the Sta.te by electric roads. To this end com- panies have been incorporated as follows: The "Illinois and Rock River Railway Com- pany," incorporated May 31, 1900, to construot a railroad from Rockford to Rock Palls, via intermediate cities, to Wisconsin line, to Wau- kegan, to Cairo, to Galena, and to Chicago — capital stock, $1,000,000; duration fifty years; first Board of Directors, Glen E. Plumb, River Forest. 111.; Thomas C. MacMillan. Chicago; Allen F. Millikan, River Forest; Ephraim Ban- ning and Thomas A. Banning, Chicago. The "Northern Illinois Electric Railway Com- pany," incorporated June 24, 1901, to consruct a road from Steward to Dixon, via Lee Center and Amboy; capital. $700,000; duration fifty years; office at Steward. 111.; first Directors — E. L. Titus. I. R. Titus, S. D. Frost. Sherman L. Shaw. J. M. Durin, F. N. Vaughan and G. H. T. Shaw. The "Sterling, Dixon and Eastern Electric Railway Company," incorporated August 18, 1902, with capital stock of $300,000. to construct "the railroad" from Sterling and Rook Falls to Dixon; principal b\isiness office to be at Sterling; term of corporation, fifty years; in- corporators — Henry C. Higgins, Neenah, Wis.; J. F. Springfield, Rochester, N. H.; Ward S. HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 627 Arnold, Chicago: Harry E. O'Neill. Omaha, Neb.; F. E. Andrews, Sterling, 111.; Charles H. Hughes, Dixon, 111. The "Dixon, Rock Palls and Southwestern Electric Railway Company" was incoporated March 21, 1903, with a capital stock of $50,- 000; duration fifty years; purpose, to con- struct "said railroad" from Dixon to Rock Island, via Rock Falls. Directors — 0. E. Max- son, A. S. Goodell, A. J. McNeil, R. L. Leitch and H. L. Sheldon, all of Rock Falls, TU.; office at Rock Falls. • The pioneer, however, in this line, was the "Rock River Electric Railroad Company," in- corporated February 7, 1894, to construct a rail- road from Rockford to Dixon; capital $.500,000; duration fifty years; first Directors — Jas. S. Ticknon, George E. King, Harry B. Andrews, Jason C. Ayres and Fred G. Jones. Consider- able was done by this Company in procuring right of way and other preliminaries, but hard times following 183?, finally defeated the en- terprise. The "Illinois and Rock River Company" se- cured franchises in Rockford. Dixon, and in- termediate points, but after doing a trifling amount of work in the way of grading and set- ting poles, permitted these to expire by limita- tion. The franchises have, however, been re- cently extended for another year. The "Sterling, Dixon & Eastern" harOfTH OF KOCK RI\ER DE- CLARED OPEN TO SETTLEMENT INDIAN DISSAT- ISFACTION — EETfRN OF BLACK HAWK AND HIS FOLLOWERS GOV. REYNOLDS' PROCLAMATION ARRIVAL OF TROOPS AT DIXON'S FERRY STILL- MAN RUN DISASTER — PROMINENT ILLINOISANS IN SERVICE — B.\TTLE OF KELLOGO'S GROVE OVERWHELMING DEFEAT OF THE INDIANS AT BAD ANE. WIS. In the year 1804 a treaty was entered into at St. Louis between the united tribes of the Sac and Fox Indians, on the one part, and ihe United States, on the other, whereby, for a HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 629 consideration, the tribes ceded to the latter a large tract of country embracing the Rock River valley and the Village of the Sacs at its mouth. The Indians reserved the right to live and hunt on the ceded lands until the Govern- ment should part with its title. These Indians or their ancestors originally had their homes in the neighborhood of Montreal; and although they had been driven from Canada, many of them were still loyal to the British and sided with them in the effort which our Government was putting forth to compel the English to surrender and vacate certain western forts in accordance with the treaty of Paris of Septem- ber 3, 1783. Black Hawk served in the English army in the war of 1S12. Moreover, the Sacs were loth to abandon their village at the mouth of Rock River; and Black Hawk, though only a brave — not a chief — became the leader of the disaffected element of that tribe Icnown as the "British Band," which, by opposition to re- moval from the ceded lands, brought on the Black Hawk War. By another treaty at St. Louis, May 13. 1816. the Sacs of Rock River re- established and confirmed the treaty of 1804. But still the British Band was restive, and depredations on the white settlements contin- ued as before the treaty. Other treaties fol- lowed: one in 1822. with the Sacs and Foxes; one in 1824 between the Sacs and Foxes; and cne in 1825, in which all the former treaties were recognized. Still the Indians continued to harass the white settlers in ways known only to savagery. In 1828 the President proclaimed certain lands open for settlement and sale. This in- cluded Black Hawk's village at the mouth of Rock River. The chiefs and most of the Indi- ans of the two tribes promptly vacated the lands according to treaty, but Black Hawk re- fused, claiming that when he signed the treaty of 1816 he had been deceived and never knew that his village had been included in its terms. Then commenced a course of marauding and intimidation against the new settlers. Re- peated appeals were made to the Governor of the State and, through him. to the United States military t authorities. Volunteers and detachments of the regular army finally marched on the village. The Indians escaped, but their homes were burned. Then came the treaty of June 30, 1831, in which it Is recited that "the said British Band of Sac Indians have, in violation of the several treaties en- tered into between the United States and the Sac and Fox nations in the years 1S04. 1816 and 1S25, continued to remain upon and to cultivate the lands on Rock River ceded to the United States by said treaties, after said lands had been sold by the United States to individ- ual citizens of Illinois and other States." The band then agrees, by this treaty, to move to their lands west of the Mississippi and never return. Black Hawk and his followers complied with this requirement in apparent good faith, but on the 6th day of April, 1832, defiantly re- crossed to the east bank of the Mississippi near the mouth of the lower Iowa, with about 2,000 men, women and children, including about 500 warriors under arms, and thence set out on his march up Rock River. On the 16th of April Governor Reynolds issued a proclamation, the opening sentences of which were calculated to startle the country: "Fellow Citizens; Your country requires your services. The Indians have assumed a hostile attitude and have in- vaded the State in violation of the treaty of last summer. The British Band of Sac and other hostile Indians, headed by Black Hawk, are in possession of Rock River country to the great terror of the frontier inhabitants. I con- sider the settlers on the frontier in imminent danger." As in all other emergencies in our history, men all over the State responded with alacrity. It is beyond our present purpose to give a detailed or extended account of this war as it progressed. We must be content with such incidents as are directly connected with the locality whose history we are endeavoring to sketch. Father Dixon was early advised of the ap- proach of Black Hawk and his followers. He was assured by a leading Winnebago Chief, Pachinka. that the Winnebagoes held posses- sion of the lands through which Black Hawk would have to pass, and that they would not dare to injure the white friends of his nation, among whom Father Dixon was numbered. Thus it came about that Father Dixon remained at his home when the army of savages passed in May. and camped a few hundred yards above the ferry, at a spring which was submerged by the building of the dam. He estimated the force at 600 exclusive of women and children. On the 12th of May, 1832, Governor Reynolds was at Dixon's Ferry with about 1,800 mounted 630 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. riflemen under command of General White- side, awaiting the arrival of General Atkin- son's forces of the regular army, coming up the river with army stores and provisions. Immediately after the arrival of the forces. General Whiteside sent a party of four men, with a guide and interpreter under command of Captain John Dement of Dixon (then State Treasurer), to Shabbona's Grove, to warn the friendly Pottawatomie chief, Shabbona. who lived there on a small reservation with his family and a few followers, not to allow Black Hawk to locate on their lands. Losing their way the second day out, they came across four Sac Indians, from whom they learned that Black Hawk was encamped on a stream only a few miles distant, that his people were in starving condition and were going over to Mud Creek to hunt. Just before Captain Dement and his party returned Major Stillman was permitted, con- trary to the advice of Father Dixon, to advance up the river and spy out the hostile camp. The locality where they found the foe — or more correctly where the foe found them — has been immortalized by what there happened. The cowardice and unsoldierly bearing of the troops at approach of the redskins stamped the site with the name "Stillman's Run." It is said that many of the soldiers ceased not their running until they reached Dixon's Perry, twenty-flve miles distant, or some other place of refuge. Immediately on receipt of the news of the rout. 1,600 volunteers moved out on forced march, leaving 200 to guard the Ferry. On reaching the field they discovered that the main body of the enemy had decamped north- ward, while small bands had scattered among the settlements to pillage, burn and murder. The loss to Stillman's force was found to be eleven killed. Being out of provisions, the pur- suing party was obliged to return to Dixon's Ferry to await the arrival of the boats. By order dated May 22, 1832, General Atkin- son made Dixon's Ferry his headquarters and base of operations. At the same time a fort was ordered erected on the north side of the river. It was called Fort Dixon. It consisted of two "block." or log, houses within an inclos- ure consisting of a breastwork of earth and sod, four and a half feet high and aliutting on the river bank near the west line of what is now North Galena Avenue. The northeasterly of these houses was at least four times as large as the other, and was provided with loopholes. The smaller one was probably a powder maga- zine. The buildings stood many years after the war, and persons now living were familiar with them. As nearly as can be ascertained, the larger building stood near the line between Lots 3 and 10, Block 54. Great dissatisfaction developed in the volun- teer portion of the army among those who were impatient to get back to their neglected fields and other industries. They had been sent on an expedition which brought them to the mouth of Fox River, where they were mus- tered out May 27, whither General Atkinson repaired on the 29th. A new levy of 2.000 men had already been ordered, and he urged that 1,000 of the discharged volunteers re-enlist for twenty-day temporary service. Five companies promptly responded, including that of Captain lies, in which Abraham Lincoln (formerly captain) became a private. Men who were sub- sequently conspicuous in the affairs of the State were among them: Joseph Gillespie, Pierre Menard, James Semple. John T. Stuart. John Dement, John J. Hardin. It must be remem- bered that the real war was still to come. Captain lies, and another company were or- dered to Galena by way of Dixon's Ferry, where Col. Zachary Taj'lor had remained with a few regulars to guard the supplies. lies, in his book, "Early Life and Times." says that when he reached the Ferry, he camped at a spring a half mile above, and then sought Colonel Tay- lor on the north side of the river and found him "in a little fort built of prairie sod." He further says, regarding the march. "John Dixon, who kept a house of entertainment here and had sent his family to Galena for safety, joined us and hauled out wallets of corn and grub, which was a great help." The company returning reached Fort Wilbourn. between Peru and LaSalle. June 16. and was there mustered out by Lieutenant Robt. Anderson, of Fort Sumter fame, who had mustered it into service twenty days before. Lincoln enlisted a third time and again came to Dixon's Ferry, this time as private in Cap- tain Early's company, which formed a part of the new levy. The headquarters or place of rendezvous of this new army was at the "Rap- ids of the Illinois." where General Atkinson caused Maj. John Dement's battalion to be de- tached to scour the country, and join Colonel HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 631 Taylor at Dixon, to whom Lieut. Jeffprson Davis was acting as aid. It is said of Dement's battalion, that it embraced men who had held nearly every office in the State from Governor down — Dement himself being, at this time. Treasurer of the State. From Dixon the battalion moved on to Kel- logg's Grove, where a desperate battle was fought with a band of mounted Indians, stripped to the skin and in their war paint under command of Black Hawk in person. The brunt of the Sght fell on the command- ing officer and a few as plucky as himself. In the annals of Indian warfare, few engagements of small numbers will be found more desper- ate and bloody. Without going into details it must be said that no praise can exceed the meed to which Major Dement is entitled for bravery on that occasion. Black Hawk speaks of him in his autobiography thus: "The young chief deserves great praise for his courage and bravery, but fortunately for us his army was not all composed of such brave men." The Quartermaster w'as ably assisted by John Dixon, who accompanied the army to the end of the campaign. John K. Robinson says, in this connection: "During the Black Hawk War, Father Dixon had the contract for sup- plying the army with beef up to the final bat- tle of the Bad Axe River," and hence, face- tiously gave himself the title of Major of the Steer Battalion. It is understood that the troops, both regular and volunteer, w-ere all mounted. The war closed with the defeat of the Indi- ans at the battle of Bad Axe, Wis., and the surrender of Black Hawk, August 2, 1832. The treaty of peace was signed at Rock Island on the 21st of September following. The troops, then remaining in the service, were mustered out at Dixon's Ferry. The pack horses used in the war were gathered and corraled here, preparatory to being driven further south for sale in more densely settled portions of the State. That portion of the army which marched to Dixon's Ferry from the southeast to take part in the war, crossed Bureau Creek one- half mile southwest of the point where the Illi- nois Central Railroad now crosses it, near the east line of the county, and marched thence to the point where the residence of Mr. William R. Long now stands near the north line of Sec- tion 13 in the Town of May, and from there to Rocky Ford, where they crossed Green River. Mr. M. Perkins, now of Perkins' Grove, near the south line of the county, in LaSalle County, came in 1834 when the evidences of the line of march were plain to be seen. In the course of the war troops of the regu- lar army were brought to the ff.^d from St. Louis under General Atkinson, from Fortress Monroe under General Scott, and from Detroit under General Brady, as well as those at Prairie du Chien, Wis., under Lieut-Col. Tay- lor, and those at Portage, Wis., under Lieut- Col. Culter. To these were added the volunteer militia of the State. Lincoln became well acquainted with Col. Dement in these war days, and though belong- ing to opposing political parties, each enter- tained the highest regard for the other, and their friendship was not allowed to wane In after years. After Lincoln had been elected President Mr. Dement called on him at Spring- field, and Lincoln, grasping his extended hand in both his, greeted him as "Jack," and ex- pressed his delight at meeting him. CHAPTER ITT. ALTO TOWNSHIP. FIRST WHITE .SETTLERS — ALTO SET OFF FROM Wll.- I.OW rpEEK TOWN.SITIP — FIRST TOWN OFFICERS — SIBSCRIPTION TO RAILROAD CHIRCII HIS- TORY — THE VILLAGE OF STEWARD GRAIN ELE- VATORS AND NATION.\L HANK. On the northeast quarter of Section 21 grows "Plum Thicket," the only natural grove in the town. The propensity, universally followed by the pioneers, to gather in or around the tim- ber, prevailed in this instance, for the first set- tlers located at this grove. Here John Grimes, in 1847. built the first house, allhoufrh he ar- rived in 1843. About two years later came Rev. J. Wood, of the Baptist faith, who re- mained two or three years and removed to Earlville, LaSalle County. Then followed Jedediah Loveridge in 1853, who. after some twenty years, emigrated to Nebraska. After 632 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. these came James Holcomb and his father's family, and Hubljel Williams, Mason Herrick, the Mills family, James Tyler, C. R. Hall, the Kirbys, McDonnels, Stewards, Carpenters and others. Alto was set off from Willow Creek by reso- lution of the Board of Supervisors, at its Febru- ary meeting in 1860. At the first election in the town 47 votes were polled, resulting in the election of the following officers: Supervisor, C. R. Hall; Town Clerk and Assessor, James Tyler; Collector, Josiah Carpenter; Justices of the Peace, Daniel Carey and H. C. Holcomb; Constables, Josiah Carpenter and John Dor- son. The town voted to take $32,000 of the stock of the Chicago & Iowa Railroad when that road was about to be built through the town- ship, and to issue bonds in payment therefor. This was in the early part of the winter of 1869, Grading was commenced early the next summer on this part of the road, and it was completed into Rochelle on the night of December 31, at 10:25 o'clock. A compromise was finally ef- fected by which the town. Instead of investing $32,000 in stock, donated the company $2.5,000 in bonds. The Norwegian Evangelical Lutheran Church organized, June 25, 1870, and built a church building three miles east of Steward, at a cost of about $2,300. Stewm-fl. — The town of Steward was platted, November 22, 1872. by Mr. Wesley Steward, ■who owned the land and founded the town. It was incorporated as a village, April 13, 1903, by proceedings in the County Court. The first dwelling to be erected in the vil- lage was built by Patrick Casey on Lot 6, Block 1, and the first store was built by Henry A. Robinson on Lot 3 of same block. The first school house was built in 1882 at a cost of about $3,000, and was destroyed by fire Febru- ary 8, 1903. A new building was erected on the same site at a cost of $7,000 ready for opening of the fall term of the school the same year. The first elevator in the place was put up by Wesley Steward, who after two yearhe introduced one of the first, if not the first, threshing ma- chines in the country. He built, probably in 1838, the house which afterwards became the "vinegar house" at the nursery. In 1838 Amos Hussey arrived with his family and located on the south side of the grove. In 1845 Christian Lahman and family and his father-in-law, Mr. Emmett, from Pennsyl- vania, were added to the meager settlement. Edward Morgan and family came in 1836. His son, John Wesley, was born the next year, and his is believed to have been the first birth in 644 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. the grove. Edward Morgan built a double log cabin north of the timber. Jeremiah Whipple and family located near the "cave" which bears his name, in 1837. Hugh Moore and his brother Rufus landed in 1836, and their brother James the year before. They settled near Grand Detour. Silas Tolman and family reached Inlet in 1837 and joined the Franklin Grove colony early the next spring. Henry and Harrison Hansen, with Philip Stahl, came in 1838. The father, Charles Hansen, Sr., fol- lowed in 1840, leaving his son Charles at their Maine home to bring the mother and younger children later. The family in charge of the young son Charles, reached Franklin in De- cember, 1840. As early as 1840 Whipple's mill, on Franklin Creek near "Whipple's Cave," was sawing logs cut from the near-by woods, into lumber for building purposes. E. C. Thomas and family arrived in 1839 and Nathaniel Yale and family came still ear- lier, in 183fi. D. M. Bradstreet came in 1844. James Dysart arrived in 1846 and. by 1849, had secured land enough to provide each of his several children with a half-section. The northeast portion of the northwest quar- ter of Section 34 was known as Temperance Hill. Here, on the tract now owned by W. P. Wolcott, lived John Cross, a Presbyterian min- ister, who gave the "hill" the name "Theoka," but this early gave way to the more suggestive one connected with sobriety. Cross was an anti-slavery tighter and a recognized and self- confessed conductor on the Underground Rail- road. Indeed, he once boasted to Chester Bad- ger that, in one load, he had sent twelve slaves on their way towards freedom. His home was one of the stations on the underground road. In 1848 Mr. Cross moved to Wheaton and be- came Principal of Wheaton College. Next east of Cross, Sylvester Frisbee settled, and still east of him, Mr. Hannum and family were liv- ing in a sod house as early as 1842, when Mar- tin Eastwood and wife came Into the neigh- borhood. Eastwood made a business of break- ing prairie, and built a small house which could be hauled from place to place wherever his work happened to be. Nathaniel Lewis and family took up their abode here in 1843. Fris- bee and all the settlers in the vicinity were zealous temperance people, and this fact is sup- posed to have suggested the name for the local- ity now marked by a row of hardy venerable pines. The school house hard by perpetuates the name. In 1871 the west half of the town of China was set off to form the town of Nachusa. In the year when short-hom cattle (Dur- ham) were considered the best breed. China was made prominent by its successful breeders. As early as 1854-5 Christian I^hman intro- duced high grade short-horns, and in 1867 Sam- uel Dysart and Henry Hansen went a step fur- ther with thorough-breds from Central Illinois. Mr. Dysart exhibited his stock at many fairs, at none of which he suffered defeat. He was awarded thirty-five first premiums and eighteen second premiums. Twice he was victorious in Iowa State Fairs. In 1870 he introduced the first pure-bred Berkshire swine. For a considerable time the Whitney nur- sery was one of the leading tree distributors in this part of the State. It was established by Nathan Wliitney in 1843, and was for many years continued by his son, A. R. Whitney, un- der whose management it became a large and prosperous institution. Mr. Whitney's failing health necessitated its abandonment some years ago. To those who are disposed to ques- tion the fitness of our soil and climate for fruit- growing, the fact may be recalled that, in 1871, W. H. Hansen sent from this town to the Iowa State Fair ninety-seven varieties of apples and fifteen varieties of pears. Franklin Grove. — This name is said to have been given to the grove after the youngest son of Father Dixon. In 1853 Christian Lahman, who owned the tract south of the railroad, platted about ten acres, now constituting the extreme south-west portion of the village, and christened it "Chap- lin." What are now Main and Hughes Streets were its only thoroughfares, and the lots were numbered from 1 to 35. The plat was recorded in the Recorder's Office April 23. 1855. In 1851 George W. Pense started a blacksmith shop. In 1852 Charles Bill put up the first shoe shop. Charles Ambrose opened the first store in the fall of 1851 or spring of 1852. In 1854 H. I. Lincoln came with a stock of goods from Ken- dall County and continued in trade until a few years ago. The first postoffice was opened about 1848, with Abram Brown as postmaster and A. R. Whitney mail carrier. Dr. Clark was the sec- ond postmaster and. during his term, the name of the office was changed to Chaplin. In May, HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 645 1854, Dr. George W. Hewitt located here, and in 1855 John C. Black came. The town, as it at present exists exclusive of additions, was platted by Adrastus W. Tolman, Christian Lahman, T. D. Robertson and John Dement in 1853. In 1854 the railroad was com- pleted and the regular train made its first trip December 3d of that year. A. B. Fitch was the first station agent of the road. The station be- ing located in the new part of the town, drew business in that direction and changed the trade center. W. Leake started the first harness shop. The first elevator was built in 1854 by one Williams. S. J. Smith & Co. and L. M. Blaisdell opened lumber yards and Rufus Covin started a furniture store. Conrad Durkes, hailing from Oregon. Ogle County, was first to open a dry-goods store in the new sec- tion of the town. Mix & Losey followed soon after in the same line. In 1855 Jonas Clisbee built the hotel building north of the track, and Josiah Hughes put up the two-story stone hotel in the old town, which was still known as Chaplin. Village incorporation was effected in 1857. Josiah Hughes. Jonas Clisbee, L. M. Blaisdell, S. J. Smith and A. W. Tolman were the first Trustees, Blaisdell being President and Smith Clerk. The village was again incorporated under special charter in 1865, the first officers under this organization being C. Durkes, Presi- dent; Josiah Hughes, J. J. Lichty, Joseph Wil- liams. Jonas Clisbee, George W. Brayton and Geo. H. Taylor, Councilmen, Under the gen- eral law it was once more incorporated in 1872. Churches. — The first class of the Methodist Church was formed by Rev. Jas. McKean, a missionary, probably before 1840. Cyrus Minor was leader. The first Methodist church build- ing was erected in 1863 during the pastorate of C. W. Wright. Prior to this the services had been held at the homes of the members and in school houses. Ministers having other charges officiated for a number of years. In 1853 and 1854 R. R. Bibbins, of Light House Point, preached every fourth Sabbath evening, and in the fall of the latter year, Henry Martin reorganized the class with James Welsh as leader. In the fall of 1855 M. Decker, of Lee Center, supplied the pulpit. Following him came A. D. Field, H. Richardson and Penfield. In 1860 W. T. Harlow, principal of the Semi- nary at Mt. Morris, drove twenty miles to fill appointments here. Other pastors have been: C. Webster, L. M. Anderson, H. T. Giles, John Williamson. A. P. Hatch, S. T. Snow, Jas. Bush, A. J. Scott, J. Wardle, J. C. Cooper, A. H. Schoonmaker, Revs. Stire, Stuff, Satterfield, Bassett, Harris, O'Neal, Slaughter and Honey- well, the present incumbent. In 1902 this so- ciety tore down the old church and built a new one on the same spot, at a cost of $8,100. It was dedicated October 6. 1902. January 1, 1861, Franklin Grove Presbyter- ian Church was organized. The first Board of Trustees consisted of G. W. Brayton, G. W. Hewitt, G. W. Pitcher, G. H. Brewer and Jere- miah Ketchum. W. W. Harsha, the pastor at Dixon, also acted as first pastor of this soci- ety. W. L. Lyons was the second pastor. Fol- lowing him have been: W. Hare, A. F. Morri- son, Spencer Baker, S. N. Vail, W. C. Cort, F. C. Cochrane, H. S. Jordon (May, 1881, to De- cember, 1882); A. L. Sarchet (March, 1883, to March, 1884); William E. Holyoke (Aprif, 1884, to April, 1885); W. H. McKee (April, 1885, to April. 1886); C. W. Anthony (Decem- ber. 1886, to December, 1897); R. F. Cressy (May, 1898, to .lune. 1901); W. J. Manifold, the present pastor, from September, 1902. In 1865 this society built a church conjointly with the German Lutherans, which was used in common by the two denominations. In the fall of 1887 the Presbyterians built their present church, the lot and building costing $4,000 and the furnishings $995. The German Lutheran Church was organized by Rev. William Uhl. of Dixon, but at what date we are unable to state. George Engel, George Fishback, George Kreitzer and John Genk were the first board of Trustee. A church was built but in what year we have not ascer- tained. The pastors have been: William Angel- bergpr. Charles Young, C. A. Renter, H. Stauf- fenberg. Rev. Stolle. The writer has been un- able to learn the names of any other, or to fix the date when these served. The German Baptist Brethren Church, famil- iarly known as "Brethren" or "Dunkards," are very strong, both financially and numerically, in this section. The first families of the faith to settle here were the I.,ahnia.ns and Emmerts, who came in 1843. The following year came the Riddlesbargers. Father Emraert was the first preacher. Christian Lahman was also a minister of the church. Their first house -of worship was a small grout house on the Dixon road in the present town of Nachusa. It has 646 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. been remodeled and enlarged. The society's cemetery is in the same inclosure. They also built a meeting house in Ashton and. in 1879, erected their Central Church building a little northwest of Franklin Grove. This denomina- tion has no officiating pastors, but the office de- volves on bishops and elders. A Society of the Universalist Church flour- ished in Franklin Grove at an early day. and built a church here in 1856. The Hausens, John Fish. Jonas Clisbee. John C. Black and Isaac Twombly were early members. T. J. Bartholomew was the first preacher, J. 0. Bar- rett, C. F. Dodge. Chase and Cook were pas- toi-s. Schools. — The first and only school house in Franklin Grove was built in part in 1856. In 1867 it was enlarged and. in 1894, a new brick building costing $9,000 took its place. The first principal was T. W. Scott assisted by his wife. The school was soon graded .into four departments — one primary, two intermedi- ate and one high school. Five teachers are now eniployed. In the early years school was kept during alternate weeks at Morgan's double log cabin and at Whipple's Cave. About the year 1840 Lorenzo Whiting taught a school near "Tolman's Timber," a short dis- tance from the present site of Franklin Grove. Miss Sarah Edmonds, who married James Net- tleton, was also one of the early teachers, her service being in a school house east of the Amos Hussey homestead. Harry Godger is named among the very early instructors. Cemetery. — In September, 1863, the FranlUin Grove Cemetery Association was formed with Isaac Twombly as President, Conrad Durkes, Secretary, Joseph Williams, Geo. H. Taylor and AV. S. Thompson, trustees, its purpose being to take care of and improve the then existing cemetery. This has been admirably done. There is no record in the County Recorder's office showing the incorporation of the associa- tion. The burial of Mrs. Holly, in 1S39, is said to have been the first in these grounds. Factories. — The Cheese Factory Association of Franklin Grove was organized in February. 1881, with A. H. Schoonmaker as President; N. Hansen, Vice-President, H. A. Black. Secre- tary and Treasurer, and A. R. Whitney. C. L. Anthony and Chas. Wertman, Directors. The Wind Grist-Mill was built in 1874 near the southeast limits of the village, by J. L. Strock. J. C. J. D. and D. F. Lahman. at a cost of $13,261. The wheel was 80 feet in diam- eter and. at its top, was 105 feet above ground. The enterprise did not prove to be profitable. The property changed hands several times, and was finally converted by J. L. Strock into a tile- factory, which was successfully conducted for a number of years until his death in 1888, and afterwards by F. D. and C. W. Lahman and F. A. Dow, A succession of dry seasons reduced the demand for tile and. in 1900, the machinery was exchanged for western land and the build- ings sold. In 1875 the copartnership known as J. D. Lahman & Company was organized for the manufacture of the Great Western Seeder, with J. D. and J. C. Lahman and J. L. Strock part- ners. A year or two later J. C. Lahman retired from the firm and D. F. Lahman became a mem- ber. J. L. Strock was the business manager. In 1889 J. D. Lahman bought D. F. Lahman's in- terest. To simplify natural complications that arise on the death of a copartner in conduct- ing an industrj' of this Icind, J. D. Lahman bought the J. L. Strock estate's interest in the factory and unsold goods, and closed the busi- ness in the two years following. H. N. Brat- ton & Company manufactured and sold a few machines for several years succeeding. The business grew from a small beginning to a brisk little enterprise, as many as 2.400 seeders be- ing manufactured in a single season. Camp Meetinci. — On July 12. 1881. the Dixon District Camp-Meeting Asociation was organ- ized with the following officers: Rev. Luke Hitchcock. President: Isaac Rive. Vice-Presi- dent; Rev. I. E. Springer, Secretary: Rev. A. H. Schoonmaker. Treasurer. Executive Com- mittee — Revs. Schoonmaker. F. P. Cleveland. R. M. Smith. G. W. Carr, F. G. Petrie and Messrs. R. B. Sproul and James Brown. Ten acres of ground in the timber just outside of the village was bought and suitably fitted up for camp-meeting purposes. The first meeting opened August 31, 1881, and successful ses- sions have been held yearly since then. It soon became recognized as one of the estab- lished institutions of the county. Banks. — For a number of years Conrad Durkes furnished banking facilities for the community as an adjunct to his mercantile business. At different times other merchants — Henry A. Black. P. C. Rooney and possibly oth- ers — did the same. Having retired from trade HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 647 Mr. Durkes, in 1889, organized tlie "I'''ranklin Grove Bank" under the State law with a capital of 125,000, and with J. D. Lahman, President; C. Durkes, Vice-President; W. C. Durkes, Cash- ier. The organization stands the same to-day except that, on the deatli of C. Durlves, his son Warren C. succeeded him as Vice-President and another son. Stelzer A., was made Cashier. The deposits the first year averaged about $20.i)0n. They now average about $150,000 yearly. Newspapers. — The only newspaper now pub- lished in the village is the "Franklin Re- porter," which was started by John Blocker August 14, 1869. Dr. D. H. Spickler succeeded him in the proprietorship, September 7, 1871. May 8. 1875, T. W. Scott became its owner and John Blocker acquired an interest with him Sep- tember 4, 1875. They sold out to D. B. Senger, August 5, 1876. October 16, 1886, E. E. Man- ning became publisher. June, 1889. T. W. Scott again became proprietor. W. T. Tuttle followed him March 13, 1S91. and September 1, 1894, G. W. Gaver, the present proprietor, took the helm. Other papers have appeared from time to time, but soon went out. The "Franklin Grove Gazette," printed at Dixon, the "Enter- prize" and "Electric Light" were of this class. The population of China Township, includ- ing Franklin Grove, according to census, was 1,361 in 1S90, and 1,315 in 1900. The popula- tion of Franklin Grove was 736 in 1890, and 681 in 1900. CHAPTER IX. DIXON TOWNSHIP AND CITY. THE OCEE FERRY ESTABLISHED ARRIVAL OF ,70HN DIXON AND FAMILY OTHER EARLY SETTLERS — GOVERNMENT LAND OFFICE AT DIXON THE TOWN INCORPORATED IMPORTANT EVENTS IN LOCAL HISTORY — VISITATION OF CHOLERA SCOtTRGE — DISASTROUS FIRE13 ^ — SKETCH OF "father" JOHN DIXON — DISTINGUISHED VISIT- ORS LINCOLN AND .lEFF DAVIS — CIIURCII HIS- TORY. In 1828 a Canadian half-breed, named Jo- seph Ogee, built a log cabin and established a ferry across Rock River at the present site of Dixon. John Dixon had, at this time, a con- tract for carrying the mail between Galena and Peoria, and induced Ogee to establish the ferry here on the mail route between the two points. There Is authority for the statement that li- cense was granted Ogee by Jo Daviess County — which then embraced Lee County — to keep this ferry, while there is credible authority stating that the ferry was unlicensed. The banks of the river then sloped gently to the water's edge, instead of being abrupt as at present. This, it is said, was at that time the only crossing below Rockford, and the few settlers in that vicinity had to come to Ogee's or Dixon's Ferry for their mail. In 1829 a postoffice was established at the ferry, and a man by the name of Gay appointed postmaster. April 11. 1830, John Dixon, with his wife and family of five children, came to Dixon, bought Ogee's claim and ran the ferry, and in 1834 the name of the postoffice was changed from Ogee's Ferry to Dixon's Ferry. Between the years 1832 and 1836 a plat of a town called Burlington was laid out on a part of the land now included in Adelheid Park. In the latter year, it had three log houses. Some years ago John K. Robinson wrote that, in 1834, "a Mr. Kirkpatrick attempted to start a town one and a quarter miles below Dixon, on the place now known as Dr. Everett's farm." and tried to establish a ferry, but both town and ferry failed. Some time prior to 1840. the "Town of Oporto" was platted. Its location is not definitely ascertained; but from allusions to it found in early conveyances, it was prob- ably a small piece of ground on the north side of the river, included in the triangular piece between Everett and Fellows Streets in Parson's Addition. Recently the plat of Oporto was discovered among ancient papers in the Recorder's Office at Galena, but was so poorly prepared that it gave no assurance of the exact ground it was designed to fit. It must be remembered that, prior to 1840, all plats, including the original plat of the town of Dixon, were recorded at Galena, then, as i!ow, the county-seat of Jo Daviess County. The first plat of the Town of Dixon to be recorded in the Recorder's Office of Lee County, is found in Book "A" of Deeds, page 62. It was made by Joseph Crawford, October 28, 1840, for John Dixon, Smith Gilbraith, William Wilkinson, and Bowman and Lane, On the margin of this plat is a note reading: "Numbers of lots in 648 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. led ink, are the same as those upon the orig- inal plat recorded in Jo Daviess County." The "red figures" indicate that boundaries of the two plats were alike. North Dixon was platted as "Town of North Dixon," April 22, 1842, by Joseph Crawford, for and under the direction of John Dixon. For his first dwelling. Father Dixon occupied a log cabin partly built by Ogee and extended by himself, standing at the northwest corner of what is now First and Peoria Streets. It was ninety feet long. The site is appropri- ately marked by a bronze tablet, placed in the wall of the building standing on this corner by the Dixon Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution. The original dwelling was torn down in 1845. In the spring of 1836, the first store was started by Chapman & Hamilton in an addition to Father Dixon's log house. Prior to this, however, in 1833-4, a man by the name of Mar- tin kept a small stock in the block-house form.- ing a part of the fort on north side of the river. Father Dixon also carried on quite a busi- ness, largely with the Indians, in the princi- pal comjmodities in use in frontier life. In 1837 a dry-goods store was opened by S. M. Bow- man & Co. on the corner of River and Galena Streets. Joseph Crawford came to Dixon in the spring of 1835 and located on a farm in the "bend" near Grand Detour. Dr. Oliver Everett reached Dixon September 3, 1836, which then consisted of four log houses, a frame house, a blacksmith shop and two or three houses in course of erection. At the Presidential election in 1836, polls were opened in Dixon for Rock River precinct of Jo Daviess County, Ogle County not yet having been set off. In the fall of 1840 the Government Land Ofiice was moved here from Galena. John Dement was made Receiver and Major Hack- elton Register. D. G. Garnsey became Receiver soon after, and John Hogan Register. In 1841 a small stone two-story building was erected on the northwest corner of Ottawa and Second Streets, and for four years was occupied as the Government Land Office, The ofiice was then moved to a grout two-story building stand- ing at No. 115, Hennepin Avenue. It was taken down about two years ago to give place to the brick building now occupying the ground. The Land Ofiice remained in that building as long as it was continued in Dixon. In the winter of 1839-40, J. T. Little and S. G. D. Howard opened a dry-goods store on the corner of River and Hennepin Streets. In June, 1841, William Cullen Bryant, the poet, visited Dixon and, on his return to his brother's home at Princeton, 111., wrote of the place, in part, as follows: "Five years ago, two cabins only stood on the solitary shore, and now it is a considerable village with many neat dwellings, a commodious Court House, several places of worship for the good people, and a Jail for the rogues, built with a triple wall of massive logs, but I was glad to see that it had no inmates." In 1841 the now quite dilapidated old frame building on River Street, used as a livery sta- ble (No. 114-116), was built by J. T. Little and occupied by Little & Brooks as a dry-goods store for a number of years, and afterwards by Webb, Rogers & Woodruff. It was In this store that P. M, Alexander took employment when he first came to the town, and where he continued to clerk until he embarked in busi- ness for himself, March 20, 1843, an election was held on the question of village incorporation. Forty-four votes were cast, all in the affirmative. A business roll-call of the town of Dixon, in the summer of 1845, would have shown: 6 lawyers, 3 physicians, 5 dry-goods and 3 gro- cery stores, 4 blacksmith and 3 wagon-shops, 3 tailors, 2 shoe-makers, 1 painter, 2 cabinet- makers, 2 harness shops, 1 bakery, 2 hotels. In the first issue of the "Dixon Telegraph and Lee County Herald," May 1, 1851, the dam is referred to, and it is said that "a saw-mill is already in operation on the north bank, and a large flouring-mill is about to be erected on the other. A rope ferry is the means of crossing the river, which is in operation night and day. The stages meet here from almost every direc- tion." A time table of the "Chicago & Galena Railroad," published in the same issue, closes with, "stages will connect at Aurora and St. Charles, for Dixon, Albany and Rock Island," As early as 1845 Dixon boEisted of a "Young Men's Lyceum," July 29, 1851, a brass band of eleven mem- bers was organized, H. T. Noble, H. P. Wickes, B. F. Shaw, Andrew J. Brubaker, Henry Brook- ner, O. F. Herrick. T. H. Eustace and A. B. Judd being members. At the Presidential election November 2, 1852, 327 votes were cast in the precinct, of which Pierce received 185 and Scott 138. HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 649 December 18, 1852, the first flour mill on the water power was completed. It was built by Brooks & Daley at a cost of $15,000. March 7, 1853, Dixon was incorporated as a town (not city). The first Trustees were John Dixon, A. L. Porter, P. M. Alexander, Lorenzo Wood and L. Wynkoop. April 16, 1853, the local paper notes that, after the murder of the Mormon high priest, Joseph Smith, his brother William, with a small band of followers, took up their resi- dence about twelve miles south of town, where they have kept up their organization and meet- ings, and that, at the April term of the Cir- cuit Court of that year, William's suit against his wife for divorce came on and the jury found in favor of the wife. May 4. 1854, he was in jail for "jumping bail." The "resi- dence" referred to was Palestine Grove, wherp Mormonism gained quite a foothold. (See Am- boy.) May 21, 1853. "The Telegraph" records the advent of a milk wagon and dray. The pioneer "strike" of the community oc- curred in March. 1854. during the construction of the Illinois Central Railroad through the town. The hands employed on the work struck for $1.25 a day. Frequent rows and knock- downs were the accompaniments. In 1846 the first brick building in the town was erected. It is still standing as Nos. 109 and 111 First Street. The west half was erected by James and Horace Benjamin, and the east half by A. T. Murphy. In 1854 one of the buildings which formed the nucleus of the present Grand Detour Plow Works, was erected by John Dement for manu- facturing purposes. In this same year Ex- change Block (Nos. 102 and 104 Galena Ave- nue) was erected by Stiles, Eustace & Webb, and Nos. 84 and 86 Galena Avenue, were built by P. M. Alexander and J. B. Brooks. One hundred and thirty buildings were erected in 1855. among which were the brick building, corner of First and Hennepin (No. 124 First Street), erected by Davis Bros.; "Union Block" (Nos. 105-107 First Street), erected by Nash & Noble. This was originally four stories high, but in April, 1862, the fourth story being considered unsafe, was removed. The three- story brick building on the north side of First Street (No. 115) was erected in the fall of 1856. In the fall of 1858 C. Godfrey & Sons, who then owned the Brooks & Dailey mill on the water-power, completed the "Farmers' Mill," located on present site of electric power-house, lots 2 and 3, Mill Block. The year 1854 was a very eventful one in the annals of Dixon, not only in matters of growth and development, but on account of the cholera scourge which afflicted it. There had been a few deaths from the disease prior to July 21, including those of Mrs. Alanson Smith and a few railroad hands; but on the 21st it became epidemic, breaking out in full force on Saturday the 22d. During that night many of the inhabitants fled into the country. The next day, Sunday, fourteen victims lay dead in the town. The total number of deaths from July 20th to August 7th by cholera was 34. Doctors Everett and Abbott, who were in at- tendance, give the following as the death roll: Mrs. Patrick Duffee and child. Michael Harris, Mrs. Jacob Craver, Wm. Lahee, Daniel Brook- ner and wife and Daniel Brookner. Jr.. John Finley, Joseph Cleaver (Postmaster) and cous- in of same name, John Keenan, Mrs. Cooley, Marsh, Mrs. Owen's child, John Connels, John Barnes, Elijah Dixon, Wm. Patrick, Benj. Vann. Mrs. Scheer, Cyrus Kimball and wife, Israel Evans. Mrs. Catherine Dailey, Mr. Peck, Ed- ward Hamlin. Roderick McKenzie and wife, Mrs. Huff, Mr. Jones, Mr. C. Johnson, Owen Gallinger and E. Boswick. October 12, 1854, Mr. Ferris Finch was occu- pied in the painting of the fine portrait of Father Dixon, which for many years hung in the Court House, and is now in the Public Li- brary. At an auction sale of town lots, made March 15, 1856, by Brooks, Eddy and Wood, the aver- age price obtained was $52 a front foot for business property. A corner lot on First and Galena Streets (not stated which corner) brought $72 a foot. Property bought in 1848 for $225 sold for $3,000. At the first election under the city charter 298 votes were cast against licensing the sale of liquor, and 170 votes in favor. June 6, 1855. the Maine Prohibitory Liquor Law was submitted to popular vote and received 318 votes for to 38 against. February 20, 1856, the "Nameless Minstrels" gave a concert, "the proceeds to go towards purchasing a fire engine for the corporate town of Dixon." The names of J. C. Ayres and H. T. Noble appear among the "talent." In 1856 the excitement over the Kansas-Ne- braska issue ran high and $1,000 was raised 650 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. to aid bona fide emigrants to Kansas to assist in making it free territory. July 14, 1858, the Lee County Agricultural Society was organized and held Its first fair on fair-grounds near the cemetery, in October of that year. A similar society had been organ- ized February 6, 1854. July 30, 1858, the steamer "Rocliford" ar- rived on its first trip up the Rock River. December 4, 1858, the proposed city charter was submitted to vote of the citizens and by them indorsed. It was passed by the General Assembly and approved February 19, 1859. Two previous efforts to incorporate had been de- feated at the polls. August 10, 1859, the North Dixon depot of the Illinois Central Railroad was opened, with George L. Herrick as agent. April 5, 1860, the "Dixon Improvement Asso- ciation" was formed for the purpose of im- proving and beautifying the city by planting trees, etc. In the fall of 1862 the Illinois Central Rail- road replaced its- wooden bridge with an iron one, on the same piers. The "Quaker City" building (No. 209 First Street) was erected by Isaac Jones in the sum- mer of 1862. June 22, 1863, a "Society of Vigilance" was organized for the purpose of detecting and bringing thieves to justice, and reclaiming stolen property. June 24, 1870, the Dixon Hose Company, No. 1, was organized with about thirty members — H. S. Dey, Foreman — and a week later, the Monitor Hook & Ladder Company was organ- ized with W. N. Johnson as foreman. June 2, 1870, the Dixon Park Association was formed, and held its first fair that summer on its grounds west of the city, now included in Maple Park. ' January 12, 1871, the City Hall building, (frame) at the corner of Second and Henne- pin Streets, was completed for use of the fire department. November 30, 1876, the Opera House, erected by H. J. Stevens, F. A. Truman, J. D. Crabtree and W. D. Stevens, was opened. December 4, 1879, trains commenced run- ning on switch track connecting depots with water power. This track was paid for by citi- zens of Dixon with funds raised by subscrip- tion. In 1892 a new frame passenger depot was built by the Illinois Central Railroad Company, about two blocks south of the old one. The latter, a small brick building, was the first to be occupied by the company and was permitted to hold its ground until the summer of 1903, when it was demolished. Old Settlers. — It is well nigh impossible to give anything like a complete list of the early settlers of Dixon and immediate vicinity, but the following is offered as a partial roll of ar- rivals prior to 1850: John Dixon, 1830; Joseph Crawford, 1835; Dr. J. B. Nash, 1838; J. H. Moore, 1847; J. V. Eustace, 1843; Isaac S. Boardman, 1837; Oliver Everett, 1836; Joseph T. Little (who died this summer), 1839; Sally Herrick, who recently died at an advanced age, sister of Dr. Nash, 1S40; Mrs. N. G. H. Morrill, who also died recently, 1838; John Richards and daughter Sarah, September 1, 1836; John L. Lord, 1838; Noah Beede and son, A. A. Beede, 1836; A. T. Murphy. 1840; Reuben Eastwood and son Sumner D., 1837; John De- ment, 1840; W. W. Heaton, about 1840; Alexan- ander Charters and son James, 1838; John Clute, 1840; Philip M. Alexander, 1838; Hiram Hetler and parents, 1837; David H. Law and parents, 1839; Daniel McKinney and parents, 1846; Andrew J. Brubaker, 1848; John H. Page, 1834; Joseph B. Brooks, prior to May 15, 1844. Mrs. E. B. Baker (Ann Elizabeth Kellogg) passed through here in 1828 with her father's family; they settled at Buffalo's Grove (Polo) and she became a permanent settler of Dixon in 1846; Stephen Fuller arrived in 1836; Joseph Brierton and son Sylvester, 1838. (Wm. S., the son of Joseph, was born the next year.) Of these all but the following have passed to the "great beyond:" Mr. Moore, Miss Sarah Rich- ards, Mrs. Murphy, S. D. Eastwood, Mr. Clute, Hiram Hetler, Dr. D. H. Law, Mr. Brubaker, Mrs. Baker, Mr. Fuller, Sylvester and W. S. Brierton. Fires. — In 1846 the first recorded fire visited the town, consuming the Phoenix Hotel, Stiles & Eddy's Store (Bowman's old stand), corner of Galena and River Streets. October 14, 1859. a disastrous fire occurred extending on both sides of First Street from Hennepin west. Seventeen buildings were de- stroyed. The estimiated loss was over $50,000; insurance, |10,200. January 29, 1860, John Dement's machine shop, opposite the Mills on Water Street, was HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 651 burned out. ruining the machinery — loss |2.t,- 000; no insurance. March 7, ISiJl. three buildingj on or near the northwest corner of First and Galena Streets were destroyed by fire. March 3, 1871, three buildings in center of the block on north side of First Street, be- tween Hennepin and Peoria, were destroyed by fire— loss $4,000. November 30, 1871, St. James Hotel U'ormerly Shabbona House) was burned to the ground. March 12, 1873, the Western Knitting Mills were entirely destroyed by fire^loss |20,000. The Flax Factory adjoining wa3 duniageii to the extent of $5,000. December 7, 1875, a fire broke out in the upper story of Becker & Underwood's Flouring Mill, resulting in a loss of $13,000, The main building of the Dixon Power & Lighting Com- pany now occupies the ground. April 8, 1880, the most disastrous fire that ever visited Dixon broke out at one o'clock in the morning, at the water-power. In an hour all the buildings on the north side of the race, were consumed. They consisted of the double stone building — one-half of which was owned by Caleb Clapp and the other half by John Dement — Thompson's Flouring Mill and that of Becker & Underwood. The only pumps af- fording fire protection were on the race in front of these mills, and they were soon dis- abled. The Amboy Fire Company, with its engine, was sent for and its timely arrival and efficient work saved the buildings on the oipo- site side of the street. When the flames reached the Becker & Underwood Mill there was a ter- rific explosion, cause, it was supposed, by the combustion of flour dust. Men were in the building at the time striving to check the fire, two of whom, Ezra Becker and William Schum, were killed, while ten others were wounded more or less seriously. The total loss was $190,000; insurance, $66,900. The interior of the Catholic Church was en- tirely destroyed by fire May 7, 1887. On the morning of June 3, 1903, all of the Opera House above the first floor within walls, was destroyed by fire; insurance paid, $12,000. Biographical Sketch of Father Dixon. — John Dixon was born in the Village of Rye, West- chester County, N. Y., October 9. 1784. On reaching his majority he moved to New York City where, for fifteen years, he was the pro- Col-:! prietor of a clothing store and merchant tail- oring establishment. He was actively inter- ested in the temperance cause and religious matters, and became one of the directors of the "Young Men's Bible Society of the City of New York," organized February 11, 1809. It was the first Bible Society established in the United States, and developed into the American Bible Society of the present day. When Fulton took his first steamboat on its trial trip up the Hud- son, Mr. Dixon was a passenger and insisted on paying fare against the inventor's protest. He thus came by the distinction, not only of riding on the first steamboat, but of paying the first fare for such a ride. Being threatened with pulmonary disease, he left New York in 1820 for the West with his wife and children, the means of transportation being a covered wagon drawn by a single team. On reaching Pittsburg a flatboat was purchased on which they embarked with their team and belongings, and floated down the Ohio to Shaw- neetown, 111., where they disembarked and pro- ceeded with their wagon across the trackless prairies to the locality where Springfield now stands. On Fancy Creek, nine miles from the site of the future capital, he located after over seventy days' journey. Early the next year Sangamon County was organized. At the first session of Court in the new county, John Dixon was foreman of the grand jury. In 1825 he was appointed Clerk of the Circuit Court and Recorder of Deeds for Peoria County, necessi- tating his removal to Peoria, then also known as Fort Clark. Northern Illinois was not then divided into counties and, within the territory attached to Peoria County were the voting pre- cincts of Galena and Chicago. This whole .egion, which now embraces thirty counties, then had but 1,236 inhabitants. While Mr. Dixon was thus engaged at Peoria, the Government established a mail route from that point to Galena, crossing Rock River at the present site of Dixon, mail to be carried once in two weeks on horseback. Mr. Dixon secured the contract. In order to effect safe passage of the mails over the river, he induced a French and Indian half-breed by the name of Ogee to establish a ferry, which was later purchased by Mr. Dixon, who with his family moved to this point April 11, 1830, and the crossing was thereafter known as "Dixon's Ferry." Whether this is the same "Joseph "'0^ HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. Ogee" referred to in the treaty of Prairie du Cliien. heretofore quoted, nowhere appears, but It is highly probable. The Winnebago Indians were occupants of a large part of the country, and Mr. Dixon soon established business relations with them and secured their entire confidence which, on the return of the Sacs and Foxes in 1832, proved to be of great value to himself and family, and he reciprocated with services equally valuable to them. His unflinching integrity and strict temperance habits served often to protect his dusky friends from the exactions of unscrupu- lous traders. Owanico, or "Jahro," chief of the Winnebagoes. became an active disciple of tem- perance. Even at that early day, Mr. Dixon's hair was so white that he was known among the Indians as "Na-chu-sa" (the white-haired.) In 1838 Mr. Dixon was appointed by the Gov- ernor of the State one of the Commissioners to carry on the system of internal improve- ment then inaugurated, and later was elected to the position by the Legislature. Although the movement was ill-conceived and resulted in ridiculous failure, no fault was ever at- tached to the Commissioners. The acquaintance which Abraham Lincoln made with Father Dixon, during the Black Hawk War. was never forgotten by Mr. Lin- coln; and when the great man had been elected President, and before his departure from Springfield to assume the office. Father Dixon called on him. Mr. Lincoln eagerly recalled the early friendship and volunteered a promise, unsolicited on Mr. Dixon's part, that he would see that his old friend was made Postmaster of the city he had founded; but when the time for the change came, another secured the post. By some political trick the commission had been obtained without Mr. Lincoln's knowledge. On being apprised of it, the President was in- dignant and mortified, "for," he said, "he had promised it to Mr. Dixon." This incident is vouched for by unquestionable authority. In 1840 Mr. Dixon visited Washington, his mission being to procure the removal of the Government Land Office from Galena to Dixon. It is needless to say that he succeeded. He enlisted the interest of General Scott, who had made his acquaintance while serving in the Black Hawk War, and thus reached President Van Buren, who promptly caused the desired order to be made. Mrs. Dixon was a woman of superior attain- ments, who exerted an active moral and relig- ious influence in the community, and was a worthy companion for so exemplarj- a man. Mr. Dixon died at his home in North Dixon, July 6th, 1876, universally respected and be- loved, having nearly attained his ninety-second year. His wife and ten children had all de- parted before him. but grandchildren and other family connections were about him and ten- derly ministered to him to the last. Though he had once owned the tract on which the city which bears his name now stands, and had been afforded many opportunities to accumu- late a fortune, he died a poor man. The preva- lent craze for speculation seems to have passed him by. He was modest, gentle and retiring by nature, a great reader and a man of large in- telligence. Current events and the affairs of the nation and the world at large were of ab- sorbing interest to him up to a short time be- fore he was taken. His generosity and public spirit are well indicated by the fact that, in platting the town of North Dixon, he dedicated Oak Park to public use, and in laying out the town of Dixon south of the river, he gave Mar- ket Square to the public, and donated to the county the Public Square on which the Court House now stands. It is generally understood that he also donated 80 acres of land adjacent to Dixon to aid in the erection of the first Court House. His funeral was the occasion of a demonstra- tion seldom accorded a modest, private citizen having no official claims to distinction. It oc- curred on Sunday following his death. From all the surrounding towns came delegations and societies to pay their last respects to his memory. Business houses and public buildings were draped in mourning. The body lay in state at the Court House under guard of Sir Knights Templar, and for hours the people streamed by to take a last look at the venerable founder of the town. At a meeting of citizens, held the Friday evening before his burial, a touching memorial was adopted, in which the rare tribute was pronounced that he was a man of great strength of mind, force of character and determination of purpose; yet he had lived and died without an enemy. Forgetful of him- self, he lived for others a pure and unselfish life. He was that "noblest work of God" — "an honest man." No life admits of a higher en- HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 653 comium, nor can any lity boast of a name which should carry with it, into all the arter- ies of municipal life, more of manly virtue and civic righteousness than the one which this noble pioneer gave to the town he founded, and on whose infant life he impressed the seal of his fine personality. A monument to his mem- ory was erected and dedicated in 1892, in Oak- wood Cemetery, by popular subscription, at a cost of $1,000. (For further notice of Father Dixon see "Black Haick Wo?-.") Distinguished Visitors. — Dixonites, like all the rest of creation, recall with satisfaction the distinguished personages who have tarried within their borders. Abraham Lincoln, the Immortal, heads their list. He was first here as a Captain of Militia during the Black Hawk War, and again as private on a second and third enlistment. Lieut. Jefterson Davis, of the legular army, who became President of the Southern Confedercy, and Lieut. Robt. Ander- son, also of the regular army, who in April, 1861, defended Fort Sumter against the Con- federacy's rebellious assault, were also here at the same time: That Davis was here has been questioned, but . no longer admits of doubt. Lieut. Col. Zachary Taylor, afterwards Presi- dent of the United States, and Gen. Winfield Scott were also of the number. It has often been asserted, and generally believed, that Lin- coln was first mustered into the service of the Government at Dixon's Ferry, and that, as a part of the procedure. Lieut. Davis adminis- tered the oath of allegiance to him. Father Dixon and Col. John Dement so understood it, and it is said upon creditable authority that Mr. Lincoln so stated. But it may not be true. Mr. Frank E. Stevens, who, by the way, was Dixon born and bred, in his recently issued exhaustive work on the Black Hawk War, re- produces a letter from Maj. Buckmaster. under whom Captain Lincoln's company was serving, dated May 9, 1832, at mouth of Rock River, in which he writes that they were mustered into the service of the United States the day before by Gen. Atkinson; and the author submits this as conclusive proof of the fallacy of what has been so long and fondly entertained as true. Certain it is, that this letter casts another shadow over the subject. If Mr. Lincoln was sworn into the service at Dixon, it is of course possible that Lieut. Davis was the mustering officer, but rather more probable that Lieuten- ant Anderson performed that function. We have said in our notice of the Black Hawk War that Lincoln entered the service three times before the war terminated. He was discharged from the first company at the mouth of Fox River, and there re-enlisted for twenty days as a private in Capt. lies' Company. Lieut. Ander- sion being the officer who then mustered the company in. At the expiration of the twenty days, these men returned and were mustered out at Fort Wilbourn, located between LaSalle and Peru. On the following day Lincoln was mustered in as a private in Capt. Early's Com- .pany, this being his third enlistment. June 21st the company reached Dixon's Ferry, and thence moved north to Whitewater River, where it was mustered out July 10, 1832, the men re- turning homeward by way of Dixon's Ferry. It follows, therefore, that there was only one opportunity for Mr. Lincoln to have been mus- tered in at Dixon, and that was when his com- mand reached here on its march from the mouth of Rock River, where Major Buckmaster writes the troops were sworn into the service. But it must be looked upon as little less than marvelous, that Father Dixon and John De- ment, both of whom were active participants in the war and were brought in constant con- tact with both Lieut. Anderson and Lieut. Davis, and became well acquainted with Mr. Lincoln, should be mistaken; and it is still more remarkable that Mr. Lincoln himself should state that he was sworn in here, if. in fact, it occurred at the mouth of the river, as deduced from the letter from Maj. Buckmaster. It is possible, of course, that, for some reason, Lincoln may not have been with his company at the time of the muster referred to by the Major. There is no question but what Lincoln was at Dixon on other occasions. He had become well acquainted with Joseph Crawford, who had ferved with him in tne TjCgislature, and who, being a brother Whig, was a great admirer of Mr. Lincoln. Lincoln is remembered to have visited Dixon at one time, when he sought out Mr. Craw.ford. if indeed he was not actually entertained at the Crawford home. He also knew Judge J. V. Eustace, whose acquaintance he had formed at Springfield, and on one of his visits here called on the Judge. One occasion was when he spoke in Court House square, September 8, 1856, in the Presidential cam- paign of that year. The probable spot where 654 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. he addressed the people has been recently marked by a large boulder, placed there by the Dixon Post G. A, R., bearing an inscription commemorative of the event. A number of citi- zens still living were present. A communica- tion from one of the audience whose identity is not revealed, is referred to in "Scribner's Magazine" for April, 1878. p. 884, in which the writer says: "Lincoln spoke in the grove in the Court House square, Dixon, 111. I think you (Noah Brooks, to whom the letter was ad- dressed) and I sat together and made a little fun of his excessively homely appearance. He was dressed in an awkwardly fitting linen suit, . evidently bought ready made at a country store, and intended for a man at least five inches less in stature than he was, the vest and trousers not meeting b.v at least an inch and a half, and the last named garment being short at the feet. Lincoln made, on that occas- ion, his second speech on a Republican or Free- Soil platform. No other speech I have ever heard made such a lasting impression on my mind." In Herndon's "Life of Lincom." it is stated on authority of Mr. Horace White, then corre- spondent of the Chicago Tribune, who later be- came its editor, that Mr. N. B. Judd and Dr. C. H. Ray, then editor of the Tribune, met Mr. Lin- coln at Dixon in conference the day before his memorable debate with Douglas at Freeport. It is known by those intimately associated with Mr. Lincoln at this time, that in the debate he contemplated putting to Douglas the following question: "Can the people of a United States territory, in any lawful way, against the wish of any citizen of the United States, exclude slavery from its limits prior to the formation of a State constitution?" The politicians close to Mr. Lincoln feared the consequences which would follow, and endeavored to persuade Mr. Lincoln to desist. Mr. White writes that this was the purpose of the conference at Dixon. We are able to state, on authority of Mr. B. F. Shaw of Dixon, who was then conducting a Republican paper (The Telegraph) here and was deeply interested in c\irrent events, as well as a great admirer of Mr. Lincoln and a stanch champion of the cause he advocated, that this reported interview never, in fact, took place. One thing is practically certain; that it such a gathering occurred, he would have known of it. On the contrary, he was at the Illinois Central depot when the large excursion train, with Mr. Lincoln aboard, passed through Dixon on its way to Freeport on the day of the great debate, and on a regular train, a few hours later, he himself reached Freeport in time to hear the discussion. It might be added that he found on the train Owen Lovejoy, with whom he was acquainted, who was likewise on his way to Freeport. Mr. Lovejoy was very much disturbed over certain references which Mr. Douglas had made to him in his speech at Ot- tawa; and, after the debate was over, Mr. Shaw was a prime mover in bringing Mr. Lovejoy be- fore the assembled crowd where, standing on a dry goods box in front of the Brewster House, he delivered one of the most eloquent, as well as fiery, philippics ever heard. In this con- nection the writer may say that, in conversa- tion he heard Gen. S. D. Atkins, of Freeport, re- late that he was present in Lincoln's room in the Brewster House on that eventful day, when several intimate friends of Mr. Lincoln were laboring with him to withhold the question above quoted, which he still expected to pro- pound to Mr. Douglas; that Mr. Lincoln patient- ly listened to all that was said, and after re- flecting some time without speaking, announced his determination to stand by the question, saying that while it might defeat him as a Sen- ator, it would prevent Douglas from ever be- coming President. The question was put and the predicted result followed. Albert Sidney Johnson and Joseph E. John- son, both of whom became leading Generals on the Confederate tide in the War of the Re- bellion, Col. Nathan Boone, a son of Daniel Boone, John Reynolds. Governor of the State, and Gen. E. D. Baker, one of the brilliant ora- tors of the then future, who was killed early in the war of the Rebellion at Ball's Bluff — these, with many other notables, made the ac- quaintance of Father Dixon at Dixon's Ferry. Father Dixon's account book of those days shows a loan to Gen. Scott of $6.50, for which Scott gave his note. In 1843 Margaret Fuller, a talented writer and one of the literary circle of Boston and Concord, which included Emerson. Chan- ning, Alcott, Hawthorne and others who be- came eminent, passed through Lee County in what was doubtless an emigrant wagon or "prairie schooner," en route from Chicago to Oregon, Ogle County. In her book, "At Home and Abroad," she speaks of a night spent in a tavern at Paw Paw. The ladies of the party HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 655 slept in the bar-room, from which its drinl\ to Mr. Ingals' place. During that sum- HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 691 mer or fall he settled on the southwest part of Section 7. ti-.king possession of and completing a lot; house that had been partly built by pre- vious claimants who had abandoned their claim. He went back to Vermont that fall and returned the next year with his bride. Jona- than Peterson laid claim, in the summer of 1837, to the northwestern part of Section 4, and after building a log cabin near by in Lee Cen'er, he, too. repaired that fall to his New England home for a wife, returning with her the next year. In the fall of 1838 Thomas and William Pessenden arrived with their families, and built a log house near the southeast cor- ner of the northwest quarter of Section 7, and moved into it in December. In the following year William Fessenden built on the southeast corner of the southwest quarter of Section 6. Sometime in the '30s William Knox and family settled on the south side of the eastern portion of the grove which bears their name. It was on the Chicago and Galesburg road, east of the center of the southeast quarter of Section 24. Sylvanus Peterson, brother of Jonathan, lo- cated on the southeast quarter of Section 5. Earlier than 1840, John Morton and R. E. Good- all settled on Sections 5 and 8. One of the old settlers, Daniel Baird, located in LaSalle County in the fall of 1836, and came on to Sublette in 1839. planting his home on the La- Salle and Grand Detour road, near the north- east corner of the south half of the northeast quarter of Section 17. It was in this year that Phineas Rust built the first frame house in the township, on the northeast quarter of Section 3J. He never lived there, however, but sold his claim late in 1840 to Philo Stanard and Thomas Angler. During the year 1839 Thomas Tour- tillott built a frame house near the center of Section 31 and Obed W. Bryant settled on the Chicago and Galesburg road on Section 35. In 1843, Bphraim Reniff, with his family, located on the south half of the northeast quarter of Section 33, and Hiram Anderson did likewise on the northeast quarter of the southeast quar- ter of the same section. It was over the latter claim that the Settlers' Claim Society applied a law of their own making to a claim-jumper by the name of Bull. A force, sixty-five in number, well armed, repaired to Dixon and captured the offender. The difficulty was so adjusted, however, that Anderson held the land, and the vigorous remedy protected the settlement from "jumpers" ever thereafter. Early in the '4i)s Stephen Richardson located near the southwest corner of the northeast quarter of Section 31. Jacob Vertrees came in 1843 or '44, and John Skinner in 1844 or '45. Hezekiah and John McKune were also settlers in the early '40s, the former locating on the north half of the northeast quarter of Section 8, and the latter on the southwest quarter of Section 17. In 1848 or '49 William Coleman settled on the northeast quarter of Section 7. In 1843 Alpheus Crawford bought a claim to the south'half of Section 13 for $75. This was within the Knox Grove settlement, where Levi Camp had settled that year and Daniel Pratt the year before. Prescott Bartlett claimed the east half of Section 27, and built a log house near the northwest corner of the tract in 1844. Silas D. Reniff also settled on the north half of the north half of Section 20, and John Betz on the southeast quarter of Section 33, near the southeast corner, the same year. It was in this year, too, that R. P. Hubbard settled east of the road on the northeast quarter of the north- west quarter of Section 17. In 1846 Bartholo- mew Theiss made a claim to 120 acres in Sec- tions 29 and 32. where his sons, John, Jacob and Gotfreid Theiss, subsequently lived, John W. Skinner located on the southwest quarter of Section 13 in 1846; Stephen Averill settled on the same section about the same time. John Clink located on the southwest quarter of Sec- tion 12 in 1847, and about 1848 William Clink settled on the northwest quarter of the same section. Jacob, Andrew and Michael I_^uer came in 1849 or '50. Other settlers on the south side of Knox Grove were Solomon Por- ter who bought out William Knox in the fall of 1845; Samuel and Nathaniel Ellsworth, who settled on the southwest quarter of Section 25, the same year, and David Maxwell, who came to the southwest quarter of Section 35 about the same time. George Hoffman settled on the southwest quarter of Section 33 about 1845, and Henry Schwab located the next year, just south of the center of Section 34. John Spielman came in 1846 and located on the eastern part of Section 34, in Perkins Grove neighborhood, and also a German family by the name of Smith. In 1849 or '50 Carl Buettner bought part of the southwest quarter of Section 35 and 692 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. made it his home. About the same time the Pohls and Andrew Henl^el came to the town- ship, the former locating on the southwest quarter ot Section 36, and the latter on the southeast quarter of Section 26. May 22, 1846, Bleazer Barton, father of J. B. Barton, settled on the northeast quarter of the northwest quar- ter of Sec. 25. William A. Miller and son-in-law, George Gheer, settled on the northeast quarter of Section 35 in 1846. Miller sold out to H. N. Erskine, who later sold to P. H. Kapser and bought the east half of Section 12. William and Thomas Ireland and Jacob Schneck came in 1849-50, and Jacob Wolf and father, Nicholas, Jacob Eich and Andrew Hatzenberger in 1850. In 1S4G what was known as Knox Grove set- tlement covered a radius of two to three miles around the grove, and numbered fourteen fami- lies. Not a house had been built on the Chi- cago and Galesburg road between the settle- ment and Paw Paw Grove, a distance of twelve miles.. There was no settlement to the south nearer than the Illinois River. To the south- east Troy Grove settlement, eight miles dis- tant, was the nearest. On the north, Inlet Grove was eight miles away; on the northeast, Melugin Grove, ten miles, and Four-mile Grove, eight miles distant, were the nearest settle- ments in those directions. The town was first called "Hanno" from "Hanau," a city on the Rhine above t'rankfort in Nassau, Prussia. It was so named at the suggestion of James Tourtillott. By act of the legislature, approved February IS, 1857, it was enacted "that the name of Hanno Township, in the county of Lee" be changed to "Sublette Township." The new name Sublette has been accounted for in other histories as having been derived from the practice of "subletting" con- tracts for the building of the railroad. This is clearly erroneous. In the first place, if that had been its origin, the name would have been spelled "Sublet" without the final "te." In the second place there was little, if any, subletting on this section of the road, and hence the word was not brought into prominence. But, con- clusively, the name on the recorded plot of the village is spelled "Soublette," and, in the Com- pany's certificate attached, the place is named "Town of Soublett" without the final "e." Moreover the name on the station house for years was "Soublette." There is nothing to indicate where the name was found, but clearly the history commonly given it is wide of the mark. The first town meeting was held on the sec- ond Tuesday of April, 1850, at which the fol- lowing officers were elected: Daniel Baird, Supervisor; Henry Porter, Clerk; Whitlock T. Porter, Assessor; Silas D. Reniff, Collector; Daniel Pratt, Overseer of the Poor; Hiram An- derson and W. H. Hamblin, Highway Commis- sioners; Daniel Avery and Thomas S. Angler, Constables; Alpheus Crawford and Andrew Ber- tholf. Justices of the Peace. The number vot- ing at this election is not given, but two years later forty-seven votes were cast. Town meet- ings were held at private residences as follows: 1853. at Daniel Pratt's. Knox Grove; 1854, at Daniel Wilcox's; 1855, at David Maxwell's. At the latter meeting $1,000 was voted for the erection of a town house in the village of Sub- lette. In 1848 Alpheus Crawford and others killed a black bear north of Knox Grove, which weighed 400 pounds. The first postoffice in the township was opened in Daniel Baird's house, about 1840. The oflice was called Brookfield. The second postolflce was established at Knox Grove in 1847 or '48. and named Ovid; the first postmas- ter was Solomon Porter. In 1841 O. W. Bryant burned a kiln of brick on the northwest corner of Section 35. As early as 1850 a man by the name of McBirney had a blacksmith shop near the southwest cor- ner of the town. The Baptist church was organized in 1843 in Jonathan Peterson's log house, with thirteen members. It was known as the First Baptist Church of Palestine Grove. To accommodate the members, meetings were held alternately on opposite sides of the grove at the homes of worshipers until the school house came, when that, as a rule, became the meeting place in the different localities. In 1854 meetings began to be held in Benton's Hall, about half a mile west of the site of the church where they now assemble. Here they continued until Novem- ber, 1858, when the building in the village, where the congregation now worships, and which liad been built at a cost of $s,000, was dedicated. The society also had a parsonage, which has been sold. The first organization of the Methodist Epis- copal Church was effected at the house of Levi HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 693 Camp, at Knox Grove, about 184G. Meetings were held at private residences and at Knox Grove school house, until the town hall was available at the village, when the meetings became localized at that place. In 1870 a church was built in the village and dedicated the next year. Services contitiued seven or eight years, when the society was abandoned and the property sold, since which time Sub- lette has been without a Methodist church. A Congregational church was established April 20, 1871. This, like the other societies, held its meetings in the Town Hall. Soon, however, a building was begun and when com- pleted Iiad cost about $5,000. The Society of the Evangelical Association of North America erected a building in 1864, on the northeast quarter of Section 35, north of the southwest corner. It Is now closed and the organization, once strong, is now weak. The organization of the Roman Catholic Church took place in 1848, and. in 1853, a church building and parsonage were erected on the northeast covner of Section 32. The par- sonage was destroyed by fire in 1869, and no services are now held in the church. In 1868 a Catholic church was built in the village, which is now being superseded by a splendid edifice of pressed brick with slate roof, which will cost, unfurnished, not less than $30,000. Its extreme length is 115 feet and its extreme width 74 feet, and the building is surmounted by a spire 141 feet high. The old church in which services are conducted while the building is going on, was moved aside so that the new structure could rise on the site of the old one. Work was commenced in August, 1902, and the building will probably be ready for occupancy in the summer of 1904. Father Tasche is the priest in charge. The pioneer school was started in the west part of the township in a log house on Thomas Fessenden's farm. The next was in a slab building on the farm of Thomas Tourtillott. It was a structure used at first as a shelter for tue purpose of preempting land, and was after- wards known as the "Sheep Pen." Maria Coleman was the first to keep school in it. The next school in the neighborhood was taught in the winter by Joseph Carey, in Mrs. Tourtil- lott's house, and the next of any importance was taught by John Bacon, about 1850, in Mrs. Richardson's house. The third school in the township was in a log school house on Section 5, where Mrs. Clute, sister of Jonathan Peter- son, taught the first summer school about the year 1844. The winter school kept here was for several years quite important, being well attended by an advanced class of pupils. The first school taught at Knox Grove was in a vacant log house (the first built in that neigh- borhood), in which William Knox had lived, being taught by Stephen Barton. The second term was kept in a "lean-to" about 12 by 16 feet, attached to Daniel Pratt's log house. The Brst Sunday School was organized in these same narrow quarters. This was in the sum- mer of 1847. Later, meetings and Sunday school were held in Levi Camp's log house until the log school house was erected. The first school house in Knox Grove settle- ment was built on the county line on the north side of the Chicago and Galesburg road. It was built in 1848 of logs and accommodated pupils from Sublette, Brooklyn and Mendota townships. It also served the purposes of a church for a number of years. For a number of years the Lee County Guards, a distinctively Sublette organization, designated as Company F, Twelfth Infantry, Stale Militia, has reflected on the tovraship the credit due to superior drill, discipline and soldierly bearing. They were regularly mus- tered into the service of the State May 30. 1879, with 98 members, which 'increased to 103 at the annual inspection March 31, 1880. It was luen the largest infantry company in the State, and was frequently honored by being called to participate as escort on important occasions in different parts of the State. It owned a large armory in the village, and was prosperous for a number of years, but in time the members scattered, recruiting became difficult and the company finally disbanded. Henkel. — Where the Illinois Central Railroad crosses the south line of Section 25 is a station called by this name. It is a grain buying point where a single elevator serves the purpose of storing grain. Sublette Village. — The village was platted as "Soublette," or the "Town of Soublett," May 8, 1855, on land of the Illinois Central Railroad Company. A railroad depot and warehouse were erected in the summer of 1854. During the following winter Daniel Cook built the first dwelling. 694 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY, The next summer, A. L. Wilder built a small store in the back part of which he lived. Jesse Hale began a store a tew months earlier. George A. Richmond also put up a house and Mr. Swartout moved into his new house in the winter of 1855-6. In 1855 Frank Bartlett built what was afterwards the Catholic parsonage. Paul Lindstraum completed a tavern the next year. Dr. Smith moved into his residence that winter. "Uncle Alva" Hale, as well as the families of James Colvin and Robert Ash, came to the village in 1856 and, in that year, J. B. Barton opened a drug store. The' first elevator in the place was built by Fred Oberhelman in 1874. It was enlarged in 1898 by an addition much larger than the orig- inal building. Its present capacity is 42.000 bushels. The business is conducted by F. Ober- helman & Bro. A second elevator was built in 1900 by J. H. Ebersole, who is now operating it. It has a capacity of about 20,000 bushels. The banking interests of the community are looked after by the Sublette Exchange Bank, with a capital of $12,500 and deposits amount- ing to $102,946 at a given date. The officers are: Geo. P. Maloch, President; John P. Ma- loch, Vice-President; Anton H. Lauer, Cashier. The village was incorporated under the gen- eral law December 27, 1892. According to the Government census, the population of the town- ship, including the village, was 1,000 in 1890 and 1,004 in 1900, of which number the village furnshed 306 in the latter year. CHAPTER XXni. VIOLA TOWNSHIP. STOCICTON TOWX.SHII' ORtiAKI/.ED .\AME CHAXGICn TO VIOLA — FIR.ST TOWX OFI''ICEI!.S — EARLY SET- TLERS— SO.ME FIRST EVENTS. At the February meeting, 1861, of the Board of Supervisors, Town 38, Range 1, was formed into a township by the name of Stockton, hav- ing theretofore been a part of Brooklyn Town- ship. This name was selected in recognition of the large amount of stock then being raised in the town. The name was changed to Viola, some time during the following spring or early summer, because of the fact that there was al- ready at least one town by the name of Stock- ton in the State. The first officers of the town were chosen at the April town meeting, 1861. Fifty-two bal- lots were cast, resulting in the election of Sam- uel L. Butler for Supervisor; Simeon Cole, As- sessor; Samuel Vosburg, Town Clerk; John Melugin, Constable; Ford and Moses B. Van Campen. Highway Commissioners. The meet- ing and election were held at Van Campen's house. Little Melugin Grove, in the southeast part of the town, was the focus of early settlement. William Guthrie, the first settler in the town- ship, settled here in 1834 or 1836 and gave his name to the grove. It was also sometimes known as Lawton's Grove, from William Law- ton, one of the early comers. Guthrie's build- ings were placed at the extreme south end of the timber. Melugin Grove, lying southwest of Little Melugin, spreads itself into the two towns of Viola and Brooklyn. It took its name from Zachariah Melugin. who located in the grove but on the Brooklyn side of the timber, in 1834. Later came Evins Adrian, but prior to 1840. Walter Little came to the township about the year 1837. It is claimed that the first marriage in the township was that of Evins Adrian to Marilla Goodale, October, 1840; that Walter Little was the first adult to die in the township, and that the first birth was that of a child of William ' l.awton, who died in infancy. The first school in the township was kept at the house of M. Van Campen for three terms, and the first school house was built at Little Melugin Grove. The town being purely agricultural without a village center, little is to be gleaned of his- torical character regarding it. Its history is to be traced in the development and increasing value of its farm lands, which is difficult of re- duction to details. Its land-owners have been large participants in the drainage of Inlet Swamp, elsewhere noticed, and have received great benefits therefrom. The population of the township was 598 in 1890. and 694 in 1900, as shown by the Govern- ment census. HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 69: CHAPTER X\'I\' WILLOAV CREEK TOWNSHIP. THE FOUR GROVES — FOREIGX-nORX SETTLEHS — E.\RLY SCHOOLS ORIGINALLY A PART OF I'AW I'AW TOWNSHIP — SCHOOLS A.VU CIIIKCHES I.EE VIL- LAGE. In this town are to be found four groves, often referred to in early history and by early set- tlers as landmarks, by names which they still retain; Smith's Grove, Allen's Grove and Twin Grove, or Groves — for there are two of the lat- ter, as the name implies. The township may perhaps be distinguished from all others in the county by the large per- centage of inhabitants of either foreign birth or extraction, the Norwegian and German pre- dominating. An enumeration made in 1880 placed the population at 1,214, of whom one- half were of foreign birth. Add to this the probable number of descendants of such par- ents, and the number will be greatly increased. We have been unable to find the census of 1890 covering such statistics, and that of 1900 is not yet obtainable. Settlements were made almost simultaneously at the several groves. Peter Gonzolas, a French- man, put in his appearance at Allen's Grove in the fall of 1836; John Smith, a Scotchman, at Smith's Grove in 1837; and William Moore at the south one of the Twin Groves, in the latter year. The Gonzolas tract (the Shoudy farm of re- cent years) was acquired in the spring of 1878 by Richard M. Allen, whose name was given to the grove, and this farm was the first in the township to be improved. Allen sold in 1840 to a man by the name of Bond, who sold to a Mr. Price in 1842. Mr. Smith bought a claim on Section 35, and there settled, and the name "Dry Grove," by which the timber was first known, soon surrendered to the name of the proprietor. With Mr. Smith came another Scotchman, John Colville, who was postmaster for many years at Paw Paw, dying there in October, 1893. Mr. Smith's log cabin, roofed with mowed grass, was the second to be built in the township. In raid-winter following its construction, fire caught in the inflammable roof, and the cabin burned to the ground. As soon as possible another was erected in its place. Soon after moving into the first cabin -Mr. Smith's son John died — the first white person in the township to be taken away. Mr. Smith sent to Ottawa, the nearest point, for a doctor, who was guided across the prairie by Robert, a brother of the sick boy, now residing in Dixon. Robert and David Smith, sons of the first settler, still survive and own parts of their father's original claim. Israel Shoudy came in 1844 and bought the Gonzolas or Allen tract from Price, and lived there until his death, which occurred in Cali- fornia at an advanced age only a few years ago. His remains were brought back and are buried over the line in DeKalb County. Hora- tio G. Howlett settled at Allen's Grove in 1839, having spent the two preceding years at Dixon. Nathaniel Allen settled in the vicinity of Smith's and Allen's groves, in 1845 with four of his five sons and daughters, his son, Chand- ler, coming a year later. Benjamin Nettleton had joined the settlement as early as this. Isaac Ellsworth came in the spring of 184fi and Chris- topher Vandeventer in 1848. The Littletons ar- rived at Smith's about 1845. The Indian Trail from Ottawa north to the hunting grounds in Wisconsin ran through Allen's Grove. Twin Groves were first named Moore, from William Moore, the earliest settler there, who began his improvements in 1837 at the South Grove. James Thompson and Levi Lathrop came here together about 1842. and in partner- ship bought Moore's claim. The first birth at the grove was that of Robert Blair, son of Robert Blair, Si-., in 1846. Cummings Noe set- tled here probably as early as 1846, and to- gether with James Thompson and James Smith, entered all of the South Grove. James Smith and Nathan Koons, Jesse Koons and A. N. Dow arrived in 1847. Cyrus Goff came in these early days and built between the two groves where he kept a tavern. Lewis G. and Gilbert Durin, brothers, joined the Twin Grove settlement in 1849. Wesson Holton's coming was in 1853. The station "Scarboro" on the Rochelle South- ern Railway, now being built, is located on L. G. Durin's farm. 696 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. The pioneer among the German settlers was Gotlieb Hochstrasser in 1854. A little later, but probably in the same year, came Joseph Herman. In 1856, Frank Bates, Frank Herman and John Herman were added, and the next year witnessed the arrival of Archeart Hochstrasser. Of the Norwegians, Ommor Hilleson was the forerunner of the large settlement, having, it is said, landed in New York in 1837 and walked all the way thence to Chicago. He settled in Bradford Township a year or two later and, af- ter accumulating a goodly fortune, died there. Though the pioneer of his nationality, the greater portion by far settled in Willow Creek Township. Lars Larsen Rissiter located there in- 1847. In this township, as elsewhere, schools were early looked after. The first school in the township was at Allen's Grove. It was started in 1848 in one of Israel Shoudy's log houses, and Martha Vandeventer, sister of Christopher Yandeventer, was the teacher. Preceding her. however, were Miss -Price, Eliza Nettleton and Laura Brace. In the fall of 1849 a frame school house was built by subscription, one-half mile east of the present one. Prior to the building of this school house, school was taught by the ladies mentioned in the dwellings of Dr. Bas- ford, Shoudy and Hewlett. The first Board of E.xaminers to pass on the qualifications of teachers for this school consisted of John Smith, Sr., H. G. Howlett and Colville, Smith examining as to Geography and Grammar, Howlett in Mathematics and Reading, Colville in Writing and Spelling. At Twin Groves the first school was taught in James Thompson's original log cabin, but in what year we are not informed. Later, in 1854, a school house was built at the Groves by subscription and was purchased by the school district three years later. It was destroyed by fire in the winter of 1863-4. The Ellsworth school house was built in the spring of 1855, and Mrs. Ellsworth was the first teacher. It will be recalled that the territory now embracing the town of Wyoming. Willow Creek and Alto, was first set off as Paw Paw Township, but was soon changed to Wyoming. In 1855 the north two-thirds was made into the Township of Willow Creek. The first town meeting in tne new township was con- vened at Twin Groves School House, April 3. 1855. A. N. Dow acted as Modera.tor and G. Bishop as clerk. In 1861 Alto Township was set apart. In 1874 the town house was built on the southeast corner of Section 16, Willow Creek, at a cost of $1,100, including one acre of ground. At a meeting to pass on the ques- tion of building; the proposition was carried by a vote of 50 to 47. When the Chicago & Rock River Railroad Company (now the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy) was seeking township aid toward the construction of its line, at an election held October 16, 1869. Willow Creek gave one vote in favor to twenty-four against the proposal. But when the Chicago & Iowa Railroad Com- pany applied for a subscription of $50,000 to its stock, the town, at a meeting held March 26, 1870. by a vote of seventy-five in affirmative and fifty-one negative, agreed to subscribe for tne stock on condition that the road be located within one mile of the center of the town. This condition not having been complied with, the town wholly escaped railroad taxation. The town was one of four to levy a bounty- tax to encourage enlistments in the War of the Rebellion. Dixon. Lee Center and Palmyra l)eing the two others. The reports of the Adjutant General of the State credits Willow Creek with $5,200 bounty paid at an expense of $232.70, being a total of $5,432.70. The patriotism of the community was further evidenced, not only by the volunteers it sent to the front, but by the fact that, although it was then a purely agricultural district, with no village to in- crease its population, a "Union League" was organized in the dark days of 1862 with a membership of seventy. Churches. — As early as 1844 and for eight or ten years thereafter, regular preaching was held at Allen's Grove, and about 1848 a Presbj-te- rian Society was formed and existed several years. In 1868 a church building, under con- trol of the Methodist denomination, was erected on the southwest corner of Section 16. at a cost of $3,500, owned jointly by the Metho- dist. Congregationalist and United Brethren denominations. It was dedicated November 9. 1868, Rev. F. A. Hardin and A. P. Beach offi- ciating. The date of the organization of the Methodist Society is not accessible to the writer. The Congregational Society was formed in 1859. It never numbered over seven- teen members, the removal of whom from the section gradually accomplished its dissolution. The Norwegian Evangelical Lutheran church was formed in the fall of 1858, by Rev. HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 697 Didrikson. The members were then si-attered through several townships, but in time the most of them were found in Willow Creek. A church building was erected on a command- ing site I northeast corner of the west half of northeast quarter. Section 11), at a cost of |3,- 500. A parsonage, with a twenty-acre tract ad- joining, belongs to the society. The Zion church of the Evangelical Association was formed in 1868, its membership being confined to Germans. The first trustees were John Yet- ter, William Dunkelherger and J. L. Lutz. In 187.5 a house of warship was erected on the southeast corner of Section 5, at a cost of $3,- 000, including ground. The German Catholics had readings of mass about 1863, by Father Westkam, of Mendota, at the house of Peter Kimbler. The following year a stone building was put up on the north- west corner of the southwest quarter of Sec- tion 16, at a cost of $3,000. In 1863 a society of Dunkards was formed and. in 1870. a German Lutheran Society was organized by Rev. William Halleberg. In the spring of 1878 a Catholic church was built in the village of Lee. at a cost of $3,200, John Kennedy. James Kirby and Stephen Kirby being the principal contributors to the under- taking. It was dedicated in the autumn of 1878 by Father Verdin, of St. Ignatius College, Chicago. Father Edwards, of Rochelle, was the priest in charge when it was built. A Methodist church was built in the vil- lage in 1877, at a cost of nearly $2,000. It is located in the DeKalb County section of the village. It is doubtful if any other agricultural township in the county has as many churches and distinct denominations ministering to the religious wants of its people. The tornado which swept over the county from the west on Sunday, June 3, 1860. en- tered Willow Creek about nine o'clock in the evening, midway of the west line of Section 18. and left it midway of the east line of Section 13, on the county line. Devastation was strewn in its path. Mrs. Abram Miller, Mr. James Nealis. A. N. Dow and family, consisting of eight persons, and Mrs. McConeky were all more or less seriously injured, while Mr. Mc- Coneky and his eldest and youngest boys were killed outright. All 01 the buildings in the path of the storm were either injured or to- tally demolished, and a windrow of twisted, splintered and uprooted trees, ten to twenty yards wide, was left through the southern por- tion of the Twin Groves. ViUage of Lee. — That portion of the village lying in Lee County was platted for Francis E. Hinkley and John Kennedy August 19, 1872. The first building to be erected was the small grain office and grocery of Christopher & Jorgens. About the same time J. Cheasbro put up an office for trading in grain, coal and lum- ber. The first store was at the corner of Main and B Streets, and was built by R. J. White, who became the first Postmaster in the new town. J. Johnson was the next to start a gen- eral store, his location being on Main Street, between A and B Streets. Abe! Downer's, at the southwest corner of Main and B streets, was the third general store, and included drugs. Ostewig & Leyder started in hardware the same season. The first dwelling was built by James Minnihan. in 1872. W. H. Emmett erected the second in March. 1872. The first hotel was built by Frank Bacon on B Street, and in 1874 A, B. Trask built the second. The first ele- vator was erected by J. Cheasbro in the fall of 1872. and that winter Christopher & Jorgens built one. A third elevator was erected in 1901 and is operated by James E. Johnson. The other two are now owned and operated by M. P. Harris. The first brick structure to be put tip in the new town was the store of Sardis Vosburg. at the northwest corner of Main and B Streets. The first school was opened in De- cember. 1874, in the Dyas building, with W. H. Emmett as teacher. Different vacant rooms were occupied until the summer of 1876, when the first school house was put up. Lee has the distinction of belonging to two counties, the center line of B Street being the dividing line between Lee and DeKalb. It was incorporated as a village June 23, 1874. About three o'clock on the morning of July 5. 1902, the place was visited by a disastrous fire, which licked up one entire block of build- ings on the west side of Main Street. Substan- tial brick buildings are gradually taking the place of the ones destroyed. According to the census, the population of the township, including the Lee County part of the village of Lee, was 1,034 in 1890 and 959 in 1900. The part of the village lying in Lee County was 153 in 1890 and 151 In 1900. The total population of the village in 1890 was 264 and in 1900, 286. 698 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. CHAPTER XX\'. WYOMING TOWNSHIP. ORIGINALLY PAW PAW TOWNSHIP PIONEER SET- TLERS — EARLY HOTELS AND POSTOFFICE L'N- I)ER(;ROrNl) RAILROAD RECilON INFESTED BY HORSETHIEVES AND COUNTERFEITERS. PAW PAW VILLAGE. NEWSPAPERS. CHURCHEr, s< IIOOLS, BANKS AND BUSINESS HOUSES. When Lee County was divided Into town- ships in 1850, Towns 37. 38 and 39, Range 2, were given the name of "Paw Paw" by the commissioners appointed to make the divi- sion. Their report was dated July 19, 1850. On the 14th of the preceding May, six repre- sentatives of the different localities met in Dix- on, as a "Board of Supervisors," convening at their first session, and at this meeting changed the name of the "town formerly called Paw Paw" to Wyoming. (See ante, "Lee County.") The authority for this action is at least open to question, and but for acquiescence in the change, Paw Paw might still be legally Wyom- ing. The latter name is said to have been adopted at the suggestion of James Goble, in memory of Wyoming Valley, Pa., from which his family and others came. Levi Kelsey and Joel Griggs were the first to locate a claim and build a house at Paw Paw Grove. This was in the winter of 1833-4; but supposing that they were on the Indian reservation, whose boundaries had not yet been defined, Mr. Griggs abandoned his claim and moved to Troy Grove. Tracy Reeves, writing trom Princeton, 111., under date of July 27, 1881. says that he was with a party at Paw Paw Grove in May, 1834, and camped over night in Indian huts, and that "they saw no one there, white or Indian." We have the authority of Mrs. Sarah Terry, now of Earlville, 111., a daughter of David A. Town, for the following statement: "David A. Town and family arrived in 1834, and stopped at the east end of the grove, where he put up an unhewed log house ( on land after- ward owned by Pierpont Edwards), in which he lived until 1835, when his brother Russell came and occupied the cabin he moved out of. On moving from this cabin, David A. Town built a log house north of the Chicago road, on the southeast quarter of the southwest quar- ter of Section 11, on or near the spot where the residence of H. L. Roberts now stands. He soon erected a hewed log house (the first of its kind) close to this. The two houses were sep- arated by so short a space that they were occu- pied as one, and the hewed portion was given the dignity of a parlor of the pioneer home. In this log house was held the first wedding in this section. George Town, the son of David A. Town, being the groom, and Fidelia Sawyer, the daughter of George Sawyer, of Lee Center Township, being the bride. "The first store at the east end of the Grove was operated by one Harris, and the first store at the west end was built and operated by Wheeler Hedges, until it was purchased by Willard Hastings, whose property it continued to be until consumed by fire, this being the first building to burn in the settlement. It was lo- cated on the triangular piece of ground east of the town plat formed by the crossing of the cfiK-ago road and the railroad. George Town built a hewed log house where the residence of W. I. Guffin now stands, near the southwest corner of Lot 6, Block 5, Harper's Addition." O. P. Johnson, who settled in Brooklyn Township and died tnere at an advanced age, stated that he rived the shingles for Town's cabin, and, with three others, put it up in a day and a half in November, 1834. Edwin (or Edward) Town, a brother of David, settled at Shabbona Grove, and Hosea Town, a half- brother, located at Melugin's Grove about the same time. About two years later than Town came Benoni Harris, then a man approaching eighty years of age, and his equally aged wife, with a large family of children. Mrs. Harris was the first in the settlement to be taken away. They were accompanied by a son-in-law, Edward Butterfield, John Ploss, John Wilcox and William McDowell. In the spring of 1836 Butterfield built a log cabin near the county line and close to the north line of the south- west quarter of Section 19. DeKalb County, on south side of the road now leading to Earl- ville. It was on the east edge of the tract which became South Paw Paw. He later moved about a mile northeast of this point, and in 1854 went to black Hawk, Iowa, whence he finally returned and is buried near his old home. Wilcox located on the fractional south- west quarter. Section. 18; Stephen Harris on the fractional northwest quarter of Section 19, I HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 699 LeClaire reservation; Benjamin Harris on the northwest quarter of Section 19. and Joseph Harris on the northeast quarter of the same section — all in DeKalb County. These were sons of Benoni Harris. John Ploss had a claim which embraced the larger part of South Paw Paw. Here, some rods east of the county line. he_ built his house on the creek about the time Butterfield put up his cabin. As late as 1S40 the only tavern at the Grove was that afterward known as Simms" Tavern. It was a hewed log house, the second of its kind in the neighborhood. Simms' son, hav- ing been indicted for counterfeiting, the father sold out to raise money to satisfy the bail bond, and the criminal was permitted to escape. Isaac Robinson purchased the tavern of Simms and added a small stock of goods to his busi- ness. It was on an elevation on the north side of the road, probably on the west half of the northwest quarter of Section 12, but earlier a hewed log house on the opposite side of the road had been used as a tavern. In 1840 a log house stood on the north side of the Chicago road, on Section 12, nearly opposite the junc- tion with the present road from South Paw Paw. This house was occupied by Charles Morgan, who came with his wife and a number of children in 1836. Here was kept the first postofflce in the town, Morgan being the Post- master. Afterward, Hiram Wood held the of- fice in the house then standing next west of the Robinson, or Simms', Tavern. On the south side of the Chicago road and on the east half of Section 12, a small log house stood in 1840. It was never occupied for residence pur- poses after that year, but was used for a time for a public school, the first in the township. It is supposed that Jacob Alcott. who had mar- ried a squaw, built it. A little east of this cabin, and on the same side of tne road, a frame house, believed to have been the first in the township, was built in the hollow by one Mus- selman, and hence was then, and has ever since been, known as the "Hollow House." It is still standing and is used as a barn. For a number of years Musselman kept a tavern here, and the house became noted for its dance hall and bar. On the south side of the road and about thirty rods east of David Town's house, stood a log blacksmith shop in the early '40s, where once Alonzo Osborne was the smith. Later, per- haps in 1845, a blacksmith shop stood on ground in the village now occupied as the store of R. A. Hopps, and here this same Osborne held forth for a time. A man by the name of Alger settled at Four Mile Grove in 1835 or '36. Alcott, above mentioned, married the Potta- watomie woman, Madaline, the former wife of Joseph Ogee, the half-breed, the one favored in the treaty of Prairie du Chien reserving to "Madaline, a Pottawatomie woman, wife of Joseph Ogee, one section." etc. ( See ante, "Lee County.") David A. Town eventually pur- chased the west 170 rods of this Reserve Sec- tion for $1,000, and William Rogers the re- mainder. The tract has always been desig- nated in conveyances and on maps as the "Ogee Section." In 1880 William McMahan. County Surveyor, surveyed and platted the section and recorded the plat. The section granted to Pierre LeClaire by the Prairie du Chien treaty, was surveyed and platted by Wheeler Hedges in 1843, which plat was recorded. The County Atlas of 1900 shows these sections and their relation to each other. William Rogers, son of Charles, arrived in 1836, and was the first Postmaster. His office was located near Morgan's tavern, which was presumably the "Hollow House." Jacob D. Rogers landed in 1837. His claim included the west part of the site of Paw Paw village. He was a conductor, and his house was a station, on the "Underground Road," over which negro slaves were transported to freedom. His log house was built in 1837 on Section 10. where Mr. Ritchie's house stood in recent years. In the latter year James Goble. afterward Sheriff, came with Jacob D. Rogers, Rogers's wife be- ing Goble's sister. Goble's father, Ezekiel. and his brother. Timothy, came at the same time. William Jenkins and family were also acces- sions of 1837. while Henry and Medard Com- stock, both blacksmiths, were a year earlier. Reference is made in other works to a "Butter- field or George Town" cabin, when, in fact, But- terfield never built or owned a cabin in this part of the grove. His holdings were confined to the south side of the grove. Rev. Caleb Morris joined the settlement in 1848 with his widowed daughter, Nancy Rob- inson, and children, all of whom settled south of the grove. About this time a man by the name of Dunbar became the second settler at Four Mile Grove. In 1840, Deacons Orlando Boardman and Hallock were added to the set- tlers on the south side of the grove, at which / oo HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. time there were eighteen families encircling the grove, thirteen being within what is now Wyoming Township. This year, also, came Baily Breese and started a cooper shop and bought of William Rogers nearly all of the land on which East Paw Paw is situated. Peter May and family were added in 1841. He bought all the land now covered by Paw Paw village, but disappeared mysteriously, ten years later, without having received a deed. Elder Nor- man Warriner came in 1843 and Obed W. Bry- ant settled at Four Mile Grove in 1842. In the later '40s two saw-mills were in operation in the grove, hoth propelled by horse- power. One was put up by Stanley Ruggles on the southeast corner of the west half of the northwest quarter of Section 19, DeKalb County. The other was in Lee County on the road between the LeClaire and Ogee Sections. Without being able to make anything like an exact comparison, it would seem that, in 1840, Paw Paw Grove was the focus of the largest settlement in the county — Dixon and, possibly Sugar Grove, in Palmyra, excepted. This is accounted for by two facts: that it was on the stage road from Chicago to Galena, and also was one of the largest, most beautiful and attractive pieces of timber in all the country. All the early settlers sought the shelter and other advantages of groves, and were slow to reach out for the now valuable prairie lands. John D. Rogers was not the only abolition- ist in the colony who, by the "Underground Road," dealt frequent, but ineffective, blows at slavery. He expressed the sentiments of many when he said: "Whether I am an aboli- tionist or not, my best mares are." The township and range lines were surveyed in 1836, but the section lines were not run until the winter of 1842-3. Prior to this peo- ple had held their lands only by right of pos- session, awaiting the market or pre-emption day. Consequently the "claim-jumper" found the same scope and temptation to operate here as elsewhere, and as in nearly every other sec- tion, protective societies were organized to de- feat his dishonest efforts. The remedy was al- ways adjusted to the emergency and the out- come was never satisfactory to the rascal. The law was of the home-made kind, but its princi- ples were founded in justice, and hence it was never appealed from. The horsethief and the counterfeiter plied their vocations all over the country. Condi- tions favored them and they prospered. Paw Paw and Inlet seem to have been their favorite rendezvous or bases of operation. Nn other settlements in the county are as notoriously identified with them as these two. As a rule, all newcomers were under suspicion. As a set- tler of 1837 put it: "Paw Paw was a strange place then. It seemed to me that every other man I met was hunting a horsethief, and you couldn't tell which was the thief — generally it was both." One horsethief buried a sack con- taining $900 in gold and, on being sent to prison, told his wife how he had marked the spot by a notched stake, but she was unable to find it. The secret having leaked out later, Harris Breese noticed such a stake and, to- gether with his neighbor. Hampton, dug for and recovered the treasure. The latter's share is said to have been to him the nest-egg of fu- ture wealth. In 1834 a thousand Indians were encamped for a week at the Big Spring, at the northwest corner of the grove. They were being moved from Indiana west, and the Government made them a payment here. The local Indians had already been sent to their western reservation the same year, but the old chief Shabbona, who is held in grateful memory for the protection he afforded the settlement in the days of the Black Hawk War, afterwards returned to the scenes of his early life and died on the Illinois River July 17, 1859. aged eighty-four. He was buried in a lot set apart to him in the cemetery at Morris, Grundy County, where a fitting monument was raised to his memory a few years ago. His oldest wife and several chil- dren rest beside him. Waubunsie, Chief of the tribe at Paw Paw Grove, and Shabbona were on the most friendly relations. The latter was, however, the leader and the former loyally fol- lowed. The Indian trail from Chicago to the Indian village at Rock Island ran along the south side of Paw Paw Grove. Schools.— The first school in Wyoming Township is supposed to have been started as early as 1836, in what was called "The Little Pole School House," which was not more than twelve feet square, and was erected ex- pressly for school purposes. The probability is that it was the same cabin heretofore men- tioned as having been built by Jacob Alcott. The schools were all necessarily small and were started and maintained entirely by indi- vidual contributions, the public school system HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 701 not having then been established. Vacant cabins were sometimes utilized for this purpose, snd at other times private houses sheltered the school. The first frame school building in the township was erected about 1844 on or near the northeast corner of Section 24. Hero Charles Dickinson and Orlando Boardman wore the first teachers. Dickinson probably preceding Boardman. In two or three years the building was moved half a mile east, and now serves as a roosting place for chickens. Postmaiters. — Before a postoffice was opened at Paw Paw, the nearest one was at Somonauk, fifteen miles eastward. A "star n'ail-route" was established through Paw Paw in 1837, William Rogers being the first Post- master there. Isaac Robinson took charge of the office as early as 1838 or 1839. In 1841 a Mr. Brittain, who lived in Princeton, carried the mail from that place to Paw Paw by way of Knox Grove. Willard Hastings was the car- rier between Paw Paw and Ottawa. Hiram Wood held the office of Postmaster from 1845 to 1849, when William H. Robinson succeeded him, remaining until 1853, when Wood came in again. He was followed in 1857 by James Si- mons, and he in 1861 by John Colville, who re- mained at the post many years. Then came C F. Preston, in Cleveland's first term, Ezra G. Cass, J. H. Braffett and Sadie Case, the present incumbent. At the first organization of the township in 1850, 113 votes were cast for town officers. David A. Town was the choice for Supervisor and John Colville for Clerk. Paw Paio Village. — Paw Paw Village was first incorporated as a village June 7, 1882. George Town's log house, already mentioned, was the first to be erected on the site of the village. Peter May's cabin stood close to the location, in recent years, of the Sutter house, west of Siglin & Potter's brick store, and his blacksmith shop, started in 1842, was on the south side of the road nearly opposite the store. The Hastings house, formerly on the site of the Roberts dwelling, was built in May, 1841, and was the first frame house in the village or in the township. About this time Hastings put up the first brick building in the township, about one-half mile south of the village, on Fonda's corners, and it was later clap-boarded. In 1844 Rodolphus Hawley built on the south side of the Chicago road, opposite George Town's, on site of the place now owned and oc- cupied by John R. Kdwards. The next year Amos Sawyer built a cabin where the Deta- more house now stands. In 1846 George Town moved out of his log cabin into the house known, many years afterwards, as the "Grum- mond" house. In those days John Colville and Jacob Rogers were partners in the manufac- ture of shingles by horse power. They also had such a mill over in DeKalb County. Probably this was the same mill moved from one local- ity to the other. This was the settlement in 1847. Not a store was then in the place. Enterprising peddlers traveled the roads and undertook to supply the simple wants of the people. In the latter year, however, settlers began coming in and the vil- lage entered on a career of healthy develop- ment which, though slow, has had no appre- ciable check up to the present. We should be glad to follow its business growth, building by building, but space will not permit. Plodding, indeed, was its headway up to 1871, when lots and buildings together were assessed at only $3,809. Allowing for the assessor's discounts, this will still prove to be very small. Village Schools. — Prior to 1880 the demands of the village school had led to the erection of a two-story frame building situated on the west side of North Street at the west end of East Avenue. In 1883 a two-story addition was built on the west end of this building, thus making four rooms in all. In December, 1884, the building was destroyed by fire, and, in 1885. a two-story brick structure, with large hall above, was erected on the same spot. Dr. J. H. Braffet was one of the school directors, and was chiefiy instrumental in having this building erected. January 27, 1897, this struc- ture was also consumed by fire. A long con- test followed over the selection of a new site, which was finally settled in favor of the pres- ent location by a majority of twelve votes. In the summer and fall of 1897. the school house now in use was erected on the ground thus chosen, occupying a campus of four acres. The building, furniture and grounds are valued at $15,000. The building furnishes ample accom- modations, .and is in every respect thoroughly modern. The full course of study embraces twelve years, eight in the graded departments and four in the high school course. The school is on the accredited list of the State University, the Northern State Normal. Oberlin College, as well as others. Six teachers are employed. 702 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. Newspapers. — The first number of the "Paw Paw Herald" was issued November 23, 1877. by R. H. Ruggles, editor and proprietor. In Janu- ary, 1878, E. G. Cass and J. B. Gardner became publishers, Ruggles still owning the plant. On the 22d of the next month they were succeeded by W. M. Geddes, who soon purchased the out- fit. The paper was Republican in politics, but ceased publication some years ago. The "Lee County Times," originally a Dem- ocratic paper, appeared March 21, 1878, with E. G. Cass and J. B. Gardner as proprietors. In August following Mr. Gardner retired. It became a strong Republican paper and, as such, is now owned and edited by O. W. Briggs. Churches. — The Baptist church is the pioneer religious organization of the township. In February. 1841, it was organized with Orlando Boardman and wife, Mrs. Hallock, wife of Is- rael Hallock, James Goble and wife. Rev. Bur- ton Carpenter, Sr., Hiram Harding and wife, Cyrus Whitford and wife and Mr. Sampson and wife as its first members. The meetings were held in Deacon Boardman's log cabin. Cyrus Whitford and wife belonged to Johnson's Grove, twelve miles to the northeast. Harding and wife and Sampson and wife came from Harding (now Freedom), La Salle County, about the same distance southeast. The others were all living at South Paw Paw. Israel Hal- lock, who is now living and is respected and known as Deacon Hallock, joined the society the next year and became its second deacon, Boardman being the first. Rev. Thomas Pow- ell preached the sermon at this first gathering. Assisting him were Rev. Burton Carpenter, Jr.. from Dixon, Rev. Hadley and Mr. Stannard of La Moille. Rev. Mr. Carpenter preached a few sermons, and was succeeded by Rev. Charles Harding in March, 1841, who continued as pas- tor until his death. February 3. 1843. Feeling the need of an assistant in his work Mr. Hard- ing sent for Elder Norman Warriner, of Indi- ana, who arrived just in time to help bury Mr. Harding. Mr. Warriner occupied the pulpit for twenty years until he resigned. In 1843 the first meeting house was commenced at South Paw Paw and was finished iq 1846. Un- til then services were held in Boardman's log cabin, which stood on the spot where now stands the home of Deacon Hallock. The mem- bership reached its highest point in 1859, when it numbered 162. On Mr. Warriner's resigna- tion, J. D. Pullis became pastor serving from July of that year until December 31, 1865. Dur- ing his pastorate the present house of worship was built at South Paw Paw at a cost of about $3,000, and a parsonage purchased at the cost of $1,000. In March, 1866, G. W. Scott became pastor and continued until July, 27, 1867. C. H. Perritt served from October 12. 1867. tor a little over one year, and was succeeded Decem- ber 26, 1868, by William Sturgeon, who re- mained until October 26, 1872. In 1873 the church building was moved from South Paw Paw to its present location in the village, and a basement was constructed under it at a cost of a little over $2,000. The parsonage at South Paw Paw was disposed of and a lot purchased in the village, on which a parsonage was built in the winter of 1873-4. January 24, 1874, H. R. Hicks became pastor, continuing pntil Sep- tember, 1881. S. B. Gilbert was pastor from December 10, 1881, until July, 1885. September 26th, following, H. F. Gilbert became pastor and served until May 21, 1887, after which the church was for a while without a regular pas- tor. R. H. Shaftoe served from June 3, 1SS8, to April 1, 1891. On May 10th of the latter year, R. S. Sargent was called and continued to May 10, 1896. During his term an addition was made to the rear of the church and other improvements at a cost of $1,000. A. C. Jones became pastor, June 14, 1896, and served until September 1, 1898. He was succeeded January 1. 1899, by William A. Mathews, who continued until October 1, 1892. In April, 1901, the par- sonage on Flagg Street was sold for $800, and a modern residence as a parsonage was erected on Wheeler Street, at cost of about $2,500. No- vember 16, 1902, H. J. Wheeler, the present pastor, assumed charge. The church celebrated its fiftieth anniversary June IS, 1891. About 1870 a class of the Methodist Episco- pal Church was formed with James Fonda, Jane E. Fonda, Sarah E. Swarthout, Edward Patrick and Harriet Patrick as members, the way being prepared by the preaching of Elder Lazenby at the school house the previous year. In 1875, while Rev. Pomeroy was pastor, their church building was erected. Paw Paw was made a separate charge in Rock River Con- ference in October, 1879. In 1864 the Protestant Episcopal Society, organized in 1857, but long in a somnolent state, was revived by Rev. Jacob Fowler and built up to a membership of thirty or forty. A church was built in 1866 on the northeast quar- HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 703 ter of the northwest quarter of Section 6, at a cost of $2,600. The building was finally sold at Sheriff's sale, on a judgment for ?500 recovered by the minister, A. C. WaJlace, for arrears of salary. Being bid in by him he sold it to the Ifnited Brethren in 1874. The Presbyterian Church of Wyoming, at Cottage Hill, was organized under the labors of John Flemming as missionary pastor from Earlville, in 1857, with the following members: Barton Bisbee, Joseph Blee, William Winter, Sally C. Bisbee, Euphemia Blee, Mrs. William Winter, Mrs. William Sproul and James Sproul. Mr. Flemming continued to preach once in two weeks in the school house, but for how long we have been unable to ascertain. In 1858 or '59 a building was put up at a cash outlay of $200. Being too small it was sold and be- came James Blee's granary. A new church 30 by 60 feet was erected a little north of the first one at a cost of $2,200. It was remodeled in 1861. No pastor was settled until about 1870, when Alexander S. Peck was installed, serving at Paw Paw at the same time. Rev. McFarland succeeded him for a year and, in 1878, Mr. McCullock, the pastor at Paw Paw, be- came the supply and continued for three years. About 1870 the Presbyterians began holding meetings in the school house at the village. Rev. Alex. S. Peck, of Cottage Hill, preaching every two weeks. The society was regularly organized May 26. 1873. the first members be- ing Miss Sarah A. Wilson. Andrew J. Fuller, Susan C. Fuller. Jane Nettleton. Jane Bulen- tine. Mr. and Mrs. Simeon Cole, Henry Cole, Anderson G. Radley and Mrs. Jane Howell. Rev. Mr. Peck was the first pastor. In 1875 a church was built at a cost of $1,900. Mr. Peck remained until the close of 1876. Revs. McFar- land and E. N. Lord filled the pulpit until April, 1878, when George D. McCullock was in- stalled, continuing until July, 1881. "The Presbyterian church of Paw Paw" was formally incorporated May .8, 1901. On the same date the society voted to sell the old church, par- sonage and grounds, and purchase the Siglin property, where the new church and parsonage now stand, the latter having been moved to make a place for the church. The project was inaugurated with an offer from Mr. David Smith to give $1,000 towards the expenses on condition that a church building, costing not less than $5,000. should be erected. Robert Pogue, David Smith, W. S. Yingling, William Moffatt and T. H. Stettler were chosen building committee. The church was completed at a cost of $10,000, and the improvements on the parsonage, with cost of ground on which both buildings stand, came to $3,000. The pastors succeeding Rev. McCullock have been: John H. Carpenter, C. E. Schaible, Edgar D. Keys, Henry A. Furgeson, Charles H. Herald. Samuel Olerenshaw, W. A. Bass and Joseph W. Mann, the present incumbent. The first Board of Trustees of the church were Jacob Hender- shot. A, C. Radley and A. J. Fuller. Banks. — A bank was organized in the spring of 1880, under the name of the Union Bank, by M. M. Morse and P. C. Ransom, Mr. Ransom transferring his interest to Mr. Morse in 1882. B. J. Wheeler and Teal Swarthout succeeded Mr. Morse, in June, 1887. In 1901 the bank was reorganized under the State law, as the State Bank of Paw Paw, with a paid up capital of $25,000, B. J. Wheeler being President; Da- vid Smith, Vice President; Teal Swarthout, Cashier, and Frank Wheeler, Assistant Cash- ier. Its first Board of Directors consisted of David Smith, B. J. Wheeler, S. B. Miller, T. H. Stettler and Teal Swarthout. In July, 1902, the capital stock was increased to $40,000, and the Board of Directors from five to eight members, W. I. GuflSn, Alonzo La Porte and A. H. Rosen- krans being added to the former list. On No- vember 1. 1902, they bought out the interest of the First National Bank of Paw Paw. which had been organized June 1, 1902. and the capi- tal stock was increased to $50,000. At this time W. I. Guffin, A. H. Rosenkrans and Alon- zo La Porte resigned as directors, their places being filled by the election of William Moffatt, B. F. Frantz and A. C. McBride, the latter be- ing elected Assistant Cashier. The Bank has a line of deposits averaging close to $200,000. Loans and discounts amount to $150,000. and the institution is in every way doing a con- servative and satisfactory business. Water System. — Natural Oas. — The village is equipped with an efficient water system for fire protection and general use. While drilling a well for the water supply an obstruction was encountered which required the use of dyna- mite, the explosion of which opened tip a powerful stream of natural gas necessitating lue abandonment of the well, B. J. Wheeler purchased it and piped gas from it to several houses, but the gas soon gave out. Another gas supply was struck on the west half of the 704 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. southeast quarter of Section 1, which still fur- nishes fuel for the houses and for the power used on the farm. The village standpipe, or water tank, stands over the first mentioned well. East Paiv Paic. — This settlement, as well as that of South Paw Paw, is so near the real Paw Paw in the grove that, to a certain ex- tent, the early history of one runs through ail of them. William Rogers' hotel was evidently within the bounds of what became East Paw Paw. Baily Breese settled in 1841, and a part of East Paw Paw was platted on his land. Jacob Wirick bought out William Rogers about 1842 or 1843, and thus was, for a while, land- lord of the hotel in that part of East Paw Paw lying in DeKalb County. A man by the name of Meade landed in 1838 and located in the grove south of East Paw Paw. At that time Paw Paw grove extended into DeKalb County. Hiram Gates came in 1845 and bought Meade out. Charles Pierce also arrived in the latter year. The first store at "the grove" was opened here by one« Harris, and another was started a little west on the Chicago road by Charles Howard, In 1847, and a postoffice was opened in 1850 with Andrew Breese as Postmaster. About 1855 the Teachers' Institute and Class- ical Seminary was erected with funds sub- scribed for the purpose. The building stands in DeKalb County, and is now used for public- school purposes. Before 1848, S. B. Warren had a general store and Jos. Harris a grocery and saloon in East Paw Paw, and there was also a blacksmith shop in the place. A Union Church has been standing here since 1868, but is no longer used for services. South Paiv Paw. — Most of the first settlers of South Paw Paw have already been mentioned, including John Ploss in 1835. and Deacons Boardman and Hallock in 1840. Eber St. John seems to have arrived prior to the latter date. Ralph Atherton arrived In 1844, as also did Dr. George S. Hunt, the first physician in the township as well as at the grove. Deacon Daniel Pine settled here in 1845, while Timothy Goble, brother of James, did the same in 1843. Once the place supported a graded school which is reputed to have done excellent work. Prior to 1859 a postoffice was opened here and con- tinued until about two years ago, and was al- ways called LeClaire Postoffice. Daniel Robin- son was the first postmaster. About 1855 the Union Academy was started in South Paw Paw and was continued for several years, with H. H. Hoffman as first Principal. A two-story building was erected by subscription — the up- per fioor being used for the academy and the lower for a district school. It now stands about fifty rods east of the original site, being used as a barn. ifoi?road.— September 22, 1869, the town, by a vote of 142 yeas to 62 nays, decided to take $50,000 stock in the Chicago & Rock River Railroad, issuing ten per cent, interest-bearing bonds for that purpose. The bonds were issued July 1, 1871. The town resisted payment by i.istituting suit to enjoin collection of the bonds, but was defeated. In 1881 new bonds were issued to take up the first issue, and were made payable in annual installments, the last of which fell due in 1901, the principal and in- terest aggregating $102,380. The stock was purchased at this cost to aid in the construc- tion of the road, which went into operation in 1872 and has been of inestimable value to the community. Elevator. — The only grain elevator in Paw Paw was erected by Capt. D. M. Roberts in 1872. and was operated by him until it was sold in 1873 to J. H. Hurlbut & Company of Chicago, and rented to Warner & Guffin, who bought it the following year. The original building collapsed in 1880, while loaded with wheat, oats, corn and timothy seed. It was rebuilt at once on the old site and is now owned by the estate of A. J. Warner, and operated by the firm of Warner & Guffin. Mr. W. I. Guffin has been a member of the firm from the begin- ning, and is now actively engaged in the busi- ness. A prosperous tile and brick business is car- ried on in the village by J. M. Beal & Co. Their drying sheds have 15,600 feet floor space, and with their two kilns, give them a capacity of 30,000 brick per day and about the same pro- portion of drain tile. The population of Paw Paw village, accord- ing to census of 1900, was 675. The population of the township and village combined, was 1,- 455 in 1890, and 1,546 in 1900. The editor's work ends here. The personal sketches following are furnished by others. HISTORY OF LEE COL'XTV. 705 CITIZENS OF LEE COUNTY. The verdict of mankind lias awarded to tlie Muse of History the highest place among the classic Nine. The extent of her office, however, appears to be, by many minds, but imperfectly understood. The task of the historian is com- prehensive and exacting. True, History reaches beyond the doings of court or camp, beycnd the issue of battles or the effects of treaties, and records the trials and the triumphs, the fail- ures and the successes of the men who make history. It is but an imperfect conception of the philosophy of events that fails to accord to portraiture and biography its lightful position as a part — and no unimportant part — of his- torical narrative. Behind and beneath the activities of outward lite the motive pov/er lies out of sight, just as the furnace fires that work the piston and keep the ponderous screw revolving, are down in the darkness of the hold. So, the impulsive power which shapes the course of communities may be found in the molding influences which form its citizens. It is no mere idle curiosity that prompts men to wish to learn the private, as well as the public, lives of their fellows. Rather, it is true that such desire tends to prove universal brotherhood: and the interest in personality and biography is not confined to men of any particular caste or avocation. The list of those to whose lot it falls to play a conspicuous part in the great drama of life is comparatively short; yet communities are made up of individuals, and the aggregate of achievements — no less than the sum total of human happiness — is made up of the deeds of these men and women whose primary aim, through life, cs faithfully to preform the duty that comes nearest to hand. Individual influ- ence upon human affairs will be considered potent, or insignificant, according to the stand- point from which it is viewed. To him who, standing upon the sea-shore, notes the ebb and flow of the tides and listens to the sullen roar of the waves, as they break upon the beach in seething foam, seemingly chafing at their limit- ations, the ocean appears so vast as to need no tributaries. Yet, without the smallest rill that helps to swell the "Father of Waters," the mighty torrent of the Mississippi would be lessened, and the beneficent influence of the Gulf Stream diminished. Countless streams, currents and counter-currents — sometimes mingling, sometimes counteracting each other — collectively combine to give motion to the accumulated mass of waters. So is it — and so must it ever be — in the ocean of human action, which is formed by the blending and repulsion of currents of thought, of influence and of life yet more numerous and more tortuous than those which form "the foundation of the deep." In the foregoing pages is traced the begin- ning, growth, and maturity of a concrete thing — Lee County: But the concrete is but the ag- gregate result of individual labor. The acts and characters of men, like the several faces that compose a composite picture, are v.'rought together into a compact or heterogeneous whole. History is condensed biography; "bi- ography is history teaching by example." It is both interesting and instructive to rise above the generalization of history and trace, in the personality and careers of the men from whom it sprang, the principles and influences, the impulses and ambitions, the labors, strug- gles and triumphs that engrossed their lives. In the pages that follow are gathered up, with as much detail as the limits of the work allow, the personal record of many of the men who have made Lee County what it is. In each record may be traced some feature which influenced, or has been stamped upon, the civic life. Here are pioneers, who, "when the fullness of time had come," came from widely scattered sources, some from beyond the sea. impelled by diverse motives, little conscious of the im- port of their acts, and but dimly anticipating the harvest which would spring from their sowing. They built their little cabins, toiling for a present subsistence while laying the foun- dations of private fortunes and future advance- ment. Most havei passed away, Ijut not before they beheld a development of business and popula- tion surpassing the wildest dreams of fancy. A few yet remain, whose years have passed the allotted three score and ten, and v.ho love tn recount, among the cherished memories of their lives, their reminiscences of early days in Lee County. 7o6 HISTORY OF LEE COUXTY Among these early, hardy settlers, and those who followed them, may be found the names of many who imparted the first impulse to the county's growth and home-likeness: the many who. through their identification with agricul- tural pursuits, aided in her material progress; of skilled mechanics, who first laid the founda- tions of beautiful hemes, and productive indus- tries: and of the members of the learned pro- fessions — clergymen, physicians, educators and lawyers — whose influence upon tha intellectual life and development of a community it is im- possible to over-estimate. Municipal institutions arise: Commerce spreads her sails and prepares the way for the magic of Science that drives the locomotive en- gine over iron rails. Trade is organized, stretching its arms across the prairie to gather in and distribute the products of the soil. Church spires rise to express, in architectural form, the faith and aspirations of the people, while schools, public and private, elevate the standards of education and of artistic taste. Here are many of the men through whose labors, faith and thought, these magnificent re- sults have been achieved. To them, and to their co-laborers, the Lee County of today stands an enduring monument, attesting their faith, their energy, their courage and their self-sacrifice, FATHER JOHN DIXON (deceased) was born at Rye. Westchester County. N. Y.. Oct. 9. 17S4, son of John and Elizabeth (Purdeyt Dixon, In 1S04 he established himself in the tailoring business in New York City, which he conducted until 1S20, when he came to Illi- nois and settled at Springfield, where he erec- ted the third house built in that city. At the expiration of four years, he removed to Peoria. 111., where he was County Clerk. Justice of the Peace, etc, remaining there five years. The following year (1S29) he spent in Bureau County. III., and on April 11; 1S30. arrived at the ferry on Rock River, Mr, Dixon pur- chased the ferry, which was henceforth known as Dixon's Ferry, but later the word "ferry" was dropped and the village has since been called Dixon. In ISOS he married Rebecca Sherwood, a native of New York, and to them twelve children were born, four of whom grew to maturity. Father Dixon died July 6. 1S76: JOH.^ DIXON. his wife dying in February, 1847, He was a Republican in political sentiment, and in his younger days was a member of the Baptist church. Mrs. Dixon was a charter member of the Baptist church at Dixon, BENJAMIN F, SHAW, editor and proprietor of "The Telegraph," Dixon. 111., was bom at Waverly, N. Y. March 31. 1S31. of English and Colonial ancestry, being a descendant of Wil- liam Bradford who kept the log of the ship "Mayflower" in 1620, and became the first Governor of Plymouth Colcny. His grand- mother on the paternal side was. previous to her death, the last survivor of the "Wyoming Massacre" of 177S. her father and two uncles being killed during the battle which preceded the massacre. His mother's father. Major Zeph- on Flower, was a soldier of the Revolution. Mr. Shaw engaged in journalism in Dixon. 111., previous to 1S56 and. on February 22d of that year, as editor of the "Dixon Telegraph." took part in the convention of Illinois editors held at Decatur for the purpose of outlining a policy in opi>osition to the further extension of slav- ery, serving upon the committee which framed the platform. It was in accordance with reso- lutions adopted at this convention that the HISTORY OF LEE COL'XTV 707 first Republican State Convention was lield at Bloomington, 111., May 29, 1856. Mr. Shaw's journalistic career, extending over a period of over fifty years, has been almost entirely iden- tified with the "Dixon Telegraph," of which BENJAMIN F. SHAW. he is now the editor and proprietor, although he spent sometime in 1867 and 1868 as the Washington correspondent of a Chicago paper. The oflicial positions held by him include two terms as Clerk of the Circuit Court and Re- corder of Lee County, six years as Canal Com- missioner, and Postmaster of the city of Dixon, in which he is now serving his second term. EUSTACE E. SHAW (deceased), late associ- ate editor and joint proprietor of the "Dixon Evening Telegraph," was born at Dixon, 111,, March 28, 1857, the son of Mr, and Mrs. B. F. Shaw, and died in that city. Sept. 5, 1902. Mr. Shaw learned the printing trade in his father's office, and gave his best efforts to assisting his father to build up the business of the B. F. Shaw Printing Company,^ during the latter years of his life serving efficiently as associ- ate editor and business manager of the "Even- ing Telegraph." The following tribute to his memory was paid by thi' Rev. J. F. Newton at the funeral, which was largely attended by neighbors who deeply mourned his untimely death: "He lived with Nature — a life of simple sweetness. He loved his fellow man and was kind of heart. There are none who knew him but who are eager to vouchsafe these lovable attributes to Eustace Shaw. He was always in touch with the subtle, tender influ- ences that are akin to a manly nature; and to know him was to love him in turn. It might fittingly be re-iterated. 'If everj- one to whom he had done some kindly act should drop a flower upon his grave, he would sleep beneath a bower of roses.' Eustace Shaw was ener- getic in every-day life and the soul of honor. With all who knew him his word was a sacred pledge, and the ties that bound him to his friends v.-ere as inseparable as the strongest links of; gold. There were ncne too poor, none too lowiy. to receive his every-day challenge of good will and friendship, and v.-hen he passed to his reward he was simply and truly among EUSTACE E. SHAW. hosts of loving friends who had preceded him. "His memory cannot die with those who w-ere privileged to know him in his true light. 7o8 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. There are many who have accomplished more in worldly affairs, but we Know that the spirit of Eustace Shaw rests at peace, content with the love he inspired in others while living his worldly life. The earnest prayers that went up from so many hearts the day of his death must have reached him and given him quiet and peace. Eustace Shaw loved the v.'oods and the flowers; he loved everything in Nature. He loved his native river; and his repose was assuring and keen when he might feast his eyes upon the gentle waters as they murmured by. He saw the pretty things in life, and more — he wanted others to see them and share their simple beauty with him. He knew no selfishness. He never deliberated over a sacrifice to be made for a friend — no, it came spontaneous; and many a noble tender has he made at the altar of friendship. He was never so quick to act as when the friend was in the direst distress — any conceivable reward unlooked for and an impossibility. He worshipped at the shrine of home, wife and children, and God has taken him as tenderly to his heart as he would take the most innocent babe; for how could God but love a man who was loved by all his fellov.' men and who despised hypocrisy, shunned bad habits and was honest and true to himself, as well the world at large? He passed av,'ay with a smile on his lips and a word of assurance to those about him: and this was but the crowning example of his great bravery and his solicitious concern for those whom he loved. Then the Guardian Angel said, 'Peace be with thy soul.' and the life of Eustace Shaw was ended." Deceased was descended from Puritan stock; Governor Bradford, of Massachusetts Bay, be- ing of the fifth (5) generation; three of his ancestors were in the Revolutionary War. He leaves a widow, Mabel (Smith) Shaw, and three sons. George Boules, Benj. T. and Rob- ert Eustace Shaw. .lOHN DAWSON CRABTREE (deceased), lawyer and late .Judge of the Circuit Court. Thirteenth ,Iudirial District, was born in Not- tingham, England, Nov. 19, 1837; came to America in 1848 and to Dixon, 111., in 1853; was educated in the district schools and in the public schools of Dixon. In lS(il. in re- sponse to the first call for troops to repress the rebellion, he enlisted in Company A, Thir- teenth Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and was successively advanced to the rank of Lieutenant and Captain, and at the date of his discharge, August 16, 1864, was bre- vetted with the rank of Major. Returning home after the close of the war, he resumed study of the law, which he had begun previous to his enlistment, and was admitted to the bar in 1866. In 1886 he was elected State JOHN DAWSON CRABTREE. Senator on the Republican ticket, but resigned in ISSS to accept the position of Judge of Cir- cuit Court to which he was elected the same year, was re-elected without opposition in 1891, and again reelected in 1897, but died May 22, 1902, one year before the expiration of his term of ofBce. Judge Crabtree was a member of Friendship Lodge, No. 7. A. F. and .A. M., Dixon. JASON C. AYRES. President of Dixon Na- tional Bank, Dixon, 111., was born in St. Law- rence County, N. Y., August 22, 1835, son of Sylvanus and Anna (Bean) Ayres. He located in Dixon in 1855 and has since been promi- nently connected with its growth and devel- opment, as well as with real estate interests HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 709 of his locality. He was admitted to tho bar in 1870. In political sentiment Mr. Ayres is a Republican and has served as City Cleric and Treasurer of Dixon for many years. On May 7, 1861, he married Lavina Crawford. JOHN C. AYRES. daughter of Dr. John S. and Delia A. (Preston) Crawford, of Williamsport, Penn. Fraternally he is a member of Friendship Lodge, No. 7. A. F. & A. M.; Nachusa Chapter, No. 56, R. A. M.; Dixon Council. No. 21, R. & S. M., and Dixon Comniandery. No. 21. K. T. CHARLES W. CHADWICK. retired farmer, Lee Center. 111., was born at Windsor, Me., June 18. 1822, son of Lott and Sarah (Linn) Chadwick. He came to Lee County with his father in 1838. where, for three years, he as- sisted the latter in his trade as mill-ri.s^ht. In 1841 he removed South, where ho remained eight years, and then (in 1849) crossed the plains to California in search of gold. Return- ing from the gold fields in 1851. he located at Lee Center, where he engaged in the manufac- ture of plows: afterwards engaged in farmin.g at Palestine Grove: later spent several years in Missouri and Colorado, but since 188H has lived retired at Lee Center. In 1847 he mar- ried Nancy J. Holderby. who died two years later, leaving one child. Sarah J. (Mrs. Silas Whitney). In 1853 he married his second wife, Phebe Whitney, by whom there were the fol- lowing named children; Alice (Mrs. John Jacobs). Ida (Mrs. W. W. Allen, of California), Fred C. now residing in California, and Harry, who resides in Mexico. In politics Mr. Chad- wick is a Republican, and frjitcrnally is a member of the A. F. & A. M. SAMUEL C. EELLS, President City National Bank, Dixon. 111., was born at Walton. Dela- ware County, N. Y., March 19. 1822, son of Nathaniel G. and Betty (St. John) Eells, natives of Connecticut. He came to Dixon, III., in 1854, and engaged as bookkeeper with Rob- ertson. Eastman & Company, bankers. In the spring of 1855 the firm was changed to Rob- ertson, Eells & Company; in ISGO to Eells & Coleman; in 1865 to Lee County National Bank, and since 1SS5 has been known as the SAMUEL C. EELLS. City National Bank. Mr. Eells has been President of this institution since the death of Joseph Crawford, August 11. 1891. although he has been manager of the business since April, 1855. On October 12, 1854. he married 7IO HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. Anna Moore, and they have three children — Caroline W., Anna S., and Bessie P. In politi- cal relations Mr. Eells is a Republican, and in religious faith is a member of St. Luke's Episcopal church in which he has served as vestryman since 1855. ABALINO C. BARDWELL, Dixon, 111., born Oct. 23, 1844, at Conneautville, Penn., son of Dr. George A. and Julia A. (Cutler) Bardwell; parents moved to Prophetstown, Whiteside County, 111., in 1853. Came to Dixon, Feb. 10, 1864, and read law in office of George P. Good- win, Esq.; enlisted Feb. 10. 1865, as private; on oiganization of the One Hundred and Forty- seventh Illinois Infantry, was elected Captain of Company G; served as Provost-Marshal at Resaca, Americus and Savannah, Ga. Admitted to the bar Sept. 24, 1867, and commenced prac- tice that fall at Rochelle, 111., but owing to im- paired health shortly after abandoned it. In February. 1868, he established the "Dixon Weekly Herald;" on Dec. 2, 1869, the Herald and Telegraph were united under his editor- ship. January 1, 1871, he retired from the tice, excepting from the spring of 1892 to the fall of 1894. Elected State's Attorney in No- vember, 1876, and served one term. In January. 1899, was appointed Master in Chancery of Lee County Circuit Court, which position he continues to hold. JOSEPH UTLEY (deceased), Dixon, 111., was born at Western, Oneida County, N. Y., July 27, 1815, the son of Henry and Sarah (Morse) Utley. After completing his education in the ABALINO C. BARDWELL. paper and in August foUov.'ing resumed prac- tice in partnership with Hon. James K. Ed- sall, since which date he has continued in prac- JOSEPH UTLEY. neighborhood schools, he entered his father's tannery, learned the trade and succeeded to the business in 1838, which he followed until 1859, when he removed to Dixon and opened a saddlery hardware store, continuing until 1867, when he retired from active business. He was deeply interested in water transportation, and was a recognized authority on this sub- ject; was appointed Canal Commissioner of the State in 1869 and served eight years, most of the time as President of the Board. He was one of the prime movers in the improve- ment of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, and to his efforts is lar.gely due the Hennepin Canal, now being constructed, in the interest of which he did effective work before com- mercial bodies. Committees of Congress and HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 711 state Legislatures. The whole project met with fierce opposition from the Sterling people, and it was years after his death that sentiment changed, a dam at that point instead of Dixon having been pronounced the more feasible. Mr. Utiey died at Dixon. 111,. March 19. 1889. THERON CUMINS. THERON CUMINS (deceased), manufac- turer. Grand Detour and Dixon, III., was born in the tov.-n of Tunbridge, Orange County. Vt., son of Joseph and Hannah (Con- verse) Cumins, who were natives of Vermont ; was educated in the public schools and, in 1842, came to Grand Detour, Ogle County, 111., where he became clerk in a general store, remaining there three years, when he went to Newark, Ohio, remaining four years. Then, returning to Grand Detour, he was engaged for two years in the mercantile business with his brother Solon, when going a second time to Ohio, he became a contractor on the Ft. Wayne & Pittsburg Railroad, but two years later (1863) again came to Grand Detour and there entered into partnership with Leonard Andrus for the manufacture of plows. Owing to ill-health of Mr. Andrus the management of the concern devolved largely upon Mr. Cumins, and after the death of his partner he conducted the business alone until 1869, when Col. H. T. Noble acquired an interest in the establishment, followed in June, 1874, by the admission of O. B. Dodge to the firm. In June, 1(''T9, the business having assumed large pro- portions, the concern was incorporated by Theron Cumins. Henry T. Noble, O. B. Dodge and Charles H. Noble, under the name of the Grand Detour Plow Company. In the mean- time (1807) the plant was moved to Dixon, 111., where it new occupies five acres of ground. Mr. Cumins served as President of the Com- pany for many years, was also a director of the Dixon National Bank, and was an important factor in the development of Dixon as an in- dustrial center. Politically he was an earnest Republican. Mr. Cumins died August 2, 1898. RICHARD S. FARRAND, lawyer, Dixon, 111., was born in St. Joseph, Ind., Oct. 1, 1852; left home when a boy of eleven years and after- v/ards was dependent upon his own resources, earning his livelihood by his own efforts and improving all available opportunities to acquire RICHARD S. FARRAND. an education. In 1877 he came to Dixon, and soon after began the study of law with A. C. Bardwell, was admitted to the bar in 1879 and in 1882 was elected County Judge of Lee HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. County, serving continuously until iyu2, when he was chosen Circuit Judge for the Fifteenth Judicial Circuit to succeed the late Judge Crab- tree. Judge Farrand has also served one term as Mayor of the city of Dixon. January 30, 1873, he was married to Miss Catherine Jane Marsh, daughter of Harry and Catherine (Smith) Marsh. Judge Farrand is a Republi- can in politics and is fraternally associated with Brooklyn Lodge, A. F. & A. M.; Na- chusa Chapter, No. 56; R. A. M. Lodge. No. 137; the A. O. U. W. and Camp No. 56. M. W. A. J. B. MERRIMAN. M. D., (deceased), a prominent early settler of Lee County. 111., was born in Hartford County, Conn., May 2, 1814, of English extraction. Nathaniel Mer- riman. born in England in 1614. was the founder of the family in America and settled J. B. MERRIMAN, M. D. in New Haven. Conn., in 1639. Anson Merri- man, father of Dr. J. B. Merriman, was born in Hartford County, Conn., and died at the age of thirty-two years. J. B. Merriman was the second child in his father's family and ob- tained a good education in his youth, deciding at that time to become a physician. Gradu- ating from the medical department of Yale College in 1837, he began practicing in Berli- shire County, Mass., where he rose rapidly in his profession, but after ten years of steady service his health failed and he removed to Long Island, N. Y. His large and increasing practice at the latter place wore so rapidly on his physical powers that, six years later, he de- termined to abandon the medical profession and seek a new home on the western prairies with the hope of restoring his impaired health. Coming to Lee County in 1855, he located on a quarter section of unimproved land in South Dixon Township, to which he made subsequent additions until he owned between 700 and 800 acres of valuable land in that locality. He also purchased large tracts of land in Iowa, which he later disposed of. The doctor first married in Berkshire County. Mass.. Miss Eliza Curtis, who bore him one child, Grace (Mrs. E. W. Curtis, of Chicago), who died March 3, 1893. His second wife was Elizabeth Smith, a native of Long Island, N. Y, who died at the age of twenty-one years, leaving one son, Walter B. His third marriage was with Angeline Judd, who died Sept. 2, 1891, aged seventy-four years. When Doctor Merri- man came to Lee County he intended to aban- don the medical profession, but his reputation as a skillful physician had preceded him, and thus many demands were made upon him for his services. In 1884 he left his home in South Dixon to reside with his son Walter B., whose home is now in the suburbs of Dixon City, where he died in 1898. The Dactor was a well- informed man, possessing excellent business qualifications, and made many friends during his long and influential career in Lee County. In political sentiment he was a Republican and served his township as a member of the Board of Supervisors and two terms as Justice of the Peace. WALTER B. MERRIMAN, County Treasurer of Lee County, Dixon, 111., was born on his father's farm in South Dixon Township, Lee County, Nov. 5. 1859. son of Dr. Joel B. and Elizabeth (Smith) Merriman. Dr. Joel B. Merriman, whose biography may be found else- where in this volume, came to Lee County in 1855, where he practiced medicine and con- ducted a farm for many years. Walter B. Merriman remained on his father's farm until twenty-four years of age. and in the meantime HISTORY OF LEE COUXTV. 713 received his educational traininK in the district schools of South Dixon Township, the public school at Dixcn. and the Dixon College. He married for his first wife Mattie Lee. who died WALTER B. MERRIMAN. Feb. 27, 1893, leaving four children — Verna E.. Guy H., Grace E., and Walter Earl. In 1896 he married his second wife, Ida Mackin, and of this union there were three sons — Glenwood B., George C. and Clifford F. Mr. Merriman retired from active farm life in 1896, but is still an extensive land owner, his farms ag- gregating 970 acres, and during his connec- tion with the agricultural interests of the county, was well known as a breeder of thor- oughbred Norman horses. In political views he is a Republican, and is serving as County Treasurer, havin.g been elected to that office in 1902. ELMER COTTON, farmer, Hamilliin Town- ship, Lee County, 111., was born in Vermilion County, 111.. April 13, 1862, son of Henry and Elizabeth G. Cotton. During the year 1881 Mr. Cotton worked in the coal mines and then removed to McLean County, 111., where he con- ducted a rented farm for seven years, and after- wards purchased 240 acres upon which he lived until 1901. Coming to Lee County in the latter year, he bought his present 240-acre farm. Mr. Cotton was married March 4, 1886, to Mary E., daughter of William and Electa Wright, of Mc- Lean County. 111., and of this union two chil- dren — William H. (deceased) and Charles E. — have been born. In politics Mr. Cotton is a Republican. JOHN L. LORD (deceased). Palmyra. Lee County, III.; born in Hopkinton, N. H., June 10, 1829, son of John and Achsah (Gary) Lord; in 1838 came to Lee County with his parents, who first settled in Dixon, but in 1841 located on a farm in Palmyra Township, whence John L. was accustomed to walk to Dixon to attend school: besides working on the farm learned the trade of blacksmith with his father, who had established a wagon-factory; in 1850 pur- chased his father's interest in the wagon-fac- tory, which some years before his death, he transferred to his son, Paul G. Mr. Lord's mother died about a year after the family re- moved to Dixon, and his father in 1873. June JOHN L. LORD. 17, 1851, he was united in marriage with Mary L. Warner, daughter of Moses M. and Orrel (Smith) Warner, who came to Lee County in 183S, and they had six children: August W. 7'4 HISTORY OF LEE COL■.\"J"^■ and Paul G. Lord, of Dixon, 111.; Dr. John P. Lord, of Omaha, Neb.; Mary E., Fred and Grace, who reside with their widowed mother on the farm. Mr. Lord died March 15, 1901, as the result of a stroke of apoplexy four days previous. An ardent Republican and a man of pronounced views and thorough conviction, he was of too modest and retiring a disposition to be a prominent factor in political affairs, but served his township as a member of the Board of Supervisors, and was active in connection with agricultural and horticultural institutes in his section of the State; was one of the found- ers and President of the Palmyra Mutual Fire Insurance Company, and for several years President of the Lee County Old Settlers' As- sociation. Mr. Lord was a member and liberal supporter of the Universalist church. HON. JAMES B. CHARTERS was born in Belfast, Ireland, July 11, 1831, son of Alexan- der Charters, who long made his residence at Hazlewood, Dixon. Judge Charters graduated from Trinity College, Dublin, in 1852. and sion, which he followed continuously until his death, Feb. 4, 1902. He was elected County Judge in 1877, and prior to holding this official position, had served as Mayor of Dixon one term. In 1858 he married Miss Fanny J. Chart- ers, daughter of Mr. Samuel M. Charters, who died in 18S.'5. and on July 9, 1885, he mar- ried Miss Blanche Soule, of Dixon, daughter of Cr. James Kent Soule. He was a Director of the Public Library from its founding, and a ^^■lIed member of St. Luke's Episcopal church, in which he served as vestryman for thirty years. Ever identified with the best interests of Dixon, his many friends pay tribute to his qualities of mind and heart, and his gracious personality endeared him to all. JAMES B. CHARTERS. studied in The Inner Temple, London, England, and immediately thereafter came to Dixon, III., where, in 1856, he began practicing his profes- LEO.XARO AND.TUC. LEONARD ANDRUS, Vice President City National Bank, Dixon, 111., was born at Grand Detour, Ogle County, 111.. Nov. 10, 1853, son of Leonard and Sarah Ann (Bosv,'crth) Andrus. Leonard Andrus, Sr., located at Grand Detour in 1834 and gave that village its name, but shortly afterwards went to Michigan, return- ing to the former locality about May 1, 1835, where he made a permanent settlement. In 1837, in company with John Deere, he made the first steel plow manufactured in America. HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 715 and from this humble beginning developed an extensive business. He died in 1867. Leonard Andrus, Jr., came to Dixon in 1882 and has since been prominently identified with the in- terests of that city. On October 4, 1882, he married Elizabeth M. Alexander, daughter of Philip M. and Eliza (Howell) Alexander, and they have one son, Leonard A., a student of Harvard University. In politics Mr. Andrus affiliates with the Republican party. PHILIP M. ALEXANDER. PHILIP M. ALEXANDER (deceased) was born at Pompey Hill, N. Y., Oct. 1. 1819, the son of Solomon Alexander. In 1S37 he came to Dixon, III., and v.-as variously employed un- til 1854, when he and George L. Howell, estab- lished a hardware business on tJalena Avenue, which was conducted until the time of Mr. Alexander's death at Wauwatosa. Wis.. May 17, 1898. July 20, 1848, he married Eliza Howell, daughter of Nicholas and Betsy (Wil- son) Howell. Mrs. Alexander died May 5, 1873. To Mr. and Mrs. Alexander two children were born: Ida Louise, born March 12, 1857, mar- ried June 1. 1.S82, George A. Morris, and died Jan. 12, 1901; Elizabeth Maude, born August 7, 1860, and married Leonard Andrus. Oct. 4, 1882. Mr. Alexander was a stanch I>emocrat in po- litical sentiment. HON. JOSEPH CRAWFORD (deceased) was born in Columbia County, Penn., May 19, 1811; located in Lee County in 1835; appointed Dep- uty Surveyor for Northwestern Illinois in 1836; elected County Surveyor of Lee County in 1840, serving eighteen years; served as a mem- ber of the First Board of Supervisors of Lee County in 1841; elected to represent Lee and Whiteside Counties in the State Legislature in 1849; re-elected to the same office in 1853. He was one of the charter members of the Lee County National Bank (now the City National Bank of Dixon), which was organized in 1865, and served as its President until his death; elected Mayor of Dixon in 1873 and re-elected the two following terms. He died August 11, 1891. GEORGE L. HOWELL (deceased) v/as born near Syracuse, N. Y.. August 2-4, 1820, son of Nichol and Betsy (Wilson) Howell, natives GEORGE L. HOWELL. of New York. George L. Howell came to Dixon. III., in 1854. and the same year formed a partnership with P. M. Alexander in the 7i6 HISTORY OF LEE COUXTY. hardware business, which was continued for nearly forty years, or until the time of his death, March 23, 1893. On July 17. 1845, he married Julia Thomas who. bore him three children — Clarence N. (deceased), Frank S. and Emma (deceased). Mrs. Howell died, and on Dec. 22. 18.59. Mr. Hov.-ell married his sec- ond wife. Emma P. Little, who was born in Castine. Maine, and of this union there were four children — Edward N., Agnes P. (Mrs. Wil- liam E. Appleford), Louise A. (deceased) and George L. Mr. Howell was a Republican in political views, and in religious belief a Pres- byterian. REV. EDWARD C. SICKELS. D. D.. pastor emeritus of the First Presliyterian church. EDWARD C. SICKELS. D. D. Dixon, 111., was born in Indianapolis, Ind.. April 24, 1835. the son of Rev. William and Alma C. (Coe) Sickles, both of New York State birth and ancestry. Dr. Sickels received his pre- paratory education in his native city, graduat- ing from Hanover College, Ind.. and later (1858) in theology at Princeton, N. J., having spent the years 1850 and '57 studying in Ber- lin, Germany. While in Berlin he was soci- ally intimate with Timothy Dwight. former President of Yale College; the late Gov. Ogles- by, the late Neal Dow. and many other promi- nent Americans who visited the German capi- tal. The year of his graduation from Prince- ton, he began preaching at Kirkwood, Mo., but in the summer of 1862. came to Dixon, 111.. shortly after becoming pastor of the First Presbyterian church there — a position wTiich he continued to occupy until the spring of 1895 when, after thirty-three years of continuous service, he retired with the position of pastor emeritus. During his pastorate at Dixon, Dr. Sickels served twenty-five years as Stated Clerk of his Presbytery and was twice chosen Moderator of the Synod of Illinois. He re- ceived the degree of D.D. from Lake Forest University in 1889. February 19, 1863, Dr. Sickels was united in marriage to Caroline P. Dunham, a native of Ohio but reared in St. Louis, Mo., the daughter of James S. and Jane (Cutler) Dunham, of New York. Dr. and Mrs. Sickels have had seven children born to them, viz.: Alma (deceased). Edward E.. Gracia Gay (wife of Alfred G. Welch). James D.. William C. Amy C. and Lewis N. In his retirement Dr. Sickels enjoys the ardent friendship of a large circle of former parishioners and ac- quaintances. EDWARD A. SICKELS. physician and sur- geon. Dixon. 111., was born at North Dixon. 111., Oct. 3. ISGfi. son of Rev. E. C. and Caroline P. (Dunham) Sickels. Rev. E. C. Sickels was pastor of the First Presbyterian church at Dix- on for thirty-five consecutive years. Edward A. Sickels attended the North Dixon puldic schools and graduated from the high school when seventeen years of age. He afterwards attended the Dixon Normal School for five years, graduating from the commercial and scientific departments, and. during his attend- ance, paid his own expenses by manual labor in the brick and tile factory at Morrison. 111., where, for a time, he had charge cf a large force of men. In 1887 he entered the railway mail service, running ten years, and as his duties would permit during the last five years of his service, attended the Hahnemann Medi- cal College, graduating with honors from that institution in 1897. Resigning his position in the mail service in the latter year, he entered the Hahnemann Hospital. Chicago, where he remained one year, and then came to Dixon, 111., v.'here he has since practiced his profession HISTORY OF LEE COUXTY. 717 with successful results. In 1899 the Doctor lectured weekly on the subject of anatomy in the Hahnemann College, and also had charge of the surgical clinic in that institution. He is a member of the Rock River Institute of Homeopathy, Clinical Society of Chicago, Na- tional Institute of Homeopathy, is on the hos- pital staff at Dixon, formerly held a position on the surgicaal staff of the Hahnemann Hospi- tal, and is Examining Physician for the Bank- er's Life Insurance Company, Des Moines, Iowa. Socially he is a member of the Knights of Maccabees, Knights of the Globe and Royal Circle. September 25, 1901, the Doctor was married to Jeanne Wood, daughter of the Rev. Wood, who is now connected with the mission work of the Dutch-Reformed church. In re- ligious belief he is a Presbyterian, and in poli- tical views a Republican. HON. ABIJAH POWERS (deceased) was born in Greenwich, Hampshire County, Mass., Dec. 16, 1814, son of Joseph and Sally (Powers) Powers, and a grandson of Col. Thomas Powers. In the spring of 1838 Joseph Powers and his son Abijah came west, and after reach- ing Rock Island, proceeded by boat to Dixon (then Dixon's Ferry) and entered land in Sec- tion 31, Palmyra Township, where the former died April 28, 1853; his wife surviving him sev- eral years, and dying at the age of seventy- six. Abijah Powers began life in the West without capital, working at first by the month as a farm-hand. He entered land in Lee County in 1838, which he later purchased of the Gov- ernment with money saved while employed at farm labor. By industrious habits and careful management, Mr. Powers developed his land into a modern farm, and at the time of his death — July 24, 1891 — owned, in additiort to his home farm of 300 acres, several other valuable farms in Lee and Whiteside Counties. In September, 1839, he married Miss Amanda M. Sprout, born in Greenwich, Mass., daugh- ter of Ezra and Dency (Newland) Sprout, also natives of the Bay State. Six children were born to Mr. and Mrs. Pov/ers, viz.: Alfred A., who died at the age of six years: Helen, who became the wife of Anson Thummel of Pla- myra Township and died in 1889: Elvira, wife of Capt. Charles Eckles, a soldier in the Fed- eral army during the late Rebellion and now a prominent farmer near Marshalltown. Iowa; Mary, who married J. C. Nickerson. a com- mission merchant in Chicago; Warren F., who married Mary Miller and is now a prominent farmer in Whiteside County, 111.; Austin, who married Adella Tallman and now owns and conducts the home farm in Palmyra Township. Mrs. Powers resides on the old homestead with her son Austin. Abijah Powers was a Repub- lican in political views, and held a number of local offices including that of Township Super- visor in which he served five years. In 1876 ABIJAH POWERS. he was elected Representative from his dis- trict to the Thirtieth General Assembly of Illi- nois. Mr. Pov.'ers was a member of the Con- gregational church at Prairieville, in which he served as deacon frr many years. CLYDE L. WICHER, Superintendent of the Lee County Almshouse, South Dixon Township, was born in Anamosa, Jones County, Iowa, Nov. 15, 1872, son of Henry and Georgiana (Stott) Wicher, the former a native of Cowes, Isle of Wight, England, and the latter, of Susquehanna, N. Y. Henry Wicher came west in 1867. and settled in Iowa. In spring of 1895, Clyde L. came to Dixon, and was employed in the mercantile establishment of I. B. Country- 7i8 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. man until Nov. 7, 1900, when he was appointed Superintendent of the County Farm, and has since tilled that position to the satisfaction of all concerned. January 1. 1898. he married CLYDE L. WICHER. Jesse B. Burright, and they have one daughter. Enid, born Sept. 30. 1900. Mr. Wicher is a member of the Knights of the Globe, and Dixon Lodge. No. 779, B. P. O. E. In religious belief Mr. Wicker is an Episcopalian, while Mrs. Wicher is identified with the Methodist Episcopal Church. AUSTIN POWERS. Section .31, Palmyra Township, Lee County, 111., was born in the township where he now resides, Oct. 18, 1857, son of Abijah and Amanda M. (Sprout) Powers, being the youngest in a family of six children. His father and paternal grandfather (Jcseph Powers) settled in Palmyra Township in 1838. Abijah Powers was a man of practi- cal ideas and was elected to represent his township as Supervisor for five years, and in 1876 was elected to the General Assembly of Illinois. He was prominent as a breeder of thoroughbred short-horned cattle and through his industrious habits accumulated a large estate. He died July 24. 1891. Austin Powers grew to maturity on his father's farm, and ob- tained his elementary education in the public schools at Prairieville, 111., later becoming a student in Cornell College. Mt. Vernon. Iowa. On January 6, 1881, he married Adella Tall- man, daughter of Jesse H. Tallman and wife, early settlers of Clinton County, Iowa. To Mr. and Mrs. Powers four children have been born, viz.: Grace (died in infancy), Leroy, Lu- ella, and Edna. Mr. Powers became owner of his father's estate at the time of the latter's death in 1891. This farm is kept in a high state of cultivation, shade and fruit trees are planted as occasion requires, barns and other buildings are arranged so as to shelter stock and grain to the best advantage, and the gen- eral appearances of his well-kept premises give evidence of the owner's constant and careful supervision. Mr, Powers has a constant and increasing demand for select seed-corn, as he makes a specialty of cultivating that cereal, and by scientific tests retains only the choicest grain for planting. In politics Mr. Powers is AUSTIN POWERS. a Republican and was Assessor of his town- ship two years, at the present time is Trustee (it the School Board, and is also crop reporter in Lee County for the Illinois State Board of Agriculture. He and his family are mem- HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY, •19 bers of the Fourth Street Methodist church. Sterling. 111., and he is Superintendent of the Sunday School in the Prairieville Union church. W. I. GUFFIN. HON. W. I. GUFFIN. grain and coal dealer, Paw Paw. III., was born at Carlisle. Schoharie County, N. Y., Jan. 17. 1840. He came to Lee County in the fall of 18G8, locating at Mslugin's Grove, where he conducted a dairy farm unlil 1872. Locating at Compton. 111., in the latter year, he engaged in the grain and stock busi- ness at that village until 1889, when he re- moved to Paw Paw, where he has since con- ducted his present enterprise. In 18G9 he married Laura W. Fisk, who died in 1870, leav- ing one son, Edward F. In December. 1879. Mr. Guffin married Mary E. Bradshav/ of Comp- ton, and they have two children — Homer and Grace. In political sentiment Mr. Guffin is a Republican and served eight consecutive years (1892-1900) in the Lower House of the Illinois lieneral Assembly. Fraternally he is a mem- ber of Corinthian Lodge. No. 205, A. F. & A. M. BENJAMIN F. FRANTZ. Paw Paw, 111., son of Joseph and Charlotte (Pike) Frantz. was born at "The Cove." Alleghany County. Md., Oct. 29, 1848. In 1859 his family removed to Somerset County. Penn.. and in ISGG. to Prince- ton, III., where Mr. Frantz was engaged with his brother, A. J. Frantz, in agricultural pur- suits for a number of years, when moving to Pav.' Paw in 1873, he later entered the "Teach- ers' Institute and Classical Seminary," where he finally graduated with his class-mates, Frank Stevens. Sadie Van Patten and Anna Flewellen, June 10. 18S1. During his connec- tion with the Seminary he taught several terms in district schools in De Kalb and Lee Coun- ties, and in the spring of 1882 was chosen Principal of the Paw Paw public school. On August 23, 1882, he was united in marriage to Mary J. Taylor, daughter of Thomas G. and Lucy (Moysey) Taylor, and with his wife con- tinued teaching together in the Paw Paw school for one year. Mr. Frantz' then engaged with his father in the sale of buggies, harness and agricultural implements, which they car- ried on successfully until 1890, when his father having retired on account of advancing years, BENJAMIN F. FRANTZ. the son assumed the entire responsibility of the business, conduct in.g it alone for two years. He then turned his attention to the real estate and general mercantile business, in which he has been engaged to the present time. In the 720 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. spring of 1893. W. B. McMahon surveyed and platted for Mr. Frantz what is known as "The Frantz Grove Cemetery," located about a half- mile south of Paw Paw. and containing about nine acres of ground, which has been improved and beautified until it is now one of the most beautiful and attractive "cities of the dead" in this part of the country. The cemetery grounds include a handsome grove, where Decoration Day exercises in honor of the sol- diers of the Civil War are held annually. Dur- ing the same year (1893) Mr. McMahon also sur- veyed and platted fcr Mr. Frantz the "Frantz Addition to Paw Paw." Mr. Frantz is a mem- ber of the Board of Directors of the State Banlv of Paw Paw. holds the office of Deacon of the Methodist Episcopal church, and fraternally is a member of the Knights of the Globe and In- dependent Order of Odd Fellows. His family consists of his wife and one daughter — Eula Mae. JAMES A. WATSON. MAJOR JAMES A. WATSON (deceased) was born in 1812. and came to Dixon in 1850; con- tracted to build, and in 18.52 built the Illinois Central Railway running through Dixon: raised a company of volunteers in 1862 for the Sev- enty-fifth Illinois, and after the battle of Per- ryville, v.-as promoted to the rank of Major; served during the war, and mustered out at Camp Douglas in 1?65; was Superintendent of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, and, tor several years, subsequently, engaged in farming near Dixon, following this occupation up to the time of his death in 1893. He was first married in 1840, and in 1853 married Mrs. Richard Love- land for his second wife. There were three children of the second marriage: Frederick A.. Sam N.. and Eleanor E., two of whom are living. Mr. Watson was an enthusiastic mem- ber of the G. A. R. He was accidentally killed at the Di.xon dam. May S. 1893. FREDERICK A. WATSON, President Wat- son-Plummer Shoe Company, Chicago and Dix- on, was born Oct. 3, 1854. From 1866 to 1868 he clerked in the store of W. G. Stevens & Co., Dixon, and from 1868 to 1S70. was train-boy on the C. & N. W. Ry. From 1872 to 1874 he clerked in a store in St. Joseph, Mich., and from the latter year to 1901, was salesman, stock- holder and manufacturing superintendent for C. M. Henderson & Co.. locating their factories at Dixon, III., in 1887. He organized the Watson- Plummer Shoe Company in 1901. and succeeded to the business of C. M. Henderson & Co.. in 1902. In politics he is a Republican; is President of the Dixon Power & Lighting Co., and Dixon Ice Company. S. F. xMILLS. retired Banker of Ashton. Lee County, 111., and New York State, was born in the town of Columbia. Herkimer County. N. Y., June 21, 1S31, son of Lorin A. and Eva (Petrie) Mills, who were parents of a family of six children — three sons and three daughters. S. F. Mills graduated from a high school in his native State, later took a seminary course and in 1857 came to Ashton, Lee County, 111., then a small hamlet, where he engaged in buying grain ■vhich he stored in a small warehouse capable cf holding about three car-loads. He was a man of genial temper, hospitable and won many life-long friends, no deserving per- son ever appealing to him for aid in vain, and took a foremost place in charitable wcrk and in public improvements in his village. In his successful business career he was closely iden- tified with his friend and partner, N. A. Petrie. December 22, 1879, Mr. Mills was married at Ashton to Miss Louise Getman, daughter of HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 721 Daniel and Mary (Vrooman) Getman of Pa- lermo, Oswego County, N. Y., but formerly of Herkimer County. In 1890, desiring to retire from active business. Mr. Mills erected an up- S. F. MILLS. to-date borne at Parisb, Oswego County, N, Y.. and there resides nine months each year, spending the remaining three months with his friends and partner, Mr. Petrie, at Ashton, 111. In action and appearance he would be taken for a man in the prime of life. He is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church, and adopts as his motto, "Good will to all, malice to none." Mr. Mills' father was a Colonel of the New York State militia and pa- ternally he is of Scotch extraction, and mater- nally of English descent. NATHAN A. PETRIE, Cashier of the Ashton Bank, Ashton, 111., was born in Oswego, N. Y., Nov. 14, 1S43. the seventh son of Rudolph and Elizabeth (Vrooman) Petrie, natives of New York. His early ancestors were German. The maternal grandfather v.'as captain of a fort in New York in early colonial days, and was killed and scalped by the Indians, as were also his wife and son John. N. A. Petrie was raised on a farm, received his ediicational training: in a country school, and came to Ashton in the winter of 1860, where he worked one year for his cousin, S. F. Mills, for foO.OO and board, and was employed a second year at a salary of $75.00. In the meantime he studied and read good books in, the evenings after a hard day's work, and in this manner completed his edu- cation. He now owns a valuable library. In 1862 Mr. Petrie entered into partnership with S. F. Mills in the grain and lumber business, which they sold in 1865 and erected a large two-story frame building in Ashton, and en- gaged in the general mercantile business under the firm name of Mills & Petrie, in which they established an extensive trade, employing seven clerks. Disposing of their mercantile business in 1869 they established a bank at Ashton, which was conducted as a private in- stitution until Jan. 1, 1903, when it was re- organized into a State Bank with a capital of $25,000 and a surplus of $5,000, the officers be- ing S. F. Mills, President; M. D. Hathaway. Vice President; N. A. Petrie, Cashier. Mr. Petrie is a Republican and has represented NATHAN A. PETRIE. his town as Supervisor two terms; has been a Notary Public for twenty-four consecutive years; was school treasurer ei.^hteen years, and has administered in the settlement of about sixty estates during his business career 722 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. in Ashton. He pays a high tribute to the county officers, with whom he has been closely associated for more than thirty years, anO is a man of kind and generous disposition al- ways thinldng more of his fellow citizens than of himself. On December 22. 1870, he married Sarah E. Howard, daughter of William and Mary (Hollingswcrth) Howartl, natives of I.'ncoln- shire, England, who came to America in 1857. Mrs. Petrie died Feb. 11, 1899, leaving no chil- dren. Mr. Petrie is a member of the Mothod- ist Episcopal church. The life-lcng friendship of Mr. Petrie and Mr. Mills has never been interrupted by a hasty or cress word, and in this respect their association has been a sec- ond example of Damon and Pythias. C. K. NORTHRUP. C. K. NORTHRUP, Postmaster, Ashton, 111., was born at Tyringham, Berushire County, Mass.. March 30, 1845, son of Gilbert D. and Eliza B. (Phillips) Northrup. Gilbert D. North- rup died in 1852, but his wife still survives at the venerable age of ninety-five years. C. K. Northrup obtained his education in the public school of his native State and came to Lee County in 1860. In 1862 he enlisted in Company G., First Wisconsin Cavalry, remain- ing until the close of the war. and participated in the battle of Caps Girardeau, Bloomfield, Chalks Bluff, Langee Ferry, Stone River, and Chickamauga. On September 19, 1863, during the engagement last mentioned, he received a sever wound in the right forearm. After the close of the war he entered Wheatoii Col- lege, Wheaton, III., remaining in thai institu- tion four years, and for several years after that was engaged in farming in Bradford Town- ship, but eventually disposed of his holdings and engaged in the mercantile business at Ash- ton. Mr. Northrup v.'as appointed Postmaster in 1897. reappointed in 1901, and is still an incumbent of that office. On November 25, 1S69, he married Mary M. Wright, daughter of William Wright, an early settler of Lee County, and of this union there were two sons, one of whom — Gilbert W. — is living and is a student in the State University, Rolla, Missouri. Mr. Northrup is a member of the Masonic t-rder, M. W. A., G. A. R. and Knights of the Globe. He and his wife are communicants of the Pres- byterian church, and in politics he is a Re- publican. JOHN L. CLAPP, merchant, Compton, 111., was born in Brooklyn Township, Lee County, 111., Feb. 5, 1873, son of .John F. and Sarah (Smith) Clapp. natives of Massachusetts and New York, respectively. In partnership with J. W. Rhodes. Mr. Clapp is engaged in the general merchandise business at Compton. 111. On October 21, 1897, he married Nellie Hold- ren, daughter of Benjamin F. and Zarah (Cow- ing) Holdren. In politics he is a Republican, and in fraternal affiliations a member of the Masonic Order, I. O. O. F. and M. W. A. Mr. Clapp is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church, and is superintendent of the Sunday school. HON SAMUEL DYSART, ex-President State Board of Agriculture; born in Huntingdon County, Penn., Sept. 4, 1834, son of James and Elizabeth (Roller) Dysart, who came to Illi- nois in 1855, settling near Franklin Grove Lee County, where they both died. In 1855 Mr. Dy- sart settled on Section 14, China Township, and has resided there ever since. On February 24, 1858, he was married to Miss Margiiret J. Henderson, daughter of David and Margaret (Conrad) Henderson, natives of Himtingdon County, Penn.. and of this union nine children « HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 723 have been born, viz.: Harr.v W.. U. Cn-ant. Hor- ace H.. .Jesse R., Drucilla D. (Mrs. Ur. Banker of Franklin Grove). Birdie B. (Mrs. T. P.. Pet- erson, cf Chicago). Mary Janet, Virginia L. (deceased) and Lola W. (deceased). From 1866 to 1883 Mr. Dysart was one of the lead- ing breeders of short-horn cattle in Illinois; in 1874 he was elected Vice President of the State Board of Agriculture for his District. was chosen President cf the Board serving two years and, during the last year of his incumb- ency (1888), visited Europe for the purpose of investigating the breeding of French draft horses. During 1878, by appointment of Presi- dent Hayes, he served as one of the Live-Stock commissioners to the Paris Exposition and, on July 1, 1891, was appointed by Gov. J. W. Fifer. Commissioner of the World's Columbian Exposition for the Seventh Congressional Dis- trict of Illinois. HENRY CASPER BROOKNER (deceased), born near Osnabruck, Hanover, Germany, June 15, 1827, son of George and Marie (Engle) Brookner: came to America at nineteen years of age, arriving with four dollars in his pocket, and having learned the carpenter's trade with an uncle, by persevering industry and prudent management acquired a handsome competency. In 1847 he came to Dixon, 111., which continued to be his home for the remainder of his life, although absent much of the time for twenty years on official duty in connection with the Illinois Central Railroad. He was a trained musician, was a member of the first band or- ganized in Dixon, and sang in the choir of the First Methodist Episcopal church, of which he v.'as a member. His first home was just north of the Nachusa House. Mr. Brookner was twice married, his first wife leaving one daughter, Adella May, who died of cholera at the age of sixteen years. April 4. 1875, he married at Litchfield, 111.. Emily Reid Keith- ley, born at Greenville. Ind., the daughter ot Seth McCollum Keithley, who was a native of Elizabethtown, Ky.. bcrn Oct. 18, 1812, and died at Litchfield, 111.. March 18, 1887. Seth McCollum Keithley's father, John Keithley, was a native of Germany, born Jan. 1, 1788, died Sept. 28, 1830, and his mother, Phebe (McCollum) Keithley, a native of Scotland, bcrn in 17.?7. died April 11, 18GS: his grand- father, John Keithley, born Jan. 1. 1750. died July 28, 1835, and his grandmother, whose maiden name was Ballou, was a native of Hol- land. The last named John Keithley served in the commissary department of the patriot army during the Revolutionary War. Henry Casper Brookner and wife had three children: Mae Adella. Paul Henry and George Keithley. Mr. Brookner died Jan. 10. 1889. Mrs. Brookner's mother, nee Anna Theresa Miller, was born at Elizabethtown, Ky., Nov. 13, 1808, and died at Litchfield. 111., Nov. 22, 1869. Her parents, David and Elizabeth (Wise) Miller, were na- tives respectively, of Germany and Holland, and the mixture cf German and Scotch blood in Mrs. Brookner's veins has tended to the de- velopment of a woman of strong vitality and much mental energy. Besides other business, she oversees two milk farms, has been a mem- ber ot the Phidian Art Club for thirteen years, and served as delegate of this club to the Bi- ennial Congress of Federated Women's Clubs held at Los Angeles, Cal., in 1902. She is also a charter member cf the Woman's Relief Corps, is serving her second year as President of the Dixon Woman's Club, and is Worthy 724 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. Matron of the Order of the Eastern Star — an organization which encircles the globe. Mrs. Brookner holds a commission from Governer Yates as inspector of insane wards of Lee HENRY CASPER BROOKNER. County, and is President of the committee. She lives in qi;iet retirement v.-ith her children in the home erected by her deceased husband nearly fifty years ago. at 511 Peoria Avenue, Dixon, 111. WILLIAM W. BETHEA (deceased) was born in Marion District. S. C, May 15, 1S12. He removed to Lee County in 1835, locating in Palmyra Township. Upon the organization of Lee County in 18:!9, he was elected .lustice of the Peace and served continuously until 1877; elected County Treasurer in 1845 and served two terms. In 1833 he married Irene Fender, who died in 1838, and in 1850 he was united in marriage -vith his second wife, Mrs. Emily (Green) Ferguson. ORRIS BISSELL DODGE. President Grand Detour Plow Company. Dixon, 111., was born at Twinsburg, Ohio. Dec. 8, 1838. He obtained his education in the Tv.'insburg Seminary and Shaw Academy, the latter institution being lo- cated at East Cleveland. Ohio. When sixteen years of age, he came with his father to Cham- paign County, 111., and for four years assisted in opening up a new prairie farm; at the age of twenty he engaged in general merchandis- ing at Rantoul, 111., remaining until 1867, when he located in Dixon, 111., where he conducted a dry goods store for several years, and was the first merchant to establish the one price cash system in that city. In 1872 he purchased an interest in the Grand Detour Plow Works — established at Grand Dstour in 1837 and re- moved to Dixon in 1867. He held the office of Secretary and Treasurer of the company for twenty-five years, and is now serving as President. Mr. Dodge is a member of the Masonic Order in v.'hich he has been Master. High Priest and Commander. He is a member of St. Luke's Episcopal church, was for thirty- five years a member of the vestry and is now Senior Warden. He has baen President of the Business Men's Association, and was for ORRIS BISSELL DODGE. four years a member of the City Council. Mr. Dodge assisted in establishing the Dixon Pub- lic Library in 1895, and has been President of the Board of Directors since that time. In 1900 he erected and donated to the city the library buildins" now in use. HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 725 GEORGE ALEXANDER LYMAN. Postmaster, Amboy. Illinois; born in Winchester, N. H.. June 2(ith. 1838; educated in the public schools of his native town, and at Northfield Institute (now. Mood.v School), Northfield, Mass. In 1S.5G he removed to Bradford Township. Lee County. 111., with his father's family, who settled on the farm he now owns. In 1888 he bought the "Amboy Journal." of which he is now editor and proprietor; was appointed Postmaster of Amboy. March 1. 1898. and is now (January). 1904) serving his second term. He has been a member of the Congregational Church in Lee Center ar.d Amboy since ISfiO; is an influential Republican, serving tor many years as a mem- GEORGE ALEXANDER LYMAN. ber of the Repuljlican County Committee, and for four years as secretary of the Committee. Mr. Lyman has been actively identified, as an editor and otherwise, with the religious, edu- cational and political progress of his county, and this has been recognized by his election to membership in "The American Institute of Civics," organized in 1885 to "inspire and per- petuate the spirit of intelligence, and unselfish and incorruptible patriotism:" is a member of the Order of Runnymede by virtue of direct descent from Saier de Quincy. one of the twenty-five English Barons who compelled King John to sign the Magna Charta in 1215; is also a member of the Society of Colonial Wars, of the sons of the American Revolution, the Knights of the Globe, and of the Masonic Fraternity. The Lyman family trace their descent in an unbroken line from Albert the Great, first King of England, and through his line of ancestors bacl^ to Woden or Odin, King of North Europe in the third century, about tlie year 225 A. D. Richard Lyman, the first of the name in Amer- ica, came from England in 1G31, landed at Boston, became a settler of Charlestown, Mass., and was one of the founders of Hartford, Connecticut, and of the First Congregational church of that city, and his tombstone may still be seen in the churchyard there. Mr. Lyman was the first man in Bradford Township to offer his services to the Govern- ment at the beginning cf the Civil War in 18G1, but failed to be mustered in on account of physical defect. He continued active in the support of the Union cause, however; and Feb. 13. 1865. was elected and commissioned recruit- ing officer for the township of Bradford, Lee County, and enlisted by his own personal efforts alone, twenty-nine recruits who went to the front to fill the quota of Bradford Township: and in recognition of his enlistment and subse- quest services, his name is enrolled in the ros- ter of enlisted men of Company D, Thirty fourth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and he receives favorable mention by the historian of the regi- ment in the recently publislied history. Mr. Lyman married in 1866. Mary E. Jones. and they have two children: Dr. James Alex- ander Lyman, Professor of Chemistry in Port- land Academy, Portland, Oregon; and George Richard Lyman, Assistant Professor of Botany in Dartmouth College, Hanover. N. H. Both sons are married, and Dr. Lyman lias two daughters, Mary Ethel, born July, 1S99, and Ida Grace, born April, 1902. ALBION P. CHASE (deceased), physician, son of Mayhew and Anne (Merrill) Chase, was born in Livermore, Oxford County. Me., (later incorporated with Androscoggin County), Feb. 18. 1817. His grandfather, Sarson Chase, with l)rothers, Cai)tain Thcmas Chase (who was with John Paul Jones in the famous naval en- gagement between the Bon Homme Richard 726 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. and the Serapis), and Captain Tristram Chase (who was lost at sea in ISOO), shipmasters, came to Livermore from Tisbury, Martha's Vineyard, before Maine was separated from Massachusetts. Some sixty families came from Massachusetts to Livermore about that time, and the town had for its first settlers, faithful and stanch men with an honest purpose for every duty; men who made sacrifices for their children's education, and who living in peace, read the newspapers with interest, discussed questions of state and country, and were only intolerant of injustice, oppression, meanness and lying. An old resident writes: "I will ALBION P. CHASE, M. D. remember a neighborhood quarrel. I look back with pleasure, not unmixed with pride, upon their honest, useful lives, and feel thankful for the lessons they imparted." The first physi- cian was Dr. Cyrus Hamlin, grandfather of Vice-President Hannibal Hamlin; the first minister was Rev. Sulvanus Boardman, father of George Dana Boardman, the missionary to Burmah, in the mountains of Tavoy. Both of these men came from Tisbury. Mass. Israel Washburn, father cf the noted "Washburn Brothers" — Israel, Elihvi and Cadwallader — who have served their country so acceptably.was the first merchant. Nearly all had large families. The district schools, with their "spelling schools," their "debating clubs" and library (kept in the kitchen cupboard and parlor alcove of "the doctor"), formed the "Alma Mater" of many a man who has served his State honorably both in Maine and Washing- ton, the v.'inter schools sometimes numbering eighty pupils of all ages, and taught by young men who afterwards were Senators from other States, It was in this school that Doctor Cha^e prepared for the academy from which he went to Loudon County. Va., where he taught school for several years before going to Bow- doin College for a course of instruction in medicine, from which place he went to Boston, remaining for some time in the hospital there. He was a member of the Massachusetts Medi- cal Society, contemporary with Dr. Oliver Wen- dell Holmes. He practiced successfully in South Abington (now Whitman). Mass.. from 1S45, coming to Amboy, 111., in 1856. He was long surgeon for the Illinois Central Rail- road; also surgeon for the United States Pens- ions Department. He was conscientious and sympathetic, with remarkably quick perception and correct judgment and retentive memory. He had a fund of pleasant anecdotes which were "as good as medicine," when it was the right time to relate them. He lived sixty-two years, dying May 27, 1879, sincerely mourned. A letter from a high oflScer of the Illionis Cen- tral Railroad stated that, during all the years of his service for their company, which com- menced years before his appointment as regu- lar surgeon, "not a single complaint of him had ever come to them and no operation had ever caused them unnecessary expense." Dr. Chase v.'as twice married; first to Miss E. R. Yale, of Stoneham, Mass.. who died in 1>..50, leaving tv.'o children — Mrs. J. E. Fisher, of Houston, Texas, and Amerton Y. Chase, of Co- lumbus, Texas. In December, 1852, he married Miss D. C. Howland, of Abington, Mass. Their son, Henry H. Chase, M. D., is a resident of Rock Island, 111. A daughter, Mary N., died in . 1868. Mrs. Chase still resides in the old home. ABRAHAM B. TITUS, retired farmer. Stew- ard. Lee County, was born in Onondaga County. N. Y., Nov. 8. 1828, the son of Leonard and Maria (Becker) Titus, who were both natives of Nevi' York State. The father was a black- HISTORY OF LEE COUXTV. 727 smith by trade, but late in life turne;! his at- tention to farming. In 18^5 the family moved to Gallia County. Ohio, and there Abraham B., who was the oldest son by his father's second marriage, grew up on the farm attending the ABRAHAM B. TITUS. di.strict school during the winter months. The father died in 1847, but the mother survived until 1899, dying at the age of ninety-three years. In February, 1S50. the suoject of this sketch came to Illinois, spent thiee seasons in farm work in Morgan County, when he re- moved to Richland County, and was married near Olney in that county, to Elizabeth J. Chauncey, the daughter of Isaac and Cynthia (Morehouse) Chauncey. Mr. Titus carried on farming in Richland County for ten years, when, in 1863, he removed to Champaign County, settling near Rantoul. Mr. and Mrs. Titus became the parents of seven children — five sons and two daughters — viz.: A. Leonard, Helen M.. Edgar L., Ira R., Charles C, Mattie S. and Jesse R. Mr. Titus had a farm of IfiO acres in Champaign County, which he sold in 1895, and bought a farm of 320 acres in White- side County. He had already retired from act- ive farm life, and in 1902 removed to the vil- lage of Steward, Lee County, where he now resides. He is still the owner of a farm of IfiO acres in Whiteside County, besides holding an interest v.'ith his two sons, Edgar L. and Ira R., in 400 acres in Viola Township, Lee County. About 1S59 Mr. Titus spent a short time gold- mining with success in Colorado. He is a di- rector of the First National Bank of Steward, is a Republican in politics and has been a member of the Odd Felluws fraternity since 1858. IRA R. TITUS, member of the firm of Titus Brothers, bankers and grain-dealers. Steward, III,, was born in Richland County, 111.. Dec. 29, 1862, the son of Abraham B. and Elizabeth (Chauncey) Titus; when one year old was brought by his parents to Champaign County, 111., where he grew up on a farm about ten miles north of Urbana. Remaining with his father until ti-.'enty-two years of age, in the meantime he received his education in the dis- trict schools and a business college at Cham- paign, then engaged in the mercantile busi- ness at Rantoul with his brother-in-law, F. IRA R. TITUS. H. HilchcDck. This |iarlneri-'hip lasted one year, when Mr. Titus' brother, F. H. Titvis. hav- ing purchased the Hitchcock interest, the firm became "Titus Brothers." A year later A. L. Titus was succeeded by another brother, C. C. 728 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. Titus, the firm name remaining unchanged for four years, when they sold out and C. C. Titus engaged in farming. The subject of this sketch then engaged in the grain business at Dewey, Champaign County, in partnership with J. M. Coon, continuing one year, when the firm hav- ing sold out, he spent some time at Walnut, Bureau County, but without completing his ar- rangements to engage in the elevator business there as contemplated. Then, having formed a partnership with his brother, Edgar L. Titus, in November, 1894. they purchased the elevator and agricultural implement business of Merritt Meller, at Steward, Lee County, v.'hich they carried on under the firm name of "Titus Brothers," later acquiring ownership of the "Steward & Henning Elevator," purchased from the L. E. Birdsall Company, and for the next eighteen months carried on an extensive grain, coal and lumber business. In the fall cf 1902 they sold out the Steward & Henning Elevator and their lumber business, but still retain the ownership cf the elevator first pur- chased. On January 1,.1903, in connection with a number of the leading business men of Stew- ard, the Titus Brothers organized the First National Bank of Steward, with a capital stock of $25,000, of which Ira R. Titus is at present (1903) the Cashier, and his brother, Edgar L., the President — the Titus Brothers being own- ers of the controlling interest. May 21, 1889. Mr. Titus was married at Rantoul, 111., to Lulu Coon, and two children have been born of this marriage — Lyle, born in 1892. and Ray, born in 1899. The Titus Brothers are associated with G. H. T. Shaw and S. D. Frost in con- structing the Northern Illinois Electric Rail- way, extending from Dixon to Amboy by way of Lee Center, Steward and DeKalb, of which Ira R. Titus Is Secretary. Mr. Titus is a Re- publican in politics, a member of the Modern Woodmen of America, and cf the Methodist Episcopal church, in which he holds the posi- tion of treasurer and is teacher of the Young Men's Sunday School class. EDGAR L. TITUS, President First National Bank. Steward, Lee County, 111., was born in Richland County, 111., Sept. 29, 1860, the son of Abraham B. and Elizabeth (Chauncey) Titus, who were natives, respectively, of the States of New York and Illinois. Edgar L. Titus received his education in the public schools of Illinois, and remained on his fath- er's farm until he reached the age of thirty years, when he was employed in his brother's store at Rantoul, and in the grain business. In the spring of 1892 he came to Lee County and there engaged in farming for the next two years, but in 1894 entering into partnership with his brother. Ira R., under the firm name of "Titus Brothers," purchased an elevator, grain and agricultural Implement business, later bought another grain elevator, and car- ried on a very extensive business in grain, EDGAR L. TITUS. coal and lumber. The elevator last mentioned, with the coal and lumber business, they sold out in 1902, retaining the first elevator with the grain business attached to it. January 1, 1903. in conjunction with several leading business men, they organized the First Na- tional Bank of Steward, with a paid-up capital of $25,000. in which the Titus Brothers hold a controlling interest and of which Edgar L. Titus was made President. The Titus Broth- ers are associated with G. H. T. Shaw and S. D. Frost in the construction of the North- ern Illinois Electric Railway, extending from Dixon to Amboy and through Lee Center to Steward and DeKalb, of which Edgar L. HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 729 Titus was the original promoter aud is now Vice- President. Mr. Titus was married June 3, 1891, to Minnie G. Staubus. who was born in McLean County, 111., the daughter of Alexander P. and Frances (Miller) Staubus. Mrs. Titus' parents came to McLean County in 1SG6. but in 1873 removed to Champaign County, where they now reside. Her father served as a soldier through the Civil War. Five children have been born to Mr. and Mrs. Titus, viz.: Lee Edgar. Paul Bardwell, Luella Audrey, Helen Neleta and Gor- don Alexander. Mr. Tituai is a member of the Methodist church, a Republican in politics and fraternally a member of the Modern Woodmen and the Mystic Workers; Mrs Titus is also a member of the latter order. WILLIAM W. SEAVEY (deceased) was born on his father's farm in Palmyra Township, Lee County. III., Oct. 18. 1840, son of Winthrop and Elizabeth (Curtis) Seavey, natives of New Hampshire who came to Lee County in 1839. locating in the v.-estern part of Palmyra Town- ship. Winthrop Seavey and his wife were became owner of the estate, and by judicious management greatly increased its area and value. In 1885 he erected a modern residence, which is surrounded with stately trees, and together with other well-constructed farm buildings, presents an attractive rural picture. Mr. Seavey was an extensive breeder of Short- horn and Aberdeen Angus cattle. On Novem- ber 17, 1870. he married Augusta Moses, born in Palmyra Township, and to thsm one child — Albion M. — was born. Mr. Seavey died August 14, 1897, and his widow re3id?s with her son on the old homestead in Section 30, Palmyra Township. WILLIAM W. SEAVEY. among the pioneer settlers of Lee County, and founded what later became a valuable estate. At the time of their death William W. Seavey ALBION M. SEAVEY. ALBION M. SEAVEY was born in Ports- mouth, N. H., in 1871, son of William W. and Augusta (Moses) Seavey. He grew to matur- ity on his father's farm in Palmyra Township, Lee County, and obtained his educational training in the district schools and Steinman's Business College. Dixon. III. On April (i. 1897, he married Elizabeth Comerer, who was born in Pennsylvania, and they have two daughters — Lola and Bessie. Mr. Seavey's farm consists of 440 acres, which, with the exception of his home farm and fifty acres ail.ioinins, is rented to good tenants. 730 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. ALBERT T. TOURTILLOTT, farmer and stock-raiser. Sublette Township. Lee County; born Sept. 27. 1S58, in the house in which he now lives, the son of John and Mary J. (Dexter) Tourtillott. and grandson of John Dexter, the first settler in Amboy Township; on the pater- nal side is descended from a member of the "Boston Tea Party." of Revolutionary times. Both branches of the family were pioneers in Maine. John Toi-.rtillott. the father, bcrn in the State of Maine. June 26. 1827. died Oct. 6, 1888; Mary (Dexter) Tourtillott, born at Vaughan, York; County, Upper Canada, Nov. 8, 1832, died Oct. 10. 1878. The paternal grandfather. ALBERT T. TOURTILLOTT. Thomas Tourtillott, born at Orono, Me., April 22, 1789. came with his family to Sublette Township in 1S39. the journey occupying sev- enty days. A. T. Tcurtillot was educated in the common schools of his neighborhood and at Naperville, 111.; spent two years (1869-1871) with his father's family in California, and during his business life has been a farmer. September 20. 1878, he enlisted in the Illinois National Guard, cf which he had been a mem- ber ever since, having re-enlisted three times — 188(1. 1888 and 1895— and in which he has held the following offices: Corporal, Dec. 29, 1889; Sergeant, August 1. 188.5; Elected Cap- tain. Feb. 23, 1889, by subsequent re-elections serving in this capacity until May 11, 1898, when he was mustered into the United States service at Springfield as a member of the Sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry, Col. D. Jack Foster commanding, after which he saw service in Cuba and in Porto Rico, part of the time in the capacity of Major of his regi- ment, to which he was formally elected as a member of the I. N. G., August 5, 1899; also served as Captain of his company during the coal-miners' strike at Braidwood and the rail- way strike in Chicago in 1894. Major Tour- tillott is the owner of a farm of 185 acres, and also follows the business of feeding stock of which he has 100 head. August 25. 1881. he was married to Hattig Welch, daughter of Enoch and Eliza (Richardson) Welch. The father, born at Groton, Vt., July 2, 1825, and the mother at Dalton, N. H., Sept. 8, 1834, were married at LaMoille, 111., June 1856; the father died at Sioux City. lov.a. April 5, 1893, and the mother at LaMoille, June 14, 1S6G. Major Tourtillot and wife have had five children: Arthur J. and Alfred J. (twins), Mary E., Min- nie E. and Frank H. Major Tourtillott has served as School Director, eight years as Con- stable, and in April, 1903. was elected Supervis- or of his township. He and his family are members of the Congregational church. AMBROSE N. ANGIER. farmer, Sublette Township, Lee County, 111., was born in the house where he now resides. Jan. 3. 1843, son of Thomas and Fannie (Morse) Angler, and is. in all probability, the oldest person born in Lee County, who has always resided within its borders. Thomas Angier was born at Fitz- william, N. H., August 11, 1822, and died June 5. 1893, while his wife was born at the same place. April 15. 1821. and died Dec. 28. 1900. They were the parents of ten children, eight of whom grew to maturity. Mr. Angier came to Lee County in 1840 and entered 100 acres of land. He became a prominent citizen in his community, and was Chairman of the Board of Supervisors seventeen years, and Justice of the Peace for many years. Ambrose N. Angier was married on Oct. 30, 1869, to Annie M. Barrett, and they are the parents of four chil- dren, viz.: Laura, wife cf Dr. Wallace E. Eddy HISTORY OF LEE COL'XTY. 731 of LaMoille, 111.; Martha, v.-ife of Martin Clark; Thomas R., v.ho married Lizzie ClarU, and Oliver R., who died aged fourteen years. Mrs. Angier's parents. Jonathan T. and Caroline E. AMBROSE N. ANGIER. (Isham) Barrett, came to Lee County in 1849. the former dying at Amboy in 1868, aged sixty- one years, and the latter in Lamoni. Iowa, in her seventy-eighth year. Mr. Angler owns 230 acres of land, which includes his father's home- stead, and here he has passed the whole of his life. He and his wife are members of the Baptist church. EVERETT E. CHASE (deceased), soldier of the Civil War, was born in Pawtucket, R. I., Sept. 27, 1840; came to Amboy, 111., in 185t;. and at first was employed as a clerk and Deputy Postmaster, later becoming a iiartner of R. H. Mellen in the book and stationery business. In 18fi4 he enlisted in Company A, Eleventh Illinois Volunteer Infantry, serving until November, 1865, when he was mustered out at New Orleans. Mr. Chase was a Repub- lican and held various offices, including City Clerk twelve years; Collector of Taxes, two terms; Mayor of Amboy, two years, and ,Iust- ice of the Peace for many years. For a num- ber of years he was private clerk to .lohn C. Jacobs (Supt. of the Illinois Central Railroad), a position he resigned in 1875. He was editor of the "Amboy News" for some time, but dis- posed of the business in 1900. In 1S67 Mr. Chase was married to Mary Jacobs, daughter of John C. Jacobs. She died in 1868, and on June 15, 1875, he was married to Grace (Cow- drey) Wells, widow of Capt. M. W. Wells. Mr. Chase died Oct. 28, 1901. WILLIAM MEPPEN, farmer. Nelson Town- ship, Lee County, was born in Hanover, Ger- many, August 16, 1S36. son of Peter and Mar- tha (Becker) Meppen; emigrated to America in 1S63, and coming directly to Lee County, III., worked for a time in Palmyra Township, after which he removed to Nelson Township, where he has since resided. Janiiarv 21, 1875, WILLIAM MEPPEN. he was married to Wilhelmina Brauer, daugh- ter of Louis and Louise (Toel) Brauer, who came from Germany to the United States in the early '40s. Mr. and Mrs. Meppen are the parents of seven children, viz.: Mabel (de- ceased), Martha L., Lucy H., Louis G., Wil- liam H., Arthur J., and Minnie Alice. Mr. Meppen served as Highway Commissioner of his township nine years. The family are mem- bers of the Lutheran church. 732 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. HON. WILLIAM H. VAN EPPS (deceased) was born in Schenectady. N. Y.. August 12. 1812, son of John A. and Deborah (Hausman) Van Epps. the former having been a soldier in WILLIAM H. VAN EPPS. the War of 1812. William H. Van Epps came to Illinois in 1837. locating in Fulton County, but later returned to New York. In 1854 he located in Dixon, 111., where for twenty years he v.-as a prominent merchant and did much in the upbuilding of business interests of that city and in the development of Lee County. Mr. Van Epps was first married to Charlotte R. Churchill, and one son — William H. — of this union survives. For his second wife he mar- ried Mary A. Peck. Mrs. Louisa P. Steel being the only surviving child of that union. Mr. Van Epps died Oct. 8, 1877. LEMUEL BAURNE, Vice President of the First National Bank of Amboy. 111., was born in Sandwich (now Bowen), Mass.. Jan. 21, 1830, and came to Lee County in 1855, where for eight years he served as agent for the Illinois Central Railway at Amboy. In 1862 he estab- lished a general mercantile business at Am- boy. which he conducted until 1902 when he retired. He was one of the organizers of the First National Bank of Amboy. and has served as Vice President since the date of its orga- nization. In 1859 he married Anna M. Smith and they have six children. In politics he is a Republican, and served as a member of the Beard of Review two years, and was President of the Board of Education for several years. In religious belief Mr. Baurne is an Episco- palian. HON. GEORGE STEEL (deceased), ex-Mayor of Dixon, 111., was born in Will County, 111.. May 10, 1842, the son of George and Annie Steen (Morrison) Steel. George Steel was a native of Scotland and one of the prominent pioneers of Chicago, where he was largely in- strumental in organizing the Board of Trade of that city, serving as its first President. George Steel. Jr.. was also a well-known char- acter in Chicago, building the first crib for the water-works and the second lake tunnel. On July 11, 1871. he married Louise P. Van Epps of Dixon, and to them four children v.-ere GEORGE STEEL. born, viz.: William, Louise L. (deceased). Georgia (wife of Theo. Fuller, editor of Dixon Sun), and Gladys. From 1871 Mr. Steel was prominently connected with the interests of « HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 733 Dixon, where he served as a member of the City Council and School Board, and as Mayor during 1891-92. In political sentiment he was a Democrat. He died March 31, 1896. GEO. H. T. SHAW. G. H. T. SHAW, dealer in real estate and in- vestments, Dixon, 111., was born in Lee Center Township, Lee County, 111., June 14, 1869, son of James Monroe and Rebecca (Linn) Shaw. Sherman Shaw, grandfather of G. H. T., was born in Windsor County, Vt., and, in 1833, came with the early pioneers to Lee County, v.'here, in the same year he entered land in Bradford Tov.'nship, upon which he made a permanent settlement in 1835, and became an influential citizen as well as an extensive dealer in live stock and land. Monroe Shaw was born in Bradford Township, Lee County, in 184t), and in early manhood engaged in the mercantile business at Lee Center. In May, 1861, he en- listed in Company A, Thirteenth Illinois Vol- unteer Infantry, serving three and a half years. He died Dec. 24, 1876, his death being caused by drinking poisonous water dv.ring his term of military service. G. H. T. Shaw received his educational training in the public school at Lee Center, 111., Cornell College (Mt. Ver- non. Iowa), and the State University at Ann Arbor. Michigan, pursuing the course of civil engineering in each of the higher institutions. In 1892 he began practicing his profession for different railroad companies, and in 1893 as- sisted in the survey for a railroad in the Re- public of Colombia, S. A. In the fall of 1893 he opened what v/as intended to be a perma- nent office in Dixon, 111., for the practice of his profession, but finding a few years later that his real estate interests demajded the whole of his (ime, he discontinued the former department oi business and has since devoted his attention exclusively to the latter, being at the present time extensively interested in lands and rice culture in Texas and Louisiana. In 1899 he married Sarah S. Clark, daughter of O. M. and Mary (Wright) Clark, who came to Lee County in the early '50s, and to them two children have been born — Mary Gwendolin and Clark Monroe. Mr. Shaw is a member of the Sons of Veterans, and is President of the Northern Illinois Electric Railway Company. In national politics he is a Republican. E. S. MURPHY. M. D. E. S. MURPHY, physician and surgeon, Dixon. 111., was born in East Grove Township, Lee County. 111., Jan. 25, 1871, son of John and 734 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. Bridget A. (Fogarty) Murphy, natives respect- ively of Ireland and La Salle County, III. E. S. Murphy obtained his elementary education in the public schools of East Grove Tcv.nship, later attended the Northern Illinois Normal School and Business College at Dixon, and in 1S94 entered Rush Medical College. Chicago, graduating from the latter institution in 1897. He at once began practicing his profession at Eldena. 111., where, in youth, he had taught school for two years, and in .January. 1S99. re- moved to Dixon where he has since conducted an extensive and successful practice. On June 2. 19011, he married Katherine Lally, who, be- fore marriage, resided with her mother in Dixon. The Doctor is a member of the Knights of Columbus, and in religious convictions is a Catholic. Politically he affiliates with the Republican party. ANDREW J. NICHOLS (deceased) born in Niagara County, N. Y.. June 26, 1828, son of John and Maritta (Leach) Nichols, pioneer settler of Lea County, 111. Andrew J. Nichcls ANDREW J. NICHOLS. remained under the parental roof until twenty- eight years of age, when he established a home of his own in China Township, v.here he re- sided thirty-six years, dying there on June 21, 1888. In February. 1852, he married Mary A. Miller, who died March 15, 1867, leaving the following children : Ida E. (Mrs. William H. Hausen), Frankie E. (who died aged three years). Flora M.. Nellie I. and Ruby A. Mr. Nichols later married Nancy Wilson, who died in China Township. Jf.ly 14. 1881. WILLIAM H. HAUSEN. WILLIAM H. HAUSEN (deceased) was born in Lincoln County, Me., August 25, 1816, son of Charles and Jane (Hilton) Hausen. Mr. and Mrs. Charles Hausen were also natives of the Pine Tree State and came to Lee County In. 1840. where the former died in 1859 and the latter in 1S7S. William H. Hausen was the oldest in a family of eleven children, and, ac- companied by his brother, Harrison Hausen. came west in 1838, arriving in Lee County in October of the same year. Here they pur- chased a claim of 960 acres of land, and the first improvements made in that section of the country were upon the Hausen homestead in Section 2, China Township. In October, 1850, Mr. Hausen married Mrs. Julia Felker, who died Feb. 2, 1895. and on March 15. 1900. he married his second wife. Miss Ida E. Nichols, daughter of Andrew J. and Mary A. (Miller) Nichols, and granddaughter of John Nichols, HISTORY OF LEE COUXTV. 735 who came to Lee County in 1832. Politically Mr. Hansen was a Democrat, and fraternally a member of Blue Ledge and Nathan Whitney Chapter No. 129. Masonic Order, at Franklin Grove. He was cne of the first to introduce short-horn cattle in his section cf the country, and was a leading member of horticulti;ral and agricultural societies cf the county. He died Dec. 6. 1901. CHARLES F. HAUSEN, farmer. China Township. Lee County, was born in Lee County. 111., March 10, 1863. the son of Sylvanus and Sabrina J. Hausen. (See sketch of Sylvanus Hansen.) Charles F. began life as a farmer in China Township, and has had a successful business career, being now the owner of 210 acres of land. April 23. 1885. he was married to Josephine Stevens, daughter of Parker and Mary (Tweed) Stevens, natives respectively of A''ermont and Massachusetts, who came to CHARLES F. HAUSEN. Illinois in 1840. Mr. and Mrs. Hausen have one daughter, Bessie. Politically, Mr. Hausen is a Democrat and fraternally a member of the Knights of the Globe. In his religious views he is liberal. DEACON ISRAEL F. HALLOCK, retired farmer. Paw Paw. III., was born in Orange County. N. Y.. ,Iune 10, 1818j the son of Joseph and Ester (Youns;! Hallock. and is of the eighth generation from Peter Hallcck, a pil- grim from England, who landed at Hallnck's Neck, Long Island, in IGIO. In December, 1840, ISRAFL F. HALLOCK, Israel F. came to Lee County. 111., settling at Paw Paw Grove, where he was engaged in farming until 1892, T,'hen he retired and moved to Paw Paw in 1899. On December 19, 1839, he married Persis P. Boardman. daughter of Dea- cun Orlando and Mary (Brace) Boardman. and of this union two children were born; Jane E. (Mrs. S. A. Tarr). and William H. (deceased). Mrs. Hallcck died May 5, 1892, aged seventy- three years. She is one of the thirteen who, in 1841, organized the Paw Paw Baptist church, Mr. Hallock was the second member received by baptism into the church, uniting with it in 1842. He was appointed deacon in 1850, and has served continuously in that capacity to the present time. Politically he is a stanch Republican. WILLIAM C. FABER. meat dealer. Paw Paw, 111., was born in Clarion Township. Bureau Coimty, 111., Feb. 21, 18G7, son of Peter and -36 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. Margaret (Mueller) Faber, natives of Germany, who came to Illinois and located at Clarion. Mr. Faber was engaged in farming in Clarion Township until 1S89, and in 1890 crossed the WILLIAM C. FABER. ocean, visiting Germany and other European countries, his trip being principally for pleas- ure and obtaining ideas of the customs of dif- ferent- countries in regard to business meth- ods and agriculture. He located at Paw Paw in 1891, and entered the firm of Faber Brothers, dealers in meats, and has since been identified with that enterprise. In 1899 he bought land at Paw Paw, 111., and at Algona, lov.'a, and in connection with the meat business is engaged in farming and breeding Aberdeen-Angus cat- tle, and expects to devote his entire atten- tion to the latter industry in the future. On February 24, 1896, he married Eva A. Smith, daughter of Edmund D. and Helen (Huntley) Smith, of Paw Paw, and of this union there are four children: Helen M., Leonard M. C., Henry C. and Edmund E. Mr. Faber is a member of the Lutheran church, and politically affiliates with the Demccratic party. JAMES C. HOWLETT, farmer. Section 36, Willow Creek Township, Lee County, HI., was born in Onondaga County, N. Y., March 22, 1837, the son of H. G. and Amanda M. (Can- field) Howlett, natives of New Yorlv. H. G. Hewlett was a farmer by occupation, an old line Whig in politics, and in 1837, came to Dixon, 111., where he secured a claim to 120 acres of land in what is now Section 36, Willow Creek Township. He was a pioneer in Dixon, and conducted there the "Hotel Western." being one of the first hotel keepers in the place. The first Democratic County Convention was held in the bar-room of his hotel at Dixon, Mr. How- lett himself taking an active part in the pol- itics of his day. James C. Howlett obtained his education in the seminary at Lee Center, and at Paw Paw, 111., and afterwards taught school one year in Missouri and sixteen years in Illinois. He served three years in Company K, Seventy-fifth Illinois during the Civil War, and participated in many engagements, in- chuling Perryville, Nashville, and Franklin. Mr. Howlett was never wounded in battle, although in several instances his clothing was pene- JAMES C. HOWLETT. trated with bullets. Ret\irning from the war, he became Deputy Postmaster to his brother George M., at Cedar Rapids. Iowa, but later returned to his father's farm, and now, after HIS'l'Om' OF LEE COUNTY. 737 purchasing the interest of the other heirs, owns the estate consisting of 276 acres of valuable land. Mr. Hov.iett was married April 4, 18G7. to Sarah J. Fowler, and they became the par- ents of five children, four of whom are living. VIZ.: George G., a professional baseball player; Mary; Wilbur, who married Helen Melzer. re- sides on the homestead and assists his father in the management of the farm; Florence, wife of Louis Pitcher, who is largely interested in the telephone system of Lee County, and they have one daughter Eleanor Marie; Bel. who died aged twenty-two years. Mr. Howlett is a Republican in politics, and has served as Supervisor five years. School Director thirty years. Town Clerk many years. He is ai mem- ber of the G. A. R.. Masonic Order and Eastern Star. Mr. Howlett directs his attention to gen- eral farming and to the breeding of full-blood Hereford cattle. His family stands deservedly high in their community, and are highly es- teemed for their hospitality. Granite State. On .January 17, 1857, he mar- ried Harriet Frances Burnham, of Wentworth, Grafton County, N. H., and of this union the following children were born, viz.: Charles PERSON CHENEY. PERSON CHENEY, farmer. South Dixon Township, Lee County, III., was born at Hold- erness (now Ashland), Grafton County, N. H.. May 19, 1831, son of Person and Anna Wad- leigh (Morrison) Cheney, also natives of the MRS. PERSON CHENEY. Olney and Harry (twins), born March 31. 1860, the latter dying on the day of his birth, and the former Feb. 15. 1862— Samuel T., born Sept. 14. 1867. Mrs. Cheney died Jan. 20, 1901. Mr. Cheney came to Dixon in October. 1858. HENRY B. COBB, farmer, Viola Township, Lee County, 111., v.'as born at Tolland, Conn., Nov. 27, 1834, the son of Daniel and Wealthy (Crandal) Cobb. In 1850 Mr. Cobb removed to Palmer. Mass., where he worked in a cot- ton factory until 1852, when he came west and settled at LaMoille, 111., being variously em- ployed during the following year. From 1853 to 1856 he rented land, but in the latter year removed to IfiO acres of land in Viola Town- ship, which he had purchased from the United States Government in 1852. His estate now consists of y60 acres of well-improved land. Mr. Cobb was married on May 15, 1859, to Ellen C. the daughter of Adam and Ann C (Evans) Beemer, of Willow Cieek Township, Lee County, and to ihoni six children have 738 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. been born: Minnie J., Lillie. George H.. Birdie, Louis (deceased), and Laura. In religious be- lief Mr. Cobb is a Methodist, in politics a Re- HENRY B. COBB. publican, and has served as School Treasurer for fifteen years and Township Supervisor nine years. GEORGE J. EARTH, Sublette. 111., was born in Lee County, 111., Jan. 14, iotJ4, son of Mat- thias and Margaret (Buck) Barth, Matthias Earth is a native of Wurtemburg, Germany, and came to Lee County in 1857, was later en- gaged in farming in Bureau County, 111., but is now retired. He was a member of the Fifty- second Illinois Volunteer Infantry from 1861 to 1863, during the War cf the Rebellion. His wife, Margaret Buck, was a native of Wurtem- burg and came to America with her parents. When twenty-one years of age George J. Barth rented a farm of his father, continuing farm- ing business until 1891. He removed to Sub- lette in the latter year, where for ten years, he engaged in the general mercantile busi- ness with his brother-in-law, William Easter. On October 22. 1885. he married Emma Easter, daughter of Henry and Margaret (Schmidt) Easter, and of this union there are four chil- dren — John I.. Verna. Leona. and Leroy. Mrs. Earth died Feb. 9, 1895. and Mr. Barth married for his second wife Emma A. Oberhelman. and their children are Roemer. Hilda and Gilbert. He has served as Supervisor of Sublette Town- ship since 1897; was Village Trustee two years, and Village Treasurer four years; is President of the Rescue Fire Company. He and his wife are members of the Evangelical Lutheran church. Fraternally be is a member of Sublette 'Lodge. No. 349, A. F. & A. M.. of w^hich he is Senior Warden, and is also a member of the A. O. U. W. of Sublette. EDWaN W. SMITH. City Clerk and Treasur- er, Dixon, III., was born in Twinsburg, Ohio, July, 1846. son of Orris B. and Anna (M.) Smith, who were also natives of the Buckeye State. Edwin W. came to Dixon in 1874. where, for the following thirteen years, he was en- gaged in the dry goods business. In 1890 he was elected CitV Clerk and Treasurer, and has since served in that capacity. In 1891 he was elected Supervisor, serving until 1903: EDWIN W. SMITH. was also Chairman of the Board of Supervisors five years, and of the building committee for the erection of the new court house. On February 22, 1887, he married Emma Kelsey, born in Di:;- HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 739 on. III., and they have two children — Edwina (Mrs. Charles Leake) and Ruth. In piililical viev.'s M. Smith is a stanch Republican, and in fraternal relations belongs to the Masonic Or- der, Friendship Lodge No. 7, A. F. & A. M., Na- chusa Chapter No. 56 R. A. M.. Dixon Com- mandery No. 21 K. T. and Dixon Lod.ge No. 779 B. P. O. E. NATHAN A. CORTRIGHT, farmer, Dixon Township, Lee County, 111., was born in Lu- zerne County, Penn., Sept. 27, 1852. the sou of Isaac and Molly (Pollock) Cortright, nat- ives of Pennsylvania, who came to Lee County in April, 1862, and settled on the farm now owned by their son Nathan A. This farm was entered from the Government in 1840 by Elisha Cortright, an uncle of the subject of this art- icle. Isaac Cortright was a Republican, and served as Justice of the Peace in Pennsylvania for sixteen years. He died April (5. 1881. while NATHAN A. CORTRIGHT. his wife survived until Jan. 11), 1885. On the death of his father. Nathan A. Cortright as- sumed control of the farm, and now owns 145 acres. On December 9, 1873. he married Cath- erine A. Burket, daughter of John K. and Molly (Fleck) Burket, and to them six children have been born, viz.: John Wilber, Charles Nathan. Shelby Miller, Nellie Burket, Clyde Clifford and Cecil Jennie. Mr. Cortright is a stalwart Re- publican in politics, and is now serving his fourth term as Supervisor of Dixon Township. He also served as School Director twenty-one years. Mr. and Mrs. Cortright attend; the Methodist Episcopal church at Dixon. MICHAEL SULLIVAN. MICHAEL SULLIVAN, farmer and Supervis- or of Reynolds Township, Lee County, III., was born in Flagg Township, Ogle County, 111.. Feb. 15, 1871, son of Jeremiah and Bridget (Sulli- van) Sullivan, natives of Ireland, the former born in County Cork in 1820, and the latter in County Kerry in 1836. Jeremiah and Bridget Sullivan came to America with their respect- ive parents about 1849, landing in New York, but proceeded to Massachusetts, where the heads of the families found employment in railroad construction. The maternal grand- parents of Michael Sullivan died at Rochelle, 111., but those on the paternal side died in Mas- sachusetts. Jeremiah Sullivan came to Ogle County. 111., in 1853, and found employment on the North-Western Railroad then in course of construction. In ISt;:',, ho bought 170 acres of land in Flagg Township, where he was en- gaged in farming until 1880, but in the fall of 740 HISTORY OF LEE COUXT\' the latter year purchased a half section ot land located in Sections 10. 9, 15. and 16, Reynolds Township, Lee County. A few years previous- ly he had married Bridget Sullivan, and they became the parents of twelve children; Philip. Cornelius (died at the ag^ of thirty-eight years). Mary. Daniel, Michael, John, Eugene. Jeremiah. Nora, Nellie and two who died in in- fancy. Mr. Sullivan was a practical farmer and improved his farm by erecting a comfortable house and barn, planting trees, and bringing the land into high state of cultivation. He died Sept. 9. 1899. but his v/ife still survives and resides at Rochelle, III. Michael Sullivan was raised on his father's farm and obtained his education in the public schools. On Nov. 19, 1901, he married Maggie Spaulding. daugh- ter of Patrick and Elizabeth (Leonard) Spauld- ing. natives of Ireland who came to Illinois in 1851, and located at Rochelle, where they still reside. When Jeremiah Sullivan died, his farm. consisting of 360 acres, was left to his widow, but it is now rented and conducted by Michael Sullivan and his brother Jeremiah. Michael Sullivan is a Democrat in politics, and was elected Collector of his township in 1896 and '97. and has served an Supervisor since 1899. JOHN C. McCLEARY. farmer and present Supervisor. Palmyra Township. Lee County. III., was bora in Lawrence County, Penn.. Jan. 9. 1841, son of William and Selinda (Morehead) McCleary, who were the parents of eight chil- dren. William McCleary brought his family to Lee County in 1865. locating in Nelson Town- ship, where he died in 1879. and his wife now resides with their son J. C. J. C. McCleary obtained his education in the district schools of his native State, and during the late Re- bellion served nine months in Company I, One Hundred and Thirty-fourth Pennsylvania Volun- teer Infantry. His oldest brother. James, also served in the Union ranks, and was killed in the battle of Gettysburg. On Jan. 21. 1869. Mr. McCleary was married to Mary E. Gruver. daughter of Uriah and Katherine (Reitz) Gruv- er who came fiom Pennsylvania and settled, in Lee County in 1848. To Mr. and Mrs. McCleary six children have been born — Laura (Mrs. Merrit Scholl). Alice. Emma. Edward. Ethel and William Jason, bcirn March 8, 1883. and died Nov. 2, 1889. In 1876 Mr. McCleary purchased his present farm of 143 acres, upon which he has built a comfortable residence and spa- cious barns, besides planting a great many shade and fruit trees. He is independent in political views, and in 1903 was elected Super- JOHN C. McCLEARY. visor of his township, but had previously served six years as Highway Comissioner. be- ing an incumbent of the latter office at the time of beginning the construction of hard roads in Palmyra Township. Mr. and Mrs. Mc- Cleary are members of the Presbyterian church. J. S. BRIGGS. dealer in' drugs and groceries. Amboy. 111., was born in Schoharie County. N. Y., first removed from his native State to Michigan, and in 1856 came to Amboy. 111., where he has been continuously in business longer than any other man in the village. He married Etta L. Jones, and they have two children. In politics he is a Republican, and in religious belief a Congregationalist. CHARLES F, WELTY. farmer. Marion Township. Lee County. 111., was born in Dixon, 111.. Nov. . 1858. the son of Judge David Welty (see sketch of latter) ; was educated in his native place and. in 1881, went to South Da- HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 741 kota, where he remained two years, when he returned to Illinois and, with the exception of one year, has since been identifleu with Lee Cmmty affairs. April 14. 1S84. he married Mary A. McKevitt, and of this union have been born CHARLES F. WELTY. six children, viz.: George H.. Frances .1.. Anna D., Charles D., Helen and Adelaide. Politically Mr. Welty is a Republican, served five years as Supervisor of Marion Township, when he re- signed and was elected County Treasurer, serv- ing four years; is now Treasurer of his town- ship. REINHART ASCHENBRENNER. farmer and stock-feeder. Bradford Township. Lee Coun- ty, 111., was born Oct. 20, 1860, the son of John and Catherine (Reinhart) Aschenbrenner. His fatherl was born in Germany in 1833. and came to the United States when twenty years of age. The mother, also a native of Germany, was born Oct. 24. 1832. the daughter of Christian and Christine Reinhart, and first married Oman Hillison, by whom she had two children — Henry W.. of China Township, and Betsy .T., wife of Conrad Brandau, of Dysart, Iowa. She married Mr. Aschenbrenner in 1855. and bore him three children: Christian, now of Dysart. Iowa; Reinhart, and Andrew A. John Aschen- brenner, who became an Evangelical minister, is still living at the age of sixty-nine years, and has spent the later years of his life away from his family. Mrs. Aschenbrenner was a woman of more than ordinary ability, and brought up her family in a pains-taking man- ner, giving to each of her children a 160-acre farm, besides leaving other property at the time of her death, July 20, 1900. Reinhart Aschenbrenner was married May 26, 1892, to Helen Muerner. daughter of Peter and Louisa (Knopf) Muerner, natives of Switzerland, who are now living at Naperville, 111., where their daughter Helen was born. Mr. and Mrs. Muer- ner came to America when the former was eighteen and the latter four years of age. Mr. and Mrs Aschenbrenner have one child, Cath- erine Elizabeth. Mr. Aschenbrenner owns :!20 acres of land, and in partnership with his REINHART ASCHENBRENNER. brother, Andrew A., who also owns a 320-acre farm, is engaged in general farming and feed- ing cattle, the brothers turning out 200 head each year. In politics he is a Republican, and his wife is a member of the German Evan- gelical church. 742 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. ANDREW ASCHENBRENNER. farmer and stock-feeder, Bradford Township. Lee County, III., was born in the township where he now resides, April 1, 1865. son of John and Cather- ine (Reinhart) Aschenbrenner. Mr. Aschenbren- ner owns 280 acres of land besides a half in- terest in 320 acres in partnership with his ANDREW ASCHENBRENNER. brother Reinhart, and devotes his attention to raising hogs and feeding cattle. February 22. 1890, he married Malinda S. Frost, daughter of Capt. William S. and Sophia E.(Shaw) Frost, of Bradford Township, and of this union three children — Delia E.. Marion Eva and Andrew Reinhart — have been born. In political re- lations Mr. Aschenbrenner is a Republican, and has served as Town Clerk three years and School Director twelve years. Mr. and Mrs. Aschenbrenner attend the Congregational church. REUBEN TROWBRIDGE (deceased) was born in Broome County, N. Y., Oct. 4, 1823, son of Augustus and Lucy (Blerce) Trowbridge, natives of New York State, but of English extraction. Reuben Trowbridge was raised on a farm and came to; Lee County in 1842, locat- ing near the present site of Amboy. He was first employed as a farm-hand, but later rented a farm in partnership with his brother Sabin. Augustus Trowbridge came to Lee County in the early '40s. bringing with him a soldier's warrant for forty acres of land, which he enter- ed and deeded to his son Reuben, as remu- neration for supporting himself and wife as long as they should live. Reuben Trowbridge made subsequent additions to this 40-acre tract, and at one time owned 500 acres of excellent farming land, but later disposed of a part of his holdings, having at the time of his death an estate of 256 acres. On April 1, 1855. he married Mary A. Warner, born near Hagers- town, Md., daughter of David and Mary (Shaw) Warmer, natives of Boltimcre, Md. Mr. and Mrs. Trowbridge were the parents of six child- em viz.: Harriet Z.. wife of Frank Cart- wright; Reuben H.. living in Nebraska: Henry B. of Dixon; Mary L.. wife of C. P. Jackson, REUBEN TROWBRIDGE. a farmer of Lee County; Austin L.. residing in Salt Lake City. Utah; Clara M., wife of Albert H. Hammerstorm. of Parker, S. D. In 1850 Mr. Trowbridge made an overland trip by ox- team to California, where he remained three years, and then returned to Illinois via the Isthmus of Panama and New York. In political HISTORY OF LEE C-OL-XTV 743 sentiment he was a Prohibitionist and served as Road Commissioner and School Trustee a number of years. He was a man of sterling character, a devout Christian and a member of the Methodist Episcopal church, and was Superintendent of the Sunday School at El- dena, 111., for twenty years. In 1887 Mr. Trow- bridge retired from active farm life and re- moved to Dixon, where he passed the remain- der of his life, dying in that city on Nov. 3. 1901. Mrs. Trowbridge still survives and re- sides on Second Street, Dixon. HERMAN LINDEMAN (deceased) was born in Carroll County. Md.. Oct. 1, 1835, son of John B. and Elizabeth Lindeman. natives of Germany who came to the United States in the early '30s and located in Lee County in 1844, where they both died. Herman Linde- man was married in 1858 to Nancy Fritz, daughter of John and Eva (Moneryl Fritz, natives of Pennsylvania, who settled in Lee County in 1851, where they both died. Mr HERMAN LINDEMAN. and Mrs. Lindeman were the parents of nine children, viz.: Clara (wife of A. J. Lyndes), Alice (Mrs. Edward Burket), Ida (Mrs. Luther Burket), Mary (Mrs. D. L. Grover), Clinton, Gilbert, John Mason (died Feb. 21, 1868), Hattie (died Feb. 24, 1869). and Jennie E. (died April 18, 1881). Mr. Lindeman was a successful manager and, at the time of his death, owned 280 acres of land in Lee County. In political views he was a Republican, and in religious convictions a Lutheran. During the latter years of his life, Mr. Lindeman had lived retired in Dixon. 111., where he died in 1901. HENRY J. SCOTT. HENRY J. SCOTT (deceased), who for many years was a contractor and builder, Dixon, 111., was born in Vermont in 1820. He learned his trade in his native State, where he also obtained his education, later engaged in teach- ing and became Captain of the local militia at Linden, Vt. January 5, 1852, he married Annie R. Robbins. and to them two children were bom: Herbert and Ida (Mrs. William Morgan). Mr. and Mrs. Scott came to Lee County in 1852. Mr. Scott was a partner of Lyman Adams for about thirty years under the firm name of Scott & Adams, contractors and builders, and during this period built many fine residences and business blocks in Dixon and the surrounding country. In political views he was a stanch Republican and serv- 744 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. ed as City Alderman. Mr. Scott was a success- ful business manager and owned considerable property in Dixon. He died April 3, 1896. Mrs, Scott was born in Peru, Bennington County, Vt., July .31, 1830, daughter of David and Eliza (Davis) Robins of Dublin, N. H. Mrs. Scott's father, David Robins, was a farmer in the Green Mountain State and served in the War of 1812, as also did her maternal grandfather Davis, while her paternal grandfather Robins was a patriot soldier of the Revolution, and two of her brothers served in the Unoin ranks during the late Rebellion. Mr. and Mrs. Scott gave their childern good educational advan- tages. Their son Herbert is a graduate of the Dixon high school and at present is in the employ of the Grand Detour Plow Company while their daughter is a graduate in the de- partment of music of Dixon College. Mrs. Scott still survives and occupies a pleasant resi- dence erected by her late husband in North Dixon, where she has resided for fifty-one years. JOHN DYSART. CAPT. JOHN DYSART (deceased) was born in Huntingdon County, Penn., Oct. 4, 1834, son of Joseph and Mary A. (Davidson) Dysart. He received his educational training in the QUblic schools of his native State, and came to Illinois in 1857, locating near Nachusa, where he engaged in the grain and lumber business. On Aug. 25, 1861, he enlisted in Company D, Bowen's Cavalry Battalion of Vol- nnteers — later a part of the Army of the Miss- issippi — in which he served three years, in the meantime being promoted to the rank of Cap- tain. On March 9, 1865, he married Miss E. L. Crawford of Pennsylvania, and to them two children — Grace and Blanche — were born. In political sentiment the Captain was a Repub- lican, and fraternally belonged to the Masonic order, Sir Knight and G. A. R. In religious be- lief he was a Presbyterian. He died Dec. 30, 1899. Mrs. Dysart and her daughters have a pleasant home on Depot Avenue, Dixon, 111., where they now reside. WILLIAM C. DYSART. WILLIAM C. DYSART (deceased), for many years a prominent merchant and grain and lumber dealer of Lee County, was born in Huntingdon County, Penn., July 9, 1837, son of Joseph and Mary A. (Davidson)' Dysart, and a brother of Captain John Dysart. His early life was spent on a farm and in the meantime he obtained a liberal education in the Mountain Seminary, Birmingham, Penn. In the spring HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 745 of 1866 he came to Lee County, and in part- nership with his brother, Captain John Dysart, erected the first grain elevator at Nachusa, which they operated for one year. Returning to his native State in 1867, he established himself in the grocery business at Altoona, which he conducted until 1879. when he re- turned to Nachusa, where he became a general merchant and lumber dealer, and retired from active business in 1887. On Jan. 23, 1872, he married Sophia Barlow, daughter of Augustus Barlow, and to them two children were born — Anna May (Mrs. Guy Furley of Iowa) and Lela. Mr. Dysart was appointed Postmaster of Nachusa in 1869, holding office until 1887. when he retired and removed to Dixon. He died July 28, 1902, and was buried with honor by the Knights Templar. Mrs. Dysart sur- vives her husband and with her youngest daughter, resides on Depot Avenue, Dixon. HENRY E. MILLER, retired farmer. Palmyra Township, Lee County, was born on his father's farm in Palmyra Township, Dec. 22, 1844, the son of William and Anna (Obrist) Miller, the former a native of Germany and the latter of Switzerland. His parents came to America in 1833, and to Lee County, 111., in 1842, first bought a farm in Palmyra Township near Prairieville, but later one on Section 9, in the same township on which the subject of this sketch is now living. There were nine children of the family, of whom five are now living viz.: Henry E., B. F. and three maiden ladies — Anna, Louise and Sarah — who live together on the old homestead near their brother Henry E. The father died in May, 1871, and the mother in 1873. William Miller, the father, was a Democrat, served as School Director and organized the first school in his neighbor- hood, now district No. 5. Henry E. spent his youth on his father's farm, and owing to the absence of school facilities, at an early day. acquired most of his education between his twentieth and twenty-third year. December 23. 1869. he married Margaret Leivan, daughter of Mathias and Margaret (Miller) Leivan, who were early settlers of Lee County. Mr. and Mrs. Henry E. Miller have had eight children, of whom five are now living, viz.: Charles M., who married Ellen Lawrence; Edward H.. married Mary Plummer; John F., married Bessie Plummer; Oscar L. and Froderich P. Mr. Miller is a member of the Lutheran church, politically a Republican and served many years as School Director of his district. He retired from active life as a farmer in 1902, but still occupies a pleasant residence on the home HENRY MILLER. farm, which is managed by his son. At pres- ent (1903) he is actively interested in the projected electric railroad between Dixon and Sterling. CHRISTIAN GROSS, farmer, China Town- ship, Lee County. 111., was born in the township where he resides. March 22, 1854. son of Rein- hart and Martha (Reinhart) Gross, natives of Germany, the former coming to the United States in 1847, and the latter in 1846. They are both deceased. On Sept. 22, 1875, Chris- tain Gross was married to Henrietta W. Hat- zel, daughter of Conrad and Elizabeth (Eck- hart) Hatzel. natives of Germany who were early settlers in Lee County. Conrad Hatzel is now deceased, but his wife still survives. Mr. and Mrs. Gross have three children — Lillie A., Reinhart C. and Frederick C. Mr. Gross owns an estate of 529 acres of land located in China and Bradford Townships, and 746 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. is agent of the Braatord Mutual Fire Insur- aace Company of Lee County. 111. In political CHRISTIAN GROSS. opinions Mr.Gross is a Republican, and in re ligious convictions a member of the Evan- gelical church. GUSTAVE P. BRECHON, farmer, South Dixon Township, Lee County, was born near the city of Belfort, France, the son of Joseph and Margaret (Blanc) Brechon, who came to Lee County, 111., in 1S64 and settled in Bradford Township — the father dying there Oct. 6. 1887. November 21, 1893, the subject of this sketch was married to Mary Pattat, daughter of Peter and Sylva Pattat, who were also natives of France, and Mr. and Mrs. Brechon are the par- ents of five children: Rosa M., Adeline S.. Mary M., Adel F. and .Joseph F. Mr. Brechon is the owner of eighty acres of land in South Dixon Township. Religiously he is a Catholic and in politics a Democrat. on. He obtained his education in Canandaigua Academy near Rochester, N. Y.. and when a youth worked for a few years in his maternal grandfather's flouring mill. Later he moved to Green Lake, Wis., where on April 30, 1847. he was married to Sophia E. Preston, daughter of Charles and Susan (Burgess) Preston, na- tives of New York State, and they became the parents of six children, viz.: Harriet, Sophia, Abner, Augustus, Annie and Etta — all born in Wisconsin. In 1866 Mi. Barlow came to Dixon, making that city his home for sixteen years and then removed with his family to Minnesota, but in 1892 returned to Dixon, where he died Sept. 12, 1894. During his business career Mr. Barlow had accumulated considerable property, and owned a 160-acre farm near the city of Dixon, which now belongs to his son Abner. In later lite he did an extensive business in loaning money on real-estate. In political sentiment he was a Republican, and, while- a AUGUSTUS BARLOW. AUGUSTUS BARLOW (deceased) was born in Ontario County, N. Y., May 13, 1819, son of Abner and Harriet (Short) Barlow, also na- tives of the Empire State. Augustus Barlow was a farmer and capitalist and resided in Dix- resident of Minnesota, served one term in the State Legislature. Fraternally he was a mem- ber of the Masonic Order. Mrs. Barlow still survives and resides on Third Street. Dixon, 111. HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 747 JOHN YETTER, retired farmer. Steward, Lee County 111., born in Rheinpfalz, Germany, JOHN YETTER. Dec. 18, 1835, the son of John G. and Katrina (Meyer) Yetter, was educated in the German schools, and in 1854 came to America landing at New Yory City, where he found employ- ment for the next nine months. His parents having come to New York still later, in 1855 they came to Putnam County. 111., where his father rented a farm near Hennepin, of which the subject of this sketch, being the oldest son of the family, soon after assumed tha manage- ment. In the fall of 1859 he removed to Lee County. November 23, 1857, he was married to Magdalena Schoenholz, who was a native of Germany, and they became the parents of nine children, all of whom (1904) are now living, viz.: John P., who is Postmaster at Steward; Carl T.. a farmer of Willow Creek Township; Lena E., wife of W. H. Clinite; Mary M., wife of Frank Van Patten; George W., a farmer of Willow Creek Township; Jacob J., who rents from his father the old homestead farm in Willow Creek Township: Frederick M.. who resides in Davenport Iowa; Franklin B.. of Davenport, Iowa; Julia May, wife of Robert W. Hough, who is engaged with Shearer Brothers, grain-dealers at Stew- ard, 111. Mr. Yetter, Sr., is a member of the Steward Methodist Episcopal church, has serv- ed his township eight years as Supervisor. In 1896 he retired from active farm life, but re- tains 180 acres of land in Willow Creek Town- ship out of .'500 acres which he formerly owned. In his active days as a farmer he was engaged in the breeding of Short-horn Durham cattle. Mrs. John Yetter died Sept. 29, 1899. SIMON P. YOUNG, farmer. Nelson Town- ship. Lee County, born in Somerset County, Penn.. March 26. 1858, the son of Peter and Lucinda Young, natives of Pennsylvania, who came to Lee County, 111., in 1864. There were nine children of the family. Peter Young, the father, is now deceased; the mother makes her home at Rock Falls, 111. Simon P. Young resides on his farm of 160 acres in Nelson Township. January 21, 1891, he married Re- becca J. Rauch. daughter of Henry and Julia SIMON P. YOUNG. Rauch. both natives of Pennsylvania, and they have had six children viz.: Paul H., Ruth L., Raymond R.. Hester C, Helen J. and Irene V. The famiy belong to the Lutheran Church, and fraternally Mr. Young is a member of the Knights of the Globe. 748 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. LESTER D. PITCHER, President and origi- nator of the Lee County Telephone System, and originator of the Jo Daviess County Tele- phone System, which has been recently incor- LESTER D. PITCHER. porated and named in honor of him, "The Pitcher Telephone Co.," was born in Lewis County. N. Y., July 28. 1839, son of Philander and Mary (Ager) Pitcher. He obtained his elementary education in the common schools, and when, a youth worked on a farm. In 1861 he enlisted in Company I, Fifth New York Heavy Artillery, later came to Jo Daviess County, 111., and engaged in the mercantile business at a place named Pitcherville in his honor, afterwards appointed Postmaster dur- ing Lincoln's administration. He came to Lee County in 1871, being then patentee of the ■ barley fork," a tool much in use for handling grain without binding, but later superseded by the self-binder. Mr. Pitcher sold this im plement to jobbers over a territory extend- ing from the New England coast to California, and realized a fortune from the same. Later he engaged in the implement and coal trade at Dixon, which he conducted successfully until 1900. In ]S9(; he inaugurated the County Telephone Company, a system covering Lee County and connecting it with other counties and adjoining States. This enterprise has proved to be a great success and is much ap- I'reciated by residents of the village and rural districts in that territory. Mr. Pitcher owns a large amount of stock in the Pitcher Tele- phone Company of Jo Daviess County, of which, his son Grant W. Pitcher is manager with of- fices at Galena. In 1860 he married Harriet Graves, by whom there were three children, viz.: R. Everett, Mayor of Alma, Neb.; Mary, wife of William Peters. Stockton, 111., and Grant W. Mr. Pitcher was married to his second wife Abbie Cramer, in 1871, and of this union there are two children, Bessie E and Louis A., Supt. and Sec'y of t he Lee County Telephone Company. Mr. Pitcher has served in the City Council several terms; was a member of the Board of Education fifteen years, and is a member of the G. A. R., and A. O. U. W. In political views he is a Republican. FRANK F. DIXON. FRANK F. DIXON (deceased), formerly a leading merchant tailor, Dixon, 111., was born in County Mayo, Ireland, in 1830. When a youth, he came with his parents to America and lived for many years in New York City, HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 749 where he learned tlie tailor's trade. He came to Lee County in the latter 'GOs, and for sever- al years was employed as a cutter for the late Isaac Jones. He was married to Lizzie Cun- ningham, daughter of Nicholas and Mary (^^■elch) Cunningham, and to them two child- ren. Frank C. and Mamie were born, the for- mer dying in infancy, and the latter April 0. 1903. Mr. Dixon established himself in the tailoring business at Dixon in 1870, and con- ducted a profitable business until his death. May 4. 1896. and accumulated considerable property. In political views he was a Repub- lican, and served as City Alderman two terms. In religious faith he was a member of the Cath :)!ic church. Mrs. Dixon still survives and resides at 422 E. Second Street, Dixon. 111. JABEZ ABELL (deceased) was born near Aylmore, Ontario. Canada. Jan. 18, 1807, the son of Daniel and Rebecca Abell. In 1847 he came to Illinois, locating at St. Charles. Kane County, where he remained one year and then removed to Ogle County, but shortly afterwards (in 1848) settled on his homestead of 106 acres in Lee County. In 1843 he was married to Susan Miller of Scotland, Ontario, Canada, and to this union nine children were born; Melissa (drowned at Inlet, in June, 1860), John M., Benjamin F., Melvina (deceased), Mary E.. Henry A., Daniel L., Annie and Josephine (deceased). During the Civil War Mr. Abell served sixteen months in the Eighty-ninth Illinois Volunteer Infantry. He died March 16, 1866, his wife surviving until Dec. 16. 1899. Mr. Abell was a Republican in political affiliations, and in religious belief a Methodist. JOHN M. ABELL. farmer. Viola Township, Lee County, III., was born at St. Charles. Kane County. 111.. Dec. 25. 1844. the son of Jabez and Susan (Miller) Abell. He was brought by his parents to Lee County in 1848 and remained at home until the outbreak of the Civil War. when, on Dec, 25^ 1863, he enlisted in Battery G, Sec- ond Illinois Light Artillery and served until the close of the war. Returning to Lee County, after having valiantly served his country on the battlefield, he took possession of the home- stead, v.'here he has since resided. On March 12, 1869, he married Leonora Lazarus, daugh- ter of Silas and Mary Lazarus, and to them ten children have been born, all of whom are liv- ing, viz.: Charles J., Philip S., Harry H., Laura L., Cecil, Millie, Stella, R. Leslie, Ruth and Hope. Mr, Abell is a member of Broaklyn Lodge, No. 282 A. F. & A. M., Anchor Lodge No. 510, I. O. O. F. of Paw Paw, Knights of the Globe, and Eastern Star of Compton, his wife also JOHN M. ABELL. being a member of the latter organization. In politics he is a Republican, and has served his fellow-citizens one year as Supervisor, four years as Tax Collector, one year as Assessor, and eight years as Justice of the Peace. Mr. and Mrs. Abell are members of the United Brethren church. HENRY C. MENZ, farmer and Township Treasurer, Section 3, Reynolds Township, Lee County, 111., was born in Kur-Hessen, Germany, Aug. 29, 1857, son of Henry and Annie C. (Wag- ner) Menz. Henry Menz, Sr.,' brought his fam- ily to America in 1867, Coming direct to Lee County, he bought land in Reynolds' Township, where he was engaged in farming until 190(i, when he retired from active life and has since lived at the home of his daughter, Mrs. Martin Smith. Seven children were born to Mr. and Mrs. Menz. viz.: Justus (deceased): John E., 750 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. a farmer residing in Minnesota; Henry C; Charles, who is engaged in farming in Lee County; Dora, wife of Martin Smith; Christina, wife of Peter J. Hahnen, foreman in the office of HENRY C. MENZ. the United States Express Company, Chicago; and Martin, who is engaged in farming in Lee County. Henry C. Menz obtained his elemen- tary education in the Fatherland, which was supplemented by a course in the English branches after coming to America. He grew to iiiaturity on his father's farm, and on Oct. 25, 1SS4, married Miss Emma L. Wiener, daughter of Ernst Wiener, a retired farmer who settled in Lee County in 1858. Mr. and Mrs. Menz are the parents of the following named child- ren: Lily, Annie, Hilda Eliza, Olive Mattie, and Minnie Dora, (who died in 1896, aged seven years). In political views Mr. Menz is a Repub- lican and is now serving as Township Treas- urer, having filled that office for the past six years; has also served as Township Collector and School Director. Fraternally he belongs to the Masonic Order, Mystic Shrine, Knights Templar, B. P. O. E. E., M. W. A., and Dixon Commandery. He and his wife are members of the Evangelical church. Mrs. Menz has a well-improved farm of 320 acres. JOSEPH E. HENRY, retired farmer. West Brooklyn, 111., was born in Department of Murthe, Loraine, France, Jan. 19, 1851, son of Francis and Marguerite M. (Maire) Henry, natives of France, who landed at New Orleans in 1854 and immediately removed to Joliet, 111., coming to Bradford Township, Lee County, in the spring of 1864. Both of his parents are now deceased. For many years Joseph E. Henry was engaged in farming in Bradford Township, Lee County, but is now living re- tired in West Brooklyn. On March 29, 1875, he married Mary J. Gehant, daughter of Laurent J. and Julianne (Toillian) Gehant, natives of France, and of this union there are five child- ren viz.: Mary L., Edna F., Laura M., Laurent F. and Joseph E. In politics he is a Demo- crat and was Justice of the Peace sixteen years in Bradford Township, and is serving his sec- JOSEPH E. HENRY. ond term in the same capacity in West Brook- lyn; is also Notary Public. He and his family are members of the Roman Catholic Church. DAVID J. FISCHER, farmer. South Dixon Township. Lee County, 111., was born in Lee County Feb. 9. ISTf). the son of Edward E. and Frederica K. (Dittman) Fischer, the former HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 751 born in Middle Hansen, and the latter near Berlin. Germany, The father came to the United States in 1S50 and the mother in 1854. David J. Fischer was married Sept. 28, 1893, to DAVID J. FISCHER. Lydia M.. daughter of Oliver and Elizabeth Fellows, who are now residents of Minnesota, and to Mr. and Mrs. Fischer have been born two children — Orville E. and Bessie I. Polit- ically Mr. Fischer is a Democrat and has serv- ed four years as School Director; fraternally he is a member of the Independent Order of Red Men. ALFRED BURNETT wa.s born in England. Sept. 15, 1867. At the age of sixteen years he came to Ontario, Canada, where he remained six years, removing in 1890 to Wyoming Town- ship, Lee County, 111., where he worked for a monthly salary for four years. In 1894 he was married in Ontario, Canada, to Miss Ida L. Lambkin, and of this union three children have been born. who. in 1903, were aged as follows: Wilbur, eight years; Annie, seven years; Mabel, five years. In 1901 Mr. Burnett purchased 110 acres of land at Cottage Hill. Wyoming Township. Lee County. Fraternally he is a member of the M. W. A. and I. O. O. F., and is a member of the Baptist church of Paw Paw. In political relations he is a Republi- can. FRANCIS J. TILTON, farmer. Section 33, Palmyra Township, Lee County, was born in the house in which he now resides, Aug. 15, 1846, son of William W. and Eliza A (Martin) Tilton. William W. Tilton came to Lee County in 1836 and entered land in Palmyra Township, where he devoted his attention to farming. Francis J. Tilton obtained his education in the public schools of Palmyra Township and Whea- ton College, Wheaton 111. In 1860 he made a trip across the plains by wagon to Pike's Peak, Colo. In 1864 he enlisted in Company D, One Hundred and Fortieth Regiment Illinois Volun- teer Infantry, and in the following year re- enlisted in Company D, Thirty-fourth Illinois. FRANCIS .1. TILTON. After the close of the Rebellion, he was dis- charged at Louisville, Ky., in 1865, and return- ed to Lee County, where he now owns 282 acres of land, but of late has rented his farm, ex- cepting three acres near his residence. Mr. Til- ton was never married. In fraternal relations he is a member of the G. A. R. and I. O. O. F. 752 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY JEREMIAH GLESSNBR, retired farmer. 1024 Cooper Street. Dixon, III., was born in Somerset County. Penn.. April 11, 1S24. son of Jacob and Susanna (Oldfathcr) Glessner. na- tives of the same State. In 1864 Jeremiah JEREMIAH GLESSNER. Giessner came to Lee County. 111., settling near Eldena, where he now owns a 200-acre farm. On April 20, 1845, he married Amy A. Laub. and to them ten children were born, five of whom are now living. Mrs. Glessner died Feb. 25, 1868, and on Jan. 4, 1870, Mr. Gless- ner married his second wife, Ellen C. Elsrode, and of this union there were five children, three of whom are deceased. While a resident of Pennsylvania, Mr. Glessner held the office of Justice of the Peace for twelve years, and served his fellow-citizens of Lee County in a similar capacity for five- years. In religious convictions he is a Methodist and is a mem- ber of the church ?t Dixon. AID BRADSHAW. hardware and implement dealer. Corapton. 111., was born in Winnebago County, 111., Sept. 15, 1853, sen of George and as Deputy Sheriff of Les County for tw > years. Fraternally he is a member of the Masonic Order and Eastern Star. Mrs. Brad shaw is a Presbyterian in religious belief, but attendfs the Methodist Episcopal church at Compton. RICHARD PHILLIPS, farmer. Viola Town- ship. Lee County. Ill,, was born in the north- eastern part of Ireland. July 25. 1825. the son of George and Sarah (Staddart) Phillips, na- tives of England and Ireland, respectively, who came to the United States in 1849. Mr. Phil- lips is engaged in general farming and stock- raising, and O'vns 160 acres of land in Viola Township. May 24. 1859. he married Amelia Davenport, and to them four children were born, of whom William W. is the only one surviving. Mrs. Phillips died Sept. 7. 1884. and in 1886 Mr. Phillips married Elizabeth M. Har- ris for his second wife, from whom he is sep- arated by divorce. They were the parents of one child who is deceased. His third mar- riage was with Susan Williams, who died in October. 1900. and February 16. 1901, Mr. RICHARD PHILLIPS. Phillips was married to his present wife — Maggie Pfiefer. — daughter of John and Eliza- beth (Souer) Pfiefer. In politics he affiliates with the Republican party, and has served as School Director eighteen, years. He is a mem- ber of the Episcopal church. HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 753 WILLIAM MOFFATT, retired farmer and stock-breeder. Paw Paw. 111., was burn in the Township of Wiiitby, County of Ontario. Can- ada, August 24. 1837, son of Joseph and Mary (Harrison) Moffatt, natives of England, who came to Canada in 1832. In 1861 Joseph Mof- WILLIA^/^ MOFFATT. fait started on a trip to his native country, and on June 4th. of that year, the steamship ("Canadian") on which he had taken passage went down in the Straits of Belle Isle, and he, with many others, perished, in the wreck. Wil- liam Moffatt grew to manhood in Canada, where he also received his educational training; came to Ohio in 1870, and to Paw Paw. Ill,, in 1873. He purchased a farm at the latter place, where, for more than thirty years, he devoted his attention to the breeding of short-horn. Hereford and Aberdeen-Angus cattle, Clydes- dale horses, Cotswold sheep and Berkshire swine, as senior member of the partnership of Moffatt & Brother, his brother Robert Mof- fatt being junior member. Mr, Moffatt was among the first to introduce the Cruickshank short-horn cattle into this country, and was one of the first breeders of Clydesdale horses in Illinois. During his connection with this industry, he was one of the best-known breed- ers in the United States, and his stock has won highest honors at many of the leading stock shows of the country. On October 29, 1860, he married Annie E. Learning, a native of York- shire, England. Mr. Moffatt is a member of Blue Lodge at Paw Paw, Mendota Chapter" and Conimandery. He is a devout Christian, and with his wife is a member of the Presbyterian church. NICHOLAS MOSSHOLDER. retired farmer. North Dixon, 111., was born in Somerset County, Penn., August 16, 1837, son of Jacob and Mary (Flamm) Mossholder. Jacob Mossholder brought his family to Lee County, in 1854, and in the spring of 1855 purchased a 240-acre farm in South Dixon Townsliip. where he passed the remainder of his life, dying there in 1876. His wife survived him ten years. Nicholas Mossholder grew to maturity on his father's farm, obtained his education in the public schools of his native State, and in 1859 NICHOLAS MOSSHOLDER. assumed the mana,«cment of his father's farm. In 1862 he enlisted in Company A. Fifteenth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and served until the close of the war. Het participated in many engagements, including the battle of Perryville, 754 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. stone River, Chickaniauga, and Buzzard's Roost. Mr. Moosholder received a severe wound in the last named battle, from the effects of which he remained in hospital three months and, after a furlough of one month, joined Sherman's army in the Atlanta campaign. He was mustered out of service in Tennessee, and later discharged in Chicago. Returning to his father's homestead in Lee County after the close of the war, he inherited the estate at the time of the latter's death, and has subse- quently added two farms, owning at the present time 373 acres of well improved land. In 1897 Mr. Mossholder built a substantial residence at 521 North Dement Avenue, Dixon, 111., where he has since lived retired. On September 27, 1866, he married Mary Isabell Evans, and to them four children were born, viz.: Emma. Jane (deceased), William J., Mary Francis and Bertha J. (deceased). In October, 1877, Mr. Mossholder married his second wife, Miss Hat- tie E. Young, and of this union there were two children — Jemima Grace, deceased wife of Arthur Missiman, and Charles Henry, who is now conducting his father's farms in South Dixon and Nachusa Townships. In political views Mr. Mossholder is a Republican and was formerly School Director in his township. Socially he is a member of the G. A. R. On Jaunary 19. 1S97, Mr. Mossholder was married to his third wife. Miss Ada M. Young. HENRY BOTHE, farmer and dairyman, Na- chusa Township, Lee County, was born in Min- den, Prussia. Dec. 26, 1840, son of Frederick and Christina (Wiese) Bothe. Frederick Bothe came to America in 1847 and to Lee County in 1848 or '49. His family came to the United States in 1859, and on July 8th of the same year, located on land in Nachusa Township. Mr. Bothe died in 1872, aged fifty-seven years; his wife surviving until 1894, dying in her eighty-flrst year. Henry Bothe enlisted in the Twelfth Illinois Volunteer Infantry and par- ticipated in the battles of Donelson and Shiloh, but was discharged after one year's service on account of disability. On September 4, 1864, he married Catherine Hotzel, daughter of Con- rad and Annie E. (Eckhardt) Hotzel, and they are the parents of nine children, viz.: William F., Lizzie (Mrs. Conrad Seebach), John H., Kate (Mrs. John Huyett), Christian F., Minnie (Mrs. James B. Macklin), Elvina (Mrs. Newton Hemminger), Lillie (Mrs. Warren Sheppard) and Henry C. Mr. Bothe is a Republican in political relations and he and his family are members of the Evangelical church. His farm embraces 212 acres, upon which he keeps a fine herd of cows and conducts a first-class dairy. JOHN W. ANDERSON (deceased) was born in Chester, Penn., Feb. 17, 1823, son of Julius and Harriet (Davis) Anderson, also natives of the Keystone State. John W. Anderson came to Lee County in 1854, where for several years JOHN W. ANDERSON. he was engaged in farming, but was later en- gaged in the drug business in Dixon for a number of years. In 1848 he married Elizabeth Biddle, daughter of Thomas and Elizabeth (Leightall) Biddle, of Blair County, Penn., and to them six children were born, William M. be- ing the only one now living. Mr. and Mrs. Anderson also raised an adopted daughter, Mrs. Edith Miller, who resides in Dixon, III. Mr. Anderson died Jan. 1. 1898. LOUIS STEPHAN (deceased) was born in Germany, Jan. 4. 1834, son of Martha and Lena Stephan, natives of the same country. Louis Stephan came to the United States in 1854. HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 755 and after being engaged in various parts of the country, came to Di.xon, 111., in 1866. where for a number of years he was engaged in business, but during the last fifteen years of his life, has lived retired. He was married in LOUIS STEPHAN. Chicago in 1862 to Barbara P'aulhaber, a native of Germany, and of their children, Louis, Otto, and Anna are living. Mr. Stephan was a Re- publican in political views, and in religious belief an attendant of the Lutheran church. He was a member of Rucker Lodge, No, 493, I. O. O. F., and Forrest Home Lodge^ No. 137, A. O. U. W. Mr. Stephan died .July 13. 1902. ISAAC S. BOARDMAN; born in Tioga County, N. Y., Jan. 3. 1816; located in Dixon, in 1837. On the organization of Lee County he was elected County Clerk, serving in that capacity four years; elected Clerk of the Cir- cuit Court in 1850. filling that office seven years, and in the meantime purchased the "Re- publican and Telegraph" and conducted that paper for about ten years under the name of "Dixon Telegraph." Mr. Boardman was mar- ried in 1840 to Mary L. Dixon, daughter of Father John Dixon. For more than forty years Mr. Boardman wa.s prominently identified with political campaigns of his community — first in connection with the Whig, and later with the Republican party. He cast his first vote for General Harrison. MILTON A. CRAWFORD, farmer, China Township, Lee County, III., was born in Na- chusa Township, Lee County, August 8, 1852, son of John M. and Mary A. (Dysart) Craw- ford, natives respectively of Blair and Hunting- don Counties, Pennsylvania. John M. Crawford came to Lee County in 1842, later returned to Pennsylvania, but in 1848 made a permanent settlement in Nachusa Township, Lee County, where, for many years, he was a prominent and successful farmer and stock-raiser. He died in May, 1881. while his wife passed away in 1883. They were the parenta of nine children, three of whom are now living, viz.; Milton A., A. W., and Mrs. Frances J. Clifton of Chicago. On February 10, 1876, Milton A. Crawford mar- MILTON A. CRAWFORD. ried Mary M. Emmert, daughter of Solomon and Mattie (Kring) Emmert, and of this union there are three children — Howard W.. Anna E., and Milton A. Mr. Crawford owns 160 acres of land and devotes his attention to general farm- ing and stockraising. He is now serving as 756 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. Supervisor of China Township, having filled that official position for the past twelve years; was member of the Building Committee during the erection of the Lee County Court House. S. DONALD FROST, stock-dealer and real eseate agent, Amboy, 111.; born at Lee Center, Lee County. Feb. 3. 1871. son of Capt. William S. and Sophia E. (Shaw) Frost, natives of Maine and Michigan, respectively, who came to Lee County about 1837. Donald Frost at- tended public school at Bradford, later took a course at Dixon College, graduating in 1890. after which he worked on a salary for his father, buying live-stock, until 1896, when he became a partner of his father in the stock-buy- ing business. This partnership v/as dissolved in 1901, since when Mr. Frost has carried on the business alone; is also engaged in the coal and lumber trade. He owns 240 acres of land in Amboy Township, and is a Director and Pro- moter of the Northern Illinois Electric railroad. S. D, FROST. On August 22, 1900, he was married to Miss Blanche Smith, daughter of Anson Augustin and Sarvia (Collier) Smith. Mrs. Frost is a member of the Baptist church. Mr. Frost be- longs to the Masonic Fraternity, and in politics is a Republican. JAY M. SMITH, farmer, Wyoming Township, Lee County, 111., was born in Cleveland, Ohio, Feb. 18, 1859, son of Leon and Sarah (Barrett) Smith, natives of Ohio and Canada, respect- ively. In 1863 young Smith came, with his mother, to Oneida. 111., and after working as a J. M, SMITH. farm-hand and at railroad work, removed to Wyoming Township in 1880. He rented a farm for a few years and then purchased 120 acres of land, which he later sold and bought his present farm of 143 acres. December 25, 1883, he married Delia A. Griffin, daughter of Albert and Helen (Bolton) Griffin. Mr. Smith is a Republican in politics, and has served as School Director, Township Treasurer and Road Commissioner. Fraternally he is a Mason and a member of Blue Lodge, Paw Paw, 111. FRANK L. CHILDS, prominent farmer and Supervisor of Willow Creek Township. Lee County. 111., v.'as born in Bureau County, 111., Oct. 8, 1860, son of Charles and L.iza (Smith) Childs. Charles Childs was a carpenter and contractor and later in life became a farmer. He removed with his family to Willow Creek Township. Lee Cotmty, when Frank L. was an infant and settled on 160 acres of land in Section 12. where he enga.ged in farming and HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 757 increased his holdings to 27u acres. The children born to himself and wife were: Viola (deceased I.Frank L., Lyman W. (a physician in Cleveland. Ohio) and Nellie (Mrs. William Wilcox). Frank L. Childs grew up on his father's farm, attended the village school at Lee and the Jennings Seminary at Aurora, 111. He later returned to the farm and purchased the old homestead (270 acres), where he has since been engaged in general farming and breeding of thoroughbred Hereford cattle. His father died in January, 1898, but his mother (1903) still survives and lives at Aurora, where she and her husband retired in 1888. February 5, 1890, Mr. Childs married L. Alice Fowler, and they have two children. Mildred E. and Edmond L. Mr. Childs is a Republican in poli- tics, and is now serving his fourth term as Township Supervisor. Fraternally he is a mem- ber of the Masonic Order, M. W. A. and Mystic Shrine. His family are attendants of the Meth- odist church, of which Mrs. Childs is a meml)er. Mrs. Childs is second in order of birth in a family of five children of James and Mary (Nichols) Fowler, natives of Ireland and New York State respectively, who came to Lee county in 1885, having previously resided on a farm in Dekalb County, 111. She obtained her education in the public school at Lee. REV. CONRAD TASCHE, pastor of St. Mary's Catholic church, Sublette, 111., was born in Wiedersheim, Kreis Mindeu, Westphalia, liermany, August 12, 1872, son of Philip and Maria (Schaefer) Tasche. He obtained his ed- ucation at Paderhorn in his native country and at St. Francis; was ordained to priesthood at St. Francis in 1S95, and for six years following v.'as Assistant-priest at St. Theresa's and St. Paul's churches, Chicago. Octobei 1. 1£01, he came to Sublette and has since been pastor of the church in that city, and also has charge of the parochial school, which has an enrcllnient of about fifty pupils. Rev, Tasche preaches both in English and German, and also teaches those languages in the school under his super- vision. On August 5, 1902, the construction of a new church edifice was begun, which is now (1903) under roof, and when completed will cost $27..ioO.OO, The parish was formed in 1868, and the first church edifice was erected in that city in 1868 or 1869. HARRY ADRIAN, farmer, Viola Township, Lee County, 111., was born in the township where he now resides, Nov. 2, 1845, the son of Evans and Marilla (Goodall) Adrian. In 1861 Mr. Adrian began farming on his ownj account, and in 1867 moved to Taylor County, Iowa, where he purchased 440 acres of land, but in 1886 returned to Lee County, 111., where he has since been identified with the interests of his community and owns 125 acres of land. February 21, 1868, Mr. Adrian was married to Emma Brady, daughter of Levi and Emily (Enslow) Brady, natives of Scioto County, Ohio. To Mr. and Mrs. Adrian six children have been born: Blanche (deceased). Pearl, Maud, Dove, Hollie and Annie. Mr. Adrian is a Republican in political sentiment, and has served his fel- low citizens as School Director sixteen years. He is a member of the United Brethren church. JOHN ADRIAN, farmer, Brooklyn Township, Lee County, 111., was born in Viola Township, Lee County, 111., Oct. 13, 1854, son of Evans and Marilla (Goodall) Adrian. Evans Adrian was born in County Antrim, Ireland, Oct. 15, 1815, and located in Viola Township in 1837. On October 13, 1840, he married Mrs. Marilla Adrian, daughter of Deacon Goodall and wid- ow of the Rev. Smith Adrain, and to them six children were born. Mrs. Adrain died Jan. 28, 1857, and Mr. Adrain married his second wife on July 22, 1857. there being four chil- dren of this union', two of whom are still living. Mr. Adrain died Oct. 10, 1891, John Adrain v.'as married Feb. 21, 1884, to Alberta M., daughter of Charles and Martha (Harris) Jones of Wyoming Township, Lee County, who were natives of Pennsylvania and New York respectively, and of this union three children —Ethel E.. Robert S. and Eda E.— have been born. In politics Mr. Adrain is a Republican, and fraternally a Mason and Odd-Fellow. He owns 256 acres of land in Brooklyn Township, and is engaged in general farming and stock- raising. JOHN ALTHAUS, farmer, Sublette Town- ship, Lee County, 111., was born at Simpsa- husen, near Marburg Kur-Hessen, Germany, June 23, 1851. son of Peter and Anna Kather- ine (Mueller) Althaus. Peter Althaus came to America in 1857 and earned the means necessary to transport his family, who came in 758 HISTORY OF LEE COL'XTY. I860. They first settled in Putnam County. III., then moved to McLean County, later set- tled in Livingston County and afterwards in LaSalle County of the same State. Peter Althaus died at Ransom, La Salle County, in 1887, aged sixty-eight years; his wife died in Lee County, in 1897, in her eightieth year. John Althaus came to Lee County in 1895. In February. 1875. he married Katie Baker, who was born in Amden. Hanover, Germany, May 29. 1856, daughter of Henry and Ella (Wal- rath) Baker, and came to America when eleven years of age. Mr. and Mrs. Althaus have eight children — Peter, Henry, Katie, Ella, George. John B.. Albert R., and Charles. Mr. Althaus is a Republican in political views and with his family belongs to the Evangelical Associa- tion. He owns two farms aggregating 48f) acres of land. SAMUEL O. ARGRAVES. retired farmer, Compton, 111., was born at Mendota, 111., August 9. 1867, son of Samuel and Martha (Miller) Argraves, natives respectively of England and Canada, who came to Lee County in the early MOs. The father is nov/ deceased, but the mother still survives, and resides at Dixon, 111. Mr. Argraves was engaged in, the mercan- tile business at Compton for fourteen years, but now owns 440 acres of land in Lee and Whiteside Counties and' 160 acres in Iowa. On October 16, 1889. he was married to Margaret E. Carnahan, daughter of Dr. Hiram and Sarah (Christiance) Carnahan, and they have one son, Wendel O. In political relations Mr. Ar- graves is a Republican, and in religious faith a Methodist. Fraternally he belongs to the I. O. O. F. LINN C. ARGRAVES, farmer. Viola Town- ship. Lee County. III., was born in Viola Town- ship. Jan. 28, 1875. son of Winfleld S. and Ellen (Mittan) Argraves. In 1895 Mr. Argraves be- gan farming operations for himself on rented land and five years later purchased his pres- ent farm of 130 acres. He was married Feb. 23, 1899, to Mae McKirgan, daughter of Alex- ander and Elizabeth (Darah) McKirgan of La Salle County, 111., and they have one child. Vera I. Mr. and Mrs. Argraves are attendants on the Methodist church. In politics he is a Republican, and has served his fellow towns- men three years as Constable. Fraternallv Mr. Argraves is a member of Spartan Lodge No. 272, and I. O. O. F. of Compton, 111. LAWRENCE W. ARGRAVES, farmer, Viola Township, Lee County, 111., was born in the township where he now resides, Feb. 2, 1873, son of Winfield S. and Ellen (Mittan) Argraves. In 1894 he began farming operations for him- self on rented land, and in 1899 purchased forty acres, which he sold in 1900 and bought his present farm of 120 acres. August 20, 1893, he married Delia Beemer. the daughter of Henry and Elizabeth (Miller) Beemer of Brooklyn Township, and to them five children have been born, viz.: Erdenia D.. Elliott B., Hobart D.. Ellen and Scott. In political views Mr. Argraves is a Republican, and in religious belief a Presbyterian. He is a member of the M. W. A. WILBUR M, AVERY, physician, Compton. 111., was born in the village where he now resides. June 9, 1876, son of Minor M. and An- geline (Argraves) Avery, natives respectively of Pennsylvania and Lee County. 111., who now reside at Dixon. Wilbur M. Avery received his medical training in the Rush Medical College, Chicago, graduating from that institution with the class of 1901, and in the same year located at Lee 111., where he practiced his profession until the spring of 1903, when he made a per- manent location at Compton. III. VINCENT C. ARNOULD farmer and stock- man. Section 20, Ashton Township, Lee County, 111., was born in Les Voges, Hautsone, France, Oct. 14, 1860, son of Remy and Eleanor (An- toine) Arnould. Remy Arnould and his family emigrated to America in 1869. They landed at New York and came direct to Ashton. Lee County, where friends of theirs were located. Mr. Arnould bought a farm in Bradford Town- ship, where he resided twelve years and then bought the "Early Dawn" farm in Ashton Town- ship, which he sold four years later to William Ireland, and he and Mrs. Arnould have since lived retired in Ashton 111. They are the parents of nine children, three of whom are still living, viz.: Julius, a retired farmer re- siding in Compton, 111.; Edward, a merchant at Ashton, 111.; and Vincent C. Mr. and Mrs. Arnould are members of the Catholic church. Vincent C. Arnould remained under the paren- HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 759 tal roof until twenty-three years of age, ami In the meantime obtained a common-school education. On May 1, 1883, he married Mary L. Kelly, daughter of Peter and Catherine (Griesse) Kelly, pioneer settlers of Lee County. To Mr. and Mrs. Vincent C. Arnould six children have been born, four of whom are flving — Vincent E., Hazel G., Garnet M. and Remy A. Mr, Arnould bought his present farm in 1895, which he has improved ini a substan- tial manner, erecting on it a good house, barn and other farm buildings. With the exception of three years spent on a farm in Ogle County. 111., he has resided in Lee County continuously since 1869. Socially he is a member of the M. W. A. and Knights of the Globe. In poli- tics he is a Republican. ERASTUS ANDERSON, retired farmer. Ash- ton, 111., was born in Ontario, Canada, May 19, 1824, the son of John H. and Martha (Martin) Anderson, natives of the same province. In 1846' Mr. Anderson came to Illinois, arriving at Chicago May 27, and three days later reached Light House Point, Ogle County, where he re- mained over two years. November 13, 1848, he married Mary Halverd, and on March 27, 1849, went to Lee County, 111. locating on a farm, on v/hich he continued to reside until 1892, during the latter year removing to Ash- ton, Lee County, his present home, Mr, Ander- son's first wife bore him three children: Rhoda A. (now Mrs. W. P. Clark), John H. and Mary A., who are deceased. His second wife was Mrs. Mary J. Lundy (nee Vosburg). He and his wife are communicants of the Methodist church, and in political views Mr. Anderson is a Republican. WILLIAM BARGE, attorney-at-law, Dixon, 111., and Nestor of the Lee County bar, was born in Armstrong County, Penn., Feb. 26, 1832, son of John and Jane (Elliott) Barge, the former of French and the latter of Scotch ancestry. His paternal grandfather was a sol- dier in the Continental Army during the Revo- lutionary War, and was killed at the battle of Brandywine, while his father was a soldier in the War of 1812 and participated in the battle of New Orleans. His father having died, Wil- liam Barge, together with his mother and two sisters, left Ohio, to which place the family had removed in the early '3()s, and drove to Henry County, 111. Mr. Barge began life in Il- linois as a school teacher, and after teaching at several different points in the State, came to Dixon in 1854, where he followed that pro- fession for several years, and to him is due the honor of organizing the first graded school in Lee County. He was admitted to the bar in 1860 and opened an office in Dixon, where he has since practiced his profession. For the past thirty years he has been employed as at- torney for the Chicago & Northwestern Rail- way, and has been connected with the Illinois Central Railroad, in a similar capacity for twenty-five years. In 1856, Mr. Barge married Elizabeth Dixon, daughter of James P. and granddaughter of Father John Dixon. In poli- tics Mr. Barge is a Democrat. VOLNEY BLISS (deceased! was born at Milan, Huron County, Ohio, in 1827, son of Adolphus and Hannah (Barber) Bliss. Adolph- us Bliss brought his family to Lee County in 1834, locating at Inlet Grove, where the youth- ful Volney was reared amid the scenes of pio- neer life and had Indian children for his play- mates. For nearly fifty years Volney Bliss was a prominent farmer of Lee Center Township, and during hisi career, served as Postmaster of Lee Center, Justice of the Peace, and Assess- or. In March, 1864, he enlisted in Company D. Fifteenth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, in which he served as First Lieutenant. On De- cember 24, 1853, he married Pauline Tredwell, daughter of Allen and Staciann (Squares) Tred- well, natives, respectively, of Connecticut and Pennsylvania, who came to Lee County in 18511. locating at Temperance^ Hill. CAPTAIN PRESCOTT BARTLETT. retired farmer, Sublette Township, Lee County, was born in Franklin County, Mass., August 19, 1821, the son of Prescott and Narcissa (Robin- son) Bartlett. The former, a native of the same county, died in 1831, at the age of forty-four years; the mother was born in Goshen, Mass. Captain Bartletfs grandfather, Amos, was a Major in the Revolutionary War, and his father raised a company for the| War of 1812 but saw no service. The subject of this sketch came to Lee County at the age of twenty-two years and took up a claim of 160 acres of land in Sub- lette Township, but in 1854 settled on his present farm now embracing 320 acres, on 760 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. which he made extensive improvements, in- cluding the erection of a large stone house. August 12, 1861; he enlisted in what became Company C, Seventh Illinois Cavalry, in, which he served as Captain, being honorably dis- charged Oct. 15, 1864. For a time his company served as escort of General Grant and later, for over one year, as escort of Gen. John M. Palmer. Captain Bartlett spent his civil life chiefly as a farmer until fifteen years ago, when he retired. For a number of years he was engaged in the horse-trade, buying horses in the Southwest, and shipping them to Boston and other eastern points. January 4, 1849, he married Caroline Whitney, born Jan. 30, 1829, in Warren County, Ohio, daughter of Bphraim and Mairy (Livingston) Whitney. The former, born in Maine, June 18, 1801, and the latter in Warren County, Ohio, Dec. 26, 1803, were married in Warren County, Ohio. April 22, 1824. and in 184.5, settled in Palestine Grove. Lee County, 111., where they became owners of a farm of 160 acres. Captain Bartlett and wife have had four children, born as follows: Silas Wilton, March 24, 1853; Eugene Prescott. March 26, 1858; Howard R., Nov. 26, 1865; and Cora May, March 13, 1869 — the latter nov/ the wife of J. C. Stough. Captain Bartlett is a Republican in politics, and is identified with the Masonic Fraternity, being formerly a mem- ber of Social Lodge, No. 70, A. F. & A. M., and later a charter member of Sublette Lodge. H. A. BREMMER, physician and surgeon, Ashton, 111., was born in Waldeck, Germany, in 1851, son of Henry and Caroline (Shreiber) Bremmer. Henry Bremmer and his family came to America in 1866, locating in Palmyra. Mo., and with the exception of Mrs. Bremmer. who died in February, 1900, all the members of his family are now living in Illinois. He was a wagon-maker by trade, but retired from active business several years ago. To himself and wife three children were born, viz.; John, Lizzie (Mrs. Henry Knipple of Missouri) and Dr. H. A. H. A. Bremmer obtained a good elementary education in the Fatherland, which was supplemented by a thorough course in the English branches while living in Missouri, and afterwards attended Chaddock College at Quincy. 111., grad\iatin,a from the medical de- partment of that institution in ISSfi. later tak- ing a post-graduate course in Philadelphia. He began his professional career at Merritt, 111., remaining there until 1899, when he removed to Ashton, where he has since resided and has established an extensive practice. On Febru- ary 21, 1878, he married Mary S. Berghofer, born in Missouri of German extraction, and they have one child, Katherine. The Doctor is a self-made man. having paid his own ex- penses for educational training with money earned by hard manual labor. He owns a large and well-selected library, and his residence is considered the most attractive one in the vil- lage. He is a member of the Military Tract, the State and the American Medical Asso- ciations. PERRY A. BURRIGHT, farmer and fruit- grower. Dixon. 111., was born in Ogle County, 111., April 6, 1848, son of Ashbe! and Sally (Cavett) Burright, natives of Ohio, who came to Illinois in 1840. Ashbel Burright made an overland trip to California in the days of the gold excitement. Perry A. Burright spent about twenty years in the West, and then returning to Illinois, purchased a small farm adjoining the city of Dixon, where he is now engaged in farming and fruit-growing. On March 9, 1876, he married Eva L. Tilton, and they have four daughters: Blanche A., Nellie K.. Nina B. and Georgia. CLARK S. BROWN (deceased) was born in Otsego County, N. Y., June 18, 1826, son of Clark and Elizabeth (Davidson) Brown, na- tives of Rhode Island and New Y'ork respect- ively. Mr. Blown came to Dixon in 1856 and •conducted a machine shop and iron-foundrv in that city until 1880. v.-hen he removed to Sterling, 111., where he was employed for twenty years. Returning to Dixon in 1901, ho afterwards resided in that city. In November, 1857, he married Mary J. Genung of Janesville, Wis., and of this union there are two children now living — Clarence E. of Dixon, and Char- lotte Louise, now Mrs. William B. Rood of Rogers Park, 111. In political opinions Mr. Brown was a Republican and served as Alder- man in Dixon six years, and as a member of the School Board eight years. Fraternally he was a member of the Masonic Order. Mr. Brown died Sept. 8, 1903. while on a visit at Almond, N. Y. HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 761 ALBERT Z. BODINE. wheelwright. Lee Center, III., was born in Richmond County, Staten Island, N. Y., Feb. 8, 1830, son of Na- thaniel and Maria (Garretson) Bodine. both natives of Staten Island. .lohn Bodine, pater- nal grandfather, and John Garretson, maternal grandfather of Mr. Bodine, were both Colonels in the War of 1812. Nathaniel Bodine died young leaving a widow and four children, who came west in 1841 and settled eighteen miles north of Chicago. In 1847 Albert Z. Bodine came to Lee Center, where, for two years, he was employed as clerk in the store of L. & C. I. Hitchcock, and then returned to Chicago, where he learned the carpenter's trade. In 1851 he returned to Lee Center, and since 1862 has carried on wagon making. He married in 185G. Matilda, daughter of Samuel and Lucretia Bixby, natives of New York, by whom he had two children — Rosalie (deceased), who was the wife of James McGee, and Annie, wife of David May. Mrs. Bodine died in 1862, and subse- quently Mr. Bodine married Catherine Colvin, a native of Sublette Township, and they have three children: Mary, wifo of Fred Starks; Leslie A., manager of a large saw-mill in Mis- sissippi; and Genevieve, wife of William S. Frost, of Bradford Township. Mr. Bodine is a Republican and held the office of Justice of the Peace from 1857 to 1897. and has been a Notary for many years. FRANK B. BRYANT, farmer. Wyoming Township, Lee County, 111., was born at Four Mile Grove. Lee County. 111.. Nov. 4. 1851. son of Hon. Obed W. and Sarah (Lindsay) Bryant, natives of Maine who came to Illinois in 1837, locating at Dover, Bureau County, where they resided until 1842. In the latter year Obed W. Bryant removed to Wyom- ing Township. Lee County, where he purchased land. On April 24, 1840, he married Lucy Lindsay, who died in 1843, leaving two chil- dren — Mary E. (Mrs. West) and Wilson C. On October 15, 1844, he married his second wife, Sarah Lindsay — a sister of his first v/ife — and five children were born of this union, viz.: William H.. Frank B.. Mrs. Emma Blee, Mrs. Eva Lewis and Charles S. For some time after the death of his first wife. Mr. Bry- ant was engaged in trade on fiat-boats between Red River and New Orleans. Later he located on a farm in La Salle County, 111., where he resided until 1854, when he disposed of his property in that vicinity and bought his farm comprising 600 acres in Wyoming Township, which he occupied until the time of his death, August 2, 1882. In political views he was a Republican and served one term in the Slate Legislature, and six years as County Supervis- or of Lee County. In religious belief he was a Baptist, and assisted in building Hillsdale College. Frank B. Bryant owns 146 acres of valuable land in Wyoming Township, and is engaged in general farming and stock-raising. December 16, 1880. he married Ada E. Jones, daughter of Charles and Martha (Harris) Jones, and of this union there are six children —Tessa A., Emma E., Carl B., Wilson H., Earn- est O., "and John D. Mr. Bryant and family attend the Baptist church. In politics he is a Republican, and in fraternal affiliations a mem- ber of the Masonic Order and M. W. A. EZRA BERRY (deceased), born in Simonton, Me., July 9, 1815, son of Elisha and Hannah (Cousins) Berry. In 1841 he settled at Mel- ugin's Grove, Lee County, where he purchased a small tract of land and built a log cabin. On September 9th of the same year he married Ellenor Melugin. daughter of Jonathan and Sarah (Mitchell) Melugin. natives, respective- ly, of Tennessee and Pennsylvania, who set- tled at Melugin's Grove in 1837. Zachariah Me- lugin. brother cf Mrs. Berry, came to Lee County in 1833 and located at the grove now bearing his name. He served during the Black Hawk War and died in 1842. In 1849 Mr. Berry went overland to California, returning to Lee County in 1S53 and resided on his farm in Brooklyn Township from that time until his death, June 11, 1903. Mr. and Mrs. Berry were the parents of eight children, four of whom — Wilson S., Ezra U.. Frances A. and Elizabeth J. — are living. In politics Mr. Berry v/as a Republican, and in religious associations belonged to the United Brethren church. Mrs. Berry still survives and resides on the old homestead where she settled in 1841. WILSON S. BERRY, retired farmer. Paw Paw, 111., was born at Melugin's Grove, Lee County. III., August 6. 1847, son of Ezra and Eleanor (Melugin) Berry. Mr. Berry began business life for himself as a farmer in Viola Township, but later purchased the 160-acre 762 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. farm which he now owns in Wyoming Town- ship. In December, 1871, he married Mary Carnahan, daughter of Allen and Elizabeth (Clark) Carnahan, and of this union there are four children — Glenn. Claude, Irene and Ma- bel. In political views Mr. Berry Is a Republi- can, and has served his fellow-citizens as. Con- stable and on the school board. Fraternally he belongs to the Modern Woodmen of Amer- ica. CHESTER BADGER, retired farmer. Amboy, 111., was born in Broome County, N. Y., May 27, 1S23, son of Chester S. and Lois Badger, of whom the former came to Lee County in 1838. May 19, 1840, Chester Badger came to Lee County, locating at Binghamton, where his father built the first grist mill in the county. In 1847 he enlisted in Company E, First Illinois Regiment, for services during the Mexican War, he was discharged at Alton in October, 1848. On March 16, 185.3, he married Mary A Cushman. In political sentiment Mr. Badger is a Democrat and served as Supervisor of Am- boy Township eight years. WARREN H. BADGER, retired farmer, Am- boy, 111., was born in Corning, N. Y., in 1847, son of H. E. and Catherine (Clark) Badger, times in farming, milling, and in the mercan- From 1872 to 1902 he wasi engaged at different tile business. In 1874 he married Emeline Green of Jo Daviess County, 111., and to them three children — Henry H., Frances E. and Ar- thur — have been born. In political sentiment Mr. Badger is a Republican and in fraternal affiliations is a member of the Masonic Order. WILLIAM D. BAUM, contractor and builder, Dixon. 111., was born in Onondaga County, N. Y.. August 31, 1859, son of Jacob and Rachel (Ellwood) Baum. Jacob Baum was a farmer and, when William D. was five years of age, removed from New York State to DeKalb County. III., where he was engaged in farm- ing for a number of years, and afterwards re- Mary (Holdren) Bradshav,'. George Bradshaw was born in England in 1801, and came to the United States in the early '40s, locating at Rockford, 111., while his wife, Mary Holdren, was born in Pennsylvania. They are now de- ceased. On December 20. 4882, Mr. Aid Brad- shaw was married to Ella Pierce, daughter of Samuel and Sarah (Cole) Pierce, natives of Pennsylvania, and of this union there were three children: Alma L., Ada Arline, and one who died in infancy. Since August, 1902, Mr. Bradshaw has been in the hardware, imple- ment and vehicle business at Compton, In politics he is a Republican, and has served tired to the village of Malta, where he died. William D. Baum learned the carpenter's trade, and for nine or ten years followed that occu- pation in Chicago. Coming to Dixon in 1892, he formed a partnership with W. T. Greig, with whom he has since been associated in con- tracting and building. The firm conducts a profitable business, occasionally employing a large force of men, and many of the principal residences and leading business houses o£ that city have been erected under their supervis- ion. In 1884 Mr. Baum married Mary Spicker- man, who died at the birth of their first child, and in 1897 he married his second wife. Flora Rogers. In politics Mr. Baum is a Democrat, and socially belongs to the Knights of Macca- bees. LUTHER E. BURKET, farmer, Dixon Town- ship. Lee County, 111., was born on the farm where he now resides, Dec. 27. 1860, son of John N. and Mary (Fleck) Burket, natives of Pennsylvania. John N. Burket was a son of Peter and Barbara (Neff) Burket, also natives cf the Keystone State. He came to Dixon Township in 1854. built the brick residence now occupied by his son Luther E. in 1858, and engaged in farming until his death, Jan. 3, 1865. His wife survived him until March 27, 1866. Luther E. Burket obtained his educa- tion in the public schools of Dixon Township and his present farm, consisting of 200 acres, has always been his home. On December 10, 1884. he married Ida L. Lindeman. daughter of Herman and Nancy (Fritz) Lindeman, and to them three children have been born — two who died in infancy, and Leon R., born July 4, 1892. In political opinions Mr. Burket is a Republican. Mrs. Burket is a member of the Lutheran church. THOMAS W. BROWN (deceased) was born in Newport, R. I., August 14, 1820, son of Thomas W. and Rebecca (Vial) Brown, who were also natives, as well as lifelong residents of the State above mentioned. Thomas W. HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 763 Brown came to Lee County in 1839 and en- tered land, which he subsequently sold and removed to Inlet, 111., where he engaged in the merchant tailoring business. In 1856 he removed to Franklin Grove, where he conducted a tailoring establishment until 1871, but from 1875 until his death was engaged in fruit cul- ture. April 10, 1840. he married Ruth F. Simp- son, born in Newport, R. I., Feb. 12. 1819, daughter of Samuel' and Harriet Simpson. Mr. and Mrs. Brown were the parents of nine chil- dren, viz.: Matilda, who died at the age of sixteen years; Ella, who died aged six years; two who died in infancy; Thomas W. ; Robert P.; Mary E. K.; Harriet and Charlotte. Mr. Brown died Feb. 20, 1903: his wife dying Feb. 3, 1893. Mrs. Brown was a member of the Presbyterian church, C. \V. BOWERS, farmer. Section 20. Ashton Township. Lee County. III., was born on the farm where he now resides. Oct. 15, 1867, son of Lawrence and Dianah (Vogle) Bowers, na- tives of Germany. C. W. Bowers attended the public schools atl Ashton and for a brief period Mt. Morris Seminary, working during the in- tervening summer months on his father's farm, where, in youth, he became qualified to undertake its management, consisting of 280 acres of valuable land. February 25, 1901, he was married to Amelia Dreschler. a native of Germany. Having carefully studied Veterinary Surgery, and given much attention to the study of law. Mr. Bowers could readily qualify for either profession, but prefers to give his entire attention to farming and to the breeding and feeding of stock. In politics he is a Republi- can, fraternally a member of the Knights of the Globe, and in religious belief a Methodist. His father. Lawrence Bowers, died in July. 1900. JOHN W. BANKS, manager of the Warner & Guffln grain elevator company, Compton, 111., was born in Paris, Canada, Jan. 26, 1861, son of Joseph and Hannah (McDonald) Banks, natives of England and Canada respectively. .Tosejjh Banks settled with his family in Lee County in ISfiO. and for several years carried the United States mail between Melugin's Grove and Mendota, III., and was the first post- master in Compton. Lee County. III. He now resides in T.os Angeles. Cal. John W. Banks was married on Jan. 23, 1895. to Elizabeth McBride of Bloomsburg, Penn., daughter of Jonathan S. and Abby (Carnahan) McBride. and they have two sons. Stanley M.. and Joseph S. In politics Mr. Banks is a Republican, and at present is one of the village trustees, having served in that capacity for ten years. Socially he belongs to the Masonic order, 1. O. O. F.. M. W. A. and Eastern Star. In religious con- victions he is a Methodist. WILLIAM H. BRUCKER, farmer and stock- raiser, Sublette Township, Lee County, was born on the farm where he now resides, June 27, 1870, son of Christian and Mary (Schwingle) Brucker, the former born at Mie- thal, Alsace, May 18, 1825. and the latter in Buffalo, N. Y., August 3. 1842, the daughter of Fred and Christine (Smith) Schwingle, who were natives, respectively, of Saxe-Coburg, Germany, and Dimeringen, Alsace. Christian Brucker came to Lee County, III., in 1865, and on March 6, 1860, married Mary Schwingle and settled on a tract of 260 acres of land, embrac- ing a part of Sections 14 and 15 in Sublette Township. Here they reared a family of nine children who grew to years of maturity, the father dying Nov. 5, 1901. The mother still lives in Sublette Township. February 6, 1894, William H. Brucker married Carrie Trucken- brod, daughter of John and Elizabeth (Faber) Truckenbrod, natives, respectively, of Bavaria and Saxe-Coburg, but now residents of Clarion Tov.'nship, Bureau County. 111. Mr. and Mrs. Brucker have three children: Hattie M.. Harvey F., and Gilbert. Mr. Brucker pursues the occu- pation of farmer and stock-raiser on the pa- ternal homestead of 260 acres, which he now ov/ns, and where he has spent the whole of his life, except six years he was engaged in farming in Mendota Township. LaSalle County. In politics he is independent. PAUL BIEBEH. farmer. Sublette Township. Lee County. 111., was born in the township where he now resides. April 2, 1864, son of George and Elizabeth (Burger) Bieber, natives of Germany, who came to Lee County in 1858, locating at Sublette. George Bieber located in Chicago in 1853, where he was employed for some time as a shoemaker, and. during his residence there, had the opportunity of purchasing what are now the sites of principal 764 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. business blocks of that city at $10 each. He went to the Fatherland in 1859 and there mar- ried Elizabeth Burger, and he and his wife are the parents of three children — George. Katie (Mrs. George Leffleman) and Paul. Mr. Bieber died in 1S94, but his wifei still survives. Paul Bieber was married in 1890 to Elizabeth Strubel, daughter of John and Rigina (Amer- ine) Strubel. and they have three children — Clara, Claremont and George. In political views he is a Democrat, and in religious faith a Catholic. In 1892 he purchased his present farm consisting of 130 acres of valuable land, improved with substantially constructed and well-kept buildings. C. T. BEITEL farmer. Section 8. Alto Town- ship. Lee County. 111., was born in DeKalb County, 111.. March 11, 1860, son of J. T. and Emma L. (Troeger) Beitel, natives of Pennsyl- vania who came to Illinois in 1852 and settled in DeKalb County. Mr. ,1. T. Beitel died April 29, 1892, his wife surviving until April 9. 1901. They were the parents of thirteen children, the subject of this sketch being seventh in their family. C. T. Beitel worked on his father's farm and gained his education in the DeKalb County schools. He remained at home during his boyhood and youth, and, on reaching man- hood, first operated a cheese factory for three years, and was afterv/ards engaged as a book- keeper eight years at Hinckley. DeKalb County. In 1891 he purchased his present farm in Lee County, then known as the "Mahanna farm." for which he paid $35 per acre, and by sub- sequent improvements he has greatly increased the value of his property, having refused offers of $125 per acre. On April 21. 1883, Mr. Beitel was married to Hattie R., daughter of L. D. and Clara (Sutliff) Wilcox, and they are the parents of three children, viz.: Grace D.. Les- ter D. and Perry A. In religious belief Mr. Beitel is a Methodist, and in political opinions a Prohibitionist: is serving at the present time as School Director. Fraternally he is a member of the M. W. A. BURNS BROTHERS, grocers. Harmon. 111., are the sons of Owen and Catherine (Larkin) Burns, both of whom were natives of County Louth. Ireland, and came to the United States in 18(il, and to Lee County, 111., in 1868. To Mr. and Mrs. Owen Burns thirteen children were born, two of whom are now deceased. Those living are: Margaret M., Owen E.. Mary A., Thomas E., Catherine E.. Elizabeth A., Rose. Emma, Joseph P., Julia and Florence. Owen E. Burns, of this family, was born at Ohio, Bureau County. 111.. Dec. 2. 1866. attended the public school and graduated at Dixon Col- lege in 1884. In 1897 he was married to Bridget Riley, daughter of Peter and Mary (Carlin) Riley, natives of County Cavan, Ireland. He is a member of the Order of Columbian Knights. Thomas E. Burns was born in Marion Town- ship, Lee County, 111., July 27. 1872, attended the public school at Harmon, and also took a business course at St. Viaturus College, Bour- bonnais. 111., leaving there in 1893. In 1900 Thomas and Owen Burns opened up a grocery store at Harmon. 111., under the name of Burns Brothers, which they conducted in partnership for over three years, when, in the latter part of 1903, Ov.'en retired and en- gaged in the laundry business in Chicago, his residence being at 872 West Monroe street, Chicago. The Burns Brothers are both mem- bers of the Catholic church. O. W. BRIGGS, editor and proprietor ol "Lee County Times." Paw Paw. 111., was born in Willow Creek Township, Lee County, 111., Oct. 9, 1866, son of John B. and Alfred Briggs. In 1883 he came to Paw Paw, where, for four years, he was engaged in school teaching, after- wards entered the newspaper field, and in 1891 purchased the "Lee County Times." which he has since conducted. November 27. 1889, he married Jennie Pulver, daughter of James Pulver of Paw Paw, and they have two children — Harold A. and Stanley. In political views Mr. Briggs is a Republican, and socially belongs to the Masonic Order. Corinthian Lodge No. 205, and Mendota Chapter. GEORGE W. I. BROWN, physician and sur- geon. Dixon. 111., born in Greensboro. Penn., Oct. 26. 1846, son of John Cox and Elizabeth (Hcpton) Brown, grandson of George Moss and Latetia (MacFarland) Brown, and great- grandson of Richard Brown, who was a son of Sir Richard Brown of England. Richard Brown, born in England in 1760. came to Phila- delphia in 1781, married Frances Moss and became an extensive land-owner in Greene HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 765 County. Penn., and Monongalia Count}-. Va., (now West Virginia), which he entailed to his descendants. Latetia (MacFarland) Brown, daughter of John and Susanna (Cox) MacFar- land. natives of Wales, married George Moss Brown in Philadelphia, and they resided there all their lives. Dr. George W. I. Brown's mother, nee Elizabeth Hopton, was the daugh- ter of Jesse and Sarah (Finch) Hopton, who were Quakers, of English descent, and settled in Western Pennsylvania in 1810. When Dr. Brown was three years old, his father, who had been a glass manufacturer at Greensboro, removed to Monongalia County, Va., and turned his attention to farming, but later returned to Greene County, Penn., where he had come into possession of a part of the Brown estate. Here the son grew up on the farm, attending the dis- trict schools during the winter, took a two years' course in Greene Academy at Carmich- aels, and at eighteen years of age began the study of medicine with Dr. George F. Burch, of Greensboro, while teaching during the winter months; later continued his studies with Dr. George W. John, of Stewartstown, W, Va., and in 1867 entered Philadelphia University of Med- icine and Surgery, where he graduated in 1869. He then succeeded to the practice of his pre- ceptor. Dr. John, at Stewartstown, W. Va.: in 187(1 removed to Meyersdale, Penn.. where he remained seven years, meanwhile filling the position of Assistant Surgeon of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Company, Physician and Sur- geon of the Keystone Coal & Manufacturing Company, and a similar position with the Sav- age Fire Brick Company. Having sold his practice to Dr. J. Ernest Meiers, of Washing- ton, D. C. in 1877, he came to Illinois, entered Hahnemann Medical College at Chicago, and graduated in 1878. Then having entered into partnership with Dr. J. A. Hoffman, of Men- dota, he practiced for a time at LaMoille. but in the fall of the same year removed to Dixon, where he succeeded to the practice of Dr. Steele, of the firm of Steele & Blackman. the firm taking the name of Blackman & Brown. This partnership was dissolved in 1880, and Dr. Brown has since practiced alone. In 1900 he took a post-graduate course at the Chica.go Polyclinic Institute in Surgery, Gynecology and Dermatology, is now a member of the staff of Physicians and Surgeons of the Dixon Public Hospital; Surgeon of the Sterling. Dixon & Electric Railway and of the Lee County Light- ing & Fuel Company. The medical organiza- tions with which he is affiliated include the Lee County Medical Society; Rock River Insti- tute, of which he has been President; the Illi- nois State Medical Society: Illinois Homeopa- thic Medical Association: American Institute of Homeopathy, and the American .Medical As- sociation. From boyhood Dr. Brown has been identified with the Methodist church, and for thirty- three years a member of the Official Board, being the sixth member to join the church at Meyersdale, Penn., in 1870, which, in six years, grew to a membership of 250. He has also been prominently identified with educational matters, serving for six years as member of the Board of Education at Meyersdale, Penn,, and for fifteen years at Dixon, three years of this time serving as President; has also served two years as director of the Dixon Building and Loan Association. Since he was twenty- one years of age he has been an enthusiastic member of the Masonic Fraternity, having taken all the higher degrees of the order, and has filled numerous official positions, includ- ing Commander of Dixon Commandery, No. 21, K. T.; member of Freeport Consistory, S. P. R. S. ; Grand Lodge of the State: Grand Royal Arch Chapter, and Grand Commandery K. T. of the State of Illinois. Politically he is a Re- publican, casting his first vote for Gen. Grant for President in 1868, and has often, served his party in State and minor conventions. In 1S72 the Doctor was united in marriage to Magda- lene Miller, daughter of Josiah and Matilda (Beachy) Miller, of Meyersdale. Penn., and they have three children: Charles LeRoy, born in 1874, now an attorney-at-law in Chicago; Edna Florence, born in 1877, at home; and George Harold, born in 1887, who is completing his senior year in the Dixon High School. REV. DANIELS. CLARK (deceased), born in Ellington, Conn., Jan. 21, 1822, son of David and Sarah (Bartlett) Clark: in early life moved to West Woodstock, Conn., and there learned the carpenter's trade; then in 1853, coming to Amboy, Lee County, 111., was employed for some years by the Illinois Central Railroad Company, as superintendent of many of its buildings. In 1859 Mr. Clark became an exhorter in the Second Adventist Christian church, and 766 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. the following year was formally ordained as a preacher in that denomination, continuing this work until his death. March 20, 1900. In 1844 Mr. Clark was married to Nancy M. Vin- ton, daughter of Hosea and Clementine Vinton, who were natives of Connecticut. Mrs. Clark, who still suirvives, is a member of the Advent- ist church at Mendota, 111. FERNANDO H. CHAFFEE, retired farmer, Paw Paw, 111., was born in Athens, Vt., Nov. 21, 1827, son of Eber and Annie (Davis) Chaf- fee. In 1839 the family came to Kane County, 111. In 1852 Mr. Chaffee went overland to California, and after an absence of four and a half years returned to Lee County, where he has since resided. July 15, 1858, he married Delia Barber, daughter of Lahira and Annis (Nichols) Barber, and to them the following named children have been born, viz.: Edmund W., Elmer S.. Wilbur T., Ella M.. Minnie A., Marcia M.. Ernest L., Carrie B.. John F. and C. Bernard — the last five named being de- ceased. To a former marriage was born Abby F. Tabor, who now resides at Paw Paw. 111. In politics Mr. Chaffee is a Democrat. WILBUR T. CHAFFEE, Paw Paw, 111., was born in Wyoming Township. Lee County. Sept. 15, 1867, the son of Fernando H. and Delia (Barber) Chaffee. He attended the district schools until fifteen years of age, when the family removed to Paw Paw, 111. In 1886 he entered Lake Forest University, graduating from the classical course of that institution in 1893. From 1895 to 1901 he was in Califor- nia attending to his father's interests in that State, but at the present time is engaged in lead and zinc mining at Leadville, Colorado. On September 18, 1901, he married Mary R. McBride, daughter of John B. and Sarah (Bry- son) McBride, and of this union there is one child, Helen Margaret. In political sentiment Mr. Chaffee is a Democrat, and in religious faith a Presbyterian. He is a member of the I. O. O. F. SAMUEL CRAWFORD, retired farmer. Dix- on, 111., was born in Pennsylvania, May 23, 1823. son of William and Fannie (Moore) Crawford, also natives of the Keystone State. Mr. Crawford came to Lee County in 1848. locating in Nachusa Township, where he de- voted his attention to general farming and stock-raising until 1883, when he removed to Dixon, and has since lived retired. He was married on Feb. 10, 1848. and of his children three are now living — William J.. Wilson and Calvin B. Mrs. Crawford died in July.lSS6. In political sentiment Mr. Crawford is a Repub- lican, and in religious belief a Presbyterian. CALVIN B. CRAWFORD, merchant. Na- chusa. 111., was born in Nachusa Township, Lee County, 111., April 18, 1858. son of Samuel and Mary A. (Burket) Crawford. Mr. Crawford bought an interest in his present business in 1885. but one year later purchased the en- tire stock, and has since conducted the enter- prise alone. Since 1898 he has been proprietor of a grain elevator at Nachusa, and also owns and manages a 200-acre farm. On February 17, 1881, he married Anna M., daughter of Wilson and Frances (Wallace) Dysart. Mrs. Craw- ford died in December, 1887, leaving three chil- dren: Grace. Edgar L., and Leslie R. In May, 1890, Mr. Crawford married his second wife, Ina O. Dysart, who died in September, 1890. She was a daughter of Philip and Ruth (Igo) Dysart. In politics Mr. Crawford is a Republi- can, and is a member of the County Central Committee, has been Postmaster at Nachusa since 1888. Fraternally he belongs to the Ma- sonic Order at Franklin Grove. WILSON CRAWFORD, farmer. Nachusa Township. Lee County. 111., was born in the township where he now resides. July IS. 1850, son of Samuel and Mary Ann (Burket) Craw- ford. Mr. Crawford began his business life in 1872, and first conducted his father's farm for two years, afterwards engaged in the grain business at Nachusa for the same length of time, and then removed to Dixon, 111., where he was employed by the Chicago & Northwest- ern Railroad Company for twelve and a half years. In 1894 he removed to his present 200- acre farm, where he has since been engaged in general farming and stock-raising. On Novem- ber 8, 1887, he married Allie Rhodes, and to them four children were born — Arthur Leroy. Roscoe Wilson, Florence, and Elizabeth. In political views Mr. Crawford is a Republican and has served as School Director for nine years. HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY 767 ALBERT W. CRAWFORD, farmer, China Township, Lee County. III., was born at Na- chusa, Lee County, 111.. July 16, 1S54. son of John M. and Mary A. (Dysart) Crawforil. Al- bert W. Crawford began business life for him- self as a farmer in 1S77, which he continued until 1882, when he removed to Iowa. Return- ing to Lee County in 1889. he located in Frank- lin Grove, where he resided until 1900, and then removed to the A. R. Whitney farm in China Township. On June 24, 1S79. he married Carrie L. Whitney, daughter of Alexis R. and Mary J. (Oakley) Whitney, and of this union there are five children — Mary (Mrs. R, C. Gross), John R.. Albert W.. Jr.. Robert D., and Charles L. In politics Mr. Crawford affiliates with the Repub- lican party. Fraternally he belongs to the Ma- sonic order, Blue Lodge and Chapter at Frank- lin Grove. Dixon Commandery, and Medinah Temple, Chicago. JOSEPH D. CRAWFORD (deceased) was born in Nachusa Township. Lee County, 111., Feb. 11, 1858, son of John M. and Mary (Dy- sart) Crawford. During his life he was actively identified with the farming Interests of his native township. On January 4, 1882, he mar- ried Carrie B., daughter of Zachariah and Hannah (Wingert) Emmert, and to them five children were born — J. Blair. Blanche. Frank E., Lucy B. (deceased), and Lizzie M. (de- ceased). In political views Mr. Crawford was a Republican. He died April 1, 1892. JAMES CAHILL. farmer, Marion Township, Lee County, born in County Tipperary. Ireland, in August, 1833. son of Patrick Cahill. also a native of Ireland, and in June. 1853, came to the United States; after spending three years near Boston, Mass., came west to Lee County, III., where he became the owner of 240 acres of land. July 4, 1860, Mr. Cahill married Miss Johanna Healy. born at Ottawa. 111., March 9. 1842, the daughter of John Healy, who emi- grated from Ireland to the United States in the early '30s. Mr. and Mrs. Cahill have had eleven children, of whom six are living, viz.: Wil- liam, Edward, Mary, Joseph, Austin and Ellen. Mr. Cahill is a Democrat politically and has served six years as Pathmaster of his town- ship and about the same length of time as School Director. He and his family are mem- bers of the Catholic church. THOMAS A. CARUTH, farmer, Wyoming Township, Lee County. 111., was born at Paw Paw. 111.. Nov. 24. 1869. the son of Alexander and Mary Jane (McCarrell) Caruth. He was reared on the farm, and now owns the old homestead, comprising 200 acres. On October 3. 1894. Mr. Caruth was married to Josie, daughter of Avery and Josephine (Merriman) Merriman, and of this union three children — Eva V., Howard A. and Mabel E. — have been born. In political opinions he is a Republican, and has served as School Director for twelve years. In religious belief he is a Presbyterian. WILLIAM W. CADY, retired farmer, Har- mon, III., was born in Rhode Island. April 21, 1862, the son of Wesley and Elsey (Brown) Cady, who were also natives of the same State. William W. Cady came to LaSalle County, 111., in 1850, and in 1878 moved to Harmon Town- ship, where he now resides. February 20, 1848, he married Louisa Bennett, and to them one son, George, was born, who is now deceased. Mrs. Cady died March 9. 1903. and onj June 14, 1903, Mr. Cady married Fanny Williams, daugh- ter of John H. and Adelia (Toby) Williams. During the Civil War Mr. Cady served one year in Company C, Fifty-ninth Illinois Volunteer Infantry. He is a Republican in political views, and served seven years as School Director, and the same length of time as Pathmaster. He is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church. ALEXANDER CARUTH (deceased) was born in Ireland in 1831, and came with his parents — Andrew and Jennie Caruth — to Amer- ica about 1850, and settled near Cottage Hill, Lee County, 111. He married Mary Jane Mc- Carrell, who was also a native of the Emer- ald Isle, and to them seven children were born, viz.: Jennie, Lizzie, Sadie, Hannah, Cynthia, Thomas and Eva (deceased). In politics he was a Republican, and was a member of the Presbyterian church. Mr. Caruth died in, 1872. His wife still (1903) survives, and resides at Paw Paw. 111. DR. HIRAM CARNAHAN. retired physician. Compton. Lee County. 111., was born in Colum- bia County. Penn.. June 10, 1830, son of Samuel and Elizabeth Carnahan, who were also natives 768 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. of the Keystone State and settled at Malugin's Grove in 1848. Doctor Carnahan practiced his profession in this vicinity for over thirty years. In 1857 he married Sarah Christiance. daughter of Abraham and Caroline C. Christiance, na- tives of Nev/ York State. Doctor and Mrs. Car- nahan are the parents of nine children, four of whom are now living. The Doctor is a Repub- lican in politics, a Royal Arch Mason in fra- ternal relations, and a member of the Metho- dist Episcopal church. ANDREW J. CARNAHAN (deceased) was born in Columbia County, Penn., in 1816. In 1850 he came to Lee County, 111., and purchased land in Brooklyn Township, where he farmed until 1872. Through his influence a railroad station was built on his land, where he after- wards erected a number of buildings and con- ducted an extensive mercantile business for a number of years. In 1834 he married Eliza- beth Holdren, and they became the parents of nine children. For many years Mr. Carnahan served as Justice of the Peace, He was a member of the Methodist Episcopal church. ALPHEUS H. CLINK, farmer and stock- raiser, Sublette Township, Lee County, was born in Bradford County. Penn., April 6, 1829. the son of William and Rebecca (Hulbert) Clink, natives, respectively, of New York and Pennsylvania; came to Lee Coimty, 111., in 1843, with his parents, who settled at Lee Center. The family consisted of nine children. William Clink, the father, born Sept. 20, 1800. died in June, 1856: the mother died May 28, 1886. Alpheus H. Clink has lived on the farm, of which 160 acres bought by his father when the family settled there in 1848, forms apart. March 3, 1850, he was married to Julia A. Can- field, who was born in Bradford County, Penn., Feb. 8, 1831, daughter of Andrew and Loraine (Gaylord) Canfield, natives of Pennslyvania. and one son was born of this marriage, How- ard M., December, 1854. December 11. 1855, Mr. Clink married, as his second wife, Melissa M. Robinson, who was born in Ohio, Aug. 9, 1837, daughter of Alexander and Sarah (Avery) JRobinson, who came to Lee County in 1852. Five children were born of this marria.ge: Nina, wife of John Ellsworth; William H., who was drowned in British Columbia in 1891- Frank, a barber in Dixon, 111.; Haney, who re- sides on the old farm, and Sadie R., who died in 1896, aged twenty-six years. Mr. Clink has served as School Director twenty years. High- way Commissioner nine years, and as delegate to many political conventions. FRANK W. CASE, liveryman. Paw Paw, III., was born in Earlville, 111., Sept. 5, 1872, the son of John A. and Phoebe (Warren) Case. With the exception of two years spent in Iowa, Mr. Case was engaged in farming until the spring cf 1903, when he formed a partnership with S. E. Smith in the livery business. On February 24. 1898, he married Lucy M. Patrick, daughter of William and Mary Patrick, and they have one son, Frederick W. In political sentiment Mr. Case is a Republican, and he and his wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal church at Paw Paw. JOHN ALVIN CASE, retired farmer. Paw Paw, 111., was born in Wyoming County, Penn., Aug. 4, 1831, son of Chauncey and Mary E. (Roberts) Case. He came to Lee County in 1845, and in 1851 went to California, where he remained fourteen years. In 1862 Mr. Case en- listed in Company I, Fourth California Volun- teer Infantry, and served until 1865. Return- ing td La Salle County. 111., in the latter year, he engaged in farming until 1901, and then moved to Paw Paw, where he has since lived retired. In 1870 he married Phoebe Warren, and they have three children: Julia M., Frank W., and Armand P. Mr. Case is Independent in politics. He is a member of the G. A. R. at Paw Paw. FRANCIS M. CASE, farmer, Wyoming Town- ship, Lee County, 111., was born in Wyoming County, Penn., Feb. 15, 1839, son of Chauncey and Mary E. (Roberts) Case, natives of Con- necticut and Pennsylvania, respectively. In 1845 Frank M. was Ijrought by his parents to Lee County, the following year locating with them on the farm where he now resides. In early manhood he taught school for several terms, but for many years has been engaged in farming, his holdings now comprising 290 acres. In August. 1862, he enlisted in Com- pany K, Seventy-fifth Illinois Volunteer In- fantry, but was discharged in 1863 on account of i)hysical disability, having been twice woimded in battle. On October 10, 1867, he married Cynthia J. Clark, daughter of John and HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 769 Euphemia (Marshall) Clark, natives of Penn- sylvania, who came to Ogle County, 111., in 1S50, and located in Marion Township. Three chil- dren have been born to Mr. and Mrs. Case, viz.: Stella M., Harry L., and Charles C. In political views Mr. Case is a Republican, and in religious convictions a Methodist, being a member of the church at Paw Paw, 111. GEORGE W. CHRISTEANCE, farmer, Brook- lyn Township, Lee County, 111., was born in the township where he nov,' resides, Jan. 20, 1S41. son of Abram V. and Caroline C. (Borhight) Christeance, natives of Schenectady, N. Y., but originally of Holland-Dutch ancestry. Abram V. and Caroline C. Christeance came to Lee County in 1835, and were the parents of six- teen children, six of whom grew to maturity. George \V. Christeance was reared on a farm, and in October, ISfil, enlisted in Cheney's Bat- tery, Company F, First Illinois Artillery, serv- ing three years and four months. In ISfiS he re-enlisted in Hancock's Veteran Corps, serving one year, one month and nineteen days. For many years he has been engaged in farming on his 160-acre farm in Brooklyn Township. On April 5, 1871, Mr. Christeance was married to Eliza A., daughter of Conrad and Mahalee (Goff) Rutzee, natives of Germany, who settled in Lee County, 111., in ISfifl, and to this union nine children have been born, viz.: Eva. Cora, Nellie, ,Ioseph, Caroline, Fannie, Harry, Burton and Ida May. The three oldest are now deceased. Mr. Christeance is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church and fraternally is associated v.'ith the I. O. O. F. and G. A. R. Post. In political sentiment he is a Repub- lican. SHERWOOD DIXON (deceased), born at Dixon, 111.. Nov. 15. 1847, son of James P. and Fanny (Reed) Dixon, and grandson of Father Jchn Dixon: admitted to the bar in 18(58; mar- ried in November, 1869. Melissa G. Mead, of Dixon. 111.; practiced law at Dixon from 1868 to 1874. in partnership with John V. Eustace and William Barge, under the firm name cf Eustace, Barge & Dixon; removed to Chicago where he resided from 1874 to 1S77 and prac- ticed law there in partnership with William W. O'Brien and William Barge, under the firm name of O'Brien. Barge & Dixon; returned to Dixon in 1S77. and entered into partnership with Solomon H. Bethea, remaining with him until 1884. when he formed a partnership with John D. Crabtree, which continued until 1888, when Mr. Crabtree was elected Circuit Judge; partnership with Mr. Bethea was then resumed and continued until the death of Mr. Dixon. He was for seven years a member of the (Board of Education, and for three years President of the Board; from 1880 to 1888 he was Master in Chancery of Lee County. In politics he was a Democrat and a delegate to the Democratic National Conventions in 1884 and 1892; was a member of the Thirty-sixth and Thirty-seventh General Assemblies of the State of Illinois, and drafted the Australian ballot law, which is now in force tl903); while in the Legislature he v.'as Chairman of the Judiciary Committee and of the Democratic steering committee; was Democratic candidate for Congress for this Congressional District in 1886, but was de- feated; in July, 1894, was appointed United States Attorney for the Northern District of Illinois and removed to Chicago where he died, Dec. 2, 1894. His children were: Henry S.. Louis M. and George C. — all of whom are yet living. HENRY S. DIXON was born at Dixon, III., Aug. 28, 1870, son of Sherwood and Melissa G. (Mead) Dixon, and a great-grandson of Father John Dixon; graduated from Dixon High School in 1888, and from Kent Law School, Chicago, 189.3 ; read law with his father. Sher- v.ood Dixon, at Dixon, and with William J. Hynes. of Chicago; private, corporal, sergeant and Second Lieutenant of Company G, Sixth Regiment Illinois National Guard, 1888-1891; admitted to the bar in June, 1893; Assistant I'nited States Attorney at Chicago, 1894-95; returned to Dixon in 1895, and entered into partnership with S. H. Bethea, continuing un- til 1897; since the latter date has been practic- ing law at Dixon alone; appointed Referee in Bankruptcy for the Northern District of Illi- nois by Judge P. S. Grosscup in 1899. and is yet acting as such; elected Mayor of the City cf Dixon in March. 1903; married July 24. 1895. Margaret C. Casey of Chicago, and they have four children: John ShPrwoo .' .. :> ^i'' I V I •(■'I ' t . ■ r w ■' i . Mil