at the 'World's Coiti'^^'^"*^- ExDomBon lo 1893 W^m: LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. Chap. T500 Shelf r^ir pkESENTED BX IT :m^A ^\-%^?s^^_... UNITED ST! ajES OF AMEEroA. \0 ■o-'yn^i/c^rrt'e''n^^6-^ yO-^ IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION, Please acknowledge receipt to J. O. Crosby, GARNAVILLO, IOWA mm^M REPORT OB^ THE Iowa Columbian Commission, CONTAINING A FULL STATEMENT OF ITS PROCEEDINGS, INCLUDING A LIST OF ALL DISBURSEMENTS, ACCOMPANIED BY COMPLETE VOUCHERS THEREFOR. C^^^^^>t^e^^^ c^^/C-t. '^r^^ CHICAGO, A. D., 1893 PUBLISHED BY THE COMMISSION, CEDAR RAPIUS, IOWA. REPUBLICAN I'KINTING COMPANY, PRINTERS AND BINDERS. 1895. f^ TABLE OF CONTENTS. Letter of Transmission, - - - - 7 Report of the Commission, - - - - g Report of the Executive Conniiittee, - - - 21 Report of the Committee on Ceremonies, - - 35 Report of the Committee on Music, - - - 88 Report of the Department of Live Stock, - - 95 Report of the Department of Agriculture, Dairy and Apiary, - 125 Report of the Department of Horticulture, - - 165 Report of the Department of Minerals and Geology, - - 177 Report of the Department of the Press, - - Report of the Department of Woman's Work, - - 188 Report of the Department of Manufactures and Machinery, - 197 Report of the Department of Education and Fine Arts, - - 199 Report of the Department of Forestry, Photography and Corn Food, 214 Report of the Committee on Archaeological, Historical and Statisti- cal Information, including discovery, settlement, boundaries geo- graphy and topography of Iowa, - - - 220 Geology of the State, . - . . 243 Climatology, - - - - - 257 Natural Resources, - - - - 271 Commercial Facilities, - . . . 280 Banking, Insurance and Taxation, - - - 286 Legends of the Origin of Maize, - - - - 297 Live Stock, . _ _ - _ -^04 Dairying, ----- -^07 Horticulture, ----- ^09 Native Flora, Forests and Artificial Groves - - 314 Manufacturing, - - - - - 318 Work of the Fish Commisson, - - - - ^23 Education, ----- ^24 Libraries, ------ 333 Churches and Church Work, - - - 333 Corn and and other Palaces, - - - - ^43 Iowa Books and Authors, . - - - ^46 Iowa at Expositions, ----- 358 Iowa Population Tabulated, - - 365 State Government and Institutions, - - - 367 Report of the Auditing Committee, - - - 378 UNITED STATES COMMISSIONERS FOR IOWA, PROF. W. F. KING. COL. JOSEPH EIBOECK ALTERNATE U. S. COMMISSIONERS FOR IOWA. Answering A Request for His Pho- tograph Says: "I never have had, have not now and never expect to have the article you wish, liesides I have not the least desire 'to go rattling or thun- dering down the ages' posing as an alternate commissioner of the World's Fair." JOHN HAVES. C. E. WHITIN(i. To His Excellency Frank D. Jackson, Governor of Iowa : Sir:— Chapter ii6of the laws of the 23d General Assembly, entitled "An act to provide for a creditable exhibit of the resources of the State of Iowa, in the Columbian Exposition, or the World's Fair, to be held in Chi- cago," approved April 15th, i8qo, provides that "At the close of its services the Commission shall make to the Governor a statement of its proceedings, which shall include a list of all disbursements, with complete vouchers therefor attached." In fultillment of the statutory requirement, we have the honor to submit to your Excellency the following report, accompanied by the reports of all the Standing Committees and Commissioners in charge of departments, which show the plans of promotion and preparation, and the prosecution of the work committed to us by the Executive Council of the State, and are designed to be a. complete history of Iowa at the World's Columbian Expo- sition of 1893, together with a full list of all disbursements and vouchers therefor. Respectfully submitted, James O. Crosby, President. John F. Buncombe, Vice-President. F. N. Chase, Secretary. William Hamilton Dent, Treasurer. S. H. Mallory, ) S. B. Packard, \ Executive Com. H. W Seaman, ) Henry Stivers, Charles Ashton, J. W. Jarnagin, A. C. Roberts, Q = 2: o Report of the Iowa Columbian Commission. BY JAMES O. CROSBY. To his Excellency Frajik D. Jackson^ Governor of the State of Iowa : During the Exposition, pursuant to a resolution of the Commission, the committee on Archaeological, Historic il and Statistical information pub- lished "A Hand Book of Iowa," for general distribution from the Iowa State Building. A first edition of 2o,ood copies was soon exhausted and a second edition of 5,000 was printed, and that too has been exhausted. The report of that committee is accompanied by a copy of the book and is herewith re-published. It contains the laws of the 23d and 24th General Assembly creating the Commission and making appropriations for its work, with a full account of the organization of the. Commission, its officers, committees, and classification of departments of its work, to which reference is made without repetition here. The second session of the Commission was held at Des Moines on the 15th day of October, 1890, when a set of rules was adopted that was pub- lished in pamphlet form, with the act of the 23d General Assembly and the act of Congress providing for the Exposition. The rules provided for regular sessions of the Commission to be held at the Capitol in Des Moines, on the first Wednesday of February, June and October. A committee was appointed to publish an address to the people of the state, in order to awaken an interest in preparing for a creditable representation of Iowa at the Exposition. Soon after President Harrison issued his proclamation setting forth that Chicago had complied with the requirements of the act of Congress, the committee issued the following address which was generally published in the newspapers of the state: The Iowa Columbian Commission, To the People of the State of Iowa : As it is tit and appropriate that the four hundredth anniversary of the discovery of America should be commemorated by an Exhibition of the resources of the United States of America, their development, and of the progress of civilization in the New World, the Con- gress of the United States has enacted "that an Exhibition of arts, industries, manufactures, and products of the soil, mine and sea, shall be inaugurated in the year 1892, in the city of Chicago, in the state of Illinois." The President of the United States, in pursuance of said enactment, through the De- partment of State, has made Proclamation of the same, setting forth the time the Exposition vvill open and close, and in behalf of the Government and people has invited Foreign Na- tions to take part in said Exposition and appoint representatives thereto. The buildings will be dedicated on the 12th day of October, 1892, with ceremonies appro- priate to the four hundredth anniversary of the discovery of America by Christopher Col- umbus, and the Exposition will be open to visitors not later than the lirst day of .May, 1893, and close not later than the 30th day of October thereafter. The act of Congress provides that the Secretary of the Treasury shall cause to be erected, at a cost not exceeding 8400,000. a suitable building in which there shall be exhib- ited from the Executive Departments, the Smithsonian Institution, the United States Fish Commission, and the National Museum, such articles and materials as illustrate the function 10 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION and administrative faculty of the Government in time of peace, and its resources as a war power, tending to demonstrate the nature of our institutions and their adaptation to the Avants of the people. The Secretary of the Treasury is also directed to place on exhibition one of the Life Saving Stations authorized by existing laws to be constructed, and to cause the same to be fully equipped with all apparatus, furniture and appliances now in use in all life saving sta- tions in the United States. It is expected that Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, Central, South and British Amer- ica, the Islands of the Sea, and every State and Territory in our Union, will be represented with their finest productions of "arts, manufactures, and of the soil, mine and sea." The whole world "competing in generous rivalry for the palm of superior excellence " In the things that make Nations great and prosperous and happy, Iowa stands in the front rank of States, and is situated so near the location of the Exposition, that she should avail herself of this opportimity to make such an exhibit as will fully show her real condi- tion and thus augment our national exhibit, and add to the grandeur of the whole as a com- prehensive display of the industrial, intellectual and moral development of the World. International Expositions have grown to such immense proportions, and are prepared at such great cost, it is not probable that the present generation will be called upon to assist in the preparation of another within the United States. The Commission will take pleasure in communicating all needed information and in furnishing all facilities within its power: yet with the people must rest the responsibility of the success or failure of our State to be properly represented: and we invoke the aid of every true citizen to do all within his power, in her exhibit to place Iowa before the assem- bled Nations, in the position to which she is justly entitled; that we may thus be enabled to compare with other States our condition and capabilities, and our Nation with other Nations of the World. Ample buildings will be constructed to supply all the needs of the Exposition, and sufficient space will be secured for all exhibits from our State: and we earnestly urge all Agricultural and Horticultural Societies and Farmers' Alliances and Clubs, all Stock Breeders' Associations and Stock Breeders; Manufacturers of every description; all Min- ers, Mechanics, Farmers, Nurserymen, Quarrymen; all persons in control of State Institu- tions; all Institutions of Learning, Teachers and School Boards; Artists, Musicians, Photo- graphers, Printers. Publishers. Bankers. State Officers, Managers of Rail Ways, Insurance Companies, and Producers of every kind, to begin now to plan for the best contribution you can make to the World's Columbian Exposition. This Exposition will be a school of observation to the farmer, of technical education to every artisan, a school of design to every manufacturer ; it will stimulate progress in the sciences, arts and industries that benefit mankind; it will advance knowledge, dispel con- ceit and prejudice; cultivate friendship between individuals, States and Nations, 1 here is no other means of diffusing knowledge in so short a time, so wide and varied in its scope, to an extent so great and far reaching in its refining and elevating influence. It is desirable that the greatest possible number of our people should attend the Ex- position, and devote as much time as they can give to the study of its mammoth collection af object lessons, for it will bean opportunity the value of which is beyond computation. Address all communications to F. N. Chase, Secretary, Cedar Falls, Iowa. Signed by the Members of the Commission. At the regular meeting in February, 1891, a committee was appointed to visit Chicago and make appHcation for a site for an Iowa State Building. Being the first state with an organized World's Fair Commission, and the first to apply for a location, before the plan for laying off the grounds had been fully matured, an acre and a half was assigned to Iowa, and formally accepted, which was afterwards given to France and Ceylon, upon which their buildings were erected. When Jackson Park was surveyed and plat completed, the ground assigned to our state was found to be within the location desired for foreign countries and a favorable exchange was made, by which we received the beautiful site, including the "Shelter," on the shore of Lake Michigan, with a finely constructed sea wall in front, and permission was given to make such use of the building as we desired, conditioned that at the close of the Fair we return it as it came to us. A large expense was thus saved in the cost of a sufficient building for the needs of the state during the Exposition. There is a tradition that the architect employed, some years before the Fair, by the South Park Commis- sioners, to design a structure for that place as *'A shelter in the time of storm" for visitors and pic-nic parties, and for romantic worshipers at the shrine of Terpsichore, had in his possession jilans of the French Chateau de losselyn, and took a section of it for the design, and called it -'The 12 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION Shelter." After Messrs. Josselyn & Taylor of Cedar Rapids were chosen architects for the Commission, and we had come in possession of the Shelter, Mr. Josselyn made a visit to the grounds for the purpose of studying the situation, when he recognized a section of his ancestral chateau, of which he also possessed the plans. The additions made took another section, nearly reproducing the chateau, with only such changes as were necessary to adapt it to its use as the Iowa State Building. The following preliminary plan of promotion and preparation was adopted: 1. Requiring each Commissioner to ascertain and report at the next meeting, the agricultural, industrial, mineral, mechanical, educational, and other resources and advantages of the congressional district of his residence worthy of being represented at the Columbian Exposition. 2. That all individual exhibitors in this state be assisted in the trans- portation of their exhibits to the Exposition and return; that a competent person shall be in attendance at Chicago to give full information and assist in properly locating such exhibits according to classification and space allotted. 3. That there be procured an educational exhibit of the State Univer- sity, State Agricultural College, all Colleges and Academies, all High Schools, all Normal Schools and common schools, and the State Teachers' Association. 4. That statistical charts be prepared of all state institutions, showing their history and extent, with full statements of their management. 5. That Ottumwa be requested to furnish a model of its Coal Palace, Creston of its Bluegrass Palace, Sioux City of its Corn Palace, and Forest City of its Flax Palace 6. That an exhibit of soils to the depth of five or six feet, as it is in place, be made in glass tubes six inches in diameter, samples of soil to be taken from different localities so as to show the general character of the soil throughout the state. 7. That a large geological map be constructed after the model at p. 33 of White's Geological Report of Iowa, and a collection of specimens of the different formations as they occur in place from the lowest exposures in the state to the highest, to be exhibited in cases with glass fronts 12 inches wide and 6 feet high. 8. That all proprietors operating quarries of building stone be requested to furnish samples of stone in 12-inch cubes with different dress for each face, but one left to show cleavage. 9. That a collection be made of all varieties of grasses growing in the state, both wild and cultivated, and artistically arranged for an exhibit. 10. That the State Horticultural Society and State Agricultural Society be invited to make exhibits to worthily represent their respective depart- ments, and the Fish Commission to make such representation as will show tile growth of pisciculture in the state. 11. That a suitable building be erected on the State Agricultural Fair grounds for the Conmiission to hold open headquarters during the fairs of 1 891 and 1892. A committee was appointed to procure from the depart- ment of promotion and publicity such suitable World's Fair literature as 14 REPORT OF JOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION was obtainable, and to prepare such printed matter as was necessary to place before Iowa people the work and the needs of the Commission in relation to it, to be for free distribution at the headquarters, which was placed in charge of the executive committee and the secretary. 12. That the executive committee prepare a detailed statement of the amount necessary lo enable the Commission to make such an exhibit as will worthily represent the state. 13. A committee was appointed to prepare a list of all the periodical publications in the state, their characteristics and circulation. Also a committee to prepare a list of the religious denominations in the State, the number of church buildings, parsonages, schools and their endow- ments and number of students; number of ministers and church members,. Sabbath Schools with their officers, teachers, scholars and libraries. The Secretary visited many cities of the state for the purpose of secur- ing the co-operation of the Press, Boards of Trade, and industrial organiza- tions. He also issued the following circular letter: "Ckdar Falls. Iowa, April, 1891. To the Farmers of Iowa : "My Dear Si K :— The Iowa Columbian Commission for the World's Columbian Exposition, to be held in Chicago, is now organized and is per- fecting plans which will, if carried out, insure an exhibit of all the resources and all the varied industries of our great State which will be to our credit, and also add greatly to the future growth and prosperity of our common- wealth. The Board of Management at Chicago, is preparing immense buildings on Jackson Park in which the competitive exhibits, by individuals and firms from all the states and territories in the United States, and all the Foreign Nations will be exhibited in their proper departments according to their classification, but each state is asked to erect a suitable building for their headquarters, m which will be shown the collective state exhibit, represent- ing the advantages, resources and possibilities of their respective states. A circular will be issued later on that will more fully explain the scope and variety of the exhibits in the different departments of this state collec- tion. The Iowa Commission realize that the extent magnitude and success of the Iowa State Exhibit in this department, depends largely upon the farm- ers We therefore respectfully ask your hearty co-operation and invite cor- respondence. We believe that at the proper time the state will grant all the financial aid that is needed to make the Exhibit a credit to the state We desire especially at this time to call your attention to the importance of se- curing, during this season, the best possible specimens of corn, of the many different varieties; of all the grasses, also of grain, wheat, rye, oats, barley, flax, millet, broom corn, and any other cereals that can be preserved in good form till 1893. We ask you to take special care to select and save any un- usually large ears of corn, and extra heavy heads of grain with very long straw. All the small grains should be preserved in the straw with the roots attached. Our object in asking your co-operation at this time is, to procure the best possible samples during the two seasons intervening between now and the opening of the Exposition. May ist, 1893, to prevent a failure in case the season of 1892 should, by unfavorable weather, render it impossible to obtain the best that our soil could produce under favorable circumstances. If the season of 1891 should f)r()ve to be bad, we would still have next year's crop to draw from, and Iowa which now takes the lead as an agricultural state, must show her best soil, and her best products, and she will then stand first in all the states with her State Exhibit at the Great Exposition. For the Iowa Columbian Connnmission F. N. Chase, Secretary." REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION I5 The Populist, Republican and Democratic parties at their State Con- ventions in 1891, all adopted resolutions in their platforms favoring a liberal appropriation by the Legislature to convene the following winter, to enable the Commission to make a creditable Exhibit. In response to a request from Chief Buchanan, to furnish three columns, of three pieces each, of Iowa tree trunks for the colonnade of the Forestry building, a committee was appointed that procured and forwarded the num- ber desired. Large quantities of World's Fair literature were distributed in the fall of i8qi, from the headquarters of the State Fair, and at the Coal Palace, the Blue Grass Palace, the Corn Palace, the Flax Palace, and generally at the county fairs. In December of that year, the Executive Committee, after consultation with many organizations and individual stock breeders and agriculturists, made the following report, which was adopted, and printed copies placed in the hands of all the members of the 24th General Assembly which convened on the second Monday of January, 1892: To the Iowa Columbian Commission : "The Executive Committee present the following estimate of money re- quired to prepare, install and maintain an exhibit of the products of Iowa at the World's Fair at Chicago in 1893. In making these estimates, your com- mittee realizes the fact that a large amount of money must be expended in making preparations. The success of our representation all lies in getting ready. Our stock raisers and farmers are not able to work a year to get ready, and then devote the next season, when they shall be planting and harvesting, to making an exhibit to the world for the benefit of the state of Iowa at large. The Commissioners must offer sufficient encouragement to induce the people to get ready whatever they can, that is worthy and cred- itable to the state. No lowan will begrudge the money necessary for a state building equal to our sister states. We undertake this enterprise for the purpose of making known to the world the resources of Iowa, and if it is worth doing at all it is worth doing well. In making these estimates we have added the cost of transportation and also provided for renewals of perishable articles. We estimate: For state building and equipment for same S 75,000 Live Stock — This to include domestic animals of all varieties, kinds and classes of Iowa breeding, rearing and ownership ;including a poultry exhibit; also including all premiums, medals and prizes for the entire live stock industry of the state 50,000 Agriculture — This to inclnde all grains, grasses, field seeds, root and vine products, including the sugar beet and other sugar produc- ing plants; also all manufactured articles from the above prod- ucts, such as flour, meal, starch, glucose, sugar, sorghum and products of the canning factory and packing house; especial at- tention being given to corn as an article of food 25,000 Horticulture— All orchard fruits, products of the vineyards, garden fruits, nursery stock and orchard appliances, all processes for preserving, evaporating or drying fruits; floriculture and fores- try; specimens of native woods -_. 10.000 l6 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION Manufactures — Machinery of Iowa invention or manufacture, used in mechanical, agricultural, mining or artistic operation; manu- factured products from wood, leather, cotton, wool, hemp, flax, paper and all metals; the object being to present the variety, magnitude and excellence of the manufacturing industry of the state, giving special attention to the abundance of raw material and the cheapness of fuel 15,000 Dairy Products — Cheese and butter made by the factory or cream- ery, or of domestic manufacture, all dairy appliances of Iowa invention or manufacture 10,000 Education and Liberal Arts— This to embrace the work of the com- mon school system; the academy, college, university, art insti- tutes, technical and professional schools, the educational, re- formatory and charitable state institutions; the plastic, pictorial and decorative arts, including photography and a photographic exhibit of the state; school appliances and furnishings, music, drawing, engraving and kindergarten appliances, and public li- braries 20,000 Bee Culture — Bees and their products, bee management, apiarian appliances of Iowa invention, manufacture or use 3,000 Woman's Work — embracing all departments of female industry, such as needle work, embroidery, fancy work for home use, com- fort or ornamentation, painting, special designs in wood, leather and other materials and fabrics; pantry stores, cookery, woman's inventions and woman's work in Iowa literature history and development 20,000 Fish Exhibit — Native fishes, embracing the work of the fish commis- sion, state hatchery, fish hatching and fish production in Iowa streams, lakes and ponds 2,000 Mineral and Geological — Mineral ores, products of mines, embrac- ing coal, lead, iron, aluminum and other metals; gypsum. marble, granite, limestone and other building stone; mineral paints, fire and potter's clay and other valuable clay and sands and articles manufactured from them, including brick and tile; specimens of soil,a geological exhibit, fully illustrating the geol- ogy of Iowa, properly classified and arranged- -_- -.. 6,000 Sanitary — Work of the state board of health: hospital accommoda- tions for the use of Iowa visitors at the Exposition, who may be taken down by sickness or injured by accident, and other sani- tary requirements during the Exposition 4,000 Decorations— Artistic designs in Iowa corn and other Iowa grains and grasses used in decorating the interior of the Iowa building; the purpose being to make an artistic and beautiful display of the field products of Iowa; a display of all Iowa birds, properly mounted, will be used for the double purpose of exhibiting such specimens and beautifying the building '... . 6,000 Promoting, Printing and Publication — A statistical exhibit of the re- sources, productiveness and other interests essential to a com- plete exhibit of the material jirogress and social, ci\il and moral REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 1/ life of Iowa; also the supplying of literature for free distribution, advertising the advantages and excellencies of the state; also maintaining a bureau of information for the benefit of the Iowa visitors to the exposition; an illustrative exhibit of the climatol- ogy of Iowa and the weather and crop reporting service of the state; this department embraces all the clerical and mail serv- ice essential to the advertising of an Iowa exhibit at Chicago in 1893 25,000 Press« Department— Embracing Iowa press headquarters at the ex- position with complete files of all the periodical publications of the state properly displayed; also the literature of Iowa, includ- ing all works of Iowa authorship in law, history, science, poetry, travel, etc., and their proper classification and display. 5,000 Administration and Installation — All clerical hire, furniture for sec- retary and other officers, secretary's salary, expense of station- ery, postage, express charges, insurance, telegraphing blanks and blank books for secretary, treasurer, superintendent and other officers; expense of commission and all others essential to the installation of an Iowa exhibit 30,000 Salaries of superintendents, assistants and helpers 23,000 Incidental and contingent expenses 10,000 Total $339,000 This seems a large amount to any one who has not figured up the cost and detail and considered that it will require about two years time of the promoters and operators engaged in making a showing of the wonderful re- sources of our great state, an opportunity that we will not again have during this generation. Respectfully submitted, S. H. Mallory, J. W. Jarnagin, J. F. Buncombe, Executive Committe." At the regular meeting of the Commission in February the General Assembly was in session and bills alike providing for an appropriation of $300,000 had been introduced in the Senate and House and referred to special committees Each committee had a meeting with the Commission at which a general conference and free discussion was held. Both com- mittees reported favorably on the bills and recommended their passage; but when final action was taken the amount was reduced to $125,000. From the time of the passage of the act of Congress authorizing the World's Columbian Exposition its plans grew broader to the day of its opening. Minute histories of all preceding World's Fairs had been pub- lished and they showed how great must be the effort to excel them, and energy never before equalled was put forth and each month stimulated to higher and grander achievements. To any person familiar with the exhibits of that great Exposition, who will carefully peruse the above detailed estimate prepared by the executive committee, it will be easy to see how far short the exhibit came of what was l8 REPORT OF IOWA COLUAJBIAN COMMISSION contemplated, and necessarily so by limiting the appropriation to an amount insufficient for the plans adopted; and they were revised and cut down in every department. Immediately after the passage of the act appropriating §125,000 for the use of the Commission, a session was held and the Commission re-organized, standing committees re-arranged, the work of collecting exhibits class- ified into nine departments, each placed under the special charge of one Commissioner. From that time till the opening of ,the Exposition, the work of prepara- tion was actively and energetically carried forward; the details of which will fully appear from the accompanying reports of each standing committee and department. A record of the proceedings of every meeting of the Commission was kept by the secretary, and printed copies made for the use of its members, which record and some printed copies are to be deposited in the state archives for the benefit of the Commission which shall be charged with the preparation of Iowa's exhibit at the next quadri-centennial exposition in cele- bration of the discovery of America. The report of the auditing committee complies with the statute requir- ing a list of all disbursements, and complete vouchers thereof will accom- pany it. In November last the sum of $3,000 was covered back into the state treasury from the unexpended funds in the treasury of the Commission, which included salvage, retaining sufficient for the publication of an edition of 5,000 copies of this report and final expenses of closing the work of the Commission. The Commission was unwilling to incur risks that could by any possi- bility exhaust the appropriations and leave an empty treasury before its work was fully completed. Several states, by reason of the extremely high price of labor in building and decorating and in unexpected necessary ex- penditures, found their appropriations exhausted in mid-summer. Experi- ence admonished us that a small surplus is easier to turn over to the state at the close than a deficiency, and much pleasanter to account for. The full sum estimated might all have been used m a more thorough exhibit of the substantial resources of our state, and been like seed sown in good Iowa soil that brings forth fruit abundantly. The Commission aimed to make the best showing possible with the means placed at their disposal; and already the expenditure has borne more than one hundred fold increase, in the great number of good citizens that have since made their homes in our state through its influence. And still they come and will continue to come. Our own citizens learned from it to appreciate the excellence of Iowa as they never had before; and now it is believed that there is not on this earth another 55,000 square miles of land in f)ne body so productive with so small a percentage of waste. On the 19th day of October, 1892, at Chicago a "National organization of state executive officers" was formed that held weekly meetings during the continuance of the Exposition. Its object was to gain the strength of union in promoting the best interests of the Exposition, and to secure the rights and privileges to which the states were justly entitled. In preparing the program for the closing day exercises the national conmiittee on cere- REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION I9 monies invited that organization to select a person to represent the states on that occasion, and Iowa was honored by the selection of the pre-ident of her Commission as such representative. By reason of the assassination of Mayor Harrison which cast a cloud of sadness over ^11, the program was not carried out; but the committee requested all who had parts assigned them to forward to the secretary of the National Commission the papers prepared by them, to be published as a part of the Exposition's final report. The following poem was written by John Brayshaw Kaye, Esq.. of Cal- mar, Iowa, and given as a tribute to the closing scene of the World's Col- umbian Exposition, October 30, 1893: City of Nations! thou white builded dream. Sprung like a mirage margined on this plain Of inland waters, and so soon again To smk in wreck on Time's engulphing stream; Thy fame as Sardis' fame shall be enduring. Thy fetes than Shushan's, ever more alluring. Oh, City of Good Will and Human Love, Millennium glimmers from thy domes and towers; Thy Colonnades lead from this life of ours To visions of the broader life above, And back through coming vistas where we scan The free and perfect Brotherhood of Man. City of WondersI here hath blessed Peace Builded her altar and set up her shrine. High human purpose nearing the Divine Found here in Colon's Land the Golden Fleece, And here the fearless argonauts of Spain Behol I their ships and meet their Chief again. Great anti-Babell out from Shinar's plain After four thousand years drifting apart The peoples of the earth, in heart and art. Within thy fanes and courts have met again, And shown in many ways whence all are sprung, Speaking the simples of a common tongue. What though to-morrow thou shalt disappear. The memory of thy presence like a dream Of Childhood's light half slumber, still shall seem So more than real, well defined and clear. Fixed in persp-. ctive ever to remain Where will, to being calls thee forth again. Oh, offer praise and prayers and prayers and praise Alternate wnth sweet interludes of song; Let glad Hosannas from the mighty throng Well up to Heaven in these closing days Of thy World triumphi Nations here have met And now the parting only brings regret. S. H. MALLORY. REPORT OF EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. BY S H. MALLORY, CHAIRMAN. The Executive Committee of the Iowa Columbian Commission respect- fully submit the following report, regarding the work done under their di- rection, before and during the World's Exposition at Chicago. PRELIMINARY WORK. From September second, 1890, when the Committee was appointed, up to April seventh, 1892, its work was chiefly assisting the Commission in pro- curing information for its future guidance, preparing estimates of the outlay desirable to occur, and debating methods and plans for a State Exhibit. In compliance with instructions given us by resolutions passed on June fourth, 1891, we secured from the State Board of Agriculture a very desir- able building site, on the State Fair Grounds, and erected on it a neat wooden cottage, 16x20 feet, at a total cost of $196.60, which was used as headquarters for the Commission during the holding of the State Fairs of 1891 and 1892. . In April, 1892, the state having appropriated $125,000 instead of the much larger sum asked for, the Executive Committee at the"" request of the Commission, prepared the following estimate of how said appropriation should be expended to attain the most satisfactory results, and presented it to the Commission on June 23d, 1892, viz: For Pavilion alteration and restoration S 5,500 For New Building, structure complete 27,000 For Decorations 3,000 For Furniture and Furnishings 5,000 For Attendants, Helpers, etc., during six months of Fair 15,500 For Administration, Commissioners, per diem and Railway 12,^00 For expressage, P. O. stamps and stationery 4,000 For contingent expenses 7, 500 s8o,ooo For Collective Exhibit s8,ooo For Literary Bureau-.. 8,000 For Live Stock 5,000 For Agriculture and Dairy 8,000 For Horticulture 2,000 For Minerals and Geology 2,000 For Press 1,500 For Woman's Work 1.500 For Manufacturing and Machinery. 2,000 For Education and Liberal Arts 5,000 For Forestry and Sanitary Work 2,000— S 45,000 SI 2 5. 000 REPORT OF EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 23 On the 7th and 8th of April, 1892, resolutions were passed by the Com- mission greatly enlarging and defining the powers of our Committee, dele- gating to them all the powers of the Commission, to execute all plans then or thereafter to be devised or ordered by the Commission, with full power to act in the premises at all times, when the Commission was not in session. LOCATION AT WORLD'S EXPOSITION GROUNDS. In deference to the wishes of the Directors of the World's Exposition, the site for our State Building which had been selected and granted, (lot Y) was resigned, and Lot ii taken instead; the change was confirmed by letter on April 23, 1892, and the contract between the Exposition Officials and the Iowa Commission for the new site, executed on the 23d of June following. Your Committee thought the change an advantageous one for Iowa, as the new location was on the Lake Front and Grand Boulevard, sufficiently con- spicuous, easy of access, open to the cool lake breezes, and with a commo- dious, handsome pavilion on it, which the Exposition permitted the State to use as part of their State Building, with the sole proviso, that it should be left as found, at the close of the Exposition. STATE BUILDING. On April 13th, 1892, Architect Josselyn was instructed to prepare two or three studies for the State Building, to be erected upon the site as selected, and on May 5th, he was advised to proceed to prepare plans and specifica- tions for the same in accordance with his sketch, that day approved by Chief of Construction Burnham. The Committee next proceeded to advertise for proposals from con- tractors for furnishing all material and labor and constructing the building, in accordance with said plans and specifications, work to be awarded about June first. On June eighth the plans and specifications as presented by the Josselyn & Taylor Co , architects, were approved. On June 23d, seven propositions were received from three different con- tractors, to construct the building as advertised, the bids ranging from S38,- 500 (the highest) to $23,700 (the lowest). On July seventh, John G Coder, the lowest bidder, having satisfied the Committee as to his responsibility, v/as awarded the contract. On the same day, it was agreed with the archi- tects, Josselyn & Taylor Co., to pay them five per cent of the cost of the building, as full compensation for preparing the plans and specifications, and superintending its construction. A brief description of the architectural features of the building is>s follows: The pavilion (lettered "A" on the plans) is a building 8o ft. x 120 ft. one story in height, and was utilized as an Exhibition Hall. To the west, with a south frontage, was the addition, 60 ft. x 112 ft. This portion was arranged for and devoted to, the accommodation of the public and officials. It con- tained a Reception Hall, about 16x50, Ladies' Parlors about 20x40. Gentle- men's Parlor, about 24x32, Governor's and Commission's rooms, Postoffice, 'Ut>5'rt[-y^\nl ■•^-o-T TT^fW '"'Q C x-H ' ' i \^ £ i Q c o C »' o M 3 t -I 1^ -J (c iC p uJ U- (5 < o o o < > ■ o \^ at?d in o % d o o 26 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION Writing rooms and Toilets. On the second floor was a large Assembly Hall, utilized for Exhibition purposes, rooms for the accommodation of the Press, sleeping rooms for Officers, with rooms in the third story for janitors. The exterior of the Pavilion was slightly modified in its outline, to bring it into harmony with the addition, and give the whole building as much as possible the appearance of one structure. The whole length of the old and new parts gave a frontage towards the south of nearly two hundred feet. The principal entrance was toward the western end of the building, be- tween two large circular towers. The two western towers had friezes with decorated panels. In the panels of the one to the left of the entrance were the names of thirteen of the principal cities of the State, arranged alphabet- ically, and selected from the census list of 1890: Burlington, Cedar Rapids, Clinton, Council Bluffs, Davenport, Des Moines, Dubuque, Fort Madison, Keokuk, Marshalltown, Muscatine, Ottumwa and Sioux City. In the panels of the other were the names of the following historical events in Iowa: Settled by Dubuque in 1788. Louisiana Purchase, 1803. Territory of Michigan, 1834. Territory of Wisconsin. 1836. Territory of Iowa, 1838. State of Iowa, 1846. There were other panels filled with dec- orations illustrative of Iowa's progress and industries, with portrait heads in high relief of the Indian Chiefs, Keokuk and Blackhawk, modeled from au- thentic engravings lent by the State Masonic library at Cedar Rapids. The Park Pavilion gave the key to the style of architecture adopted which was that of the French Manoirs, with decorations and enrichments after the style of the Chateaux of France. Inside were some handsome mantels, modeled and decorated in the latter style. The following inscription was placed over the fire-place in the main hall, "Iowa; the affections of her people, like the rivers of her borders, flow to an inseparable union." INTERIOR DECORATIONS. Milward and Clark of Sioux City, were employed in the fall of 1892, to design and superintend the decorations of the Exhibition Hall with the prin- cipal products of the State. The charming and novel effects they produced by covering the ceilings, walls and columns with grains, seeds, grasses, corn, etc., all products of the State, wrought into pictures and fanciful decorative designs of form and color, gave a unique and unusually attractive interior, makmg one of the most novel features of the Exposition. The most favorable comments were made by the throngs of visitors, of all nationalities, whom it attracted. The views here shown, give but a faint idea of the beauty of the work. The remainder of the mural decorations in the building, wit\| the exception of the Press room, were designed and executed by the fresco artists, Andrews and Noel, of Clinton Iowa, and received much favorable comment. Mrs. John F. Duncombe, of Fort Dodge, recjuested jiermission to decor- ate the two Press rooms at her own expense, which was granted. She em- ployed Mr. Colwell, who furnished the design and executed the work, using only materials manufactured and produced in the State. The walls and IOWA STATE BUILDING, MAIN ENTRANCE. 28 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION ceilings were decorated with a finish called cementico, made at Fort Dodge; it commenced in the center of the ceiling with a greenish blue tint, blending the field as it approached the Style, to a warm buff. The Style was pale sage-green, done in a heavy stipple, representing icicles tipped with gold. The corners of the ceiling were in scroll with a runnings vine in which was interwoven a fac-simile of the leading newspapers of the State. The walls were stippled in light, warm buff, to the chair rail, above which was an extensive border, composed ot ink and quills, or pens and ink,, so arranged as to appear ready for use. Below the chair rail, the tint was a light terra cotta. The frieze was blended and done in rosette stipple, lined in gold and copper. The mantel was finished in harmonious colors, and the fire breast filled with a large painting, representing the Printing Press of the day, or the Iowa Cultivator. The wood work was painted to match and striped with gold. The mantel shelf in the Ladies' Parlor contained a clock furnished by the ladies of Iowa City. The case was modeled after the old Capitol Build- ing at Iowa City, and made of Iowa City marble. The Committee received a proposition from C. S. Young & Co , of Chi- cago, to place in the center of the Pavilion a miniature reproduction of the State Capitol Building at Des Moines, to be made entirely of glass and the grains of the State. They proposed to pay the Commission 35,000 for the privilege, and expected to reimburse themselves from the sale of the surplus samples of grain, received from the farmers, and the sale of photographs of the exhibit. Their proposition being accepted by the Committee, they ap- pointed solicitors in every county in the state, to canvass and secure samples of all kinds of grain, so that every farmer might have an exhibit at the Ex- position. Their names were to be listed and published in a book, describ- ing the same. The scheme was not a financial success, as the contributions were too few. The miniature Capitol was constructed by Mr. Schuman, of the Wells Glass Co. Chicago, under the direction G. P. Bell, architect for the contractor. It attracted much attention and received great praise. At the close of the Exposition it was presented to the Agricultural College at Ames, which assumed all expense, of removal and installation. The Flax Palace and flax exhibit was sent by the Flax Palace Associa- ation of Forest City; it was prepared under the direction of Jasper Thomp- son, ex-President of the Flax Palace Co , and the entire expense, except transportation, was borne by the citizens of Forest City. FURNITURE AND FURNISHINGS. The necessary furnishings for a Postoffice, Parcel room and Registry room were purchased of John McLane, of Milford, N. H., and erected in the building. They proved of the greatest convenience to the Public and the Commission. L. S. Merchant, of Cedar Rapids, generously furnished free of charge, a large and elegantly bound Register, with an adjustable stand, to be used as an official register at the Building. At the close of the Exposition, they were placed in the Aldrich Collection in the State Capitol. The office furniture was kindly loaned to the Commission by the Rand & Leopold Desk Co., of Burlington, Iowa. 30 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION George P. Bent, of Chicago, loaned a fine Crown Cabinet Organ and an elegant Upright Crown Piano,and at the close of the Exposition put the latter in first-class condition and presented it to the Commission, who shipped it to Des Moines, and had it placed in the Governor's room in the Capitol, as the property of the State. The furniture in the parlors and reception rooms was purchased of the Haywood & Morrill Manufacturing Co. of Chicago. The ladies of Vinton loaned a table and two chairs for use in the parlor. They were elegant specimens of carving done by the Vinton ladies. The ladies of Dunlap contributed a magnificent great carved chair, up- holstered in leather, as an example of their handiwork. At their request, it was afterward sent as a gift from them to the Governor and is now in the historical rooms at the Capitol. SALVAGE. On September fifteenth, 1893, the disposition of the property of the State on the Exposition Grounds, was delegated by the Commission to the Exec- utive Committee. Sales were accordingly made and the sum of twenty-five hundred sev- enty-seven dollars nineteen cents realized ; in more detail as follows : Sale of building $ 235 00 Sale of postoffice fixtures 185 00 Sale of furniture and fixtures 900 24 Sale of dairy products 828 67 Sale of electric fixtures — . 100 00 Sale of grain and lumber 143 67 Sale of wool . 50 80 Rebate on safe .- 50 00 Rebate on gas 50 00 Miscellaneous articles .. 33 81 Total -$2,577 19 SCHEDULE OF EXHIBITS AND OTHER ARTICLES TURNED OVER BY THE IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION TO THE GOVERNOR AND EXECUTIVE COUNCIL FOR THE USE OF THE STATE. I Geo. p. Bent ''Crown" Piano (cover and stool.) I water color painting, framed, 'Interior Iowa State Building." I long mirror. 8 cases inverted glass show bottles and exhibition bottles. I lot glass soil cylinders. 3 gas logs. I box Rosier fire extinguishers. I lot Hardin hand grenade fire extinguishers. I lot cuspidors. 3 step ladders. 4 paper racks and fixtures. And the following liat was deposited in the State Library: I water color painting, framed, "Iowa State Building." 1 i,ti„ia^usd9 Jh • 'L^l * ; ■ ~ AIH -^ ^IW^- ^ 1 : ..■ i ■1 4H 3itt 1 i/ H f«^ l«i i# '" M i >:r.ll IT- . l1 pi ,:4«4J*^--^ :"" liJ^B V - . .* a ,: . * 5 a ^ '^^B 1 \ > mm , ** -^'IHB W....^. : ^^H -IIH k'-'/ •M 1- ■ tai 1 1. I 1 ' vl^l 1 /^i 1 'm ^^^^^^^^^^^^^■1^ ' m report of executive committee 33 Books — I copy Illinois hand book. I copy Manitoba hand book. I copy New South Wales hand book. I copy Canadian Educational handbook. I copy Black Hills hand book. I copy Costa Rica Publication. I copy Canadian Agricultural Report. I copy Philadelphia hand book. I copy Classification World's Columbian Exposition. I copy Wisconsin hand book. I copy Minnesota hand book. I copy Louisiana hand book. I copy Kansas hand book. • I copy Minneapolis hand book. I copy Spanish hand book. I copy British hand book. I copy Iowa hand book. I copy Iowa Dedication Souvenir. 1 copy Iowa State Day Souvenir. 2 large volumes Statutes of New South Wales. List of articles placed with Historical Department: 3 large registry books and stand, used at Iowa State Building, and con- taining lists of names of visitors to the Exposition. 250 volumes Iowa hand book, for distribution. Specimens of Iowa stone and marble were placed with the Geological Department. Also I large glass cabinet, sent to college for blind at Vinton. I large glass cabinet, sent to school for deaf at Council Bluffs. I " " " " institution for feeble minded at Glenwood. I " " " " State Normal Shool, Cedar Falls. 3 large glass show cases to State Agricultural Society. 8 Iowa caps to State Agricultural Society. I step ladder to State Agricultural Society. Large model of Iowa State Capitol building to Agricultural Hall. The World's Fair Cottage, on Iowa State Fair Grounds, was given to Director J. R. Sage and his successors, for headquarters for weather and crop service. F. N. CHASE. Report of the Committee on Ceremonies. BY F. N. CHASE, CHAIRMAN. The committee named by this Commission to act as committee on cere- monies was appointed with special reference to the dedication ceremonies of the Iowa State Building, October 22, 1892. After the ceremonies above referred to, this committee reported to the Commission, the report was ac- cepted and the committee discharged. At a subsequent meeting of the Commission the same committee was re-appointed to act until the close of the Exposition, and now beg to submit the following as their report: While the Iowa State Building was not so large and imposing as some of the state buildings, and was not built with special reference to giving public entertainments, but more especially adapted to the comfort and con- venience of those who daily visited the building for rest and comfort, to see the various exhibits representing the resources and products of the state and the refinement and culture of its citizens, to listen to the grand concerts given daily by the justly celebrated Iowa State Band, and to view the won- derful decorations of natural products in the pavilion; still, with the large reception rooms and parlors on the first floor and the assembly room on the second floor, it made it possible on special occasions to accommodate large crowds of people. Yet it was impossible to entertaian all the Iowa visitors, their friends and the multitude of visitors from other states, territories and foreign nations. The following is a list of the more public and official meetings under the direction of the Iowa Commission. The three most important of these cere- monies were the dedicatory ceremony at the Iowa State Building, October 22, 1892; the formal opening and presentation of the Iowa State Exhibit to Director General Davis and the Board of Management of the World's Col- umbian Exposition, May i, 1893; ^^i^ ^^^ Iowa State Celebration Days, September 20 and 21, 1893. In addition to these was the reception to Miss Clara Barton, presi- dent of the American Red Cross Association; reception to West Point cadets; the public exercises and reception to the Iowa Press Association, August 3, 1893; the reception to Hon. Horace Boies, Governor of Iowa, Di- rector General Davis and Board of Management of the Exposition, United States and Foreign Commissioners, United States Board of Lady Managers, and the Commissioners and Lady Managers of the states and territories, from 2 to 5 o'clock p. m., September 20; also the Corn Food Banquet given in October, to which were invited the foreign and state commissioners and ladies. This last occasion, however, was in charge of a special committee. In addition to these ceremonies at the Iowa State Building, there were many occasions where ceremonies more or less public were held in the assembly room under the auspices of the various societies and organizations of the state of Iowa. REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 3/ The presence of the Iowa State Band during the entire period of the Exposition made it possible to give these entertainments and make them successes. DEDICATION OF THE IOWA STATE BUILDING. On October 22, 1892, the day followmg the general dedication of the Exposition buildings and grounds, the Iowa State Building — then nearly completed — was presented to the Governor by President Crosby, and by the Governor dedicated and tendered to the Board of Management of the Ex- position. Governor Boies and staff, members of the Executive Council, the Iowa State Band, several regiments of the Iowa National Guard, and a large number of citizens of low'a and other visitors, more than could be. accom- modated, were present and the program was successfully carried out. The proceedings were published in an Edition de Luxe of 2,500 copies, entitled "Souvenir of the Dedicatory Ceremonies of the Iowa State Building at Jack- son Park, Illinois, October 22, A. D., 1892," which is here reproduced entire. PROGRAM OF CEREMONIES OF DEDICATION. Overture — Barber of Seville — Rossini, - - Iowa State Band Invocation, - . . . . Rev. T. E. Green, D. D Presentation of the building to the Governor of Iowa, James O Crosby, Pres. Iowa Col. Commission Dedication and tender to the World's Exposition, Governor Horace Boies Response (in the program only), - Director-General Geo. R. Davis Music— Reminiscences of all Nations, - . Iowa State Band Poem— The Ballad of Columbus— Maj. S. H. M. Byers, Mrs. Lucia Gale Barber Song — Star Spangled Banner, - - Mrs. Ida Norton, accompanied by Iowa State Band, with Audience joining in the Chorus. Oration, ...... Hon. E. P. Seeds Doxology, - - Audience, accompanied by Iowa State Band Benediction, . _ . . . Rev. T. E. Green, D. D Music — Iowa Columbian March — Prof. Phinney, - Iowa State Band F. N. Chase, S. B. Packard, Henry Stivers, Committee on Ceremonies IOWA OFFICIALS OF THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN COMMISSION. Chief of the Bureau of Agriculture. — W^. I. Buchanan, Sioux City. U. S. Comtnisnoners for Iowa. — W. F. King, Mt. \^ernon; Joseph Eiboeck^ Des Moines. Alternates.— ]ench Draft Stud Book, apparently for the express purpose of competing in the French Draft classes. In the two stallion classes in which Iowa stood, this maneuver of Oak Lawn beat Iowa out of the first prizes, but the Wilton Junction string easily beat off the other stables, and stood second in both classes. In all other classes where competing, Mr. Kleinmeyer's horses were placed, and in the yearling mare class, with Pride of Pleasant Hill, he easily won the first over the Oak Lawn filly, which was certainly "glory enough for one day." In the Percheron class it will be observed that the Wilton Junction stable exhibited a two-year-old and colt in the stallion classes, and one year- ling in the mare class. Two of these were fourth, and the other was placed. SHIRES AND CLEVELAND BAYS. Mr. Holbert showed a stallion in the Shire and one in the Cleveland Bay class, both being placed by the judge, one second, and the other fifth. STANDARD TROTTERS. Two standard trotters entered by John Jacobs, of Langworthy, Iowa, in the aged mare class, were placed by the judges as follows: Kitty Creek Bird third, and Langworthy Lady sixth; Kitty Creek Bird, shown as single driver in sweepstakes, any age, to harness, won second premium, and the two together in double harness, third premium. The ring was a good one. SHETLAND PONIES. The exhibit of Shetland Ponies from Macjuoketa was a strong feature of the Iowa Exhibit. There were thre<- stables from Wisconsin and two each from New York and Michigan, which made a very attractive exhibit, and gave Mr. Hoag healthy competition. The ponies were shown in stallion and mare classes according to age, and in sweepstakes as usual; tiien in REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON LIVE STOCK. Ill harness, single and double teams; team four abreast, and team of eight, with four abreast; in tandem, and under the saddle. In all the teams, and under the saddle, geldings were allowed to compete. The display will long be remembered, especially by the children, as one of the most fascinating of the Exhibition. The aged stallion and mare classes, as well as in the sweep- stakes and team of eight, the Iowa ponies brought home the blue ribbon. Indeed, I believe that about every entry of Mr. Hoag's was placed for some of the prizes offered in each class, and the number of prizes won must have been sufficient to decorate the ponies in blue, red and white. The Maquoketa stable of Shetlands, at all events, is easily at the head of all similar breeding studs in the country. Were this review of the Iowa Horse Exhibit not already too lengthy, an interesting comparison of winners from Iowa to those from other parts of the world could be made, and would demonstrate that nearly every Iowa horse exhibited won prizes in class, and many in sweepstakes, showing the great superiority of the Iowa breeding horses over those met and van- quished during the great contest. The reader is invited to look once at the table of winners for the mathematical side of this report, for the verification of this statement. SWINE. The swine exhibit from Iowa maintained the high standing of the breeding stock of the state. While the numbers shown were but an atom compared with the number annually exhibited at our state fair, yet the showing was representative of the two breeds participating, Poland-China and Duroc Jersey. The entries of the Poland-China were as follows: Messrs. Taft & Co., Humboldt, 6 Hogs, 8 Pigs. Peter Mouw, Orange City, Yearling boar. Grand Chief 20177, 2 year old sow, Miss Jumbo 57696, Jno. K. 57678, yearling sows. Perfect Lady 66860, Esther 66862. A. J. Lytle, Oskaloosa, Yearling boar, Tecumseh 20499, 18 months. W. G. Marshall, Iowa City, Yearling boar. Free Trade Chip 19225, John Johnston & Sons, Humboldt, Aged boar, Oxford Duke. Stone & Stone, Le Claire, 6 months, under 12, Rival Wilkes. M. Dunn, Van Meter, Fancy Golddust. J. F. Bonner, Morning Sun, Miss Allerton 55342. T. R. Wilson, Morning Sun, Renick Rose 68140. 112 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION DUROC JERSEYS. Wm. Roberts & Son, Paton, II Hogs, II Pigs. J. H. Lathrop, Oxford Junction, 4 Sows, seven months old, Minnie 812, Winnie 802, Iowa Queen 3d. 806, and Iowa Queen 4;h 808. There were forty-five exhibitors of Poland-China swine, of which num- ber Iowa furnished nine, Nebraska thirteen, Illinois five, Ohio five, Mis- souri five, Kansas three, Indiana three and Minnesota one. The aged boar class opened the fight with twenty candidates for honors, representing every type of the Poland-China, the fine and chubby sort, the medium, and lastly the heavy boned style with length and scale, the sort the trade demands in this state. Messrs. Johnston & Sons of Humboldt were to the front with Oxford Duke, the Iowa Champion of last year; Messrs. Taft & Son of the same town had a good one in Black Wilkes. Ohio was there also with two good ones, and they caught the judge's eye for first and sec- ond, and Oxford Duke brought the third honor to Iowa. The yearling boar class was no less a battle royal, since eighteen of the best that the eight states mentioned above had to show, were in competition. Mr. Lytle's L. Tecumseh, the Iowa and Nebraska yearling boar champion of last year, rightly claimed first honors, while Mr. Marshall of Iowa City with Free Trade Chip (second to L. Tecumseh at Des Moines) asserted his right to be thereabouts when Mr. Lytle's should receive the blue ribbon. In- diana appeared, however, with one having the style and type suited to Ohio and Indiana taste, and as the judge was from Indiana, and had more authority in distributing ribbons than the crowd standing for Iowa's cham- pion, the end came with Indiana taking first, and Iowa second and third, with the Oskaloosa and Iowa City yearlings. Messrs. Stone & Stone, of Le Clair, Peter Mouw and T. R. Wilson, of Morning Sun, also had yearlings in this ring. AGED SOWS. * The ring was strong, and Iowa had good ones. Peter Mouw's was fourth with Miss Jumbo. Taft & Son's showed Rosalind. M. Dunn showed Fancy Golddust. J. F. Bonner showed Miss Allerton, and they were all toward the best end of the string. YEARLING SOWS. The yearling sow ring was one of the best of the Poland China Exhibit. It had no exciting incidents outside of the sending of the blue ribbon, as with the other yearling ring, to Indiana, which award was generally criti- cised. Iowa was in the ring, but not among the first six placed. The boar and sow pig rings over six months were interesting displays, especially the latter. Among the competitors was Mr. Wilson's Renick Rose, the only Iowa representative. REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON LIVE STOCK. II3 In the aged herd ring, Iowa stood with only one herd, Mr. Peter Mouw's. It was awarded fifth place. DUROC JERSEYS. The show of the red hogs had two exhibitors from Iowa, Messrs. Wm. Roberts & Son, of Paton, and J. H. Lathrop, of Oxford Junction. The for- mer had the largest exhibit made of either breed of hogs, twenty-two includ- ing the pigs. Illinois exhibited ihree herds, Ohio two, Nebraska two, and Wisconsin one. Mr. Lathrop's pigs were seven months old, too young to win in the over six months class, but won as the get of one sire, bred by ex- hibitor, of any age. It was about a drawn fight between the Duroc Jersey exhibitors from Illinois, Ohio, Nebraska and Wisconsin, Iowa taking with the Roberts herd, one first with Alice, one second with Jack R., one third with Columbian, three fourths with Lugura B., Motor Jr. and Charity. The same proportion of prizes was won in the herd classes, the details of which will be found in another place. POULTRY. The Iowa Exhibit of Poultry was very small in numbers, but choice in quality. The consignments of this Exhibit were as follows: G. W. Stout, Rose Hill, 6 birds John Wilson, What Cheer, 9 birds, White-faced, Black Spanish 8 to i8 months old. G. H. Strohmeier, Independence, I bird, Indian Game Cock. W. H*. Garland. Aurora, 5 birds, B. G. Polish Breed. The entries from all quarters at the Columbian Poultry Show numbered between five and six thousand birds, and upwards of four thousand were on exhibition. Canada was present with about one-third of the entire exhibit. . Iowa brought home a first premium on breeding pen, also first on cock- erel, and third on pullet, on Mr. Wilson's white-faced Black Spanish birds. Mr. Strohmeier's Indian Game Cock won second prize. Mr. Garland took second on his breeding pen of B G. Polish breed consisting of one cockerel, and four pullets. AWARDS TO IOWA STOCK. The following list comprises the awards made to exhibitors of Cattle, amount of the premiums paid to the sameby the Exposition company, names of the animals winning, also the special premiums that were given by cer- tain herd book societies, and the prizes paid by this Commission to the own- ers of cows competing in the dairy test. 114 REPORT OF IOWA COLUxMBIAN COMMISSION BREEDING CATTLE. ABERDEEN-ANGUS— CLASS THREE. Exhibitor— W. A. McHenry, Denison, Iowa. Animal. Prince of the Realm Keiller McHenry Jeans Abactor 2d' Abactor's Barbara ist Progress . Nell Gwynne 3d Black Bird McHenry 2d --. Minnie McHenry 5th . Black Bird McHenry 3d Herd Young Herd, bred by exhibitor. _. Four animals, get of one sire 4 animals, either sex, get of i sire.. Two animals, produce of one cow. Age. Aged 2 years 1 year calf Aged - 2 years 2 years I year Heifer c'lf Prem. 4th. 2d . 1st 4th. 2d - ISt. 2d ISt - 4th- 2d - 2d . 2d - 4 th- 3d- 15 00 35 00 so 00 15 00 35 00 50 00 30 oc 40 00 20 00 75 00 75 CO 75 00 25 00 20 00 SWEEPSTAKES. Jeans Abactor Progress Nell Gwynne sd SWEEPSTAKES BY AGES— BEEF BREEDS. Nell Gwynne 3d -| 2 years _-. ist Medal and $25.00 Progress of Turlington I Aged . 1 2d — 1 Jeans Abactor 2d ; i year 2d — Minnie McHenry 5th ! i year | 3d __- Total awards to W. A. McHenry -. - --- $585 00 Special awards by Aberdeen-Angus Society $791 00 Grand total $1,376 00 RED POLES — CLASS XI. Exhibitor — J. H. Gilfillan. Maquoketa, Iowa. Animal. Age. Premi- um. Amount. Iowa Davyson 14th 2769 Iowa Davyson 20th 2773 _ . Aged ---- 2 years I year 1 year calf calf Aged-- — Aged 3years.-- 2 years . - 2 years I year I year calf calf 2d .- ISt --- ISt .-- .4th.- ISt--- 5th.-- 3d 5th.- ISt--- ISt --. 3d - ISt --- 3d-.. 2d --- 4th-.. $ 25 00 35 00 35 00 10 00 25 00 highly commended 15 00 highly commended 35 00 35 CO I s oo Columbus 30494 Iowa Davyson 22d 3151 Iowa Davyson 23d Iowa Davyson 25th Eulalie 2( 5453 Priscilla .-. Eulalie 3d 7086 Iowa Davy i8th 7194 Iowa Davy 12th 7193 Iowa Davy 14th 7195 . Iowa Davy 15th 7936 Munnis--- Gladys 25 00 15 00 20 00 10 00 REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON LIVE STOCK. 115 HERD PREMIUMS. Aged, five animals Aged, five animals Young, 5 animals, bred by exhibit'r Get of one sire, four animals Get of one sire, four animals Produce of one cow, two animals -- Produce of one cow, two animals- - ISt --- 4th--- ISt --- ISt-.. 4th--- I St - - - 2d --- 80 00 25 00 75 00 75 00 20 00 40 00 30 00 SWEEPSTAKES. Iowa Davy 13th Total awards to J H. Gilfillan 2 years. - ISt .. -- $ 25 00 and medal $ 670 00 GALLOWAYS— CLASS IV. Exhibitor— Wm. McTurk & Son, Crystal, Iowa. Hunter 2d, Dykes Creek. -. Columbus of Wolf Creek - 5 years 5th.. /Ith highly commended $ 15 00 20 00 Sulwood of Wolf Creek ._. calf l3d-- YOUNG herd. Columbus, Matilda June Bug, Sulwood 4th-- 4th-- 25 00 25 00 The Galloway Herd Book Society duplicated above premiums. FAT STOCK, ABERDEEN ANGUS STEERS. Exhibitor — W, S. Niles, Wyoming, Iowa. Earl of Sunny Slope-. Knight of Sunny Slope. Prince of Sunny Slope . 2 years j 1st .-_! 35 00 I year 1 ist ---| 35 00 calf 1 ISt -- j 35 00 herd sweepstakes. Above named steers 1 1 T^t 50 00 sweepstakes. Prince of Sunny Slope --- ist --- 50 00 GRAND sweepstakes, all BREEDS. Prince of Sunny Slope . . 1 1st 50 00 S255 00 ! Il6 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION DAIRY cows. WHEREAS, This Commission at the meeting held September i, 1892, adopted the following resolution: RESOLVED, That the Iowa Columbian Commission, to aid the breed- ers of dairy cattle in their efforts to further the dairy interest of Iowa at the World's Exposition, will pay the sum of three hundred dollars, pro rata, to the resident owner of Iowa dairy cattle that may be accepted by the De- partment of Agriculture at the World's Columbian Exposition for any of the tests in the dairy school, provided that no more than one hundred dol- lars shall be paid for each cow accepted, and in addition that this Com- mission will pay the further sum of three hundred dollars to the resident owner of Iowa cows that are members of herds winning the medals or awards in the aforementioned dairy tests, provided that no more than one hundred and fifty dollars shall be given to the owner for each cow, and WHEREAS. The number of cows accepted from Iowa exceeded the number expected to participate at the time of the adoption of above resolu- tion, therefore, BE IT RESOLVED, That the limit of the amount of money author- ized in that resolution be increased to thirteen hundred dollars to pay the owners of the cows accepted in the dairy tests, as follows: Messrs. Richardson Bros , Davenport, for cows Lorita, Campania and Elturia, $300. Messrs. Dan'l Sheehan & Son Osage, for cows Nora and Belle Price, $200. D. J. Heinsheimer, Glenwood, for cow Hugo Countess, $100. William Miller, Storm Lake, for cow Imported Bashful 2d., $100. John M Sterr, New Hampton, on cow Christata, $50. (Cow accepted but disqualified through sickness after two weeks.) RESOLVED, That the owners of the following named cows belonging to the Jersey herds which won all the tests, be entitled to receive as follows: D. J. Heinsheimer, cow Hugo Countess, $150. Richardson Bros., cows Campania and Elturia, $300. BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED, That Daniel Sheehan & Son, Osage, the owners of Short Horn cow Nora, be awarded $100; that cow having stood first in the Short Horn Herd in the dairy tests, making a record in the cheese and ninety day butter tests beyond any Short Horn cow on exhibi- tion. BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED. That the thanks of this Com- mission are extended to the owners who so generously permitted the use of their cows to compete in that great dairy test of the world, the result of which has brought great credit to the state and vast benefit to the dairy in- terests ol this commonwealth. Adopted December 14th, 1893. Awards made to Iowa exhibitors of horses and ponies by the Expo- sition, showing amount of premiums won, and names of animals winning. Ivxhibitors to whom awards were made: REPORT OF COMMUTEE ON LIVE STOCK. HORSES. 17 SUFFOLK PUNCH. CLASS 31. Exhibitor— Peter Hopley, Lewis, Iowa. AnimaL Blazor.- Connaught General Bragg Golden Row Prince of May -__ -_. Connaught with three Bragg Daffodil Maud of Riverside __ Dora .. Total amount SIOIO GO sweepstakes. Stallion I Blazor -_- Mare __. --. I Bragg M edal Medal SPECIAL PREMIUMS. AWARDED BY AMERICAN SUFFOLK HORSE ASSOCIATION. Best Three Suffolk Colts— General Bragg, Golden Bow and Maud of Riverside. Best Suffolk Mare with two of her colts — Smart and colts, Golden Bow and Maud of Riverside. Best Suffolk Stallion and two mares— Stallion Blazor and Mares Bragg •and Smart. SUFFOLK PUNCH--CLASS XXXI. Exhibitor — Robert Ramsay, Hancock, Iowa. Nonpareil Cupbearer.. Nonpareil with three colts Saxstead Sal. ._ Bessie Mirth -- Beauty __ Alice Saxstead Sal with two colts- Total awards to Robert Ramsay Aged -. Foal -- Aged--. 4 years.. 4 years.. I year -. Foal -- 2d . 2d 2d . 4th 1st 2d . 1st. 1st 2d- 70 GO 35 00 I GO GO 25 GO IIO 00 70 GO no 00 60 00 100 GO $680 GO GERMAN COACH,-CLASS 24. ' STALLIONS, 5 YEARS AND OVER. Greeley Horse Improvement Company, A. B. Holbert, Agent. Moltke. 13 (70), 5 years, ist; $150. Verband of Holstein Marshes, Germany, A. B. Holbert, Agent. Amandas, 689 (571), 5 years, 4th; $25. 120 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION Holbert & Lewis, Greeley, Iowa. Musikant, 563 (1228), 5 vears, 6th; Commended. E.Knott & Co., Waverly, Iowa. Diocletian. 117, 4 years, ist.; $150. Verband of Holstein Marshes, Germany, A. B. Holbert, Agent. Kaiser Frederick, 496, 4 years, 2nd.; $100. A. B. Holbert, Greeley, Iowa. Mikado, 4 years, 3d; 350. A. B. Holbert, Greeley. Figaro, 655 (578), 4 years,. 6th; Commended. E. Knott & Co.. Waverly Sperber, 61, 3 years, 2d; $100. Verband of Holstein Marshes, Germany, A. B. Ho bert, Agent. Weissfuss, 677 (6oi), 3 years, 3d; $50. Bodo, 683 (588), 2 years, ist; $150. Blondel, 685 (587), 2 years, 3d; $50. E. Knott & Co., Waverly, Iowa. Danilo, 156, 2 years, 5th; Highly Commended, Minister, 160, 2 years, 6th; Commended. Rothbart, 158, i year, ist; $150. Goldsucker, 157, I year, 2d; $100. MARES. Verband of Holstein Marshes, Germany, A. B HolbeJt, Agent. Lillie, 679 (787), 3 years, 2d; $100. Verband of Holstein Marshes, A. B. Holbert, Agent. Dora, 681 (4140), 3 years, 3d; $50. SWEEPSTAKES STALLION, ANY AGE. Greeley Horse Improvement Co , A. B. Holbert, Agent. Moltke, 13 (70), ist; Medal. E. Knott & Co., Waverly, Iowa. Diocletian, 117, 2d. Sperber, 161, 4th. A. B. Holbert, Greeley, Iowa. Kaiser Frederick, 495, 6th. A. B. Holbert, Greeley, Iowa Bodo. 683 (588), 7th. SWEEPSTAKES MARE, ANY AGE. Verband of Holstein Marshes, Germany, A. B. Holbert, Agent. Lerche, 675 (786), Any age, 3d. Lillie, 679 (787), Any age, 5th. HORSES, BELGIANS, -CLASS 30. Van Valsom Bros , A. B. Holbert, Agent. Bismark II. 529. 5 years, ist; $110. Hercules, 5 years, 2d; $70. REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON LIVE STOCK. 121 Petersburg Horse Co., A, B. Holbert, agent — Robert II 1858, 4 years, ist;$iio. Van Valsom Bros., A. B. Holbert, agent — Fox Vol. II 4 years, 2d; $70. A. B. Holbert, Greeley — Glorieux 1802, 4 years, 3d; $35. Van Valsom Bros., A. B. Holbert, agent — Vingt Mars, 4 years, 4th; $25. A. B. Holbert, Greeley — Eiffel Vol. 2, 4 years, 5th; highly commended. A. B. Holbert, Greeley — Bidel 3668, 3 years, ist; $110. Van Valsom Bros., A. B. Holbert, agent— Richelieu 340, 3 years, 3d; $35. A. B. Holbert, Greeley — Fox 120, 2 years, ist; $110. Van Valsom Bros., A. B. Holbert, agent — Royal Carbias 228, 2 years, 2d; S70. MARES. A. B. Holbert, Greeley— Jeanette 4380, 5 years, ist; $110. Lefebure & Son, Fairfax — Cocotte 2 years, ist; $110. Rosette 2 years, 2d ; S90. A. B. Holbert, Greeley — Antoinette 99, under i year, ist; s6o. SWEEPSTAKES. MARE, ANY AGE. A. B. Holbert, Greeley — Jeanette 4380, ist; medal, Lefebure & Son. Fairfax — Cocotte 2d; Rosette 3d. A. B. Holbert, Greeley — Antoinette 99, 4th. STALLION, ANY AGE. A. B. Holbert, Greeley— Bidel 3668, ist; medal. Petersburg Horse Co., A. B. Holbert, agent— Robert II 1858, 2d. Van Valsom Bros., A. B. Holbert, agent — Bismark 529, 3d. A. B. Holbert, Greeley — Glorieux 1802, 4th. Van Valsom Bros., A. B. Holbert, agent — Hercules, 5th. SHIRES — Class xxviii, A. B. Holbert, Greeley — Echo Chief 13026, 3 years, 2d; $100. SWEEPSTAKES. SHIRE STALLION, ANY AGE. A. B. Holbert, Greeley— Echo Chief -13026, 4th. CLEVELAND BAY— Class xxv. A. B Holbert, Greeley Almoner 1012, 3years, 5tli; highly conmiended. 9 122 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION SPECIAL PREMIUMS. GERMAN COACH— Class xxiv. Special prizes given by theVerbandof the Holstein Marshes, Germany, to horses recorded in Holstein Stud Book. STALLION, FOUR YEARS OLD AND OVER. Verband Holstein Marshes, Germany, A. B. Holbert, agent — Kaiser Frederick 496, 4 years, ist; s6o. Amandus 689 (571) 4 years, 2d; S40. A. B. Holbert, Greeley— Figaro 655 (578) 4 years, 3d; $25. Mikado 635 (579) 4 years, 4th; $10. Verband Holstein Marshes, Germany, A. B. Holbert, agent — Diplomat 691 (577) 4 years, 5th; highly commended. STALLION, THREE YEARS OLD AND UNDER FOUR. Verband Holstein Marshes, Germany, A. B. Holbert, agent — Weissfuss 677 (601), 3 years, ist; S6o. A. B. Holbert, Greeley— \'on Moltke 669 (600) 3 years, 2d; $40. Affect 659' 583). 3 years, 3d; S25. Verband Holstein Marshes, Germany, A. B. Holbert, agent — Antone 3 years, 4th; Sio. STALLION, T^VO YEARS OLD AND UNDER THREE. \^erband Holstein Marshes, Germany, A. B. Holbert, agent — Bodo 683 (588) 2 years, ist; s6o. Blondel 685 (587), 2 years, 2d; S40. MARE, THREE YEARS OLD OR OVER. Verband of Holstein Marshes, Germany, A. B. Holbert, agent — Lerche 675 (786), 3 years, ist; S6o. Lillie 679 (787), 3 years, 2d; $40. A. B. Holbert, Greeley — Dora 681 (4140), 3 years, 3d; S25. SWEEPSTAKES — MARE, ANY AGE — RECORDED IN H(^LST);IN STUD BOOK. Verband of Holstein Marshes, Germany, A. B. Holbert, Agent— Lerche 1st; statue, STALLION, ANY AGE — RECORDED IN HOLSTEIN STUD BOOK. Verband of Holstein Marshes, Germajiy, A. B. Holbert. Agent -Kaiser Frederick 496, ist; statue. GERMAN COACH— Class xxiv. Gold and silver medal by the Oldenburg Coach Horse Association for best Oldenburg stallion two years old or over, registered in the Oldenburg Book. E. Knott & Co., W'averly— Spcrbcr 161, ist; gold medal. Diocletian 1 17, 2(1; silver medal. REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON LIVE STOCK. I23 Special complimentary and honorary prizes given by the German Gov- ernment and awarded by Herr Richter, the Imperial German Commissioner to the Columbian Exposition. Greeley Horse Improvement Company, A. B. Holbert, Agent — Moltke 13 (7o)> 5 years, ist; diploma. YOUNG STALLION. Verband of Holstein Marshes, A. B. Holbert, Agent— Blondel 685 (587), 2 years, ist; diploma. BEST HOLSTEIN COACH MARE. Verband of Holstein :\Iarshes, A. B. Holbert, Agent— Lerche 675 (786) ist; diploma. Collection of stallions and mares, ist; diploma. FRENXH DRAFT— Class xxix. E. F. Kleinmeyer, Wilton Junction, Iowa— Iowa King, aged, 2d; Sioo. Wilton King, i year, 2d; $70. Colored Gentleman and three colts un- der 4 years, 2d; Sioo. Marie, aged, 4th; S25. Pride of Pleasant Hill, i year, ist; S150. Marie, with two colts, 2d; Sioo. sweepstakes. t Iowa King, any age, 3d. Marie, any age, 4th. Collection, two stallions and three mares — Perch Duke, Iowa King, Queen of Pleasant Hill, Pride of Pleasant Hill and Princess of Wilton 3d. PERCHERON. Princess of Wilton, i year, 4th; S25. Model, foal, 4th; S25. Prince Model, 2 years; commended. Total awards toE. F. Kleinmeyer, S595. special PREMIUMS BY FRENCH DRAFT HORSE ASSOCIATION. FOR BEST STALLION, ANY AGE. Iowa King, 3d; Colored Gentleman. 5th; Perch Duke, 7th. CLYDESDALE— Class xxvii. L. B. Goodrich, State Center, Iowa — MacClaskie, aged, 3d; $50. MacCas- kie. 2 years; commended. McCroskie, foal; commended. MacClaskie and three colts, highly commended. Lizzie Finley, aged; commended. Lilly Radnor, foal, 3d; S30. SPECIAL PREMIUMS AWARDED BY AMERICAN CLYDESDALE ASSOCIATION. MacXaught, stallion, 3 years, 3d; S75. Lilly Radnor, mare under i year 2d; Sioo. Fidelas, mare under i year, 4th; S40. Total awards to L. B. Goodrich, S295. 124 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION SHETLAND PONIES— Class xxxviii. J. Murray Hoag, Maquoketa^ — Howard B, aged, ist; Sioo. Jed 832, 3 years, 2d; $65. Knapsack 1343, 2 years, 2d;S65. Cora 19, aged, ist; $100. Dot 29, aged, 2d; S65. Julia B 844, 3 years, 3d S35. Jesse 874, 3 years, 4th; S20. Kena 1344, 2 years, 3d; S35. Knickerbocker Lass 1345, 2 years, 4th; S20. Total, S505. sweepstakes. Cora, mare any age, ist; medal. Team of 8, 4 abreast, ist; medal. special premiums awarded to J. MURRAY HOAG BY AMERICAN SHET- LAND PONY CLUB. Silver cup awarded for best show of Shetland Ponies consisting of one tallion and four Mares. First premium, for best pair ponies in harness, Jay 835, and Colorado 843. and First premium to Bella 17. best single pony in harness. The two awards last named were at October classes. STANDARD BRED TROTTERS— Class xxi. John Jacobs, Langworthy — Kittie Creek Bird, aged, 3d; S75. Langworthy Lady, 6th; commended. SWEEPSTAKES. Single driver, Kittie Creek Bird, 2d; diploma. Team to harness, Kittie Creek Bird and Langworthy, 3d; diploma. AWARDS TO SWINE. POLAND-CHINA— Class lvi. A. J. Lytle, Oskaloosa -L's Tecumseh 2049(;, i V^ar, 2d; $40 SWEEPSTAKES. L's Tecumseh, 2d. Wm. G. Marshall, Iowa City — Free Trade Chip (A) 19225, i year, 3d; S30. J(jhn Johnston & Sons, Humbohlt— Oxford Duke (O) 27663, aged, 3d; S30 DUROC JERSEY -Class lviii. J. H. Latiiroj), Oxford Junction -Four swine, get of one boar, ]:)red by ex- hibitor, 4th; S55. Winnie 812, Winnie 8o2, Iowa Oueen 3(1 806, Iowa Queen 4th 808. Total awards to J. H. Lathroj), S55. REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON LIVE STOCK. 1 25 Wm. Roberts & Son, Paton — Motor, aged, 6th; commended. Charity, 2 years, 4th; S20. Lugura B, 2 years, 4th; S20. Columbian Duke, i year, 3d; $30. Motor Jr, over 6 months, 4th; S20. AHce R, under 6 months, •ist;S40. Jack R, under 6 months, 2d; $35. Zeek, under 6 months, highly commended. Boar and three sows over i year. Motor, Sugura B, Miss Christopher and Charity, 4th; $30. Boar and three sows bred by exhibitor. Motor, Sugura B, Charity and Miss Christopher, 4th; $40. Boar and three sows under i year, bred by exhibitor, Jack R, Penrose, Roberts Pride, Alice R, 2d; $40. Four pigs under 6 months, product of same sow, same pigs as above, 2d; $75. Total, $350. Official awards were not made on the poultry show but the score of each exhibit was given the exhibitor. The official sheet of awards to Iowa gives the following to live stock: Number of first premiums 41 Number of second premiums 37 Number of third premiums 22 Number of fourth premiums 25 Number of special premiums 5 Number of medals for sweepstakes 15 Number of diplomas 3 Number of cash prizes 125 DAIRY TEST. The Dairy Test, sometimes called the Dairy School of the Exposition, became one of the most interestmg features. It was established mainly to test the merits of the dairy breeds of cattle of the world, and incidentally to illustrate and educate the people interested in this leading industry as to the proper methods of handling milk and cream, and the value of machin- ery and appliances in the economic production of butter and cheese. The breed tests were four in number, the first one commencing May nth and continuing fifteen days, known as the cheese test, in which all com- mercial products— cheese, whey, gain or loss in weight of the cow — were considered in making the award. The second test began May 31st, continuing till August 28th, and was known as the ninety-day butter test. In this test all commercial products — butter, butter milk, skimmed milk, increase or decrease in weight, and the cost of color, if used — were considered in m.aking the award. Breed Test No. 3, from August 2gth to September 27th, was known as the thirty-day butter test. In this test no product except butter was consid- ered in making the award. Breed Test No. 4, from September 28th to October 27th, for young herds, heifers to be under three years old on September i, 1893, "^^^ on the same plan and under the same rules as Test No 2. This was known as the heifer test Tests Nos. I and 2 were conducted under uniform methods of handling the milk and the cream and the manufacture of the cheese and butter. In Test No. 3 the committee of each breed was allowed to decide the method [26 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION of handling the milk and cream and the manner in which the same should be manufactured into butter. In the first two tests each breed was repre- sented by twenty-five registered cows, in the third test by fifteen cows. These three tests were participated in by the Jerseys, Guernseys and Short Horns. In the Heifer test the Jerseys and Short Horns fought it out with- out the Guernseys. A record was kept of the weight of milk from each cow, weight of milk from each breed, the percentage of butter fat in the milk from each cow, the percentage of solids other than butter fat. the same for each breed, amount of butter in pounds produced by each breed, per cent of butter fat in such butter. Similar regulations were adopted respect- ing the cheese tests, and an accurate record was kept of the feed consumed by each cow, and likewise the product was credited showing the net profit of each cow and each breed. In the first three tests awards were made for the best cow of each breed; the best cow of any breed; the best five cows of each breed; the best five cows of any breed; and for the best breed. These are the leading points governing the tests, though those inter- ested should obtain the complete rules governing, which are too long to in- clude in this report. Iowa had representatives in the herd of Jerseys and Short Horns as follows: JERSEY COWS. Richardson Bros., Davenport — Lorita, Campania, Elturia D. J.Heinsheimer, Glenwood— Hugo Countess. SHORT HORN COWS. Daniel Sheehan & Son, Osage — Nora and Belle Price.' William Miller, Storm Lake — Imported Bashful 2d. John M. Sterr, New Hampton — Christata. In the Cheese test the record of the breeds was as follows: HERD Jerseys Guernseys - Short Horns Milk, lbs 13,296.4 10,938.6 Cheese, lbs. 1,451.76 1,130.62 1,0776 Total Value Products S217.96 164.55 180.70 Cost of Feed S98.I4 76.25 99-36 Net Profit $11982 88.30 81.34 In the Jersey herd the Iowa cows, Hugo Countess and Lorita, com- peted, and in the Short Horn herd Nora, Imported Bashful 2d, Belle Price and Christata competed. On the basis of the net profit Nora's standing was 5th in the 75 cows competing, four Jerseys leading. The first, Ida Mar- igold, showed a profit of $6.97, and Nora gave a profit of $6.27, the two Jer- seys immediately above her giving a profit of $6.34 each, beating her by 7c. Hugo Countess followed in the 8th place among the 75, with a profit $5.96. The value of the live weight gain of Nora was $2.52, having gained 56 lbs. at 4>^c per lb ; while Hugo Countess gained but 16 lbs., valued at 72c. Hugo Countess produced 66.96 lbs. of cheese, and Nora 60.56 lbs. in the fifteen days. REPORT OF COMMITTEE OX LIVE STOCK. 27 The other Iowa cows stood: Imported Bashful 2d, 27th; Lorita, 44th; Belle Price, 63d; and Christata, 74th; but the latter, being incapacitated at the close of the test by illness, was sent home. It should be stated in jus- tice to the cow Christata that the value of her cheese, $5. 35, if not drawn against for the loss of 17 lbs of flesh through illness, would have placed her much higher in the list. In the Ninety-day Butter Test, all commercial products being consid- ered, the record of the breeds was as follows: HERD Jersey Guernsey -. Short Horn Milk. lbs. Butter, lbs. Value of | Xet Protits ' Product j -I- 4,274.01051,876.671 81,323.812 3,360.4311 1,465464: 907-639 2.890.869 1,286.789' QIO.II7 The Iowa cows were Hugo Countess and Lorita in the Jersey herd; Nora, Imported Bashful 2d and Belle Price in the Short Horn herd. Hugo Countess gave 3,542 9 lbs of milk, made 191.894 lbs. of butter at a net profit of $60.72 3. Lorita gave 2,320.3 lbs. of milk, made 146.619 lbs. of butter at a net profit of S39. 49 8. Nora gave 3,679.8 lbs. of milk, made 160.579 lbs. of butter at a net profit of S5 2. 63 4. Imported Bashful 2d gave 3.341 lbs. of milk, made 162.095 lbs. of butter at a net profit of S47.19 6. Belle Price gave 3,249.4 lbs. of milk, made 151.93 lbs. of butter at a net profit of $41.12 8. Hugo Countess was 5th of the 24 cows competing, with a net profit of I60.72 3, thus was one of the best five cows in the award. THIRTY-DAY BUTTER TEST, AUG. 28tH TO SEPT. 27TH IN'CLUSIVE. In the Thirty-day Butter Test the records of the breeds, 15 cows of each breed participating, was as follows: HERD Jersey Guernsey -- Short Horn. Milk, lbs I Butter, lbs, 13,921.9 I3>5i8.4 15.618.3 837.21 724.17 662.66 Value of Butter $385,592 329.76 8 303.68 5 Cost of j^^et pi-ogt Food $111,243 92.76 6 104.55 I $274,349 237.00 2 119.134 Hugo Countess was the only Iowa cow in the Jersey herd in this test, with Bashful 2d, Nora and Belle Price competing in the Short Horn herd, and taking rank in the order named. Hugo Countess encountered an acci- dent early in this test. The stall companion of Hugo Countess, while the Countess was lying down, stepped on one of her teats and nipped off the end. The milk had to be drawn with a tube from the sore teat and her feed reduced. The result was that the Countess presumably lost considera- bly in the flow of milk, inasmuch as she lost 120 lbs. in her weight. It will be remembered that in this test the butter was the only product considered, and the loss of flesh, while not charged, showed the result of short feeding, which fact is supported by the small sum charged against her, $5.20 9, a sum less than anyone of the 45 cows is charged with, the average being between $8.57 4, the highest, a Jersey, and the lowest, $5.45 8, a Guernsey. REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION Butter, lbs. Net Profit 48.712 $16,960 47-474 15-495 47-197 14.305 42.168 12.143 The individual record of the best cow in the test, a Jersey, was a net profit of S24 69 7 on the 72.235 lbs. of butter credited. The Iowa cows stood as follows: Name Breed Hugo Countess Jersey Bashful 2d Short Horn. Nora Short Horn Belle Price Short Horn The best Short Horn cow in this test was a fresh one, July 19th, not competing in the former tests. It made a record of the third best in the test with its 62.243 lbs. of butter, and a net profit of $20.03 5- The best Guernsey, also not in former test and fresh August 12th, was fifth in the rank, pro- ducing 60.268 lbs. of butter with a net profit of $19.37 7. Of the five leading cows in the test, three (one Jersey, one Guernsey and one Short Horn) were not in former test; the other two were Jerseys that had been in former tests. The Iowa cows at the close of this test had been in milk as follows: Hugo Countess, last calf was dropped March 7th. Imported Bashful 2d, calf was dropped March 17th, Nora, last calf was dropped April 13th. Belle Price, last calf was dropped March 3d. The standing of the Iowa cows in the test was: Hugo Countess, 2oth; Bashful 2d, 24th; Nora, 30th; Belle Price 40th, with 45 cows com- peting. The best five cows of any breed in this test were three Jerseys, a Short Horn and a Guernsey. The best five Jerseys would have included the Hugo Countess but for her accident. The best five Short Horns in- cluded the Iowa cows, Bashful 2d and Nora. The winning breed of cows in the test was Jersey,, and the winning cow a Jersey whose last calf was dropped April 2Tstand had been in the former tests. THE HEIFER TEST — 21 DAYS, OCTOBER 1ST TO 2IST INCLUSIVE. It will be noticed that this contest was between the Jerseys and Short Horns, the Guernseys not competing; Jerseys having seven heifers and the Short Horns six. In this test we had two heifers, Campania and Elturia, in the Jersey herd, but no Short Horns competed. The amount of butter given is on the basis of 80 percent butter fat by the Babcock test, and solids not butter fat qredited at 2c per lb., and gain in live weight at 4^0 per lb. HERD Milk. lbs. Butter, hbs Value of Products Cost of Feed Net Profits Jersey 3.356.6 2,581.0 194.226 122.362 $90-71 7 70.94 9 $34.43 9 23-528 $56,278 47.42 I The number of animals in each herd being averaged, the total net profits was ascertained to have been for the Jerseys $56.27 8, or an average of $8.03 9, and the Short Horns showed an aggregate net profit of $47.42 i or $7.90 3 each. The best heifer of either breed was a Jersey, followed by two Short Horns as second and third, and the fourth and fifth were Jerseys. The best five Jersey heifers included the Iowa heifers, Campania and Eltu- REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON LIVE STOCK. I2Q ria, which stood 7th and gth in the list of 15, with a credit of net profit of $7.90 I and $7.20 9 respectively, the highest cow having a credit of $11.22 and the lowest $5.39 i. Excluding the live weight gains, and dairymen generally consider such a proper test, Campania would be advanced to second place. Returning to the first three tests it will be observed that special awards were made for the first 15 days of each of the three tests, namely, the 15-day cheese test, the 90-day butter test, and the 30-day butter test. The net profits of each cow in the first 15 days of each test was the basis of the awards. The award was made to the Jerseys as the best breed; the best cow was a Jersey; the best Short Horn cow was Daniel Sheehan & Sons' Nora. The best five Jerseys included D. L. Heinsheimer's Hugo Countess. The best five Short Horns included Nora, and Wm. Miller's Imported Bashful 2d as fourth best. The rank of the Iowa cows in the list of 26 cows that competed in all of the three first tests was as follows: Hugo Countess. 5th; Nora, nth; Bashful 2d, 19th; and Belle Price. 24th Ten of these 26 cows were Jerseys, seven were Guernseys, and the nine were Short Horns. The net profit of the sweepstake cow, a Jersey, for the first fifteen days of each test was $31.65. The net profit of Hugo Countess was S25.92; Nora $23.76 3; Imported Bashful 2d $20.41 3; and Belle Price $13.52 7. The lowest cow, or the 26th on the list, gave a profit of Si2.gi 8. The record of all the cows com- peting was remarkable, in that the surroundings were so uncomfortable, the barn so hot, and the feed so indifferent, and much not at all wholesome. So it is not surprising that in some cases the home records were not equalled, though in most cases they were fairly well maintained. In the 90-day test it took 17.2 lbs. of Jersey milk to one lb. of butter. Guernseys 18.4 lbs., and Short Horns 22.9 lbs. of milk to one of butter. The cost of feed per lb. of butter produced v/as Jersey 13.75c., Guernseys 14.41c., and Short Horns 17.76c. FINANCIAL STATEMENT. The amount awarded the Department of Live Stock for cost of prepa- ration and exhibit was Sio,ooo. Under the regulations of the Commission, there has been paid to each exhibitor of live stock the actual cost of railway or express transportation on their stock, including the terminal charges in and out of the Exposition, the cost of forage not exceeding 40c per diem for horses, 30c for cattle, and 12c for swine; also S2 per day for each care taker necessary, covering substan- tially the actual cost of the exhibit. The disbursements were, under this resolution, as follows: HORSES. EXHIBITOR AND RESIDENCE. AMOUNT. Peter Hopely, Lewis, Robert Ramsay, Hancock S 551 70 J. Murray Hoag, Maquoketa 419 80 E. F. Kleinmeyer, Wilton Junction 321 10 L. B. Goodrich, State Center 433 58 A. B. Holbert. Greeley 467 80 E. Knott & Co , Waverly 373 00 Lefebure & Son, Fairfax 99 75 John Jacobs, Langworthy 73 05 — S 2,739 78 130 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION CATTLE. W. A. McHenry, Denison S 252 45 J. H. Gilfillan, Maquoketa 310 70 Wm. McTurk & Son, Crystal 232 30 Geo. S. Redhead, Des Moines --- 184 60 Richardson Bros , Davenport 217 50 — S 1,197 55 COWS IN DAIRY TEST. No. Richardson Bros, Davenport- 3 $ 300 00 Daniel Sheehan & Son, Osage 2 200 00 D. J. Heinsheimer, Glenwood i 100 00 Wm. Miller, Storm Lake i 10000 John M. Sterr, New Hampton i 50 go PRIZES TO JERSEY WINNERS. Richardson Bros, Davenport 2 30000 D. J. Heinsheimer, Glenwood i 150 00 PRIZE FOR BEST SHORT HORN. Daniel Sheehan & Son, Osage 100 00— S 1,300 co FAT CATTLE EXHIBIT. W. S. Niles, Wyoming S 106 93 D. M. Monniger, Supt. Cattle and Horses 83 20 SWINE. Stone ^ Stone, LeClaire $ 56 40 John Johnston & Son, Humboldt 42 40 M. Dunn, Van Meter 42 40 Wm. Roberts & Son, Paton 212 60 Taft & Co., Humboldt 187 00 Peter Mouw, Orange City 166 55 J. F. Bonner, Morning Sun 61 20 T. R. Wilson, Morning Sun - ._. 5290 J. H. Lathrop, Oxford Junction .-_ 80 10 A. J. Lytle, Oskaloosa 67 90 W. G. Marshall, Iowa City 6640 W. W. McClung, V/aterloo, Supt Swine Exhibit 73 85—$ 1,109 00 REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON LIVE STOCK. I3I POULTRY. G. W. Scott, Rose Hill S 3 50 John Wilson, What Cheer 4 25 E. W. Strohmeier, Independence i 85 W. H. Garland, Aurora i 25 W. W. Wyant, Waterloo, Assistant Expenses 3 03 C. S. Gabrilson, New Hampton, Supt. Sheep & Poultry 2q 28 — S 43 16 Per diem of Commissioner in charge $ 398 80 Total expense of Live Stock Department $ 6,959 32 Amount in the Treasurers fund not drawn $3,040 68 In the preparatory work of the live stock exhibit, your commissioner in charge of the Live Stock Department has received loyal support from the Breeders Committee, consistmg of J. J. Richardson, Chairman, Davenport, and D. P. Stubbs, Fairfield, P. S. Kell, Des Moines, W. A McHenry, Den- ison, C. W. Norton, Wilton Junction, W. B. Barney, Hampton, W. W. Mc- Clung, Waterloo, Daniel Sheehan, Osage, and C. S. Barclay, West Liberty. The immediate management of the Iowa cattle and horse exhibit at the Ex- position was entrusted to the expert hands of D M. Monniger, and the swine exhibit to W. W. McClung, and to all these gentlemen my cordial thanks are extended. Report of the Department of Agriculture. BY F. N. CHASE. In submitting this report I desire to call attention to a few of the rules adopted by the Board of Management of the World's Columbian Exposition. DEPARTMEXT OF AGRICULTURE. SPECIAL RULES AND INFORMATION. 1. Articles intended for exhibition will be admitted to the Agricultural Building on and after November ist, i8g2. 2. All exhibits, except those of a perishable character, must be in po- sition on or before April 20th, 1893. \'egetables and other perishable prod- ucts will be admitted during their season, and may be replaced by fresh specimens when found necessary, by obtaining a special permit from the Chief of the Department. 5. A special display of potatoes and other tubers will be made during the two weeks. beginning Monday, Sept 11, 1893. 7. The space granted an exhibitor will be indicated on the permit, in feet and inches, together with its location. It may be utilized in such a manner as the exhibitor may think best "in arranging his exhibit, under the direction of the Chief of the Department, subject to the approval of the Di- rector-General, in accordance with the followmg specific regulations: All platforms must be of uniform height, namely, eight inches. All rail- ings and counters must be of uniform height, namely, thirty-six inches above the floor, Xo partition will be permitted exceeding six feet in height above the floor. Space will be computed to an aisle or to some definite point, and all railings and ornamentations are to be mcluded therein. No distinct form or design is prescribed for the construction of counters, railings, etc., or for the arrangement of an exhibit (columns, pyramids, cones, etc.), except that a drawing to a scale of one-quarter of an inch to the foot must be submitted by each exhibitor to the Chief of the Department, showing elevations, con- struction, material to be used, and the arrangement of the exhibit, so far as possible. This design must be approved by the Chief of the Department before such exhibitor \v\U be permitted to proceed with the installation of his exhibit. 10. Exhibits of cereals, and other farm products, must be accompanied with the following data and information: a. Name of object. b. Name of producer. c. Place where grown. d. Character of soil. e. Date of planting. 134 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION f. Quantity of seed planted per acre. g. Method of cultivation, h. Date of harvesting. i. Yield per acre. j. Weight. k. Price of product at nearest home market. 1. Average temperature by months for the time intervening between planting and harvesting. m. Average rain or snow-fall by months for the time intervening be- tween planting and harvesting. n. Was exhibit produced by irrigation? Rule 13. If exhibits are intended for competition it must be so stated by the exhibitor, or they will be excluded from examination for award. Rule 14. The Chief of each Department will provide cards of uniform size and character, which may be affixed to the exhibits, and on which will be stated only the exhibitor's name and address, the name of the object or article exhibited, and its catalogue number. In the general classification of exhibits by the Board of Management of the World's Columbian Exposition, the Agricultural Department or Divis- ion "A" contained nineteen groups and one hundred and eighteen classes, including Agriculture, Food and its accessories. Forestry and Forest Prod- ucts, Agricultural Machinery and Appliances. The State of Iowa was honored by the selection of one of her citizens (Hon. W. I. Buchanan of Sioux City) as Chief of this— the largest and most far-reaching of any department of the Great Exposition. We deem this an acknowledgement of Iowa's supremacy as an agricultural state. In outlining the department of the Iowa State Exhibit by the Iowa Col- umbian Commission, three divisions of the Agricultural Department were placed in my charge, namely, the divisions of Farm and Garden Products, the Dairy and the Apiary, and to defray the expense of collecting, prepar- ing and installing a creditable exhibit in the divisions named, the Commis- sion set aside the sum of eight thousand dollars ($8,000). It seemed almost impossible to make an exhibit of these, the most im- portant and valuable industries of this great commonwealth, with the sum placed at my disposal. The following letter had previously been sent to the Press and Farmers of the State: Cedar Falls, Iowa, April, 1891, To the Farmers of Iowa : My Dear Sir: — The Columbian Commission for the World's Colum- bian Exposition, to be held in Chrcago, is now organized and is perfecting plans which will, if carried out, insure an exhibit of all the resources and all the varied industries of our great State, which will be to our credit, and also add greatly to the future growth and prosperity of our commonwealth. The Board of Management at Chicago is preparing immense buildings on Jackson Park in which the competitive exhibits, by individuals and firms from all the states and territories in the United States, and all ihe foreign nations, will be exhibited in their proper departments acconiing to their classification, but each state is asked to erect a suitable building for their REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. I35 headquarters, in which will be shown the collective state exhibit, represent- ing the advantages, resources and possibilities of their respective states. A circular will be issued later that will more fully explain the scope and variety of the exhibits in the different departments of this state collection. The Iowa Commission realize that the extent, magnitude and success of the Iowa State Exhibit in this department depends largely upon the farm- ers. We therefore respectfully ask your hearty co-operation and invite cor- respondence. We believe that at the proper time the State will grant all the financial aid that is needed to make the exhibit a credit to the State. We desire especially at this time to call your attention to the importance of securing, during this season, the best possible specimens of corn, of the many different varieties; of all the grasses, also of grain, wheat, rye, oats, barley, flax, millet, broom corn, and any other cereals that can be preserved in good form until 1893. We ask you to take special care to select and save any unusually large ears of corn, and extra heavy heads of grain with very long straw. All the small grains should be preserved in the straw with the roots attached. Our object in asking your co-operation at this time is to procure the best possible samples during the two seasons intervening between now and the opening of the Exposition, May ist, 1893, to prevent a failure in case the season of 1892 should, by unfavorable weather, render it impossible to obtain the best that our soil could produce under favorable circumstances. If the season of 1891 should prove to be bad, we would still have next year's crop to draw from, and Iowa, which now takes the lead as an agricultural state, must show her best soil, and her best products, and she will then stand first of all the states with her exhibit at the great Exposition. For the Iowa Columbian Commission, F. N. Chase. Secretary, As no cash prizes were offered by the Exposition except in the Live Stock Department, I was obliged to depend wholly upon the generosity and state pride of the Farmers, Dairymen and Bee-keepers of Iowa to assist in making a creditable showing of the resources of the State. They responded, and I take this opportunity to thank all those whose aid made it possible for me to make an exhibit worthy of our State. To further increase an interest in an exhibit of our cereals, and other products, at a meeting of the Commission, the following resolution was in- troduced by Commissioner Packard, and adopted: "The following action was taken by the Iowa Columbian Commission in session at Des Moines, June 9th, 1892: 'Commissioner Packard spoke of the importance of offering prizes and recommended to the Commissioner of Agriculture of this Commission that he offer cash prizes for grains, seeds and grasses, to be competed for at the Iowa State Fair in 1892. The Committee was empowered to offer such prizes." SPECIAL PREMIUMS. Headquarters Iowa Columbian Commission, Office of Secretary, Cedar Falls, Ia , June 15th, 1892. To the Fanners of Iowa : Gentlemen: — At a regular meeting of the Iowa Columbian Commis- sion held at the Capitol, Des Moines, Iowa, June 8, 1892, the Commissioner 136 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION in charge of the Department of Agriculture of said Iowa Commission, (F. X. Chase, Cedar Falls, lowaj was authorized to offer special premiums on grain in the straw and grasses to be competed for at the Iowa State Fair, August 26th to September 2d, 1892. Your attention is called to the following premiums together with instructions and rules governing the contest. PREMIUMS ON GRAIN IN STRAW. 1st. 2d. Best fall rye, any variety Sio 00 S 5 00 Best spring rye, any variety 1000 5 00 Best fall wheat, any variety 1000 5 00 Best spring wheat, any variety 1000 5 00 Best fall barley, any variety- 1000 5 00 Best spring barley, any variety 1000 5 00 Best white oats, any variety 1000 5 00 Best black oats, any variety 1000 5 00 Best flax 10 00 5 00 Best and largest collection of grain in strawby one individual 25 00 10 00 Specimens for this collection must be in addition to all exhibits compet- ing for other premiums. Each exhibit to be accompanied by a statement showing date of seeding, date of harvesting, mode of cultivation, kind of soil and yield per acre. No entry fee required. PREMIUMS ON GRASSF.S. I St 2d Best specimen of timothy Sio 00 S 5 go Best specimen of blue grass . — 1000 500 Best specimen of red clover 1000 5 00 Best specimen of white clover. 10 00 5 00 Best specimen of millet, any variety 10 00 5 00 Best specimen of alfalfa 10 00 5 00 Best and largest number of named varieties of grasses grown in Iowa 15 00 10 00 Additional samples must be brought to compete for premium on collec- tion of grasses. Articles competing for these special premiums will not be allowed to compete in the regular classes of the State Agricultural Society. The fol- lowing rules and conditions must be strictly adhered to: Rule I. All entries must be made through John R. Shaffer, Secretary State Agricultural Society, on or before the 27th day of August, 1892. Rule 2. Exhibitors competing for these special premiums on Grain in Straw and Grasses must have their exhibits in place in the Agricultural Hall by Saturday night, August 27th, 1892. Rule 3. Exhibitors must have two (2) specimens of each variety, one with full length straw with roots, and one with full length straw without roots. These specimens to be neatly tied and protected in bundles of one and one-half (I '/j) inches in diameter and each specimen must be accom- panied by two ordinary size field bundles of the same ijuality as specimens exhibited. REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 137 Rule 4. All exhibits of grains and grasses to become the property of the Iowa Columbian Commission, to be exhibited (at the discretion of said Commission) at the World's Fair, and, if practicable, said grain and grasses may be placarded, giving name of grower and his county. Rule 5. Competition limited to Iowa. No entry fee required. Note Three expert judges, consisting of one from the Agricultural Society, one from the State Horticultural Society, and one from the State Agricultural College, will be selected. These judges may decide the scale of points by which the awards will be made. Note. The premium list of the State Agricultural Society, having been printed and distributed, this special list will be mailed direct to probable exhibitors and given an extremely wide circulation throughout the State. Note, Your attention is called to the special premium offered on farm products by the Hon. W. I. Buchanan. Chief of Department of Agriculture, World's Columbian Exposition, on page 148, Premium List of the Iowa State Fair for 1892. Note. Also note carefully on pages 138, 139, 149 and 150 of Premium List, the premiums offered for corn, grain and seed specials, at the Avinter meeting of the State Agricultural Society. Note. All exhibits must be grown in Iowa and must be the product of 1891 or 1892, but exhibitors must be able to furnish the required amount specified in Rule 3, of each year's growth, or no premium will be awarded for that year. F. N. Chase, Commissioner in Charge. Additional premiums were offered by State Agricultural Society, and by W. I. Buchanan. The following premiums were also offered and paid by the Iowa Com- mission and State Agricultural Society at the winter meeting of the State Agricultural Society held in Des Moines, in January, 1893. The premiums in classes Nos. i and 2 were offered and paid by State Agricultural Society to aid the Iowa Commission in making the Agri- cultural exhibit at the World's Columbian Exposition. The offerings in classes 3 and 5 were made and paid by this Commission. CLASS NO. I. — CORN. (Competition limited to the State). Entries in all these classes must be made on or before January 9th, 1893. Address John. R. Shaffer, Secretary, Des Moines. No premiums will be paid unless the following conditions are fully com- plied with — no entry fee required in any of the following classes. Exhibits to be grown by exhibitor and to be the growth of 1892. Statements as to kmd of soil, mode of saving, preparing seed, and time of planting, mode of culture and period of maturity to accompany each entry. The exhibit to be made at Capitol. Premium corn to become the property of the Board. In each exhibit made in this list, each 20 ears must be accompanied with one-half peck shelled corn of same kind as ears exhibited, except in collective exhibit. The collective exhibit must be separate and distinct 10 138 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION from individual exhibits. Parties making the collective exhibit can enter and compete for the minor premiums with the same varieties of corn, but not with the same specimens. In collective exhibit the greatest number of varieties shown will not be the only test. Quality and display (quality especially) will both be taken into consideration. All varieties must be named. Not more nor less than eight ears of each variety will be exhibited. ist. 2d. Best twenty ears large yellow dent $ 10 00 $ 5 00 Best twenty ears small yellow dent 10 00 5 00 Best twenty ears large white dent 1000 500 Best twenty ears small white dent 10 00 5 00 Best twenty ears mixed dent 1000 500 Best twenty ears bloody butcher dent 1000 500 Best twenty ears hackberry dent 1000 500 Best twenty ears yellow flint . 1000 500 Best twenty ears white flint 1000 500 Best twenty ears sugar corn 1000 500 Best twenty ears pop corn 1000 5 00 Best twenty largest ears, any variety 1000 1; 00 Largest number of varieties, best, and best displayed col- lective exhibit by any one individual 30 00 20 00 Third- 10 00 SCORE OF POINTS FOR EAR CORN. Length of ear, 10; circumference of ear, 10; evenness of ear, 10; per cent of net grain to cob, 30; color and uniformity of grain 20; quality and ripeness of grain, 20. The standard for large varieties of Dent are length of ear, 10 inches; cir- cumference of ear, 7 inches; length of kernel, 3-5 inches. Small Dent: Length of ear, 8 inches; circumference of ear, 6]4 inches; length of kernel, 3-5 inches. All ears should be cylindrical, tapering slightly to the tip; well filled out, both butt and tip. Scale of points for sugar corn: Shape of ear, 20; evenness of ear. 20; length of kernel, 10; quality, 10; ripeness of grain, 20; sweetness, 20, sweet- ness to be decided by taste. Shelled corn will be submitted to the ordinary commercial test, and the foregoing scale. Ear exhibits to be shelled and tested by the scale of points given, the object being to obtain the greatest per cent yield of weight, clear corn with the least yield possible of weight and dimensions of cob. Any number of ears to be subject to test the committee may decide upon. Note —We hope, for the pride of our people, and to aid the World's Fair Commission that our growers of corn will make this exhibit worthy of the great name and State of Iowa. No grander opportunity will ever come to us to show up our vast resources than is given us now at the World's Col- umbian Exi)osition. Let us accept the invitation and add fame and wealth to the garden spot of the nation. REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. I39 CLASS NO. II. — SYRUP AND SUGAR. Parties making entries for the premiums on sugar and syrup must file with the Secretary at time of entry, on or before January gth, 1893, a written statement, giving variety of seed planted, kind of soil, mode of culture and manufacture, cost and yield per acre. The sugar and syrup receiving the first premium to be left with the Secretary for the Museum of the Society. I St. 2d. Gallon of syrup made from northern cane grown in Iowa, product of 1891 S 20 GO $10 GO Gallon of syrup made from northern cane grown in Iowa, product of 1892 1000 500 Ten pounds of sugar made from northern cane grown in Iowa, product of 1892 __ 10 00 5 00 SPECIAL PREMIUMS. CLASS NO. III.— CORN. Offered by the Iowa Columbian Commission. 1st. 2d. 3d. For the largest and best display of corn in the ear by any individual or county in the State of Iowa-_-$5o 00 $25 00 S15 00 The exhibit must be the product of the years of 1891 or 1892, or both, and must contain at least forty (40) varieties. Not more or less than ten ears of each variety to be shown, independent of that which may be suspended with the husks on. A part of the exhibit must be shown with a few husks on. The corn exhibited to become the property of the Commission, for Ex- hibition at the World's Fair. CLASS NO. V. — GRAIN AND SEED. Offered by the Iowa Columbian Commission. ist. 2d. Best peck spring wheat, any variety S 10 00 S 5 00 Best peck fall wheat, any variety 10 00 5 00 Best peck spring rye, any variety 10 00 5 00 Best peck fall rye, any variety 1000 500 Best peck spring barley, any variety 10 00 5 00 Best peck oats, any variety 1000 5 00 Best peck buckwheat 10 co 5 00 Best peck flax seed 1000 500 Best peck timothy seed 1000 5 00 Best peck clover seed lo oo 500 Best peck blue grass seed 10 00 5 00 Best peck millet seed 10 00 5 00 Best peck amber cane seed 1000 500 The grain and seed exhibited to become the property of the Commission, for exhibition at the World's Fair. 140 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION Exhibits can be the product of the years 1891 or 1892, or both. A little later the following letter referring to exhibits in Agricultural, Dairy and Apiary Departments was sent to the Press, the State Farmers Alliance, State Dairy Association, Beekkeeper's Association, Secretaries of County and District Fairs, and Farmers and Dairymen generally: IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION. Department of Agriculture, Dairy and Apiary, Cedar Falls, Iowa. 1892. Dear Sir:— Having been appointed by the Iowa Columbian Commis- sion to take charge of the work of collecting and installing an exhibit of such products and articles as are embraced in the Department of Agriculture, including the Dairy industry, the Apiary, and Agricultural Machinery, I beg to call your attention to the great prominence Iowa has already attained as an agricultural state, and the importance of our having an exhibition of our soil and the very best of the products of our soil, the finest specimens that can be produced from our creameries and the dairy, and an exhibit of the honey we produce, at the World's Fair, and thereby attract the attention of the millions of visitors to that great Exposition to Iowa and to her wonderful resources and possibilities in the line of Agriculture. The question is sometimes asked, have the farmers and producers any interest in making this kind of an exhibit? Most certainly, yes. All classes will be benefitted, but I believe the farmer more than any other. Iowa is now only in its infancy. We know our soil and its producing qualities. We now stand first as a corn producing state, and, without doubt, wi-11 always grow more corn than any other state in the Union (to say nothing of our $150,000,000 worth of other farm products grown annually in Iowa), but the greater the production the worse off we are unless we can find more con- sumers. The World's Fair is the great opportunity of our generation to show to the world what we produce, and to induce the peoples of the world to use it. The increased consumption in this and other countries, making a greater demand for export, will surely give the farmer what he so much needs, and most earnestly desires, a good price for his corn and other farm products. In 1891, Iowa produced 335,000,000 bushels of corn. If we increase the price only 5c per bushel, by this exhibit it would add to the Iowa farmers' pocket money nearly $17,000,000 annually. We ask your hearty co-operation. First: To aid in making a creditable collective exhibit of our products in the Iowa State Building now being erected on the World's Fair Grounds. Second: To aid in making an exhibit in the various classes in the com- petitive departments in the Agricultural and Dairy Buildings. For an exhibit of farm and garden products in the Iowa State Building we must have the very best samples that Iowa can produce We are all alike interested in this, and we solicit specimens of any of the following products: 1. Shelled corn, any kind, 2 (|ts of each variety. 2. Corn in the ear, any kind, not less than six ears of each variety. 3. Corn in the ear with a few husks attached. REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 141 4. Grains, all kinds, threshed, 2 qts. of each variety. 5 Farm, garden and flower seeds, from 3^ pt. to i qt. each. 6. Grains of all kinds in straw, full length, part with roots attached, tied in bundles about i }4 inches in diameter. 7. Grasses of all kinds put up same as grains in straw. 8. Flax and flax seed, flax fiber, millet, broom corn with seed and in the brush 9. Specimens of anything in the bee industry, and apiary supplies. 10. Honey in the comb and extracted. 11. Amber cane, and sugar and syrup manufactured from the same. One gallon of syrup and not less than five pounds of sugar. 12. Beet sugar not less than five pounds. Any of the samples contributed can, if desired, have the name of the individual or county placed upon the exhibit. Small cotton sacks for grain and seeds, also tags, will be furnished upon application to me When samples or anything for exhibition are ready for shipment, write for full shipping directions — (make no shipment without first writing for shipping directions)— and full information will be sent. Freight will be paid by this Department on all samples furnished as part of the State Exhibit. It is hoped that the secretaries and other officers of county and district agricultural societies will secure from exhibitors at their respective fairs as many samples as possible, bearing in mind that it is the best quality and and not quantity that is wanted. Such exhibits as are secured in this way will be taken in charge by the Secretary and any expense for storing and draying will be paid by this Department. The exhibit in the State Building is to advertise the resources of the state and will not be classified. Articles for competition in the various Exposition buildings in the sev- eral departments wilj be classified and shown under the rules of the Expo- sition management. Further information in regard to exhibits in the Agricultural, Dairy and Apiary Departments, also the general rules issued by the Exposition management governing the competitive exhibits m the different depart- ments and classes, will be sent on application. F. N. CHASE, Commissioner in Charge of Dept. of Agriculture, Cedar Falls, Iowa. Later the following letter was sent: Department of Agriculture, Dairy and Apiary. Cedar Falls, Iowa, February, 1893. Dear Sir: — Since issuing my last bulletin the Board of Management of the World's Columbian Exposition have decided to publish the names of all exhibitors in the competitive classes of the various departments in the "Official Catalogue of the Exposition," and no separate state catalogue of these exhibitors will be permitted. As this catalogue must be completed by May ist, it is imperative that you send your names immediately, as the printing must be done at once. 142 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION We therefore request that you act promptly; send your name, with county and town, immediately, to F. N. Chase, Cedar Falls, Iowa. Do not put this off even for a day. The State Agricultural Exhibit will be made up of these individual ex- hibits, and when the awards are made a Certificate, Diploma or Medal will be awarded to the individual exhibitors that receive an award. The exhibitor will be at no expense whatever in the departments named in this bulletin, except for the samples furnished. Do not send any mferior samples. Iowa must show her best if she wins. Yours respectfully, F. N. CHASE, Cedar Falls, Iowa. Commissioner in charge of Department of Agriculture, Dairy and Apiary. The first important step was to secure a good location in the Agricul- tural Building, with sufficient amount of space on which we could install the cereals and other products of the farm and garden. Iowa was the first state to make an appropriation for an exhibit, and among the first that made application to the Chief of the Agricultural De- partment of the Exposition for space in the Agricultural Building, and was assigned what was known as Section i, and contaimng two thousand one hundred and five square feet of space on the main floor. The location was very desirable, in the center of the building, being one of the four corners facing on the grand avenues running through the building east and west and north and south. Iowa having been assigned a very prominent location, the installation and the exhibit must be worthy of the location, and a credit to our great and growing state, which now ranks as the leading agricultural state in the Union. THE PAVILION. The plans for the pavilion to be erected for this department of the Iowa exhibit were made by the Josselyn & Taylor Co., Architects, of Cedar Rapids. It was Moorish in design, and the decorations were all done in natural products, and wrought in beautiful designs and figures, made up of staple and fancy colored corn, small grain, seeds, grasses, golden rod, su- mach, sorghum stalks and seed, cat-tails, corn tassels, wild sage, and many other seeds, plants and flowers, all together making a marvelous picture. When completed it was a thing of beauty and greatly admired by the many millions that visited the great Exposition, Nearly all the displays, both domestic and foreign, made in the Agri- cultural Building, were a revelation to every one, but none were more highly commended or praised than Iowa's artistic pavilion, and the unique exhibi- tion of its natural products. The decorations on this pavilion and on the pagodas were all done by Messrs. Mil ward & Clark, Decorators, of Sioux City, who had just com- pleted the natural products decorations in the pavilion of the Iowa State Building, which was a leading, if not the greatest attraction of the whole Exposition. REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE I43 THE EXHIBIT. The assistants in charge of the division of Farm and Garden Products were Ben S. Packard and L. G. Clute. Six ornamental pagodas were built in this pavilion, on which were in- stalled the exhibits. These pagodas were decorated in same style as the pavilion itself. The exhibits installed were the best specimens and samples of all the cereals grown in the state. Corn was very properly made a prom- inent feature of the exhibit — ^one hundred and thirty different varieties being shown — and very many samples were the finest ever shown at any Exposi- tion Many of the exhibits were donated by individual farmers of the state. These were exhibited in the name of the grower and many of them were awarded a medal or diploma or both. The list of names of exhibitors and those that received awards is hereto attached and made part of this report. A beautiful large silk banner and fourteen smaller banners with the word "Iowa" wrought in golden grain told everyone that this was the Iowa Agri- ricultural Exhibit. As evidence that the exhibit was creditable and the installation artistic and attractive, the Jury of Awards gave Iowa both Medal and Diploma for the best and most artistically arranged collection of farm and garden products. SOIL. The samples of Iowa soil were exhibited in white glass cylinders six (6) feet long, and six (6) mches in diameter, placed in cylinder showing the nat- ural strata from the sod or surface down to the subsoil. Each of these cyl- inders had a fine white enameled label with border and letters in gold "Iowa Soil." A number of these were shown in the Iowa Exhibit in Agricultural Building; also in the Iowa State Building, and attracted much attention and favorable comment. It was the design of the Commissioner in charge to show samples of soil obtained from different localities, not from every county, but represent- ing all parts of the state. Galvanized iron tubes of the same size of the glass exhibition tubes were made for transporting the soil, and sent to the different parts of the State, and were filled gratuitously by the following named persons: Hon. James O. Crosby, Garnavillo, Clayton Co.; Hon. Jasper Thompson, Forest City, Winnebago Co.; J. J. Madden, Le Mars, Plymouth Co.; Hon. S. B. Packard, Marshalltown, Marshall Co.; Hon. Chas. Ashton, Guthrie Center, Guthrie Co. ; Hon. B. F. Clayton, Macedonia, Pottawattamie Co.; Dr. A. C. Roberts, Ft. Madison, Lee Co. ; Prof. Jas. Wilson, Experimental Station, Ames, Story Co.; L. G. Clute, Greeley, Delaware Co.; J. F. Record, Glenwood, Mills Co.; F. N. Chase, Cedar Falls, Black Hawk Co. Other samples of soil were offered, but these were deemed sufficient to show the world the character, depth and richness of Iowa soil. 144 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION IOWA FARM PRODUCTS. 1891. CROPS. BUSHELS. VALUE. Corn 335»03^598 8100,509,479 Oats 115,810,800 26,636,484 Wheat 27,586,000 31,517,080 Rye 2,051,400 1,333410 Barley 4,528,669 1,811,467 Flax 3,154,016 2,523,212 Buckweat 414,000 276,000 Timothy, clover and millet seed, estimated value 1,750,000 Irish potatoes, 25,620,350 bushels 5,380,273 Sweet potatoes, 207,900 bushels 207,900 Broom corn ^ 270,570 Hay— Timothy and clover, tons, 5,582,890 33,479,340 Prairie hay and other forage crops, estimated 6,800,000 Sorghum 904,718 The government estimate of corn in Iowa in 1891 was 350,580,000 bush- els, based on an overestimate of acreage, but>we take the State Official Re- port as correct, although not as large as the government estimate. Butter and cheese 173,690,715 lbs., value, $34,188,148. This does not include milk consumed in cities and families. Mr. Secretary Shaffer, of the Agricultural Society, estimates total soil products of Iowa, including fruits, for 1891, $314,968,284. CLIMATE. Average temperature and rainfall in the six crop months. TEMPERATURE. RAINFALL. April 45 degrees April 2.60 inches May -_ 60 " May 4.10 June 69 " June 4.94 July.--- .--.. 74 " July 4.30 August 71 " August.. 3.60 September 62 " September 3.70 Average per month-- 63.8 degrees Total for crop months --.23.24 inches Average temperature in summer months 71.3 deg. Total rainfall of summer months 12.84 inches Geo. M. Chapel, M. D., J. R. Sage, U. S. Bureau, Ass't Director. Iowa Weather Service Director. WOOL. The Iowa wool exhibit was shown in the North Gallery of the Agricul- tural Building. This exhibit numbered about fifty fleeces, and Iowa cap- tured two awards in this division, namely: Iowa Agricultural College, Ames. W. H. Edgerton, Nassau. REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE I45 FLAX. This industry, now in its infancy in our State, gives evidence of wonder- ful results in the near future. In Winnebago and other counties in the northwestern part of the State the industry is already quite large, and very remunerative. Some very fine samples of flax seed, and flax spinning fiber were exhibited, but not entered for competition. The citizens of Forest City, under the direction of Hon. Jasper Thomp- son, reproduced a model of the "Flax Palace," which was placed in the Iowa Building. It was a great attraction, and Mr. Thompson and the members of the Flax Palace Association deserve the thanks of the Iowa Columbian Commission, and of every Iowa citizen for this valuable contribution to the Iowa Exhibit. Some very fine samples of flax seed and flax spinning fiber were ex- hibited, but not entered for competition, NAMES OF EXHIBITORS IN AGRICULTURAL BUILDING. GROUPS 1,4, 5, SOIL, FARM AND GARDEN PRODUCTS J. B. Rutherford, Manchester, fall rye. J. J. Wilson, Norwark. fall rye. Lee Hudler. Audubon, fall rye and timothy seed. E, H. Smith, Dubuque, corn and other cereals and grasses. L. G. Clute, Greeley, q4 varieties of corn and a large variety of cereals and grasses. James Hethershaw, Des Moines. 15 varieties of potatoes. Nims Bros., Emerson. 16 varieties of grain and grasses, Harvey Graves, Des Moines, millet seed. John Price, Des Moines, cereals. E. B. Clark, Red Oak, fall wheat F, S, White, Des Moines, grain, field, garden and flower seeds. E. P. Wright, Summerset, corn and small grain, many varieties. L Rundell, Iowa City, Egyptian barley and spring wheat. Chas. Ashton, Guthrie Center, fall wheat. S. B. Packard, Marshalltown, fall wheat, (Turkey Red). John Cownie, South Amana, timothy seed. F. R, Eral, Rolfe, corn and German millet. Wm. Thompson, Humboldt, corn and timothy seed. Henry Herrold, Ridgedale, sorghum syrup and corn. J. P. Wherry, Guernsey, sorghum syrup, J, S. Crawford, Atlantic, corn. W. A. Wilson, Waterloo, wild and tame grasses. Isaac Bird, Sheffield, corn. Alex Kelly, Creston, corn. H. C. Brown, Dumont, corn. W, M. Lovett, East Elkport, corn and seeds. Fred McCullock, Hartwick, corn, grasses and grain. 146 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION S. A. McCandless, Belle Plaine, corn. W, J. McCammon, Perry, corn. Andrew Preston, Battle Creek, corn. Jasper Thompson Forest City, flax fiber. Abraham Smith, Grand Mound, corn. W. J. McClimon, Villonova, corn. A. L. Plummer, Ivy, seeds and corn. J. C. Ellis. Truro, corn. A. F. Collman, Corning, corn, grain and grasses. J. E. Doolittle, Cresco, corn and oats. E. W. Kregel, Garnavillo, corn, oats and timothy seed. F. L. Morgan, Perry, corn. E. H. Knickerbocker, Fairfax, corn, wheat and rye. G. W. Bingham, Jesup, corn and soil. M. H. Connell, Guernsey, grain and seeds. John H. Alberts, Jefferson, corn and German millet. C. V. Surf us, Bristow, corn grain and seed. C. Rockville & Sons, Conrad Grove, corn, grain and seed. Elmer Reeves Waverly, grain and corn. Wm. M Husted, Des Moines, corn. C, L. Gabrilson, New Hampton, Snow Flake potatoes. M. Crail. Mason City, corn. J. J. Russell, Mason City, corn, Joseph Elliott, Polen, corn and wheat. W. F. Steigerwalt, Carroll, oats, rye and timothy seed. Henry Spintig, Perry, corn. Henry Bills, Perry, corn. Moses James, Perry, corn. Clyde Bice, Perry, corn. Guy Roger, Perry, corn. Jacob Snyder, Marshalltown, corn and oats. Wm. Angus, Strahan, corn. S. V. Swearingen, Sidney, corn. A. H. Beecher, Ida Grove, wheat and oats. Hugo Buyer, New London, 40 varieties vegetables. Geo. W. Franklin, Atlantic, wheat. Joseph Holmes, German millet. Fred Werges, National, corn, wheat and oats. P. F. Meighan, Garnavillo, corn and Red clover seed. Wm. Krueger, Garnavillo, large white corn. E. Dougal, Panama, corn. C. L. Gabrilson, New Hampton, barley and oats. Plymouth Co. World's Fair Ass'n •, Le Mars, wheat, flour and mill feed. Fred Murrah, Red Oak, potatoes. Many others whose names do not appear in this list sent very fine samples of corn and other cereals, but as they were not accompanied by the necessary data for the competitive exhibit, were placed on exhibition with the collective exhibit in the Iowa State building. REPORT OF DEPAKTMENT OF AGRICULTURE I47 IOWA AWARDS IN THE AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENT. FARM PRODTCTS. CORN. James B. Wise, Sabula. J. O. Stephens, Shelby. A. Doty, Shelby. Martin Nelson, Shelby. Chas. Haldoof, Shelby. Hyram Kastor, Manchester B. Wragg, Creston. C. T. Lambert, Mills County. John Lawrence, Emerson. S A. McCandless, Belle Plaine. John H. Alberts, Jefferson. A. L. Plummer, Ivy. H. S. Brown & Son, Emerson. Ed. Connell, Greeley. Jas. Fitzpatrick, Greeley, F. S. White, Des Moines. J. S. Crawford, Atlantic. C R Taylor, Hamburg. Nathan Drake, Decorah. E. P. Cooper, Shelby. Wm. Krueger, Hugh Linn, Shelby. H. N. Frum, Shelby. J. O. Rathburn, Stinnett. John and Roy Brown, Shelby. M. Wilcox, Shelby. J. R. Turner, Wiota. S. D. Brothers, Emerson. Nims Bros., Emerson. Fred McCullock, Hartwick. P. F. Meighan, Clayton. J. C. Ellis, Truro. A. F. Collman, Corning. John Cruise, Jr., Earlville. Samuel Way, Greeley. J. W. Rector, Oneida. M. C. Davis, Creston. L. S. Rockwell, Rockwell. J. E. Branch, Elkader. J. W. Miles, Miles. Fred Werges. National. Garnavillo. WHEAT. Chas. Ashton, Guthrie Center. B. B. Clark, Red Oak. E. H. Smith, Dubuque. OATS. C L. Gabrilson, New Hampton. BARLEY. A. H. Cane, Corinne. BUCKWHEAT. L. Hudler, Audubon. TIMOTHY SEED. S. S. Patterson, Cresco. MILLET SEED. John H. Alberts. Jefferson. William Angus, Strahan. TIMOTHY, RED TOP AND SEEDS. H. H. Connell, Guernsey. John Cownie, South Amana. 148 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION RED CLOVER SEED. A. L. Plummer, Ivy. POTATOES. Fred Murrah, Red Oak. BEANS. J. W. Rector. Oneida. L. G. Clute, Greeley, twenty-one awards on corn, wheat, oats, barley, buckwheat, rye, potatoes, clover and grasses. State of Iowa. Artistic Display of Farm and Garden Products. Forty Iowa Exhibitors received awards on corn, and this does not in- clude the collection of corn, or the prize awarded to the State of Iowa. IOWA DAIRY EXHIBIT. Department of Agriculture. Believing that this was Iowa's opportunity to show her strength as a Dairy State, and not only maintain, but surpass, her grand record made at previous World's Fairs and expositions as a prize winner in the Dairy De- partment, I determined, if possible, to make the Iowa Butter Exhibit at the World's Columbian Exposition the best that could possibly be made, and to this end I visited the Dairymen in the different counties, and also attended the State Convention of the Iowa State Dairy Association, and found them ready to co-operate in such a way as to enlist a large per cent of the more than 800 Creameries of the State, as well as the Dairymen, large and small, throughout Iowa. On their recomm.endation, I appointed the Secretary of their Association. Mr. C. L. Gabrilson, of New Hampton, as Superintendent of this department, and placed the work of selecting and installing the ex- hibit in his hands. He immediately commenced to correspond with the managers of this great industry, and personally visited many of the leading Creameries of the State, and it is simply justice for me to state that the grand success of the Iowa Butter Exhibit was largely due to his experience and faithful services. The dairy industry, particularly the butter making in our numerous creameries and dairies, is now one of the most important and profitable of any industry in our commonwealth, and it was determined to expend the small amount of money at our disposal for use in this division of the Agri- cultural Department in making the best possible exhibit of butter, and for this reason, although there is a large number of cheese factories in our State, and cheese of excellent quality is made, no effort was made to put Iowa cheese on exhibition. The rapid growth of the dairy industry in Iowa has been made since 1876, when at the Centennial at Philadelphia, a citizen of Iowa surprised the world by securing })remiums on butter. There was no great showing of but- ter at the Philadelphia FLxposition, but the premiums received were on ab- solute merit. At the World's Industrial and Cotton Centennial in New Or- leans in 1885, Iowa was awarded a gold medal on sweepstakes, and about twenty (20) first premiums. At the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893, REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 149. as later shown in this report, Iowa exhibitors in this department received one hundred and twenty (120) awards, and will bring to the State seventy- eight (78) medals and diplomas stating the degree of excellence of each ex- hibit. This shows that at each Exposition we have made great improve- ment, and in this last competitive exhibit against the world, there was no butter that excelled that shown by the Iowa exhibitors. The Iowa Exhibit of Butter occupied fifty lineal feet of glass refrigerat- ing cases, installed in the center of the Dairy Building on the west side. These cases were built at a cost of about S500, including the refrigeration. The following letter was mailed to the managers of over 800 creameries,, and to a large number of dairymen in the State. IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. F. N. CHASE, COMMISSIONER. C. L. Gabrilson, Superintendent in Charge. To the Butter Makers of Iowa : Secretary Chase, of the Iowa Columbian Commission, has secured fifty lineal feet of glass exhibition cases in the Dairy Building at the World's Fair for the display of Iowa's dairy product. No other state, or country, has more space. There is room in the cases, which are to be refrigerated, for ten tubs of butter in each five feet five inches of space. This would provide place for 100 tubs of creamery butter, if no space were used for butter in fancy forms. Below the show case proper there is place for the smaller packages of dairy butter. There is to be a new exhibit of butter from the ist to the loth of each of the following months: June, July, September and October. Seventy-five tubs of creamery butter is about all that can be used at each exhibit. Ap- plications for space from the creameries and private dairies are now called for. The honor of having butter on exhibit at the World's Fair is an oppor- tunity which does not come in the lifetime of many. To be enrolled in the Exposition catalogue, and have the privilege of competing for the prizes offered, is a mark of distinction in which high merit only can expect to par- ticipate. Iowa must sustain its world wide reputation as the banner dairy state, when it comes to winning universal honors. Although the value of Iowa's dairy products exceeds that of any other state, we are far behind in means for making such a display as the import- ance of our leading industry demands. The cost of installation will be one thousand dollars Illinois is asking its legislature, now in session, to vote $20,000 to defray the expense of its dairy exhibit. New York has $10,000 set aside for this purpose, while Iowa has less than half the latter sum. And the Commission feels that the dairymen of Iowa must come forward and sustain its position by contributing samples of their best product. Wherever this has been broached there is an entire willingness to thus help in making a creditable display. 150 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION Tubs of uniform size, quality and make will be used to contain the but- ter. These will be sent to the creameries and dairies selected to supply the butter required. The packages must be carefully protected from injury by being covered with canvass (salt sacks will answer) so that they will arrive at their desti- nation in the pink of condition. Nominations for the privilege of exhibition are requested at once, since the names of exhibitors are wanted for publication in the general catalogue which is to be issued before the Exposition opens. For further particulars apply to C. L. Gabrilson, In Charge of Dairy Department of Iowa State Exhibit, Secretary Iowa State Dairy Association, New Hampton, Iowa. Instead of writing at length, giving the plans and methods of making the four separate exhibits of butter, I copy here extracts from the General Rules of the Board of Management of the Columbian Exposition, which fully explain the conditions under which all exhibits have to he made: RULES GOVERNING THE EXHIBIT IN GROUP 7. * Which included all the exhibits of butter and cheese. 11. Dairy products will be received for exhibition only between the I St and loth of the following months : June, July, September and October, 1 893. 12. The arrangement of all dairy exhibits will be under the control of this Depastment. 13. Exhibits of butter will be classified and limited as follows: Class I — Dairy — Butter made by exhibitor on the farm from a mixed herd. Exhibit to consist of not more than one package, weight to be not less than 10 nor more than 20 pounds. Class 2 — Dairy — Butter made by exhibitor on the farm from a herd of one breed. Exhibit to consist of not more than one package, weight to be not less than 10 nor more than 20 pounds. Class 3 — Prints and Fancy Packages — Butter must be manufactured by exhibitor. Exhibit to occupy space not exceeding 18 inches square. Total weight of exhibit not to exceed 20 pounds. Class 4 — Creamery — butter made by the exhibitor from the milk of mixed herds from cream separated from the milk in the creamery where the butter is made. Exhibit to consist of one commercial package to weigh not less than 55 pounds. Class 5 — Creamery — Butter made by exhibitor from gathered cream. Exhibit to consist of one commercial package, to weigh not less than 55 pounds. Butter will be judged on the following points, the figures set opposite indicating the maximum per cent, the total of all such maximums be- ing 100: Flavor .. 45 Grain _. 25 Color-.- 15 Salting 10 Packing . .. — ^ Total 100 REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE I5I The general standard of color for butter will be "June Grass Butter." Iowa entered all the butter classes of the four distinct exhibits, viz. : June, July, September and October. The Bureau of Awards of the Colum- bian Exposition adopted a more rigid test than was ever made at any previous exposition, and yet under this severe test, Iowa scored a higher record than ever before, and the exhibit of creamery and dairy butter was one to be proud of, being alike an honor to the exhibitor and a credit to the state. The butter of the first test or June exhibit was nearly all donated by the exhibitors, both in the creamery and dairy classes, which was, after the test and examination by the jury, sold and netted the Iowa Commission over $800, which was turned over to the Treasury of the Commission. All butter which made up the three following exhibits was sold at the close of each test for the benefit of the exhibitor. I embody as a part of this report one of the letters sent out from this De- partment to the exhibitors by Superintendent Gabrilson. This letter was sent after the June and July tests had been made, and was intended to give such information as would enable the exhibitors to present butter at the following tests that would score even higher, if possible, than the two months previous. Dairy Building, Jackson Park, August 14, 1893. The time has come to make preparations for the September test in the World's Fair Dairy exhibits, although the judging does not take place until about the loth of next month. Preliminary work is called for because of the activity which is mani- fested in every section from whence butter has been entered for competition in the present international contest. It is not only necessary that creamery operators and butter makers should be very careful and nice in the manipu- lation of milk and cream in the churning room, but this same pains-taking care and watchfulness must be shared by all who deal with this product, either as feeders of cows whose milk enters into its composition or as milkers and milk haulers. In every step the same vigilance is called for, else the entire product suffers. It is not only that these tests reflect the skill and high intelligence of those who provide the milk and manufacture its product — which is of im- portance to those directly interested— but there is yet the honor and credit of proud Iowa to be sustained, and everyone connected with these exhibits should feel that this duty rests upon himself or herself. In many cases too much latitude was assumed in getting the exhibits to Jackson Park in time. The butter must all be here and entered by Sep- tember loth according to the rule; and this rule will probably be rigidly en- forced hereafter. Now, in order to come within the limit, each exhibitor must closely calculate the time required to accomplish this, allowing 24 hours for transfer from the cold storage rooms in Chicago to Jackson Park. Better ship several days earlier than run risk of late arrival. Do not ship anything by express but by refrigerator car only, to A. H. Barber, as in July. With perfect arrangements for holding the butter in Chicago, we sug- gest that the shipment be made by the refrigerator which leaves on the 5th 152 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION or 6th of September rather than trust to the hope of getting through late in the week. Study this matter please. Make special effort to cool the butter as quickly and thoroughly as pos- sible after churning; and do not spare covering to keep it so while in transit. Avoid the risk of impure milk through the intervention of a rain storm at milking time, or from any other cause. The score card is an unprejudiced umpire and the lessons taught should be heeded. Let us all try — for IOWA. Enclosed tind shipping tags. Yours truly, C. L. GABRlLSOxX, Superintendent Iowa Dairy Exhibit. As a result of this, Iowa scored a higher scale of points on the four con- secutive tests than any other state or nation. The following is a list of names of exhibitors in the various butter classes and tests. NAMES OF EXHIBITORS IN DAIRY DEPARTMENT. New Hampton Creamery, New Hampton. Williamstown Creamery, Williamstown. Little Turkey Creamery, Little Turkey. North Iowa Creamery, Poorest City. North Iowa Creamery, Clarion Livermore Creamery, Livermore E. L. Bracy, Maynard. Henderson & Babcock, Central City. J. W. Darby, Greenfield. Levi A. Jenkins, St. Ansgar. W. S. Smarzo, Maynard. Golden Star Creamery. Dyersville. Manchester Co-operative Creamery Co., Manchester. H. A. Miller, Oelwein. W. H. Blunt. Fairbanks. H. J. Neitert, Walker. Devon Creamery, Devon. H. D, Parsons, Newton. Fayette Creamery Association, Fayette. C. W. Adams, Breda. W. H. Sanford, Amber. S. K. Swenson, Story City. Rock Creek Creamery, Osage. Jefferson Creamery, Oelwein. Spring Branch Creamery, Manchester. Hampton Creamery, Hampton Lewis Forthum Chapin. E. E. Van Auken, Clear Lake. Louis Brahe, Andover. Riverton Creamery. Spencer. REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. I53 E. M. Haven, Bristow. J. F. Powers, Plainfield. G, B. Strayer, Lawn Hill. Postville Creamery, Postville. Frankville Creamery, Decorah. Union Creamery, West Union. Bassett Creamery, Bassett. Ionia Creamery, Ionia. North Washington Creamery, North Washington. Castalia Creamery, Castalia. Festina Creamery, Festina. Giard Creamery, Giard. Highlandville Creamery, Hesper. Hesper Creamery, Hesper. Decorah Creamery, Decorah, Ridgeway Creamery, Decorah. Elgin Creamery, Elgin. Lime Springs Creamery, Lime Springs. Ossian Creamery, Ossian. Clermont Valley Creamery, Clermont. G. B. Lawson, Grinnell. Protovin Creamery, Protovin. J. Waughtal, Clear Lake. Diamond Creamery, Monticello. W. W. Bennett, Churdan. R. M. Fonda, Luana. H. S. Waid, Charles City. C. L Gabrilson, New Hampton. B. P. Norton, Cresco. P. H. Young, Garden Grove. L. L. Parker, Greeley. Mrs George Tyler, Decorah. J. D. Herrick, Fredericksburg. Mrs S. D. Martin, Belmond. C. Schruber, New Hampton. G. W. Russell, Greene. Mrs David Blake, Greene. Mrs M. Putnam, Greene. F. D. Pierce, Cedar Falls. Mechanicsville Creamery Co., Mechanicsville. B. W. Kenyon. Masonville. Eden Valley Creamery, Low Moor. Globe Creamery, Luxemburg. Greeley Farmer's Creamery, Greeley. A. R. Carrier, Garnavillo. Ft. Atkinson Creamery. Ft. Atkinson. Jerico Co-operative Creamery, Jerico. J. Carber, Rockwell. S. B. Mills, Elmont. 154 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION P. G. Henderson, Central City. J. Varney, Dickens. Cold Water Creamery Company. W. I. Moody, Nashua, Iowa Butter and Cheese Co., Corning. Grimes Butter and Cheese Co., Grimes. C. W. Mead & Sons, Manchester. Osage Co-operative Creamery, Osage. West Hamlin Creamery, Exira. H. L. Test, Ross. Clelland Bros., Parkersburg. E. D. Wilcox, Clarksville. Xordness Creamery, Nordness. Glenwood Creamery, Decorah. Village Creek Creamery, Decorah. Iowa Agricultural College, Ames. Mason City Creamery, Mason City. Harry A. Bates, What Cheer, Minerva Valley Creamery. F. L. Huxtable, Clear Lake. Elma Creamery, Elma. Charles Brown, Cresco. Aaron Sheatz, Decorah. Frank Dodson, Logan. Mrs. C. H. Lyon, Dexter. Mrs. D. Leach, Decorah. J. K. Jorgenson, Fredsville. M. N. Smith, Grundy Center. Watson Child, Manchester. S. C. Seaman, Clinton. Jerry Sheehan, Osage. Samuel Rowell, Osage. P. L. Yonker, Belmond. Dan Sheehan, Osage. A. S. Brownell, Rudd. Mrs. Wm. Crawford. Mrs. E. F. Brockway, Washington. E. W. Proctor, Williamstown. Renner Bros., Grand Junction. W. L. Passmore, West Branch, exhibited Cheese, but as this was the only exhibit of cheese, it was not entered for competition. The list of winners given below, shows that a very large per cent of those entering the list as competitors were prize winners. REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 155 AWARDS IN THE DAIRY DEPARTMENT. BUTTER EXHIBIT. IOWA'S RECORD AS A DAIRY STATE. The Columbian Board of Awards, at the suggestion of the judges who passed on the exhibits, adopted the following scale as the standard of ex- cellence for butter: For June exhibit, in all classes, 97 points. For July exhibit, as follows: Separator class, 96 points Gathered cream class, 95 points. Dairy class, 94 points. For September and October, the range was: Separator class, 95 points. Gathered cream class, 94 points, and Dairy class, 93 points. On the basis of the above qualifications, Iowa secured awards as folllows: (The different classes are designated by numbers as follows: Dairy (i) Separator (4) Gathered Cream (5.) NAME. New Hampton Creamery, New Hampton-- Williamstown Creamery, Williamstown Little Turkey Creamery, Little Turkey N, Iowa Creamery, Forest City N. Iowa Creamery, Garner Livermore Creamery, Livermiore E. L. Bracy, Maynard Henderson & Babcock, Central City J. W. Darby. Greenfield Levi A. Jenkins, St, Ansgar W. S. Smarzo, Maynard Golden Star Creamery, Dyersville Manchester Co-operative Cr'y., Manchester H. A. Miller, Oelwein W. H. Blunt, Fairbank H. J. Neitert, V/alker Devon Creamery, Devon H. D. Parsons, Newton.-- Favette Creamerv, Fayette C. W. Adams, Breda W. H. Sanford, Amber S. K. Swenson, Story City Rock Creek Creamery, Rock Creek Jefferson Creamery, Oelwein Spring Branch, Manchester Hampton Creamery, Hampton. . Lewis Forthum, Chapin E. E. Van Auken, Clear Lake Louis Brahe, Andover Riverton Creamery, Spencer E. M. Haven, Bristow J. F. Powers, Plainfield June. q6 98 97 97 99 99 91 97 97 92 93 96 98 98 98 97 96 Jul3 97 94 M 96 98 96 99 92 100 97 100 94 94 96 95 91 91 87 94 K 96 97 95 94 96 95 K 97 96 96 94 K 98 95 95 93 M 95 94)^ 96 Sept. 94 K 96 K 97M 95 95 88 9AX 97 95 94K 91^ 94^ 95 96 >^ 95 94 95 97 95 97 96K 96 93 96 97 95 Oct. 903^ 93 89 88^ 933^ 91 88 94 M 96 95 92)^ 90 94 >^ 95 92 >^ 94 95 92 93 93.'^ 93 95 92'.^ 156 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION NAME G. B. Strayer, Lawn Hill Postville, Postville Frankville Creamery, Decorah Union Creamery, West Union Bassett Creamery, Bassett Ionia Creamery, Ionia X. Washington Creamery, N. Washington - Castalia Creamery, Castalia Festina Creamery, Festina _ Girard Creamery, Girard Highlandville Creamery, Hesper Hesper Creamery, Hesper Decorah Creamery, Decorah Ridgeway Creamery, Decorah Elgin Creamery, Elgin Lime Springs, Lime Springs Ossian Creamery, Ossian .. . Clermont Valley Creamery, Clermont G. B. Lawson, Grinnell Protovin Creamery, Protovin J. Waughtal, Clear Lake Diamond Creamery. Monticello W. W. Bennett, Churdan . R. M. Fonda, Liiana H. S. Waid, Charles City C. L. Gabrilson, New Hampton — B. P Norton, Cresco P. H. Young. Garden Grove- L. L. Parker, Greeley Mrs. Geo. Tyler, Decorah J. D. Herrick. Fredericksburg Mrs. S. D. Martin, Belmond C Schruber. New Hampton G. W. Russell, Greene Mrs David Blake Greene __ Mrs. M Putnam. Greene F. D. Pierce, Cedar Falls Mechanicsville Cr'y- Co., Mechanicsville-- B. W. Kenyon, Masonville __- Eden Valley Creamery, Low Moor- Globe Creamery, Luxemburg Greeley P'armer's Creamery, Greeley A. R Carrier. Garnavillo Ft. Atkinson Creamery. Ft. Atkinson Diamond Creamery. Monticello.- . W. L. Passmore, West Branch -_ June 96 95 98 94 9? 98 93 97 97 96 95 99 97 97 91 96 93 96 95 95 94 92 93 95 93 93 95 96 91 93 93 93 95 93 98 99 96 98 97 90 cheese July 94 Sept. Oct. SgH 98 94 >^ 89 94 97 93 H 96 95 98 95 9-.^' 95 96 94 93 96 96 95 96 97 96 96 K 95 94 95 95 94 96 96 96 93 94 96 97 95 K 95 97 95 97 9=; 96 94':^ 91 99 95 94 K 93 92 93 92 94 97 9 A 'A 97 K 92K 94 94 92 89^ 87 86 91K 91 86 >i 86 89 87 94 >i 93 95 93 94 >^ 96 94;^ '94^^ 94 95 95 93 >^ 90 933^ 92 87 95 94 89 95 93 92M 90 93^ 87 94K 85 88^ 95^^ 90 95^ 93 K 93 94 Taking the basis for awards as outlined at the beginning of this article, and accepting as final this last decision of the Board of Awards, the seventy- eight individuals will each receive one World's Fair medal, accompanied by a beautifully executed diploma which will recite the points of excellence in the exhibit To these seventy-eight persons, or creameries, one hundred and twenty-eight awards are given. It will be observed that, according to the latest decision of the Board of Awards, the individual, or creamerv, which made one successful exhibit gets REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE I57 a medal of equal value with that of the person who made four successful entries. This last individual must derive his satisfaction from the record which the diploma gives to the world. The exhibitors of butter as well as exhibitors of pianos realize that neither get credit for super-excellence. There is no best. REPORT OF IOWA APIARY EXHIBIT. Agricultural Department. At the suggestion of the Hon Eugene Secor, President of the Iowa Bee- keepers' Association, Mr. E. Kretchmer, of Red Oak, a prominent member of the Iowa Beekeepers' Association, was appointed assistant, and placed in charge of the Iowa Apiary Exhibit. This exhibit was installed in the center of the east gallery of the Agri- cultural Building, and was a part of group 3. In the various classes of this exhibit were shown both comb and extracted honey, honey plants, beeswax, and bee implements and appliances. The following general and special rules governed the installation, and established the character of the exhibit. WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. Department of Agriculture. Special rules and information governing the exhibit of BEES, HONEY, BEESWAX AND BEE APPLIANCES. 1. Exhibits of honey will be classified as follows: Class I. Clover and basswood. Class 2, White sage. Class 3. Buckwheat. Class 4. All light honey other than enumerated in Classes i and 2 Class 5. All dark honey, other than enumerated in Class 3. 2. Exhibits of honey producedduring i8q2, or earlier, must be in place on or before April 20th, 1893. 3. Exhibits of honey in classes i, 2, and 4, produced during 1893, ^^'i^^ be received between July 15th and August 15th; and in classes 3 and 5, be- tween August 15th and Sept. ist, 1893. 4. The following information should accompany each exhibit: {a\ Kind of honey. ( b). Name of exhibitor. {c). Place where produced. [d). Character of soil in locality where produced. ( e ). Variety of bee. (/). Name of plant from which honey was produced. {g). Yield per colony. (/z). Average price of product at nearest home market. 5. In order to secure a uniform, handsome and economical installation of honey and beeswax, the Exposition will erect suitable glass cases, of a uniform character, in which such exhibits will be made; the cost of these cases will be borne by the different State Commissions, Beekeepers Associ- ation, or by individual exhibitors, in proportion to the number of lineal feet occupied. These cases will become the property of such exhibitors at the close of the Exposition. The dimensions are as follows: Height of base. 158 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 18 inches, width of case 5 feet, height of case above base (inside measure) 6 feet, total height 8 feet. The case has sHding doors on both sides. 6. Individual exhibits of comb honey will be limited to 100 pounds and may be made in any manner the exhibitor may desire, subject to the approval of the Chief of the Department. 7. Individual exhibits of extracted honey must be made in glass, and must not exceed 50 pounds. 8. Individual exhibits of beeswax must not exceed 50 pounds, and should be prepared in such a manner as will add to the attractiveness of the exhibit. Q. Exhibits of primitive and modern appliances used in bee culture, both in this country and abroad, will be received, subject to the approval of the Chief of the Department. 10. Special arrangements will be made by the Chief of the Department for a limited exhibit of bees. 11. Collections of honey producing plants, suitably mounted and labeled, will be accepted if satisfactory to the Chief of the Department. 12. The right is reserved to add to, amend or interpret the above rules. Signed, W. I. Buchanan, Approved, George R. Davis, Chief Department of Agriculture. Director General. Immediately after Mr. Kretchmer was appointed, he issued the follow- ing letter: Iowa Columbian Commission. Apiary Department. F. N. Chase, Cedar Falls. Commissioner, Departments of Agriculture. Dairy and Apiary. E. Kretchmer, Red Oak, ' Asst. in Charge of Apiary Department. Dear Sir: — Having been appointed on the recommendation of the President of the Iowa Beekeepers' Association to assist in collecting and in- stalling an exhibit of the products of the Apiary Industry of Iowa, I take the liberty of addressing you as one of the prominent beekeepers of Iowa, to lend a helping hand in making this exhibit one that will not only increase the pride of every citizen of Iowa, but one that will also materially assist in filling the pockets of every beekeeper within our State; because next to the cjuestion, "How to obtain the greatest amount of honey," comes the (juestion, "Where shall I find a remunerative market?" No greater opportunity to advertise their products was ever offered to the beekeepers of Iowa than the present one of making an elaborate and attractive exhibit of the products of the Apiary Industry of Iowa, at the World's Columbian Exposition, drawing not only the attention of our neigh- bors to the attractiveness of Iowa honey, but the attention of the world at large, thereby inducing the people of the world to use it to a greater ex- tent than ever before. For this exhibit we must have the very best samples of comb and ex- tracted honey, and the brightest specimens of beeswax that can now be ob- tained. We ask your hearty co-operation, REPORT OF DEPABTMEXT OF AGRICULTURE I59 I St. To make an exhibit in the Iowa State Building erected on the World's Fair ground. 2d. To aid m making an exhibit in the various classes in the Competi- tive Department in the Agaicultural Building where we meet the competi- tion of the world. For the exhibit in the State Building, we desire cases of comb honey from white clover, basswood. goldenrod, buckwheat, heartsease, or other sources, but especially from white clover. The special requirements are: White comb, even face, well capped section well filled, no holes, — comb not cracked by frost or marred in any way, sections white and well cleaned. We desire specimens of the different varieties of extracted honey, and nice bright beeswax which should be prepared in such a manner as will add to the attractiveness of the exhibit. The necessary vessels for exhibiting extracted honey will be provided by the Commissioner in charge. I St. Please advise us at once of what you can furnish now. or if you have none yourself, give the name and address of any beekeeper who you think may have some. 2d. Will you try to obtain some honey or wax to replenish the exhibit which, if white clover or basswood honey, should be in place between July 15th and August 15th; and if fall honey, should be in place between August 15th and September 15th, 1893. Any of the samples contributed can, if desired, have the name of the contributor placed upon it; and such contributed parcels of honey, wax, etc., will be sold at the close of the Exposition, (or sooner if necessary to replen- ish it) for the benefit of the exhibitor, or disposed of as he may direct— thus reimbursing him. The exhibit in the State Building is to advertise the resources of the State, and affords an excellent opportunity of advertising the contributor as being a prominent producer. If you have any honey suitable for exhibition, write us at once, stating what kind of honey, whether comb or extracted. If comb honey, state in what size sections and how much you have of each kind. If you do not wish to make an individual exhibit with your name attached, please write me at what price per pound it can be purchased, as we want to purchase some for the state exhibit; make no shipments without first writing me for shipping directions. Beware of frost, -freezing cracks the comb. Honey, wax. and "exhibits of Primitive and Modern Appliances used in Bee Culture." for competition in the Agricultural Building atthe World's Fair, will be classified and shown under the rules of the Exposition Man- agement. A copy of the rules for the Apiary Department is herewith enclosed. Further information in regard to exhibits in the Apiary Depart- ment will be furnisheed on application. E. Kretchmer, Red Oak, la., Asst. in Charge of Apiary Department. Iowa made an exhibit of all the various kinds of honey, and also had a fine exhibit of honey plants, beeswax, bee implements and appliances. The installation was made in one of the standard cases provided by the Chief of the Apiary Department at the expense of the Iowa Commission. These l6o REPORT OF IOWA COLUiVlBIAN COMMISSION cases were of glass on all sides, and contained over 800 cubic feet of space, inside measure. The exhibit of honey at the opening of the Exposition was from the crop of 1892, and made a good showing for old honey. Later the exhibit of new honey from the crop of 1893 was very large, and of excellent quality. The state exhibit was made up of individual exhibits, which were furnished by the beekeepers of the state, and at the close of the Exposition these samples were sold,and the proceeds returned to exhibitors. To increase the interest in the Apiary Department and to add to the exhibit, some of the finest samples that could be procured from the product of 1893, Superin- tendent Kretchmer sent the following letter to the beekeepers of the State: Iowa Columbian Commission, Apiary Department, July 15, 1893. F. X. Chase, Cedar Falls, Commissioner Departments of Agriculture. Dairy and Apiary. E. Kretchmer, Red Oak, Ass't. in Charge of Apiary Department. Dear Sir: — The time is at hand to install the white honey of this year's crop (1893). We desire some comb and extracted honey as soon as it can be obtained. There never was a grander opportunity for Iowa beekeepers to distin- guish themselves; already we have had an inquiry from Austria for Iowa ex- tracted honey, such as is shown now in the Iowa case. Can you not ship us some nice honey? Would you not feel proud if a medal or diploma were awarded you by the largest World's Fair ever held? Such contributed parcels of honey will be sold at the close of the Expo- sition (or sooner if necessary to replenish it) for the benefit of the person who furnished the honey, or otherwise disposed of as he may direct. Please notice, the Iowa Columbian Commission takes your honey to the best market, furnishes shipping cases, pays all the freight from your place to Chicago and the Fair ground, provides all the glass-ware for extracted honey, and honey from the World's Fair will certainly bring the highest price. Please advise me at once, how much comb honey you can furnish; how much extracted honey; and we will at once ship you proper shipping cases for comb honey or cans for extracted honey, all charges prepaid. E. Kretchmer, Red Oak, Iowa, Ass't. in Charge of Apiary Department. In response to this letter a large assortment of both comb and extracted honey was received during July and August, and was very artistically arranged. The quality of honey was not excelled by any state or nation. The Iowa exhibitors in the Apiary Department received their full share of awards, and the exhibits showed that very many of Iowa's best citizens are engaged in this very pleasant and profitable industry. The Iowa honey, the comb on account of its delicate color and complete comb, and especially the extracted honey with its clear color and dense con- sistency was a tempting exhibit, and was admitted even by our competitors to be superior to any on exhibition. We received in exchange for samples of our Iowa honey nineteen samples from foreign countries, and it was not strange that the foreign representatives after comparing the (juality of the REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. j6l different samples eagerly asked for our price on such honey; and we learned that our extracted honey at present prices can be placed on the markets of Russia, Germany, Austria and Turkey for less money than they now pay for an inferior article. A large number of foreign visitors obtained samples of our honey with the name and address of the exhibitor, with a view of ob- taining shipments from Iowa. One order from Vienna and one from Saxony has already been filled, and no doubt others will follow; orders have also been received from Cali- fornia to cater to the taste for Iowa clover honey. Taken as a whole, the Iowa Apiary exhibit was a grand success, and the demand from abroad, and for home use will, undoubtedly, be largely increased by the exhibit made at Chicago. The following is a list of names of exhibitors. Exhibited honey from crop of i8q2. L. G. Clute, Manchester. F. Furst, Adair. E. Kretchmer, Red Oak. J. H. Stanford, Cherokee. The following exhibited honey, crop of 1S93: R. B. Arnold, Foster. F. A. Beals, Salix. E. J. Cronkleton. Dunlap. L. G. Clute, Manchester. T. C. DeClercq, De Soto. A. J. Duncomb, Hartford. Oliver Foster, Mt. Vernon. Thomas O. Hines, Anamosa. Thomas Johnson Coon Rapids. E. Kretchmer, Red Oak. William Kimble, De Witt. Noah Miller, North English. J. L. Strong, Clarinda. J. H. Stephens, Riverton. Mont. Wyrick, Cascade. Iowa received six awards, two of which were by the same exhibitor, and as no other state or nation received the same number of awards on the crop of i8g3 honey, Iowa heads the list, and for the two seasons, 1892 and 1893 combined, only one state exceeds Iowa by a single award. The following is a list of names of the winners to whom medals and diplomas will be issued: E. Kretchmer, Red Oak —Extracted clover honey and alfalfa comb honey. Oliver Foster, Mt. Vernon -Extracted basswood honey. L. G. Clute, Greeley- Comb honey. William Kimble, De Witt— Extracted honey The glass case in which the Apiary Exhibit was made, was donated to the State Agricultural Society by vote of the Iowa Columbian Commission. I cannot close this report without again referring to the assistants that were in charge of the several divisions of the Agricultural Department, and thank them for their faithful and efficient services, and congratulate them upon the success that crowned their efforts, and placed Iowa and her exhibits among the leading prize winners at the World's Columbian Exposition; and to the of^cers and members of the Iowa Columbian Commission, I desire to express my sincere regards and appreciation of their aid and encouragement, and I only regret that my duties as Secretary, and in other departments of the work of the Commission, made it impossible for me to devote as much time and thought to this great and important branch of Iowa's Industries as its ex- tent and magnitude demanded. All of which is most respectfully submitted. F. N. CHASE, Commissioner in charge o*f Department of Agriculture, Dairy and Apiary. i < «(•• (* WM. HAMILTON DENT. Report of the Department of Horticulture. BY WAl. HAMILTON DENT AND CHARLES ASHTON. At a meeting of the Commission, held April 7th, 1892, for the better per- formance of its duties, it arranged its work in departments. and to the charge of the Department of Horticulture named Commissioner W. H. Dent. At a subsequent meeting of the Commission, held June 9th, 1892, C. L. Watrous, in behalf of the Iowa State Horticultural Society, presented to the Commission a communication proposing on behalf of the said society to collect, install and maintain in a proper and creditable manner an exhibit of the Horticultural productions of the State of Iowa in the World's Columbian Exposition. In its action upon said communication the Commission adopted the following resolution: Resolved, That Commissioner Dent, being in charge of the Department of Horticulture be, and he is hereby authorized to enter into an agreement with the State Horticultural Society for the purpose of taking charge of the exhibit in that branch, and that he be allowed an amount not in excess of $2,000 as a contribution to that end. Subsequently an agreement was entered into as follows: "In the matter of making an exhibit at the World's Columbian Exposi- tion of 1892-3, of the horticultural resources and progress of the State of Iowa., it is understood and agreed by and between the Columbian Commis- sion of Iowa and the Iowa State Horticultural Society, in substance as fol- lows: For the purpose of aiding such exhibit the Columbian Commission will assist officially in all proper ways within its power and will contribute of its funds the sum of two thousand dollars, to be paid from time to time as needed, to the representative of the State Horticultural Society upon the certificate of its President and Secretary that such sums are needed in the work of making the exhibit. The Iowa State Horticultural Society, on its part, undertakes and agrees to make at such exposition the best exhibit of the horticultural resources of the State which its skill, knowledge and financial resources will allow, bind- ing itself to contribute to the work out of its own funds, a sum at least equal to that contributed by the Columbian Commission and as much more as can be profitably used, to the extent of its ability. It agrees to place the work in charge of one of its responsible members, as superintendent of the exhibit and to be responsible to the Commission and to the public for the creditable character and for the proper and honorable conduct of the exhibit from beginning to end. The display is to be under the general auspices of the Iowa Columbian Commission, but the Iowa State Horticultural Society is to be responsible for and to direct all details of the work of gathering, forwarding and display- ing such exhibit, hereby agreeing to hold the Iowa Columbian Commission financially harmless in all matters relating thereto, save and excepting the sum of two thousand dollars to be paid as before stated. Signed July 11, 1892, on the part of the Iowa State Horticultural Society, by A. F. CoLLMAN, President. J. L. 1>UDD, Secretary. Silas Wilson, Treasurer. l64 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION And on the part of the Iowa Columbian Commission. July i :5th, by Wil- liam Hamilton Dent, Chairman of the Horticultural Committee of said Com- mittee, and by the President. also of said Commission. William Hamilton Dent, Chairman. Approved, subject to the condition that only sixty per cent shall be drawn upon during the year 1892. James O, Crosby. President Iowa Columbian Commission." That the matter of making an exhibit of the horticultural products of the State of Iowa was thus placed in the hands of the Iowa State Horticultural Society and an appropriation of $6co made, and was duly paid to the said society, or its duly appointed agent, when the proper vouchers were pre- sented for the same. That at a meeting of the Commission held early in May, 1893. Com- missioner Dent reported to the Commission that he was not satisfied with the exhibit then made by the Society, or its agent; whereupon the Commis- sion by vote, requested its President to correspond at once with the officers of the Iowa State Horticultural Society, to call their attention to the obliga- tions of their contract and urge upon them immediate action to make the necessary improvements in the exhibit, which was promptly done. That the desired improvement not being made to the satisfaction of the Commission, August 2d, 1893, it rescinded its contract with the State Horti- cultural Society. Commissioner Dent being pressed with other duties. Com- missioner Ashton was added to the Committee on Horticulture to assist in the oversight of the exhibit in that department. President Collman, duly authorized by the Executive Committee of the State Society, at once visited the exhibit, and met Commissioner Ashton. Their communication resulted in a renewal of arrangements with the said Society for its management of the exhibit, with Mr. Collman in charge. By this arrangement, harmony was at once restored with the Iowa State Horticultural Society, the Horticultur- ists of the State, the Iowa Columbian Commission and the officials in charge of the Horticultural Division of the World's Columbian Exposition. On entering uponhis work in this department Commissioner Ashton at once opened correspondence with leading fruit growers in different sections of Iowa to secure enlarged supplies of needed fruits. Mr, Collman earnestly seconded these efforts. On August 24th Mr. Collman was placed fully in charge of the exhibit. At once application was made in the name of the Commission for additional space in the Horticultural Building, and enlarged and contiguous space was at once awarded. The table formerly occupied with the Iowa exhibit was refitted and improved in arrangement and decor- ations The tables in the additional space secured were readjusted, all be- ing harmoniously arranged and decorated. Large supplies of fruits were then received daily, and at once were neatly installed and the Iowa Exhibit being tastily arranged and tidily kept, at once became one of the most at- tractive exhibits in that important department of the great Exposition and to the close of the Fair won high and deserved encomiums from the tliousands daily passing through the great Horticultural Hall. REPORT OF DEPART'SJENT OF HORTICULTURE 165 By resolution of the Commission $1,400 in addition to the $600 previous- ly paid the Horticultural Society was placed at the disposal of the Commit- tee for use in this department. Expenditures were made with the greatest economy possible to the accomplishment of such an exhibit of the horti- cultural productions of the state as should win for it the greatest possible honor in the judgment of the multitudes of visitors from other states and countries, who should daily view it, and pass judgment upon it. The unusual sparseness and inferior quality of the fruit crop in Iowa in 1893, niade the collection of fruits in the necessary quantities and of the proper qualities for the exhibit unexpectedly laborious and expensive. It is but deserved justice to report that in consequence of its larger crop, and better organization of the Fruit Growers of southwestern Iowa, and the efficient organ- ization of the Mills County Horticultural Society, that portion of the state furnished the largest share of the apples placed in our State Exhibit. It affords us great pleasure, however, to report that many enterprising, liber- al fruit growers in other portions of the state rendered generous and earnest assistance in the collection and shipment of the fruits needed to make and maintain the winning exhibit made under Mr. Collman's superintendence;, an exhibit in which was displayed upon our tables upwards of 2,000 plates laden with the most inviting specimens of Iowa grown apples, pears, plums and other fruits, besides the large quantities of grapes and other fruits in- stalled. The Iowa Horticultural Exhibit was one of the few that opened in that department with the opening of the Exposition. Every species of fruits cultivated in our state had place in the Iowa display at some time during its continuance. Many specimens of our wild fruits were placed in the dis- play and added to its interest. By being thus placed in contrast with the cultivated varieties, the qualities developed by cultivation were at once dis- tinctly seen. THE COST OF THE EXHIBIT. The cost of the Exhibit during the period in which Mr, Watrous had charge is shown in the following summary. Per diem and expense, C. L. Watrous, per his bill rendered S 1,56401 Paid for Mills County apples. Crop 189I- - . 74 25 Incidental expenses paid by Commission 22 48-$ 1,660 74, EXPENSES UNDER MR. COLLMAN'S ADMINISTRATION. Paid for fruits, express charges on same, and labor and expense in collecting $ 929 32 Paid for help in installing and maintaining exhibit, railroad fare, and other expenses therefor 1,025 17 Paid for material and labor arranging and decor- ating tables, 65 00 Paid for telegrams 794 Paid for printing .-- .. ._- -. 1200 Paid for postage, stationery, drafts and postal orders 10 co Paid for gate tickets for Collman 3 00 Paid for railroad fare for Collman, and per diem at- tending meeting of Commission for Settlement-- 17 20— S 2,06963 Gross cost of Exhibit 3.730 ;S7' l66 REPORT OF IOWA COLU.MBIAN COMMISSION LESS AMOUNT SALVAGE RECEIVED. Fo'- desk sold S 12 50 For fruit sold 38 72— S 51 2: Net cost Collman and Watrous administration $3,678 15 Per diem Charles Ashton, iq days service 95 00 Add am't allowed Lotspeich by Commission Feb. 8, '94 3 00 Add am't allowed Carson by Commission Feb. 8, '94-- 4 75 Total cost of exhibit . S 3,78090 The Competitive Horticultural exhibit made by the State of Iowa con- sisted in the display of fresh ripe fruits. Other garden products were shown in the Iowa Pavilion and in the Agricultural Building. No display of fruits in glass, dried or evaporated fruits or products from the juices of fruits was attempted, the only effort at an exhibit of preserved fruits being an exhibit of apples of the crop of 1891 and 1892 preserved in cold storage. We be- lieve that Iowa was the only State that displayed apples of the crop of 1891, that were preserved by cold storage methods. Of the crop of 1892 but little effort was made to gather and preserve fruits for the exhibit in^i893. AWARDS. The following awards to Iowa Horticulture were made by the Board of Judges of the Exposition: GROUP 21— Class 133. Iowa State, Des Moines; Collection of apples, Crop 1892. Iowa State Horticultural Society, Corning; Collection of stone fruits and apples. Mills County Horticultural Society, Glenwood; Collection of apples. A. F. Collman, Corning; Collection of apples. GROUP 20— Class 122. Iowa State Horticultural Society; Collection of grapes. GROUP 21--CLASS 138. G. B. Brackett, Denmark; Models of fruits. GROUP 22— Class 155. I. N. Kramer, Cedar Rapids; Collection of Cannas. The following awards were posted at the door of the room of the Com- mittee of Awards in the Horticultural Dejmrtment at the close of the Ex- position. GROUP 1 33 -Class 21. State of Iowa; Collection of apples and pears. J. L. Budd, Ames, Iowa; Collection of |)lums. State of Iowa; Collection of i)lums. M. E. Hinkley, Marquis, lowii; Collection of Plums. ^ ^^.^. 9J 1 68 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION GROUP 21— Class 136. Iowa State Horticultural Society; Continuous cellection of small fruits. LIST OF COUNTIES FURXISHIXG FRUITS. We report the following as the counties furnishing fruits for the Iowa exhibit, and so far as we have information, the several species of fruits fur- nished by each. COUNTIES. FRUITS. Audubon grapes, apples Blackhawk, apples pears, plums, grapes. Boone apples, grapes Buchanan apples, plums Butler apples, grapes Cerro Gordo grapes, apples Cedar. apples, plums Clayton grapes, apples Clinton grapes, apples Fremont apples, grapes Dubuque apples, pears Guthrie apples, grapes, plums Hancock plums, grapes, berries Keokuk apples, pears, plums Jones apples, grapes, plums Lucas apples Marion apples, grapes, plums Monona plums, apples, crabs Montgomery apples Palo Alto apples, grapes Pottawattamie, apples. grapes. plums Poweshiek .. .apples, plums, grapes Washington — apples Woodbury apples, plums O'Brien app'es COUNTIES. FRUITS. Adams --apples, pears, plums, grapes Benton grapes Clarke grapes Bremer apples, grapes, plums Calhoun grapes, plums Cherokee plums, apples Cass grapes, apples Carroll apples, grapes Dallas, plums, grapes, apples, peaches Floyd apples, grapes Emmet apples, pears Harrison -__ ._ grapes, plums Johnson apples, pears, grapes Ida apples, grapes, berries Linn apples, plums Mahaska apples, grapes Mills, apples, grapes, plums, crabs. peaches. Mitchell apples Muscatine apples, grapes Page apples Polk, apples, pears, j^lums, grapes,. crabs, berries. Scott apples Wayne grapes apples Howard ajiples, grapes hibit The list names fifty-one counties furnishing fruits for the state's ex- OF THE FRUITS EXHIBITED. SU.MMER FRUITS. The Pacific Coast states, the southwestern territories, the British Prov- inces, and many of the states of this central region of the country made large exhibits of fruits in glass, dried and evaporated fruits, canned fruits, jellies, preserves, and wines The management entrusted by the Iowa State Horticultural Society with the preparation of the exhibit failed to- make any display in these forms. Other states ojjening their exhibits shortly after the opening of the Exposition, placed our exhibit at that time at a serious disadvantage. When the summer fruits began to ripen supplies REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE [6^ were gathered and forwarded for the exhibit, and were duly installed and the Iowa exhibit won some attention at that stage. An award was made for the continuous collection of small fruits. Of our summer fruits, straw- berries, raspberries, gooseberries, currants, blackberries, and cherries were shown. In the construction of the Iowa table no- provision was made for the use of ice or other refrigerating service and after the picking, transport- ing and the time necessarily elapsing from the time of their gathering ta their installation in the heated season, it was found impossible to maintain such fruits long in presentable condition. PEARS AND PEACHES. The display made of these fruits was not large, yet it was important. It was sfficient to show the possibilities of their production in our meteoro- logical conditions and soil. So far north as the forty-second parallel, hardy varieties of the peach may be grown, with reasonable care. The pear may be grown in numerous varieties. Ten varieties of peaches were exhibited; of the pear twenty-five. We believe the exhibits of these varieties of deli- cious fruits, although small, were of great value in promoting increased interest in their cultivation. The following varieties of pears were shown, many of the specimens being very fine: Bartlett, Louise B De Jersey, Howell, Sickel, Keifer, Smith's Beauty, Duchess, Lincoln, Russell. Sheldon, and five un-named seedlings. PLUMS. Sand Pear, Snow Flake. Clapp's Favorite, Johnson's Best, Vermont Beauty, Flemish Beauty, Iowa Beauty, Pride of Xew York, Smith's Golden, White Doyenne, Of this desirable fruit, the Iowa exhibit was surprisingly large, fine and valuable. The fine form, size and rich color of many of the varieties shown made the exhibit peculiarly attractive and gave it great excellence. It speedily won large attention from prominent horticulturists of other states. The varieties developed from the native wild stock of the prairie states, or from crosses with foreign varieties, making our exhibit especially attractive to intelligent fruit growers. Many varieties of our wild plums, some of them large fine fruit, were placed in the exhibit and lent variety and attraction. A number of foreign varieties cultivated in Iowa were shown, the display embracing with others the following: Wild Goose, Ungarist Prune, Hummer, Green Gage, General Hand, Forest Garden. Golden Drop, Weaver, Miner, German Prune. Blue Damson, T^ crcr Rockford, Lord Russell, Spanish King, Early Red, Carson, De Soto, Hawkeye, Blue Gage, The Adams, Wolf, Woldafskee, Pond's Seedling, Charter Downing. Sloe, Pottawattamie. Yellow Egg, Wvant. 12 170 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION THE GRAPE. The Iowa display of this C()mmon,easilycukivated and desirable species of fruit was large, and by its unique installment and the excellent quality of the fruit shown was especially attractive to visitors. Two shelves elevated one above the other, supported by light neatly turned columns, rose from the center of the main table, central in the Iowa space. Around the table and suspended from these elevated shelves were strung artificial vines, very perfect imitations of the grape vines both in form and color of leaf. On them numerous clusters of the fruit were placed so that at a glance, the hue, size and form as well as the perfectness of the bunches was at once seen. The total length of these vines used was about 150 feet. Their entire length was thickly hung with large and selected clusters of the numerous varieties shown, they being displayed in the most natural and attractive manner pos- sible. It will be seen from a casual glance at the table given above of the counties furnishing fruits that the grape exhibit came from all parts of the State. Mr. John E. Corlett, of Farmersburg, Clayton county, furnished for the exhibit fifty-one varieties, many of them being fruit of very superior quality. These were grown in the extreme northeastern part of the State. Mr. Silas Wilson, of Cass county, in the southwestern portion, furnished 40 varieties, being a very fine addition to the exhibit. Unfortunately two ship- ments sent by Mr. Corlett were not received. Mr. Bomberger, of Shelby, furnished some very fine samples, especially of the Moore's Early varieties. The grape exhibit certainly demonstrated that if the people of Iowa may not sit under their own fig trees, they may rest under the shadow of their vines, and feast on the fruits of their bearings. We name the following 89 varie- ties that were placed in the exhibit: Agawam, August Giant, Amber Queen, Amina, Brighton, Black Eagle, Bacchus, Barry, Berchmain. Brilliant, Boyer, Catawba, Clinton, Cottage, Cen- tennial, Crevelling, Champion, Concord, Delaware, Duchess, Diana, Dracut, Defiance, Eaton, Empire State, Elvira, Eldorado, Early Ohio, Early Victor, Etta, Esther. Emmalan, Geneva, Green Mountain, Hartford, Hellen, High- land, Herbemont, Herbert, Iowa, lona, Ives, Isabella, Jefferson, Janesville, Jessica, Lady, Lady Washington, Lindley No. 9, Lutie, Lenoir, Martha, Merrimack, Moore's Diamond, Moore's Early, Moyer, Morgan, Monroe, Miller, Mason, Niagara, Norfolk, Norton, Normal, Perkins, Pocklington, Prentice, Potter's Early, Poughkeepsie Red, Oriental, Salem, Roger's No. i, Roger's No. 3, Roger's No. 5, Roger's No. 8, Roger's No. 30, Rockwood, Requa, Rebecca, Rag No. 2, Telegraph, Triumph, Victory, Ulster Prolific, Vergennes, Wilder, Wyoming Red. Worden, Woodruff Red, THE CRAB. The exhibit of this useful but often slightly regarded fruit won com- mendation. It demonstrated the i)()ssibilities of its plentiful production, of the most desirable and beautiful varieties throughout Iowa.. The twenty varieties named below, with several plates of the wild crab of the larger species, that grows so plentifully in all our prairie groves, were displayed. REPORT OF DEPART.MENT OF HORTICULTURE I71 The show of the specimens of wild fruits revealed clearly the transform- ations from the wild to the present cultivated condition: General Grant. Hyslop, Hesper Blush, Hughes' A'irginia, Large Native, Large Red, Lady, Little Red Siberian, Large Yellow, Martha, Minnesota. Montreal Beauty, Purple Siberian, Quaker Beauty, Ream's White, Red Si- berian, Ressonant, Showy, Soulard, Striped Siberian, Silver Sweet, Sweet Crab, ^^assils. Transcendent, Williams' Favorite, White, Waughs. THE APPLE. By its display of the apple, the king of northern and pomological fruits, Iowa won most honorable awards, as well as highest commendation from the thousands who daily passed through the vast Horticultural halls and viewed our extensive and superb exhibit. Its magnitude and excellence was a sur- prise to thousands dwelling in other states and unacquainted with our capa- bilities for the production of this class of fruits, who imagined that Iowa was a borean, fruitless region. Iowa was not excelled by any other state in the neat and attractive manner in whiqh its display of apples was installed and maintained. No exhibit of this most important fruit production in the vast pomological hall gave forth a richer fragrance, or bore a more beautiful hue. The solid marketable qualities of "Iowa's apples" won the regard of the numerous visitors who attended the Exposition to study that important feature in the qualities of the exhibits from the several states. No other state made so large an exhibit of its apple production as did Iowa. None other displayed so great a number of distinct varieties, Iowa showing 6i recognized summer sorts, 124 fall varieties and 166 known winter kinds, upwards of 30 unnamed seedlings, besides many foreign varieties of un- known name, being displayed. The thousands daily passing by it were astonished at the magnitude as well as the excellence of our exhibit. We present the following list of named varieties of apples placed in the Iowa exhibit: Alexander, Allen's Choice, August Sweet, American Golden Pippin, August Pearmain, Autumn Favorite, American Golden Russett, Aunt Han- nah, Antihonka, Autumn Strawberry, Autumn Striped, Aunties Apple, Ara- bian, Aport Orient, Autumn Pearmain, Aport Fosci, Annissin, Armstrong, Arkansas Black, Adams, Autumn Swaar, Bailey Sweet, Baldwin, Ben Davis, Benoni, Blue Anis, Blushed Collville, Boiken, Borivinka, Burlington, Blue Pearmain, Babot, Black Twig, Briggs' Seedling, Baldwin Sweet, Bentley Sweet, Bethlehemite,Bergamot, Bishop's Russet, Black Gillflower, Black An- nette, Buker, Boorsdorf, Babuscheno, Byromanti, Cannon Pearmain, Carmoni's June, Caleb Sweet, Chenango Strawberry, Collini, Charlemoff, Curt du Pendu Plat, Champonki, Cayuga Red Streak, Collman's Seedling No. I, Carthouse, Carter, Collman's Seedling No. 3, Colvert, Cole's Quince, Collman's Seedling No. 10, Drap D' Or, Dennis Red, Duchess of Oldenburgh, Drops of Gold, Delaware Red, Dixon's vSweet, Early Harvest, Early Straw- berry, Early Joe, Early Pennock, Early Market, Esopus Spitzenburgh, Early Red, Egg Top, Early Colton, Fulton, Early Sweet Pearmain, Early Summer Pearmain, English Golden Russet, Fall Orange, Fall Jeanetting, Fall Pippin, Fall Spitzenburgh, Fall Wine Sap, Frank, Fife's Choice, Flory's Bellflower, 172 KEPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION Flory, Fall Wine, Fife's Seedling, Fameuse, Fall River, Fulton, Golden Reinette, Gravenstein, Golden Russet, Sops of Wine, Grimes' Golden.Green Aport, Gipsey Girl, Golden White, Great West, Glass Apple, Gideon No. 4, Glori Mundi, Grand Sultan, Gideon No 6, Grandmother, Good Peasant, Gideon No. 8, Golden Pippin, Grindstone, Gilpin, Haas, Hibernal, Hutchins Sweet, Harry Komp, Hagloe, Hanley, Hutchins, Illinois Russet, Isham's Sweet, Iowa Keeper, Iowa Beauty, Iowa Pippin, Jeffrey, Jersey Sweet, Jesse Homan, Jersey Red, Jonathan, June Market, Keswick Coddling, Kansas Blush, Koutchnovi, Kansas Red, King of Tompkins County, Kentucky, Kirkbridge White, Limber Twig, Longfield, London Pippin, Luland Rasp- berry, Lubsk Queen, Large Anis, Lead Apple, Little Hat, Leonard, Leonard Seedling, Longworth Russet, Large Romanite, Lufkin, Lufkin's Seedling, Lansingburgh, Ladies' Favorite, Little Romanite, Ladies' Choice, Lowell, Lyman's Sweet, Louvre, Lady Finger, London Sweet, Lady Sweet, Magog, Magog Red Streak, Marble, Milam, Mann, Malitt, Mason's Best, Montreal Beauty, Missouri Flat, Mammoth Black Twig, Mercer's Best, Missouri Pip- pin, Mohawk, Mercer, Micheal Henry, Minden, Mayner's Red, Minkler, Mcintosh Red, Mother, Maiden Blush, Munson Sweet, Malinda, McMahon's White, Melon, New York Russet, Nitrone Erdbeer, Northern Spitzenburgh, Native Rishki, Noble Red Streak, New York Seek No Further, Newhall, New Burlington, Newton Pippin, New York Pippin, New York, Newton Spitzen- burgh, Never Fail, Newport, Nollicoffer, Northern Greening, Northwest Greening, Nonesuch, Northern Spy, Nonpareil, Northwest, Osterkoff, Ortley, Old Gold, Ohio Beauty, Oxford, Ohio Pippin, Osceola, Pointed Pipka, Parton- vonski,PipbaChamponski,Possatt Native, Pryor's Red, Pottawattamie Chief, Price's Sweet, Patton's Greening, Pearmain, Peck's Pleasant, Porter, Pewaukee, Perry Russet, Pound Sweet, Parker Earl, Quaker Beauty, Queen of the West, Red Ox, Red June, Red Reinette, Rosa Aport, Red Queen, Reinabourka, Ratinschana, Red Transparent, Red Astrachan, Repka Mel- inka, Ramsdell Sweet, Redlield, Red Streak, Raymond Gano, Red Roman- ite, Red Winter Pearmain, Rome Beauty, Rhode Island Greening, Rambo, Striped Gilliflower, Sweet June, Sweet Blush, St. Lawrence, Seedling No 3, Seek No Further, Swaar, Silken Leaf, Sandy Glass, Sklanka, Skush-apple, Scott's Winter, Switzer, Summer Pearmain, Summer Sweet Pearmain, Sheep Nose, Summer Sweet Paradie, Spotted Pearmain, Steele's Red, Sweet Sough, Stark, Saint Peter, Sutton Beauty, Stoner's Hardy, Striped Pippin, Stri[)ped June, Seedling Duchess No. i. Summer Sweet No. 166, Smiths' Cider, Seedling Duchess No. 15, Summer Queen, Sheriff, Seedling Duchess No. 6, Saxton Stripe, Summer Sport, Seedling Duchess No. 7, Tetofsky Tissenliausen, Twenty Oz. Pippin, Tallman's Sweet, Titonka, Terry's Best, Tulpehocken, True Cross, Tracy, Utter's Red, \'ar()nica Red, Vandevere, Virginia Crab, Vermont Beauty, White Astrachan, Wine Apple, Winter Greening, Winter Sweet Paradise, Winter Sweet, White Belleflower, White Winter Pearmain, Whitney, Wolf River, Westfield, Winter Rambo, Wal- l^ridge. Wealthy Seedling, Wythe, Wealthy, Windsor Chief. Wayne, Winter Strij)ling, Winter Aport, Wine Sa)), Wagner, Winter Pearmain, Winter Sweet Pearmain, Willow Twig, Winter Erdbeer, Warfield, Yellow Ingester, ^'ell()w Callville, Yellow Anis, Yellow Transjjarent. Xnrk Imperial, Yellow Bellrtower, Zuzoff. REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE. 173 The Iowa exhibit of its fruit productions in the Columbian Exposition was certainly of material value to the people of the state, demonstrating as it did the possibilities of abundant production in every part of the state of the most important fruits of the temperate zone Many intelligent citizens of the state visiting the exposition were surprised at the magnitude and ex- cellence of the attractive display. To every interested visitor it was a strong incentive to more patient and intelligent effort in the industries of the orchard and the garden. To visitors from other and distant states it was a communication of actual conviction, that the people of our beautiful state not only produce meats and cereals in vast abundance to feed multitudes beyond its own boundaries, but that luxurious as well as dainty fruits of their home growing, in great abundance to grace their homes and tables, may be produced and enjoyed by the citizens of the state honored by the fine exhibit. The work of the committee in this department was to its members their first experience in the management of an exhibit of such great importance. Our state had never previously undertaken an exhibit of its products, and especially of its productions of fruits, on so large a scale as its interests and honor alike demanded should be made in the World's Columbian Exposition. ]n searching through the records of the Centennial Exposition, no prece- dents were found to guide in the important duty of gathering and install- ing a proper exhibit of the resources of the state in this important branch of its industries. In concluding this report the committee would respectfully suggest the following line of preparation, should ever the people of our gen- erous state again undertake the presenting of their productions and resources in another such magnificent exposition. 1. That the idea should at once be definitely accepted, that all other states and countries will exhibit their best, and only the best of their pro- ductions; that Iowa must show of its best and only the very best of its productions; that nothing second rate in quality, especially of its horticul- tural productions, should be allowed place in its exhibit. 2. That the work of preparation, so that the very finest quality possi- ble should be produced for the exhibit, of every variety of horticultural production, especially in the line of fruits, should be commenced at least two years prior to the opening of the exposition. This should be done by the employment of active, intelligent, competent men in all portions of the state to carefully cultivate, produce and collect the most perfect specimens of all horticultural productions, especially of all kinds of fruits cultivated in the state. Such specimens of fruits should be gathered and preserved either in glass or by cold storage until time for their installation prior to the opening of the exposition. This action is urged as the year of the exposition may be a barren one in the production of summer or autumn fruits. Because of the adversities of the season of 1893 the great states of Indiana and Ohio made no exhibit of their fruits in the Columbian Exposition. Both Illinois and Iowa found themselves put to extraordinary expense and trouble to collect the exhibits they made. 3. The tables upon which the exhibits will be installed should be tas- tily designed,, wisely planned and appropriately decorated before the open- 1/4 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION ing of the exposition. The expense in this line need not be extravagant, it should not be parsimonious. The portion of the space intended for the ex- hibition of tender summer fruits should be arranged for the use of refrig- erating service, and they should be kept under glass. This committee found itself handicapped by the meager amount that could be placed at its command by the commission for the great work it was appointed to do. The following letter addressed to A. F. Collman, Esq., is an honorable commendation of the Iowa Horticultural Exhibit: World's Columbian Exposition, Office of the Director Gen- eral OF THE Exposition, Chicago, 111 , U. S. A., Jan. 29, 1894. Mr. a. F. Collman. Corning, Iowa. Dear Sir: Among the many fine exhibits of fruits at the Columbian Exposition, that of Iowa was one of the best. Under your supervision the tables were artistically arranged, every variety of fruit which could be ob- tained in your state was properly labelled, the different species conven- iently grouped for comparison of their special characterist'cs, and the exhibit was always in a neat and orderly condition. There is no doubt that such an exhibition of fine fruit attracted much attention to your state, and as a result many persons from the east learned for the first time what Iowa's genial climate and soil could produce. You and the other gentlemen in charge of the exhibit deserve the gratitude of the state for the excellent dis- play made and the courtesy and attention you gave to all inquiring visitors. Yours Very Truly, "^ J. M. SAMUELS, Chief Department of Horticulture. JOHN F. DUNCOMBE. Report of Department of Minerals and Geology. BV JOHN F. BUNCOMBE. When I was appointed by your commission to take charge of the mines and mining department for Iowa, I informed you that it would be impos- sible for me to give a sufficient amount of time to properly and thoroughly do the work neccessary to do justice to the mineral exhibit of the state. Therefore, in order to more thoroughly prepare an exhibit and to reduce the expenses in its preparation, in the spring of 1892 I employed with the consent of the commission, and which was afterwards ratified by the com- mission, Thomas W. Meers at a salary of $60 per month, his necessary ex- penses to be paid by the commission. Mr. Meers was recommended to me above all other persons for the place by many of the most prominent peo- ple of Iowa as one having had much experience in geology and mineralogy, and which was of much importance in his selection, a practical miner. He immediately set to work with great zeal to accomplish the object of making the best possible display in this department. As the work advanced plans were prepared for the exhibit and a place for the exhibition secured in the Mines and Mining Building. This was found to be an exceedingly difficult task on account of the fact that Iowa was looked upon as a strictly agricultural state, and unworthy of a display in the general exhibit of the mines and mining department. The following is a list of the exhibits installed in this department: GROUP 42. Caldwell, G. W., Keokuk — Geodes. Dubuque World's Fair Association — Lead ore, zinc (dry bone). Lansing Mining and Smelting Co. — Lead ore, lead from lower magne- sian limestone. Waukon World's Fair Association — Iron ore. GROUP 43. Centerville Coal Co. — Bituminous Coal. Chicago Coal Co., Seymour — Coal. Crooked Creek Railroad Co., Lehigh— Coal. Diagonal Coal Co.. Dawson^Coal. Diamond Coal Co., Centerville — Coal. Eldora Improvement Association— Coal. Ketchem, L. & Bro., Farmington — Coal. Phillips Fuel Co., Ottumwa - Steam Coal. Raven Coal Co., Mystic— Domestic Coal. Standard Coal Co., Centerville — Coal. Tudor Coal Co., Dawson — Coal. Whitebreast Fuel Co., Ottumwa— Coal. 178 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION GROUP 44. Adams County Association, Corning — Marble. Bishop & Treat, Charles City — Marble. Cedar A^alley Quarry Co., Cedar Valley — Bridge stone. Chamberlain, W. H., Independence — Granite. Crowley, Edward, Iowa City — Mottied stone. Dubuque World's Fair Association — Specimens from caves. Fairchild, H. W., Iowa City — Coral specimens. Faus, T. W., Cherokee — Monumental design, artificial stone. Green, J. A., Stone City — Structural limestone, carved stone fruit and flowers. Hutchinson, Frank, Iowa City — Building stone. Iowa River Stone Co., Eldora — Lmiestone. Irish, Gill R., Iowa City — Limestone. Kemper, E. G., Burlington — Brown stone (Jasper County). LeGrand Quarry Co., Marshalltown — Building stone, fossil marble. McGregor Improvement Co. — Fossil marble. Ft. Madison & Appanoose Stone Co., Ft. Madison — Building stone. • Moir, M. W., Eldora — Blue limestone. Polk, Jefferson S., Des Moines — Red, buff and variegated sandstone. State Quarry, Iowa City — Building stone. Sterns, W. W., Humboldt — Oolitic limestone. Thompson, J. K. P., Rock Rapids — Red and purple jasper. Treat, A. H., Charles City— Fossil marble and examples. Waukon Association — Limestone, marble and sandstone. Williams, Wilkes, Postville — Niagara dolomite building stone. . GROUP 46. Barnard, Charles. Waukon— Ornamental and moulding clays and sands. Buhlman, J. H , Clayton —Silica and glass made from it. Carter, Charles, Marengo— Brick. Centerville Association— F'ire clay. Clemens, Andrew, McGregor Ornamental sand work. Clermont Brick & Tile Co. — Brick and tile. Close, W. H., Red Oak- Pottery. Crooked Creek Railroad Co., Lehigh — Silica. Fairchild, H. W., Iowa City — Building and fire sand and fire stone. Faus, T. W , Cherokee- Artificial stone. Granite Brick Co., Burlington — Vitrified brick. Holman, C. J. & Bro., Sergeant's Bluff Clay, pottery and paving brick. Indianola Brick ^' Tile Co.— Brick and tile. Iowa City Assoc'ation Clay and Brick. Iowa Pipe and Tile Co., Des Moines — Sewer pipe. Johnson County, Iowa City Silica. Keokuk Brick and Tile Co. — X'itrified brick. Kettle, William, Tipton Tile. McGregor Imi)rovement Co. -Marl, clay and samples of silica. Moir, M. W., Eldora Clays and examples, fire sand and silica. Montpclicr 'I'ilc Works Tile and l)rick. REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF MINERALS AND GEOLOGY. 1 79 Muscatine Pressed Brick Co.- Brick and clay. Muscatine Terra Cotta Co. — Brick, Ottumwa Brick Co, — Brick. Pella Drain Tile Co. — Tile. Shattuck, A. L.. What Cheer - Fire clay. Stone, W. B., Webster City — Artiiical stone. Waukon Association — Brick, tile, potter's clay, and sands. GROUP 47. Buncombe Stucco Co., Fort Dodge — Plaster Paris, gypsum fertilizer. Fairchild, H. W., Iowa City — Gravels. Hurst, A., Maquoketa — Lime. Iowa City Association — Lime. Moir. M. W., Eldora — Limestone. Steel, Wm. A., Des Moines — Limestone. GROUP 48. Waukon World's Fair Association — Iron oxides and examples. W'rikison, L. A., Des Moines — Iron oxides and examples. GROUP 61. Morgan, Kelly & Taneyhill, Waterloo — Well-drilling machinery. GROUP 63. Ottumwa Iron Works — Tail rope haulage, engine and fixture; unchilled, self-acting mine car wheel. GROUP 65. Sackett, H. B., Council Bluffs — Coal and barrel screens. GROUP 67. Centerville Coal Co. — Model of plant. Every part of the State was thoroughly canvassed, either by carefully prepared letters and circulars or by Mr. Meers in person. This department was, however, very much embarrassed by the small sum of only $2 000 set apart by the Commission for this work, when immediately opposite to the mineral exhibits of Iowa, were exhibits from mineral states which cost hund- reds of thousands of dollars. If a larger sum had been appropriated, say $5,000 or *^6i000, the exhibit of Iowa could have been made to compare favor- ably with the exhibits of almost any of the states in coal, building stone and all the valuable clays for the making of potteryware, sewerage pipe, vitri- fied brick and building brick. Efforts were made to secure the best infor- mation from Prof. Calvin of the Iowa State LTniversity, and others versed in geology and mineralogy. Efforts were also made to secure from Dr. Hoff- man, of Oskaloosa, a portion of his enormous collections. The doctor was an enthusiastic assistant in this work, but the value of his collection, the danger of loss and the lack of power to properly secure him. prevented us from having his exhibits. All he required was, that his name be placed as the owner of the exhibit and securities given that the same should be returned complete without any expense to himself. The danger of loss bv theft and IOWA EXHIBIT, MINES AND MINING. PLATE I. REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF MINERALS AND GEOLOGY. l8l breakage was too great to take the risk of so valuable a collection, which is perhaps the largest and one of the most valuable in the State. Another very important collection was that of Mr. Meyer, of Fort Madison, Lee county, and valuable collections were offered from other sections of the State, which would have added very much to our general collection, and as a scientific exhibit of great value, and would have proved very attractive. They met, however, the same difficulty as to security as in the case of Dr. Hoffman. The principal effort was, under the head of mines, mining and geology, to secure a mineral exhibit which would be a complete demonstration of the great mineral wealth of the State, from a practical standpoint, and show that Iowa is very rich in mineral resources as well as in agricultural prod- ucts, and efforts were made to place this fact before the world. Every ob- ject promoting and developing to a greater extent commerce, manufactur- ing and other interests of the State were sought after, and coal, stone, clays and sands were made the foundation, principal or basis of the exhibits. The great coal fields of Iowa, covering nearly one half of the State, had been to some extent developed, and the purpose was, to make the development of this great mineral resource an inducement to the investing of capital in the State, and by means of the Iowa systsm of railroads, place it before the people of the country and before foreigners, that our coal fields were com- paratively accessible from every section, and practically inexhaustible, and thus induce manufacturing, by showing the advantnges offered in the abund- ance, good quality and cheapness of fuel for that purpose. In relati'on to the stone in the State, the purpose was, to show the people of this State and other states and countries, that in Iowa we had building stone of the very best quality, thereby attracting wide spread attention to the capabilities of the country in material for building purposes. As to our marbles, while they are not of the highest grade, the purpose was to show, that they were susceptible of a very tine polish. As to the gypsum beds in the neighborhood of Fort Dodge, the purpose was, to show that this valuable material for building purposes and orna- ments was practically inexhaustible and the quality, for walls and other- practical purposes, was equal, if not superior, to any yet discovered. As to lime stone, the purpose was to show, that the quality was unexcelled and that it was easy of access. As to the clays, which are abundant in nearly every part of the State, the object was to show that these clays were of such a quality and character as to bring them into notice and make them exceedingly useful. Such clays as are fit for common brick are abundant in nearlv every county in the state. White brick clay is also found in very abundant quantities in several parts of the state. Fire clays, potter's clay and clays that are used for paving brick w^ere collected, the object being to show that these clays abound in different parts of Iowa. Also to show that the finer clays for the manufact- ure of pressed brick, terra cotta and fine pottery were abundant in the state, and clays for artificial stone, sewer pipe and drainage tile also are plenteous. Also to show that clays in large quantities essential for the manufacture of mineral paints are abundant, thereby showing, that the state of Iowa 182 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION has a bountiful profusion of clays for the manufacturers by whom this arti- cle is used. The object in relation to the v^arious kinds of sands, was to show that silica for the manufacture of glass, exists in large deposits within the bord- ers of the state, which for finene5S and superiority is not surpassed, and that not many years would pass before the manufacturing of glass would be an important industry in Iowa. Also to show that moulder's sand abounds in many localities, and building sand in almost every locality in the state; to show that cannel coal is abundant, and that lead, copper and iron ore abound to a considerable extent. So far as we were able to do so with the small sum of money in our hands, it was also proposed to show, that Iowa is rich in geological exhibits; that fine and valuable specimens are continually being brought to light, which has attracted the attention of the scientific world. That vegetable fossils of many kinds and sizes, carboniferous and sub-carboniferous fossils and geodes, the finest yet seen, abound in Iowa. That in many parts of the state pre-historic remains and relics have been found in profusion. The proposition was made, considered and carried out for the estab- lishment of a model coal mine to represent, as nearly as possible, the meth- ods of mining coal; also to represent the mining machinery and apparatus, including mining cars, tracks, etc., of some of the best mining works in the state. Much work was performed in this direction, and a vast number of let- ters written, and Mr. Meers traveled over the state in various places to cre- ate an interest in this development upon the plan proposed; interviewed all those who were likely to furnish important information; saw the various mineral deposits; examined them in person; made arrangements with dif- ferent operators of mines to send specimens and gained such information as would be necessary and best calculated to arrive at the result suggested and laid out to be done. As rapidly as possible collections were made and placed for the accom- plishment of the proposed purposes. Circulars and letters were sent out setting forth the plans named; giving the number of pieces and size of build- ing stone and manufactured stone; the number of blocks and size of coal; the number of specimens requested from each county producing coal, and the size of each, with the number of tons of coal required for the purpose of the miniature mining operation. Various samples of clays were procured from various sections of the state, and the amount to be furnished and directions given. Also samples of the manufactured product, burned and not burned, consisting of pottery, terra cotta ware, sewerage pipe, drainage tile and paving brick, together with the clays suitable for the manufacture of minerals, and as far as possi- ble, examples of manufacturing produced with instructions relating to the samples of lime in bulk or otherwise, accompanied by samples from which the lime was manufactured, together with manufactured articles produced, when that was po.ssible; together with samples of iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, mica, cannel coal, gypsum and other mineral deposits. Circulars containing information necessary to accomplish these pur- poses were sent out everywhere in the state and a continuous effort was l84 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION made to secure all of the specimens that were possible in each of the branches referred to. Many of the persons seen promptly and enthusiastically responded to the request made of them; others seemed to take but little interest in the matter and to consider the mineral department of Iowa, a state which stands out so prominently, noted for its cattle, horses, hogs and corn, as of no great importance and not worthy of attention. I have to report, however, that nearly all the plans referred to were carried out and exhibits from nearly every line named were furnished, presented and put in place in the very crov/ded and limited space furnished by the Superintendent in charge of the Mines and Mining Building, which was not one-fourth the size de- manded by Iowa. It is not my purpose in making this report to state the various speci- mens that were presented and placed in this exhibit, and I have not suffi- cient space allotted me to do so if I desired; but I will mention one of the most attractive of all. The display of the coal mine, with a cast representing a man in the act of mining coal, with the entry rooms, track, pick, and miner's lamp, by every one who has ever seen a coal mine, was considered a re- markably fine display. Another that was well worthy of mention was that furnished by the ladies of Dubuque, showing a grotto with many beautiful specimens of lead ore, stalactites and stalagmites, fossils and numerous local specimens that were exceedingly attractive. Another very attractive dis- play which also demanded attention was the collection of blocks of coal from twenty-seven coal producing counties in the state, built in a pyramid i- cal form, on which was placed a fine miniature specimen of the works for operating a coal mine. Another very attractive specimen was a beatuiful variegated marble mantel, which was admired by all who observed it. For a fuller account of the Geology of Iowa reference is had to that part of the Hand-Book of Iowa prepared by the committee on Archaeolog- ical, Historical and Statistical Information, Iowa Columbian Commission, published herewith. Seven medals and seven diplomas were awarded to the mines and min- ing department of the World's Columbian Exhibition of Iowa exhibitors. A description of only six of these have been returned, as follows: These were certified by the gentlemen of the Department of Mines and Mining February 17, 1894, as follows: AWARDS TO IOWA EXHIBITORS IN DEPARTMENT OF MINES AND MINING— WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. (;roup 42. Lansing Mining ^: Smelting Co., Lansing, Iowa —Lead ore from lower magnesian limestone. (;roup 43. State of Iowa Coal and Coke. (jKorp 44. State of Iowa Marble and Building Stone. Ft. Madison & Appanoose Stone Co., F't, Madison -Building Stone. REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF MINERALS AND GEOLOGY 185 GROUP 61. Morgan, Kelly & Taneyhill, Waterloo — Well Drilling Machinery. GROUP 65. H. B. Sackett, Council Bluffs— Sackett's Improved Coal Screen. GROUP 67. Iowa World's Fair Board — Model of Coal Mine. To mention names of all the exhibitors who were not awarded medals and diplomas, and to describe each of the localities and qualities of the rock, clays, sands, ores, etc., would take more space than can be spared for this report. In fact, it would require a book of itself, as these exhibits were very abundant and more than the space allotted to Iowa would permit. In addition to the exhibit in the Mines and Mining Building, there were some tine exhibits, particularly of coal, in the Iowa building, which were well worthy of notice and description if space would permit. I am satisfied that the Iowa exhibit in the Mineral department very greatly surprised people of the state and from all parts of the country who visited the exhibition and carefully examined Iowa's mineralogical and geo- logical collection. This state, situated between the two great rivers, in the very heart of the Mississippi valley and almost in the geographical center of the nation has a supply of useful minerals, with the exception of iron ore, far surpass- ing all but a very few of the states in the Union, and those who saw this ex- hibit, considering the very small sum allowed for the exhibit, expressed great satisfaction and astonishment. 13 JAMES 0. CROSBY. Report of the Department ot Woman's Work. BY JAMES (). CROSBY. On the 4th day of May, 1892, the Commission resolved that there be created an Iowa Board of Lady Managers, to be composed of one member from each congressional district, and appointing the members and a'ternates of the National Board of Lady Managers as members of the Iowa Board for their respective districts; the others to be named by the Commissioners, each for his respective district, and Miss Ora E. Miller was elected by the Commission, President of the Board. The Board was constituted of the following members: ist district, Mrs. Eliza G. Rhodes, of Mt. Pleasant; 2d, Mrs. E. E. Cook, of Davenport; 3d,. Miss Mary B. Hancock, of Dubuque; 4th, Mrs. N.C. Deering, of Osage; 5th,. Miss Ora E. Miller, of Cedar Rapids; 6th, Mrs. Flora J. McAchran, of Bloom- field; 7th, Mrs. Whiting S. Clark, of Des .Moines; 8th, Mrs. OrryH. Salts, of Corning; 9th, Mrs. Ira F. Hendricks, of Council Bluffs, who resigned shortly after her appointment, and Mrs. L. O. Person, of the same place, was ap- pointed in her stead; loth, Mrs. J. F. Duncombe, of Ft. Dodge, who was chosen by the Commission on failure of the Commissioner of that district to- make selection; nth. Miss Jennie E. Rogers, of Sioux City, who resigned in consequence of poor health and Mrs. A. M. Ainsworth of Onawa, was ap- pointed to till the vacancy. At the same time that it was determined to create the Iowa Board of Lady Managers, a plan was adopted for raising additional funds through the Board by means of organizations of Township Clubs and County So- cieties, which were also designed for the preparation and collection of ex_ hibits. and articles of association were framed for that purpose, as fol'ows: ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION' FOR IOWA WORLDS FAIR COUNTY SOCIETIES. ARTICLE I. This society shall be known as the County World's Fair A.ssociation.. ARTICLE II. Section i. The object of this Association is to establish World's Fair Clubs in every city, town and village in the county where members can be obtained; to assist in providing funds for collecting and maintaining an ex- hibit from this county at the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893. in the Iowa State Building, under the control of the Iowa Columbian Commission, and in the general Exi)osition buildings. This association shall be auxiliary to the Iowa Columbian Connnission.and (^xecute its policv as far as i)()ssible,: REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF WOMAN's WORK. 189 Sec. 2. Any resident of this county is eligible to membership and may become a member thereof on payment of one dollar, and the secretary of the Iowa Columbian Commission shall issue to such person a certificate of membership, upon receipt of seventy cents thereof, the remaining thirty cents to be paid as hereinafter provided. ARTICLE III. Section i. The first meeting of this association shall be held at on the day of , 1892, at o'clock M., at which time a majority of the members, when the number in the county equals 25, may elect by ballot a president, vice-president, secretary and treasurer, who shall hold their offices until the first day of January. 1893, and until their success- ors are elected and qualified. Sec. 2. When a township or village club consists of fifteen members, and is organized by the election of a president, secretary and treasurer, the president thereof shall be a director in this association. The management of this association shall be vested in a Board of Directors, consisting of the president of such clubs within this county. A majority of the directors shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business. They may choose an executive committee for the purpose of performing such duties as may be required by the board of directors. Sec. 3. The regular meetings of the board of directors shall be held on day of each month. ARTICLE IV. Section i. It shall be the duty of the directors to secure as many members as possible in this association, and to organize World's Fair Clubs throughout the county, under such rules and local management as may be determined by the board of directors. Sec. 2. The board of directors shall appoint a board of lady managers, consisting of one from each club of not less than 15 members, each of whom shall be a member of this association, and to provide such rules for their government and co-operation with this association, as they may deem best. Sec. 3. The necessary expenses of this association and expenses at- tendant upon collecting and securing material for exhibition, shall be paid under the direction of this board, on the order of the president, attested by the secretary. ARTICLE V. Section i. The president shall preside over all meetings of the mem- bers and directors. He shall call a meeting of the board of directors when- ever he deems it necessary, or when requested in writing by three directors. He shall sign all warrants on the treasurer for funds of the association, when authorized by a vote of the majority of the board of directors, or of the executive committee, if the authority shall be conferred on such committee by the board of directors. The vice-president shall act in the absence or inability of the president. In the absence or inability of both to act, a temporary president may be chosen to perform the same duties. IQO REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION Sec. 2. It shall be the duty of the secretary to keep a correct record of the proceedings of all meetings of the association, the board of directors and the executive committee. On the order of the president he shall issue calls for special meetings. He shall receive all moneys for the sale of certificates and contributions or otherwise and pay over the same as follows: 15 per cent to the treasurer of the ciub to which the member paying the same be- longs: 15 per cent to the treasurer of this association, and 70 per cent to the secretary of the Iowa Columbian Commission, taking the receipts therefor, and entering, in a book kept for that purpose, the date and amount of such payments and receipts. He shall attest all warrants on the treasurer of this association duly authorized, that have been signed by the president. He shall distribute to the clubs all literature sent to him for that purpose by the Iowa Columbian Commission, and perform such other duties as may be re- cjuired of him by the Board of Directors. At each monthly meeting of the board of directors he shall present a detailed statement of receipts and ex- penditures, and shall report each week to the secretary of the Iowa Colum- bian Commission the names and address of new members added, and remit to him the 70 per cent of membership fees, together with all matters of gen- eral interest connected with the work. Sec. 3. The treasurer shall receive all moneys paid over to him by the secretary as above provided, giving his receipt therefor. He shall pay out the moneys only on the warrants of the president, attested by the secretary. He shall keep an accurate account of all receipts and disbursements, and preserve all vouchers for payments, and give such bond as shall be pre- scribed by the board of directors. He shall make a full and complete re- port at each monthly meeting of the board, and such other reports as may be required by such board. Sec. 4. It shall be the duty of the executive committee to transact all business necessary to carry out the objects of this association, that may be required of them by the board of directors. They shall audit all bills and claims against the association, ARTICLE VI. Robert's Rules of Order shall be the authority on all parliamentary questions not provided for in these articles, ARTICLE VII — AMENDMENTS. These articles may be amended by a vote of the majority of the direct - ers present at any regular meeting, provided specific notice, thereof, in writing, be given at the previous monthly meeting, except as to the appor- tionment of moneys received for certificates of membership. ARTICLE VIII. Section i. Any county association adopting the foregoing articles and forwarding a certified copy thereof to F. N. Chase, secretary of the Iowa Columbian Conmiission at Cedar Falls, Iowa, will become auxiliary to state organization, and entitled to all the privileges and benefits resulting there- from, and upon payment of .said 70 per cent of membership fees, will receive from him certificates of membership, enumerating special privileges to which the holder is entitled. REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF WOMAN S WORK I9I Sec. 2. We hereby certify that the foregoing articles were adopted at in the county of on the day of 1892. , President , Secretary. ORDER OF BUSINESS. The following is suggested as a convenient order of business: 1. Roll call. 2. Reading and approving minutes of previous meeting. 3. Reports of officers. 4. Reports of standing committees. 5. Reports of special committees. 6. Receiving communications. 7. Unfinished business. 8. New business. CERTIFICATE OF MEMBERSHIP. "This is to certify that has paid one dollar into the treasury of the World's Fair Association of county, in the State of Iowa, and is a member thereof, and entitled to all the benefits and privileges appertaining thereto. F. N. Chase, Sec'y. \ Seal of the / Iowa Columbian Commission. '/ Commission. ) (Reverse Side.) Companies of twenty, holding certificates of membership in this associ- ation, by arrangement to be previously made with the corresponding secre- tary at the Iowa headquarters in Jackson Park, Chicago, may have reliable boarding places engaged by an agent of the commission, be met by a guide at the railway station, on their arrival, and accompanied to their quarters so engaged; and, if desired, to be accompanied once from their quarters to the Iowa Building and through the. Exposition grounds." On the 29th dav of June, 1892, the members of the Iowa Board of Lady Managers convened at Cedar Rapids and organized, the president, MissOra E. Miller, presiding, Mrs N. C. Bearing was chosen vice-president; Mrs. E. G. Rhodes, secretary; Miss Mary B. Hancock, treasurer. Executive Committee: Mrs. Ellen K. Cook, Miss Jennie E. Rogers and Mrs. J. F. Buncombe. Auditing Committee: Mrs. Whiting S. Clark. Mrs. Flora J. McAchran and Mrs. Ira F. Hendricks. Rules of order were adopted, and a resolution requiring the treasurer to keep separate accounts with each district of the proceeds of membership tickets, and that such funds be expended only for the use of the district in which the same were collected. A committee was appointed who prepared and distributed the following circular "Address to the Women of Iowa by the Iowa Board of Lady Man- agers:" 192 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION ADDRESS TO THE WOMEN OF IOWA BY THE IOWA BOARD OF LADY MANAGERS. Miss Ora E. Miller, Cedar Rapids, - - President Mrs. N. C. Deering, Osage, - - - Vice-President Mrs. Eliza G. Rhodes, Mt. Pleasant, - - Secretary Miss Mary B. Hancock, Dubuque, - - - Treasurer To the Women of Iowa : The Iowa Board of Lady Managers desires to call your attention to our State Exhibition of women's work and through this circular to enlist your assistance and co-operation in securing for Iowa at the World's Columbian Exposition such a representation of woman's skill and industry as shall be second to none in America. The Iowa Board of Lady Managers was created by a recent Act of the Iowa Columbian Commission, for the purpose of organizing throughout the State of Iowa, County World's Fair Associations and Clubs, and also for the purpose of securing a creditable exhibit of woman's work and achieve- ments. The members of this Board are eleven in number, as follows: Mrs. Eliza G. Rhodes, Mt. Pleasant, ist Congressional District. Mrs. Ellen K. Cook, Davenport, 2d Congressional District. Miss Mary B. Hancock, Dubuque, 3d Congressional District. Mrs. N. C. Deering, Osage, 4th Congressional District. Miss Ora E. Miller, Cedar Rapids, 5th Congressional District. Mrs. Flora J. McAchran, Bloomfield, 6th Congressional District. Mrs. Whiting S. Clark. Des Moines, 7th Congressional District. Mrs. Orry H. Salts. Corning, 8th Congressional District. Mrs. L. O. Person, Council Bluffs 9th Congressional District. Mrs. John F. Duncombe, Ft Dodge, loth Congressional District. Miss Jennie E. Rogers, Sioux City, nth Congressional District. To these members has been assigned the supervision of the woman's department in the congressional districts in which they respectively reside, and the organization of the above mentioned clubs. It is their earnest desire that the exhibit of the Iowa Woman's Depart- ment shall compare favorably with the work of women of other states and shall reflect credit on the womanhood of Iowa. This board of eleven women can do very little toward effecting this great object unless they shall have the sympathy and active co-operation of all the intelligent women of our state. They are the more in need of this co-operation because of the short time allotted them for this work and because of their hampered financial condi- tion owing to the failure of the Iowa Legislature to appropriate any money for their use. We, therefore, earnestly appeal to the generous and public- spirited women of our state to come forward and help us. We can do nothing without your assistance; whereas, with it we can still hope to make the Iowa exhibit of woman's work such a one as will make every Iowa woman feel proud of the attainments of her sex. Our desire is to exhibit at the World's Columbian Exjiosition of 1893 all artich^s which illustrate woman's share in the industi'ial, educational, REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF WOMAN'S WORK I93 artistic, religious and philanthropical activities of Iowa, especially to set forth said exhibit in such a manner as to indicate the progress which women have made in all these various departments during the comparatively few years of our state's existence. It is a difficult task to enumerate all the lines of work in which women are engaged, and an attempt failing of completeness may possibly be mis- leading, but in order to point out some of the special representations of woman's industries and interests which the Iowa Board of Lady Managers desires to secure, we would especially ask your assistance in the following lines: To secure for exhibition: (a) Noticeably, fine specimens of every industry carried on by women in our state; this to embrace every department of woman's work. (d) Copies of all books, pamphlets or newspapers now or heretofore written or edited by Iowa women. ((f) All books and papers illustrated by Iowa women. id) Scientific collections of every kind made by Iowa women, if of gen- uine scientific value. ( strata is therefore not far from twenty thousand square miles. It must not be inferred, however, that the coal is equally distributed over all this dis- trict, for such is not the case. The broad belt running southeast and north- west and traversed its entire length by the Des Moines river from Ft. Dodge to Keokuk has heretofore been found to be much more productive of coal than other parts of the region. Lately in many places outside of thr, belt named, coal has been discovered in abundance, often where its presence- was unsuspected before. Taken as a whole there are two kinds of beds, sharply contrasted, which go to make up the Coal Measures of the state. The first is marked by a- great predominance of clay shales and sandstones, often to the total ex- clusion of the limestone. The individual beds have usually a very limited. A SKETCH OF THE GEOLOGY OF IOWA. 253 -extent and replace one another in rapid succession. On tlie other hand, the second class of sediments above mentioi>«'d is made up chiefly of cal- careous shales with heavy beds of limestone. The layers are evenly bedded and extend over very considerable' areas. As the conditions of deposition were evidently those of a slowly sink- ing shore the marginal deposits as a whole practically underlie the open sea formations, the former being regarded as the "Lower" Coal Measures and the latter as the "Upper" Coal Measures. At the same time it must be remembered that this does not necessarily imply that the "Lower" meas- ures are to be considered much older than the "Upper;" but rather that along the great and successi-ve planes of sedimentation different beds of the upper and lower divisions were laid down contemporaneously. The limits of the two formations in Iowa thus assume somewhat different lines from those that have commonly been recognized. It has been proposed, therefore, to divide the Coal Measures, or Upper Carboniferous, into: (2) The "Upper" Coal Measures, or Missouri Stage. (1) The "Lower" Coal Measures, or Des Moines Stage. The Des Moines formation represents the Lower Coal Measures or mar- -ginal deposits of the upper Carboniferous. It takes its name from the Des Moines river which flows for more than two hundred miles directly through the beds of this terrane. It extends into Missouri forming the northern -and western boundaries of the Ozark mountains and extends still farther southward into Kansas and Indian Territory. The Missouri formation corresponds essentially to the upper Coal Measures, representing the more strictly marine deposits. It is the form- ation typically developed in the northwestern part of Missouri. The Mis- souri river also winds its way for more than four hundred miles through the beds of this stage, exposing numerous fine sections on both sides of the stream throughout the entire distance. In the order of their abundance the rocks of the Coal Measures are •clay-shales, sandstones, limestones and coals. The secondary part that the calcareous beds play in the Coal Measures of the state, especially in the lower division, contrasts this formation with the other paleozoic rocks. Below, the Coal Measures rest on a great basement of massive limestones •with but few clayey or sandy beds of separation. Not less striking is the relative thinness, as a rule, of the individual layers which replace one another upwards and laterally in rapid succession. If the upper and lower divisions of the Coal Measures in Iowa were to be contrasted upon litho- logical characters alone it would be found that the former is prevail- ingly lime bearing; the latter largely clayey. Little need be said here coDcerniug the quality of the coals of the state. They are all of the bituminous variety and are fully described in another place. The carbonaceous seams vary from a few inches to seven or eight or even ten feet in thickness; the average of the veins at present worked is between four and five feet. These beds are deposited not in two or three continuous layers over the entire area, as has been commonly supposed, but in more or less lenticular masses varying from a few feet to several miles lu extent. 254 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION The stratigraphical importance of the coal seams is not so great as has been generally supposed, since the bituminous beds are, with very few exceptions rather limited. Only a single case is at presefit known in which the geographic extent of a coal stratum is more than a few miles, and for a part of this distance the coal is but two or three feet in thickness. On the other hand, the amount of coal in the state, is probably very much greater than has been commonly supposed. For reasons which need not be stated in detail here, considerable diflBculty ha.s been encountered in working out the structural features of the Coal Measures of Iowa. The general inclination of the beds is to the south- westward. Careful estimates indicate that the greatest thickness of the Lower Coal Measures in the state is probably in the neighborhood of four hundred feet; and that the maximum vertical measurement of the upper division is thrice that figure. Erosion has removed much of the coal bear- ing strata of this district and the original thickness of these rocks is not now represented at any one place. The basal coal seams of the Lower Coal Measures of Iowa appear to be much more extensive than those toward the top, where they are only a few inches in vertical measurement and perhaps a hundred yards in extent. The coal may therefore be regarded as disposed in numerous basins of greater or less area, thickened centrally, but gradually becoming attenuated toward the margins. These are arranged in various horizons interlocking with one another, but separated by varying thicknesses of sand- stone and shale. Thus at any one point a dozen or more seams may be passed through in sinkibjj a shaft, several perhaps being workable. The disposition of the coal in numerous limited lenticular basins instead of a few layers extending oyer broad areas is of the utmost importance from a purely economical standpoint. In all mining operations and in all prospecting it is very essential that this fact be kept constantly in mind. With methods of boring more modern than those commonly in vogue throughout the western states there is every reason to believe that in the Lower Coal Measures especially the large majority of good coal seams twelve inches in thickness and over encountered in prospecting may be traced readily and easily to localities where they are thick enough for profitable working. 3 In Iowa the restrictions upon the distribution of the individual seams are not numerous as compared with other regions. Yet there are disturbances of various kinds which break the continuity of the coal strata, locally interfering slightly with mining operations. They are referable to the three general agencies of deposition, erosion and dislocation. From careful estimates made from reliable sources the production of coal for the past year amounted to more than 5,340,000 tons, valued at $7,- 750,000. By comparisons it will be seen that Iowa as a coal producer ranks first among the states west of the Mississippi river and lifth among the states of the Union. Throughout all of the Coal Measures in Iowa occur unlimited quantities of clay of excellent quality for the manufacture of paving, pressed, fire and other kinds of brick. An excellent quality of potter's clay and material for tiling, terra-cotta, and in fact nearly all other kinds of clay products, are plentiful. A SKETCH OF THE (iEOEOGV OF IOWA 255 CRETACEOUS. Although formerly known to be exposed only over a small area near Sioux City, the Cretaceous rocks of Iowa have recently been found to occupy a very considerable district in the northwestern portion of the state. On account of a thick mantle of drift over all this portion of the state there is considerable difficulty in locating the exact boundary along the eastern margin of the deposits. From numerous borings, however, the Cretaceous beds have been recognized over more than a dozen counties, showing that the approximate eastern boundary is a somewhat sinuous line running through a point midway between Sioux City and Council Bluffs nearly to Fort Dodge and thence bending northward. Beyond the limits of this line numerous outliers have been recognized, some appearing more than fifty miles beyond the boundary mentioned. There are four formations in Iowa which are probably referable to th« Cretaceous, though the exact stratigraphical equivalents of two of these, the Fort Dodge gj^psum deposits and the Nishnabotna sandstone are at present somtnvbat doubtful. NIshnabotna Sandstone. Although the beds under consideration have usually been referred to the Cretaceous they have never been directly traced to the outcrops of the Woodbury shales. The geographical distance between the nearest exposures of the two formations as at present known is very considerable. If the iSTishnabotaa is Cretaceous it may be the equivalent either of the Woodbury shales or of the Niobrara chalk; which one it is cannot now be stated. In regard to the gypsum beds their form- ation indicates a saline lake deposit such as might be left by a retreating ocean. This fact taken in connection with the probable great eastern ex- tension of the Niobrara suggests that the Fort Dodge beds were formed dur- ing the retreat of the Niobrara waters through Iowa. At the present time it seems best not to attempt a specific correlation of the gypsum deposits, nor of the Nishnabotna sandstone, but merely to regard them as Cretaceous in age. The sandstones and loose sands that have been called Nishnabotna are to be regarded as shore deposits; along with numerous other beds of similar char- acter which occasionally are found as outliers through central and northern Iowa. The Nishnabotna as reported by White has a thickness of fifty to seventy-five feet; and is seen exposed in the southeastern part of Guthrie county, southern Montgomery county, and elsewhere in the western part of central Iowa. Quarries have been opened in these rocks at Lewis, in Cass county. In its lithological characters the formation is a coarse-grained, ferruginous sandstone, dark brown in color and usually quite friable. Occasionally thin clay seams are intercalated. Fort Dodge Beds. This name is applied to the gypsum deposits and certain associated beds which are well exposed in the neighborhood of Fort Dodge. The gypsum attains a vertical measurement of from two to thirty feet, its average thickness being perhaps about fifteen to sixteen feet. It occupies an area, in the central part of Webster county, of about twenty-five square miles. It is traversed north and south its entire length by the Dea Moines river and is cut through by many of this .''stream's Bniallcr tributaries. 256 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION Probably more than one-half of the entire deposit has been removed through erosion by the chief water course. The most extensive exposures now open are about six miles below Fort Dodge. To some extent the massive gypsum of Fort Dodge has been quarried for building purposes. A number of buildings and foundations have been constructed of this material. It has also been used quite extensively for heavy masonry. Its most important use, however, is its manufacture into stucco and land-plaster. During the past year more than fifty thousand tons of these materials were prepared in the vicinity of Fort Dodge. Woodbury Shales. As already intimated, the typical outcrops of this formation are to be seen in Woodbury county along the Big Sioux river. The formation corresponds essentially with the Dakota and Fort Benton groups of Hayden. The beds represent shore deposits and it seems desir- able to retain the name in preference to the two proposed by Hayden. "Woodbury" as defined by White expresses more accurately than any other name yet proposed the lithological features of the rocks as represented in Iowa. The Woodbury shales are made up in certain places largely of the sandstone, which sometimes form hard concretionary masses not unlike quartzite. In some localities these masses are so near together that they may be quarried to advantage for building stone. The most important of these openings is in the vicinity of Sioux City and is now known as the Rees' Granite quarry. The rock has apparently all the qualities of the regular crystalline massive rocks. The greater portion of the Woodbury shales is argillaceous and afford inexhaustible quantities of good clay for the manufacture of pottery, fire and paving brick. Niobrara Chalk. These beds in their chalky facies have been ob- served in Iowa in the vicinity of the Big Sioux river. They are probably represented further eastward oy more strictly snore aeposits. They consist of fine soft calcareous layers appearing not unlike clay at first glance. These chalky layers in connection with the clays form excellent material for the manufacture of Portland cement. This industry has alread} begun under favorable circumstances on the Missouri above Sioux City. PLEISTOCENE, OR SURFACE DEPOSITS. Over all Iowa, covering the indurated rocks to a depth of from a few- inches to two or three hundred feet, is a mantle of loose incoherent material. This material is chiefly of three kinds; known as the drift, loess, and alluvium. The latter may be regarded as the deposits of the modern rivers, the two former as glacial debris. Alluvium. Little need be said here in regard to the alluviul deposits. They are the fine sediments laid down in the river valleys making up what is commonly known as the flood plain. Many of the river terraces are also alluvial. These materials will be treated at length in another place in con- nection with an account of the soils of the state. Drift. To the heterogeneous mixture of clay, sand, gravel and boulders which is seen everywhere throughout the state there has been applied the name of drift. Everwhere the proportions of these drift constitutents vary. It changes rapidly from place to place passing from one kind into another. The clays form by far the largest portion of the mixture and is CLIMATOrOGV OF IOWA 257 usually mingled with more or leas fine sand. In color it has a characteristic trown or buff tint. When excavated the surface exposed quickly breaks up into small cubic or angular fragments commonly known as joint-clay. The sand and gravel often form considerable beds yet they are usually quite limited in extent. The boulders are chiefly of crystalline rocks of northern ©rigin. They represent a great variety of eruptive and metamorphic types. v^ The drift is largely of glacial origin. It has been shown in Iowa to be made up of two sheets. The lowest or earliest drift forms a part ■of the great drift mantle extending over northern United States. In the Mississippi valley it has its southern boundary along the line of the Ohio ^nd Missouri rivers. The upper till belongs to a later glacial epoch and is included within the area bounded by what is known as the moraine of the Des Moines lobe of the second great ice invasion. This forms a narrow tri- angle in Iowa with its apex reaching to the city of Des Moines. Loess. This deposit is well displayed along the Missouri and Mississippi rivers and at numerous places throughout the interior of Iowa. It is a fine homogeneous clay-like material which seldom shows any tendency toward stratification. It is friable enough to be impressed with the finger but resists weathering in a remarkable way. The surface deposits of the state belong chiefly to the Quaternary age of geology. Over a great part of Iowa the soils are formed directly through these deposits. The purer clays afliord good material for the manufacture of brick; while certain portions afford sand which can be utilized in glass making. CLiriATOLOGY OF IOWA. By John R. Sage, Director Iowa Weather and Crop Service. The prime factors of agricultural prosperity are a fertile soil and a favorable climate, the latter being the more important. There are in this country millions of acres of soil, which, though abundantly supplied with the elements of fertility are comparatively worthless, because of unfavor- able climatic conditions. Nothing can fully compensate for the lack of rainfall in the growing season, for only a small portion of any arid region can be made productive by irrigation. The claim may be made in behalf of Iowa that in respect to these two essentials, soil and climate, it stands foremost among the agricultural states of the Union. There is no question as to the exceeding richness and depth of its soil, for it has maintained a large measure of its original fertility under a system of continual cropping which would have reduced to barren- ness the thinner soils of less favored sections. And its climate has served .as a fit complement of its soil in the production of those vast crops which have figured so conspicuously in me agncuiDural statistics ot the country. The establishment of the National and State weather bureaus has in- cited public interest in questions relating to the climate of the different sections of our greatly diversified country. And the census reports have ^revealed the fact that the settlement of the country and increase of popula- 258 REPORT OF IOWA COLU.MBIAN COMMISSION tioc bear a very definite ratio to the average yearly precipitation, mean temperature and the general climatic conditions afEecting crop production and the public health. People who are about to emigrate, to better their condition iu life, are largely influenced in their choice of a new home by such facts as they are able to obtain relative to climate. With the larger number this is very properly a consideration of chief importance. WEATHER HEPORTS. Fortunately we have at hand ample meteorological records to illustrate the constants of temperature, humidity, wind movement and the general characteristics of the climate of Iowa. Weather observations were begun at the military posts in the territory as early as the year 1820, and records were made with some degree of regularity under military auspices until 1849, when the Smithsonian Institution, aided by the general government, took up the work of systematic observation, establishing stations wherever intelligent observers could be secured. Since 1871 this work has been done under the auspices of the National and State weather services, v There is, theref ore^o lack of material^ in the form of official records, from which we may obtain a knowledge of the more important features of Iowa's climate. A careful study of the voluminous data will convince any one interested in the subject that for all-the-year-round residence, for the promotion of health, physical vigor and agricultural prosperity there is no more favorable climate in America than in this favored section of the great Mississippi valley. GENERAL CLIMATIC FEATURES. Situated near the geographical center of the United States, the climate is strictly continental. This term being used in contradistinction to marine climate implies that it has winters of considerable severity, and summers of unusual warmth, with large seasonal and daily temperature ranges, a generally dry and salubrious atmosphere, small percentage of cloudiness and large percentage of sunshine. The altitude of the State ranges from 444 feet above sea-level at the confluence the Des Moines and Mississippi rivers, to 1,650 feet at a point near Spirit Lake; and as there are no mountain ranges nor extensive forests the physical conditions give to the State a homogeneous climate, with only such variations of temperature, rainfall and other meteorological elements as result from latitude and elevation. Despite its remoteness from the sea its climatic characteristics are re- markably constant; in fact, no section of the country enjoys a greater de- gree of uniformity of the conditions favorable to the production of the staple crops. In attestation of this it may be stated that, while there have been seasons of variable productiveness, there has never been a total failure of the principal crops in this State since the virgin soil was first broken by the plow-shares of the white settlers. The climate of this section is affected by the general topography of the continent, the great mountain ranges, and the oceanic and atmospheric cur- rents, Jill of which must be duly considered in a thorough study of the subject. A glance at the map of the continent will show a great central depression extending from the Gulf of Mexico to the Arctic sea, formed by the vast mountain ranges at the west and the lesser ^uplift skirting the Atlantic coast. This interior valley is much wider and somewhat lower at CLIMATOLOGY OF IOWA. 259 the north than at. the south, and two-thirds of the drainage of the continent flows northward. The upper Mississippi valley, of which Iowa is a part, forms the water-shed about midway between the Gulf and Hudson Bay. It has been stated that in time of high water a canoe can be rowed from the Mississippi up the Minnesota to its source in Big Stone Lake, and thence across a slough to Traverse Lake, the source of the Red River of the North. The altitude at this point where the waters of the Gulf and the Arctic ocean are in touch is less than one thousand feet above sea level. Through this vast channel in ancient geologic periods the gfaciers pushed their way, forming the drift deposits, and laying the foundation of soil of the most productive empire on the surface of the globe. And now, in these latter years, this mid-continent depression gives free passage to the boreal breezes from the north and the humid winds from the south, which here meet and commingle to refresh the earth with copious showers in the season when they are most needed. It is easy to see what an impor- tant part is borne in the climate of the interior by the great physical feature herein described. If the mountain ranges crossed the continent east and west, instead of north and south, this central valley would be a veritable desert, instead of the garden and granary of the western hemisphere. The cool waves from the north and the vapor-laden winds from the south are equally important factors in making this a habitable, productive and pros- perous region. PRECIPITATION. The moisture precipitated over Iowa and contiguous portions of the Mississippi and Missouri valleys comes almost entirely, either directly or indirectly, from the Gulf of Mexico. The warm southerly winds, heavily laden with humidity from that source, drawn hither by the passage of low area storms from the west, deposit a portion of their moisture in advance of the storm centers as they move toward the Atlantic. Following in the rear of these depressions the cold and dry air from the northward condenses the remaining moisture in the rear quadrants of departing storms. These alternating currents flowing northward and southward through the valley, with their sharp contrasts of temperature, brought thus into a< tion by the passage of low areas across the continent, form the warp and ^'s^oof of the fabric of the weather of this section. And as the Gulf, which (S the great fountain of humidity whence our annual supply of moisture ii drawn, is permanent, and the atmospheric waves, of high or low pressu re are con- stantly passing, there is no danger that this region will becorie arid and unproductive. The people may safely bank upon the permanen ce of their climate and an ample supply of moisture. Various early historic publications placed the average yearly precipi- tation of Iowa at forty-four to forty-seven inches. These figures are too high, being obtained from insufficient data. The correct mean obtained from all available records, covering a considerable number of years in all sections of the state is about thirty-five inches. Blodget's rain chart for the continent shows the average annual pre- cipitation in the eastern and southeastern counties to be forty-two inches; . through the central belt from southwest to northeast it is thirty, and in the extreme northwestern section twenty-five inches. In the United Statea 26o REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION Army Meteorological Register, published in 1855, Mr. Blodget, referring to the precipitation in the Mississippi Valley, says : ' " There is an exceptional district in eastern Iowa having a great rain- fall, which requires some explanation, especially in its contrast with the small quantities at Lake Michigan. The exception is due apparently to the elevation of central Missouri in comparison with lower Iowa, causing an atmospheric eddy similar to that of the lower Mississippi." A careful study of meteorological data covering the period since the above was published does not show so wide a difference between the average annual precipitation of the eastern, central and western districts of the State. For example, the average at Keokuk, from 1872 to 1892, is 35.87 inches; at Muscatine, 1845 to 1892, 39.21 inches; at Davenport, 1872 to 1892, 34.70 inches; at Dubuque, 1874 to 1892, 37.00 inches; at McGregor, 16 years record, 34.97 inches. These stations are all in the eastern part of the State, and it will be seen the average is below the figures of Blodget's rain chart In the central and western sections of the State, the following averages are obtained: Des Moines, 35.06 inches; Sioux City, 25.58 inches; Council iUuffs, 33.36 inches; Logan, "35.50 inches; Sac City, 30.82 inches; Glenwood, S1.70 inches. These figures indicate that there is a more equable distribu- tion of rainfall than the earlier charts and tables showed. And it may be stated further that in the western half of the State the precipitation in the winter months is considerably less than in the eastern half, while the rain- fall in the summer months is greater in the western than in the eastern districts. COMPARISON WITH EASTERN STATES. The annual precipitation in Iowa is equal to the averages in the northern, central and western portions of New York, northern Vermont and New Hampshire, northwestern counties of Pennsylvania, northern Ohio and the larger part of Michigan. In fact it compares favorably with all the Atlantic and Middle States on the same latitude, except points along or near the sea coast, or in the mountainous districts. The following yearly averages are from the United States Weather Bureau tables of recent date : STATIONS. INCHES. STATIONS. INCHES. Charlotte, Vt 33.79 Fort Niagara, N. Y 25.52 Hanover, N. H 30.94 Buffalo, N. Y 38.55 Portland, Me 41.55 Pittsburgh, Pa 38.29 Fitchburg, Mass 38.07 Cleveland, Ohio 37.90 Woodstock, Vt 37.90 Toledo, Ohio 32.94 Albany, N.Y 38.88 Detroit, Mich 33.83 Cooperstown, N. Y 35.60 Alpena, Mich 36.00 Madison Barracks, N Y 27.07 Escanaba, Mich 33.93 Kochester,N. Y...,., 35.52 Marquette, Mich 33.93 Ithaca, N. Y 31.73 Lansing, Mich 33.75 Comparison of these yearly averages with the accompanying tables of annual precipitation at a large number of Iowa stations will show that the eastern states on this parallel have no advantage over Iowa in respect to the yearly supply of moisture. And it will be seen that these figures do not sustain the theory that the annual precipitation of a locality is affected by contiguity to the lakes or extensive forests. In fact, local evaporation, whether from marshes, lakes or forests does not materiallv affect the rainfall of the interior of the con- CLIMATOLOGY OF IOWA. 26l tinent. The following from the United States Army Meteorological Regis- ter is to the point : ;" The lake district presents a somewhat anomalous result, in compari- son with the interior portions, as it has less rainfall than the valley of the- Mississippi in their latitudes. The effect of these bodies of water is clearly to diminish the quantity of rain for the whole period of the warm season. This deficiency appears very clearly in the mean for the spring, and it is^ conclusive proof that local evaporation adds little or none to the quantity of rain of these interior districts. The valley of the Mississippi, and its exten- sion in the Ohio valley, strikingly contrast with the rainfall in the lake districts. DISTRIBUTION BY SEASONS. A peculiar feature of the climate of the trans-Mississippi region is that it has its minimum of precipitation in the winter, and its maximum in the spring and summer, or in the crop growing season. This characteristic of the climate is of great economic importance, since it insures an abundance of food products even in years of the greatest variability in the distribution of moisture. In this respect Iowa has a most decided advantage over the eastern states which have a much heavier annual rainfall, for in this State two-thirds of the yearly moisture comes in the six crop growing months,, when it is most needed. Professor Blodget, in his American Climatology, refers to this feature as follows : " For the whole period of the warm months, in which May and Sep- tember should be included, the quantity of rain distributed over the Mis- sissippi valley is comparatively very great, and there is no great area so far in the interior which presents a similar result. The quantities are abso- lutely as Well as relatively large, and they considerably exceed those of the plains of the Atlantic coast in the same latitude. The line of fifteen inches for the three (summer) months goes only to 38 of latitude on the^ Atlantic coast, yet it rises nearly to 44 in the Mississippi valley, and occupies a very wide area below the fortieth parallel. The measure of twelve inches is equally more extensive in the interior, though neither of these stretches upon the plains beyond 100 west longitude." The fact here stated is undoubtedly due to the prevalence during the summer months of southerly winds laden with vapor from the Gulf, the great thermal fountain whence is drawn the bulk of the precipitation of the interior valleys. The following table gives, as a basis of comparison, the average rainfall for the four critical months of the year, viz : May, Jime, July and August, at a number of stations in the Atlantic states and in Iowa : EASTERN mCWES ^^^-^ TVrHF9 STATIONS. INCHES. STATIONS. INCaES. Albany, N. Y 15.34 Des Moines 17.20' Rochester, N. Y 12.47 Council Bluffs 19.10 Buffalo, N.Y 13.28 Logan 19.50 Oswego, N. Y 11.66 Dubuque 17.35 Cleveland, Ohio 14.68 Muscatine 18.50' Atlantic City, N. Y 13.88 Keokuk 16.30 It should be noted that these four months make th® corn, as also the other staple crops of this region, excepting hay, and a glance at the figures 262 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION of the above table will sliow the great advantage enjoyed by the Mississippi valley in the distribution of summer rainfall. The average rainfall of Iowa for the four months named is as follows : May 4.15 inches; June 4.95; July 4.30; August 3.60. Total for the four months 17.00 inches. But let us take the six crop months, adding April and September to the four above named, and we have a total average rainfall of 23.25 inches, or an average of 3.87 inches per month. This amount of moisture in the soil, and a mean 'summer temperature of 71 degrees, ^ive a hot-house development to the staple crops of this region. Dr. Gustavus Hinrichs, who originated the Iowa Weather Service and served over twelve years as its director, said in his last annual report : "While Iowa has a continental climate in regard to temperature, it enjoys the fertilizing advantages of a high and well distributed rainfall usually restricted to the coasts only. In fact there is no region in the interior of any continent that has a climate like that of Iowa, in which the extremes of temperature are coupled with an abundance of fertilizing moisture. Right close to the south, the immense boiler of the Gulf is furnishing vapor ; the heated continental expanse north causes the southerly current prevailing throughout the summer. These southerly winds carry the mois- ture of the Gulf all over the Mississippi valley, where it descends normally in great abundance, making it the best watered valley in the world." In Hall's Geology of Iowa the following statement occurs in the open- ing chapter; " The most marked feature in the distribution of moisture precipitated in the form of rain and snow through the year is a relative Increase in the quantity falling in the spring aud summer, and a very considerable dimunition in winter; which condition becomes more and more marked as we advance westward from the Mississippi. The dimunition in the quantity of snow, as compared with the eastern States on the same parallel, is one of the features of the climate which is practically most felt by settlers in that region." The climatic feature has a favorable effect upon the health and comfort of the inhabitants of this region, the relatively dry atmosphere enabling them to easily withstand the low temperature prevalent in the winter months. Those who have experienced the chilling atmosphere and " eternal drizzle" of the so-called milder climates of the sea coast region can appreciate the difference. CROPS IN DROUGHTY SEASONS. While a high average of summer rainfall has been recorded for the past fifty years, this State like all other sections of the country is subject to fluctuations or variability in the seasonal precipitation, and occasional droughty seasons have been experienced. But as a compensation there is a peculiar quality of the Iowa soil which enables it to withstand droughts and produce abundantly with an average summer rainfall that would be totally Insufficient in eastern and southern states. This fact was noted by Prof. T. B. Parvin some years ago, who in a contribution to the American Journal of Beience, Vol. XXIII, said: "In 1854 occurred the great drought in this and the western States generally; but owing to the porous nature of our soil tlie crops with us turned out much better than in the States east of the Mississippi." CLIMATOLOGY OF IOWA 263 " 1856. This season was very dry; the total quantity of rain in the summer months was only 6.78 inches, or 10.20 below the summer mean. The crops were, notwithstanding, more than an average yield, both of corn and small grain; and the three or four dry seasons we have had abundantly prove that the soil and climate of Iowa are unsurpassed on the continent for farming purposes." These facts so well stated by Prof. Parvin have been remarked in the occasional dry seasons that have occurred since the above was written, justify- ing the assertion that there has never been any very near approach to absolute failure of crops in Iowa since its settlement by civilized man. And the years of severe drougJit in the summer months have been very few in comparison to the number suffered in some of the States which have a larger average annual rainfall. The severest drought in recent years, affecting the lower part of the Btate, occurred in the mid-summer of 1890. The average amount of rainfall in July was only 1.98 inches, and in August, 3.41 inches. And the severity of the drought was greatly increased by very high winds during the periods of high temperature. And yet in that year of untoward conditions, Iowa produced 239,000,000 bushels of corn, 71,368,000 bushels of oats, 2,979,081 bushels of flax, 8,332,000 bushels of potatoes, 4,991,000 tons of hay, and over $50,000,000 worth of poultry products. There is no danger of a famine in a country, which, in the worst seasons, can produce such vast amounts of food Btuffs. The same porous nature of the soil which causes it to withstand severe droughts, also gives it the requisite quality to take up a considerable surplus of rainfall, making it fairly productive in abnormally wet seasons. These extremes, however, are exceptional, by far the greater number of years being normal and abundantly productive. The State is favorably situated in the heart of the valley, escaping frequent liability to the extremes of wet and ^ry to which other sections are subject. Prof. W. I. Chamberlain, of Ohio, who served about five years as /)resident of the Iowa Agricultural College, gave the following unbiased testimony concerning the soil and climate of this state : "One thing has surprised me each spring and summer, viz: that the spring is considerably earlier here than it is a hundred miles further south in Ohio, and the summer is much hotter and surer to mature the corn crop before frost. The proportion of clear sky and hot days and nights is far greater, and the power of the sun's rays upon the black soil is immense. I believe Iowa to be on the whole the best and surest corn State in the Union the surface is more rolling, the soil more porous and sandy and better drained by nature than most of the prairie soils in other States. Hence the corn is not so subject to damage from too much rain here as in Illinois and Missouri. It dries out for cultivation quicker." 264 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION eS C » O u-i •M O co;oc50rHooo»eob-QooeoNi-iNeit-o-*< Iff* •© 1 Oii22ISv?'=^??'55,-(coir;o in oo t- « co o: eo tji go .cc o ir; c; oo o; t}< cs — ccOTrto 5 aC !?< ?i Tj< I- rH I N tH ci r-I r-J — ,-(' 1-i CI Oi ^ i-i i-i i-l' C^' -ji (M" r-i M rl' Ci r-l* ,-< Si N i-* ?! i-J r-I ,-l' «' ,-H ,-< •>* t- CJ ?< Ti .-I (^1 M li CO li cc li « 5* c< CO 50 id CO ?3 10 ci d s« co ?3> ct cd si ct ed ed eo oi C4 ci oi c< « c*iat-:=c:5;cci-«;o-o-^isco:st30iaxt-T-r-t-(?Jioco?JC-J'* — :c-»£^^Tj# ccC5:Ct-o:cOi-C5«5cOCaCJ>OvC-}t>-*.-iacCOC:(NX»COCc:co-«';scocOQOt- --so>r3T(?ji-iCc;-*ocio:c.-c-*'iacoco«oco edTOcor>co'3cioooc*j>Oi-ieoo»c«)(Me4iocoo.-io:iooaoc:ioQoo«oir-(£-— cicoo (Ni-'(NC0Oi000ON-05COOTj< t- 30lQ»0O50N 2g;2; 5 0) 55 o > H<1 CLIMATOLOGY OF IOWA 265 SUNSHINE, CliOXJDINESS, ETC. Notwithstanding its copious rainfall and the abundant humidity of tha air in the growing season, Iowa has a large average percentage of sunshine, and a correspondingly small amount of cloudiness. A little over fifty per cent of the days are clear, or partially obscured by clouds, and the average annual cloudiness is not over 47 per cent. The rainfall comes largely in the form of evening showers, and it may be stated that nearly one-third of the summer storms occur between the hours of six and ten p. m., and more than 65 per cent of the precipitation falls at evening or during the night. The rising sun, increasing heat and expanding air of the morning hours, and throughout the larger part of each day, serve to dissipate the clouds and rapidly dry the surface of the fields moistened by evening showers. Fogs are of rare occurrence, and usually of short duration. At Des Moines the average number of days on which there is a fall of rain or snow amount- ing to .01 of an inch or more is 117 per year, and the average number of cloudless days is 126 per year. Prof. Parvin's thirty-two years records at Muscatine and Iowa City show an annual average of 116 clear days, 169 variable and 80 cloudy. The average for the State is 115 clear days, 144 partly cloudy, and 105 cloudy days per year. For the three summer months the average is 30 clear, 41 partly cloudy, and 21 cloudy days. That shows a very large average amount of sunshine during the season of crop produc- tion. The maximum of cloudiness is in March and December, and the minimum in July, August and September. TEMPEKATURE. In Iowa the summers are decidedly warmer, and the winters slightly colder than in the eastern States on the same parallels. The annual mean temperature is about 47 degrees, ranging from 42 at the more elevated northern points to 50 degrees near the southern line. The mean tempera- ture of spring and autumn very nearly correspond to the yearly average. And the normals of April and October also approximate very closely to the Bpring, autumn and yearly means. The temperature range of the State is quite high, averaging probably 120 degrees from the minimum of winter to the maximum of summer. But the winters are relatively of much shorter duration than on the same lines of latitude in the Atlantic states. And the transition from winter to sum- mer temperature is usually very rapid, the average increase in April and May being a third of a degree per day. The average of the three summer months is as follows : June 69.2, July 74.1, August 71.0, giving a mean summer temperature of 71.4. The mean of the three winter months is 20.6; spring 46.5 ; autumn 48.5. The charts issued by the Signal Service, showing the isothermal lines of the United States, furnish a basis of comparison of the temperature of Iowa and the eastern States. In January the State lies between the isotherms 15° and 25'. The lines of 20'' passes diagonally through the northern half of the State from a point below Sioux City to the northeast corner, thence diagonally through Wisconsin to the northern part of Michi- gan ; and eastward through Kingston, Canada ; northern New York, Ver- mont and New Hampshire to Eastport, Maine. In February the 20° and 80° lines cut the northwestern and southeastern corners of the State, and 266 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION the 25° isotherm crosses the State on a nearly direct line from Sioux City to Dubuque, curving slightly northward across Wisconsin through Milwaukee, thence eastward with slight curvatures 'through Michigan and Canada, and along the southern shore of Lake Ontario, through northern New York, ending in Portland, Maine. And for the three winter months the normal temperature of Iowa corresponds very nearly with that of the latitude of northern Michigan, northern New York, Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine. The Iowa winters, however, are much more endurable and enjoy- able than the corresponding season in the regions above named, which have a much larger number of stormy days and heavier precipitation. ' In March the isotherms touching Iowa follow more nearly the parallels of latitude, with sharp curvatures to the southward in crossing the Alle- ghanies. In April the temperature of Iowa corresponds nearly with that of central Ohio, southern Pennsylvania, Washington, Philadelphia and New York city. In May and through the summer months the isotherms curve sharply southward on nearing the Atlantic coast, and the temperature of Iowa is as high as that of central Ohio, southern Pennsylvania, West Vir- ginia, Maryland and New Jersey. These comparisons show the wide range between the winter and sum- mer temperature of this portion of the Mississippi valley. In short, the winter temperature is like unto that of Montreal, and the summer heat is equal to that of Baltimore and Washington. The marked extremes of temperature above noted give to this region its marvelous productiveness, the cold as well as the heat being an important factor in the growing of crops. The myriad plowshares of Jack Frost pene- trate the earth to great depths, pulveyiiiing the soil and preparing it to respond to the quickening influences of the gentle rains and almost tropical heat of the summer months. The winter campaign is usually short and sharp, and the clear, pure air tones up the systems of all who have the vital- ity to withstand extremes. It is not exactly an ideal climate for invalids who need an equable temperature, but the tables of vital statistics show that it is remarkably healthful. THE SEASONS IN IOWA. The calendarj'year is divided into four seasons of equal length, but in matter of fact in this latitude the seasons are of variable duration. In Iowa, summer is the longest season, averaging about four months, during which the mean temperature ranges above 60 degrees. The average duration of winter, during which the mean temperature is below 30 degrees, is a little over three and a half months. The balance of the year is divided about equally between spring and autumn, the mean temperature ranging between 80 and 60 degrees. On this basis the average dates of beginning and end- ing of the seasons in this State may be tabulated as follows : Winter— November 28th to March 17th. Spring— March 18th to INlay 20th. Summer — May 21st to September 23d. Autumn — September 24th to November 27th. , Spring and summer usually open from one to two weeks earlier in the extreme southern part of the State than in the northern and more elevated localities. There is, however, less difference in the opening of the winter •eason. CLIMATOLOGY OF IOWA 267 c: osioocco- =-<1£. = cr i^ M -^ 2. c ■iWQcwao*-WCT{i— -jODoo^wioooscft GOOQOOTMl-'^003tO-3«Dt3*-OSCC'-0000*-'00-Q-3M»a !^5Ji^2J2^gg»?gg»^S?SggSgJ2S!^§^ --3COC5Gci-'ocx)OComrfi.a5(W)-'*>.-c!0! toGCrfi.ooo'towiacoco^jiai-'oocOiF'-CTOMOo— CTcsrf*- COO>0'CCO-3C>5t3COH-M05?OliC»0;OiQOCDOOOi-'OiOOCO )-'t0t54^C0O:0i-'t0OcS-5-30;oOO— 05;S-3»^:0; t-i '-01 OS CO GO CT 'rf». o be !-i "-d Qc 'as 'o io '05 'to "o "*^ 'or 'os 'o bs 'ot ^ li:C>-rfi-aCOQOOtOOOOO:OCOIo:OQ0005=COOD-3acco OTO5l-i-qi--'iek(^CT^0Dt-'-3i^i-it5'co*^i-''t3'>*^Oi-QtO-3 OtSMClOi-'^CCh-'— ►P».03 00C5CO><^tOOOOrfi-Wrf»-CO>*>.CO r to » or rf». 05 iO O t - ■ ■) J— to iCTOi-'OT'cCTOsCTCOtSOCi^ cc M w -3 to is H- to 02 05 h-i o !o w I-* 05 tv- *■ 00 to J-" *-> o o to 'oc to 'cS 'h-i It^ 'o ')(^ -3 i-" O 05 OTi-i '-1 H* 05 -1 to CO CT I-" O CO o; >f^ 0*>--3t003»-'05QOI-'OSlOI-'09-QOOOGOI-'QOeiS-33;00-ltO ii » C ™ O50i05050SOSCC&5*«.&5O50505OS&SO5O505lO050505C0O5C0 CT c: s: o :n 05 05 01 o w 05 I-' cc 00 1-' a; ;;' ;-»Co'c;»C5005tOCOiOt505COi^05tOlOCO>^i-»03— J 'h- '^c '*i. 'i— CO '(-''p-' bt"Qo"ai'-Qb9*>'«o'»o c »-''o'»*»-'o ►-''oioo 'toco S0CCO'-'05C:0500CO-3Cif^OTOCQ'3— I^tO-lOSt^CCOT-l 'o O *• 00 CO '>«^ 'O CO ^ CT(— icotOtO*— *tOH-*t— *03»— *»-^'-^tO''^tO *^ > H0t0-5*^OC:^-30:cOH-'C000©c0OC0«t-'i i I 3 n "S 30 s > I H 3 C 5' ^ on? O CD "^ p > 268 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION LATE AND EARLY FROSTS. On an average there are 140 to 150 days between the latest damaging frost of spring and the first killing frost of autumn. The latest of spring occurs on an average, about the last week in April or the first week in May; and the earliest damaging frost of the fall is about the 25th of September. Light and comparatively harmless frosts occasionally occur between those dates, but as a rule there is in every season ample time to produce a well- matured crop of the best varieties of western dent corn, which with favor- ing conditions may be grown in 100 to 110 days after germination. Prof. Parvin's very complete records, covering the years fpom 1839 to 1869, show the mean dates to have been for the latest frost May 4, and for the earliest September 24. This would give an average exemption from hurtful frosts of 142 days. Prof. Parvin, writing in 1870 said : " It has happened but once or twice in the last thirty years that the froat has, over a great extent, seriously injured the corn crop. When the spring is late, the fall is either quite hot or lengthened, so as to afford time for the crop to mature." This has been the result of observation in the years since this paragraph was written. A careful study of all available records leads to the con- clusion that Iowa has, on an average, as long a period of exemption from killing frosts in the crop season as any State within the same parallels of latitude in the eastern part of the United States, except possibly within a few miles of the coast. DESTRUCTIVE STORMS. In common with nearly all portions of the United States east of the Rocky Mountains, Iowa is subject to the occasional visitation of violent atmospheric disturbances, in form of wind-squalls, hail and thunder storms. The more destructive effects of these disturbances, however, are purely local, and limited to small areas compared with the extent of territory benefitted by the storm. Being well watered, it cannot escape these almost universal conditions. The Gulf is the great thermal fountain of humidity, and the boreal regions send down the valley the titanic forces which wring fertilizing moisture from the vapor-laden winds of the south. The Gulf and the Arctic sea are the positive and negative poles of the battery which propels the alternating life currents through this favored region. And the earth is watered and made fruitful by this conflict of elements, which at times becomes so intense and violent at local points as to cause destruction to life and property. But the more violent storms which occasionally sweep over small areas of the State are the incidental ills resulting from conditions which promote the general good. Hail-storms, thunder storms, tornadoes and wind-squalls are the exceptional products of the benign elements of heat and moisture which make this valley a paradise of abundance. If the course of this great valley had been east and west instead of north and south, with the mountain ranges at right angles with their present direction, the interior of the continent would be exempt from atmospheric distur- bances of this character ; but it would be an uninhabitable desert instead of the garden of the world. There are regions of wide extent which enjoy CLIMATOLOGY OF IOWA 269 almost perfect immunity from the class of storms above referred to, but they are deserts or arid sections which must needs be irrigated to yield even a scanty support to their inhabitants. The climate of this State, with •all its drawbacks and incidental disturbances is vastly to be preferred to the deserts or semi-arid regions, notwithstanding their exemption from destructive storms. The reputation of Iowa's climate has been injured among people who ^re not well informed on the subject, by exaggerated descriptions of the occasional severe storms incident to this latitude ; and the idea has pre- vailed to some extent that this section is alternately plowed by tornadoes and harrowed by blizzards. This has resulted from the fact that newspaper reports of wind-storms are often highly over- wrought, from indulgence in the American passion for sensationalism. And, unfortunately, some of these exaggerated reports have been embodied in oflScial records to the detriment of the State. Using these highly colored newspaper reports as a basis, there was published a few years ago in the American Meteorological Journal, a so-called "Iowa Tornado Chart," giving the tracks of alleged tornadoes for the period of fifty-two years. The total number charged to the account of this State was 128, and the year of greatest frequency was 1886, which year was credited with a crop of twenty-six veritable tornadoes raised on Iowa soil ^ A careful investigation showed that the bulk of these disturbances were merely wind-squalls accompanying thunder-storms of some local severity. The aggregate of damage from storms that year was very light. The tendency to exaggerate the importance or violence of local phenomena causes certain newspaper reporters to apply the term "cyclone" to every wind gust which is powerful enough to demolish some of the frail structures which were very common in this State in the pioneer era, and which are yet quite numerous. But the people who have resided in Iowa through good and evil report have learned that it is as safe as any other flection within the temperate zone. And despite the exaggerated reports it may be positively affirmed that veritable tornadoes are quite infrequent li this State. Since its settlement by the whiles, there have been in Iowa two notably destructive tornadoes which are entitled to rank with the great disturbances of like nature at Lawrence, Mass,, Reading, Pa., and Louisville, Ky. Dr. Gustavus Hinrichs, in his annual report of the Iowa "Weather Ser- vice for the year 1888, published a very complete refutation of the exagger- ated statements that had been given currency relative to Iowa tornadoes. Gen. Greeiy, Chief Signal Oificer, in his book on American Weather, says that three thousand persons haye been killed in the United States by this class of storms, and the loss of life has been greatest in relative order in States as follows : Missouri, Mississippi, Iowa, Illinois, Minnesota, Wis- consin and Ohio. The loss of property aggregates several millions, and has been fixed in round numbers, as follows : Ohio, over eight millions of dol- lars ; Minnesota, six millions ; Missouri, three millions ; Mississippi, two millions ; Iowa, one and a half millions ; Wisconsin, over one million. In his report for 1890, Gen. Greeiy gives a statement of the relation between the total area visited annually by violent storms of all classes to the area of the State, with the following resuli: In Alabama, one S(|uare 270 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION mile of limited destruction to each 8,866 square miles ; Arkansas, one to 14,418 ; Georgia, one to 6,696 ; Illinois, one to 8,162 ; Indiana, one to 6,210 ; Iowa, one to 7,164 ; Kansas, one to 9,720 ; Missouri, one to 5,336 ; Ohio, one to 4,554 ; Wisconsin, one to 12,042. Gen. Greely adds : " It appears that in no State may a destructive tornado be expected oftener, on an average, than once in two years, and the area over which the total destruction can be expected is exceedingly small, even in the States most liable to these violent storms." And he further concludes that, dangerous as are tornadoes, they are not so destructive to life as thunderstorms. This accords with observations in Iowa, as it is evident that, in the aggregate, very many more deaths have been caused by lightning strokes than by any class of wind-storms. WIND MOVEMENT. The State is suflQciently well ventilated to make it healthful. On an average the wind movement is ample to secure immunity from malaria and the germs of disease which arise from decaying vegetation, and to furnish mechanical power for the pumping of stock water and the grinding of feed. The mean velocity of the wind over the State accords very closely with the average for the United States. The average hourly movement is 7 to 8 miles. At an early period, when the prairies were comparatively treeless, the effects of winds were more apparent than now, their force having been greatly modified in recent years bj' artificial groves, hedges and timber belts. The prevailing winds are southerly in summer and westerly at other seasons. IS THE CLIMATE PERMANENT ? All the recorded weather observations of the past fifty years answer affirmatively. In recent droughty seasons fears were expressed by certain writers that through tillage, ditching and tile drainage, and from the effects of clearing away extensive forests in the northwest, the climate of this portion of the Mississippi valley has been materially changed by decreasing the humidity and seasonal rainfall. But the records prove absolutely that there has been no diminution in the humidity and rainfali within the last decade as compared with any preceding decade, nor within the last twenty years as compared with any preceding score of years since the States was settled by civilized people. There have been seasons of excess and of deficiency all along the line of recorded observations, but the shortage has been no more serious in the eighties and nineties than in the fifties and sixties. No, there has been no appreciable change in any essential feature of the climate. It is as stable as the everlasting hills, and as permanent as the inflow and outflow of the currents of the Gulf, by which it is so copiously watered. In concluding this chapter tlie writer desires to acknowledge his indebtedness to the Chief of the Weather Bureau for voluminous records relating to the climate of this State, and to Dr. Geo. M. Chappel, Local Forecast Official and Assistant Director of the Iowa Weather and Crop Service, for very efficient aid in the arrangement and tabulation of meteor- ological data. NATURAL RESOURCES 271 NATURAL RESOURCES. Nature gave to Iowa a better dowry than mines of diamonds or moun- tains stored with silver and gold. Its more valuable resources consist in water, sands, rocks, coal and timber, and above all it? deep, porous wonder- ful soil. Gold, silver, nickle, zinc, iron, aluminum, and natural gas have been found ; but whether they exist in remunerative quantities is to be determined by future efforts for their development. WATER. We class water as one of the natural resources of this productive state. Go west — cross the continent to the Pacific — and you ask why those great deserts which you pass in your journey. They are desert because the rain- fall, the natural irrigation essential to vegetable production, is withheld. Here fructifying showers nourish, invigorate and perpetuate vegetable life. In the three score years of our written history no pen has ever written of Iowa's fields being made barren by burning drouth, or of her people suffer- ing the pangs of famine because the essential rainfall was withheld until crops were parched and starvation befell them. The beneficient Creator gave to Iowa a wealth of resources of more priceless value than mountains of the precious metals, in her ever duly recurring showers, and her numc- ous springs and perennial streams. M^.DICINAL WATERS. We have valuable healing waters in Iowa. Streams flow from unfail- ing fountains that give strength to the weak, ease to the pain-ridden, and healing to the sick. We can speak only of a few of such fountains. The Lake View Mineral Spring — This is a natural spring near the western shore of Wall Lake, a body of water lying in Sac county and fur- nishing fine opportunities for boating, fishing and pleasure driving in ita vicinity. Circumstances have led to the improvement of the surroundings of this healing fountain that has now wide reputation for the cure of many ©f the ills to which mortal nature is subject. We give the following analysis of its water made by Prof. Walter J. Haines, of Rush Medical College August, 1888. Each gallon of 231 inches contains : * GRAINS. Chloride of Sodium 1.124 Sulphate of Potassium 285 Sulphate of Sodium 1 .566 Bicarbonate of Calcium '8.111 Bicarbonate of Magnesium 9.47S Bicarbonate of Sodium 336 Bicarbonate of Iron 032 Phosphate of Sodium ... ; Trace Alumina 150 Silica 1.180 Organic Matter Trace Total 82.284 TH E SARATOGA OP THE WEST. Who has not heard of Colfax, the famous health resort of Iowa, and its waters that have won a fame that has crossed oceans ? This now famous health 272 REPORT OF IOWA COLU.MHIAN CO.MMISSION and pleasure resort is in Jasper county, on the main line of the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific railroad. '^ Some fifteen years ago an enterprising citizen surmising that t>. paying vein of coal lay hidden under the high wooded hill east of the village, procured a drilling apparatus and started the tools downward in quest of the desired treasure. By slow, laborioas process he put his drill down about four hundred and fifteen feet when a sudden bursting forth of a fine stream of water caused a stoppage of his work. He was not pleased with what he then considered ill luck, but his complaints interposed no check to the gushing stream. It continued its bright and abundant flow. The workmen and spectators sipped thereof to investigate its quality. Its taste at first peculiar, after a little use was not unpleasant; those who drank freely, however, were soon admonished that it possessed unusual qualities, and a quantity of the sparkling fluid was sent to an educated physician at Daven- port for examination. Acting on his recommendation a quantity was for- warded to Prof. Heinrichs of the State University, who reported the follow- ing analysis of the fluid: GRAINS PER GALLON. Millogrames per litre or parts per million NAMB OP COMPOUND. American Gallon of 231 cubic inches. Imperial Gallon of 70,000 Grains. Sodium chloride 3.85 78.86 .41 31.87 13.07 17.51 .67 .29 Trace 7.18 4.62 94.57 .49 38.22 15.68 21.00 .81 .35 Trace 8.61 66 Sodium sulphate 1,351 546 224 Potassium sulphate Magnesian sulphate Calcium sulphate Calcium carbonate 300 Iron carbonate 11.5 Silica alumina 5 Lithia Trace Carbon dioxide 123 Total 153.71 181.35 2,633.5 Other borings have been made and similar fountains have been reached in that locality. Their analysis varies but slightly from that above given. The "Colfax Springs" running " abundant, free and clear" are already of great value. Their healing virtues have been tested by thousands of visitors from our own and other states who came to them enfeebled by disease, but went from them with radiant cheek and buoyant step to proclaim their health restoring power. DES MOINES MEDICINAL WELLS. Several artesian flows of water have been struck in and near the city of Des Moines that are reputed to have medicinal value. Tlie water from one in the central part of the city has been used quite extensively with great benefit to many persons. At Cherokee, Lineville and other places in the state there are waters reported to be of considerable medicinal value. THE CLINTON WELLS. The city of Clinton is finely supplied with pure health giving water, obtained from artesian wells, drilled into the Potsdam sandstone. Of the source and abundance of th* supply, Superintendent Highlands of the city water works reports as follows : NATURAL RESOURCES 273 " It might not be amiss in this connection to say something about the €Ource of this magnificent water supply. In this locality the Potsdam sand- stone is reached by the drill at 1,475 feet, or about 1,400 feet below low- water line in the river and this is the source from which the water is derived. This stratum of sandstone is covered over with 1,100 feet of limestone and 300 to 500 feet of shale. The 400 to 500 feet of limestone immediately oyer the sandstone was broken up by some convulsion of nature and whenever the drill strikes one of these crevices the water will flow to the surface, with the same pressure, but with less volume, as if the drill had penetrated the sandstone. In drilling well No. 3 the drill penetrated three such crevices. The pressure of water from each of those crevices or apparent veins waa carefully tested by packing off the water above them and it was found exactly the same as when tested at the depth of 1,600 feet. The fact that the water will only raise 68 feet above the river, shows conclusively that the water does not come from any point near the head waters of the Missis- sippi river, and it is also equally plain that it could not enter the ground on the line of the river where it is only 68 feet above us, for the reason that in 80 short a distance it could not have penetrated through the shale and lime- stone into the sandstone. The only alternative is that it m ust come from the Lake Superior region where the sandstone crops out." The difference in levels between this and Lake Superior would seem to bear out this opinion . Speaking of the city wells he says : "The rise and flow of our wells now are as follows : " No. 1, eight inch bore, 1,450 feet deep ; daily flow 700,000 gallons. "No. 2, five inch bore, 1,335 feet deep ; daily flow 400,000 gallons. " No. 3, eight inch bore, 1,675 feet deep ; daily flow 900,000 gallons." These three wells are drilled within a radius of 200 feet and the flow and pressure seem to remain constant. The city mains are connected with three other wells, one owned by the <;rty of Lyons and the other by private parties, and the total supply at com- mand is thus stated: "Our mains are also connected with the pumping stations of the Lyons waterworks, W. J. Young & Co., and C. Lamb & Sons' Chancy mills. The total pumping capacity for fire protection is as follows : GALLONS PER DAY. Clinton station 9,000,000 Lyons station 3,000,000 W. J. Young & Co 6,000,000 G. Lamb & Sons 4,000,000 Total 22,000,000 " As our maximum daily consumption rarely reaches 2,500,000 gallons per day this would leave 19,500,000 gallons per day for fire protection, or Tvater enough to supply eighty-one inch fire streams with 100 pounds of pressure through 400 feet of hose ; or if any one of the stations were dis- ftbled it would be very easy for the other three to afford adequate fire protection." The quality of this abundant supply is shown by the following analysis, made by B. Q-. Smith, Professor of Analytical Chemistry of Beloit College, Wisconsin : 274 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION SOLID KESIDUE IN PARTS PER 1,000 OF WATER. Silica 0105 Sulphuric acid 0640 Chlorine 0692 ^^^^^^^ 0003 Ferric oxide Lime 0663 Magnesia 0345 Soda 1499 Carbonic acid, etc 1182 .5129 Less Oxygen equivalent to chlorine 0156 .4973 Total solids from 1,000 parts of water actually weighed after drying at 140c 4980 Or to state it in another manner as showing grains per gallon it would show thus : GRAINS PER GALLON 231 CUBIC INCHES. Sodium Sulphate 6.6266 Sodium Chloride 6.6616 Sodium bicarbonate 0.2824 Calcium Bicarbonate 11.2291 Magnesium Bicarbonate 7.4267 Alumina q^,^^ Ferric acid Silica 6124 38.8552 At the city of McGregor there are two artesian flows from the same source. The largest one flows a large volume, the bore being put down 1,008 feet. The Potsdam stone here lies many hundred feet higher than the stratum lies at Clinton, the stratum cropping out at the former place. The water in the McGregor wells appears to be more highly medicinal than the Clinton water. We cannot give any reported measurement of the flow at McGregor, but the facts that we have given indicate that abundant supplies of the purest water can be obtained in the cities along the Mississippi wherever the Potsdam sandstone can be reached. SOIL. Soil, sunlight and water are the great essentials to the production of the bread, meats and fruits that feed our race. Iowa has world-wide fame for the depth and richness, the mellowness and productive quality of her soil. Prof. White, in his report as State Geologist, speaking of the soil ef Iowa said : "After careful consideration of the results of my examinations, I do not hesitate to thus publicly aauounce my estimate that 95 per cent, of the surface of Iowa is tillable land. The state being without mountain ranges* hills or > Q o fi p. «w«3 ti O <» >^ ^ {X ♦J ss o o ® ^ ^ <1 g 00 a 4* 5? C :^ .00 $2.04 "" 1.37 1.58 1.26 1.23 2.41 2.02 1.30 1.40 1.80 .2 = Adams Appanoose Davis Lucas Monroe Page.... Taylor Wapello Wayne Warren Total Jasper Jefferson , Keokuk , Mahaska Scott , Van Buren Total Boone Dallas. Guthrie , Greene , Marion Polk Webster Total 14,872 393,255 3,272 136,722 355,477 2,700 13,420 169,290 31,578 15,604 1,193 17 187 $1.34 .95 .91 .76 .72 1.63 1.37 .75 .90 1.04 20,031.42 368,924.61 2,972.00 103,400.00 255,773.84 4,400.00 18,405.00 120,376.27 28,252.00 16,303.61 2,296 60,256 180, 6,600 95,508, 500, 4,013 44,404 10,875, 2,797, 1701,136,190 2,721 687$ .83$ 938,838.75 $ 227,430.37 $ 1.32 $1,507,012.06 29,384.00 540,767.10 5,160.50 172,190.00 536,172.58 6,590.00 27,120.00 217,737.28 44,172.00 27,809.60 DISTRICT NO. 2. 146,091 2,933 363,617 J 963,558 10,534 46,764 283 18 665 1,105 47 851$ 125,134.25 2,714.49 269,102.04 719,976.14 10,195.32 39,596.00 97 1,533,496 2,211 754$ .76 $1,166,718.24 $ 290,715.04 $ 1.32 $2,009,916.77 $ 30,328.67 556,36 37,269.95 214,440.06 1,180.00 6,940.00 $1.43 1.80 1.40 1.25 1.75 1.31 $ 208,587.96 5,247.20 509,230.03 1,207.099.08 18.441.50 61,288.00 DISTRICT NO. 3. 19 189,577 480 128 $ .94 « 43,324 106 34 .93 16 11,993 87 15 1.48 4 74,544 158 32 .85 27 210,061 347 132 .75 18 397,833 652 217 .88 20 124,963 273 96 .84 110 1,052,295 2,103 654 .84 $ 177,003.75 40,278.40 17,770.00 63,592.79 158,679.32 821,048.73 104,360.09 60,364.41 14,450.00 2,260.00 14,558.03 43,341.19 97,544.26 44,628.17 84$ 882,732.76$ 277,146.06 1.57 $1,657,465.56 $1.86 1.78 2.50 1.59 1.30 1.53 1.61 351.826.31 76,933.40 29,982.50 118,173.29 275,300.31 604,921.25 200,328.50 SUMMARY. a> o £ S S3fl s s , "S 6 HUMBER OP a 11 a 3, ^a Is si P. u is o a o o'g «»Ht3 o « i\i § . 5 « Sa DISTRICT. . f^ ^- a£ i o ®