(lass B5_8^fi- 
 
 Book - 
 
 JEk- 
 
?3 3 
 
 SKETCH, 
 
 fyc. fyc. 
 
 Cran. 
 
PRINTED BY A. J. VALPT, 
 tooke's COURT, CHANCERY LANE. 
 
 1815. 
 
xiv Axm y 
 
 xxxm 
 
 xv \ xvn 
 
 XI 
 
 'XXXI 
 
 ,M 
 
 P- 
 
 xxxn 
 
 XVI 
 
 xn 
 
 XXIV 
 
 xxvm 
 
 vm 
 
 IX 
 
 vn 
 
 xxix 
 
 3Hp be placed 9ppmte the title pagi 
 
SKETCH 
 
 OF TEfi 
 
 jReto anatomg anD P&psiologg 
 
 OF THE 
 
 BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM 
 
 OF 
 
 DRS. GALL AND SPURZHEIM, 
 
 CONSIDERED AS COMPREHENDING A COMPLETE SYSTEM OF 
 
 WITH OBSERVATIONS ON ITS TENDENCY TO THE IM- 
 PROVEMENT OF EDUCATION, OF PUNISHMENT, 
 AND OF THE TREATMENT OF INSANITY. 
 
 REPRINTED FROM THE PAMPHLETEER, 
 WITH ADDITIONS. 
 
 BY THOMAS FORSTER, F.L.S. 
 
 OF CORP. CH. COLL. CAMBRIDGE. 
 
 AUTHOR OF RESEARCHES ABOUT ATMOSPHERIC PHENOMENA, 
 OBSERVATIONS ON THE SWALLOW — NOTES TO THE 
 DIOSEMEAOF ARATUS — PHYSIOLOGICAL 
 REFLECTIONS, &C. 
 
 y?i 
 
 * LONDON : 
 
 SOLD BY 
 
 MESSRS. LAW AND WHITTAKER; LONGMAN AND CO.- 
 
 LACKINGTON AND CO.; F. C. AND J. RJVINGTON ; 
 
 BALDWIN AND CO.; AND UNDERWOQD, 
 
 LONDON; MACREDIE AND CO. 
 
 EDINBURGH. 
 
 //ff.tM, 
 
f*1° 
 
 i ? :ft 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 Most of the Observations contained in the 
 following sheets were originally published in 
 a short tract in the Pamphleteer, No. IX. 
 Desirous of making them, however, more 
 public, and of giving a greater number of per- 
 sons the opportunity of acquiring a general 
 view of the new System of the Anatomy and 
 Physiology of the Brain, the novelty whereof 
 has excited so much public interest of late, 
 and the culture whereof seems pregnant 
 with such important consequences to So- 
 ciety, some of my friends expressed a wish 
 
that it might be printed off separately 
 with additional observations, and a descrip- 
 tion of the particulars rather more enlarg- 
 ed. All I have therefore to offer to the 
 world herein is a compendious outline of 
 a series of discoveries in the natural his- 
 tory of man, and of other animated beings, 
 made by Drs. Gall and Spurzheim, but 
 confirmed by numerous others who have 
 followed their mode of enquiry into the 
 principles of animal organization, and its 
 various functions. And I trust it will cause 
 those who are qualified for a deeper invest- 
 igation of the subject, to follow it up by a 
 perusal of the more copious and detailed 
 observations of Dr. Spurzheim in his recent 
 work on the Physiognomical System ; and 
 by attendance on the demonstrative courses 
 of Lectures, which he is now givirfg in 
 London. Because I believe this to be the 
 only means of acquiring a practical and 
 
Vll 
 
 consequently useful knowledge of the Phy- 
 siology of the Brain. 
 
 Previous to the aboveraentioned anato 
 mists, the structure of the brain and nerv- 
 ous system being unknown, the Physiology 
 was consequently only founded on imper- 
 fect views, and the observation of a few 
 scattered facts. The light of Science was 
 however rising, and the students of nature 
 began to foresee that in these investigations 
 the true principles of actions, both autom- 
 atic and animal, must be sought for. Pursu- 
 ing continually the true method of philoso- 
 phizing by inferring cause and effect from 
 the regular conjunction of phenomena, and 
 by the use of reasonable analogy, and exert- 
 ing their industry through laborious dissec- 
 tions of the Brain and Nerves, and through 
 a most extensive examination of living 
 beings, regardless of the ignorance, the pre- 
 
Vlll 
 
 judices, and the jealousies of their contem- 
 poraries, and surmounting by perseverance 
 every opposition they met with, Gall and 
 Spurzheim at length announced the solu- 
 tion of the Problem, which Richerand had 
 anticipated as the ultimate achievement of 
 Physiology ; and pointed out a method, the 
 physical structure of the individual being 
 given, to find the moral and intellectual 
 qualities. 
 
SKETCH, 
 
 An intimate knowledge of the nature of 
 the human mind, and of the principles of 
 the actions of Man, has ever been regarded 
 as the most important object of research, 
 to which Philosophy could aspire. And 
 consequently we find, that moral philosophy 
 comprising inquiries into the nature of mind, 
 has engaged the attention of reflecting per- 
 sons in all ages. It is, however, equally 
 clear, that the systems of different philoso- 
 phers, who have employed their ken on 
 these subjects, ha^g hitherto usually been 
 
10 
 
 contradictory and futile. And this circum- 
 stance has arisen, in our opinion, from the 
 peculiar manner in which Man has always 
 been studied. Naturalists, in examining 
 the nature of different animals, have gone 
 on a much more rational plan of investi- 
 gation, than philosophers, who have ex- 
 amined Man. The former, in examining 
 the nature of an animal, have observed its 
 peculiar habits, with all the circumstances 
 under which it may act, and compared the 
 habits with the structure. Thus animals 
 are classed according to certain generic and 
 specific characters, both respecting struc- 
 ture and habits. And the naturalist ad- 
 mits peculiar instincts, or propensities, 
 arising from the organization of each ani- 
 mal, as the cause of its character. These 
 instincts Nature has adapted to the plan of 
 life proposed for each species. Just so then 
 should Man be studied, and in every indi- 
 vidual in whom there is a diversity in the 
 character and actions, we should have 
 looked for some differences in the primitive 
 construction of his animal system. I shall 
 
11 
 
 not dwell on the erroneous ways in which 
 different writers have studied human nature, 
 as these are fully treated of by Dr. Spurz- 
 heim, in his recent work on the Physiog- 
 nomical System ; and as they cannot be 
 comprehended by the few pages, and few 
 days, allotted to me for these sheets, I shall 
 merely observe, that the system of the Phi- 
 losophy of mind before my consideration 
 professes to treat of Man in the aforemen* 
 tioned manner ; and that it differs in this 
 respect from former systems of Philosophy. 
 
 There are certain leading doctrines of the 
 New System of Zoonomy, to which, though 
 they have been deduced from facts hereafter 
 to be related, it may be right to advert as 
 preliminary to the descriptive part of these 
 observations, because they will prepare the 
 reader, in some measure, for the considera- 
 tion of the particular facts, by presenting 
 to him a view of the general principles. I 
 shall therefore divide the subject into the 
 following distinct considerations. 
 
n 
 
 The General Principles of the System. 
 The History of the Discoveries whereon the 
 system is founded. The Anatomical Struc- 
 ture of the Brain and Nerves. The divi- 
 sion of the Brain into separate organs, and 
 their respective place, and the Physiology 
 of each. They are divided into, 1st. the 
 organs of the propensities ; and 2nd. those 
 of the sentiments, constituting what the 
 French call L'Ame, and the Germans Ge- 
 miith ; 3dly. the knowing faculties ; and 
 4thly, the reflecting faculties, constituting 
 what the French call L' Esprit, the Ger- 
 mans Gheist, and the English the Intellect. 
 I shall then briefly consider, — The Appli- 
 cation of this system to Education ; as re- 
 gards, 1st. the cultivation of the intellect, 
 and 2dly, the regulation of the moral cha- 
 racter. The influence it will have on the 
 mode of adapting to malefactors in houses 
 of correction a punishment commensurate 
 to their peculiar vices. And the improve- 
 ment of the treatment of insane persons, at 
 present so much neglected. In the course 
 of these observations, I shall briefly notice 
 
13 
 
 some of the popular objections made to the 
 new Anatomy and Physiology of the Brain, 
 with the proper answers to each. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 Of the General Principle** 
 
 THE first principle of this doctrine is, that 
 all the faculties of the mind are innate, or 
 in other words, that there are material con- 
 ditions of all the different manifestations of 
 the mind. 
 
 Two objections have been made to this 
 assertion, namely, 1st. that it leads to Fa- 
 talism, and 2dly, that it is favorable to Ma- 
 terialism. To which it must be replied, 
 1st. That although we have material organs 
 of the different faculties of the mind, yet this 
 circumstance does not make the proper ac- 
 
14 
 
 tions of each organ necessary and irresisti- 
 ble. On the contrary, we admit an ar- 
 rangement of certain organs, which gives 
 Will, and that we can thereby control 
 our propensities and sentiments, for the 
 attainment of a moral character, and can 
 direct our intellectual faculties in the 
 acquirement of knowledge. The objec- 
 tion therefore falls to the ground, which 
 accuses our doctrine of supporting that of 
 Fatalism. 2d. It may be replied, that 
 though the organs of the mind are material, 
 we do not identify them with the mind ; 
 they are only the material conditions of the 
 particular manifestations of the mind. Fu- 
 tile therefore are the objections which im- 
 pute to our doctrine the charge of incul- 
 cating Materialism. 
 
 The organs are active during the mani- 
 festation of the faculties; but they must 
 have a moving principle, which, I think, 
 we may rationally call the mind. I regard 
 the mind as always acting by means of 
 organs. It is therefore conscious by mate- 
 
15 
 
 rial conditions, but this is not making the 
 mind material. Nature has adapted organs 
 fitted for the performance of all the func- 
 tions of the mind, and these organs vary in 
 every animal, according to its particular 
 nature ; and in every individual, according 
 to its peculiarities of character. 
 
 There are cases, in which particular 
 organs are so strong, in proportion to the 
 rest, that certain propensities can hardly 
 be controlled by the Will, and there are 
 others, in which important organs are want- 
 ing; but these cases must be referred to 
 original malformation, and classed among 
 hereditary disorders. Almost every being 
 is intitled to some respect, and may be of 
 some use in society ; and the view, which 
 Zoonomy presents of Nature, inclines us 
 to benevolence, must humble the pride of 
 the arrogant and lofty, lead to indulgence 
 of the failings of others, and promote libe- 
 rality towards mankind. For it shows how 
 one individual cannot think and act pre- 
 cisely as another does ; how much error is 
 
16 
 
 to be pitied, and how important a duty it 
 is to endeavour to counteract by education 
 in infancy the original defects of organiza- 
 tion. It also shows the importance of a 
 judicious selection of partners in marriage, 
 since it has ever been \rell known, what 
 our doctrine confirms, and sagacious natu- 
 ralists have always taught, namely, that 
 defects of organization, and therefore the 
 first conditions of characters, are hereditary. 
 By indulging evil propensities in ourselves, 
 too, we may strengthen the disproportion 
 of organs, which ought to be in a certain 
 relation to each other. This defective or- 
 ganization may be handed down to pos- 
 terity ; and thus we see how the evil of the 
 father ma} r be visited on the children, even 
 unto the third and fourth generation. 
 
 The second principle of the system is, that 
 the organs exist independently of each other, 
 and that there is no proportion between 
 them. It is not necessary, therefore, be- 
 cause a person has the organ of one faculty 
 very strong, that he shall therefore have 
 
17 
 
 any other well proportioned. This ac- 
 counts for the great disproportion between 
 the different faculties in the same person, 
 and confutes the vulgar prejudice, that a 
 man must be naturally just, because he is 
 benevolent ; or that because a man is a 
 mathematician, he therefore could have 
 been a poet, or a linguist, if he had given 
 attention to Composition or to Philology : 
 an error, alas, too common, as it seems to 
 have caused many academies of instruction 
 to erect one particular science as a stand- 
 ard and test of excellence of intellect in 
 general. This consideration of the plurality 
 and the frequent disproportion of the organs 
 explains particular genius; and shows that a 
 head, most perfect, is one which contains the 
 greatest number of organs in the greatest 
 perfection. It must be remembered, that 
 every individual of the same species, except 
 idiots, are possessed of all the organs, and 
 the difference between persons consists in 
 the different degree and proportion of the 
 developement of the parts, and in the de- 
 gree of their activity. 
 
 Cran, B 
 
18 
 
 Sdly. Though the relative bigness of the 
 different organs, which is innate, or born 
 with us, is usually preserved through life; 
 yet their activity is greatly to be increased 
 or diminished by exercise, or by want of 
 excitement: hence education is important. 
 Even the bigness itself seems capable of 
 being in some degree augmented by early 
 exercise. 
 
 4thly. We may say that there are four 
 considerations which belong to an organ, 
 when we regard it as an instrument of a 
 faculty — 1st. Its size, which is the most 
 important, and is marked on the outside 
 of the head. — 2d. The degree of activity. 
 This generally belongs to the nervous sys- 
 tem in general, or may be increased in any 
 particular organ by exercise. — 3d. The 
 particular sort of affection. For there ap- 
 pear to be different affections in the same 
 organs, though we do not know exactly, at 
 present, whether they are performed by the 
 same fibres : and there seem to be many 
 strange idiosyncracies in the affection of 
 
19 
 
 organs. Lastly, we must consider the mu- 
 tual influence of the organs on each other. 
 
 5thly. The organs, and indeed all other 
 nerves, are nourished like every other part 
 of the body, and are liable to general and 
 to particular diseases of structure ; and 
 to die, or become inactive, either separately 
 or together, according to circumstances. 
 Thus a man loses some faculties before 
 others, and the mental infirmities of age 
 are often partial. I cannot help observing 
 here an impropriety of expression, which 
 is very common, and consists in calling 
 age a second childishness : whereas, nothing 
 can in reality be more different. Child- 
 hood is a state in which the organs have 
 not yet gained knowledge, for want of 
 experience. Age, a state in which expe- 
 rience is futile, from the decay of organi- 
 zation. A fancied similarity of effects is 
 produced by quite opposite causes. 
 
 6thly, and lastly. The size and figure of 
 the scull are conformable to that of the 
 
20 
 
 brain; hence the organs are indicated on 
 the outside of the head. It has been ob- 
 jected, that there are irregularities in the 
 thickness of the scull ; but these are too 
 insignificant to puzzle the experienced 
 craniologist. Dissection has proved a de- 
 termined relation between the external 
 form and the developement of the organs 
 within the cranium. 
 
 It must be remembered, that these ob- 
 servations have been extended to compa- 
 rative anatomy, and have proved that the 
 strictest analogy is maintained throughout 
 all the creation. Where animals have pro- 
 pensities in common with Man, they have 
 corresponding parts of the Brain. In future 
 all the classes, orders, genera, species, and 
 varieties of animals must be arranged ac- 
 cording to the Brain and Nervous System, 
 
21 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 Of the Hhtory of the Discoveries, 
 
 The history of the discoveries of Gall is 
 very interesting, and may be found in his 
 lame work. It tends to show that the or- 
 gans, and their respective places, and the 
 connection between them and the facul- 
 ties were discovered entirely by acci- 
 dent. Dr. Gall does not appear to have 
 projected any part of his system, like a 
 theorist, but to have arrived at the general 
 results, or the philosophy of the mind, in 
 consequence of deductions from the multi- 
 plied observation of facts made by himself 
 and his learned colleague, Dr. Spurzheim : 
 a circumstance, which ought particularly 
 to be remembered ; because from the xery 
 natural arrangement of the organs, which in 
 fact proves strongly the correctness of the 
 theory, some persons might be induced to 
 suspect that he had planned out a map of 
 
22 
 
 the head, previously to discovering the real 
 seats of the particular faculties. 
 
 For we shall see that the organs are 
 grouped together according to the mutual 
 relation of their functions. Thus the organ 
 of Veneration is situated between Benevo- 
 lence, Believingness, Determinateness and 
 Righteousness. The organ of Amative* 
 Hess close to that which causes us to protect 
 our progeny, and so on, of others. 
 
 Dr. Gall first observed, when only a 
 student, that many of his condisciples, who 
 were inferior to himself in reflecting powers, 
 nevertheless greatly excelled him in the 
 memory of languages. Others in local me- 
 mory and so forth. He then noticed a differ- 
 ence in the forms of their heads, and by 
 repeating and extending his observations 
 for many years, he discovered by degrees 
 the particular prominences of parts which 
 indicated the greater or less developement of 
 the convolutions of the brain below them, 
 and which thus became indices of the dif~ 
 
23 
 
 ferent faculties of the mind. These obser- 
 vations were daily extended by him and his 
 colleague, and I have myself paid particular 
 attention to this subject, and can say that 
 none of us have ever found one single ex- 
 ception to the rules; that is, we have never 
 found a strong faculty existing without its 
 respective organ being marked on the scull. 
 Our adversaries ma}' say what they please 
 against the truth of the system ; but we 
 shall constantly advert to these facts as liv- 
 ing proofs of its correctness ; and only re- 
 quest an opportunity of pointing out well 
 marked cases to those who being sceptical 
 are at the same time really desirous of ob- 
 taining information of the truth. 
 
 It has been said, that the facts are not 
 new; and that the different forms which 
 the ancients gave to the busts of gladiators, 
 poets, philosophers, &c. show the antiquity 
 of the doctrine. We admit this as a colla- 
 teral proof. Thus the new discoveries which 
 have been perfected, and have become a 
 system, confirm the observations of the an- 
 
24 
 
 cients, whose skill taught them to imitate 
 from nature, forms of which no Philosophy 
 had as yet shown them the cause. 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 Of the Anatomical Structure of the Brain. 
 
 It would be impossible in these sheets to 
 enter into the detail of the anatomical 
 structure of the Brain: such an account 
 would fill a large volume ; I must be con- 
 tented, therefore, to state a few of the lead- 
 ing facts, and to refer the professional reader 
 for particulars to the large work published 
 in France, entitled, " Anatomic et Physio- 
 logic du systeme nerveux en general et du 
 Cerveau en partieulier," wherein will* be 
 found a very scientific developement of the 
 hitherto unexplored structure of the Brain 
 and Nerves. 
 
25 
 
 Before the time of Gall, the minute Ana- 
 tomy "of the Brain was quite unknown. Ana- 
 tomists set about the investigation of it in a 
 manner which would never have led to any 
 useful results. They made horizontal slices 
 of this organ with the scalpel, and only mu- 
 tilated its parts without displaying its struc- 
 ture. The very names given to the different 
 parts of the organ, showed how very imper- 
 fect were their views of its structure and 
 functions. They talked of the medullary or 
 central mass, of the cortical covering, and 
 used other terms equally erroneous. Gall 
 and Spurzheim, by a method of dissection 
 entirely new, have at length unfolded the 
 parts of the Brain, and shown that its 
 structure is fibrous, and that the manner of 
 dissecting it caused former anatomists to 
 mistake the middle parts for medullary sub- 
 stance. Indeed so erroneous were the 
 views and descriptions of this organ, that 
 anatomists have even compared its sub- 
 stance to boiled rice, to paste and to other 
 inorganic masses. The new anatomy has 
 not only shown the fibrous structure of the 
 
26 
 
 Brain, but has proved the most exact uni- 
 formity of nature, in the structure of the 
 Nervous Systems of animals throughout the 
 creation. All nervous parts are constructed 
 on a uniformity of principle, with varieties 
 adapted to the peculiar function of each. 
 The cineritious substance seems proved to 
 be the instrument of production for the 
 nervous fibre ; the quantity of this substance 
 about the origin of every nervous filament 
 is commensurate to the body of the nerve, 
 which issues therefrom. It is the nidus of 
 the nerve ; the same substance is found in 
 the different ganglia which are the appara- 
 tus of increment. There is a proportion be- 
 tween every nerve, and the cineritious sub- 
 stance with which it is connected, either at 
 its origin, or by its ganglia. 
 
 Every nerve, to use Dr. Spurzheim's 
 words, exists for itself, and the assemblages 
 of nervous fibres, which compose the brain, 
 are produced, encreased, and exist in a 
 manner similar to other nerves. And there 
 is no determinate proportion observed be- 
 
27 
 
 tween the parts of the Brain. The nervous 
 fibres, which compose both the Cerebrum 
 and Cerebellum, are divided into the diverg- 
 ing and the converging fibres. The former 
 take their origin about that part usually 
 called the medulla oblongata. They origi- 
 nate in the cineritious substance. The 
 fibres which compose the intellectual or- 
 gans, and are distributed eventually to the 
 anterior parts of the Brain, arise in the an- 
 terior pyramids, and there decussate each 
 other ; a circumstance which explains the 
 reason why apoplexy on the front part of the 
 Brain affects the opposite side of the body. 
 The fibres which compose the posterior 
 parts, arise posteriorly in the medulla ob- 
 longata, and do not cross each other. Thefor- 
 mer have a ganglion of increase in the Pons 
 Varolii or near the grand commissure of the 
 Cerebellum. They pass through the corpo- 
 ra striata, and are eventually embedded in 
 the cineritious covering of the Intellectual 
 Organs, 1 which may be regarded as their 
 
 1 I make this description imperfect, though not erro- 
 
28 
 
 ultimate ganglion. The remaining fibres 
 from the posterior parts of the medulla ob- 
 longata pass behind the commissure of the 
 cerebellum, but not in the same manner. 
 They pass into what was formerly regarded 
 to be the thalami of the optic nerve, and are 
 spent on the organs of the Sentiments aad 
 Propensities. The fibres of the Cerebellum 
 originate also in the medulla oblongata. The 
 commissures of the Brain, Corpus Callosum, 
 &c. are the means of the converging fibres, 
 whereby the parts of two hemispheres are 
 brought into communication. I purposely 
 avoid being particular in the anatomical 
 description, as well in order that people 
 may examine Dr. Spurzheim/s work, as for 
 want of room. The origin of the optic 
 nerves from the anterior pair of the Corpora 
 Quadrigemina,the office of the old thalamus 
 as an apparatus of increase ; and in gene- 
 ral the total difference in the views of the 
 
 neous. For the professional student must examine for 
 himself the large work, and also the brain in dissection. 
 
29 
 
 Era in and nerves which this short observa- 
 tion must excite, will, I hope, invite and fa- 
 cilitate enquiry. The anatomical reader will 
 of course remember, while I am speaking of 
 the organs, that all the parts are double, 
 there being two hemispheres, and that they 
 are brought into communication. 
 
 I have heard that some professional per- 
 sons, who are averse to the new doctrines, 
 have even gone so far as to deny the cor- 
 rectness of some parts of the anatomical 
 descriptions. I have examined them com- 
 pletely and repeated!)', both by a perusal of 
 the large work of Drs. Gall and Spurzheim, 
 and by corresponding dissections of the 
 Brain ; and I am convinced of their cor- 
 rectness. And I think that more may yet 
 be done by the repeated investigations of 
 future anatomists. I beo; leave also to re- 
 fer the reader to the collateral testimony of 
 my friend Dr. Leach, Zoologist at the Bri- 
 tish Museum, in a familiar letter from him, 
 which I shall insert at the end of this pam- 
 phlet. Avoiding, for reasons before assigned, 
 
30 
 
 a minute account of the Anatomy of the 
 Brain, I may advert, before I proceed to 
 the consideration of the organs, to the cir- 
 cumstance, that before I ever heard of the 
 discoveries of Dr. Gall, and while pursuing 
 comparative Anatomy by dissection, I was 
 much struck with the generic forms, if I 
 may so express myself, of the heads of ani- 
 mals ; and though I knew not the reason 
 why in particular genera certain parts of 
 the Brain were most developed, being 
 then unacquainted with the organology, 
 I nevertheless felt persuaded, and used to 
 say, that if the structure and functions ot 
 the Brain were properly known, they would 
 become the basis of all systematic classifi- 
 cations of animated beings. While study- 
 ing the Brain, and deploring how little 
 minute anatomists had done towards a 
 physiological history of the mind and its 
 faculties, founded on the anatomy of the 
 Brain ; and hearing the futility of the en- 
 quiry so often descanted on in lectures, I 
 was not aware that at this very time a 
 beautiful dissection of thestnictuie of the 
 
31 
 
 Brain was made in Germany, and preparing 
 for publication in France, 
 
 SECTION IV. 
 
 Of the material organs of the manifestations 
 of the mind. 
 
 The Brain has always been regarded as the 
 organ of the mind. And the ancient opi- 
 nions respecting this organ, which were 
 drawn from conjecture and analogy, differ 
 from those which Gall and Spurzheim have 
 drawn from Anatomy and experience, inas- 
 much as the latter regard it not as one 
 simple organ, but as an assemblage of dif- 
 ferent organs, which are the material in- 
 struments of the various manifestations of 
 the mind. There is no proportion between 
 
32 
 
 these organs. They vary in size* in ac- 
 tivity, and in mutual influences in different 
 individuals. And the diversity of organi- 
 zation, combined with the influence of edu- 
 cation, constitutes the innumerable varie- 
 ties of character both of men and of ani- 
 mals. They are divided into 1. the or- 
 gans of the Propensities ; 2. those of the 
 Sentiments ; 3. those of the Knowing 
 Intellectual Faculties: and 4. those of the 
 Reflecting Intellectual Faculties. Subdi- 
 visions may still be made. 
 
OF 
 
 $emutf), 
 
 OR I/AME: 
 
 DIVIDED INTO PROPENSITIES AND 
 SENTIMENTS. 
 
 OF THE PROPENSITIES, 
 
 I. The Organ of itLmative?iess* 
 
 Next to nutrition for the support of the 
 individual, generation for the preservation 
 of the species becomes the most impor- 
 tant function in the animal oeconomy; 
 consequently we find a very large and 
 well secured organ appointed by Nature to 
 give this propensity, and to incite the sexes 
 thereby to propagate their kind, and to mul- 
 tiply themselves on the earth. The Cere- 
 
 Crcrn. C 
 
34 
 
 bellum or little brain is the organ of this 
 propensity, and its great size in proportion 
 to the other organs is a fact quite conform- 
 able to an acknowledged law of physiology, 
 namely, that the larger organs are appro- 
 priated to the more important functions of 
 the animal system. This organ causes 
 erotic desires in general, and excites the 
 generative apparatus to the performance of 
 its ultimate functions. 
 
 Dr. Gall first discovered that the Cere- 
 bellum was the organ of this propensity by 
 accident. He noticed its great size in a 
 woman whose anjprous character was well 
 known. He multiplied his observations on 
 a very extensive scale, and constantly found 
 the size of this part to agree with the 
 strength of the propensity. In general, 
 the male of all animals has this organ larger 
 than the female. We consider no truth in 
 natural history more fully established than 
 that the Cerebellum is the organ of this 
 propensity. It is founded on the most 
 extensive examination of facts both in men 
 and animals. The reader may consult Dr. 
 
35 
 
 Spurzheim's large work. Among the many 
 collateral proofs which we have received of 
 the place and destination of this organ, I 
 shall mention only a few, as we insist on the 
 fact of the constant correspondence between 
 its size and the character of the individual 
 as the most positive proof of our correctness 
 in regarding them as cause and effect. 
 Among other collateral proofs it may he 
 mentioned, that wounds in the occiput and 
 in the hinder part of the neck have caused 
 either a partial suspension of the erotic 
 functions in some persons, and in others, 
 an excitement attended with circumstances 
 of preternatural violence. Hippocrates 
 mentions the paralyzing effects of wounds 
 on the occiput on the organs of generation. 
 
 The ancients, long before the particular 
 seats of the organs of the brain were known, 
 had some imperfect notion of the relation 
 between this part and the erotic propensity. 
 Virgil commends the bull, Cui plurima 
 cervix : l and Apollonius Rhodius represents 
 
 4 Virg. Georg. lib. iii> 
 
36 
 
 Medea as suffering a violent pain in the 
 back of her neck, in consequence of her 
 love for Jason. 1 
 
 The most rapid developement of this 
 organ is about the age of puberty. The 
 beard grows, the voice alters, and the 
 cerebellum enlarges/ 
 
 II. Organ of Philoprogenitiveness. 
 
 We find that the organs are placed in a 
 certain local relation to each other, accord- 
 
 • Apoll. Rhod. 
 Catullus remarks : 
 
 " Non ilium nutrix orienti luce revisens 
 Hesterno collum potuit circumdare filo." 
 
 * Columbae aliaeque aves, ante coitum, fceminarmu 
 colla infra occiput mordere solent, quasi copulandi cu^ 
 pidinem incitarent. Dum canes catuliunt, ipsorum colla 
 insolito tepore tumescunt. Plurima facta hujusce generic 
 narrare possumus, ad statuendam hujus organi existentiam. 
 Sed ad Spurzheim. Phys. Syst. referre volumus. 
 
37 
 
 ing to the mutual influence of their func- 
 tions. Thus the organ which makes us 
 love and protect our offspring is situated 
 just above that of physical love, which 
 causes us to produce them. 
 
 This organ, when large, gives a full and 
 prominent occiput : it is larger in female 
 than in male animals, and consequently in 
 women than in men, and gives the greater 
 degree of horizontal length in proportion to 
 breadth and vertical depth, which the female 
 head has with respect to the male in the 
 human subject. There are exceptions to 
 every rule; I know men who have this 
 organ larger than the generality of women, 
 and who manifest the greatest propensity 
 to associate with and protect infants. I 
 have among my collection of sculls one 
 with this organ very remarkably deve^ 
 loped. 
 
 This organ is defective in the cuckoo, 
 and in other animals to whom Nature has 
 not appointed the office of rearing the 
 
38 
 
 progeny. It is possible in general to dis- 
 tinguish the heads of males from those of 
 females, by the comparative bigness of this 
 organ in the latter. Children have this 
 organ in general more developed than 
 grown persons. I do not know why this is, 
 except it be that Nature intended in large 
 families that the larger offspring should 
 protect the smaller, instead of oppressing 
 them, which pride and selfishness might 
 cause them to do, and that they should thus 
 cooperate with the mother in the pro- 
 tection and care of the family. 
 
 Some very important observations with 
 respect to this organ are made by Gall and 
 Spurzheim, to which I refer the reader.' 
 When the organs of this propensity are 
 rather farther asunder than usual, they 
 may, like other organs, cause the indicative 
 prominence to appear double.* 
 
 * Anat. and Phys. du Syst. &c. 2d vol. 
 The Greeks were aware of the distinct nature of Phi- 
 loprogenitiveness, and called it Uropyv}. 
 
39 
 
 III. The Organ of Inhabitiveness 
 
 Is above the former, and below the organ of 
 Haughtiness. Its destiny seems to be that 
 of giving to animals a propensity to attach 
 themselves to particular local situations. 
 Examine the head of the chamois which 
 lives on the mountains ; the mountain hare, 
 &c. ; and compare them as to this part with 
 the hare of low countries, and other animals 
 which inhabit various situations indifferent- 
 ly. A curious and authentic story is re- 
 lated by Spurzheim, of the difference of 
 rats in this particular, which inhabit the 
 cellars, from those which were found to re- 
 sort to the elevated parts of the house. 
 This faculty is not very active in the human 
 subject. 
 
 IV. Organ of Adhesiveness. 
 
 Situated on each side of that of inhabitive* 
 ness, and gives a fullness to the lateral pos= 
 
40 
 
 terior part of the head, produces the pro- 
 pensity to attach ourselves to persons, ani- 
 mals, and I think other objects. It is, 
 therefore, the cause of friendship, moral 
 love, and attachment of all kinds : there 
 are probably several different affections of 
 this organ. Whether or no the different af- 
 fections of organs are produced by means of 
 the same fibres, has not been yet determin- 
 ed. Dogs have this organ often in a con- 
 siderable degree. Combined with the organ 
 of firmuess and benevolence, it makes a 
 sincere friend ; combined with amativeness 
 and ideality, a romantic lover. Refer to 
 the observations on characters. The ge- 
 neral character may be said to be the result 
 of the different contending faculties ; it is 
 to physiology, what the resolution of motion 
 is to mechanics ; the difference of all the 
 disturbing forces. 
 
 V. Organ of Combativeness. 
 
 We cannot doubt that there is a natural 
 propensity to fight : not only all persons, 
 
41 
 
 more or less, have this disposition when in- 
 sulted ant) provoked, but almost all animals. 
 Its external sign is a prominence of the 
 occiput behind the ears, on each side philo- 
 progenitiveness, and below adhesiveness ; 
 we must not mistake the mastoid process 
 for the organ. This organ is the seat of 
 anger and pugnacity. But the. character of 
 the person is the result of the mutual in- 
 fluences described below. The abuses of 
 this organ contribute essentially to the con- 
 stant state of warfare, which from time 
 immemorial has drenched the earth with 
 blood. 
 
 VI. Organ of Destructiveness. 
 
 This has been wrongly termed organ of 
 murder, which crime is in reality only one of 
 the abuses of the faculty. The primitive 
 function of this organ is to give a propen- 
 sity to destroy in general, while accidental 
 circumstances determine the object to be 
 destroyed; and the mutual influences of 
 
42 
 
 other organs modify the propensity, which 
 in some persons is naturally extremely strong 
 and active. I have known some persons, 
 even females, who have taken delight in de- 
 stroying small animals, from the great size 
 of this organ. Its seat is just above the 
 ears, and it gives a, prominence to the mid- 
 dle part of the temporal bone in the human 
 subject, but is more behind the ears in ani- 
 mals. In the carnivora it is more developed 
 than in the herbivora. In the feline kind, 
 which spring on their prey from dht of am- 
 bush, the great developement of this organ 
 together with that of secretiveness, which is 
 another essential part of their character, 
 produces that fulness and width about the 
 ears, which characterizes at once the whole 
 genus. The hair too grows long about this 
 part, as if nature had purposely marked out 
 the disposition by an external sign too ob- 
 vious to be mistaken. Observe the lion, the 
 tyger, the cat, and particularly the lyn,x and 
 caracal ; and compare them with the sheep* 
 the goat, and the hare, in this particular. 
 
43 
 
 VII. The Organ of Constructkeness. 
 
 The propensity to build, to construct ma- 
 chines, &c. which is a primitive faculty, is 
 marked on the outside by a fulness behind 
 the external angle of the orbit, a little to- 
 wards the temples. I refer the curious 
 reader to the very interesting facts relative 
 to this organ, related by Spurzheim in his 
 lectures. By means of it are revealed to 
 the geniuses in architecture and construct- 
 ion, the useful arts for civilization. The 
 mutual influences of other faculties, which 
 contribute to the character in this as in 
 other cases, determine and modify the ac- 
 tivity of this organ. Compare the difference 
 of its effects on a large scale, by reviewing 
 the majestic architecture of Greece and 
 Rome ; the religious gloom of the Gothic 
 Cathedral ; the massy pyramids of Egypt ; 
 the simple huts of the wild Indian; the 
 gable-ended houses of Amsterdam ; the 
 stone monuments of the ancient Britons ; 
 
44 
 
 the mosques of Constantinople ; and the 
 whimsical configurations of the temples and 
 pagodas of China. To this organ, subject 
 to numerous mutual influences, we are 
 indebted for all the useful instruments of 
 music, of agriculture, and of astronomy ; 
 sciences, whereby we gratify and extend 
 the functions of other organs; compose 
 concerts of musical instruments, till the 
 earth, and penetrate into remote space 
 with telescopes, and contemplate the posi- 
 tion and movements of the celestial bodies. 
 Important, indeed, then to society is this 
 organ, whose activity we may trace through 
 all the costumes of the world, and through 
 ever} r building from the hut of a savage to 
 the Temple of Solomon; from the Monu^ 
 ment by London Bridge to the beautifully 
 painted Porcelain Tower at Nankin. The 
 beaver builds its hut and birds their nests 
 because of this organ, and it is the cause of 
 all construction whatever. 
 
45 
 
 VIII. Organ of Covetiveness, 
 
 Above and more hind ward than the last, 
 gives the propensity to appropriate, to have 
 of one's own. It is necessary to the ag- 
 grandisement and protection of property ; 
 but its abuses are robbery, envy, and a 
 miserly disposition. In some persons the 
 propensity to steal is almost incontrollable : 
 when combined with amativeness, jealousy 
 is the result. This organ is the cause why 
 we are obliged to pay watchmen to be 
 walking about all night, to prevent the in- 
 cursions of our neighbours. Animals which 
 collect grain, &c. have this organ much 
 developed. Dogs seem certainly to have 
 a positive feeling of property : they protect 
 their master's house, and their own bone 
 with courage and determination. 
 
46 
 
 IX. Organ of Secretiveness. 
 
 The propensity to concealment seems, 
 like all the others, to be in some measure 
 necessary to the nature of man and of many 
 animals. And, like others, the most odious 
 characters are produced from its abuses ; 
 when, to a naturally great developement 
 of the organ, the mutual influence of coun- 
 teracting sentiments of a superior order is 
 wanting. The abuses of this organ are 
 lying, slyness, and duplicity of character* 
 Its external sign is a fulness of that part of 
 the parietal bone, above destructiveness and 
 behind covetiveness. I observed, among 
 a great number of the North Welsh, very 
 little developement of this organ, or of 
 covetiveness, while their superior sentiments 
 were much developed. Compare, in ani- 
 mals, foxes and all those who conceal much 
 by nature, with those who do not in respect 
 to this organ. 
 
47 
 
 OF THE SENTIMENTS. 
 
 The sentiments are a different sort of 
 faculty from mere propensities, and hold a 
 higher rank both physically and virtually 
 in the scale of faculties. 
 
 X. Organ of Haughtiness. 
 
 Self-love and pride distinguish some per- 
 sons; these have the part of the head, above 
 Inhabitiveness and behind Determinative- 
 ness, much developed. Gall identified this 
 faculty with inhabitiveness, from the ten- 
 dency of the latter to carry animals by 
 choice into lofty places; but Spurzheim 
 differs from him on very solid grounds. 
 See the Physiognomical System of the lat- 
 ter. He thinks that this faculty is pos- 
 
48 
 
 sessed by the turkey, the peacock, the 
 horse and some other animals. I can dis- 
 cover myself in the horse no elevation suffi- 
 cient to demonstrate distinctly this faculty ; 
 but I yield to Spurzheim's superior know- 
 ledge and experience in these matters. The 
 faculty is of itself unamiable, and pityable 
 are the victims of its too great develope- 
 ment. But I have observed that many 
 persons are vulgarly accused of this senti- 
 ment, who in reality have only philappro- 
 bativeness in a great degree. 
 
 XI. Organ of Fhilapprobativeness. 
 
 The desire to be approved of by others 
 is a quality of mind very desirable, in a 
 certain degree : it contributes to make 
 us polite, cleanly and social, and is a 
 great stimulus to exertion. Its different 
 affections are ambition as in heroes, love of 
 ornament as in many females, and in gene- 
 
49 
 
 ral gives a feeling of liking to be approved. 
 Its abuses are — vanity; influenced by 
 haughtiness, conceit. With Ideality, Imita- 
 tiveness, and Secretiveness, it causes affecta- 
 tion. More men are proud and more women 
 vain. And these characteristics are pie- 
 served in the mental insanities of male and 
 of female maniacs. 
 
 XII. Organ of CautiousnesB . 
 
 Makes circumspection and fear of all 
 kinds: it is very useful in a certain degree. 
 Its external sign is a largeness of the lateral 
 and posterior part of the head, above and 
 behind secretiveness and laterally below 
 righteousness. Stags, weasels, and some 
 other animals, have this propensity much 
 marked. This organ and that of courage or 
 combativeness are quite compatible. A 
 man ma} T have the propensity to be cour- 
 ageous, and may have also a sentiment of 
 cautiousness to temper and regulate his 
 temerity. Timidity and terror are its abu- 
 ses. When it acts too suddenly, we start. 
 
 Cran. D 
 
50 
 
 XIII. Organ of Benevolence. 
 
 Benevolence and meekness are the result 
 of that part of the brain which, when large, 
 causes an elevation in the middle upper 
 part of the forehead, just where the hair 
 usually begins. This faculty disposes to 
 benevolent actions. Where persons really 
 have it, their compassion always extends 
 to animals. I have found that where this 
 was not the case the organ did not exist 
 in a great degree, and their benevolent 
 pretensions were much to be suspected. 
 
 XIV. Organ of Veneration* 
 
 It was observed that persons, in whom 
 the middle upper part of the head, behind 
 the organ of Benevolence, and before that 
 
51 
 
 of Determinateness, was much developed* 
 were more disposed for veneration, and ap- 
 peared to have a stronger sentiment of reli- 
 gion than other persons. Professed atheists, 
 on the contrary, have manifested a want of 
 this organ ; many had quite a hollow in 
 the place of the organ. Some persons have 
 objected to a material organ for this pro- 
 pensity, and have said that in admitting it 
 we make religion quite a material feeling, 
 and destroy the merit thereof. AVe think, 
 on the contrary, that the establishment of 
 an organ, and the consequent inference of 
 a special faculty of veneration, shows that it 
 is an essential function in the nature of man, 
 The Deity in enjoining worship must have 
 given also a power and a disposition for it. 
 Revealed religion may determine the object 
 and form of worship, but the primitive fac- 
 ulty of veneration must exist in our nature. 
 Thus we see in savage countries, where nei- 
 ther the Christian nor Mohammedan relig- 
 ion are taught, that this faculty is directed 
 towards various imaginary and absurd dei- 
 ies. I refer for the answer to objections 
 
52 
 
 to a book, Sur les dispositions inn£es de 
 l'Ame et TEsprit, by Gall and Spurz- 
 faeim. 
 
 XV. Organ qf.Believingness. 
 
 Dr. Gall formerly regarded hope and faith 
 as affections of several organs. Dr. Spurz- 
 heim regards this faculty as separate, and 
 to have an organ on each side of Veneration. 
 Abundant proofs have established the fact. 
 I have called this the organ of Believing- 
 ness, because hope is used in different 
 senses, and is not the only or the primitive 
 faculty. We must not confound, however, 
 believingness or the disposition to believe, 
 to trust, to have faith, with the philosophical 
 belief. Belief, about which J. H. Tooke 
 was to have published another 'quarto, 
 seems to me to come of Individuality and 
 Comparison. Credulity is one abuse of this 
 organ. 
 
53 
 
 XVI. Organ of Ideality, 
 
 When the temples are large in the part 
 above Constructiveness and Covetiveness, 
 and before and higher than Secretiveness, 
 that peculiar feeling of. enthusiasm and 
 wildness attendant on imagination exists, 
 which constitutes the essential character of 
 a poet, qui nascitur, non fit, as the proverb 
 says. This organ gives a peculiar energy 
 and coloring to the feelings, which can be 
 better felt by those who have it strong, than 
 described on paper. According to other 
 mutual influences this organ has different 
 effects on different persons, in the produc- 
 tion of character. Examine Milton, Shaks- 
 peare, the ancient busts of Homer and 
 Virgil, and, in short, poets and men of 
 imagination in general. This organ also 
 contributes to fanciful and whimsical charac- 
 ters, which accounts for the frequent eccen- 
 tricity of men of genius. 
 
54 
 
 Among the desiderata of the physiology 
 of the organs may be reckoned, the cause 
 why the recollection of past scenes, parti* 
 cularly the recurrence to the scenes of 
 infancy, produce in many persons such 
 vivid and such peculiar sensations as they 
 appear to do. We do not at present know 
 the reason of this ; hut I think I have ob- 
 served, that in many persons who speak of 
 having these feelings in a high degree, the 
 organs of Ideality and of Adhesiveness are 
 much developed. Indeed, on whatever 
 principle this pleasing and indescribable 
 feeling depends which attends the recurs 
 rence to early ideas, it would be height- 
 ened by Ideality. I do not know whether 
 all persons have this feeling, different persons 
 certainly have it in a very different degree, 
 and it is felt much more in certain states of 
 nervous irritability, than when we are in per^ 
 feet health. What has been called the 
 Maladie du Pays of the Swiss, which is cer- 
 tainly Adhesiveness, is a feeling of the kind 
 I allude to. I may refer likewise to a paper 
 of Addison in the Spectator, and to seve* 
 
55 
 
 ral passages in the poets, 1 wherein this 
 feeling is alluded to. It seems to be a 
 sentiment connected with a recurrent train 
 of early association of ideas. The feeling 
 is peculiar, and is more or less tinged with 
 the poetical melancholy and pensiveness. 
 I have been conscious of this feeling, 
 when, during travelling, any accidental cir- 
 cumstance has suddenly and unexpectedly 
 called to my memory the scenes of distant 
 home, or of early childhood. The tendency 
 it gives to composition and romantic 
 poetry, is one of the reasons why I ascribe 
 it partly to Ideality ; as well as because 
 it is often accompanied, when violent, with 
 a sensation on that part of the head, where 
 this organ is seated. But Adhesiveness en- 
 ters into combination with it in the pro- 
 duction of this feeling. 
 
 1 u Non e il mio nido," (says the poet) " ove nodrito 
 fui si dolcemente," 8tc. Refe also to a passage of Virgil 
 in the Eclogue of Gallus, where this feeling seems to 
 make up one of the associations of love : beginning Saepi- 
 bus iu nostris parvam te, roscida mala, &c. 
 
56 
 
 Organ of Mysterizingness. 
 
 When the part of the brain between Ideal- 
 ityand Imitativenessis much developed, per- 
 sons are much disposed to be superstitious, 
 to have visions, to believe in ghosts, astro- 
 logy, &c. Dr. Spurzheim does not deter- 
 mine whether this is a particular organ, or 
 only a greater developement of Ideality, or 
 Hope, or of both. This leads to a common 
 query— What makes a distinct organ ? 
 The developement of this part gives these 
 faculties above stated, and inclines to mys- 
 ticism. This orran has made the funereal 
 bubo, the ominous owl, and the doctrine of 
 sorcery and supernatural prognostications. 
 I think, even in Ideality, the functions vary 
 according as the foremore or hindermore 
 part of that organ is developed ; when the 
 forepart of it is most developed, the in- 
 tellectual functions, — when the hindermore 
 part, the sentiments have, I think, 'more 
 mutual influence with it. I submit the 
 propriety of the name mysterizingness, be- 
 cause it makes people mysterize, and inter- 
 pret omens. 
 
57 
 
 XVII. Organ of Righteousness. 
 
 This produces the sentiments of just and 
 unjust; a sentiment quite different from 
 that of Benevolence. It is also regarded 
 as of a higher order by the people in gene- 
 ral. We have a proverb, Be just before 
 you are generous. Its external sign is on 
 each side of Determinativeness. It is the 
 cause of conscientiousness. 
 
 XVIII. Orgaji of Determinativeness, 
 
 Before Haughtiness and behind Vener- 
 ation, gives that character of mind, which 
 when exerted in a good cause we call per- 
 severance, and when in a bad one obstinacy. 
 It seems placed in the midst of the feelings 
 to strengthen their activity. 
 
INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES, 
 
 OR 
 
 $i)etst 
 
 ©m 
 
 L'ESPRTT. 
 
 THE Intellectual Faculties are divided into 
 those whereby we know the external bodies 
 and their qualities, and those whereby we 
 compare and reflect on them and on our 
 other faculties. 
 
 3. KNOWING FACULTIES. 
 
 XIX. Organ of Individuality. 
 
 Situated in the middle and inferior part of 
 the forehead just above the nose, between 
 
59 
 
 the organs of Space, &c. This faculty is 
 necessary to the knowledge of the external 
 world. It knows objects in their individual 
 capacity. Persons endowed with it in a 
 great degree have a good memory of facts. 
 This organ observes also the faculties of the 
 other organs, individualizes objects of sense 
 and causes us, I think, to regard the im- 
 pressions which the external bodies make 
 on the five senses to come from one object. 
 This organ is curious to know facts, and 
 therefore excites the other organs of the 
 knowing faculties and the five senses into 
 their active state. I have also conceived 
 some other and very interesting functions 
 of this organ, which however I shall not 
 state, but wait to see if enquiring and re- 
 flective persons discover them ; and shall 
 be interested to compare their remarks 
 with my present conceptions, as from time 
 to time, this system becomes more known, 
 
 I must, however, advert to the falsehood 
 of a popular opinion concerning the func- 
 tions of the five external senses. Many 
 
60 
 
 persons contend that by these alone we ac- 
 quire our knowledge of the existence of ex- 
 ternal bodies. Various facts and observa- 
 tions have, however, established it as cer- 
 tain that this is not the real case. Some 
 persons have contended that belief in exter- 
 nal existence is a simple act of the mind, 
 by which we refer the impression on our 
 organs of sense to bodies existing in the 
 external world. The celebrated metaphy- 
 sician Bishop Berkeley has, as it is well 
 known, written a very ingenious treatise on 
 this subject, by which he endeavours to 
 show that we have no proof of the exis- 
 tence of matter, by the sensation of its pri- 
 mary, any more than we have by the sen- 
 sation of its secondary, qualities. Mr. 
 Fearne has of late, in a pamphlet in the 
 Pamphleteer, No. IX. given his opinion 
 that itis by intellect and not by sensation that 
 we have the external perception of bodies. 
 
 We admit that the five senses do not 
 produce belief in the existence of the 
 external world. They are only instruments 
 
61 
 
 adapted to receive the impressions of the 
 qualities of external bodies, but our con- 
 ception of their individual existence is cer- 
 tainly another sort of function of the mind. 
 But it is a function which depends like- 
 wise on material conditions. And we ad- 
 mit the Organ of Individuality to be the 
 organic apparatus which performs this func- 
 tion. This organ desires to know, and 
 excites the activity of the organs of sense, 
 receives their impressions, and individua- 
 lises the object which communicates its 
 qualities by means of the five senses and the 
 other intellectual organs. I was formerly in- 
 clined to regard the compatibility of single 
 consciousness with the duplicity of the 
 organs as depending on the Organ of Indi- 
 viduality. There are some reasons for re- 
 garding the commissures of the brain to be 
 the cause of single consciousness. It seems 
 also possible that it may arise from the 
 active state of the two hemispheres of the 
 Brain not taking place at once. I do not, 
 however, believe this to be the case. I think 
 that single consciousness is an effect either of 
 
62 
 
 the commissures, or that it is produced by 
 some other cause not yet known. Of late I 
 have been ratherinclined to thelatter opinion. 
 The reason which once induced me to re* 
 gard Individuality as the cause of the 
 single consciousness we had of objects was, 
 that it appeared to me that though the 
 commissures might cause us to conceive 
 as single, qualities of any object conceived 
 by two corresponding organs, one in either 
 hemisphere, that nevertheless Individual- 
 ity and not the commissures must be the 
 cause of our attributing to single and indi- 
 vidual objects, qualities impressed on diffe- 
 rent senses, and known by different organs. 
 In short, there appeared to me to be some 
 similarity in the function by which we indi- 
 vidualised objects acting on double organs, 
 and that by which we attributed to indivi- 
 dual objects impressions made not only on 
 double but on different organs- 
 
 I state this merely as the operation my 
 mind went through before, from repeated 
 reflections, I arrived at my present concep- 
 tions of the operations of intellect, because 
 
63 
 
 I conceive that what occurs to one person 
 may possibly occur to some other, who maj 
 be assisted by observing the progress of 
 thought in other persons ; to Dr. Spurzheim, 
 who rectified many of my imperfect views 
 of these subjects, and who has thought 
 longer thereon, I refer the metaphysical 
 reader ; as he has recently made, in my 
 opinion, the most philosophical arrange* 
 ment of the mutual influence of Indivi- 
 duality in the other Knowing Faculties, 
 founded on an accurate observance of the 
 connexion between the juxtaposition of 
 the organs and the order of thought, with 
 respect to our knowledge of bodies. Th# 
 Lectures he is now giving contain a most 
 beautiful illustration of the physiology of 
 this arrangement of organs. 
 
64 
 
 XX. Organ of Form. 
 
 Next to perceiving the existence of exter- 
 nal bodies, the quality which most imme- 
 diately strikes us, is their figure. This con- 
 ception of the form of bodies is quite dis- 
 tinct from that of their other qualities, and 
 depends on the activity of a particular or- 
 gan. The great development of this organ 
 gives a peculiar look to the eyes, whereby 
 we can readily distinguish if a person is en- 
 dowed with this faculty in a high degree. 
 
 XXI. Organ of Size, 
 
 There must be an organ of size, but the 
 place has not been completely established, 
 except by reasoning from analogy. I have 
 not seen cases whereby to confirm the sus- 
 
65 
 
 picion I entertain that the place Dr. Spurz- 
 heim has given to this organ is correct. 
 
 XXII. Organ of Weight. 
 
 The conception of the weight resulting from 
 the solid substance of bodies is yet another 
 operation of the mind with respect to them ; 
 and it must depend on the activity of a par- 
 ticular organ. The place is not precisely 
 known at present. I know a person who 
 has peculiar pleasure in Mechanics in con- 
 sidering different momenta ; and whose 
 constant question is, what is the weight of 
 such and such a body? His eye has a pe- 
 culiar expression. I cannot assert any thing 
 positively with respect to this organ at 
 present : nor has Spurzheim ascertained 
 exactly its place. 
 
 Cran. E 
 
66 
 
 XXIII. Organ of Colour. 
 
 The eye perceives the impression of light in 
 different degrees of strength, and makes us 
 acquainted with visible objects, but the 
 conception of the relations of colour is an 
 intellectual operation, performed bj r a par- 
 ticular organ. There are many persons 
 who can see, who cannot distinguish differ- 
 ent colours from each other, and who are 
 found defective in this organ. If a person 
 merely misnamed colours, we should have 
 no proof that he did not see them like 
 other people, and the error of nomination 
 might be an error of language. Neither 
 have we any proof that where persons 
 nominate colours the same, they do not in 
 reality see them somewhat differently. But 
 w T here persons do not distinguish between 
 two decidedly different colours, we are sure 
 that there must be a defect of that power of 
 the mind, whereby it distinguishes different 
 
67 
 
 tints ; and we find, conformably to this 
 view of the subject, that the organ of 
 colour is defective in such persons. 
 
 In persons in whom the organ is strongly 
 developed, the eyebrow appears more 
 arched in the middle than usual. Cele- 
 brated painters, particularly landscape 
 painters, who are notorious for fine colour- 
 ing, have this arched eyebrow, indicating 
 the organ to be developed in a high 
 degree. 
 
 XXIV. Organ of Space. 
 
 The conception of space, and of the mu- 
 tual position of bodies depend on a par- 
 ticular organ. An elevation above the nose, 
 over the frontal sinus, and extending upward 
 and outward in the forehead, is the external 
 sign of its greater developement. Persons 
 
68 
 
 in whom this organ is large, often 
 become good geographers, and sometimes 
 manifest a great desire to travel. Migra- 
 tory animals, particularly the swallow, are 
 endowed with a high degree of develope- 
 ment of this organ, and it appears to give 
 them the instinct to change their local 
 habitation. There may be a periodical 
 activity of this organ, which determines the 
 time of their migrations. 
 
 XXV. Organ of Order, 
 
 Situated between the organ of number 
 and colour, produces arrangement, and dis- 
 poses persons to tidiness and order. Clean- 
 liness seems also to be the result of this 
 faculty. The great want of it contributes 
 to slovenliness and unthrifty hood. 
 
69 
 
 XXVI. Organ of Time. 
 
 Vain attempts have been made by meta- 
 physicians to define time. Some have 
 considered that we know it only by the 
 succession of phenomena, which take place 
 in it. We regard it as a primitive concep- 
 tion of the mind ; like all other simple ideas, 
 it is indefinable. And we believe that it 
 depends on a particular organ situated near 
 to and more outward than Individuality. 
 It acts contemporaneously with order, when 
 we contemplate the chronological succes- 
 sion of events. I think we endeavour by its 
 overstrained activity to conceive eternal 
 duration. In like manner, I think we en- 
 deavour with the organ of space to con- 
 ceive infinite extension. To neither of 
 these we know any bounds : but the limited 
 sphere of the activity of our organs, pre- 
 vents, in my opinion, our arriving at the 
 conception we aim at, which Individuality 
 
70 
 
 makes us endeavour to attain, by exciting 
 the activity of the respective Organ of Time 
 and Space, This is a conception of my 
 own, when I have reflected on what has 
 frequently passed in my mind. I think 
 it is the Organ of Time whereby we count 
 the bars in music, or beat time with a 
 drum ; while the Organ of Tune makes us 
 play harmoniously and in concord. Some 
 persons have one of these faculties without 
 the other, and consequently they are only 
 partial musicians. 
 
 XXVII. Organ of Number. 
 
 This is the faculty by which we count. 
 It exists in very different degrees in different 
 persons, and constitutes the essential faculty 
 for arithmetic and analytical mathematics. 
 Jedediah Buxton, Colburn the calculating 
 boy, Sir Isaac Newton, La Place, D'Alem- 
 bert, and other great mathematicians, were 
 
71 
 
 found endowed with this organ in a high 
 degree. Its external sign is a fulness and 
 downward inclination of the external angle 
 of the orbit and the eyebrow. Animals 
 seem endowed, in a weak degree, with this 
 propensity. Magpies have been said only 
 to count three. Refer to Spurzheim's large 
 work. 
 
 XXVIII. Organ of Tune. 
 
 It is not the acuteness of the ear, which 
 gives the science of music. The relations 
 of tone and the laws of harmony are the 
 result of a special faculty, which is vulgarly 
 termed an ear for music, and it is marked 
 by an angular elevation extending upward 
 above the eyebrow, between the Organ of 
 Colour and that of Number. The eyebrow 
 seems somewhat pulled up in this place, so 
 that where the respective organs are in 
 any degree insulated, the eyebrow of 
 the musician is easily distinguished from 
 that of a painter or of a mathemati- 
 
72 
 
 cian. Nightingales are more endowed 
 with this organ than sparrows. Investiga- 
 tions of comparative anatomy have esta- 
 blished the strictest analogy in the dis- 
 tribution of the corresponding organs, 
 throughout all known orders of animal 
 beings. But comparative anatomists, in 
 general, have hitherto been inattentive to 
 the minute structure of the Brain ; in con- 
 sequence whereof, many have denied facts 
 which the new anatomists of the Brain are 
 capable of demonstrating. 
 
 XXIX. Organ of Language. 
 
 This organ gives two external forms, 
 which seem to correspond with two different 
 functions of the organ. We do not know, 
 at present, whether these two functions are 
 performed by different parts of the organ, or 
 whether they only result from different affec- 
 tions of the same fibres. The external mark 
 of a great memory of words is indicated by a 
 
73 
 
 full and prominent eye, whereas those who 
 are fond of the spirit of languages have 
 often the eye somewhat pressed downwards. 
 Both these functions may exist together, 
 and give the eye a compound form. 
 Some persons have this organ in a re- 
 markable degree : and the celebrated John 
 Home Tooke is given by Spurzheim as a 
 specimen of the great developement of that 
 sign which corresponds to the faculty of 
 philology, or brilliant conceptions of the 
 spirit of language. The established connex- 
 ion between arbitrary signs and ideas has 
 made some persons erroneously imagine that 
 we always think and reason by means of 
 words, which is certainly an errour. It is 
 also an errour to suppose with Tooke that 
 words are all nouns and verbs. All words 
 may, perhaps, be reduced to nouns and 
 verbs, because Individuality and the Know- 
 ing Faculties were more early active than 
 Comparison and consequently reflection. 
 Thus all words may be traced to their ety- 
 mology ; but particles and some other words 
 
74 
 
 have subsequently acquired a different 
 signification. Thus we see how the etymolo- 
 gical researches of Home Tooke may not be 
 altogether contradictory to the opinions of 
 reflecting persons, who have opposed his 
 doctrine on the strength of their own re- 
 flection on what passed in their own minds 
 in reasoning. I confess myself to have 
 been formerly misled by the arguments of 
 Home Tooke; but I have been convinced 
 by Spurzheim, and the subsequent reflec- 
 tions which he has excited, of the truth of 
 the above statement, with respect to the 
 functions of language. The words which, 
 though they have originally been formed 
 from nouns and verbs, do not now represent 
 them, are in fact significant representatives 
 of other faculties of the mind, and not of 
 those by which we know external bodies. 
 This subject may at first appear obscure, 
 but is worthy the attentive consideration of 
 the philologist. 
 
75 
 
 4. THE REFLECTING FACULTIES, 
 
 After we have known the external world 
 by the knowing faculties, and believed in 
 the existence of external objects by that of 
 Individuality, we compare them, reflecting 
 on their similitudes and dissimilitudes, and 
 regard them in the light of cause and effect 
 by an organic apparatus of a superiour 
 order. 
 
 XXX. The Organ of Cotnparison 
 
 Is marked by an elevation in the middle 
 of the forehead, above the organ of Indi- 
 viduality, and below Benevolence. It is 
 the faculty by which we make all compari- 
 sons. With this faculty we can identify 
 objects ; but I have always conceived that 
 to absolute identity, the function of Indi- 
 
76 
 
 viduality is also a necessary adjunct. We 
 perceive by comparison of the appearance 
 of an object with the remembrance of it, 
 that it is identically the same : but Indi- 
 viduality then acts to make us conceive its 
 identical and individual existence. I feel 
 this in my own mind, and that feeling is 
 the strongest of proofs to which I can 
 aspire. The Organ of Comparison is the 
 cause of analogies, and makes us delight in 
 metaphors and similies in language. When 
 it exists in a very high degree, it causes the 
 common conversation of the person en- 
 dowed with it to be superabundantly 
 figurative. It is an essential ingredient in 
 the Will, hereafter to be spoken of. 
 
 XXXI. Organ of Causality. 
 
 Mr. Hume has asserted that we know 
 nothing of cause and effect, but by an ob- 
 servance of the uniform conjunction of 
 
77 
 
 Phenomena. We admit that the regular 
 succession of Phenomena suggests the no- 
 tions that they are connected by catenation 
 of causes ; by exciting a particular faculty ; 
 but the conception of causation thus ex- 
 cited is the result of a particular organ ; we 
 have some reason to believe, that this is 
 wanting in animals. It is marked on the 
 human forehead by a fulness on each side 
 of the organ of comparison. This organ, 
 says Dr. Spurzheim, asks Why? It produces 
 Inquisitiveness into causes, and is a neces- 
 sary ingredient in the character of a phi- 
 losopher. 
 
 XXXII. Organ of Wit 
 
 Is a faculty perceiving a different sort of 
 relation than those which are observed by 
 the organ of Comparison ; in short, witty 
 relations. Observe the heads of Sterne, 
 Voltaire, and others possessed of this 
 faculty. Indeed, in Sterne, as he is usually 
 drawn, his finger points directly to this his 
 
78 
 
 strongest organ. It is situated more out- 
 ward than the organ of Causality. 
 
 The reflecting organs which constitute 
 the true philosophic character ; and com- 
 bined with the knowing faculties, when 
 developed in a high degree, make an intel- 
 lectual mind. — A developement of reflect- 
 ing powers is absolutely- necessary to real 
 greatness. 
 
 XXXIII. Organ of Imitativeness. 
 
 The power of Mimicry or Imitation, 
 which is possessed in so high a degree by 
 some persons, as for instance, by Shak- 
 speare, and which is necessary for theatrical 
 performers in general, is of a peculiar nature, 
 and is marked by a prominency of the head 
 on each side, between Benevolence and the 
 Mysticizingness. Spurzheim calls this a 
 faculty sui generis. I think I have observed 
 that Mimicry may be divided into voluntary 
 and involuntary. Some persons are con- 
 
79 
 
 tinually imitating the manners of those 
 whom they are amongst, who nevertheless 
 do not possess the power of voluntary 
 imitation, or theatrical mimicr} 7 . 
 
 SECTION V. 
 OF THE NATURAL LANGUAGE, 
 
 OR 
 
 Physiognomical Expression of the Organs. 
 
 The popular belief in certain physiogno- 
 mical expressions, and the rules of judging, 
 laid down by Lavater, whereon many 
 persons rely, and which have some foun- 
 dation on true observation, render desirable 
 a few remarks on the gestures of the body 
 and movements of the muscles of the face, 
 
80 
 
 which correspond to the activity of the 
 particular organs. Always corresponding 
 to the actions of the organs, these external 
 expressions must be compounded where 
 several organs act simultaneously. I shall 
 merely advert to the external expressions. 
 Those who wish an intimate acquaintance 
 with them, must study Nature, and ma} 7 
 learn the rules by an attendance on Spurz- 
 heim's Lectures. They are perceivable, 
 more or less, in all persons and all animals ; 
 they constitute the characteristic gesticula- 
 tions of nations and tribes, and contribute 
 principally to the peculiar expressions of 
 the countenance and of the muscular 
 movements of individuals. Thus, to be 
 brief — for the expression of the organs of 
 Physical Love or Amativeness, I may 
 refer to the backward, reclining, or re- 
 cumbent, position, produced by the activity 
 of this faculty. 1 — Consult the gestures of a 
 
 1 Multi, qui maximum amoris organum habent, quibus 
 prodiga Venus et incompressus copulandi amor, cum ex- 
 hausti amore et effaeti sunt, jacere solent supinum, pondere 
 pectori superimposito, ut occiput compressum esset pro 
 resuscitatione cupidinis. 
 
81 
 
 female nursing a child, for the expression 
 of Philoprogenitiveness. Observe the mo- 
 tions excited by Adhesiveness on the 
 meeting of two friends ; the shake of the 
 hand ; and other modes of attachment. 
 Compare tiie contracted features and 
 knitted brow of Combativeness in boxers, 
 with the open features of Cautiousness, 
 when excited by formidable objects ; mark 
 the upright walk of Destructiveness, the eye 
 of Secretiveness, when squint suspicion 
 looks aslant. This is still different from the 
 expression of Covetiveness. Nobody can 
 mistake the mild look of Benevolence, the 
 upward inclination of the eyes in religious 
 Veneration, which makes even the savage 
 regard God as above him. Who has not 
 observed the characteristics of Determi- 
 nateness, or the look of Hope, emphatically 
 painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds ? The 
 Intellectual faculties have also a peculiar 
 expression. Do we not shut and press the 
 eyes to remember names?— -Does not an 
 arithmetician move his eyes outward, and 
 his head, backward and forward in calcu- 
 Cran. F 
 
82 
 
 lation? — Does not poetical fancy throw 
 the eyes outward and upward ? People 
 wag the head backwards and forwards in a 
 peculiar manner, in hearing musical tones 
 and merry tunes. Observe a remarkable 
 example in the Pandeans at VauxhalL 
 Does not Sterne put his finger on the organ 
 of wit? — In short, there is an expression 
 corresponding to the activity of every organ, 
 to which the eyes are often turned w r hen it 
 is in action, and which we frequently 
 stimulate into action, by the external appli- 
 cation of the fingers, and whose activity we 
 denote by the manner of holding the head. 
 Vain would be the attempt to describe 
 on paper this accurate natural language. 
 The curious inquirer must attend to Nature 
 for himself; but Dr. Spurzheim's Lectures* 
 where he speaks of Expression, must be a 
 fund of entertainment to those who are 
 fond of physiognomy. 
 
 Thus has been determined in some mea- 
 sure by the physiologist of the brain, the 
 relation between physiognomy or the ex* 
 ternal expression of the muscles, and the 
 
83 
 
 place and physiology of the organs. Thusj 
 therefore, has been reduced to definitive 
 principles, founded on physiological and 
 anatomical investigation, what Lavater was 
 incapable of determining from observation 
 on manners alone ; but of which he had a 
 sufficient glimpse to form for himself, in many 
 cases, a tolerably just notion of persons. 
 
 It must be remembered, that, excepting 
 idiots, all the organs are in some degree 
 possessed by all persons. They are useful, 
 and constitute the nature of Man. It is 
 irregularity in the comparative develope- 
 ment, which leads to abuses, and requires 
 the influence of morality, and the coercion 
 of law. The organs may all be exercised 
 by education, which makes this an import- 
 ant function of Man, regarded as a social 
 being. They may be separately or generally 
 disordered ; hence the influence of a 
 knowledge of them in the treatment of 
 insanity. Lastly, Punishment must be 
 adapted to the particular wants and dis- 
 positions of individual culprits ; hence what 
 
84 
 
 important improvements the correction of 
 miscreants may derive from such an inti- 
 mate knowledge of character as this system 
 leads to. These must become separate 
 considerations. 
 
 SECTION VI 
 
 Of the Application of th4 new Zoonomy 
 to Education, founded on the Supremacy 
 of the Will. 
 
 In the foregoing sketch of the discoveries 
 of Gall and Spurzheim, respecting the brain, 
 I have ventured to affirm positively, that 
 the anatomy of that organ given by them is 
 correct ; because I have not only seen it 
 demonstrated by Spurzheim, but have dis- 
 
85 
 
 sected it myself after their peculiar way, 
 and my dissections have corresponded with 
 those of these industrious anatomists. 
 
 With respect to the places and functions 
 of the organs, the test of time and long ex- 
 perience alone can fully establish to the 
 public the truth of these peculiar opinions. 
 For my own part, I have not yet met with 
 a case of exception to the rules, though I 
 have been active in pursuing this science 
 for a long time past. With a view, how- 
 ever, to encourage persons in the investi- 
 gation of these interesting facts, I shall 
 conclude this brief account with an ex- 
 amination of some of the most useful results 
 of such an accurate criterion of natural 
 character as it tends to establish. 
 
 One of the most important consequences 
 of the establishment of these physiognomi- 
 cal rules will be its influence on the educa- 
 tion of youth. Education may be divided 
 into physical, or that which regards the 
 bodily fabric ; and moral, or that which ap~ 
 
86 
 
 pertains to the cultivation of the character. 
 With regard to physical education, I must 
 observe, that it is much neglected in general. 
 The organs of the mind, like all other parts 
 of the animal fabric, are nourished by the 
 digestive processes, and often fall sick or 
 strengthen with the rest of the body. 
 Though there may be a few exceptions in 
 certain specific diseases, yet in general the 
 mens sana must ever be in corpore sario. The 
 greatest care should therefore be taken that 
 young persons be temperate, and in the 
 constant habits of exercise in the open air. 
 I believe that one reason why geniuses who 
 spring up from the common people, and 
 make their way into the literary and 
 scientific world, so often exceed others in 
 mental attainments, to be, because from 
 their early habit of bodily activity the 
 organs acquire a strong and active consti- 
 tutional character. 
 
 Moral education may be considered in £ 
 twofold capacity : — 1. That of exercising 
 the intellectual faculties; and 2. That of 
 
87 
 
 regulating the moral character. They both 
 proceed on the supposition that Man has 
 a Will to control his propensities and 
 other faculties; and that his Will is in- 
 fluenced by motives. We admit a Will 
 regulated by motives ; and deny that the 
 propensities are necessary and incontrolable. 
 As all the faculties of the mind have organs, 
 it may be asked, what are the organs of the 
 Will ? The organ of Individuality, which 
 knows things, and regards them in their 
 individual capacity; the organ of Com- 
 parison, which compares them, and gives, 
 therefore, a choice ; and the organ of 
 Causality, which perceives the relation of 
 cause and effect, produce a will, observe, 
 compare, and control the other faculties, 
 and influence the instruments of voluntary 
 motion. 1 . I have called these three organs 
 the Board of Control. W T hen the organ of 
 Righteousness is the dictator, and its dictates 
 
 ? These organs know and compare, and therefore giye 
 the choice for the volition. , 
 
88 
 
 acquire supremacy in counselling the Will* 
 a moral conscience is established. 
 
 To return to Education. The application 
 of the Physiology of the Brain to the edu- 
 cation of youth, comprising the cultivation 
 of the intellect, and regulation of the moral 
 character, is founded on the proof we have 
 already obtained from experience, that we 
 can ascertain from the external form of the 
 head, the relative developement of the differ- 
 ent material conditions of the faculties,which 
 will enable us to apply an education suita- 
 ble to the peculiar wants of the individual. 
 
 I. With regard to the intellect. Edu- 
 cation consists in exercising the faculties. 
 Phrenology, by pointing out the strongest 
 faculties of individuals, will assist us in 
 choosing professions for youth agreeable to 
 their particular genius ; and teach us, 1st, 
 to cultivate those faculties, in the exercise 
 whereof he is likely to become eminent : 
 or, 2dly, to give additional excitement to 
 those which, though naturally weak, may 
 
be roused into comparative exertion by the 
 excitements offered by education. 
 
 II. With regard to the moral character. 
 In education we shall be enabled by learn- 
 ing the indications to see where, from a pre- 
 ponderance of some particular faculty, there 
 is greater necessity for a counteraction by 
 the excitement of the antagonist faculties. 
 We learn also how the superiour sentiments 
 ought to control the lower propensities ; 
 and how the organs of the Will should in all 
 cases be exercised early, to give them the 
 greatestrange of power over the propensities. 
 
 We learn also another important branch 
 of education in observing, that to strengthen 
 and render habitual any good feeling, as 
 Benevolence for instance, we must not only 
 inculcate it, but must expose the child to 
 objects of charity, and enhance it by setting 
 before him instances of compassion. The 
 same applies to all other faculties we wish to 
 strengthen ; we must call them into action 
 by means of their proper objects. Thus 
 Zoonomy comprises the sentiment which the 
 
90 
 
 wise have held in all ages, of the inefficacy 
 of precept when compared with example, 
 as an incentive to moral excellence. 
 
 How r much genius lays buried in obscuri^ 
 ty, performing the meanest of employments, 
 for want of being brought forth, and receiv- 
 ing opportunities of qualifying itself for 
 higher functions in society ! What benefit 
 would result to society, should we be ena- 
 bled to make a just election of objects in 
 youth, to be placed in situations capable of 
 ripening their naturally energetic faculties ! 
 
 It may be useful to speak briefly of the 
 passions by their vulgar names, and of the 
 simple or compound actions of the organs, 
 which are the cause of them ; since the 
 passions are more familiar to people in 
 general, than any new names for the prim- 
 itive faculties. 
 
 The sexual passion, as I have before re- 
 lated, is the result of the proper and inde- 
 pendent activity of the cerebellum or orga£ 
 
91 
 
 of Amativeness. In animals it is very simple; 
 in Man, much compounded with other 
 associations. When this organ acts in 
 association with the organ of Adhesiveness, 
 love is the consequence : Ideality frequently 
 further enhances and gives a romantic 
 character to this passion. Many other as- 
 sociations may be established. Thus, in the 
 human subject, this, as well as other 
 passions, is very compound. 
 
 What is called Anger is an affection of 
 the organ of Combativeness ; when perpe- 
 tuated by Determinateness, and unchecked 
 by Benevolence, the consequence of the 
 activity of this organ is often Revenge. 
 
 Fear and Terror are degrees of the activ- 
 ity of the organ of Cautiousness ; Circum- 
 spection is a more slow and salutary affec- 
 tion of it. The same organ is doubtless the 
 seat of Anxiety and Melancholy. Hypo- 
 chondriasis, when it includes the timor letki, 
 timor orci, or any other fear, is a morbid 
 affection of the same organ. In hypochon- 
 driasis, Ideality often fosters many imagin- 
 
92 
 
 ary and whimsical fancies, caused by the in- 
 ternal activity of organs, to which Cautious- 
 ness adds as many fears and perplexities. 
 A disordered state of the digestive organs 
 irritates the brain, and disturbs the tran- 
 quillity of its functions; and in persons pre- 
 disposed by organization, excites the strange 
 nervous fears alluded to. The organ of 
 Cautiousness is likewise partly the cause of 
 Horror ; this, however, is a compound feel- 
 ing, and has not as yet been accurately 
 defined and analyzed. I think that Bene- 
 volence enters into combination with Cau- 
 tiousness and some other organs, in the 
 production of this passion. 
 
 The organ of Haughtiness is the seat of 
 Selflove and Pride; Modesty is Cautious- 
 ness and Benevolence ; perhaps Approba- 
 tion sometimes enters into it. Jealousy is 
 Covetiveness and Haughtiness; the objects 
 of Jealousy varying—at different -times 
 Amativeness, Approbation, &c. enter into 
 it : without Righteousness, or moral checks, 
 this passion becomes Envy. Shame is 
 Cautiousness and Philappropriativeness. 
 
93 
 
 Hope and Faith are the result of BelieV- 
 ingness. Superstition, or at least the dispo- 
 sition to it, is caused by the mystic organ ; 
 or that part of the brain between Ideality, 
 Imitation and Hope. With regard to the in- 
 tellectual faculties also, the combinations 
 of greater developement, and consequently 
 mutual influences, form the characters. 
 Thus the organs of Space and of Number 
 are necessary to the astronomer* That of 
 Music and (I think) Time, to the musician. 
 Ideality, Comparison, Order, &c. to the poet. 
 In all, the reflecting faculties are essential 
 to greatness, and should be early exercised. 
 In all, the more of the knowing faculties we 
 have, the larger our views of the world are. 
 And finally it is desirable to have the great- 
 est number of perfect organs, and it becomes 
 an object to give what we have the greatest 
 excitement to activity by early exercise, 
 All the facts are sufficiently proved by ex- 
 perience. A whole volume might be written 
 on the functions of each organ, and many 
 on the compound affections. In fine, as all 
 the primitive and compound affections of 
 
94 
 
 the human mind are produced by the simple 
 or conjoined actions of one or more organs, 
 so we see how the particular organization 
 lays the foundation of the diversities of the 
 human character, which education by its 
 exercising and ripening the faculties still 
 further varies. Thus we see why national 
 character of mind is connected with a ge- 
 neral outline of national form of the head. 
 
 We must never forget, when we consider 
 education, that character has a compound 
 cause; 1st. Innateness, or the original struc- 
 ture and comparative size of the different 
 organs; and 2d. The manner in which the} r 
 are educated. Neither, in education, should 
 we overlook the effects of bodily illness 
 on the mind, by means of its altering the 
 tone and activity of the organs. Education 
 being, then, the exercise of the organs, we 
 see why precept seldom improves so much 
 the moral character as example ; and. why, 
 in both moral and intellectual attainments, 
 those persons succeed best whose native 
 genius has been called forth early by acci- 
 
95 
 
 dental excitements to action. We see, too* 
 how right it is in general to let young per- 
 sons follow the bent of their genius ; and that 
 the great developement of any particular 
 organ should direct the choice of studies to 
 those who desire to excel in their particular 
 professions. 
 
 The study of partial genius is very in- 
 teresting ; it leads to several important con- 
 siderations respecting the origin of the arts 
 and sciences. AVhen an organ is large, 
 it remembers well, executes, and often 
 composes on the subjects of its particular 
 function. Thus Mozart would under almost 
 all circumstances have been a musician ; 
 J. Buxton everywhere a calculator. But if 
 an organ be extremely large and active, then, 
 it seems, it may originally conceive its pro- 
 per science. Building, music, painting, and 
 many others, seem to have originated in the 
 accidental great developement of the parts 
 of the Brain in certain individuals who were 
 born into the world from time to time, and to 
 whom the sciences have been thus as it were 
 revealed. We have on record such numer- 
 
96 
 
 ous proofs of the energetic conception and 
 desire of building, making music, calculat- 
 ing, coloring, and so on, corresponding to 
 the great developement of the parts of the 
 brain allotted to those sciences, that no 
 doubt is left of the fact. Indeed, the whole 
 history of the new doctrine of the Brain 
 from its commencement, and the anecdotes 
 of facts which support it, are so interesting 
 that I hope Gall or Spurzheim will some 
 day publish a chronological history of 
 the science. A few of the facts which 
 support, and which caused originally the 
 local division of the brain into the parti- 
 cular organs, are stated in Dr. Spurzheim's 
 recent work ; and many more are related 
 in the lectures. But the reason why all are 
 not stated is, that they are so numerous as 
 to render such a detail only tedious to 
 general readers ; and cases of exception to 
 the rules never having been brought forth 
 by any of the adversaries of the doctrine, 
 nor discovered to exist, such a detail is quite 
 unnecessary. Every day has added expe- 
 rience ; and every marked case has furnished 
 
97 
 
 new proofs to me since I first studied the 
 science. . I have even been surprised myself 
 at the correctness of pronunciations of cha- 
 racter, which has appeared from external 
 signs, when I have heard from parents, 
 schoolmasters, &c. of the correspondence 
 between what the organs indicated, and 
 their known habits of mind. My friend, 
 Dr. Leach, who has also paid particular 
 attention to the subject, has expressed the 
 same. Gall and Spurzheim consider from 
 their long experience, that the external in- 
 dications of character are established be- 
 yond all doubt. Thus, as in animals we 
 consider their actions as arisins; from their 
 particular instincts ; so now we regard 
 those of men as arising out of more com- 
 plicated instincts, influenced by sentiments 
 and intellect of a higher order. 
 
 From the establishment of the above 
 statements, which time may either ratify or 
 bury in oblivion, we must expect great al- 
 terations in the education of youth. We 
 shall see, too, that absurd doctrine explod- 
 
 Cran. G 
 
98 
 
 ed, which teaches, that a man of genius may 
 employ his talents with equal advantage in 
 different pursuits. We shall see, that 
 though men may all be trained to obey the 
 dictates of religion and morality, and to 
 subserve to the laws of their country, yet 
 they cannot think, feel, reason, or act exact- 
 ly alike ; and that we must cease to mea- 
 sure other people's minds by our own, and 
 erect a standard of perfection on our own 
 particular feelings, which is, in fact, to make 
 an idol in our own image. For Nature 
 operates everywhere on a principle of diver- 
 sification, and is active in producing innu- 
 merable varieties of form ; no two are alike 
 anywhere. Thus is the mind lost in the 
 contemplation of a principle of variety and 
 infinite combination, on which the Creator 
 exerts his power, as far as we know, through 
 infinite space, and for time eternal. 
 
99 
 
 SECTION VII 
 Of Punishment. 
 
 Phrenology will lead to important conside- 
 rations regarding criminal punishment ; 
 particularly in houses of correction. It will 
 enable us to distinguish, not only between 
 those who have naturally strong evil pro- 
 pensities, from those whom distress or other 
 contingencies may have hurried on to 
 crime; but will point out the particular 
 nature of many evil propensities to be cor- 
 rected. It is hoped that the learned authors 
 of this system will more fully develope, in 
 some future publication, its particular ap« 
 plication to punition* 
 
iOO 
 
 SECTION VIII. 
 
 Of Insanity. — Conclusion. 
 
 In Dr. Spurzheim's recent work, he has 
 said, adverting to the treatment of lunatics, 
 and the places of their confinement, that 
 they may more properly be called mad 
 houses than houses for madmen. The 
 treatment of insane persons is certainly at 
 present very defective, and often disgusting 
 to humanity. The discoveries of Gall and 
 Spurzheim seem really to promise some 
 amelioration of their medical treatment. 
 They constitute the only scientific source of 
 knowledge about the varieties of these in- 
 teresting kinds of diseases. I have seen 
 many instances of persons mad in organs, 
 which may happen to be the strongest some- 
 times; for example, pride, religion, and 
 
101 
 
 others. A very large development of the 
 organs of ideality frequently, under circum- 
 stances of disordered action, at present 
 little known, produces the strange imagi- 
 nations of some madmen. 
 
 I think that already something has been 
 done towards the elucidation of insanity, by 
 the new discoveries into the brain. In 
 the first place, the sculls of madmen are 
 found to be much heavier, and of a more 
 dense kind of substance than those of sane 
 persons. This thickness and weight is pro- 
 bably produced by the action of slow and 
 continued inflammation of the cerebral parts, 
 and of the scull, by that sympathy, which 
 is known to exist between the containing 
 and contained parts. I do not yet know, 
 whether partial insanity has produced 
 thickness of the particular part of the scull 
 immediately over it. How little had 
 hitherto been done in the history of these 
 disorders ! How much to be done, now that 
 we have a clue to their varieties in the dis- 
 
102 
 
 covery of the independent existence of 
 different faculties. 1 
 
 The disproportionate development of 
 different organs explains the tendency of 
 certain persons to particular kinds of 
 visions and superstitious opinions. In- 
 deed, dreams and visions are explain- 
 able by Phrenology. In dreams, cer-* 
 tain organs are awake, while others sleep. 
 People often dream on subjects which 
 their strongest organs incline to. Painters 
 dream of pictures ; people with the organ of 
 colour large, have visions of colours. How 
 is the organ of colour affected in ocular spec- 
 tres? These things can only be hinted at 
 present. Volumes might be well bestowed 
 
 1 The exact meaning of this expression can hardly be 
 well understood by those who have not studied the ana- 
 tomy of the nervous system. Indeed, throughout these 
 observations I have felt a great deal of that difficulty of ren- 
 dering my meaning clear, which, from never having learnt 
 the English grammar, or studied elocution, I always fee! 
 in expressing my thoughts on paper. The reader must 
 make these allowances, and study for himself the subjects 
 to which these remarks point. 
 
103 
 
 on the natural history of these sorts of 
 phantoms of the mind. And a complete 
 history of Insanity should trace every va- 
 riety compared with the organization, tem- 
 perament, and external excitement of the 
 patient, from mere dreams and visions, up 
 to the fixed mania of incurable madmen, 
 
 I must here observe, that the term Luna- 
 cy seems to have originated in an observa- 
 tion of the periodicity of disorders of mind* 
 This is not mere fancy, though the place of 
 the moon does not appear to be the imme- 
 diate cause. There are certain periods 
 which disorders observe; and indeed, in 
 general, there is a periodical irritability 
 more extensive than is generally imagined 
 in people ; the cause of which is at present 
 unknown. Dr. Spurzheim has noticed it 
 in his work; Darwin has described many 
 cases ; popular language and opinion con- 
 firm it. And I noticed it, and put down 
 many observations on the supposed nature 
 of its cause in varieties of atmosphere, in 
 my ' Researches about Atmospheric Pheno- 
 
 
104 
 
 mena/ I beg leave here to call the atten* 
 tion of Philosophers to the following cir- 
 cumstance. At the periods of irritability 
 alluded to, I have noticed a very unusual 
 arrangement of the clouds, indicating, I 
 think, a great disturbance in the atmosphe- 
 rical electricity. The singular distribution 
 of the electric fluid in the atmosphere, I in-* 
 fer, often occasions the multiform and ever- 
 changing configurations of the clouds, par-* 
 ticularly the Cirrus ; for these are now ad- 
 mitted to be electrical phenomena. 1 
 
 I may in conclusion advert to the meta- 
 physical results of the recent investigations 
 into the physiology of the organs ot animal 
 life, with a view to lead to that compre- 
 hensive system of the philosophy of the 
 mind, which is the legitimate deduction 
 from premises which an examination of 
 these functions has established. It tends to 
 show, 
 
 " I must refer to my Researches about Atmospheric 
 Phenomena, Baldwin, and Co. London, second Edition 5 
 and to Cabanis Rapport du Physique., &c. 
 
105 
 
 1. The nature and limits of the influence 
 of external impressions in the production 
 of our ideas ; which result, 1st, from the 
 reaction of the organs in consequence of 
 external impressions, adapted by nature to 
 them, constituting perception — or, 2dly, 
 from the inherent or internal activity of the 
 organs, acting by themselves without ex- 
 ternal impressions, or from some internal 
 stimulus, constituting variously, as modi- 
 fied by mutual influences, and by the 
 nature of the internal action of the original 
 conceptions of particular genius ; which 
 are, as it were, revelations of sciences and 
 arts, from the great size and activity of 
 particular organs. This consideration also 
 explains visions and dreams, which are the 
 consequence of the internal activity. In- 
 deed, a very curious history of the varieties 
 of dreams, and other internal affections, 
 might be made from considering what 
 prgans are active in different cases, and by 
 noticing the effect produced towards wak- 
 ing, when the organs of the reflecting 
 powers begin to act. 
 
106 
 
 2. We see from the physiology of the 
 organs, the nature of true and false percep- 
 tions. True ideas or perceptions result 
 from the conformity of the action of the 
 organs to the nature of the impressions from 
 without, to which they are adapted. Me- 
 mory, — a repetition of actions originally 
 excited by external things. Imagination, 
 — new combinations produced by the in- 
 fluence of a distinct and separate faculty 
 on other organs. Genius, or original com- 
 position, — the great internal activity of an 
 organ : this is influenced more or less by 
 the organ of ideality, &c. And lastly, we 
 see that false ideas or impressions must be 
 referred to irregular or disordered action of 
 the organs, which disordered health and 
 misguided education may excite on an or- 
 ganization, erroneous in* the proportionate 
 development of the different organs. This 
 leads to the consideration of the different 
 mental derangements hereafter to be spoken 
 of. 
 
 3. The physiology of the organs shows 
 where metaphysical philosophers were right, 
 
107 
 
 and where wrong, in certain opinions ; 
 explains the relation between the Berkleian 
 philosophy, which denies external matter, 
 and the materialism of Priestley. In other 
 words, we hereby see where was the defect 
 of consideration in the disciples of Kant, 
 who were divided about objective and sub- 
 jective reality. Long before 1 became ac- 
 quainted with the new physiology of the 
 Brain, these subjects engaged much of my 
 attention, and I felt convinced, that a radical 
 difference in the conformation of the mind 
 must be the cause why certain people only 
 regarded the objectivity, and others only the 
 subjectivity ; and why others saw clearly 
 the reality was the result of the reaction of 
 the impressions of the object on the sub- 
 ject. I know persons who are defective in 
 the organ of Individuality, who, when they 
 are ill of nervous affections, have told me 
 that they have felt as if the external world 
 did not exist, but that all ideas were en- 
 tirely within themselves. All these things, 
 however, must now be superficially treated 
 as varieties of insanity, as connected with 
 particular organization and established 
 
08 
 
 mutual influences. — I mention these facts 
 in a has^ and imperfect manner : they will 
 become the subjects of future consideration 
 of persons more qualified. 
 
 There is a secret pleasure the mind feels 
 in contemplating the progress of knowledge; 
 and those who regard the system of Phre- 
 nology in the light which its authors do, 
 will rejoice, that in this wilderness of error 
 and ignorance, the thirst after knowledge 
 is at length excited ; and hope that it may 
 prevail through the world, and that it may 
 be quenched at the fountain, which first 
 flow r ed in Germany, and is spreading its 
 streamlets around. 
 
 I can only conclude by encouraging 
 others to the same patient investigation of 
 facts, which led me to embrace this system 
 of Anthropology, that the beneficial results 
 may be generally felt, since now the tyrants 
 and bigots, which awhile ago oppressed the 
 earth, can no longer resist the propagation 
 of truth — and at a time when Philosophy 
 
109 
 
 will at length exert her influence over the 
 world in peace. 
 
 SECTION IX. 
 
 Of the ultimate Achievements of the Ana- 
 tomy and Physiology of the Brain, and 
 of its Limits, 
 
 It is constantly asked in examining any 
 new doctrine, what ultimate good will re- 
 sult from it. It has been the constant 
 question proposed to me, by those who 
 have heard me discourse of the anatomy 
 and physiology of the Brain. I have con* 
 stantly replied, that an intimate knowledge 
 of the human character communicated in a 
 language which cannot speak falsely, will be 
 the immediate consequence of a general 
 knowledge of such facts as we already know, 
 relative to the external indications of cha- 
 racter, I have also said that we shall make 
 use of this knowledge for the improvement 
 
110 
 
 of the education of young persons, for the 
 reformation of miscreants, and for the 
 medical treatment of the insane. What is 
 already known will contribute, in a very 
 eminent degree, to the accomplishment of 
 these desirable objects. It may be proper, 
 however, to advert to the probable results 
 of a still more intimate acquaintance with 
 the primitive faculties of the mind and their 
 respective organs, and the laws which regu- 
 late their mutual influence on each other. 
 We do not, at present, know much about 
 the mutual influence of the organs ; but 
 our knowledge of the subject is rapidly ad- 
 vancing. 
 
 There is one thing, of which there 
 still remains some doubt, and which it 
 is of great importance to know ; namely, 
 what effect may be produced on the phy- 
 sical development of the different organs 
 by external compression, and by the agency 
 of other physical means. I have already 
 stated, that education which is the most 
 important object of this system is twofold, 
 moral and physical, because the character 
 
Ill 
 
 has a compound origin ; firstly, the original 
 development of the different organs, and 
 their mutual influences ; and secondly, the 
 activity into which they are called forth by 
 discipline. I have already spoken of the 
 means to be adopted for the improvement 
 of the latter, by adapting a mode of educa- 
 tion to the particular bias of original genius, 
 or by giving additional activity to the 
 organs naturally defective in developement. 
 But I should think the most important 
 cause of character was innateness, or the 
 physical developement of the organs. To 
 have children, therefore, with energetic 
 organs developed in the proper proportion 
 to each other, is the primary and most 
 essential object which we must have in view, 
 when we are desirous to improve society 
 by the generation of energetic and good 
 characters. At present we only know of 
 one means of attaining this desirable end ; 
 namely, by intermixing the breed of per- 
 sons, as farmers and horse-breeders do that 
 of animals. As it can only be the philo- 
 sophic part of mankind, who would choose 
 
l!2 
 
 females in marriage on this principle ; and 
 as the bulk of the people will be regulated 
 more by their particular desires than by 
 any views towards the amelioration of so- 
 ciety, it would be desirable to acquire other 
 means of modifying physical character. 
 
 If, by compressing certain parts of 
 the head in infancy, we could really 
 diminisht he developement and the activity 
 of particular organs, and thereby give 
 greater energy to others, we should have 
 another means of altering the physical 
 condition of character. It has been as* 
 serted that the Caribs alter the form of 
 their foreheads by external pressure. This 
 fact is by no means proved ; and if it was 
 proved the question would return — Has the 
 alteration thus artificially produced in their 
 forms diminished the developements of the 
 organs compressed, or has it only caused 
 them to expand in a different direction, and 
 thus destroyed the external indications 
 without really affecting the character? 
 But it may be observed, that the 
 character of a Carib corresponds with 
 
m 
 
 the form of the head ; a circumstance 
 which brings the question into a smaller 
 compass. For having ascertained thaH the 
 exterior form of their sculls corresponds 
 with their character, it only remains to be 
 ascertained how that form was produced. 
 We have no reason at present for think- 
 ing, that it is produced by external pres- 
 sure, as the accounts of these people are 
 extremely vague and indefinite. I have 
 asked persons who have travelled, con- 
 cerning the manner of the alleged ex- 
 ternal pressure, without obtaining any ac- 
 curate information ; and Dr. Spurzheim 
 has examined many more people than I 
 have on this subject with as little success. 
 
 I must again recommend those who 
 wish to enter deeply into this Very 
 curious branch of the subject* to make 
 themselves intimately acquainted with 
 the primitive faculties and their external 
 indications by a regular attendance on the 
 demonstrative Lectures of Dn Spurzheim ; 
 and I must further add that in the few lec- 
 tures I have of late given to my friends on 
 
 Cran. H 
 
114 
 
 this subject, I am conscious of such a defi- 
 ciency of examples brought forward, and 
 of so few sculls exhibited and com- 
 pared, that those persons who may think 
 they have obtained an accurate knowledge 
 of the subject from them, will be much de- 
 ceived if they think they - can apply the 
 principles to practice, unless they enhance 
 their knowledge by a more extensive exa- 
 mination. Every day has added to my 
 own experience some new fact ; and though 
 my attention has of late been almost ex- 
 clusively directed to the anatomy and to 
 the physiology of the brain in general, I 
 am still occasionally deceived at first sight, 
 about the proportionate developement of 
 some of the organs, particularly where they 
 are not insulated. Those, therefore, who 
 have but slight acquaintance with this sub- 
 ject, made during the attendance at a few 
 Lectures, must not conceive that the indi- 
 cations are unsatisfactory and vague, be- 
 cause they cannot yet read them. And I 
 trust they will not do this doctrine harm in 
 the opinion of others, by fancying they can 
 yet pronounce accurately on character ; as 
 
115 
 
 Some persons have done, who have induced 
 by-standers by their erroneous judgments to 
 consider the whole doctrine of indications as 
 false. I am conscious how much before me 
 Spurzheim is advanced in power of pro- 
 nouncing on the organs ; and I am 
 further conscious how very limited and 
 imperfect are the views which people in 
 general have taken of the subject, who 
 have only given it a superficial examination. 
 I mention this from a belief that persons 
 who confess themselves to have knowledge 
 of the external indices of character, will do 
 more harm by one erroneous pronunciation 
 than by five thousand confessions of ina- 
 bility to read the external tokens. 
 
 To revert to our anticipations of what 
 may yet be done by an active pursuit of 
 this science, I must observe that before 
 we study the compound affections of the 
 organs, we must know well their primitive 
 functions. Having ascertained what facul- 
 ties are primitive and what are compound, 
 the next object of research is, their mutual 
 influences, We .cannot know the laws of 
 
116 
 
 these till we first observe in a greater num- 
 ber of cases, what mutual influences actual- 
 ly exist ; and what connection is observed 
 between them, and the relative size of the 
 different organs. 
 
 If we consider that the differences of 
 character consist in different proportions 
 of thirty three organs, and that in the pro- 
 duction of character, any of these thirty 
 three organs may bear any proportion to 
 any of the rest, we shall arrive at some 
 idea of the immense series of combinations 
 which form the physical basis of character, 
 and of the consequent difficulty of the 
 subject. 
 
 By constant perseverance, we shall 
 arrive at more certain methods of deter- 
 mining character than we have at present ; 
 and consequently of applying a suitable 
 education in infancy. I can see, however, 
 certain limits of our knowledge in this re- 
 spect. There are many curious and un- 
 usual affections of organs, which must be 
 referred to idiosyncracy, and there are cer- 
 
117 
 
 tain mutual influences of a nature, which 
 appear on a superficial view quite unex- 
 plainable on the usual principle of the posi- 
 tion of their respective organs. We may 
 probably never discover the cause of these, 
 neither I think shall we ever know the mov- 
 ing principle, which during life is the cause 
 of the active or living state of our organic 
 apparatus. Nearer this we are not than the 
 ancients were, we have no means of know- 
 ing it. The constant desire of certain 
 minds to comprehend causes has filled the 
 world with numberless theories of life and 
 mind, which contradict each other, and show 
 the futility of enquiry wherever direct evi- 
 dence is wanting. We are contented to 
 leave untouched these investigations. We 
 do not find that we are constructed by na- 
 ture to accomplish our wishes on this sub- 
 ject : we prefer reasoning only on facts, and 
 are contented with what nature has per- 
 mitted us to know. We are now in some 
 measure conscious of the limits of our 
 enquiries, and do not recommend indul- 
 gence in wild and metaphysical specula- 
 tions, which all sober philosophers have 
 
118 
 
 always eventually given up as futile ; and 
 which we are sure will not only be attended 
 with disappointment in the fancied accom- 
 plishment of their objects, but will divert 
 the mind from the discovery and apprecia- 
 tion of the truth. 
 
 The adversaries of our doctrine have pot 
 been inactive in bringing arguments against 
 it. This is only what might naturally be ex- 
 pected. We never could suppose that 
 persons would be convinced in a short time 
 of doctrines, which are not only new and at 
 variance with many popular opinions of 
 philosophers and schoolmen, but which 
 have resulted from such a laborious investi- 
 gation of facts, and such a series of reflec- 
 tions, as few have had opportunity or 
 inclination to make. And though we 
 only wish to excite a fair investigation 
 of their truth by persons qualified for the 
 task, and desire to hear all rational ob- 
 jections : yet we wish to be understood, 
 before we are controverted ; and are only 
 displeased to hear objections in propor- 
 tion as they are the result of miscon- 
 
119 
 
 ception in persons who are unwilling to be 
 at the trouble of investigating these state- 
 ments. I have felt myself a great reluct- 
 ance to admit the truth of the doctrines as 
 they were originally published by Gall ; 
 and although some previous notions which 
 I entertained about the functions of the 
 mind, made me soon embrace as proba- 
 ble the Philosophy of the new doctrine ; 
 yet nothing but a patient examination of 
 the particulars both respecting the A natomy 
 and Physiology of the Organs could have 
 given me such a clear view of the subject 
 and its different bearings, as now enables 
 me to pronounce, however rash it may seem, 
 that our doctrine is absolutely incontrovert- 
 ible by any metaphysical arguments. And 
 that it remains for our adversaries to show, 
 if they can, that the alleged facts on which 
 it is founded are false, 
 
 We only solicit persons to convince them- 
 selves of their truth by examination, and to 
 suspend their judgments on our doctrines 
 till such an examination has been made. 
 
120 
 
 The organology has frequently been ridU 
 culed ; but ridicule is no test of truth, 
 and may be employed on any subject and 
 for any purpose, An abundance of appa- 
 rently irrelevant arguments have also been 
 brought forth. There has been such a re- 
 iteration of objections, all obviously arising 
 from want of due attention to the subject, 
 that I can readily anticipate their reoccur- 
 rence as different persons begin to acquire 
 some knowledge of this system. In con- 
 clusion, I must repeat that the principal 
 thing we wish is adequate examination and 
 reflection on the part of philosophical per- 
 sons. 
 
 When I reflect myself on the progress 
 which the Anatomy and Physiology of the 
 Brain has made in so short a space of time a 
 I feel really surprised that the object which 
 philosophers for ages have laboured to estab- 
 lish — systematic principles of the Philosophy 
 of Mind, should be brought in a few years to 
 such perfection. And whenever I indulge 
 in leisure from the active pursuit of the 
 subject, I reflect with wonder on its origin 
 
121 
 
 ^nd progress, and anticipate with pleasure 
 the beneficial influence it may exercise 
 pn society. 
 
 I here insert the Letter of my friend Dr. 
 Leach, above alluded to. 1 
 
 ( f My Dear Forster, 
 
 " Having heard that you arc 
 e< preparing an analysis of Spurzheim's Physiological 
 " System of the Brain, I am induced to write a few 
 <f hasty lines on the subject of his doctrine. 
 
 W Certain Anatomists in London, (and one in Edinburgh,) 
 " have absolutely denied the truth of Dr. Spurzheim's 
 " observations on the structure of the Brain, and have 
 " pronounced them to be fanciful. These assertions 
 " have not been made by those who have seen him 
 " dissect the brain, but even by those, who from illibe- 
 " rality or from idleness, are not inclined to investigate 
 u the subject, and therefore have ridiculed as false, 
 P what they are too indolent to examine. After a 
 W minute investigation, I do not hesitate to pronounce, 
 
 1 The reader will find an interesting series of Notes, 
 laken from Dr. Spurzheim's lectures, in the Philosophical 
 Magazine ; and in the Star Newspaper. 
 
122 
 
 " that what Dr. S. has asserted respecting the struo 
 
 " ture of the brain, is perfectly correct, and that this 
 
 " structure may be seen by any anatomist, who may be 
 
 " disposed patiently to examine that organ, after the 
 
 " mode directed by Dr. Spurzheim. 
 
 u Respecting the indications of the propensities and facul- 
 u ties, named organs by Drs. Gall and Spurzheim, 
 " I am of opinion, that certain manifestations are satis- 
 " factorily proved to exist, that others are rendered 
 €t probable, and that the remainder are extremely 
 " fanciful, not being in any manner supported by evi- 
 " dence. 
 
 • I believe that a developement of the crown of the head 
 u is a certain indication of moral feelings— That a de- 
 tc velopement of the upper part of the forehead indicates 
 " a reflecting mind, whilst a developement of the lower 
 lc part manifests a disposition to acquire knowledge ; 
 " and that a developement of the whole forehead, (as 
 " every one must have observed,) indicates a strength of 
 <e the intellectual faculties in general. 
 
 " From actual and repeated investigation, I am disposed 
 " to admit Nos. i, ir, vi, vn, vm, ix, xi, xn, 
 " xin, xvi, xvin, xxvn, xxviii, of Dr. Spurzheim, 
 " as decided marks of the propensities, sentiments, and 
 " faculties, so marked ; and that Nos. v, x, rxiv, 
 " xxx 1 1, and xxxin, are probable signs; whilst all 
 " the other numbers seem to me to want evidence of 
 " their indications, which have not in the slightest degree 
 
12S 
 
 f* been proved by substantial cr even by plausible con- 
 " jectural evidence. 
 
 f ,' You well know, that truth is my sole aim, and that if 
 " any part of the doctrine be disproved by sufficient 
 " evidence, I shall be as readily disposed to relinquish, 
 " as I have been to admit, the truth of certain parts of 
 ff the system. 
 
 " J remain, Dear Forster, in haste, 
 " Yours, very truly, 
 
 " WM. ELFORD LEACH." 
 
 British Museum, 31st Jan, 1815. 
 
^emotr 
 
 o* 
 
 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 I have already advised the reader of our 
 opinion that the organs of the mind are 
 produced, repaired, nourished and liable 
 to decay and disease, in a manner similar to 
 that of other nerves and other parts of the 
 body. To convey, however, to those who 
 have not maturely surveyed the subject be- 
 fore, an adequate idea of the effect and im- 
 portance of physical health, I may advert 
 to the general view I have of the nature of 
 vital actions in general ; and to certaia 
 
135 
 
 sympathies observed in the animal ma- 
 chine. 
 
 First, Sensation is a property of the Brain 
 and Nervous System alone. Where the nerv- 
 ous communication is cut off, there is no 
 sensation in any part, and where there is no 
 Brain, there is no consciousness. Conse- 
 quently, sensation of pleasure or of pain 
 is in the Brain and Nervous System. 
 All the pleasant and the painful sensations 
 of which an animal being is conscious, 
 whether they be of that sort commonly re- 
 ferred to the body, or of that higher charac- 
 ter which we designate by the name of 
 mental operations, are actions of the Brain 
 and Nervous System. Excitability and vi- 
 gilance are the result of this activity, torpor 
 and sleep are inactive states of the Nervous 
 System and of the Brain. 
 
 In inflammation of the skin, or any part of 
 the body, we have an exaggerated sensibility 
 of the nerves and consequent pain ; so in 
 phrenitis, we have excessive excitability of 
 the organs of the brain, and consequent 
 
126 
 
 madness, and irregularity of thought. The 
 contrary states are, in the nervous system,, 
 torpor and numbness, in part from com- 
 pressed nerves or from confusion : in the 
 brain, stupor, and abolition of thought, as in 
 concussion or pressure of its organs. Par- 
 ticular nerves of the body, and consequently 
 the functions of parts to which they are dis- 
 tributed, may be deranged independently 
 of others. So in the brain, particular organs 
 being separately deranged, their respective 
 faculties are abolished or perverted. 
 
 Again, inflammation of various parts of 
 the body produces often thickning and con- 
 densation of substance. In like manner, 
 when the faculties of the mind are deranged 
 in madness, a slow and a constant inflamma- 
 tion of the organs of the Brain is inferred 
 from effects extremely similar to those ad- 
 verted to. We find the sculls heavier and 
 denser than those of sane persons. . The 
 Brain itself too has been said to be harder 
 in its substance. Some have maintained 
 that the blood in the head is the cause of 
 nervous diseases. Analogy' leads us to re- 
 
127 
 
 fer to the particular activity of the Brain 
 and nerves, all those effects in disease and 
 in health, which can only be referred to the 
 blood as secondary in the chain of causes. 
 
 Finally, health of body is a pleasurable 
 •feeling of the whole nervous system of the 
 body in general, resulting from the commen- 
 suration of excitement to the natural exci- 
 tability of the nerves. Analogous to this is 
 the mental pleasure of sanencss, which re- 
 sults from an excitation of the organs of the 
 mind proportionate to their nature and 
 powers. True perceptions are the result of 
 this accurate adaptation of the parts of the 
 Brain to the stimulus from without which 
 excites them. The contrary states are, in 
 the nervous system of the body, illness from 
 morbid activity, producing either overexci- 
 tation or lassitude, and weariness; in the 
 organs of the Brain, painful affections or 
 ideas, ennui or want of excitement, and 
 erroneous perceptions of mind. I think it 
 results from the above premises, that all the 
 diseases of animal existence, whether mental 
 
128 
 
 or corporeal, numberless as the sands of thg 
 shore, and various in their effects as the in- 
 finite shades and combinations of colour, are 
 to be referred ultimately to varieties in the 
 morbid affections of the organs of the Brain* 
 and of the Nervous System of the body. 
 An opinion which in my mind cannot be 
 shaken though it may be perplexed by the 
 mysterious obscurity which overhangs the 
 decided character and identity of symp- 
 toms in some, the whimsical variety in 
 others, the strange laws of the remote sym- 
 pathies which extend them to distant parts 
 of the body, or the multiform stimuli which 
 excite them in a manner at present un- 
 known ; or the various medicines which 
 counteract and cure them by a mode of 
 operation of which we are at present con* 
 fessedly ignorant. 
 
 We must not be misled by the osten- 
 sible affections of particular parts in dis- 
 eases, as of the sanguiferous vessels* 
 in inflammation. For all these, like the 
 natural actions and natural secretions of the 
 
129 
 
 parts in health are under the influence of 
 those powers which we have abundant rea- 
 son to regard as the primary and essential 
 conditions of animal life. 
 
 Rewarding then the Brain and Nervous 
 System as constituting the essential con- 
 ditions of life, and as being the cause either 
 of health or of disease, according to their 
 different affections, we see how important, 
 in a medical point of view, is the minute 
 investigation of the structure and physiology 
 of every nerve, and of the mutual influences 
 of each on the rest; comprehending those 
 mysterious laws of associated actions, where- 
 by diseases occur in parts or organs remote 
 from those, whose injury or disorder prima- 
 rily disturbs the healthy condition of the 
 animal fabric, and which are commonly re- 
 ferred to sympathy. The effect of poisons 
 operating on the extremities of nerves, or by 
 means of introduction into the blood, on the 
 whole body, and the nature and causes of all 
 diseases must be sought for in affections pri- 
 marily of the Brain and Nervous Sys- 
 
 Cran. I 
 
130 
 
 tern. At present we know almost nothing of 
 diseases but their symptoms, and some of the 
 cures which experience has pointed out. The 
 science of medicine is however admittedly 
 capable of improvement, and experience and 
 analogy are the means of improving it. But 
 every experiment will have more weight if 
 contemplated with a correct view of the 
 general principles of life. Our knowledge 
 of the minute structure and functions of 
 parts and of the laws of association are 
 necessarily imperfect, but we have already 
 sufficient reason to ascribe all the vital 
 actions to the Brain and Nerves. I believe 
 no physiologist will deny this now-a-days. 
 Considered then in no other point of view 
 than that of investigating the structure and 
 functions of the instruments of all vital 
 actions ; the inquiries we are pursuing are 
 of the greatest importance to physiology. 
 
 Various attempts have been made from 
 time to time by anatomists to explain sym- 
 pathies in diseases, by the internal struc- 
 ture and arrangements of the nerves.. 
 Anatomists have even supposed central 
 
131 
 
 points of union in the brain, and have 
 filled books with theories of this kind 
 founded only on supposition. But on 
 the other hand many anatomists have 
 now rejected, as absurd, principles of the 
 same kind, which we admit as causes of 
 many hitherto unexplained phenomena 
 both in health and diseases, merely because, 
 from their being originally founded only on 
 facts, and pursued without a view to any 
 particular theory, they have shone in the 
 native lustre of truth, unperplexed by the- 
 oretical fancy, and have thus been extended 
 and have led to the explanation of pheno- 
 mena of mind, for which hypothetical philo- 
 sophers had never before been able to assign 
 any plausible cause. Believing, however, 
 that we actually have sufficient proof that 
 all the faculties of animal existence, whether 
 bodily or mental, have material conditions 
 in the Brain and Nervous System ; and that 
 all the diseased actions, which they are liable 
 to, are subject to constant and general laws 
 of action, we are solicitous to submit the 
 curious facts whereon this opinion is 
 founded, discovered by Gall and Spurzheim, 
 
132 
 
 to the judgment of those who will take the 
 trouble patiently to learn them, and to 
 publish from time to time with the same 
 view the further observations which we are 
 daily making. But those who are ignorant 
 of the facts, and who will not take the 
 trouble to learn them, are incompetent to 
 judge of their bearings, and consequently 
 incapable of giving an opinion of the va- 
 lidity of the doctrine. 
 
 To return to sympathy, I may observe 
 that there are various sympathies, which 
 may be possibly traced to organic causes 
 that are demonstrable ; such for example as 
 ganglia, and other nervous communications. 
 There are however many of the causes 
 whereof we are utterly ignorant ; but which 
 must depend on some general laws, which 
 constant assiduity by future inquiries may 
 illustrate in course of time. I believe none 
 of the attempts already made to explain re- 
 mote sympathies have succeeded. I shall 
 endeavour to excite attention to this im- 
 portant subject by adverting to a few well- 
 
133 
 
 known disorders of the Nervous System, 
 which occur in consequence of disorders 
 of remote organs in the body. Whence 
 we shall see the high importance of 
 physical health to mental strength and 
 activity; and also the great attention we 
 ought to pay to the diet and habits of 
 children. 
 
 When the digestive organs are out of 
 order, we find that the head always sym- 
 pathises more or less with them. If the 
 stomach be loaded, and the peristaltic 
 action weak, the thoughts do not flow with 
 their accustomed activity. An habitual 
 state, therefore, of plethora and of defec- 
 tive digestion, which may be the conse- 
 quence of too much food, may induce in 
 young persons habitual dulness and inac- 
 tivity of the Organs of the Brain. The 
 immediate sympathy of the Brain with 
 the stomach is illustrated by the various 
 effects produced by green tea, by wine, 
 and by poisons taken into the stomach, 
 Every thing which stupifies the Nervous 
 
134 
 
 System and Brain by plethora, or which 
 exhausts the energy by too great excite- 
 ment, must lead when habitual to an im- 
 perfect performance of the functions of 
 the mind as well as those of the body. 
 
 Disorders frequently begin, primarily, 
 in the organs of the mind. The prema- 
 ture developement of nervous parts renders 
 them weak and less durable than those 
 w T hich have been seasonably matured. 
 To exert therefore the organs of the Brain 
 too early, particularly when there is any 
 premature developement, is injurious. We 
 often see too early geniuses, for this reason, 
 disappoint the sanguine expectations of 
 those, who have rashly exercised too soon 
 the faculties of those hopeful prodigies. So 
 complex is an animal being, and so diversi- 
 fied is nature, that we might expect, in a 
 great number of cases, to find in many an 
 incommensurate developement of certain 
 parts of the machine : these may be too 
 weak or too energetic for the rest; and 
 thus we have a foundation for the determi- 
 
135 
 
 ftate seats of diseases in the comparative 
 weakness of parts, which may be excited 
 into morbid action by sympathetic causes, 
 particularly disorders of the digestive 
 organs ; which from being more exposed 
 to violence, from the unnatural manner in 
 which we stimulate them, and from the 
 great connection which must necessarily 
 exist between such important organs and 
 the Brain, are constantly the source of 
 sympathetic diseases; which people, judg- 
 ing of only by their ostensible symptoms, 
 attribute often to local and consequently 
 erroneous causes. 
 
 Disordered action in the organs of the 
 Brain may produce disorders of the diges- 
 tive organs, which by reaction may aggravate 
 and perpetuate the state of disorder al- 
 ready excited. The influence of the organs 
 of the Brain in susceptible persons on the 
 stomach and bowels, and thereby on the 
 general health, must be familiar to every 
 body. How often is Anxiety, or the vio- 
 lent and distressful affection of the organ of 
 
136 
 
 Cautiousness, the cause why food does not 
 digest, and the patient wastes away ? How 
 often bad news or sudden anger destroys 
 the digestion of food recently taken, and 
 produces sickness and loss of appetite. 
 Particular organs have, too, a sort of spe- 
 cific effect in sympathies. Does not Shame, 
 (or Philapprobativeness and Cautiousness,) 
 determine the blood to the face in blushing ? 
 and does not Fear, which is Cautiousness 
 acting alone, drive the blood from it ? 
 These are associations which appear to be 
 established, but of the cause of which we 
 know little at present. 
 
 Various examples might be adduced, 
 both of the power of the organs of the mind 
 over health of body, and of the effect of 
 disorders primarily excited in the viscera 
 on the organs of the mind. From whatever 
 cause or combination of causes the viscera 
 become diseased ; they affect, in various 
 ways, the organs of the Brain and other 
 parts by Sympathy. I shall conclude by ad- 
 verting to a few of these sympathies, and by 
 
137 
 
 adding a few remarks on the advantage of 
 a healthy state of the viscera, as a means 
 of preventing the disordered, and giving the 
 greatest degree of activity to the healthy, 
 actions of the organs of the faculties of the 
 mind. 
 
 In madness it has been observed that the 
 particular character of the false ideas has 
 a decided connection with the organization 
 of the afflicted person. Thus, when the or- 
 gan of haughtiness has been much devel- 
 oped in mad persons, they have fancied 
 themselves kings, emperors, Jupiter, or other 
 great personages. When to this organ that 
 of veneration has been highly developed, 
 their minds have received a religious ten- 
 dency, and they have supposed themselves 
 saints and elect persons. I could advert to 
 several cases of this kind. 
 
 Similar phenomena attend less determined 
 sorts of insanity. When the Nervous Sys- 
 tem is violently irritated and the reflecting 
 powers weak, the morbid irascibility, the 
 sullenuess, the melancholy, and the fancies 
 
138 
 
 of hypochondriacism, seem determined in 
 their nature by the proportion of different 
 organs. Particular states of visceral dis- 
 order, aided by externalcircumstances, often 
 excite these derangements of mind ; which 
 subside when the digestive functions are 
 again healthy. 
 
 There can be no doubt that melancholy 
 is an affection of the organ of cautiousness. 
 I allude now to constitutional melancholy, 
 as distinguished from grief or depression, 
 occasioned by loss, or other external cir- 
 cumstances. 
 
 If we analyse melancholy, we shall find 
 the dread of some evils, either real or imagi- 
 nary, to be an essential characteristic of the 
 disease. This fear and anxiety is evidently 
 an effect of an irritated state of the organ 
 alluded to. The whimsical subjects of terror 
 often imagined, result from the morbid in- 
 ternal activity of the intellectual faculties, 
 but the sentiment of fear attached to them 
 must be the action of its proper organ. 
 
139 
 
 Disorders of the digestive organs keep up 
 nervous irritability and weakness, and 
 thereby maintain such unnatural action of 
 the organ alluded to, as I have stated to 
 constitute hypochondriasis and melancholy. 
 
 Conformably to this view of the subject 
 we have observed, that persons endowed 
 with a large organ of Cautiousness are more 
 disposed to this disease, as well as more 
 liable to feel common fear and anxiety 
 than those are in whom other organs pre- 
 ponderate. But disorders of the digestive 
 organs excite even in the same person, at 
 different times, very dissimilar symptoms. 
 Coughs, rheumatism, headache, convul- 
 sions, cutaneous eruptions, and numerous 
 other complaints seem to follow as the 
 sympathetic consequence of a very similar 
 state of disorder in the chylopoietic viscera. 
 Consequently, we must admit either that 
 there is something different in these visceral 
 disorders which we do not discover, or that 
 there are other states of the Nervous Sys- 
 tem which determine the precise nature 
 
140 
 
 of those secondary symptoms in diseases, 
 which apparently similar disorders of 
 the chylopoietic viscera seem primarily to 
 excite. x 
 
 The ancients denominated depression of mind by re- 
 ference to black and irritated secretions of the bile ; we 
 may consult Hippocrates, Galen, Celsus, and others. — 
 u The remarkable dependence of sensorial and mental dis- 
 turbance on a disordered state of the abdominal viscera, 
 appears to have been well known by the earliest writers 
 on medicine, in the infancy of science. It is a doctrine 
 frequently alluded to by the poets of old ; and its origin 
 seems lost in the night of history. Modern physiologists 
 have developed the counterpart of this important branch 
 of the ancient pathology, and have pointed out the imme- 
 diate sympathy of the viscera with diseases and injuries of 
 the head, and with anxiety and agitation of the mind. 
 This is, perhaps, the proper place to introduce to the 
 reader's notice a habit which is often productive of the 
 most calamitous consequences, as it tends to illustrate what 
 has been said above. A person suffering from a temporary- 
 loss or disappointjnent, has recourse to the use of wine or 
 spirits, the stimulus of which affords a momentary relief 
 from mental sufferings. A disordered state of the digestive 
 organs is, however, invariably the consequence of such 
 practices, which, reacting on the sensorium, increases the 
 mental disorder, and gives it a peculiar character. The 
 patient, now, is not only distressed about the original sub* 
 ject of grief, but takes atrabiliary views of every surround- 
 
141 
 
 In disorders of the organs of digestion, 
 all the viscera partake, probably, more or 
 less in that irritation and depravation of 
 function which generally prevails ; but one 
 organ may be more affected than another. 
 I believe the degree in which hepatic irri- 
 tation occurs, and which is marked by 
 
 ing object. The constant habit of drinking, by weakening 
 the digestive powers,, predisposes the viscera to disorder ; 
 and by this means renders them more liable to be affected 
 by the mind, and to react on it to the aggravation of the 
 original disturbance. Thus spirituous and fermented liquors 
 can convert common grief, which in health would soon 
 subside, into a compound of mental and bodily derange- 
 ment, which, by its very nature, must be aggravated in its 
 progress, which may produce organic disease, may thereby 
 become incontrollable by medicine, and may eventually 
 terminate in madness. Such cases sometimes happen 
 where no spirits or wine have been drunk. A reverse of 
 fortune, disappointment in love, or some trivial disappoint 
 ment, has been known to derange the minds of persons 
 comparatively temperate, and who could not be suspected 
 of excess : but even in these cases, disorder of the digestive 
 viscera, from whatever cause or combination of causes in- 
 duced, seems to be a principal feature in the malady. To 
 the reaction of the body on the mind we must attribute 
 effects so obviously incommensurate to their apparent 
 causes." See an Essay u On Fermented Liquors, by a 
 Waterdrinker." 
 
142 
 
 depravation or want of bile, is frequently 
 the measure of the irritable and melancholy 
 affection of mind. There seems, therefore, 
 a general sympathy of the whole constitu- 
 tion with the organs of digestion ; and a 
 particular sympathy of the Brain with 
 the liver, especially the Organ of Cau- 
 tiousness. This particular sympathy, de- 
 pendent on some established laws of 
 nervous influence, explains why persons 
 may be in some degree melancholy, in 
 whom the requisite organization is small. 
 And it shows, what we find also by expe- 
 rience, how much the symptoms are en- 
 hanced by an organization favourable to 
 the disorder. 
 
 In Hypochondriasis, we must distinguish 
 the erroneous perceptions, which are a 
 morbid activity of the intellectual organs, 
 from the sentiments of fear and an- 
 xiety, of hope, or other feelings which 
 act with them from Cautiousness, *&c. 
 Just in the same manner we must dis- 
 tinguish in health. — Ideality only gives the 
 romantic feelings of the poet. His imagi- 
 
143 
 
 nations of places, forms, colours, heroic 
 actions, analogies, &c result from his intel- 
 lect active in producing internal ideas, and 
 forming new combinations. In the same 
 manner the visions, ghosts, and omens seen, 
 and the imagined voice of angels heard by 
 mystic people, are the internal activity of 
 the intellectual organs : for they are visions 
 of some form, colour, &c. But the Organ 
 of Mysterizingness joins the mystic senti- 
 ment, and we attach to them ideas of future 
 consequences. It reads in them ominous 
 predictions, and with Ideality and Believ- 
 ingness, makes us discover in these ima- 
 gined beings, the prognostications of good 
 or evil, the prophecies of future desti- 
 ny. For similar feelings about future events 
 are excited whether it be by imaginary 
 beings, as ghosts and phantoms, or by real 
 existences, as crows, ravens, owls, and other 
 ominous creatures, to which the Organ of 
 Mysterizingness and the mythology of anti- 
 quity have attached ideas of mysterious 
 and supernatural influences. 1 
 
 1 I have sometimes thought that many different sympa- 
 
144 
 
 On the laws of association and mutual 
 influence must depend the occurrence of 
 these peculiar sentiments, cotemporaneously 
 with the ideas or perceptions of particular 
 objects. Modified in every person as infi- 
 nitely as the shades of countenance, and de- 
 pending on laws at present unknown, they 
 must become the interesting subject of fu- 
 ture inquiry. But we must eventually seek 
 for their causes in the organic arrange- 
 ments of the Brain, and in the different 
 modes of its action. 
 
 It seems to me a curious circumstance 
 that physicians, who so clearly saw and 
 admitted melancholy and hypochondriasis 
 to be diseases of the bodv, should have 
 regarded more determinate madness as a 
 disease of the mind. These terms, however, 
 were indefinite : at present we must regard 
 both ; in short, all diseases where the mental 
 
 thetic affections might be produced according as different 
 parts of the alimentary canal were affected by irritative 
 matter, moved by the peristaltic action through the intes- 
 tines. 
 
145 
 
 functions are deranged, as diseases of the 
 Brain, either sympathetic or idiopathetic. 
 Finally, all the various disorders of mind 
 depend on the modified disorders of the 
 organs, whose particular faculties are de- 
 ranged. Thus have we a clue to the defi- 
 nition and natural history of insanity, a 
 thing so long and so much wished for. 
 And thus I hope that current opinion is 
 counteracted which many held, that the 
 disorders of the mind were a class of mala- 
 dies whose cause we could never ascertain : 
 because they had not hitherto discovered 
 them by means of their imperfect dissec- 
 tions of an organ whose structure they 
 did not understand, and of whose special 
 faculties and their seats they had not the 
 slightest conception. 
 
 We see from the above statements the im- 
 portance of physical education, or the care 
 of our bodily fabric, secured by upholding a 
 healthy state of the digestive organs, and 
 by a salutary exercise of all the parts of 
 the nervous system. We see also that 
 moral education is in reality the exercise 
 Cran. K 
 
146 
 
 of physical organs ; and that whatever that 
 principle is whereby the organs act, and 
 whereby we become beings conscious of 
 ourselves and of the world, its pretended 
 diseases depend on erroneous actions of 
 the material conditions of the faculties. 
 These views of nature do not do away 
 moral good and evil; the} 7 have no ten- 
 dency to materialism,, or to the doctrine of 
 necessity; they cannot militate against moral 
 conscience and responsibility for actions, 
 or in any way support the arguments of 
 atheists, or affect the interests of religion. 
 But, on the contrary, they coincide more 
 with the opinions of those who, discarding 
 the subtleties of scholastic philosophy, have 
 regarded evil as within ourselves, but capa- 
 ble of controul by the superiour faculties. 
 Finally, it has been shewn, that our doc- 
 trines are favourable to the operation 
 of moral laws, because they shew the 
 natural limits and proportion of activity of 
 every faculty, and point out means in-edu- 
 cation of approximating towards perfection^ 
 by subjugating the propensities common to 
 men ana animals to sentiments and intel- 
 lectual faculties which are proper to man. 
 
147 
 
 Some persons have objected to our use 
 of the newly formed names, instead of 
 those before in popular use. But these 
 old terms were used in various meanings 
 and did not define so precisely the primi- 
 tive faculties of the mind, as they were 
 capable of being defined by a new set of 
 terms. Dr. Spurzheim, therefore, con- 
 structed a new nomenclature for this 
 purpose, founded on the idiom of the En- 
 glish language. In thus making a system- 
 atic nomenclature, only a few new words 
 were made, the major part were in use be- 
 fore. Dr. Spurzheim has given the reasons 
 of this nomenclature in his own work. I 
 adopt them for the same reasons, and have 
 ventured in a few cases to substitute others 
 on the same principle of more clearly defin- 
 ing the primitive faculty. 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 Page 
 Preface . . , v 
 
 Introduction . . 9 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 Of the General Principles . 13 
 
 SECTION II. 
 Qf the History of the Discoveries , . 21 
 
 SECTION III. 
 Of the Anatomical Structure of the Brain . 24 
 
 SECTION IV. 
 Of the Material Organs of the Manifestations of 
 
 the Mind . . .31 
 
 Of Gemiith, or L'Ame : divided into Propeiv* 
 sities and Sentiments. 
 
 Of the Propensities. 
 
 I. 
 
 Organ of Amativeness . ♦ 
 
 . S3 
 
 II. 
 
 Organ of Pliiloprogenitiveness 
 
 . 36 
 
 III. 
 
 Organ of Inhabitiveness 
 
 • 39 
 
 IV. 
 
 Organ of Adhesiveness 
 
 . ib. 
 
 V. 
 
 Organ of Combativeness ■ 
 
 . 4Q 
 
 VI. 
 
 Organ of Destructiveness , 
 
 . 41 
 
 VII. 
 
 Organ of Consti uctivenes§ 
 
 . 43 
 
 VIII. 
 
 Organ of Covetiveness 
 
 . 45 
 
 IX. 
 
 Organ of Secretiveness 
 
 Of the Sentiments. 
 
 ; 4$ 
 
 X. 
 
 Organ of Haughtiness 
 
 47 
 
 XL 
 
 Organ of Philapprobativeness 
 
 . * 48 
 
 XII. 
 
 Organ of Cautiousness ♦ 
 
 . 49 
 
 XIII 
 
 Organ of Benevolence 
 
 . 50 
 
 XIV 
 
 Organ of Veneration 
 
 . ib. 
 
 XV. 
 
 Organ of Believingness 
 
 b% 
 
149 
 
 XIX. 
 
 XX. 
 
 XXI. 
 
 XXII. 
 
 XXIII. 
 
 XXIV. 
 
 XXV. 
 
 XXVI. 
 
 XXVII. 
 
 XXVIII. 
 
 XXIX. 
 
 XXX. 
 
 XXXI. 
 
 XXXII. 
 
 XVI. Organ of Ideality . . 53- 
 Organ of Mysterizingness . . 56 
 
 XVII. Organ of Righteousness . . 57 
 
 XVIII. Organ of Determinativeness . ib. 
 
 Intellectual Faculties, or G heist, or L' Esprit. 
 
 Knowing Faculties. 
 
 Organ of Individuality . . 58 
 
 Organ of Form . . 64 
 
 Organ of Size . ib. 
 
 Organ of Weight . . 65 
 
 Organ of Colour . . 66 
 
 Organ of Space . . 67 
 
 Organ of Order • . .68 
 
 Organ of Time . . 69 
 
 Organ of Number . . 70 
 
 Organ of Tune , . .71 
 
 Organ of Language . • 72 
 
 The Reflecting Faculties. 
 
 Organ of Comparison • . 75 
 
 Organ of Causality . . 76 
 
 Organ of Wit . * 77 
 
 XXXIII. Organ of Imitativeness , . 7$ 
 SECTION V. 
 
 Of the Natural Language, or Physiognomical Ex- 
 pression of the Organs . . 79 
 
 SECTION VI. 
 
 Of the Application of the New Zoonomy to Educa- 
 tion, founded on the Supremacy of the Will . 84 
 
 SECTION VII. 
 
 v Of Punishment . • .99 
 
 SECTION VIII. 
 
 Of Insanity.— Conclusion • • 100 
 
 SECTION IX. 
 
 Pf the ultimate Achievements of the Anatomy and 
 
 Physiology of the Brain, and of its Limits . 109 
 
 Memoir of Physical Education » .124 
 
150 
 
 Lately Printed by A.J. Valpy, and Sold by Messrs, Longman and 
 Co. ; Law and Co. ; Lackington and Co. ; liivington and Co. ; and 
 Richardson ; London ; Parker, Oxford ; Macredie and Co., Edin. 
 
 €fj£ Pamphleteer ; 
 
 Or Record of the Best Pamphlets of the Day. 
 
 Published Quarterly. Price 6s. 6d. 
 
 THE PAMPHLETEER, nine Numbers of which are already 
 published, contains the following Pamphlets, which are at the 
 present time particularly interesting. 
 
 I. Camot's Memorial to Louis XVIII. 
 II. Chateaubriand on Buonaparte and the Bourbons. 
 
 III. Musgrave on the Balance of Power in Europe. 
 
 IV. Prussia and Saxony, by Counsellor Ghentz. 
 
 V. Prince Talleyrand on the Commercial intercourse of Great 
 Britain with America. 
 VI. Forster on the Use and Tendency of Dr. Gall's System 
 
 of Cramology as appertaining to Education, &c. 
 VII. Mr. Vansittart's Outline of a Plan of Finance. 
 VIII. Mr. Huskisson on Mr. Vansittart's Plan of Finance. 
 IX. Lord Sheffield on the Commercial Situation of Great Britain. 
 X. Mr. P. Elliott on the Political and Financial State of the 
 Nation. 
 XL Sir P. Francis's Letter missive to Lord Grey. 
 XII. Various Pamphlets on the Corn Laws. 
 XIII. Narrative of the Journey and Imprisonment of Pope 
 
 Pius VII. 
 XIV. History of Toussaint Louverture. 
 XV. Judge Fletcher's Celebrated Charge to the Grand Jury of 
 
 Wexford. 
 XVI. The Bishop of Lincoln, Lord Grenville, Bishop Milner, 
 Mr. C. Butler, Mr. Le Mesurier, and others, on the 
 Catholic Question. 
 XVII. Sir S. Romilly on the Slave Trade. 
 
 Besides the most Popular Pamphlets on other Subjects of 
 
 General Interest. 
 
 *£* A Second Edition of No. I. is just published. 
 
 Published on the 1st of April. Price 6s, 
 
 THE CLASSICAL JOURNAL. No. XXI. Containing a 
 variety of Classical, Biblical, and Oriental Literature. Published 
 quarterly. 
 
 Many scarce Greek, Latin, French, and English Tracts, are re- 
 corded in the early Numbers. 
 
151 
 2^o more Copies to he printed than are subscribed for 
 
 OF THE 
 
 NEW AND IMPROVED EDITION OF 
 
 ^tep&ens' <$ml C&esaurusf. 
 
 To be edited by A. J. VALPY, A.M. late Fell, of Pemb. Coll. 
 Oxford, and Mr. E. H. BARKER, of Trm. Coli. Cambridge. 
 
 To be printed at Mr. A. J. Valpifs Press, Loudon. 
 
 The work will be published in Parts, at l/. ]s. each — large 
 paper, c 2l. Zs. each. To be completed in 3 or 4 years. 
 
 Subscribers' Names are requested to be sent to A. J. Valpy, 
 Tooke's Court, Chancery Laue ; who are respectfully requested 
 to name some house in London, where the parts may be regularly 
 sent, and the money received. 
 
 A correct List of Subscribers' Names will be recorded in the 
 Work. 
 
 The Number already subscribed for, are 7 1 large and SSO small; 
 a Lisr of which, together with the Materials for the Improvement 
 of the New Edition, are inserted in Nos. XIX. and XX. or the 
 Classical Journal; and may be had gratis at all the Classical 
 Booksellers in London; and at A. J. Valpy's, Tooke's Court, 
 Chancery Lane. 
 
 # # * Persons, desirous of becoming Subscribers to the Work, 
 are requested to send their Names immediately, as the Subscrip- 
 tion will soon be closed. 
 
 No. I. will be published in the ensuing Summer. — April, 1815. 
 
 Just published, and may be had of the same Booksellers. 
 
 THE ROYAL MILITARY CALENDAR; dedicated, by 
 permission, to His Royal Highness the Commander-in-Chief; 
 containing (without comment) the Services of all the General 
 Officers living at the close of the year 1814, from their entrance 
 into the Army; with complete Indexes of Battles, and other Mis- 
 cellaneous Matter. In the Appendix is an Impartial Account of 
 the Operations in the East of Spain in 18 P2-13. Pr. l/. Is. in 
 Two Vols. Svo. By JOHN PHIL1PPART, Esq. 
 
 A NEW FRENCH DICTIONARY; or a Guide to the 
 Correct Pronunciation of the French Language. By W. SMITH* 
 Esq. M. A. who has compiled it from the Dictionnaire de l'Aca- 
 demie Franchise, which work he has read through twice, with two 
 learned Parisians at his side. One Vol. 8vo. Pr. 8s. Qd. boards. 
 
 " As far a& we have examined Mr. Smith's plan, it appears to us well 
 calculated for the accomplishment of its professed object, and therefore we caa 
 safely recommend it to the public." Antijuc. Rev. Sept. 1814. 
 
152 
 
 •* This volume is evidently the product of much labor and industry, and may 
 be used with great advantage in schools, but it appears especially adapted for 
 private practice." Eclectic Rev. 
 
 SHAKSPEARE's HIMSELF AGAIN; or the Language 
 of the Poet asserted : being a full, but dispassionate Examen of 
 the Readings and Interpretations of the later Editors. The whole 
 comprised in a series of Notes, Sixteen Hundred in number; and 
 further illustrative of the more difficult Passages in his Plays : to 
 the Various Editions of which, the present Volumes form a com- 
 plete and necessary Supplement. By ANDREW BECKET. 
 Two Vols. 8vo. Pr. 1/. 45. boards. 
 
 SERMONS ON PUBLIC OCCASIONS, with Historical, 
 Critical, and Political Notes. By R. VALPY, D. D. F.A.S. 
 Two Vols. Pr. 18s. boards. And an Appendix, containing Arti* 
 cles on the following subjects : 
 
 I. The Law of the Twelve Tables respecting Debtors. — IL 
 The Causes which must prevent the Establishment of a Republic 
 in France. — III. The Catholic Question. — IV. The Practice of 
 Liberal Piety Vindicated. — V. Rivalry of France. — VI. The 
 Prophecies relating to the Fall of Rome. — VII. The Disposition 
 of the French Government to Peace. — VIII. Deeds without a 
 Name. — IX. Defence of the Country. — X. Insensibility in Sus- 
 pended Animation. — XI. Interests of the Church of England. 
 
 THE ELEMENTS OF GREEK GRAMMAR; with 
 Notes for the use of those who have made some Progress in the 
 Language. Fourth Edition. By the Same. Pr. 6s. 6d. boards. 
 
 THE ELEMENTS OF LATIN GRAMMAR; with 
 Notes for the use of those who have made some Progress in the 
 Language. Eleventh Edition. By the Same. Pr. Qs. 6d. bound. 
 
 ELEGANTI^E LATINiE ; or Rules and Exercises, illus- 
 trative of Elegant Latin Style : intended for the use of the middle 
 and higher Classes of Grammar Schools. By the Rev. E. 
 VALPY, B. D. Trin. Coll. Camb. Fourth Edition. Improved 
 and made easier. Price 4s. 6d. bound. A general List of Phrases, 
 and an Index are also added. A Key to the Latin may be had bjr 
 a private written application to the Author through the Printer,. 
 Pr. $y. 
 
 A NEW GRAMMAR OF THE FRENCH LANGUAGE. 
 Second Edition. Pr. 4s. 6d. bound. 
 
 By D. ST. QUENT1N, M. A. 
 
 A NEAT EDITION OF VIRGIL. 'Collated from the 
 best Editions of Heyne, Burmann, and others; and printed for 
 Schools. Pr, 4s, bound, By A. J, VALPY. 
 
Library of Congress 
 Branch Bindery, 1903