v/^. . ^ V- ■Jy" .V 'P. .0^ «"'•*. o. '•n^o^ -bv^' ^'^ -^0^ o. ^^-^^^ 1 ^^!v;^ ' ^ '^ -:'tJ?^V •'.^ <^^ -^^0^ '<^>V,- ^■S", *■ P » ' , A^ ,0^^ 7 ■'.c^ » - '*<^- *-'^- ■:mm: '/. .^^ ^ o .H q. ^o^ . , .0' .0-r -^^ A f^ ^ - ^^ 0* ,V' ..0^ .0' 1 1 • ^'j » ^ /O, _. '5.^ ^<^ ,4' .■% V- o^ o flC\ x-'m^.'" -'^./^m-j'' \--m-.y "-/'»?'•:. .<> x:--..^'.--""'^-^ ^^ A* » ♦ » /■ *> STORY of PHILADELPHIA Edited By J. St. George Joyce "It IS the voice of ages that are gone. They pass before me with all their deeds Ossian Copyright HARRY B. JOSEPH 1919 NOV -6 1919 ©ci,Ar).'HJ48a EDITOR'S PREFACE Tlie history of riiiladelpliia is. in a large measure, the history of the United States. Founded ly I'enn on the hroad and hlicral I)asis of the Fatherliood of Clod and the universal Brotherhood of Man, the little cluster of rudely huilt huts that marked the birth (jf town :uid port, and the \cry infancy of colonial progress and ex])ansion. has evolved into the magnificent proportions of a mighty city, rich in everything that makes a comnumity great — rich in the immense possibilities of a still greater future, and with aspirations that fix no boundaries to her growth, no line of demarcation to the wealth or extent of her resources, no liniil to lier population, or no restric- tion of her material prosperity or civic achievement. Philadelphia has been a prominent and potential tigure and factor in all the great nati(jnal epochs and events that dot the perspective of the past from the War of the Revolution to the present. Within her walls the first Continental Congress met and the immortal Declaration of Independence was signed. Here the Constitution of the infant republic was outlined and adoi)ted ; here the Bill of Rights was passed, and here — the first capital of the United States — was shaped and flung to the breeze that star-spangled banner which is the sacred and cherished emblem of a God-given freedom, which waves triumphant in the citadel of Liberty and which has never yet known humiliation or defeat. 1 he days and the deeds of the heroic men who laid the foundation-stone upon which has been erected the structure of the mightiest nation that history has ever known are l)ut a glorious memory and a splendid aspiration; but Philadelphia remains — a concrete link with the past; a monument of its imperishajjle glories. Today, as in the fateful days of A^alley Forge, her patriot- ism is undoubted, her love of liberty alert and acute. Idie year 1812 saw her in the forefront of the fight for freedom, and the war with Mexico ])roved that, to her, the legacy of patriotism be- queathed by the fathers was of priceless worth. When the gun aimed at Fort Sumter Sjx^d its messenger of discord and of war, Philadelphia sprang to the conflict [)rom])tly and with a will. and within those years of internecine strife did i)robably more than any other city in the confed- eration of States to sustain the Union and declare that ''a government of the people, by the people, for the people should not i^erish from the earth."' Thus was it also in the Spanish-Amer- ican war, and thus, to the limit of endeavor, Avas it wdien the United States proclaimed war upon Germany. Within the pages of this history is recorded what this good old city did to "make the world safe for democracy" then, but it would take many volumes to detail the devotion of her sons; their zeal; their patriotism; their self-sacrifice or their deeds in the great conflict that had deluged Europe in blood and ihrealcncd the lihcrly of the world. In that conflict IMiiladelphia did much more than her equitable share and vastly more than the records of the period can ever tell. In this "Story of riiiladelphia" the red-letter events that stand out as Ijeacon lights in the vista of her i)ast are faithfully and accurately outlined. But what of her present, and what of the portents of her future? Facts and figures that never lie answer the first question and indirectly indicate the answer to the second. l'hiladel])hia today has an area of over 129 square miles and a population estimated at 1.850,000. She has over 346,000 separate homes, a large percentage of which is owned by their occupants; has 1718 miles of j^aved and graded streets and over thirty miles of available river front. She stands foremost amongst the industrial centers of the world, and her army of over 300,000 skilled laborers su])plies one-twentieth of the entire manufactures of the I'nited States. Iler banks and other financial institutions are among the wealthiest in the country, and her vast and increasing commerce extends to every quarter of the globe. Philadel- phia has two great uni\ersities, with a student enrollment of over 8000, while her hundreds of public and parochial schools provide a su])erior education to more than 250,000 children. Today Philadelphia is great in every sense and acceptation of the word. But great as she is, her manifest destiny will be unfulfilled until she stands in her old-time and proper place — the foremost city in the United States. Such wall inevitably be the climax of her evolution along the lines of material expansion, ardent and earnest patriotism. laudal)le civic pride and a public senti- ment based upon the beautiful ideals upon which her foundation w^as built and which, resolved i .to practice, earned for her thj proud name of "The Citv of Brotherly Love." J. St. (lEORGE JOYCE. Philadelphia, July, 1919. NEW CITY CHARTEK A new charter for the municipal government of Philadelphia was passed by the state legislature in June, 1919, and was signed by Governor Sproul. Under its provisions members of city councils will be chosen by state senatorial districts instead of by wards, as in the past. Each district will be entitled to one councilman for tvery 20,000 assessed voters, or major portion thereof. On basis of 1918 figures this will make the councilmanic body twenty-one members, instead of 145 under the previous system, and there will be only one chamber, instead of the two that heretofore existed. CONTENTS Discoverv :ind Settlement of Delaware River ReiJ;ion ... 9 New Sweden and what came of it 20 Dutch Control of Delaware River 42 Under British Rule 58 Penn's First Visit— Infancy of Philadelphia 71 Doings in Philadelphia while Penn was away 83 Penn's Second Visit and Later Government 92 Philadelphia Under Hannah Penn and Her Children ... 104 Warnint,^ of Quakers Ascendency in Assembly — City Prepares for War 114 Benjamin Franklin and the Proprietary Movement .... 126 From Tea Trouble to Declaration of Independence . . . 138 Philadelphia During the Revolutionary War 153 From British Evacuation of City to Peace ..... 169 From 1784 to 1794 — Decade of Constructive Work .... 180 Political Turmoil — From Jay Treaty to Second War with England 191 Philadelphia from 1812 to 1840 204 From 1840 to Consolidation Period — Racial and Political Troubles . 225 In the Shadow of Approaching War . . . . . . 247 Philadelphia During the Civil War ....... 256 Politics and Progress — The Centennial Exhibition . . . . 272 From 1890 to 1918— Philadelphia in World War .... 287 Philadelphia During the War ........ 302 Philadelphia's Industrial Development During Conflict . . . 319 Making the World Safe for Democracy ...... 336 Red Letter Events in World War — Chronologv .... 342 CHAPTER ONE DISCOVERY AND DUTCH SETTLEMENT OF THE DELAWARE RIVER REGION Without turning aside to give consideration to the more or less legendary stories of pre- Columbian discoveries of America- it seems practically certain that the first Europeans to see that part of the Atlantic coast near the mouth of the Delaware River were the members either of the expedition of the Cabots (John and Sebastian) or Amerigo Vespucci, both of whom skirted along that coast in 1498. Giovanni W'rrazano, a Florentine navigator in the service of Francis I of France, peered into Delaware Bay in 1524. A map, drawn from Verrazano's notes in 1329 by his brother, Hieronimo de Verrazano, indicates the entrance to the Delaware under the name of "Polamsina." But no European seems to have thought it worth while to explore the river until Henry Hudson came and discovered it, August 28, 1609 (new style). He, like the others, was seeking an outlet to the Indies, and did not get far up the Delaware before he was satisfied that it was not what he sought. Then he turned the prow of his ship, the Half Moon, northward until he discovered the Lower and Upper bays of New York Harbor, and proceeded up the river that now bears his name. In the report of his voyages Hudson and his mate, Robert Juet (or Tewett), gave the Delaware the name of "South River," and called the Hudson the "North River," a name which is still in vogue locally to describe that part of the Hudson which flows in front of Manhattan Island. The conflicting claims of the Dutch and English to the sovereignty of the region between New England and Virginia, which followed the attempts of the Netherlanders to colonize it, related chiefly to the voyages of the Cabots and Henry Hudson. The Cabots sailed under the Eng- lish flag, though John Cabot was a \^enetian resident in Bristol, England, in which town his son. Sebastian, was born. They were skillful and intrepid navigators, and were the first to discover the actual coast line from Newfoundland to Cape Hatteras. Important as their discoveries undoubtedly were, they were purely coastal and preliminary, and although made in 1498 under commission from Henry VII of England, resulted in no English attempt to reduce the Cabot dis- coveries to possession until the expedition of Philip Amadas and Arthur Barlow, sent by Sir Walter Raleigh under a charter granted by Queen Elizabeth, which dropped anchor oflf the present coast of North Carolina July 4, 1.384. This was the precursor of the settlement of Virginia in 1607, two years before the voyage of Henry Hudson resulted in the discovery of the Hudson and Delaware Rivers. Hudson was an Englishman. l)ut his Hche-Maen (Half-Moon) was a Dutch vessel, owned by the Dutch East India Company, and had been sent out to discover a Northeast Passage to India (this being Hudson's third voyage with that object), sailing from Amsterdam, April 4, 1609. Two days later the vessel passed out from the Zuyder Zee, through the channel between Texel and North Holland, into the North Sea. After about a month of sailing it was found impracticable to reach Nova Zembla because of the ice, and Hudson called his crew of twenty men together. The Northeast Passage not being practicable at that time, Hudson was disposed to try a western route. The idea of a Northwest Passage, whicli the navigators of that day thought could be found through the Arctic Seas, via Dover Strait, was favored by the crew. But Hudson had a map furnished him by his friend, Captain John Smith, of Virginia, which indicated an inlet from the coast in about the Fortieth degree of North latitude, which, if found to exist, would be of incalculable benefit to commerce. Either because of this, or because of tempestuous weather in the North. Hudson took a southerly route. He landed on the coast of New France (now THJl STORY OF PHILADELPHIA Maine), near llie mouth of Penobscot Bay, cutting a new mast from the virgin forest to replace his foremast. Then he steered south to Cape Cod. and from there southwest. He found himself at Chesapeake Bay, which was quite well known. From there he turned northeast again, seeking his passage to Cathay. The first large opening in the coastal line to be explored was Delaware Bay. He noticed "the white sandy shore" of its capes, and records that, becoming fearful of the shoals that crowded the mouth of the bay. he conceived it to be necessary to use "a small pinnaisse" to explore them. Actually striking ground once, he became satisfied that this was not the passage to Cathay for which he was seeking. He next tried, with much higher hopes, the entrance to New York Har- bor, and sailed many miles up the Hudson before he became thoroughly convinced that he had noc found the much-sought Northwest Passage. His personal journal, and the log-book kept by his English mate, Robert Juet (the other mate being a Dutchman), formed the basis of the infor- mation which led, a few years later, to the settlement of Manhattan Island, which afterwards became New Amsterdam, and the eventual creation of the Dutch province of New Netherlands. Henry Hudson himself, homeward bound for Amsterdam in his Half-Moon, with a cargo of furs for which he had traded with the Indians along the Hudson River, was detained by the British at Dartmouth, where the ship arrived on November 7, 1609 (O. S.). A charge of illegal trading in English realms was made against tha ship, but early in the Spring of 1610 Henry Hudson was permitted to send a report to his Dutch employers, and in July the ship and its cargo were released and went to Amsterdam, arriving in July. Hudson himself was not permitted to return to the Dutch, and in 1611 started on his fourth and fatal voyage for the discovery of a Northwest Passage to India, this time under English auspices. On that voyage he took his son with him, and, discovering the strait and bay now known by his name, he was so sure that he had found the much-sought passage that he insisted on keeping a westward course. His crew, determined to go no further in that direction, mutinied and set Hudson and his son adrift in a small boat on the waters of Hudson Bay. As nothing was heard from them, they doubtless soon perished. Meanwhile, in Holland, the report of Hudson's voyage had roused much interest among the mercantile community, the cargo of furs revealing the fact that, while Hudson had failed on the main object of his voyage, he had opened up great opportunities for Dutch commerce. So the Half-Moon was sent back in 1610, this time in command of Hudson's Dutch mate ( whose deserving name seems not to have been j^reserved), and soon returned with another rich cargo of beaver and other furs, for which the out-cargo of cheap and inexpensive articles had been exchanged. This second voyage of the I lalf-Moon had n ;t been originated by the Dutch East Indian Com- pany, whose charter forl)ade it from trade with the coasts and countries bordering on the Atlantic. The trade was undertaken by a specially organized association of merchants. The success of the Half-Moon led to other adventures to the Mauritius River, as the Hudson had come to be called, so named, doubtless, in honor of Count Maurice of Nassau, then Stadtholder of the Republic of the United Netherlands. Interest had been centered on the North River almost exclusively, because the emphasis had been placed there by Hudson's report. The South (Zuydt) or Delaware River had only been casually mentioned in his report, in wliich he said that he found the land there to "trend away towards the northwest, with a great bay and rivers, but the bay was shoal and dangerous because of sandbars." This description did not commend the South River to the seagoing world. After the return of the Half-Moon several skippers desired to engage in the trade it had inau- gurated. One of these was llendrick Christiaensen, who had been engaged in trade between Holland and the West Indies. Returning with a heavily laden ship, he had approached Sandy THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA \\ Hook with the half-formed purpose of entering tlie Lower Bay, but he had heard that the entrance was dangerous because of shoals, and decided to take his cargo home. He had, however, been so favorably impressed with the appearance of the country that, talking to another experienced sea-captain named Adriaen Block, in whom he aroused interest, they determined to charter a ves- sel and go as traders to the new country, placing a Captain Ryser in command of the vessel. The trip was successful, and the adventurers brought back with them a valuable cargo of peltries. They also brought with them two Indian youths, sons of chiefs, whom they had named (after the forest-born heroes of then popular romance) Valentine and Orson. The exhibition of these romanticaHy named American aborigines (the first native New Yorkers to make the European tour) aroused much interest in the Netherlands. In 1612 Christiaensen and Block, backed by leading merchants, equipped two vessels, which engaged in the trade. Christiaensen sailed as com- . mander of the Fortune, and Block of the Tiger, which left Amsterdam early in 1613, each laden with goods likely to attract Indian trade. Christiaensen, desiring to give stability and permanence to the fur trade, saw that this could only be done by establishing central points for the trade, one convenient to the Indians as a per- manent trading post, and another for storage of the skins, as collected, at a convenient point for loading into vessels as they came for cargoes. In furtherance of this idea, Christiaensen set to work on the building of rude houses of rough boards, roofed with bark stripped from the trees. Having comj)leted his ararngements for estab- lishing a trading-camp, he went up the river with his ship Fortune to the head of navigation, where the waters of the Mohawk mingle with those of the Hudson. There the routes of Indian trade came together, and Indians from all directions and from points as distant as Quebec came to trade. At that point Christiaensen selected an island (now^ Castle Island) in the middle of the river, on which he built a stockade and warehouse, with a moat eighteen feet wide. He called this combination of warehouse and defensive work Fort Nassau, after the Stadtholder Count Maurice of Nassau, who had already been hon ired in the name Mauritius, which had been bestowed on the North River, but was only retained for a few years. Christiaensen mounted two cannon and eleven swivel-guns, taken from the Fortune, upon the walls of this fort, and detailed twelve men to garrison it, under command of Jacob Eelkens. Christiaensen returned to Man- hattan, but soon after, it is said, was killed by Orson, one of the Indians whom he had taken to Holland, and who was at once killed by one of Christiaensen's men. While Christiaensen was building Fort Nassau up the river Adriaen Block's ship, the Tiger, lying at anchor in New York Bay, accidentally caught fire and was totally destroyed. Block and his men engaged immediately in the building of another vessel, which he called the Onrust (Restless). With this vessel Block set out on a voyage of investigation of adjacent waters. Starting up East River and successfully stemming the current of Hell Gate, he passed into Long Island Sound, the first European to see that body of water. He entered into New Haven Inlet, sailed into the Connecticut River, which he named Fresh Water River, and named, for himself, the three-cornered Block Island, the name it still bears. He was not discoverer of that island, however, for Giovanni Verrazano, who had seen the island from the seaward side in 1524, had named it Luisa Island, in honor of the mother of Francis I of France, in whose service he was. From that island Adriaen Block sailed eastward into Narragansett Bay, which he named Nassau Bay, doubled Cape Cod, and then went as far as Salem Harbor before turning back on the way to Manhattan. Near Cape Cod he encountered the Fortune (Christiaensen's ship), now commanded by Cornells Hendricksen, bound for Amsterdam with a full cargo, and learned the fate of his partner. Block transferred Hendricksen to command of the Onrust. and himself took charge of the Fortune, with which he went direct to Holland. He made no further voyages to New Netherland. 12 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA While Christiaensen and Block are entitled to the highest credit for initiative work in organizing Dutch commerce with America, there were others who followed up their developments and kept trade actively moving; and in 1613 there were three other ships from Holland which made their way to Manhattan: the Little Fox, under command of John DeWitt, and the Night- ingale, under command of Thys Volkertsen, both from Amsterdam, while the Fortune, of Hooen, was commanded by Cornelis Jacobsen May (sometimes spelled Mey). After his arrival in Man- hattan May took a short voyage of investigation of the nearby coast, charting the coast-line from Sandy Hook to the Delaware, giving his name to Cape May and naming the southern cape facing the ocean Henlopen after a town in Friesland. He also explored the south coast of Long Island, and the Atlantic coast eastward and northward to Martha's Vineland. The States General of the United Netherlands published a decree in March, 1614, in the form of a General Charter, giving discoverers of new passages, havens, countries or places a tempo- rary monopoly of trade, provided that within fourteen days from the discoverer's return from his exploring voyage he should make a detailed report of his discovery. A few days after his arrival in Amsterdam Adriaen Block, in October, 1614, appeared before the Assembly of the States General, and recounted the voyage of the Onrust through Hell Gate and Long Island Sound, demonstrating the insularity of Long Island, and thus establishing his claim as discoverer of a "new passage," in addition to the discovery of New Haven Inlet and the I'Vcsh Water (Connecticut) River. He also presented, on behalf of the association of merchants with which he was connected, the explorations of Captain Cornelis Jacobsen May for explorations of the entire Atlantic coast, from Martha's Vineyard to Delaware Bay. Other skippers made statements of voyages and explorations, with the result that the Assembly of the States General gave to the merchants associated with these navigators a charter under the corporate name of The United New Netherland Company, signed and sealed on October U, 1614. The charter of this company runs in favor of "Gerrit Jacobz Witssen (ex-burgomaster of the city of Amsterdam), Jonas Witssen, and Simon Morrisen, owners of the ship Little Fox, of which Jan DeWitt was skipper ; Hans Hongers, Paulus Pelgrom, and Lambrecht van Tweenhuysen, owners of two shii)s called the Tiger and the Fortune, of which Adriaen Block and Hendrick Christiaensen were skippers ; Arnolt van Lybergen, Wessel Schenck, Hans Claessen, and Barent Sweertsen, owners of the ship called the Nightingale, whereof Thys Volckertsen was skipper, mer- chants of the city of Amsterdam ; and Pieter Clcmentsen Brouwer, John Clementsen Kies, and Cor- nelis Volckertsen, merchants of the city of Hoorn, owners of the ship called the Fortune, whereof Cornelis Jacobsen May was ski})per, all united now into one company," and reciting the publica- tion of their General Charter of the preceding March, conferred upon the company the privilege of exclusive trade for four voyages within the term of three years with "the new lands between New France and Virginia, the sea-coasts of which lie between the Fortieth and Forty-fifth degrees, North latitude, now named New Netherland." This is the first official designation of the country by the name under which it was, for many years, to be the representative of Dutch sovereignty on the American continent. To take back our narrative to the little ship Onrust, on which, as we have recounted, Adriaen Block had made his discovery of Long Island Sound and other important points on the New England coast, Cornelis Hendricksen, whom Block had placed in charge of it, took up the task of discovery of the topography of the coast and the possibilities of trade and colonization in New Netherland. In the eastern and northern direction Ardiaen Block had maae a good beginning, and 1 lendricksen decided to turn his attention to the country to the south. Of this Cornelis Hendricksen, Gen. James Grant Wilson suggests that as the name Hend- ricksen means "the son of Hendrick," it is "not unlikely that he was the son of Hendrick THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA Christiaensen, if we arc to judge from the prevai.ing custom of family names among the burglicr class of Holland at that date." Such relationship would explain why, after Christiaensen was killed by the Indian Orson, his ship, the Fortun?. should have been loaded for Amsterdam and taken out by Cornelis Hendricksen and turned o\cr to Block, Christiaensen's partner. Cornelis Hendricksen, returning to Manhattan in the Onrust, soon after started on explora- tions of the surrounding coast. Early in 1615 he sailed southward along the coast of New Jersey, noting its contour on a roughly outlined map. He doubled Cape May, which he does not appear to have known to have been previously so named, as it is marked "Cape Henlopen" on his map. The opposite cape he named, with a self-assertion common to explorers, "Cape Cornelis," after himself. The small size of the Unrust made it an ideal vessel for coast survey in those days. Hend- ricksen made an exhaustive investigation of Delaware Bay and River, landing at many points, made charts and soundings and entered the creeks, bays and rivers that opened on either side. The course of the Delaware, called South River, he followed as far as the Schuylkill, and made a landing at what afterward became known as Christiana Creek, where he encountered a band of Minqua Indians, wnth whom, to his astonishment, he found three Netherlanders whom the Indians claimed as their captives, but readily released for a ransom of a few trinkets. The men IkkI been members of the garrison which Hendrick Christiaensen had left at Fort Nassau on tlu- Hudson (then Mauritius) River. They had wandered into the forests Vvhich formed the hunting grounds of the Mohawks and Lenni Lenape, had been captured by Mohawks and been compelled to act as their servants. Escaping from their captors they had been sheltered by Ogehages, a tribe hostile to the Mohawks, and aided by them until they reached the banks of the Delaware. They followed the course of that river until they came to the country of the Minquas, who claimed them as captives but treated them not unkindly. Captain Hendricksen related this inci- dent in his later report, and noted it on his map, which also shows that the wanderers had given him valuable information in regard to the relative locations of the Indian tribes of the Mohawk and Delaware Valleys, and the dividing ridge between them. Captain Hendricksen returned to Holland in 1616. and on August 19 of that year made a report, accompanied by map of his discoveries, to their "High Mightinesses," the States-General. His first report was verbal, but he was instructed to reduce it to writing. In the report he claims on behalf of his masters and directors a grant of exclusive trading privileges under the General Charter of March, 1614, setting forth that "he hath discovered for his aforesaid masters and directors certain lands, a bay and three rivers, situate between the thirty-eighth and fortieth degrees of North latitude, and did there trade with the inhabitants, said trade consisting of sables, furs and other skins. He hath found said country full of trees, to wit: oak, hickory and pines, which trees were in some places covered with vines. He hath seen in said country bucks and does, turkeys and partridges. He hath found the climate of said country very temperate, judg- ing it to be as temperate as this country ( Holland)." Although Hendricksen's claims to discovery were clearly and convincingly stated, the regions he described were so closely contiguous to that for which a grant had been made to the UnUed Netherland Company (if, indeed, it did not overlap it) that the States-General declined to grant another patent of monopoly to a rival association. Captain Hendricksen, however, was the first of the navigators to see the site of Philadelphia, though not the first European, that distinction being due to the three captives whom he ransomed from the Minquas. At the time of the report of Cornelis Hendricksen, the monopoly of the United New Nether- land Company had half expired, and at the close of its three years the question as to the continuance of the trade with New Netherland and who should control it became of interest not only to the company itself, but also to the numerous rivals who would like to have succeeded to its privileges. 14 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA The company made strenuous efforts to secure renewal of its monopoly grant. The individual merchants who had formed the company continued to control most of the trade to Manhattan, which consisted principally of the shi])ping of furs to Dutch ports. The furs were procured for the most part by Dutch traders who worked from the trading-post up North River known as Fort Nassau, of which lacob Eelkins was in charge. Though the merchants named in the old charter did most of the trade, other merchants and associations took some unobstructed part in it and the various i)arties contended for a monoply of this trade, which assumed constantly enlarging proportions. F.ach of these contestants looked forward to the creation of a West India Company which should e.xcrcise a monopoly o< trade with the Dutch possessions in America similar to that luld in the Far East by the East India Company. In 1618. Ford De Fa Warr. on his voyage from \'irginia to England, died opposite the mouth of the river which it was afterward asserted was then named for him. So far as printed records go that name was not commonly applied to the river for a long time after that date, but the tradition that the name was thus early given to the bay and river served as a factor in the I'jiglish claim to sovereignty in that region. Following the expiration of the charter of the United New Netherland Company, it was neces- sary to secure for each \-ovager from Holland the s]:)ecial permission of the authorities. One of the permits was obtained by Henry Eelkins (relative of Jacob Eelkins, who had been com- mandant of b'ort Nassau, on North Fiver) and associates, for a voyage of the ship Schilt ( Shield ) from .Amsterdam to the North River. Another went to Cornelius Jackson May (whose former voyage to the Delaware Bay has been mentioned), who went to the James River in \irginia. in the Shi]) (Jlad Tidings, in 1620. As the basis of a claim for a charter, his principals presented a report of this voyage in which May seemed to have mixed uj) the incidents and discoveries of his former voyage. As the Cieneral Charter of March, 1614. required that such a disco\ery should lie rejiorted within fourteen days from the discoverer's return to Hol- land, the May claim was vigorously contested, e-^pecially by Henry Eelkins. and the monopoly charter refused. The upshot of this and other contests was a movement for a national asso- ciation, and this was successful in securing. June 3, 1621, a charter from the States-General to the "West India Company." The organization of this company meant not only trade, but colonization, which the United New Netherland Company had already seen to be a vital neces- sity if Dutch trade and sovereignty should prosper in America. The idea of permanent removal from the Netherlands was one which did not carry any very convincing appeal, in that age, to the people of Holland. The Dutch were the greatest traders of that age. pushing their com- merce in ever}- sea. At home ihey enjoyed civil and religious liberty, and prosperity was more generally diffused among the people than under anv other contemporaneous government. The country was an asylum for the politicallv and religiously exiled and oppressed. English Non- conformists and Protestant Walloons from the Southern province of Belgium found refuge from i)roscri]nion and jiersecution within the h )S])itable borders of the United Netherlands. The English Nonconformists, with John Robinson at their head, were settled in Feyden and the four hundred families enjoyed ])erfect liberty for their rehgious views. But they wanted not only liberty, but a .separation from antagonistic ecclesiastical ideas. Their belief in Congre- gational independency found the Fresbyterianism of the Dutch Reformed Church no more har- monious with their own ideas of church ])olity than the Episcopalianism of the Church of Eng- land. They had left England to escajie from the intolerant demands of enforced conformity to the State Church. The Reformed Dutch Church made no such demands, but their thoughts turned to America as the land of jxjwer as well as freedom, where they might bring up their children apart from the suggestive influences of unsympathetic religious and ecclesiastical sys- tems. While in Holland they had endeavored to arrange with the Fondon Company and the THE STORY Of I'l 1 1 1 .ADIiLPI II A I'lyniouth Company fur permission and ai(.l to colonize in America, but received no inducement. Negotiations with the United New Netherland Compan\' were more favoral)le. That Com- ])any promised them free passage to New Netherland. and to furnish e\er\' family with a sufficient number of cattle for its needs. ])ro\ide(l (hat the consent of the States-deneral should be obtained for this arrangement. When the matter came to the States-( General it met serious ol)stacles. King James I had, through his ambassador at The Hague, strongly ])rotested against the Dutch ])olicy of giving syhnr to these religious refugees. But a still stronger obstacle was the political one, which had, through Sir Dudley Carleton, Ambassador of James 1 at the Hague, become intensely vocal. He had presented very strongly the claim of soxcreignty over the country called Mew Netherland, insisting that the discovery by the Cabots and the English nationality of Henry Hudson gave a title to James I which was "notorious to every one." He demanded that the States-General should forbid any further jiroseculion of its I'olonial enter])rise. In view of these considerations, the States-Cieneral decided that it would not be wise to colonize the Nonconformists, who were English subjects and English in their habits and social ideas, in New Netherland. It was felt that to colonize them there would add strength to the British claim of sovereignty, and therefore the project was disapi)rove(l by the States-Cieneral. It was only a short time afterward that about half of the Pilgrims at Eeyden sailed on the Speedwell from Dolf shaven and the same year I)egan, at riymouth Rock, the colonization of New England. It was a few months after this decision by the States-( General that a comnuuiity of Protestant Walloons, located in Amsterdam, asked iiermission of the States of Holland to emigrate to New Netherland. While they, like the English IMlgrims, had come to the Nether- lands as religious refugees, they had adopted PloUand as their home, were accejjted and desir- able citizens of Amsterdam and members of th:> Dutch Church. Nothing stood in the way of their emigration to New Netherland. There was no tie of birth to hold them, and the Dutch (Government complied with their request with ready acquiescence. In March. 1<'23, after eleven months of preparation and negofiation about fifty families left .\msterdam on the ship New Netherland, of two hundred and sixty tons burden. The ex])edition was under command of Cornelis Jacobson May, appointed by the Amsterdam Chamber of the Dutch West India Com- ])anv to be director of New Netherland. In Mav the vessel arrived off Manhattan Island, and then proceeded uj) the ri\er to the mouth of the Tawasthena River, where the smdl lM)rt Nassau was located, but they tound U practically dismantled and much dilapidated. lAen if it had been restored it was too small for their purpose. Therefore a site four miles further up the river was chosen, where Fort Orange w^as built at what is now the principal business section of .\lbauy. Eighteen families were settled there. Captain May went down in the New Netherland a little later, leaving Adriaen Joris in charge at Fort Orange, left a few families on Manhattan Island, then went down the coast into Delaware Bay and up South (Delaware) River to about four miles ])el()w the site in i'hiladel- phia on the New Jersey side, and on Timmer's Kill, near the site of the present town of Gloucester, N. J., he built a fort and named it In)rt Nassau. In June. 1623. three more ships, the Orange Tree, the Eagle and the Love, sailed under the ausi^ices of the Dutch West India Company, all bringing over more Walloon families, some for the settlements on North River, and others for Fort Nassau, on South River. In 1623 New Netherland received recognition as a province by the grant to it by the States-General of a seal, with the device of a shield, bear- ing a beaver! proper, surmounted by a count's cornet and surrounded by the words "Sigllluiii A^o7'i Belgii." 16 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA Director Cornclis Jacobsen May's term as director of New Netherland expired in 1624, and he was succeeded in the directorship by William V'erhulst, appointed for one year. Ver- hulst made his headquarters at the settlement on South River and there is no record of his having visited Manhattan, or of anything that he did. His year was the prelude to a change of administration which would vest authority in a Director General and his Council of six mem- bers, all appointed by and subject to the paramount authority of the Dutch West India Com- pany. The first Director General was Peter Minuit and his Council was composed of Peter Bylvet, Jacob Elbertsen Wissinck. John Jansen Brouwer, Simon Dircksen Pos and Reymert Harmensen. Isaac de Rasieres, Secretary of New Netherland, was another official of the Company, and these eight, embarking from Amsterdam on the ship Sea Mew, arrived on Man- hattan Island. May 4, 1626. The other official, J^n Lampe, schout-fiscal, arrived from Amsterdam in July, 1626. The duties of the office included the present functions of a sheriff, combined with the duties of counsel, both for the prosecution and defense in criminal cases. The first official act of the new government was to buy Manhattan Island. It appears that the land bought comprised eleven thousand morgens (or 23,100) acres) and was bought for sixty guilden ($24), not in money, but in bead?, baubles and ornaments of various kinds. It was cheap enough, and it gave an argument to the Dutch authorities in subsequent contentions with the English that they had bought the land from the natives who originally owned it. Troubles of the outlying settlements with the Indian tribes who were fighting among them- selves caused the recall to Manhattan of the settlers at Fort Orange (Albany) and those at Fort Nassau on the Deltware. The larger part of the population of New Netherland was thus concentrated on Manhattan Island, yet that settlement only numbered two hundred and seventy souls. The company's colonizing scheme, was, up to this point, a failure. Those that were in the colony were, for the most part, traders. Farmers there were, but no farm hands, and there were practically no industries because there were no mechanics or laborers. To remedy these conditions the Dutch West India Company planned a feudal system pat- terned to a considerable extent after that adopted by the Portuguese in the colonization of Madeira, the Azores and Brazil, or the colony grants which were used by Spain as a means of settling the more remote regions of Mexico. Under the Spanish and Portuguese system the beneficiaries were grandees or courtiers who were given large areas of land in the Americas as a courtly favor by the monarch. But the plan adopted by the Dutch West India Company was commercial rather than feudal, and contemplated the building up of population and trade. 1 he patroonships, as these grants were called, were planned upon a large scale. The bene- ficiaries were required to be "members of the Company." The size of the tracts to be developed was based upon the river frontage of the grant, which was restricted to sixteen miles along one side or eight miles on both sides of any river in New England. There was no restriction in respect to the distance back from the rivers these grants should extend. But there were condi- tions attached to tiie grant that proved to be difficult. It was provided, in the first place, that the grantee should, within four years, plant in New Netherland a colony of fifty souls over fifteen years old, failing which the grant became automatically inefifective. Other requirements were that the land should be purchased from the Indians, and should be occupied by the Indians at the expense of the patroon. Manhattan Island was excluded from the territory which might be located by a patroon. Having fulfilled the conditions, the patroon became absolute owner of the land ; could cultivate the soil to any extent he desired ; owned all its timber and mineral resources, and had a monopoly of hunting and fishing privileges. Yet there were various restric- tions. All products must be sent to the Fatherland after being first taken to Manhattan. The fur trade was prohibited to the patroons or their colonists, all beaver, otter, mink and other peltries being reserved to the company. In other things the patroons were permitted to THE STORY OF PJ lILADJtLPIIIA trade anywhere from NewfouncUaiul lo I'lorida, Imt all goods received in trade were to be taken to Manhattan to be disposed of. They were, however prohibited from manufactures. The patroons and their settlers were to be for ten years exempt from customs, dues, taxes, excise anxl imposts of all kinds, and were entitled to the protection by the troops and navies of the West India Company from inland and foreign wars and aggression. It is a notable fact that the first patroonships were located, not along the North (or Hud- son) River, but on the Delaware. The patroons were Samuel Blommaerl and Samuel (iodyn, merchants of Amsterdam and directors of the Dutch West India Company. The patroonship idea seems to have been a shrewd land-grabbin'4" scheme concocted by a few of the .'\msterdani directors of the company, and was largely promoted l)y Isaac de Rasieres, secretary of the New Netherland, who had been sent by the Director (ieneral, Peter Minuit, to Amsterdam, to con- sult with the W'est India Company. His representation of the conditions, telling how, because of sparse settlement and Indian troubles, outside settlers had been called in and concentrated at Manhattan^ forms a valuable contribution to the annals of New Netherland. De Rasieres was an accompli^'.hed diplomat, closely allied with Godyn. Blommaert and Van Rensselaer, and he had fully informed them in regard to choice locations on the Nortli and South Rivers. Blommaert and Godyn sent two persons in 1629 to the South River to examine and buy land from the Indians, and they thus secured a tract thirty-two miles long on the south side of Delaware (then called Godyn) Bay, from Cape Henloi)en to the mouth of a river, and two miles deep. The patent for this tract was registered and confirmed on June 1, 1630, by Director-General Peter Minuit and his Council, at Fort Amsterdam (Manhattan). Soon after this grant was made, others were registered and approved. Sebastiaen Jansen Krol, who was agent for Kiliaen van Rensselaer, made the biggest haul, having located a tract with sixteen miles front on the west side of the Hudson River and extending back "two days' journey" into the wilderness. This tract with others purchased from the Indians a few days later made \'an Rensselaer the proprietor of nearly all the land now included in Albany and Rensselaer Coun- ties, New York. Michael Pauw, another director of the Company, planted his colony directly across the river from Manhattan Island, which he named for himself under the Latinized form of Pavonia, and later made two other colony locations, one of which included all of Staten Island, and another, which he named Ahasimus, covered the present site of Jersey City and Paulus Hook. The rapid and excessive grabbing of what then seemed the best locations led to quarrels among the patroons which spread to some others. Van Rensselaer concluded to divide his holdmgs into five shares, two of which he retained as his own patroonship. while Godyn and Blommaert each received one and John deLaet the remaining one. Godyn and Blommaert also took m DeLaet and \'an Rensselaer as partners in their South River venture. Godyn and Blommaert, in order to complete the title to their patroonship, were anxious to find a person able to get together the emigrants and supplies necessary for the purpose. For- tunately there came to Amsterdam, fresh from a three years' cruise in the East Indies, Captam David Pieterssen deVries, of Hoorn. He was a skillful seaman and navigator, a keen and rough, but kindly man, a shrewd observer of men and events, and with a reputation which recommended him to Godyp and Blommaert as the most efficient agent for their purpose. They. therefore, proposed to him that he should go to New Netherland for them as commander and under-patroon, but he declined to consider any connection with the enterprise except upon a basis of an equal interest with the others. This was agreed to. DeVries, who had heard that Godyn's (Delaware) Bay abounded in whales, expected much profit from the fishery. These expectations, and the prospect of securing additional lands from the Indians, led the patroons to enlarge their plans and to form a more extensive association for the ]nu-i)ose of colonizing the South River country. So new members were taken in and this association, organized October 18 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 16, 1630, was composed of Blommaert, Godyn. \'an Rensselaer, DeLaet, DeVries, with the addition of four others, directors of the West India Company, named Van Ceulen, Hamel, Van Haringhoeck and \'an Sittorigh. DeX'ries went to work diligently, gathering colonists and supplies, cattle and whaling imple- ments, and equipped the ship Walrus (which carried eighteen guns), and a yacht. DeVries did not go out on that voyage, but placed the expedition in command of Pieter Heyes. Among those who accompanied the expedition was at least one who had been in New Netherland before — one GilHss Hossett. who had been one of Van Rensselaer's agents in the purchase of lands for the patroonship of Rensselaerswyck up the Hudson. The expedition sailed from the Texel on December 12, 1630. The smaller vessel was captured by Dunkirk privateers before it left Dutcli waters, but the Walrus made a safe voyage and reached South River in the spring of 1631, entering the Horekill (Lewes Creek) near the mouth of South River, where, near the present site of Lewes, Delaware, a palisaded brick fort was built, and a colony of more than thirty souls was established under the name of Swanendael, or the Valley of Swans. The edifice, sur- rounded by palisades, was named Fort Oplandt and was placed in command of Gilliss Hossett. Heyes, after he had settled his colonists at Swanendael, crossed the river to what afterward became New Jersey, and bought for his employing association, from the ten Indian chiefs there, a tract extending from Cape May twelve miles northward along the bay and twelve miles inland. This purchase was registered at Manhattan June 3, 1631. Having completed the purchase, Heyes left the colony in charge of Hossett and returned to Holland. DeVries was much incensed with Heyes, because he had not attempted to do anything with the whale fishery, and charged him with cowardice and inefficiency. DeVries then prepared to go south himself. Meanwhile the whole question of patroonships had been in a turmoil. The patroons found them unprofitable I)ecause the reluctance of farmers to leave Holland to engage in work under the patroons made the possibilities of agriculture very limited. The prohibition of fur trade by the patroons excluded them from the sole activity in the colony which was at all profitable. The complaints of the patroons caused tlie company to withdraw many of the most irksome conditions. Rut there were others, besides the patroons, who were dissatisfied with a situation which had concentrated into a close oranization of a few of the directors of the Dutch West India Company such kirge and potentially valuable land grants. The States General made an investi- gation and found the grants excessive and in other ways objectionable. The Director General, Peter Minuit. was recalled. As he had only carried out, in these matters, the duties which devolved upon him under the company's charter, his recall appears by no means just. So far as resources and conditions permitted, Minuit was a faithful and efficient executive who ruled both ably and conscientiously. On his return in 1632 on the ship Eendracht (LInion) for Holland, with several famihes of returning colonists and a cargo of five thousand beaver skins, the ship met contrary winds in the British Channel and was compelled to take refuge in Plymouth Harbor. There she was detained by the English authorities on the charge that the ship was engaged in an illegal traf- fic in British monopohes. In diplomatic correspondence which followed the respective claims of England and the Netherlands to the country between New England and Virginia were set forth at length, but finally, because internal troubles in England made the time inopportune for too strong insistence on its claims, the British Government, without withdrawing any of its claims, released the Eendracht, and the voyage was continued to Amsterdam. Just as DeVries was about to sail from th.- Texel, May 21, 1632, Governor Minuit arrived. He brought the news that its colony at Swanendael had been massacred by Indians. Though greatly shocked, DeVries set sail with a large vessel and a yacht. He reached the site of Swan- endael December 5, 1632, but found there onlv skulls and bones of the colonists and their THE STORY L)T rU I L.U 'IJ.I'1 1 1 ,1 H^ callle. DcX'ries sought the Indians and inxilcd thcni to a ])arley, at which he i^^ained their con- hdence ; and soon after, by Hheral presents and a freindly policy, succeeded in concluding a treaty of peace. Going up the river, he came to a place where a colony of English settlers from Virginia had been massacred by savages. He met the Indians there and had a peaceful talk with them. l)ut found nothing to encourage a new settlement at that time. Leaving a part of his men to try their hand at whaling, he determined to visit Virginia. Arriving there, he was heart- ily welcomed by Sir John Harvey, the Governor, who was much surprised to hear from him that the D.utch had a colony on the Delaware. When he went to Swanendael again he found that his party had only taken seven whales and very little oil. He concluded that there was very little profit in the enterprise and took his party with him. He was afterward prominent in Manhattan as a power for great good in New Netherland affairs, and especially as a mediator with the Indians in the troublous years, until his final return to Holland in 1644. But when he sailed from Swanendael in April, 1634. he left no Europeans in the \"allcy of the Delaware. Sel)astiaen Tansen Krol, who had been agent in charge for Kiliaen van Rensselaer in the location and purchase of the patroonship of Rensselaerswyck, and director of the military post at Eort Orange, was appointed by the directors of the Dutch West India Comi)any to be the Director-General of New Netherland at Fort Amsterdam in Manhattan, until such time as a suc- cessor should be sent from Holland ; and he served thirteen months from the time that Gov- ernor Minuit left the island until the arrival of (Governor Wouter (Weaker) van Twiller, who arrived at Fort Amsterdam (Manhattan) in April, 1633, on the ship Soutberg (Salt Mountain). This appointment shows the strong influence possessed by the patroon Kiliaen van Rensselaer in the directorate of the Dutch West India Company. He had not only secured the appoint- ment of his agent Krol as Governor ad interim, but also the selection of his nephew. Van Twiller, for the more permanent term. W^hatever efifort he put into securing this appointment was well invested. The recall and dismissal of Minuit had been chiefly because of the grants he had made to the patroons, although he does not seem to have exceeded his instructions in that matter. Wouter van Twiller bought back, for the Company, all the patroonships which had been granted by Minuit, except that owned by his uncle, Kiliaen van Rensselaer, who thus became the only ultimate beneficiary of the patroonship system. One of the patroonships extinguished l)y repurchase was that of Blommaert, Godyn and associates on South River. Outside of this transactions Van Twiller seems to have had nothing to do with the colonization of the South River region. Wilhelm Kieft, who succeeded Van Twiller as Director-General of New Netherland, reached New Amsterdam (Manhattan) in 1638. His was a turbulent administration, involved in con- stant turmoil with Indian tribes, whom he infuriated by his harshness. He also became deeply involved in international complications, because of the encroachments of the English from Con- necticut and the injection of a new nationality at the South River extremity of New Netherland. H p T E R TWO NEW SWEDEN AND WHAT CAME OF IT \fter the destruction of Swanendael by the Indians there was for a time httle attention paid'bv the Dutch to the question of colony-planting on the Delaware. Fort Nassau, near the site of Gloucester. N. {., still stood, and may have been visited by Dutch traders seeking to buy furs from the Indians, or by runners sent from Manhattan to see if any invaders or hostile parties had tried to establish a footing for themselves in that region. But in 1635 the fort was unoc- cupied. Governor Sir John Harvey, of Virginia, had heard from Captain de Vries of the Dutch claims and grants on the Delaware, which, from the English point of view, was British soil. In 1633 the Governor sent a party of thirteen men, under command of George Holmes, to investigate the South River conditions, and, if possible, to seize and hold the country in the name of the King. When this party reached South River they found the region deserted by all the settlers, and. proceeding to Fort Nassau, took possession of it. But Hall, who was Captain George Holmes' servant, deserted and escaped to Manhattan, and told how there Fort Nassau had been taken by the British 'troops, who had occupied it. Governor van Twiller sent an armed force in a sloop to recapture the fort : and this being done, the intruders were captured and sent back to Virginia. From tlie first Dutch settlement on Manhattan there had been a continuous conflict between the claims of (Jreat Britain and the United Netherlands as to territorial and sovereignty rights in America. It had been a subject of many diplomatic representations between the two countries. The West India Company requested those whom they appointed as directors-general of New Netherlands to avoid armed conflict as nuich as possible. As far as encroachments from the East by the Puritan settlers of New England, there was much uneasiness, but beyond an occa- sional notification to the Colonial authorities thit the Dutch Government regarded itself as owner of all the region to the Fresh Water (Connecticut) River and considerably beyond it, including all of Connecticut and most, if not all, of Massachusetts, no interference was attempted against the English colonists. In the first place, the English colonies became the more populous, and in the second place, the forces of New Netherlands found Indian troubles enough to keep them busy without engaging in hostilities with the strong settlements of their Eastern neighbors. But the South River region was different. The Dutch claim to the region was as insistent as that which lield Manhattan, but it was more difficult to defend, because it had not been found pos- sible to plant and maintain in that region colonies large enough or forces strong enough to resist the Indians on the one hand, and foreign intruders on the other. The Swanendael experiment had been the most imi)ortant attempt at Dutch Settlement west of the South River, but it had failed. Settlements made at Fort Nassau and at other points on the East (New Jersey) side of its river had one by one been broken up. Tlie English claimed the region as a part of Virginia, for a long time, but in 1632 Charles I included the part of it west of South River in a grant which he made to the young Caecilius Calvert, Lord Baltimore, of a region which the King him- self directed should be named Maryland, after his queen, Henrietta Maria. But for some time negotiations had been going on in Europe which were destined to intro- duce a new nationality into the South River region whose claims would be equally unacceptable to the Dutch and the English. The originator of the scheme was a Dutchman who was a recog- nized expert in commercial and colony organizations and exploitations. William Usselinx was a native of Antwerp, but for years resident in Holland. As a young man he had lived for years at Fayal. in the Azores Islands, as agent of European houses and as merchant on his own account. It is said that he had visited Brazil and the West Indies, but as Fayal was a place of call and sup- THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 21 22 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA I)ly tor vessels engaged in the West Indian trade, he had there the best opportunities for gaining the thorough instruction in the commerce and the situation of the West Indies, with which he was later credited. He had already amassed a large fortune when, in 1591, he left the Azores and made his home in Holland, being then twenty-three or twenty-four years old. Being a Protes- tant, he could not go to live in his native town of Antwerp, which had been taken by the Spaniards in 1585. His knowledge of the West Indian trade and his genius for organization brought him into the favor of the merchants of the Netherlands. The success made by the Dutch East India Company had made a deep impression on the commercial and maritime community in Holland, and Usselinx, who was an enthusiast in his advocacy of Dutch participation in the commercial possibilities of the West Indies and South America, was urged to draw up, in 1604, a subscrip- tion i:)aper to be circulated among the merchants of Holland and Zeeland. His work resulted, finally, in the creation of the Dutch W^est India Company. He had before written pamphlets and otherwise agitated in favor of challenging the m istery of Spain in the commerce of the West Indies, following the brilliant achievements of Maurice of Nassau, the Great Stadtholder, in freeing the United Netherlands politically from Sjxanish control. Usselinx had advocated the formation of the West India Comj)any largely as a matter of war and reprisal against Spain. But the approval of the States of Holland could not be secured for it. The agitation continued for years, and, when the twelve years truce came, the arguments of Usselinx, based not only on the existence but also desirability of war, were no longer convincing. But Hudson's discovery, and the subsecjuent creation of a Dutch territory in America, followed by developments of the United New Netherland Company, gave ground for a renewal of the demand for the organization of the West India Company. It was not until 1621, however, that the company was finally organized. Usselinx was at first active and influential in the com- pany, but he soon became disatisfied with its administration and especially with the small atten- tion paid to its duty of colonizing the new country. It also appears, from some authorities, that the fortune he had brought from Fayal in 1591 had not been successfully husbanded and that it l>ecame necessary for him to retrieve his fortunes. Still an enthusiast on the subject of American colonization he determined to try a new organ- ization. His ])urpose could not be achieved through the Dutch, so he took his appeal to Sweden, whose great King, Gustavus Adolphus. became interested, as early as 1624, in a project fathered and drafted by Usselinx, to create a Swedish West India Company, Usselinx was granted a royal commission to organize the company, which was to carry Protestant Christianity as well as Colonists and supplies, to America. Gustavus Adolphus gave a considerable sum to start the enterprise, which was nobly planned to be an adventure in Christian colonization with just gov- ernment and religious liberty. The king issued an edict in 1627, giving commendation to the plan and inviting popular subscrij^tions to the enterprise, which met with great favor in Stockholm. But the Thirty Years' W^ar drew the king's attention away from other things, and in 1632 he fell at the battle of Liitzen. He left instruction; that the American project should be cared for by his little daughter Christina, under the direction of the distinguished statesman. Count Axel Oxen- stierna, chancellor of Sweden. For a few years after the death of Gustavus Adolphus. Sweden was too fully occupied with the Thirty Years' War to take hold of any Colonial enterprise, but finally it claimed atten- tion, and arrangements were made to push it to success. Peter Minuit, who had been the first Director General of the Dutch West India Company was secured as an active leader, and it was decided to plant the colony on South River. This region was thought to be available because the Dutch, who had claimed it and had at one time made inefifectual attempts to settle it, had withdrawn their settlers and their forces. The English had made no serious effort to reduce it to possession, and from the Swedish standpoint, had no better claim to the region than the fact THE SrORY OF PI 1 1 LAJ^ELPHI ,\ o^ that the Cahols, flying the British flag, had sailed in sight of the Capes at the entrance of the Bay. in 149S. Minuit, who, with Ussehnx. knew ahout the claims and conditions in New Netherland. had no very friendly feeling for the Dutch West India Company, which had made him the scapegoat for the dissatisfaction which had heen engendered in the distrihution of the patroonships, although in that matter he had exactly fulfilled the rules of the company and the instructions of its directors. His dismissal from the service of the company left him disgrunt- led, and at the same time freed him from any obligation to ser\e the interests of that organiza- tion. Therefore, he readily fell in with the project to send him out as commissioner of the Swedish Expedition to colonize the South River region as a Swedish colony. Among those who became interested in thi^ enterprise was Samuel Blommaert. who had previously been associated with Samuel Goydn in promoting and financing the Swanendael enter- prise on South River, which came to such a disastrous end. Blommaert was a friend and patron of Usselinx and also a friend and correspondent of Oxenstierna, the Swedish chancellor. P.lom- maert was rather more attracted to the part of the Usselinx program which ])roposed to colon- ize in Brazil, and by spoiling the mines and settlements of the Sj)aniards and Portuguese on land, and privateer work against their galleons at sea, to get much treasure in gold and silver. That part of the project was hazardous, but if it should be successful would bring quick returns. But Oxenstierna. though bold and masterful wlien the occasion required, was convinced that the peaceful settlement of a j)roductive country was likely to ])rove more advantageous in the end, and therefore favored the South River enterprise. Another Dutch friend of the Swedish chancellor was Peter S])iring, who was an internu-diarv between Holland and the Swedish Court. It was he who. being employed by the Swedish ( iov- ernment to raise money and make arrangements for starting the colony project to moving. ])ro- cured from Peter Minuit a complete and comprehensive plan for making a .settlement of Swedes on the South River. It was at first proposed thit the enterprise should include a factory on the coast of Guinea, as well as a colony in America. Minuit estimated the minimum requirements of the expedition as including a vessel of from one hundred and twenty to two Inmdred tons, a cargo worth from ten thousand to twelve thousand guilden in goods, a ship's comjxmy of from tw^enty to twenty-five men, provisions for a year, a dozen soldiers to serve as a garrison at the post, and a small vessel to be stationed at the settlement. In 1636 Spiring, who had been knighted in Sweden, was sent to Amsterdam as Swedish resident and counselor of the finances ; and also took to Blommaert a commission as Swedish com- missary at Amsterdam, with an annual salary of one thousand riksdaler. Conferences between Spiring, Blommaert and Minuit brought modifications of the original ])lan. The idea of estab- lishing a factory on the Gold Coast was abandoned, and it was decided to plant a Swedish colony in North America, on soil not in possession of either Dutch of luiglish. The preparations were made very quietly, so as not to alarm the Dutcli West India Company, and the enterprise was financed half in Amsterdam by Blommaert, Minuit and their friends and half in Sweden by Spir- ing, the three Oxenstiernas and Clas Fleming, acting chief of the Swedish admiralty. The cost of the expedition was estimated at twenty-four thousand Dutch florins. It sailed under the aus- pices of the Swedish West India Company, whicli had a charter with privileges equivalent to those of the Dutch East India Company to trade in Africa, America and Australia south of the thirty-sixth degree of north latitude. The passports for the vessels Kalmar Nyckel (Key of Kalmar). a large armed vessel, and the Vogel Grip ( Griftin Bird), a sloop yacht for shallow water, were issued on August 9, 1637. but Minuit's illness, bad weather and other causes delayed the departure until nearly the end of December. The vessels, therefore, did not arrive in the Dela- ware until March, the first definite date of the Swedish occupation being March 29. 1638, on which date Minuit bouerht land on the Delawa-c from an Indian chief. This was the natural 24 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA thing for Minuit to do. for in doing it he carried out the same poHcy which he had followed when he became the first Director General of New Netherland, and bought Manhattan Island from the Indians for sixty guilden ($24) in 1626. Minuit and his successors in the founding of Dutch colonies, went upon the principle that the Indians, as the aboriginal inhal)itants of the country, were the owners of the land, and it was one of their favorite argtmients, in their contentions with the English over the titles to their colonies, that the lands were their by right of possession. The English, on the other hand, pre- sented the argument that the Indians were nomads who had in no real sense ever reduced the land to possession in such a way as to give them title to convey it. Peter Minuit, in taking up the lands on the Delaware for the Swedish Company and Queen, endeavored to cover the territory as far as possible with purchases from the natives. He was careful, too. to preserve definite memoranda of having done so. An interesting document which is still preserved in the printed annals of the period is a copy of an affidavit of four sailors of the ship Kalinar Nyckel, upon which Minuit came to his governorship. The sailors were Michell Simonssen. the mate, and Pieter Johanssen, the first boatswain, both Dutch; Johan Joachimssen, the gunner, also probably Dutch, and Jacob Evertssen Sandelin, the second mate, a Scotchman. The deposition which was made before an Amsterdam notary, tells how the first Swedish expedition arrived in Christina Creek, and how the Indians ceded their lands to the newcomers, and were paid for them in good faith, the land being sold "with all its jurisdiction, sovereignty and rights to tl:e Swedish Florida Company, under the protection and patronage of the most illustrious and most mighty Princess and Virgin Christina, elected Queen of the Swedes, Goths and Wends." The use of the name "Swedish Florida Company" in this document serves to bear out the statement made by several writers of the history of this period to the effect that Minuit did not give the Amsterdam directors of this Swedish enterprise definite information in regard to the e.xact location of New Sweden. It seems clear that Samuel Blommaert did not know that this land claimed for Sweden included the original patroonship of Swanendael, which he and his asso- ciate, Samuel Godyn, and others, had only two years before reconveyed to the Dutch West India Company. Further evidence of Blommaert's lack of knowledge of the identity of the two settle- ments is furnished by constant reference in his letters to the "voyagen till Florida." "The first landing of the Swedes and Finns," says Smith's History of New York, which is one of the earliest histories of the colony, "was at Cape Inlopen, the interior Cape of Dela- ware, which, from its pleasant appearance to them they named 'Paradise Point.' They are said to have purchased from some Indians the land from Cape Inlopen to the Falls of Delaware, on both sides of the river, which they called 'New Sweden Stream.' " The settlement was made on Min(|uas Creek, later renamed the Christina, afterward corrupted to "Christiana Creek," and started the place known as Christiana, on the site now occupied by part of the City of Wilming- ton, Delaware. Minuit's knowledge of the country and of the Indian character proved of much value in starting the colony of New Sweden on a career of promise and prosperity, and his special experi- ence in connection with the fur trade started a prosperous business in furs. Wilhelm Kieft, then Director General, had early knowledge of the planting of the Swedish colony by Peter Minuit, and as early as April 28, 1638, had written to the Dutch West India Company in regard to the intrusion of the new colony, which he regarded as a serious menace to the safety and general wel- fare of New Netherland. In May he addressed a remonstrance to Minuit protesting most emphatically against the intrusion of a new European nationality and sovereignty into New Netherland. He especially objected to such intrusion being under the direction of Peter Minuit, "for the reason that the fact of Dutch sovereignty over the region was widely known and notor- ious." and he asserted that "the whole of the South River of New Netherland has been in Dutch THE STORY OF I'll ILADRJ.PHIA 25 possession many years, al)ove and below, beset witb forts and sealed with their blood," which he adds, ''has happened even during your administration in New Xcthcrland, and is thus well known to you." Minuit paid little attention to the protests and warnings of Kieft, but finally sent him word that his queen had as much right on the South Ri\er as Kieft's company. He built a fort, was liberal in his gifts to the Indians and thus secured for his colony a very large share of their furs and skins, and after having organized the various enterprises and projects of the colony upon a working basis, he sailed away with his two ships. There is some conflict in the records as to what became of Peter Minuit, but the one which seems most probable is that which declares that he lost his life in a gale at sea. Acrelius, usually very accurate, even says that he served faithfully at his post until 1641, when he died and was buried at Fort Chistina. But Minuit was too energetic and impressive an administrator to have ruled the colony unobserved by Kieft, who reported to his company that "Minuit has built a fort near South River, and draws all the skins toward him by his liberal gifts. He has departed with the two ships he had with him, leaving twenty-four men in the fort provided with all sorts of merchandise and provisions. He has put down posts, on which are the letters 'C. R. S.' — Christina Regina Suesciae (Christina, Queen of Sweden). Jan Jansen has^ according to my orders, protested against this, to which he gave an answer, a copy of which goes herewith. We afterward sent him a formal written protest, but he did not feel inclined to answer it. His proceeding is a great disadvantage to the Company." The researches of Professor Odhner have confirmed the statement of Kieft, which most of the earier historians disputed. He declares that Minuet busied himself with preparations for the safety of the colony, supplied the fort with provisions and articles for barter with the Indians, and prepared for his return. He left Fort Christina in charge of Lieutenant Mans Kling, a Swede, and the civil government in charge of Hendrick Huyghen, who was a brother-in-law of Minuit, and had been formerly associated with him in a sul)ordinate capacity in the administration of New Netherland. Before leaving, Minuit dispatched the yacht (h'iffin ahead, with part of the cargo l)rought out from Gothenburg, with instructions to barter the goods in the West Indies. He followed in the same direction soon after, w^ith the Kalmar Nyckel, and reached St. Christopher, upon which island he traded his goods for a cargo of tobacco. He was prepared to sail for home when he was invited by a Dutch skipper aboard a ship in the harbor called Het Migende Hert (the Flying Deer). While he visited this vessel a hurricane of great intensity came up and drove all the vessels in the harbor out to sea. Many of the shjpsjqst their masts, or were other- wise disabled, and the Flying Deer and Minuit were never seen again. The Kalniar Xyckel weath- ered the storm without serious damage, returning to port and afterward cruising around for several weeks trying to find news of Minuit, but hearing none, she sailed for Sweden. In November, 1638, while in the North Sea, she encountered another storm and ])Ut into a Dutch port to refit before finishing her voyage to Gothenburg. The Griffin, finishing her trading cruise in the West Indies, returned to New Sweden. Some time later she took on a cargo of furs, and after a voyage of only five weeks ( which was consid- ered a great feat of speed in those days), arrived in Gothenburg in May, 1639. It appears from a letter which Blommaert wrote to the Swedish Chancellor that he was dis- pleased with Minuit because he had gone trading to the West Indies instead of making a direct return to Europe. It also appears that the Dutch West India Company was none too well pleased at the idea of trade rivalry from Sweden in territory which they claimed as their own. There is no doubt that the company itself, and Wilhelm Kieft. who represented it as Director General in New Netherland, would not have hesitated to adopt a more rigorous policy against the intruders if thev had been of any nation other than Sweden. But the glamour and glory of 26 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA the brilliant ser\ice which Gustavus Adolphus, its most doughty champion, had rendered to the cause of Protestantism in Euroi)e, was no more highly appreciated anywhere than in the Dutch Netherlands. The Dutch West India Company, therefore, realized that any conflict with the country ruled by the daughter of Gustavus Adolphus would be extremely unpopular in Holland. The first year of the colony at Christina was a prosperous one. resulting in the shipment of thirty thousand skins to Sweden, and this was a competition keenly felt by the Dutch West India Company. In the second year, the colony was not so active. A second expedition had been sent from Sweden, which included among its emigrant passengers Rev. Reorus Torkillus. the first Christian minister of the Delaware region and the first Lutheran minister in America. The colony suffered considerably from climatic diseases, and in matters of trade, and the initiation of new colonial activities sadlv missed the organizing abilities so cons])icuously efficient in Peter Minuit. There was a good deal of dissatisfaction on the part of the lOutch partners in the Swedish enterprise, but Clas Fleming, president of the Swedish College of Commerce, and his secretary, Jan Beyer, set about organizing a second expedition for New Sweden. They commissioned a Dutch captain, Cornelis Van Vliet, to take out another party of colonists in the Kalmar Nyckel. Gathering a considerable number of Swedish emigrants, with cattle, farming tools, supplies and merchandise, the vessel set sail from Gothenburg in the fall of 1639. She was soon found to be leaking badly, and therefore put in at Medemblik, Holland, for repairs, which caused much delay. Spiring and Blommaert had provided money for the voyage, and Spiring, who had charge of the arrangements, discharged Van Vliet and substituted Pouwel Jansen as skipper. The ship did not finally start on its voyage until February 7, 1640. and it arrived at Fort Christina on April 17. The most important among the passengers was Peter Hollander Ridder, who brought with him an ap])ointment by the New Sweden Company as governor of the colony. He was of Dutch or German origin, but had been in the Swedish service at least from 1635. having been employed by the Swedish Admiralty in various capacities in Finland and Sweden. In the fall of 1640 many members of the garrison were disabled by malarial fever. The third expedition of colonists to New Sweden came from Holland under a Swedish com- mission granting certain lands and privileges to the charterers, Gothart de Rehden, De Horst. Fen- land and others, under which emigrants, cattle, etc, arrived in New Sweden in November. 1640 in the ship Fredenburg. commanded by Captain Powelson. The grant made in return for these shipments gave them the right to take u]) land on the north side of South River, at least four or five (lerman miles below Fort Christina, and bring it into actual cultivation within ten years. The grant was later transferred to Henry Hockhammer & Co., who agreed to send two or three vessels with more colonists and supplies, and found a new colony in New Sweden. A quaintly expressed clause intended to safeguard religion and education appears in the grant, which enjoins the patroons that they were to ])refer the Augsburg Confession of Faith (Lutheran), but might profess the "pretended Reformed religion." They were at all times to support as many minis- ters and schoolmasters as the numl)er of inhabitants should seem to require, and in their selec- tion of men for these oftices should give preference, to those "willing and capable of converting the savages.' 1 he grantees were to be free to engage in every kind of industry, trade and com- merce with friendly powers, and were to be exempt from taxes for ten years. In the conditions and privileges of this grant there was much greater liberality than in any made ])y the Dutch West India Company, which was a stringent monopoly, and failed to make such headway in colonization as was accomi)lished by English colonies because of the hampering restrictions and heavy taxes attached to all their colony grants. The executive of this Dutch colony in New Sweden was Joost de Hogaert, who besides being the commandant was especially comnfissioned as general agent of the Swedish Government on the Delaware River and was THE STORY OF Pfl/LAmiLPHIA 27 28 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA charged to miss no opportunity of sending to Sweden any information which might be useful to Her Majesty (Queen Christina) and the Crown of Sweden. A salary of five hundred florins annually was attached to this office, and if Bogaert should give sufficient proof of attachment to this service and zeal for the welfare of Sweden, another hundred florins was to be added to the salary. Kieft. the Director General of New Netherland, while he had maintained a consistent posi- tion of diplomatic protest against the creation of a New Sweden on the Delaware, was restrained by his instructions from taking any active steps toward military assertion of Dutch hegemony over that region. The Dutch West India Company was a commercial organization, whose aims toward success largely depended upon peaceful occupancy. Therefore, as the Swedes on the Delaware seemed to be anxious to cultivate friendship with their Dutch neighbors, there was no spirit of active aggression upon either side. It was the aim of the West India Company, also, to avoid conflicts with the English, and Kieft's orders were to that eft'ect. But the English were aggravatingly insistent upon their claim of ownership of all America on the Atlandc Seaboard between Florida and New France, and this claim was backed up by several attempts at settlement along the Delaware. One of these was I)y Captain Thomas Yong who has left records made in letters to Sir Toby Matthew, a Catholic courtier holding confidential place in the court of Charles I. Yong, who was born in London in 1579. became active in 1633 in the promotion of an enterprise to undertake the discovery of a passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific, of which he believed Delaware Bay to be the eastern estuary. It is assumed by some writers that he was a Catholic, and that his plan, while ostensibly looking to the discovery of a Northwest Passage, was really aimed at the pro- motion of Catliolic settlements in America. Others deny this any say that so far as can be traced his family were all adherents of the Church of England. It is true, however, that he had many friends and patrons who were Catholics, but they were all people who were very near to King Charles I. who was at that time very accessible to Roman Catholic influences. Yong's friendliness to Catholics, therefore, may have been more political than religious. Beside his letters to Sir Toby Matthews, he wrote a full "Relation" of his voyage to Sir Francis Windebank, Secretary of State, who was also a Catholic. Yong went first to Virginia, where he talked to the leaders on both sides in regard to the diverse claims of William Claiborne and Lord Baltimore to the ownership by the provinces of Virginia or Maryland of Kent Island, regarding which he reported in a letter to Sir Toby Mat- thew, dated July 13, 1634. On July 20 he set sail from Jamestown, and arrived in Delaware Bay on July 25. He went up the Delaware River until he came to falls which obstructed him. He tells of taking possession of the river for His Majesty, naming it "Charles River" in his honor, "and there sett up His Majesties amies upon a tree, which was performed with solemnities usuall in that kind." He had several friendly encounters with Indians, and was told by them that the Dutch had alread}- made settlements upon the river. Later he came up with Hollanders, whose ship was in the river, and (juestioned them as to their authority for settling on this river (which, he records, they called "South River"). The Hollanders told him that they had been settled there by the Governor of New Netherlands. "To which I replyed," he continues, "that I knew no such (lovernor. nor no such place as New Netherlands." After reproving the Dutchmen for invad- ing His Majesty's dominions, and showing them his commission with the Great Seal, he pro- fessed his desire to be courteous to subjects of s i ancient allies of his prince, but recommended them to leave the river within two days. After the date of this "Relation" Yong went Northeast and shifted his investigations to the Kennebec River, up which he went with his party, who, by carrymg their canoes over portages a few times, reached into French Territory, where he was captured by a French captain and deported to France. His name does not subsequently appear THE STORY OF PmLAnJiLrillA 29 in records of American history or discovery. "New Albion" was the name of another en'er])rise launched Ijy the British, of which Sir Edmund Plowden was the central figure. Sir Edmund, who was a Catholic of Wansted, Hamp- shire, the second son of Francis Plowden, of Pbwden, Herefordshire, received a patent in 1634 from the Viceroy of Ireland under Charles I. It is said that the grant was faultily drawn, vague in its provisions, and inconsistent in its descrip.ion of the large domain it purported to confer on its grantee, extending on both sides of the Delaware River. Styling himself the Earl Palatine of New Albion, Sir Edmund made his headquarters at Accomac. in Northampton County, Vir- ginia. His claims were backed by Governor Berkeley, of Virginia, who wrote to Governor Ridder of New Sweden, under date of March 18, 1642, in favor of Sir Edward Plowden. It was addressed to "the Right Worthy Governor of the Swedes," and to "Henrick" Huygen, "in charge of the South River." The letter recited the real and imaginary discoveries, settlements and occupations of the English on both sides of the Delaware, and their rights there, and admonished the Swedes of that region to submit to the authority of the English crown, and to recognize the title and dominion of "Governor" Plowden. Governor Ridder gave no recognition to their claim, nor to another British development near the site of Salem, New Jersey, of which more will be said later. His term as executive was al)out to close, and he kept himself as clear as possible from every international complication. Oxenstierna. the Swedish Chancellor, had determined to make an effort to secure for the gov- ernorship of New Sweden a more virile and efifective administration, which was all-important if the colony should, by any means, be called upon to give any worthy measure of protection to its people from the aggressions of neighboring but alien administrations. His choice- rested upon Lieutenant Colonel Johan Printz, who, in August, 1642, received his commission as the first Royal Governor of New Sweden, those who had preceded him having been company appointees. Johan Printz, the most prominent figure in the history of New Sweden, was born in Bottnaryd, in Sma- land. South Sweden, in 1592. He received a very thorough and liberal education in the Univer- sities of Rostock, Greifswald. Leipzig. Wittenberg, and Jena. His youth was passed in various adventures in Germany and Italy, and in the armies of France and Austria. In 1625 he returned to Sweden, entering the army, and serving in the German campaigns of the Thirty Years' War. In 1638 he was raised to the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. Being forced to surrender the city of Chemnitz, Saxony, in 1640, he was removed from his command. In 1642. at the age of fifty, he received knighthood, and on November 1, after having been commissioned as Governor of New- Sweden, he embarked on the Fama, which sailed first to the West Indies, and anchored in the harbor of Antigua late in December. Besides Governor Printz. Christer Boije. Johan Pape- goija and Rev. John Campanius were passengers on the Fama. and Gregorius van Dyck returned to the colony on that vessel. After the second expedition to New Sweden in 1640 the New Sweden Comi)any was entirely under Swedish control. To give stronger emphasis to this strictly national character of the col- ony it was thought wise to enlist new men to replace the Dutch soldiers and servants in Fort Christina. This part of the work had been placed in the hands of Johan Papegoija, who had spent some considerable time at that task before the Fama sailed. But it was found very difficult to find persons willing to emigrate to New Sweden, and the number secured on the volunteer plan proved quite inadequate. Therefore, the Council of State decreed that poachers and deserter soldiers should be deported to New Sweden, Even with this addition larger numbers were needed, and several governors in the Central and Northern Provinces of Sweden were instructed to catch such Finns as were known to be destroying the forests and doing damage to the woods at the mines and deport them to New Sweden. Later it was ordered that citizens who could not pay their debts should also be shipped to the colony. This last addition to the Hst of subjects finished 3(1 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA up a shipload of emigrants. As in other new colonies, the people of New Sweden objected to receiving j^eople sent out because of their crimen. But the Council felt that they would not raise objections to receiving lawbreakers selected upon the principle that persons "who had not com- mitted such crimes that other people shunned th -ir company" could be deported to New Sweden. The })assengers spent their Christmas hoHd lys in Antigua, and the English Governor enter- tained Governor Printz, Rev. Johan Campanius and other officers at his own home. At the beginning of January, 1643, the colonists were under way, carrying with them as many oranges and lemons as they could find room for. The Fama arrived in Delaware Bay about the end of January, 1643, and in the midst of a terrific snowstorm ran ashore and lost her mainmast, spritsail and three large anchors. She did not reach Fori: Christina until February 15. Besides the Fama, the ship Swan took part in this expedition, and carried merchandise for trading purposes. She also sutYered considerable damage, and jiart of the cargo was ruined. After unloading and repairing the vessels and equipment, the Fama and Swan returned, weighing anchor on April 4. The Fama carried some homeward-bound colonists. Peter Hollandaer Ridder, the retiring gov- ernor, returned on this vessel, and never came back to New Sweden. He was advanced steadily in the service of the Swedish Crown, and in 1653 became commander of the Castle of Viborg. in Finland, which office he retained until his deith, at the age of eighty-four, in 1691. Almost at once, after landing in New Sweden in February, 1643, Governor Printz estab- lished his hou.sehold on Tinicum Island, and later transferred the capital of the colony from Christina to his new home, which he named Nya Gothenburg. David Pietersen de Vries, artil- lery master, mariner, adventurer. New Netherland patroon, and the most veracious and clear- visioned of the early chroniclers of New Netherland, visited the Delaware in October, 1643, the last of the six voyages described in his "Korte Historiael ;" or, "Short Historical Notes." He tells of revisiting the South River and the site of Swanendael, the colony destroyed by the Indians in 1630, of which he was one of the patroons. At that time there were, he said, three Swedish forts, the first of which, going up river, he calls "Elsenburg" (Fort Nya Elfsborg, built by the Swedes that same year, 1643), a short distance below Varken's Kill (now Salem Creek, New Jersey) ; the second he called Fort Christian (Christina), and the third. New Gothenburg (Nya Goteborg), on Tinicum Island. As the ship came abreast of Fort Nya Elfsborg the Swedes fired for the ship to strike its flag. The skipper asked De Vries if he should strike it, and he replied: "If I were in a ship belonging to myself, I would not strike it, because I am a patroon of New Netherland, and the Swedes are a people who have come into our river ; but you came here by contrary winds and for purposes of trade, and it is therefore proper that you should strike." The skipper followed this suggestion, and a skil¥ came out with some Swedes, who informed them that the Governor was at New Gothenburg. Sailing there, De Vries and the skip- ])er went to Governor Printz, who welcomed them. The Governor's trader, who had been in New Amsterdam, recognized DeVries as the former patroon of Swanendael, and DeVries and his skipper were cordially entertained and feasted by the Governor. DeVries describes Printz as "a man of great size, who weighed over four hundred pounds" ; and he found him a man of wide knowledge, considerable executive ability, and withal of convivial habits, who drank wine and strong waters none too moderately. Another writer, speaking of his huge size, records that the Indians called Printz "the Big Tub." During the same trip DeVries went up the river on a visit to Fort Nassau, and on his return he went again to see Governor Printz, who piloted him on a visit to Fort New Gothenburg. Then, after the skipper had exchanged wines for skins and peltries of various kinds, the ship ended its week's trip to the Delaware River and went out to sea. Although DeVries was a very who, like himself, possessed a truly cosmopolitabout getting along with a man like Johan Printz, patriotic Hollander, he would have no difificulty an spirit. Printz had a genius for observation. 77//: .v7Y)/v']' OF riiii..\ni'.i.piii,\ and the reports which he sent to Sweden showed him to l)e a keen and analytical jud,£je and a])]>raiser of men, stintin<:j no praise where prais? was dne. hnt ele\erly critical of misconduct and impatient of fratid or deceit. A o"ood deal of a martinet, with a militarist li-ainint,'- which inclined him lo force thinirs through, he "-overned with the strong arm of th2 soldier. Considering the untoward conditions with which he had to contend, he made a success of his administration and did manfully the dif- ficult governmental tasks which were laid upon his l)road shoulders. He successfully main- tained Swedish sovereignty along the South River against the rival claims of the Dutch and English, and extended the hounds of his colony. He ruled in a rough-and-ready way, appro- priate to the rude frontier conditions of the times, and gave to New Sweden the most prosperous decade of its history. He took a strong interest in the welfare of the Lutheran Church, and was a regular attendant at its services. He was, when occasion required, a good deal of a diplomat. He carried on a successful trade with the Indian^, and succeeded much better than the Dutch in getting and holding tlieir trade. Although he made his administration one notable for its success in dealing with Indians and withstanding Dutch and English encroachments, he had no illusions as to the character and sentiments of any of these groups. This is amply shown in the letters he sent to the Swedish officials, in which he outlin?s the history of the Colonics for the edification of those who were backing the enterprise. Writing in 1644, he speaks of the fact that although the llollandcrs "do not gladly see us here, but always protest and in the meanwhile loosen the tongue, yet they have nevertheless, since I came here, kept and yet keep with us good friendship, especially their commander. William Kieft, who often and in most cases, when he has been able, has written to me and advised me about what has happened in Sweden, Holland, and other European places. He reminded me, indeed, in the beginning in his letters, about ths pretension of the Dutch West India Company to this entire river. But since I answered him with as good reasons as I could and knew how, he has now for a time relieved me of this protestino^." Printz tells how he had been harrowed by "the Puritans." Among these was a party of Bos- ton merchants interested in promoting a search for a reputed inland lake, where beavers were supposed to abound, and which they believed might be reached by the upper waters of the Dela- ware. In this search an expedition, under command of William Aspinwall. came up the river. Printz was suspicious of them, but permitted them to pass the Swedish forts. They were, how- ever, halted by the Dutch at Fort Nassau, and forced to return to Boston. The Governor also had difficulties with the "New Haven Puritans," as he called theiu in his 1644 report. This refers to an expedition of the New Haven Delaware Company, which sent into the Delaware region, in 1641, a party of settlers, under the leadership of George Lamberton. They established themselves on Varkins Kill (now Salem Creek. New Jersey). A group of this same New Haven Delaware Company secured, in 1642. a location higher up the river, on Fishers Island, or Province Island, at the South side of the mouth of the Schuylkill River. There they erected a blockhouse, which, so far as can be deduced from any definite reports or records, was the first structure of any kind to be erected within the present limits of Philadelphia. No atten- tion was paid to the protests made both by Dutch and Swedes, and finally the Dutch descended upon the settlement, burning the blockhouse and adjacent buildings. Many of the settlers were carried to New Amsterdam. Some escaped to the Swedes and were naturalized as members of that colony and as subjects of the Swedish Crown. Lamberton escaped with his vessel, but was afterward caught bv the Swedes and brought to trial in the Swedish Court at Fort Christina. Sir Edmund Plowden, who has been before mentioned as claiming, under a grant issued by the \'iceroy of Ireland, a large domain on both sides of the Delaware, despatched several vessels with commissions to trade in the Delaware River, but Governor Printz, in reporting tliat fact, says: ^2 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA -1 have not alloyed anyone to pass by, and will not do it, until I receive a command and order from Her Royal Majesty, my Most Gracious Queen." But these repeated efforts, together with the news that the New Englanders had chased the Dutch from the Fresh (Connecticut) River, caused Printz to speak pessimistically of the improb- ability that he would scarcely be able to get rid of these Puritans and what he calls their "Phari- sean practices" in any peaceful manner. Print? also tells of the Indian outrages against Chris- tians ; how the Dutch in Manhattan had fought with them for over a year, and how six weeks before he wrote one thousand Indians h:id banded themselves together in Virginia and had attacked and savagely murdered over six hundred Christians, and also the Marylanders had suffered from the ravages of the Minquas. He believed that New Sweden was none too safe, and he recommended that the best thing that could be done for the colony would he to send two hundred soldiers to it, to be kept there "until," he says, "we broke the necks of all of them in the river, especially as we have no beaver trade with them, but only the maize trade." He believed that with such a force a large trade in beavers and other skins could be built up. One drawback he found is the scarcity of wampum, or "sevant," as he calls it ; and he recommended sending out a cargo of such goods as could be sold in New England or Manhattan, where wampum could be bought with the proceeds and used as a currency for procuring beaver and other furs from the Indians. The remainder of the 1644 report pertains to details in regard to the trade of the colony, and a list of the colonists, by which we find that they comprised thirty-four at Fort Christina, seventeen at Fort Elfsborg, eight at the Schuylkill plantation; fourteen at the Upland Planta- tion, and eighteen, including the Governor, at Tmicum, making a total of ninety-one. The list does not include four names which were listed as returning to Sweden. Another list gives the names of twenty-six persons who had died in 1643 and 1644, the most notable name being that of Rev. Reorus Torkillus, the first preacher of New Sweden. Eight of the others were soldiers (one corporal and seven privates) of whom two were killed by Indians. The rest were thirteen laborers employed by Hie Company, and four who had died violent deaths, one. a Finn, being drowned at Upland, and three others, an Englishman and his Swedish wife and Gerit Elekenn, being killed by Indians. Governor Printz wrote a second report which was dispatched from New Sweden, Feb. 20, 1647. In the period of nearly three years which filled in the gap between the two reports. New Sweden had largely been left to its own devices, for the people in Sweden were chiefly occu- pied with their own troubles, being at war with the Danes until peace was concluded in August, 1645. Progress is indicated in Governor Printz's second report. Fort Elfsborg had been fairly well fortified ; Fort Christina had been repaired from top to bottom; a new fort in Skylenkyll, called Karsholm, was nearly completed. In the interval only two men and two small children had died, and the colony had increased to one hundred and eighty-three souls. Sven Wass, the gunner, on November 5, 1645, had set Fort New Gothenburg on fire, and the people escaped naked and destitute, no building, excej^t the barn, having been saved. The severe winter had frozen up the Delaware, so that the inhabitants were marooned on Tinicum until March. Sven Wass, author of all the trouble, had been tried, and was being sent back to Sweden on the vessel that carried the report. Printz had built a new church and a storehouse in New Gothen- burg. The church was dedicated September 4, 1646. "In order to prejudice the trade of the Hollanders," Printz had built a fine fort called after the Swedish royal family, by the name of Fort Wasa, in the great trading path of the Minquas, and nearly two miles above this fort he had built a blockhouse on the present Cobb's Creek near the Blue Bell Inn, on the road from Darby to Phil idelphia. The vessel Gyllene Haj arrived Oc- tober 1. 1646. Its cargo was much needed to give the Swedes currency with which they could THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 33 trade with the Indians. He complains bitterly against the DiiUii, who. he ^aid, were destroying the trade of the Swedes everywhere, were selling guns, shot and powder to the savages, and were inciting them against the Swedes, and who iiad bought from the savages within the Swed- ish boundaries where the colonists had purchased the property eight years before, and were getting much bolder in their assertion of sovereignty on the South River. He still inveighs against the attempts of the "English Puritans" to settle in New Sweden, and recites a recent endeavor on the part of a certain "Captain Clerk," who had been at New Sweden, asking per- mission "to settle a few hundred families under Her Majesty's flag, which I, in a civil way, refused, referring the matter to Her Majesty's further resolution." He refers to various needs of the colony, and notes that he has sent back a cargo of tobacco. He ends the report with a request that he be relieved from the post a' New Sweden, and be permitted to return home and be assigned to other service of the Crown. Prince Hall, the Governor's mansion, which had been destroyed with the other buildings, was rcl)uilt with much s|)lendor in com- parison with any of the structures in that region. While the Dutch had been outwardly friendly, their comi)etition had been strenuous, and they had, at least officially, not abated one iota of their claim to the Delaware country. Kieft had taken no steps against the Swedes, and Jan Jansen, conunissary at Fort Nassau, had raised no dissension with them. Jan Jansen w:is recalled, and on October 2. 1645. Andraes Hudde succeeded him at Fort Nassau. At that period complaints were frequently lodged with the Dutch West India Company against Kieft. because he was accused of allowing the Swedes to usurp the South River. After that there was a current of unfriendliness in all the dealings and communications between the Swedes and the Netherlanders. The old mill had proved to be unsatisfactory, doing its work slowly and in an indifferent manner. The Governor built a dam and erected a water-mill a short distance north of New Gothenburg (at Cobbs Creek, a tributary of Bushy Creek), where there was good water power, and a miller was stationed there and a blockhouse built near the mill to protect the colonists. The place, because of the mill, was named Mohidel. In October. 16+6, the Gyllene Haj arrived at Fort Christina. It brought the personal command from Queen Christina for Printz to remain as Governor of New Sweden, as the Government had no one whom it regarded as so able as he to govern the province. The Governor had asked to be released, and he said that when he read the Queen's letter he was sad, "but as he saw the signature by her Royal Majesty's own hand he was so happy that he no longer remembered his former sadness." He ordered a day of thanksgiving, and the colonists came together in the new church at Tinicum to praise God "with a holy Te Deum for His grace in having given the Fatherland a Queen who was of age." The cargo which had been brought by the Gyllene Hij contained the trinkets and trifles most avail- able for use as purchasing currency in buying beaver and other skins from the Indians. In a few weeks after arrival Henrich Huygen and Van Dyck. with eight soldiers and an Indian guide marched 230 miles into the Minquas country to again greet the Minquas with whom they had formerly established trade relations and to resume, if possible, the old traffic in furs which had been so long in abeyance because of the non-arrival of goods which followed upon the Dano-Swedish war. Mirrors, beads, corals, combs and others of the better grades of goods were presented to the chiefs, who promised resumption of their old preference for deal- ing with the Swedes, and the discontinuance of traffic with the Dutch. Trade, however, was slow in recovering, and while some purchases of corn and skins were made from the Indians, it was necessary to buy tobacco to fill out the cargo of the Gyllene Haj. The second report of Governor Printz. dated February 20, 1647. went by the vessel when it sailed a few days later. A few colonists returned. Johan Papegoja was sent to Sweden at the request of the officers and soldiers to report, and another who returned was Rev. Israel 34 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA Fluviander, a relative of Printz, who had gone out to New Sweden with the Governor and had been stationed as the pastor at Fort Elfsborg during its erection and conducted services at the fort for seven months. After that he was a regular preacher at New Gothenburg. After tiie departure of Rev. Israel Fluvianda, Rev. Johan Campanius Holm, the ablest and most active of the early Swedish preachers on the Delaware, was left as the sole minister of New Sweden. He covered long distances between the widely-scattered districts of the colony, holding services and ministering to the spiritual needs of the people. He was an able preacher and a much beloved pastor, and besides his work with his compatriots he was a very efficient missionary to the Indians of that region, influencing quite a number of them by the Gospel message. But the work proved too much for him, and he wrote to the Archbishop requesting his recall, "because he was well on in years, and poor in health and could not endure the hard labor in this field." As a result Rev. Lars Karlsson Lock was sent out on the Swan in January, 1648. and Holm returned to Stockholm on the same vessel after a farewell to his con- gregation in the middle of May. He was granted a benefice in Sweden, and greatly commended for his good work "in a heathenish country among ferocious pagans." Aggressions by the Dutch became more numerous and flagrant. Hudde bought land from the Indians which had already been conveyed to the Swedes. In the autumn of 1646 the Dutch attem])ted to make settlements north of the present site of Philadelphia. A letter was received by Hudde instructing him to buy this land and it reached him while the owner was absent. Fludde, however, would not risk the chance that Printz might get the land before its owner returned. He therefore took possession of the land two weeks before the purchase was made. On the owner returning from his hunt the deeds were drawn up and signed September 12, 1647. The new owner went with Hudde to take possession of the land in person, and on the land the arms of the Dutch West India Company were raised on a pole set in the ground. This purchase included Wicacoa (Philadelphia) and stretched northward along the river for several miles. Dutch freemen soon erected a dwelling and blockhouse on the land, but when Printz heard of the proceedings he built a guard house nearby and sent his quartermaster and other Swedes to tear down and destroy the Dutch buildings. Protests and counter protests came to nothing. Messengers sent by Hudde to Printz were treated cavalierly and refused an answer. Hudde reported the proceedings to Kieft, but Fort Nassau was too weak to carry its protests anywhere beyond words. On the other hand Governor Printz felt himself to be in a stronger position than ever, liecause he had completed a new fort called Fort New Korsholm ("on the south side of a very convenient island about a gunshot from the mouth of the Schuylkill"), which Printz felt would enable him to keep out the Dutch from the Schuylkill, and to regulate and monopo- lize the Indian trade and to maintain, when needed, an elTective aggressive against hostile attacks on Swedish jurisdiction on the Delaware. William Kieft, Director-General of New Netherland, had aroused intense dislike and adverse criticism by his rash and unnecessary violence and unfairness in dealing with the Indians, which had precipitated a disastrous Indian war, and by the fussiness and indecision which marked all his executive actitjns. One of the charges that weighed most heavily against him was that of non- resistance to the Swedish claim to and occupation of lands in the Delaware, and his non-success in allowing the b^.nglish to take and keep possession of the country on the Fresh Water (Con- necticut) River. The complaints against Kieft were finally acted upon by the Dutch West India Company, and I'etrus Stuyvesant took the place, arriving in May, 1647. His good record as Governor of Curacoa in the West Indies, and strong, aggressive, honest character seemed to fit him for the task of rehabilitating New Netherlind, and of stoutly maintaining the Dutch side of any controversy or conflict with the English or Swedes. His arrival was the beginning of serious problems and trouble for New Sweden and its Governor. THE STORY OT I'l 1 1 TADELFULi Meanwhile there had been a considerable chanjj:c in the character of New Sweden. Lack of support from the mother country had hampered the Indian trade ; the fall in price had made tobacco an unprofitable crop, and the colonists had abandoned it for Indian corn and small grains. But in the spring of 1647. lluygen went again into the country of the lUack Min(|uas with merchandise, and, securing the favor of the chiefs by generous gifts, he purchased several hundred skins. On May 21, 1647, Governor Prince made a notable land purchase of the Min- quas. It covered the land on the west shore of the Delaware "from Philadeli)hia to Trenton Falls, and the purchase price was: 'Twenty-four yards of cloth, sixty-five yards of scwant (wampum), six axes, four kettles, seven knives, five pounds of cords, two silvered chains, four hundred and fifty fishhooks, and a number of trinkets.' " The Swan, when it left in May, took a good cargo to Sweden, and by it Printz sent to his superiors the Fourth Relation and other documents. Johan Papegoja wrote to the Chancellor requesting permission to leave the country and enter the naval service unless more colonists should soon arrive. The conditions of several years had been such as to take away many of the people. Some had died ; some had removed to other colonies with the Dutch and the English, and every vessel going to Sweden had carried returning colonists. A "list of the people s^till alive in New Sweden," which, however, contained only adult males and embraced just 79 names, including the slaves, was compiled in the spring of 1648. Director-General Stuyvesant took early aggressive steps to combat the Swedish activities on the Delaware. Hearing that Printz was gathering building material on the river, he ordered Hudde, the Dutch Commissary at Fort Nassau, to settle down beside the Swedes whenever they began to build. Hudde bought new titles from the Indians and prepared to build a fort, and secured the favor of the Indians of that locality so that the Swedes could not remove the Dutch because of this Indian backing. The fort was named Fort Beversreede, because it was aimed to securely control the beaver trade on the Schuylkill for the Dutch. Some other attempted settle- ments by the Dutch were, however, forcibly prevented by the Swedes. Stuyvesant had planned to go to South River himself, but other calls on his attention caused him to send Vice-Director Van Dincklage and Mr. de la Montague, who were the two next to himself in authority in New Netherland, with orders to attend to the Honorable Company's in- terests on the South River. They renewed old titles and several Dutch freemen were assigned lands on the Schuylkill, but their attempts to reduce them to settlement were forcibly prevented. Governor Printz gave the commander at Fort Korsholm strict injunctions to prevent, either by friendly words or by force, all Dutch attempts at building. The troubles with the Dutch con- tinued, though the trade of New Sweden prospered. In 1650 the Dutch abandoned Fort Bevers- reede. Their resistance was restrained for want of aggressive orders from the Dutch West India Company, which that company were reluctant to give. Besides. Governor Stuyvesant had heard that a ship with a large cargo was expected by the Swedes, and it gave him joy, however, when Augustine Herrman, arriving in New Amsterdam in July. 1650. brought news that the ship had stranded at Porto Rico and had been captured by the Spaniards. Stuyvesant saw to it that the news reached Printz at the earliest possible moment. But Printz was of too stern fibre to lose heart. It did, however, inspire him to send by an outgoing Dutch vessel strenuous requests to the Swedish Government for supplies, soldiers and men. and also to send Sven Skuto to fully explain and personally advocate the needs of the colony. Comparative quiet reigned from that time until the fall of 1651. Stuyvesant. knowing that the forces at the disposal of Printz were small, thought that he could sufficiently assert Dutch authoritv in the Delaware by sending one ship, so he sent a vessel there in May. But the lack of aggressive warrant from the company caused him to instruct the captain not to jirovoke or begm hostilities. When the vessel anchored between three and four nules below Fort Chnstma, in a 36 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA position where it might halt any vessel going up or down. Printz had his little yacht made ready, manned and fullv armed to meet the Dutch, so that the Dutch skipper, finding that the vessel made no aggressive move, concluded that as he had no authority to take the initiative he might as well go home; and he sailed for Manhattan. Stuyvesant saw that no half-way measures would do. He marched across the country with 120 men. and on June 25 reached Fort Nassau, where eleven ships, four of them well armed, which had sailed around the coast, met him. With this fleet he and his forces sailed up and down the river as a demonstration of preparedness. Printz manned his yacht with thirty men and followed the Dutch fleet, but made no attempt at hostility. Governor Stuyvesant sent let- ters and messengers to Printz setting forth the Dutch claim to the river by right of discovery, pre- vious occupation and prior purchase, and Printz answered him with the Swedish argument. Stuyvesant secured an Indian title from the chief Peminacka for all the land on the west side of the Delaware from Minquas Kill down to the Bay. but the Swedes had bought the same land from other chiefs years before. Printz sent copies of these deeds to Governor Stuyvesant, but he ignored them. Taking his fleet down the river to a convenient site on the West bank of the Delaware, he there landed two hundred men. They began the erection of a fort there which was completed by August. It was 210 feet long and about 100 feet wide. Twelve pieces of ordnance were mounted on its bulwarks and a large supply of ammunition was provided. This fort, named Fort Casimir, dominated the Delaware. Fort Nassau was dismantled and its cannon were taken to the new fort. All vessels were made to stop and every trader to pay duty to the Dutch before entering the river. Printz was powerless against such a fort as this. He was without aid from the mother country for more than three years. In August, 1651. he wrote urging new cargoes, but by the spring of 1652 none had come. He built a ship of two hundred tons burden, which was a large ship for that period, but it lacked the four quite important requisites of sails, tackle, can- non and crew, as he wrote to Stockholm in August, 1652. He sent his son, Gustaf Printz, to Sweden to try and make the case more convincing. As the Swedes had no cargos to sell the Indian trade was ruined and the Indians themselves showed signs of unrest. The grain crop of 1652 was badly damaged l)y heavy rains. Foreign residents and the Swedes themselves were dissatisfied. In the fall, the situation reached its cHmax in a written document setting forth eleven grievances of the colonists, signed by twenty-two settlers. It set forth that neither life nor property was secure; that settlers were forbidden to trade with either savages or Christians, though the Governor took to himself full liberty in this respect; the Governor had passed judg- ment in his own favor against the opinions of the jury; he had forbidden the colonists the privilege of grinding their flour at the mill ; he had forbidden them the use of the fish-waters, the grass on the ground and the land to plant on, which was their dependence for their sustenance. Printz was furious. Anders Jonsson, who seemed to be the leading one of the objectors was arrested, tried and executed on a charge of treason on ^August 1, 1653. The governor replied to the charges two days after the execution of Jonssen, addressing the complainants as "rebels." But the answer, more peppery than convincing, gave no satis- faction and ]:)romised no amelioration. The complaints were renewed the following year with added counts. The grievances were in some cases real, but in large measure exaggerated. Printz was a martinet and at some times tyrannical, but he was a good governor according to his lights, and got along marvelously well considering the small help which Sweden gave him in the last years of his administration. But in the autumn of 1653 he found his position untenable, and he determined to go to Sweden to personally present the needs of the colony. After a farewell gathering of the Indian chiefs and services in the church. Governor Printz turned over his 77//: STORY OF PU I I.AIVILPI 1 1 A luthority to Jolian Papet;;-oja. and in ( )ct()l)er went to New Amsterdam with his wife and daug-h- ters. accompanied by llenrich iluyt^en and ahonl twenty-five settlers and soldiers. Thev all took passage in a Dutch vessel. Meanwhile Gustaf Printz had arrived in Stockholm and his representations to the Conimer- cial College caused an impetus to be given to preparation to relieve the colony. I'rintz had sent by his son a request for some man of judicial attainments to attend to the law business of the colony, and it was determined to ask Printz to remain as Governor and send Johan Classon Ris- ing (or Ris.ingh) as his assistant. But after Printz returned to Sweden it was decided that he might be relieved of the Governorship. In 1658 he was made commander of the castle of Tonkoping. in southern Sweden, and the following year governor of Jonkopingslan, where he died "in 1663. After Printz departed several of the Swedes applied for permission to remove to New Netherland. Stuyvesant did not dare to accept them without instructions and accordingly refer- red the request to Holland, where the idea was approved in a note from the company saying that "the influx of free persons should be promoted by all resolute and honest means," but leaving the matter to Stuyvesant's judgment. Several of the citizens who had been politely refused citizenship in New Netherland applied for permission to go to Maryland and \'irginia. They were heartily welcomed by Virginia, and fifteen of the settlers deserted. Papegoja, when he heard of their flight, sent Indians after them, but failed to get them. Gottfied Harmar, who is said to have been the leader in this movement, afterward wTote from Virginia to some of the settlers, advising them to leave the colony and join the English. There is no other record of the happenings in New Sweden, except that Fort Korsholrrf was burned by the Indians, from the time when Governor Printz left until May 21, 1654, when colonists on their way to church heard the roar of the cannons giving the Swedish salute before Fort Casimer. It was the ship Orn, which brought the new Governor to New Sweden. Johan Classon Rising, whose arrival was such a relief to the little colony, had left Sweden early in 1654, and on his arrival in New Sweden in May of that year he found the settlements in a state of deep discouragement and dilapidation. No word had come to the colony from Sweden for more than six years, and the conditions were so unpromising that many of the settlers had gone to find homes among the English in Virginia and Maryland. Less than one hundred re- mained. With Rising came over two hundred new settlers, which made a most revivifying addi- tion to the depleted colony. The difticulties of the new governor's task were plainly herculean, but he was a man of constructive strength and heroic courage, with training and mental equip- ment fitting him very effectively for his gubernatorial duties. He was born in 1617 in Risinge, Ostergothlandslan, in South Central Sweden, was educated in the gymnasium at Linkoping in Sweden, and at the Universities of Upsala and Leyden. Aided by the Swedish Government and several patrons among the Swedish nobility, he made researches and investigations in many of the capitals and commercial centers of Europe for purposes of general culture, and for special knowledge of international trade and commerce and became an acknowledged authority on these subjects. He was secretary of the Swedish Commercial College from its inception in 1651 to 1653. His position in connection with his special branch of knowledge may be judged from the fact that he was author of the first treatise on trade and economics ever compiled in Sweden, his attainments and service to commercial education being recognized by the conferring of knight- hood upon him by Queen Christina. As the direction of affairs in New Sweden, through the chartered company, was placed in 1653 in the hands of the Swedish Commercial College, the appointment of Rising to succeed Governor Printz, who had departed from New Sweden in the fall of 1653, was very appropriate. Count Eric Oxenstierna was the president of the college. The first act of the new governor was one of vigor. Before landing he caused the seizure run STORY OF PHILADELPHIA ^o ^ of the Dutch Fort Casimer (now New Castle), which Peter Stuyvesant, Director General of New Netherland. had erected in 1651, just below Fort Christina. The story of the administration of Governor Rising is told with familiar detail in two reports written by him to the Swedish Commercial College, and reveals a judicial mind, sturdy loyalty to Swedish interests, and a desire to deal justly with all under his direction. He tells in his first report how he had taken as his assistants Captain Sven Skute and Lieutenant Johan Papegoja, "with whose counsel and co5peration " he says. "I have managed everything that has so far been done here." He relates that "the greater part of the colonists indeed complain of Governor Printz. But many of them mav have caused him much trouble. Therefore, I handle the case as moderately as I can." He planned to make a settlement of the colonists as much as possible along the river itself rather than up in the creeks, settling most of them between Christina and Trinity (or Sandhook). The latter Fort Trinity, was the new name which Governor Rising gave to Fort Casimer after he seized it from the Dutch in 1654, but it has since twice changed its name, being called New Amstel by the Dutch in 1656, after Stuyvesant's reconquest of it in 1655, and since the English conquest of New Netherland in 1664 has been known as New Castle. In his first report dated July 13, 1654, he advises the purchase of neighboring regions from the Minqua Indians. His genius for commerce asserts itself in his recommendation of the build- ing of a flour mill, a saw mill and a chamois dressing mill, the development of the fisheries and timber industries, the need of "brewery and distillery and ale houses and well-fitted inns," as well as numerous other operations, the list including in fact nearly every expert handicraft, two of those especially mentioned being a "French hat-maker" and "some Dutch farmers." Speaking ol the place "Sandhook ..r Trinity," by which he refers to the former Fort Casimer, he records that there were "twenty-two houses built by the Hollanders." As to Christina, he had caused Peter Martensson Lindestrom to lay out the adjoining field into lots. He discusses the land and colonizing question, advising that no grants be made to any person unless he occupies it efifectively. He bemoans the fact that so many of the older settlers had already left the colony. He enumer- ates the colony as "three hundred and seventy souls, and the Swedes were only seventy when he arrived here. ' The old people largely remain (a number of old men go home again); one of them is better than any of the new-comers, who are weak and a good part of them lazy and unwilling Finns." Discussing church afi:airs, he voices the need of a learned priest, although the colony (of three hundred and seventy people) already had three. Of these he mentions Rev. Matthias Xertunius as the best one; Rev. Lars Carlsson Lock (a Finn), who, he said, "is accused of mutiny, wherefore I have intended to send him home to defend himself, but he is now become very ill." (3f the third one. Rev. Peter Laurent ie, who was stationed at Trinity Fort. Governor Rising descril)e(l him as both materially and spiritually a poor priest. He advocates the supplying of the pastors with land to cultivate, and adds that "priestly vestments, an altar painting and two or three l)ells would lie very serviceable here, if we could receive them by the next ship." The second letter dated "June 14, 1655 in greatest haste," was received by the Commercial College in Stockholm, November 15. 1655. It is chiefly taken up with the trade disadvantages of New Sweden as compared with the Dutch at Manathas (Manhattan), and with the English in \'irginia and Alaryland, because of the superiority of these other two nations in ships, goods and resources, which enabled them to outbid the Swedish traders in buying furs and other dealings with the Indians. The third document deals with the conquest in 1655 of the Swedish settlements on the Delaware River by General Pieter Stuyvesant. It is a very complete state- ment of the case from the Swedish point of view, but as there is an account, equally lucid, from the Dutch side it may be well to epitomize the two in a statement which will try to tell the story with as much historic accuracy as can l)e evolved from these opposing partisan state- THE STORY OF TIIILADELTJJIA 39 ments. The Dutch side of the story is told by Johannes Bogaert, a writer or clerk, in a letter wrilten by him to Hans Bontemantel at Amsterdam, who was a director of the Amsterdam C bamber of the West India Company and a schcpcii (magistrate) of y\mstcrdam from 1653 tf) 1672. There is substantial agreement as to the main features of the story though Rising's dates, as was then customary with the Swedes, were given in Old Style, and Bogaert's in New Style, as then used in the Netherlands, Rising giving August 30, and Bogaert, September 8, as the day on which Stuyvesant entered South River. It may be recalled that after the first Swedish intro- duction to what was claimed as New Netherland, under IVter Minuit, the Dutch and Swedes on the Delaware, though neither in any way admitting ibc l)asic claims to sovereignty put forth by the other, had lived in peace and amity. It is true that Wilhelm Kieft, Director-General of New Netherland at the time of Minuit's arrival in 1638, had made written protest against this Swedish invasion, but no hostilities resulted, and as far as the personal relations of the Dutch and Swedish settlers of the Delaware region were concerned they had been quite friendlv. But there had been sharp competition for the Indian trade, and the Indians, so far as the matter of land transfers was concerned, never hesitated about selling identical tracts first to the Dutch and then to the Swedes, or vice-versa, which later proved a frequent basis of dispute. As soon as General Pieter arrived, the attitude of the Dutch became more threatening. At that time the Dutch had Fort Nassau on the east side of the river, while the Swedes had Nya Klfs- borg on the east side, and Christina and Nya Goteborg (New Gothenburg) on the west side. In 1651 Stuyvesant proceeded with armed forces to the South River, building Fort Casimir on the west side of the river close to the site of the present New Castle, and near enough to Fort Chris- tina to be a menace to it. Stuyvesant was even then in a mood to come to military conclusions with the Swedish settlers, but his orders from the company had counselled him to restraint. Later when the Swedish settlement had been depleted by desertions he had written to the company for instructions which would enable him to clear the colony of Swedish claims to sovereignty, but they had not been forthcoming. When Johan Rising had lu-ought his considerable reinforcements to New Sweden in 1654 he had taken Fort Casimir and changed its name to Fort Trinity. There soon followed rumors that a strong Dutch olTensive would be launch '^d against the Swedish settlements. Stuyvesant had gone on an expedition to the West Indies and especially to Curacao, but it was evident that the orders for which he asked about bow to deal with New Sweden were in awaiting his return, because in Governor Rising's letter to the Commi-rcial College, of date July 14, 1655 (O. S.), in speaking of the impediments to trade, he says : "The Hollenders at Manathes likewise hinder us as much as they can. and threaten strongly that Stuyvesant, when he returns from West India and Curacos, where he went last fall with three ships * * * will come here and capture Fort Casimir, which we call Trinity. But if he comes we will see to it that he is received in the manner of S. Martens ( where he lost one bis legs), and we are in no wise afraid about this. But the savages alarm our people with it. the savages being thus informed by the Hollanders when they come to Manathes. It accomplishes, however, God be praised, very little against us." Though thus expressing confidence. Rising strengthened the force and fortifications of Fort Trinity. Stuyvesant, upon his return to Manhattan in the late summer of 1655 found there awaiting him instructions from the Dutch West India Company not only to retake Fort Casimir. but to expel Swedish power from the whole South River region. In the carrying out of these orders Stuyvesant organized in August, 1855, the largest military force which, up to that time, had been assembled in the Atlantic Colonies. On September 5 the expedition sailed from New 40 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA Anisicrdam. as the settlement at the lower end of Manhattan Island had come to be called, with seven vessels: De Waegh (The Balance), flagship; two yachts called the HoUanse Tuijn (Dutch Frontier), the Prinses Royael (Princess Royal), a galiot called the Hoop (Hope), mounting four guns ; a French privateer L'Esperance, which had just arrived at New Amsterdam and had been hired by Stuyvesant to assist in the expedition) ; the flyboat Liefde (Love), mounting four guns; the yatch Dolphijn (Dolphin), vice-admiral, with four guns, and the yatch Abrams Ofiferhande (Abraham's Offering), as rear admiral, mounting four guns. On the 8th of September the fleet arrived at the southernmost Swedish fort, Mya Elfsborg, which, however, they found dis- mantled and abandoned. Anchoring there for the night, the fleet proceeded on the next day to Fort Trinity (Casimir). The force under Stuyvesant is estimated in Rising's account at 700 or 800 men. while Bogaert does not give the definite total, but says that it consisted of 317 soldiers and a company of sailors. Captain Sven Schiite, who was in command of Fort Casimir, had been instructed in writ- ing by Governor Rising that when the Dutch ships should appear he should send on board their ships and demand "whether they came as friends, and in any case to warn them not to run by the said fort, upon pain of being fired upon (which in such case they could not reckon an act of hostility) ; but if they were minded to treat with us concerning our territory and boundaries, he should compliment them with a Swedish national salute, and assure them that we were well disposed toward a fast friendship." On September 10 the Dutch fleet ran close under the guns of Fort Casimer and anchored about a cannon shot's distance from it. The troops were landed immediately and Lieutenant Dirck Smit, with a drummer, was sent to the fort, to ask surrender. On the 11th Sven Schiite sent a flag, requesting to speak with the general, who consented, and so Fort Casimir was surrendered without firing a shot. Rising, in his account, bitterly condemns Captain Schiite, but it is evident that he was so overwhelmingly outnumbered that resistance would have been useless. Rising, not knowing that the garrison at Fort Casimir had surrendered, sent "nine or ten of his best freemen" to strengthen it. But on arrival at Christina Hill on the morning of the 13th they found the Dutch posted there, fifty or sixty strong. A fight followed in which all but two of the Swedes were captured. Following this episode Hendrick Elswick, factor of New Sweden, was sent by Governor Rising from Fort Christina to obtain from Stuyvesant, as Rising says, "an explanation of his arrival and intention, and to dissuade him from further hostilities, as we could not be persuaded that he seriously purposed to disturb us in the lawful dominions of His Royal Majesty and our principals." But Stuyvesant, he says, would give Elswick no satisfaction, "but claimed the river and all our territory and had well-nigh detained Elswick as a spy." Lieutenant Sven Hook, with a drummer, was sent later to inquire the intentions of the invaders as they were establishing themselves in a position of advantage on the upper bank of Christina Hill, but the Dutch, pretending that they supposed he had come as a spy upon the army, because the drummer had no drum, took him and the drummer prisoner. Rising describes the preparations at Fort Christina to make the best defense they could, but decided not to begin an offensive because of shortage of men and munitions. Several parleys took place, the fly- boat Liefde went to New Amsterdam with Swedish prisoners on the 17th. In the parleys Stuyvesant would admit no terms short of a surrender of the entire territory claiiried as New Sweden. On September 23, news of an Indian uprising in which some Dutch people had been killed made Stuyvesant anxious to close up matters on South River, and he demanded a com- plete capitulation within twenty-four hours. No possibility existing that Fort Christina could withstand a general assault. Governor Johan Rising surrendered the fort on September 24. It was provided in the terms of capitulation THE STORY OF Tl I ITAnTLPIIIA 41 that Governor Rising and as many Swedes as cared to accompany him should be given free passage to Sweden by the Dutch. This ended New Sweden. Fort Casimir was made the seat of Dutch administration on South River. In 1657 it was named New Amstcl, and the colony there was taken over by the city of Amsterdam. ^ a Wessapoat. June 25, 1683. Kehilappan. June 23, 1683. ICQUOQUEHAN. Julv 14, 1683. Malebore. Swanpees. July 14. 1683. June 23, 1683. Secane. Neneshikken. July 14, 1083. July 14, 1683. yy f^t i Neshannock. July 14, 1683. SIGNATURES OF INDIANS TO DEEDS FOR LANDS. ESSEPENAIKE. June 23, 1683. i Wingebone. June 25, 1683. « ) ^ Kekerappan. Sept. 10. 1083. Tameken. June 2:f, 16Js5. H A R H R E E DUTCH CONTROL OF THE DELAWARE RIVER Taking a general view of the settlements on the Delaware up to the time of Governor Rising's capitulation of Fort Christina to the doughty Dutch director-general. Pieter Stuyvesant, it may be said that so far as title to the region is concerned— though none of the clanns had much to stand upon— the Dutch had the best of it, and Sweden practically no claim, at all. But as colonists the Swedes, though making a very poor showing as compared with the British, either in Virginia or New England, had been iiumeasurably better than the Dutch. The Netherlanders. outside of the building of forts, had done nothing that savored of ))ermanent settlement. The Swedes, on the other hand, came with the intention of remaining. They planted fruit trees, especially i)each trees, and productive gardens. Acrelius, the Swedish historian, tells us that they had four meals a day. and although the victory of Stuyvesant made the Dutch masters of both banks of tlu- river, the endeavor, which fol- lowed, to get them to remove to other localities, away from the river, was not at all suc- cessful. The Swedes listened, but made no hostile or other response. They just stayed, and the Dutch, seeing that the Swedish settlers were in the majority, let it go at that. While the Swedes were in control the government was in form ai:tocratic. The governor did about as he pleased, but. except in rare instances, put few restrictions upon the settlers. When the Dutch gained control the government was more complex. A vice-director wielded power fully as great as that which the Swedish governors had exercised, and was aided by a council. There was a schout. who was a compound of sheriff and prosecuting attorney, and a number of schepens, or minor magistrates. When, after the capitulation, Stuyvesant departed for Manhattan, he appointed Captain Derek Smidt to be commissary, or interim commander, until a vice-director should be appointed. On November 29, 1655, the Director-General and Council, at New Amsterdam, appointed John Paul Jacquet, who had been in the West India Company's service in Brazil, to be vice-director and chief in executive charge of all the interests of the Dutch West India Company on South River, subject only to the instructions of the Director-General and Council at New Amsterdam. Under such control, the local government, with headquarters at Fort Casimir, was by a council, consisting of Jacquet, director-general; Andries Hudde, secretary and surveyor; Elmerhuysen Klein, councillor; and, with these three, two sergeants, if an aft'air purely military or relating to the company exclusively; or, if purely civil, between freemen and the company's servants, then, instead of the two sergeants, two most ex];ert freemen should be called into counsel. Thk Swhdes' Church and House of vSvhn ^enek 'run STORY Ub rillLADELPHIA 43 The West Indies Company direclors in a conmmiiication to Sluyvesanl approved of his capture of the Swedish forts and settlements on Soiilli Kiver, l)ut expressed their regrets that a formal capitulation in writing had taken place, for the nai\e reason "that all which is written and copied is too long preserved, and may sometimes, when it is neither desired nor expected, be brought forward; whereas, words not recorded are by length of time forgotten, or may be explained, construed, or excused, as circumstances may require." This, it is explained, was merely a warning for the director-general to act u])()n if similar ()])portunities should later present themselves. The expulsion of the Swedes from South Kiver continued, for many years, to be a subject of complaint on the part of the crown of Sweden to the States-General of the Netherlands. After the surrender of {""ort Casimir to the Dutch, and before the news had reached Sweden, the ship Mercurius, Cai)tain Ilendrick Iluyghen, sailed from thence with one hundred and thirty emigrants on board. Jacc^uet would not permit them to land, and recommended that they should settle in New Amster- dam. Captain Iluyghen remonstrated to the Council at New Amsterdam that it would be cruel to take these people and settle them among people whose language they could neither speak nor understand, but the Council upheld the ruling of Vice-Director Jacquet, and ordered that the crew and passengers of the Mercurius should not 1)e landed on the shores of the South River, and they also ordered that a man of war should be sent to the Delaware to bring the Swedish vessel to Manhattan. Meanwhile Captain Huyghen had gone overland to New Amsterdam to plead the cause of the immigrants in person before the Council. While he was gone Johan T'apegoja, taking a party of resident Swedes and Indians with him, went on board the Mercurius, sailed past Fort Casimir in spite of Dutch orders and warning shots from the fort, and, on reaching Marcus Hook, landed all the passengers. The Dutch did not fire on the ship because of the Indians on board, so Papegoja succeeded in his coujx The Dutch were greatly incensed at the action of the Swedes, but, as the immigrants had distributed themselves among their resident compatriots, the problem of forcing them back on the ship involved more troubles than the Dutch cared to shoulder. It was decided that as the captain had taken no part in the affair he should be permitted, after paying duties on his cargo, to return to Sweden. One of the passengers on the Mercurius was a Swedish clergyman named Mathias, who ministered to the colony for two years. The smuggling of the Swedish immigrants of the Mercurius into the colony was the only strongly recalcitrant act of that busy, friendly and neighborly people. They had left their native land to find one where the gates of opportunity swung on easier hinges. They found virgm soil and an equable climate to which they brought industry, energy and a cheerful spirit. They won the confidence of the Indians to a greater degree than either Dutch or English, and in their changes of national allegiance from Swedish to Dutch and from Dutch to English they remamed good and loyal citizens. Stuyvesant's favorite project in connection with the Swedes and Finns 44 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA was to colonize them in reservations away from the river, but he never succeeded in doing it. Most of them held on to the land they had settled when the country was called New Sweden. A few, who feared that Stuyvesant would eventually succeed in carrying" out his project to create a Swedish and Finnish "pale," simply moved over the line into Kent and Cecil counties in Maryland. In the South River settlements there was, as is natural, some voluntary segregations and alignments into communities along racial and linguistic lines. The Swedes and Finns, going further up the Delaware River than their original location at Christina, founded the town of Upland, now Chester, which became a prominent Swedish settlement; also established groups on Tinicum Island, on Cobb's Creek, near the mill, and took up farming lands on creeks flowing from the west into the Schulykill. At the same time the Dutch clustered around Fort Casimir, creating a town which soon became known as New Amstel (now New Castle, Delaware). This New Amstel had its inception in 1656. The Dutch West India Company, being much in debt from various causes previous to the expedition organized by Stuyvesant for the capture of South River, proposed, after that expedition, to relieve themselves by transferring Fort Casimir and some adjoining territory to the City of Amsterdam. The negotiations took a considerable time, but on November 4. 1656. the arrangement was effected, the colony was named New Amstel, and steps were taken to encourage settlements. It was provided that the city should be governed after the Dutch plan, and soon New Amstel was laid out and had its officers — schout, three burgomas- ters and five schepens. The colonists were to have transportation from Holland with their families, furniture, etc.. in vessels to be procured by the city, which was to advance the freight money and to be reimbursed later. Liberal allowance of land, guaranteed by the city of Amster- dam to be good and fruitful soil, was made to settlers, in quantity as much as the family could improve, the title to be complete if kept under cultivation for two years. There are various pro- visions for the proper conduct of the colonists, and for their religious and educational welfare. It was also provided that New Amstel should have a garrison of forty soldiers, under command of Captain Martin Kregier and Lieutenant d'Hinoyossa. The transfer of New Amstel to the city of Amsterdam not only wiped out the debt of the province of New Netherland to that municipality, but was believed to be a step toward the more effectual settlement of the title of the Dutch to the territory comprised in New Netherland, and strengthening the Dutch contention in its conflict with the English claim to all the country of America along the coasts from Florida to New France. There w^as, however, a much more noble motive back of Amsterdam's acquiescence in the proposed transfer. The persecution of the Waldenses by the Duke of Savoy had caused hundreds of those devoted people to flee their native land and to take refuge in Amsterdam, where they were permitted to worship (jod under the doctrines and in the manner approved by their own consciences. They received a cordial reception in Amsterdam, where the city government not only provided them with shelter, but also, by liberal appropriations, set apart means for their support. It was from the ranks of these pious and grateful Waldenses that the authorities of New Amsterdam found much of the mate- rial for the founding and peopling of a colony of its own in New Amsterdam. Jacob Alricks, who was sent by the burgomasters of Amsterdam to be the director of their colony of New Amstel, embarked on the ship Prince Maurice, which, with the ships Bear, Flower of Gelder and Beaver, carried a large number of colonists from Amsterdam to settle in New Amstel. The Prince Maurice was unfortunately shipwrecked at Sicktewacky ( near the present town of Islip in South Bay, near Fire Island Inlet), on the coast of Long Island. All vessels leaving Holland for the South River, or any other point in New Netherland, were required to go first to New Amsterdam and there to procure license to continue their journey. Thus it was that the Prince Maurice came to disaster in that place. The other vessels had arrived at New THE STORY OF rillLAnilLPHlA 45 Amsterdam, and Alricks and his companion, bcin<; rescued and taken to Manhattan with as much salvage as possible from the cargo, the colonists, with their belongings, were sent forward by other vessels to New Amstel. though Alricks, detained by business at Manhattan, did not arrive at New^ Amstel until April 21, 1657. Protests being made against Jacquct, the vice-director, lirst by Isaac Allerton, (jf New Amsterdam, for unlawful seizure of tabacco and later for various nonfeasances and misfeas- ances in office, he was removed by an order issued by Director General Stuyvesant on April 20, 1657. After his discharge various complaints were filed and prosecuted against him. The com- pany's effects were turned over to Hudde. Brodhead tells us in his "History of the State of New York" that ''during the first few^ months of Alrick's directorship New Amstel prospered." In the absence of a clergyman the religious instruction of the colonists was placed in the hands of Evert Pietersen. He had come to New Amstel in the Prince Maurice, with Alricks, having, after passing a good examination before the Classis in Amsterdam, accompanied the emigrants as schoolmaster, and also as Zieken-troster, "to read God's word and to lead in singing." The Classis of Amsterdam, however, on March 9, 1657. commissioned Domine Everardus Welius, a "young man of much esteem in life, in studies, in gifts and in conversation," to take pastoral charge of the congregation at New Amstel. He embarked on the expedition of the man-of-war Balance, which, convoying the galliot New Amstel, sailed from Amsterdam for the South River with about four hundred new emigrants. On their arrival, x^ugust 21, after a tempestuous voyage, a church was organized, of which Alricks and Jean Williams were appointed elders, and Pieter- sen, the schoolmaster, "foresinger, Zieken-trooster and deacon," with a colleague. Early in 1658 reports reached New Amsterdam of smuggling being carried on at New Amstel, and also of a feeling which had become common among the colonists there that the colonists, because New Amstel belonged to the City of Amsterdam, were independent of the West India Company and of the provincial authorities in New Netherland. The smuggling operations affected the revenue disastrously, and also the trade of regular dealers. There was also a feeling of distrust of the Swedish residents of the region, and other troubles and irregularities were reported to New Amsterdam. Governor Stuyvesant. there- fore, visited the South River, disembarking at Altona, in order to personally arrange affairs in that region. The Swedes were required to swear a new oath of allegiance. At their request, however, they were granted exemption from taking sides if trouble should arise between Sweden and the Netherlands. The country was divided into court jurisdictions, and the Sw'edes had a measure of self- government on Tinicum Island, where their council met, and where Sven Skute was elected captain ; Anders Dalbo. lieutenant; Jacob Sw-enson. ensign; Cregoruis van Dyck, sheriff, and Olof Stille, Matts Hanson, Peter Rambo and Peter Cock magistrates. Early in 1658 several shipwrecked Englishmen from Virginia, whom \'ice-Director Alricks had ransomed from the Indians, became residents of New Amstel. but the Dutch West India directors, Vv'ho had been greatly alarmed over the aggressions of the English in the northern part of New Netherland, and especially in the West Chester and Long Island regions, were fearful of 46 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA THE STORY OU ril I LADllLPHIA 47 similar aggressions from Maryland and X'irginia, expecting a hostile intrusicjn by the way of Cape Henlopcn. They therefore recommended to Alricks, in a communication dated May 28, 1658, that he should "disentangle himself in the best manner possible, from the Englishmen whom he had allowed to settle at New Amstel, and at all e\ents, not to admit any English beside them in that vicinity, much less to allure them by any means whatever." On June 7, 1658, fol- lowing up this subject, Stuyvesant received from the West India (hrectors instructions to purchase from the Indians the tract between Cape lienlopen and Bompje's I Took, so that it might after- ward be conveyed to the commissaries of the City of Amsterdam. Poor crops in 1658, caused by too much rain, made the colony want for food. An epidemic of fever broke out, the barber-surgeon and many children died, and most of the more recently landed colonists were suffering from a climate to which they had not yet become accustomed. While the disease yet raged the ship Mill arrived from Holland after a long voyage and eleven deaths from scurvy, bringing more than two hundred souls, among whom were several children from the Orphan Asylum in Amsterdam. The j)opulation of New Amstel, counted in October, was more than six hundred, but its inhabitants were reported to be "without bread," and the ship which had brought the new emigrants had brought no supply of provisions. Abraham Rynvelt, commissary at New Amstel, died of the prevailing fever on October 28, 1658, and Alricks' wife fell a victim to it in January, 1659. In October William Beeckman w^as appointed commissary and vice-director for the West India Company at Fort Altena (wdiich name had been given by the Dutch to Fort Christina). He was invested with the highest authority over the company's affairs on the South River, except in the district of New Amstel. He was to have supervision over the Swedes, was to act as customs officer and auditor in the country, and was required to be present at New Amstel when ships arrived there or wdien his other duties required his presence at that place. This appointment had been agreed upon at a meeting of the Director-General and Council of New Netherland on July 30, 1658. William Beeckman is referred to, in the notice of his appointment to this office, as a schepen (magistrate) of the City of New Amsterdam, and as "an expert and respectable person." It appears he was an elder in the Reformed Dutch Church at New Amsterdam. He had the full confidence of Stuyvesant and of the directors in Amsterdam, who wrote on February 13, 1659, to Stuyvesant that he must "admonish Alricks, from time to time, of his duty, and particularly to assist William Beeckman, who is now^ continued custom-house officer and auditor in the colony of the city on South River." In the same communication the directors of the West India Com- pany express their aj>proval of all the orders that had been made by Stuyvesant on the South River with the exception of the appointment of Swedish officers and the insertion in the oath of allegiance taken by the Swedes of the provision that they might remain neutral in case of a war between Sweden and Holland. He is ordered by degrees to supplant the Swedish by Dutch officers, and in case of disaffection to take hold of the first favorable opportunity to disarm them. In 1659 news came to New^ Amstel of various alterations which had been made by the burgo- masters of Amsterdam in the conditions upon which the colonists had agreed to emigrate— abro- gating exemptions, or reducing the time for which they were to be in effect ; enactmg that all exports must be consigned exclusively to the city of .Amsterdam, whereas the West India Com- pany had allowed traders to export wherever they ]ileased. except beavers and peltry. There was deep discontent for the people of New Amstel, who, between poor crops and severe sickness, had become impoverished, and many were suffering for lack of the bare necessaries of life. Some who had saved enough to get away offered the money to Alricks. begging him to take it in payment of their debts, but he was adamant. They must stay their full four years, and they must pay up in full. Many, therefore, fled to Maryland and X'irginia, where they spread the news of the weak and desperate condition of New Amstel. Later in the year Stuyvesant wrote to the 48 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA West India Company in Amsterdam detailing the ruinous state of New Amstel, giving as a reason "the too great preciseness of honorable Alricks." The falling off in population of the colony, the restrictions on trade and the scarcity of provisions made New Amstel a demoralized place, and, added to that were not only the rumors, which had been more or less insistent for several years, of the intentions of the English to take possession of the settlement, but actual demands from the government of Maryland, of which Lord Baltimore was the Lord Proprietor. Lord Baltimore had directed Governor Fendall. of Maryland, to reduce to possession all those settlements between the thirty-eighth and fortieth degrees of north latitude, and in 1659 Colonel Nathaniel Utie was directed to go to "the pretended governor of a people seated on Dela- ware Bay. within His Lordship's province" and require him to depart thence. Utie's instructions also advised him that as he found opportunity he should "insinuate into the people there seated, that in case they make their applications to His Lordship's governor here, they shall find good conditions." Arriving at New Amstel, Colonel Utie made his demands in no gentle terms, first to Alricks and later to Beeckman, warning them to leave at once if they would escape dire calamity. Finally he agreed that they might have three weeks in which to hear from Stuyvesant. At the end of that time he warned them they must either move away from the Delaware county or submit themselves to Lord Baltimore. Two days later Utie. with his suite of six persons, returned to Maryland. Rumors soon spread that five hundred men were to march on the South River settlements, and messengers were sent with a letter from Beeckman. dated September 2\, 1659, to Stuyvesant, to ask for large reinforcements. "It seems to me," Beeckman wrote, "that Alricks and Hinoyossa are much perplexed, and full of fear with respect to the English coming from Maryland, which I cannot believe." Although when this letter reached Stuyvesant two days later he was already badly embar- rassed by the arrangements for quelling an outbreak of Indians which had occurred just before, he at once dispatched a force of sixty soldiers under command of Captain Martin Cregier, who. with Secretary Van Ruyven, was commissioned to act as general agent for the service of the com- pany; at the same time Stuyvesant wrote, roundly censuring Alricks and Beeckman for want of prudence and courage in their whole conduct toward Colonel Utie. To turn a weak defensive into an aggressive form of diplomatic intercourse, Stuyvesant commissioned Augustine Heer- mans and Resolved Waldron (under-schout of New Amsterdam) as an embassy to the govern- ment of Maryland. They proved to be vigorous and plain-spoken envoys. They were surprised at the audacity of the claims of the Maryland authorities. For instance. Secretary Calvert, who invited them to dinner, claimed that Maryland extended to the limits of New England. "Where, then, would remain New Netherland?" asked the envoys, to which question, with provoking calmness, Calvert replied, "I do not know." About a week after their arrival at Patuxent, then the seat of the Maryland government, the envoys presented and delivered a "declaration and manifesto" on behalf of the government of New Netherland, setting forth the Dutch title to the South River, and followed it by an able oral argument. The next day, when Lord Baltimore's patent was exhibited, the Dutch envoys made a strong argument against its validity so far as jurisdiction over South River was con- cerned. Governor Fendall then asked the Dutch to produce th^ir patent for New Netherland, but the envoys claimed that they had not come for that purpose, but to arrange for a future meeting between the parties. The Governor and his Council then replied to Stuyvesant's letter, justifying Utie's proceedings on the Delaware and declaring that the colonists settled there were intruders. Maryland surveyors thereafter went into the region surveying land to within one or two miles of Fort Amstel. Stuyvesant kept the directors of the Dutch West India Company fully informed about the conditions north and south, and they instructed him to keep the English out of the province. THE SrORY OF PHILADELPHIA 49 t)n December 30, 1659, Jacob Ah-icks, direclur of New Anislel, died, alter having placed llie government in the hands of Alexander d'Hinoyossa. The latter's continuance in office was short, but very disturbing to good order ; very high-handed with subordinate officers and citizens, but his appointment was ratified by the burgomasters at Amsterdam, following which his arrogance increased. He several times declared he would obey no orders but those of the municipality of Amsterdam, and denounced Stuyvesant and the West India Company, and Beeckman charged him with many unjust and fraudulent proceedings, lie would not co-operate with Beeckman, and the latter's letters to Stuyvesant during this period were pessimistic. Things became badly confused; the divided allegiance on the Delaware ]»reveiUc'(l united action in behalf r)f defense Alcxaiuler d'liinovossa went lo Aiiislcrdani. \ia N'ir^inia. rmd negotiations >'()()(1 order Drawing of the Bluk Anchor Inn between the Dutch West India Company and the City of Amsterdam in September, 1663, resulted in the transfer of the company's jurisdiction over the river to the City of Amsterdam. D'Hmo- yossa, returning, made new regulations for the trade and government of the region. One which caused some stir was the prohibition of distilling and brewing in the colony, even for domestic use. This regulation to include the Swedes, as well as the Dutch. The year 1664 opened with this government in operation. The settlers had long feared molestation from the English colonies south of them. But, as the event proved, the disaster which came to the South River settlers came not from Maryland or Virginia, but from England. For the Stuarts had come back and brought in their train a hungry crowd of retainers. To these everything in Britain that could be given away by Qiarles had been distributed, but some cour- tiers had not been provided for. There was not enough to go round, and these hungry ones must be fed. Besides these who were entirely hungry, there were others who, being prime favorites 50 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA with the kino;, had received Hberally^ but were greedy for more. Greediest and most insistent among these avid ones was His Royal Highness Prince James, Duke of York and Albany, brother and heir presumptive to His Majesty Charles II. He had a greater influence over his brother than any other human being, unless it may have been the day's favorite among the light-o'-love women who infested the court of the Merry Monarch. Because England had been milked dry of easily bestowed favors for his courtiers, Charles became suddenly interested in the rights of the British crown in North America. Did not the Cabots discover its coast line while flying the British flag? Between New France and Florida the only power to dispute England's title to the region was that of The Netherlands. The Dutch must therefore be dispossessed, and so King Charles, as a step toward that end, made a grant, dated March 22. 1664, by which he gives his "dearest brother James" all the land from St. Croix, "next adjoining to New Scotland in America and along the whole coast to and including the east side of Delaware Bay and up all the rivers from the 'Pemoquid' to the Delaware" — in other words, all of New England, New Netherland and a part of Maryland, with "full and absolute power and authority to correct, punish, pardon, govern and rule all such subjects of his Majesty as may be in all that region." ( The Duke of York, thus vested with title to this vast territory, was endowed wuth especially complete facilities for turning his title into possession. Among the other posts, gifts ^md honors which Charles H had lavished upon his "dearest brother James" was the post of Lord High Admiral of England. In that capacity he directed the fleet. Four ships, the Guinea, of thirty-six guns ; the Elias, of thirty ; the Martin, of sixteen, and the William and Nicholas, of ten, were detached for service against New Netherland, and about four hundred and fifty regular soldiers, with their officers, were embarked. The command of the expedition was entrusted to Colonel Richard Nicolls, a faithful Royalist, who had served with James under Turenne, and was attached to the royal court. He also carried a commission as deputy-governor, under the duke, to take the Dutch capitulation and govern the colony. Associated with Colonel Nicolls were Sir Robert Carr, Colonel George Cartwright and Samuel Maverick, appointed on May 5, 1664, as royal com- missioners to visit the several colonies of New England. A month after the departure of the squadron the Duke of York conveyed to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret all the territory between the Hudson and Delaware rivers, from Cape May north to forty-one degrees and forty minutes of latitude, and thence to the Hudson, in forty-one degrees of latitude "hereafter to be called by the name or names of Nova Caesarei, or New Jersey." Captain Thomas Willett, an Englishman who had taken a hand (rather disastrously as it happens) in negotiations wnth the New England governments on behalf of Director-General Stuyvesant, informed the latter of the fact that such a naval expedition had started. The burgomasters and schepens of New Amsterdam were summoned by Stuyvesant to meet the Council and aid by their advice. Military preparations were started, guards were organized, and it was resolved by the Council that skippers should be duly warned. The powder supply at Fort Amsterdam was very low, and orders for a shipment were sent to Fort Amstel. A loan of five thousand or six thousand guilders was asked from Renssalaerswyck, agents were sent to purchase provisions from New Haven, and spies were sent to obtain information at West Chester and Milford, the report brought by Willett indicating that the British fleet was to approach New Amsterdam via Long Island Sound. There were some ships in the harbor about to weigh anchor for Curacoa. and these were warned to stay in port. What New Amsterdam was able to do in the way of preparedness was not much, but it was being done with a commendable degree of alacrity when a dispatch from the directors of the Dutch West India Company arrived. The directors, evidently misled by their London correspondents, told Stuyvesant that an expedition of warships had started for America, but it need give New Netherland no alarm, because its objective THE STORY OF I'll I L.IDELPHIA was Ur' Kiiii^'s colonies, where ii was delennined lo establish Jii}isco])acy and rej^ulate some of the King's affairs in that reg-ion which had not been administered to his liking. Lulled by this dispatch into a false position of security, the Council felt that Willett was responsible for a false alarm. In view of the news from Holland, Willett admitted that his own informants might have been and probably were mistaken. The precautions were all relaxed, guards called off and the Curacoa-bound ships advised to set sail. As there were matters of importance pending at Fort Orange in connection with an endeavor to make a peace between the settlers and the Mohawks, Stuyvesant was urgently advised to go to that place, which seemed to the Council, in \iew of the. dispatch from the com])any, the most urgent matter for ])ublic attention. The English squadron had separated in a fog and its plan to meet at Gardiner's Island proved impracticable. The Guinea, with Nicolls and Cartwright on board, making Cape Cod, went on to Boston. The other ships ]nit in at Piscataway. The Commissioners, who carried with them letters from the King recjuiring the New England governments "to join and assist them vigorously" in reducing the Dutch to subjection, immediately upon their arrival demanded the assistance of Massachusetts. But the people of the Bay colony largely felt that the success of the King against the Dutch might induce him to take similar measures against his enemies in New- England. So the Commissioners received excuses, in the place of help, from the people of Boston and the government authorities there. They found Connecticut more tractable, for the Connecticut authorities had a conflict of many years' standing about boundaries and juris- diction with the Dutch. Emigrants Landing News of these negotiations reached New Amsterdam. Willet's warnings proved to have been soundly based. The Council sent post-haste to Fort Orange for Stuyvesant, who responded promptly, arriving in New Amsterdam August 25. Three precious weeks had been wasted. The preparations were feverishly resumed, and one-third of the inhabitants w^ere ordered, without exception, to labor on the fortifications. But when all was done the defenses were so manifestly inefficient that when the British fleet sailed into the Narrows the larger part of the population of New Amsterdam was manifestly in favor of surrender to the British if anything like liberal terms could be secured. The walls of the fort had been repaired, and Stuyvesant called upon the men of the city to come and man it, but they would not respond. The Director-General sent a delegation to Colonel Nicolls to argue with him the strength of the Dutch claim to the country, but on x^ugust 30 he replied that he would not argue over questions of title, but carry out the orders of the King and the Duke of York. The place must surrender without debate, or be bombarded. He had sent a letter to Stuyvesant on the 25th, oft'ering that the people should keep all their property and activities without molestation, provided that they should acknowledge the British authority and permit his troops to take peaceful possession of the place. 32 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA Stuyvcsant for several days suppressed this note, rightly judging the temper of the people and karing that if the mildness of the terms were known they would be clamoring for the chance to Surrender. But it was noised abroad that Stuyvesant had received a letter from Sir Francis, and the people assembled, demanding to know the terms they had to meet to secure peace Stuyvesant held out until on September 9. after a tempestuous town meeting, which over- whelmingly counseled surrender, the Director-General sent notice to Colonel Nicolls that his demands'" would be met. So New Amsterdam, on September 9, 1664, was surrendered to the English, the Dutch marching out of their fort with their arms, their colors flying and their drums beadng.' They received the most liberal treatment, and business was resumed on a peace basis in the city. With the capitulation both province and city took the name of New York. After matters in New York city were composed, an expedition under Colonel Cartwright was sent up the river ,the name of which was changed to the Hudson, and received the submis- sion of Esopus, Fort Orange (the name of which he changed to Albany), and Renssalaerswyck, which was accomplished without any opposition. Sir Robert Carr was commissioned to go to Delaware Bay and River and to reduce the settlements there to submission to the British Crown. He went thither with the frigates Guinea and William and Nicholas, with a sufficient force of troops for the purpose. Carr was instructed to offer to the planters on the Delaware, whether Dutch or Swedes, on their quiet submission, the peaceable possession of their property, on the same terms as they had previously held it; also liberty of conscience and freedom of trade according to the acts of Parliament. The magistrates in office were not to be changed for six months ("they taking the oath of allegiance and their acts to be in His Majesty's name), nor were the laws of the place to be altered for the present. On October 1. 1664, the burgomaster of New Amstel signed a treaty of capitulation, but the governor, D'Hinoyossa, Peter Alricks and Gerrit \'an Sweringen. the schout, went into the fort with their handful of troops and refused to surrender it. Therefore the English troops were landed, the two frigates were removed to a convenient place before the fort, at which they fired two broadsides, disabling the fort and making it no longer tenable. The Dutch in the fort were compelled to surrender it. three of their number being killed and ten wounded, according to Sir Robert Carr's account. After storming the fort, the soldiers and sailors looted the town and did much damage. Some accounts say that Sir Robert Carr sent some of the Dutch from New Amstel to be sold for slaves in Virginia. Carr's own report tells of having sent into Maryland "some negroes which did belong to the late governor," in exchange for beef, pork and salt. In November Governor Nicolls went to the Delaware under a resolution of the Duke's Commission asking him to go there to take special care for the good government of that place. He therefore spent several days in the early part of that month at New Amstel, the name of which he changed to Newcastle. Sir Robert Carr's relative. Captain Carr, who commanded the frigate Guinea, was richly rewarded for his share in reducing the fort, being granted, June 30, 1665, all the lands, houses and estates of Gerrit Van Sweringen, which had been confiscated because of his "hostihty against His Majesty during the siege." At the same time and for the same reason the estate of Peter Alricks was confiscated and conferred on William Tom for his good services at Delaware. This William Tom was appointed commissary at Delaware until August 27, 1668, when he was discharged on his own request. Governor Nicolls was zealous and courteous. He gained the personal respect of the Dutch colonists, but some of his acts did not meet the approval of the burghers. These acts, however, were due not to his own views, but to the limitations of the private instructions from the Duke of York and Albany, the royal proprietor of the colony. Nicolls prepared a code of laws which he tried to conform to the instructions of the duke, but at the same time to be as just and liberal as was possil)le in view of the ducal limitations. This code, known as the Duke's Laws, guaran- THE STORY OF PI 1 1 LAni'.LPl U A 53 teed perfect liberty of conscience in relis^^ion ; established a Court of Assize in New York city; trials were to be by jury of the vicinage; taxes to be evenly distributed according to property owned ; to make titles secure they must be recorded in New York. He consolidated all of M.^n- hattan Island into one city of New York, and appointed Thomas Willett as the first mayor of the city. The grant of New Jersey to Berkeley and Carteret gave great chagrin to Covernor Nicolls, who wrote to the duke and later to Lord Arlington, Secretary of State of Great Britain, pro- testing against the mutilation of the province. If the grant had gone too far to be rescinded, he suggested that modification should be made so that New York should include both sides of the Hudson River, and that compensation should be given to Berkeley and Carteret by giving them the land on both sides of the Delaware River. But although James indicated his approval of the idea, he never did anything toward putting it into practical operation. The Delaware -rcrrDfiei: SEAL AND .SIGNATURES TO FRAME OF GOVERX.MKNT. settlements were placed in a peculiar position. Governor Nicolls had decided very emphatically that the region was not a part of Maryland, and was included in the grant made by Charles \\ to his brother. The Delaware settlements, therefore, were and long remained an inconvenient appendage to New York. By an order of Nicolls, made April 21, 1668, the government of Dela- ware territory was regulated more clearly. Captain John Carr was to remain as commander-in- chief at Newcastle, assisted by Alricks and others as counselors, and the "Duke's Laws" as compiled and promulgated by Nicolls for New York, were ordered to be published and observed at the Delaware also. In all cases of difficulty the directions of the governor and Council at New York were to be sought and followed. The declaration of war against Holland by Charles H in March, 1665, made the task of Gov- ernor Nicolls with the Dutch more difficult. He was not unaware of his personal popularity with the burghers, but he was under no illusions that such popularity was strong enough to overcome the loyalty of spirit of the Netherlanders to their fatherland. The active operations of that war began with the English naval victory over the Dutch in the battle oflf Lowestoft on the Sussex coast of the North Sea. France declared war against England, but withdrew participation as the 54 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA result 01 diplomatic advantai,^es gained by Louis Quatorze. of France, through a secret treaty between Britain and France in the spring of 1666. Meanwhile, -the defeat at Lowestoft having spurred the Dutch to heroic work in the rehabilitation of its navy, greatly strengthened its power during the period when the depletion of resources and practical exhaustion of the treasury of Great Britain by the visitation of the great plague of 1665, and the great fire of London in 1666, had reduced the vitality of the English to a low ebb. The negotiations for peace were pending at Breda in the spring of 1667 when De Ruyter, taking a fleet into the Medway, destroyed the king's shipyards, and blockading the mouth of the Thames, destroyed many British vessels. The Dutch victory was complete under conditions of which the English long felt the disgrace. The treaty of Breda, finally signed July 21, 1667, gave the Netherlands much the best of the bargain. Under it the two countries were each to keep the territories of which it held possession on May 10, 1667. That gave the provinces of New York and New Jersey (formerly New Neth- erland) to the English, but to the Dutch the much more valuable possessions (as then appraised) of the spice island of Pularoon in the East Indies, of the islands of Tobago in the West Indies and of Surinam in Guiana. During the war Governor Nicolls was in constant expectation of an attack by a Dutch squadron, and was engaged in preparedness work without outside assistance, for neither supplies nor soldiers came from England. Before the war he had asked to be relieved of his office, which placed heavy cares and responsibilities upon him. In the absence of supplies and help from England he spent all of his own money and stretched his credit in New York and Boston to the limit. Yet when official proclamation of peace was made on New Year's Day, 1668, in front of the Stadt Haus in New York, the joy over the news was dampened both for the Dutch and English residents when Governor Nicolls announced that his term as governor would soon end. His successor was Colonel Francis Lovelace, who arrived in New York in May, 1668. He was a courtier in high favor with the king, and secured the place because the king wished to give him a chance to retrieve his fortunes, which were at low ebb. He had no such high ideals as those of Colonel Nicolls, but he had a friendly disposition, and finding how personally pop- ular his predecessor had been, patterned after him as nearly as he could. His administration was early devoted to the work of validating the old land patents issued by the Dutch government and to the issuing of new patents to the later settlers entitled to them. There was considerable dissatisfaction in New York because of the restrictions of the "Duke's Laws," which were partic- ularly irksome to the English residents, most of whom had come to New York from New England, where the democratic "town meeting" gave every citizen a voice in public affairs, but a still more serious trouble was the falling off of commerce due to the restrictions of the English navigation laws, which was felt in ecjual degree on the Delaware and on the Hudson. A disaffection local to the Delaware region appeared among the people, more especially the Swedes and Finns, in 1669. Marcus Jacobsen, a Swede, who falsely pretended to be a son of the famous Swedish Count Konigsmark, but was popularly known as "the Long Swede," went about making seditious speeches, and, aided by Henry Coleman, a Finn, tried to incite an insurrection against English authority. Lovelace ordered the arrest of the ringleaders, and Jacobsen was soon taken, tried and carried to New York. It was decided that he merited death, but he was sentenced to the not much more lenient alternative of being whipped, branded on the forehead with the letter "R" and shipped to Barbadoes, where he was sold as a slave. Coleman escaped and lived with the Indians for several years, afterward becoming a property owner in Delaware. Armigart Pappgoya, daughter of the former Swedish Governor Printz. was said to have given some indiscreet encouragement to the Long Swede's insurrectionary propaganda, but whatever activity she may have exercised in this affair was blinked at by the authorities. In 1669 also there was some trouble with the Maryland government. William Tom, who was commissary at Newcastle, and had also been appointed collector, was put in charge of the THE STORY OF PI / 1 L.lPT.LPfUA execution of (jovernor Lovelace's order that all the inhabitants of the Delaware should take out new patents from himself. Several families from Maryland had been encouraged to settle on the creek near Apoquinimy. This excited the jealousy of the Maryland authorities, and White, the surveyor-general of Maryland, went to Newcastle and laid claim to all the region west of the Delaware River as belonging to Lord Baltimore. Maryland also sent persons to exercise juris- diction at the Hoarkill, but none of the inhabitants would submit to their authority uptjl the matter should be decided in England. At that time it was exi)ected that the recommendation which had been made by Governor Nicolls, that the region west of the Delaware should be given to Berkeley' and Carteret in exchange for northern New Jersey, would soon be decided. There- fore Governor Lovelace forwarded to the Duke of York the claim made by White in behalf of Lord Baltimore. The question recurred again in July, 1672, when a party of Marylanders came to the Hoarkill and, assisted by Daniel Brown, a planter, assaulted the magistrates and carried off all the plunder they could. Brown was afterward arrested and taken to New York, where he w^as tried and convicted, but was released on promise of future good behavior. Lovelace rebuked Calvert, sec- retary of Maryland, for thus allowing the people of his province to commit, a second time, such Landing of Penn at Chester outrages in the Duke's dominions, and also advised the Duke of York of the illegal acts of Lord Baltimore's agents. The vigor of Lovelace's actions in this matter is credited with having accom- plished the salvation of Delaware from "the imminent peril of being absorbed in Maryland." In June, 1672, the English Quaker. (leorge Fox. visited America, and in August of that year visited Newcastle, where he was entertained in Captain Carr's own house. He held on that visit in Newcastle the first Quaker meeting ever held in Delaware, .\migart Paj^pegoia, daughter of former Governor Printz, brought a suit in ejectment against Andrew Carr. a relative of Sir Robert Carr, to recover her patrimonial estate in the island of Tiiiicum in Delaware. The case was appealed from the court in Delaware to that in New York, where the jury gave a verdict to the plaintitT and judgment was rendered in her favor. War between England and the Netherlands began again in 1672. and Governor Lovelace received a warning from London to put the ]M-ovince of New York in a state etifective for its defense. After that rumors followed one another in rapid succession that the Dutch were on their way to New^ York, and became so frequent that Governor Lovelace became more and more skeptical about them. In March. 1673, when he was on his way to Westchester on a business errand, he was recalled by an urgent message from Captain John Manning, in charge of the gar- rison at New York, telling him that the Dutch were coming. It proved to be a premature report, though the Governor found the English residents of New York in panicky mood. He 56 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA joked the captain of the fort, but to satisfy the fears of the citizens sent orders for the garri- sons up the Hudson and on the Delaware to come to New York and reinforce the troops at Fort lames. In July (old style) Governor Lovelace went to New Haven to confer with Governor Winthrop and was away when, on August 9. 1673 (new style), a Dutch fleet of twenty-one sail stood in the bay. The fleet included men-of-war under command of Admiral Cornelis Evertsen, the younger son of the Admiral Cornelis Evertsen. who lost his life in battle in 1666, and of Captain lacob Benckes, who had started from Holland with four ships and had joined Evertsen's squadron in the West Indies. Included in the twenty-one ships were twelve prize ships which had been captured in West Indian and Virginian waters. The fleet carried sixteen hundred soldiers and seamen, and also one hundred and fifty marines, the latter in command of Captain Anthony Colve. Evertsen and Benckes sent messengers demanding the surrendey." of the fort and promising good quarters to Captain Manning. These messengers passed a boat which had been sent to the fleet demanding why these ships had come in such menacing manner to disturb His Majesty's subjects. Captain Manning therefore replied to the Dutch demand that he had sent messengers to communicate with the fleet, and upon their return he would give a definite answer to the summons. Thereupon the ships drew nearer and anchored opposite the fort. Word was sent to Manning giving him half an hour to answer the Dutch demand. Manning sent back, asking time until the following morning at 10 o'clock. The reply was that only half an hour would be given, and that the hour-glass would be immediately turned up. When the specified time expired without word from the fort a heavy cannonading against it was begun, and several men were killed and others wounded. Soon after the Dutch landed six hundred men. under command of Captain Anthony Colve, and he marched toward the fort, sending a trumpeter to ask whether it would surrender. Manning sent Captain Carr, of the Dela- ware, and two other messengers under indefinite instructions to make the best terms they could, and Colve. holding two of the messengers as prisoners, sent Carr to inform Manning that he could have fifteen minutes to make definite proposals. Captain Carr. instead of carrying the message, rode out of the city and made his escape. Incensed by the apparent indifiference at the fort. Captain Colve resumed the march, but was met by an officer who oft'ered to surrender the fort, with all military arms and ammunition, on condition that officers and men should be permitted to march out with their arms, drums beating, colors flying, bag and baggage, without hindrance or molestation. Thus New York province became New Netlierland again, the name of the city being changed to New Orange. The fleet commanders appointed Captain Anthony Colve as, governor, and getting nominations from the existing council, appointed a full set of new officers for the city, all Netherlanders. One of the first official acts of Governor Colve was to commission Peter Alricks as com- mander and schout "on the South River in New Netherland," where he was to maintain the Established Dutch Church, to keep his soldiers in discipline, the Indians in good temper and to obey all orders from New Orange. Walter Wharton was also commissioned to be surveyor of all the Dutch territory on the South River. At New Orange on September 12, 1673, deputies from the South River were promised, by Governor Colve and his council, freedom of trade and com- merce and equal privileges to all the inhabitants who should take the oath of allegiance. Courts of justice were also established at New Amstel (Newcastle), Upland and the Hoarkill, and the usual nominations of magistrates were ordced to be sent by the schout, Peter Alricks, to New Orange for approval. Throughout the settlements on the Delaware the instructions from the provincial governor and council were readily enforced by Schout Alricks, and magistrates were established at the Hoarkill. Captain John Carr, who had gone to Maryland, was by decree of the council ordered THE STORY OF Til I f..l nh.l.l'l 11 ,1 57 to settle himself in New Netherland if he took the oath of allegiance, but if he refused his estate was to be seized. As several Marylanders had lately committed aggressions on the Dela- ware settlers, Colve invited the sufferers to New Orange, and directed all the inhabitants to obey the orders of Alricks. Governor Colve gave the whole of New Netherland a creditable administration, but the Treaty of Westminster, of peace be;tween England and Holland, entered into February 9, 1674, restored the country to England. The Dutch remained in office, however, until November 10 following. There being some question as to whether the capture of the country by the Dutch extinguished the proprietary title of the Duke of York, he secured from King Charles II a con- firmation of his former title to the country. Then the Duke appointed Major Sir Edmund Andros as governor of the province of New York, which remained English for the remainder of its colonial history. Dutch dominion was thus finally extinguished on the Delaware, as on the Hudson. Pegg's Run, Northkkn Liberties C H A E R F U R UNDER BRITISH RULE— WILLIAM PENN BECOMES INTERESTED IN LANDS ON THE DELAWARE The arrival of Sir Edmund Andros, November 1. 1674, brought back to the residents on the Delaware the English Government, practically unaltered, as it had existed when the Dutch took possession in July, 1673. All of the officers who had been in commission at that date were recom- missioned, except Peter Abricks, the exception being made in this case because, it was officially stated, "he proffered himself to the Dutch at their first coming, of his own motion, and acted very violently as their chief officer." Captain Cantwell, sheriff, and William Tom, clerk of the town of New Castle, were commissioned to take possession of the Fort and all public property, and to take measures for the repossession and settling of any of His Majesty's subjects in their just rights, and to maintain kindly relations with neigh- boring colonies. In 1664 Sig George Carteret and Lord John Berkeley had been given the country between the Eludson and the Delaware which, it was stipulated in the grant, should be known by the name of Nova Caesarea. or New Jersey. Philip Carteret, a distant rela- tive of Sir George, was commissioned as governor of New Jersey, and, arriving in April, 1665, established the seat of his gov- ernment at Elizabethport. Rules and regula- tions governing the, distribution of lands to colonists were promulgated, and several grants were made to settlers. The Dutch concjuests and occupancy stopped all progress along this line until the return of the English. A little before the Dutch concjuest of the country, on March 18, 1673 (O. S.) Berkeley sold all his right in New Jersey to John Fenwick, as trustee for Edward Byllynge. John Fenwick had been a major in the Parliamentary Army, but had become a devoted member of the Society of Friends. After this transfer by Lord Berkeley, the D.ike of York, desiring to give more definite form to Carteret's title, and to lay a basis for the partition of New Jersey between him and the assignees of Lord Berkeley, gave him on July 28, 1674, a new grant, comprising the eastern half of the province, to be his property in severalty, delimiting this new grant so as to make it com- prise a line drawn from a certain creek called Barnegat, to a certain creek in Delaware River, next to and below a certain creek in Delaware River called Renkokus Kill — a stream south of Burlington. Tim STORY oj' i'iiii..]nr.i.rniA 59 The settlements made in New Jersey under the original grant made by the Duke of York to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret, had all been within the bounds later segregated as those of East Jersey. The boundaries named in the individual grant to Carteret in July, 1674, gave him an excessive share. Meanwhile, the other half, which had been Lord Berkeley's, became a subject of dispute between Edward Byllynge and John Fenwick, his trustee. Both of these men were members of the Society of Friends, and for the adjustment of their dififerences they re- ferred them to William Penn, who, though he had only recently joined the Society, had estab- lished for himself a reputation for absolute fairness. Penn, as arbitrator, awarded a certain sum of money and a one-tenth interest in the grant to Fenwick. Soon afterward Byllynge became submerged in financial difficulties, and on February 10, 1674, he assigned his nine-tenths interests in trust for the benefit of creditors to William Penn. Gawen Lawry and Nicholas Lucas, also members of the Society of Friends. John Fenwick, on the strength of his one-tenth interest in the property which had been alien- ated by Lord Berkeley, came to America, arriving in June, 1675, on the ship Griffin, bringing with him his children, relatives, settlers and servants. He landed at a place in the Delaware river, the aspect of which was so placid and benign that it suggested to his Quaker mind the name "Salem" (Peace), which it has been called to this day. He began the work of surveying and dividing the land into plots, with the design to found a colony of Friends thereabout, but was hampered by the persecution of Governor Andros, was held in arrest during December, 1676, and, while released on bail, was subjected to various annoyances, until he sold his interest in the Salem Colony. The involvements and complications of the title, due to the excessive character of the separate grant to Sir George Carteret, led to an attempt at adjustment by means of what is known as "the Quintipartite Deed," which defined the in- terests of Sir George Car- teret, for himself ; and of "WilHam Penn, of Rick- mansworth ; Gawen Lawry, of London, merchant ; Nich- olas Lucas, of Hertford, Maltster; and Edward Byl- lynge, of Westminster, gen- tleman." . The line of parti- tion, which in subsequent boundary disputes was known as the Providence line, extended from Little Egg Harbor to 41° 40' north latitude to the Delaware River. East New Jersey was awarded to Carteret and West New Jersey to Penn and his associates. The col- onization of West New Jer- sey, under a liberal form of government, framed under a document of liberty, known as " Ihe Con- cessions and Agreements of the Proprietors, Freeholders and Inhabitants of West New Jersey in America." went on apace, the grants of land being liberal in quantity, and the surroundings Ship Wei.comk 60 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA being especially attractive and congenial to members of the Society of Friends, from whom the early settlements of West New Jersey were very largely recruited. August 6, 1680, a new grant was made by the Duke of York, conveying the soil and gov- ernment of West New Jersey to William Penn, Edward Byllynge, Gawen Lawry, Nicholas Lucas, John Eldridge, of St. I'aul's, Shawell, in the County of Middlesex, tanner, and Edmond Warren, citizen, of London, the two last having acquired the Fenwick interest. These transac- PENi^'s Treaty With the Indians tions, having to do with New Jersey, would have little to do with a history of Philadelphia or Pennsylvania, if it were not for one figure in their personnel. It was his connection with these colonial activities which gave William Penn the knowledge and inspiration which led to his sub- sequent connection. Thus he learned of the goodness of the region, and was induced, when the opportunity offered, to procure the land on the west of the Delaware for himself. He and the other trustees sent over commissioners from England, who selected the site of the present Burlington as the chief settlement, to which came in 1677 the ship Kent, with two hundred and thirty immigrants. Others followed, and the surrounding country soon became thickly settled. Returning to the affairs of this period on the west side of the Delaware, it is interesting to note that there were in May, 1675, only three churches in the territory now comprised in the states of Delaware and Pennsylvania. One of these was the Dutch Church, at New Castle, another at Crainhoeck (later known as Tanhook), which was long known as the Old Stone Church, within the city limits of Wilmington, and the third was the church at Tinicum. A special court held by Governor Andross, at New Castle, May 22) and 24. 1675, took up the question of churches and ordered that these churches should continue, and that the church at Tinicum Island should serve for Upland and parts adjacent. It appearing that there was no church further up the river, the magistrates of Upland were ordered to cans? "a church or place of meeting for that purpose THE STORY OF PliILADRLPinA M to be built at Wickcii^koo, for the inhabitants of Proublc with the authorities at New York, and empow(>red to raise a tax. In accordance with this order the Swedes' Church, first place of wor- ship to be built within the present limits of thecily of Philadelphia, was erected. It was an en- largement, i)r()bably, of the old block house, which had been built at the same place for defence against the Indians in 1669, with such alterations as were necessary to ht it for public worship. The presum])tion that it was a remodeling of the block house arose from the fact that all early accounts of the church mention the fact that it had "loopholes." It was finished early enough in 1677 for the first sermon in the edifice to be preached on Trinity Sunday of that year. The sermon was preached in the Dutch language, by Rev. Jacob I\abricius, who accepted the call from First City Hai.l, Phil.a,delphia, 111,^3 to 1707 the Swedish church, at Wiccaco, continuing with that charge for fourteen years, for nine of which he was entirely blind. Mr. Fabricius had been brought to New York in 1669 at the request of the Lutherans. He had been several times in touble with the authorities at New York, and had been suspended from the ministry. His appointment to the pastorate of the Swedish church shows, however, that he had been reinstated, and his long incumbency reveals the fact that he served faithfully. A tract of land on the west side of the Dela.vare, "beginning at a creek next to the cold spring, somewhat above Mattinicum Island, ab^ut eight or nine miles below the Falls, and as far above said falls as the other is below them* * * and also all islands in the Delaware River within the above limits, below and above the Falls (except only one island called Peter Alrick's Island)," was conveyed, October 3, 1675, to Edmond Andros for the Duke, by four "true sachems and lawful Indian proprietors." For comparison with present land value, it may be interesting to enumerate the items of the valuable consideration received by these braves : 62 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA "60 fathoms wampum, 6 duffle coats, 6 blankets, 6 coats of gingham, 6 shirts, one-half anker of powder, 6 guns, 6 shovels, 30 axes, 50 knives, 2 ankers of rum, 50 looking glasses, 50 hoes, 20 pairs stockings. 20 pairs shoes, 100 tobacco pipes, 1 pound of paint, 100 anvils and 100 Jew's-harps." Robert Wade and other Friends came from England and settled in Upland in 1675. Fen- wick and other Friends who had settled in Salem across the river established a weekly meet- ing for divine worship, and a monthly meeting for church discipline, at Salem. William Ed- mundsor. a public Friend, made a visit to the D.-laware in 1675, and attended the meetings of Friends at Salem and New Castle, and also took i)art in a meeting at Robert Wade's house, in Upland, where meetings were regularly established. Thence Edmundson proceeded, accom- panied by Robert Wade and another Friend, to Maryland, to meet co-religionists at various places in that proxince. Penn's Housk From the fact that West Jersey's proprietorship was practically in Quaker control, the colonization of that province included a very large proportion of Friends among the immi- grants. No better settlers ever undertook the development of a new land. One of the annoy- ances experienced by the early settlements in West Jersey was the claim of Governor Andros to entire political control, and the levying duties upon the commerce at the Hoarkill by the New York government. The proprietors considered these imposts as being insulting to their sovereign- ty and made freciuent remonstrance to the agents of the Duke of York, but finally, after an in- vestigation by commissioners, appointed for that purpose, the duty was repealed. Finding com- mission government lacking in various ways, theProprietaries concluded to appoint a governor for West New Jersey, and selected Edward Byllynge for the office. Soon after his arrival in the province he selected Samuel Jennings as his deputy. In November, 1681, at the call of Jennings, THE STORY OF rillLADELPHIA (^?> [hv rn">t Asscmlily nf that ])r()\incr iiK't. This Asst-nibly, wiili the aid of Deputy Governor Jen- iiiiiv of the woodland character of the country, he proposed to call it "Sylvania." This pleased the king, who himself added the "Penn'' ])refix. Thus the jM'ovince gained a Latinized name which may be freely translated "Penn's Woods." Market Square and Church, Germantown There have been many volumes written ab)ut William Penn, whose career was in many respects unique, and whose influence not only on his own time, but also on all American his- tory, was very potent for good. He was born, as we have already said, in London in 1644. the son of Vice-Admiral Sir William Penn, of the British navy, and Margaret Jasper Penn, daughter of a wealthy merchant of Rotterdam. The father, who had gained distinction in the navy, was a favorite at the Court, both with King Charles H and his brother, the Duke of York, heir pre- sumptive to the throne. He made early progress in the navy, becoming a post-captain at the age of twenty. Though his early appointment and promotions were due to the Lord Protector. Oliver Cromwell, he did not hesitate to abandon the Commonwealth and offer his fleet to Charles H as soon as the opportunity occurred. He accumulated a considerable fortune and hoped for a peerage, and gained such a high place in the favor of the king and his brother James, Duke of York, that he would doubtless have realized his ambition alxnit the i)eerage if 66 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA it had not been that his son, who was his heir apparent, had imbibed what were regarded as the obnoxious tenets of the much-despised people called Quakers. l"hc admiral was a man of the world in fall harmony with the gay and profligate court of Charles II. It was his hope to train his son as a cavalier and courtier, amid aristocratic and royalist surroundings. Royalist, the son always remained, but his manners and principles were fashioned and led in directions far removed fron those of the court of the "Merry Monarch." His always serious mind was affected by the example and admonition of his Dutch mother, whose immediate ancestry was Puritan. At the age of eleven, he experienced a spiritual awakening which he regarded as a call to a "ho'y life." It was a time of religious fervor and spiritual experiences similar to those of Penn, but they were not frequent among the cavalier class, nor was the aristocratic and exclusive Chigwell Grammar School, which the boy was at- tending when he had this experience, the kind of place to expect such personal visitations of spir- itual power as were frequently witnessed at Puritan and Quaker meetings. Market House, Second and Pine Streets There is a tendency on the part of those Ics spiritually minded to attribute such experiences as those of the boy Penn to something anemic ii his physical make-up. In Penn's case, however, there is no such solution of the problem, for ht was a robust boy who, though thoughtful and studious beyond the average of his years, was athletic and fond of running, rowing, hunting and field sports. He went to Christ Church Col ege. Oxford, where he maintained his record for studiousness and seriousness. A religious snisation of the day was that created by George Fox and his followers, whose theology and prac ices were regarded as being revolutionary and full of defiance to both State and Church. Its members refused to pay tithes for the support of the Church of England; refused to take oaths to verify their testimony in courts, believing such oaths to be blasphemous; wore their hats before all men, and practiced their religion without sac- raments, ceremonials or hired priests. Full of nrssionary zeal, they preached their doctrines wher- ever they could get a hearing, and took the persecutions, punishments and imprisonments which resulted from their religious views and methods in the spirit of the martyrs of Nero's day. THE STORY OF FIIJLADELPIIIA 67 Penn first came into touch with these pecuHar people while at Oxford, attending meetings at which Thomas Loe preached and expounded the beliefs of the Society of Friends. The Uni- versity attempted to discipline Penn and his associates for attending these meetings, but they persisted in their right to do so, and were expelled from the University. Admiral Penn was furious at the untilial conduct (as he appraised it) of his son and heir, and tried both beatings and cajolings, even going to the extreme of turning him out of doors, but later calling him home again. To cure his son of what he thought a senseless infatuation for strange and insane doc- trines, he sent him to France, but there, although he ac(|uired the manners and dress of a courtier, he also fed his religious hunger by studying the writings of the reformers of Geneva. When the Cive&t Plague ravaged I>ondon in 1665. it made adeej) impression on Penn, who was then in his twenty-first year. His father, still bent upon getting such things out of his head, sent him to Dublin to become a member of the gay court of the Duke of Ormonde, then viceroy of Ireland, and at the same time gave him charge of the f-^milv estates in Ireland. He danced with the Stenton, Log.^n's Country Seat belles of Dublin, fenced and hunted, and applied for a troop of horse. He was a well set-up and handsome fellow, and while he attained the manners and accomplishments of court life, he also showed a good deal of acumen in the management of the Penn estates in Ireland. He was very popular and very influential and his cavalier friends were beginning to think he might lay aside the strange and fanatical ideas which had seemed to handicap his career. But Thomas Loe, who had spiritually fascinated him at Oxford, went preaching to Cork, and Penn went to hear him. All the serious thoughts that had been put somewhat in the background were revived in their full force, and he became a convinced Quaker. His father, hearing of his son's relapse, called him home from Ireland and tried to persuade him to drop his inconvenient convictions, but found him to be adamant. The father drove him from home, and stopped his allowance, but his mother found ways to supply his means. This exile gave him free time to devote to the cause now nearest his heart. He became a regular mem- ber of the Society of Friends, became personally acquainted and intimate with George Fox. and soon was recognized as one of the most faithful and eflicient of the followers of that famous and gifted leader. Like Fox, he preached in public, which was in violation of a statute, and soon found himself in jail. Fox w^as a man of power as a preacher, but illiterate. Penn was an edu- cated gentleman and was able to take the doctrines and dress them up in forms more attract- 68 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA ive to the educated and refined. His preaching brought him to jail, remaining nine months under a sentence which might have kept him there for hfe unless he recanted. He improved the time by writing his book, "No Cross. No Crown," which is a classic in the literature of the Society of Friends. He was released from that imprisonment at request of the Duke of York. It was not long before he was again arrested for preaching in the street, and placed in jail. When brought into court be wore his hat, Quaker fashion, and was fined. He would not pay the fine, as a matter of Quaker principle, but his father, who was on his deathbed, paid it for him. In 1670 he served another term of six months for street preaching, in one of the detestable and noisome jails of that period. When the term of his imprisonment expired he went on the continent to recui)erate, preaching at various places. In 1672 he married a Quakeress, Gulielma Springett, daughter of Sir William Springett. It was a love-match, and the bride was beautiful and amiable and in full sympathy with her husband's ambitions. The jail experiences of Mr. Penn, and the insult and contumely heaped u])()n his co-religionists deeply impressed him. How to ameliorate Walnut Street Prison this condition and free the Friends so that they might worshij) {\yK\ according to the Inner Light, in which they so steadfastly believed, and to live the holy life to which they felt themselves to be called, was now his object. He recalled how the Puritans, with a sinnlar problem had settled a New England for themselves, and the Catholic^, for like reason, had followed Lord Baltimore to Maryland. Admiral Penn died, and left his son a prop.^rty in England and Irish estates valued, on an income basis, at i 1,500 per year, which was a considerable fortune for that period. He had, in addition, the debt which amounted, with interest, to i 16,000, due from the Government to his father. An asset of great value to his plans was his own standing in court, for in spite of the unpojnilarity in court circles of his religious views, and notwithstanding his numerous imprison- ments, he retained his old friends, both because of his father's services and his own merits. He enjoyed in special degree the friendship and favor of James, Duke of York, who. as occasion presented itself, helped along the colonial enterprises in which Penn engaged. When, at different times, the New Jersey grants of Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret came into market, it was the business acumen and enterprise of Penn which secured for the Friends so important a share in the ownership and settlement of both West and East New Jersey. THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 69 But in those colonics, jjarlicnlarly in l''ast Jersey, there was a consideraljle immigration of a mis- cellaneous character, so that while Quaker intlucnce there was important, it did not preponderate. Therefore Penn desired to secure a grant for land to which Friends should come in such superior numlx^-s as to secure adequate control of ])uhlic business. In the carrying out of his ambitions his claim of sixteen thousand pounds against the Government bore an important part, and, as before stated, secured the proj^rietorship of Pennsylvania to I^enn. He brought to the task the qualifications of a most capable business man, a skillful diplomat, a constructive statesman, and a right-minded and able administrator. After the grant and charter of the new province of Pennsylvania had been made to Penn, by Charles II, public proclamation of the fact was made by the king, who admonished the j^eople living within the granted territory to yield ready obedience to Penn, his deputies and lieutenants, and Penn himself issued a proclamation to the inhabitants, declaring his desire for their wel- fare and happiness, his intention to govern uprightly, and his purpose that they should be ruled by laws of their own making. It was necessary that Penn, or someone entitled to represent him, should be on the ground to take possession under the charter. For one reason. Lord Baltimore's government was waiting on the other side with a boundary dispute. Penn was constrained to stay behind in order to prepare and publish an advertisement intended to attract emigration to the province, which, though, at that time, he had never been in America, contained an exposition of the conditions and resources of the country which was wonderfully accurate. To look after his interests in the colony Penn appointed as his deputy Captain William Markham. of the British army, who was his cousin, the son of his father's sister. His commission from Penn, dated April 20, 1681. gave him power to appoint a council of nine members, of which he was to act as president; to secure recognition of Penn's authority on the part of the people; to settle bounds between Penn and his neighbors ; to survey, lay out, rent or lease lands according to instructions ; to erect courts, appoint sherififs. justices of the peace, and such other inferior ofiicers as were needed to keep the peace and enforce the laws; ti suppress any riot or disturbance by use of the posse comitatas. and to make such ordinances as Penn himself might make in furtherance of the peace and security of the province. Armed with these instructions, and also enjoined by Penn to settle boundaries with Lord Baltimore, to whom he carried a letter written ])y Penn, Governor Markham sailed for America, arriving in New York June 21, 1681. As the grant to Penn included in its boundaries settle- ments which had been claimed and governed as part of the province of New York. Governor Markham called upon Governor Anthony Brockholls. of the province of New York, from whom he procured the issuance of a proclamation to the inhabitants of Pennsylvania, advising them to ol)ey the king's charter and yield ready obedience to the new proprietary and his deputy. Penn had intended to go out to Pennsylvania in the autumn of 1681. but his successful pro- motion work had resulted in securing such a large number of emigrants to his province, that he was led to postpone his departure. Meanwhile, he sent out, in October, a commission composed of William Crispin (Penn's cousin). John Bezar and Nathaniel Allen, who were to cooperate with Governor Markham in the laying out of a site for the "great city," which Penn was ambitious to build in his province. By June L 1682, Penn had sold five hundred and sixty-five thousand five hundred acres of land in his province in tracts of from two hundred and fifty to twenty thousand acres, the largest to the Free Society of Traders, whose twenty thousand acres w'as in a single l)lock. Captain Thomas Holme was commissioned by Penn, April 18, 1682, as surveyor-general of Pennsylvania, and sailed on the Amity on April 23. Penn's mother died in June. 1682, bringing deep grief to him. for her affection had followed him with deep sympathy, both in times of trouble and seasons of prosperity. On .August 24, the Duke of York executed a deed transferring to William Penn the Horekill and New Castle (the 70 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA territory now embraced in the State of Delaware), and on August 31 gave him a protective deed to Pennsylvania. He had gathered more than a thousand people for his province, who had gone on various ships, and on September 1, 1682, with a large company of his Quaker brethren, he embarked in the Welcome, three hundred tons. Captain Robert Greenway, master, bound on his first visit to his province. Union Volunteer Refreshment Saloon C H A P E R F I V E PENN'S FIRST VISIT AND HOW HE RULED HIS PROVINCE— BIRTH AND INFANCY OF PHILADELPHIA William Penn had. for that period, a fairly quick voyage to his ]jro\ inee, the Welcome reach- ing the Capes of the Delaware on (3ctoher 24, aid New Castle on October 27, 1682. Unfortunate- ly the smallpox, that scourge then supposed to be unconquerable and most deadly, was taken aboard with the passengers at Deal. Out of the one hundred passengers on that ship, thirty died during the voyage. Penn earned the admiration and good will of Iiis fellow-passengers by his friendly Christian ministrations to the sick and dving. Upon arrival at the town of New Castle he was re- ceived by tiie people with much cordiality, and the town was formally turned over to his possession, he Exhibiting his deeds from the Duke of York. John Moll and Ephraim Herman, Attorneys, represented the Duke, and one of the com- missioners delivered to Penn the key of the fort. He pro- ceeded at once to the organ- ization of his colony, ap- pointing sheriffs for the counties recently added to his grant. He rode to New York to vrsit Governor Brockholls and acquaint himself, at hrst hand, with the condition of the colony of his ro\al patron, James, Duke of York. On his return he went to Chester, and issued writs to the sheriffs of the counties for an election to be held November 20 to select representatives to serve as their deputies in the Provincial Coun- cil and delegates in General Assembly to meet December, 1682, at Upland (Chester). When the Assembly met, the first day was devoted to the work of organizing and the selec- tion of committees, verifying credentials, straightening out election contests and devising rules and regulations. The first legislative duty came in a petition from the three lower counties (now comprised in the State of Delaware) and also from the Swedes, asking that they be annexed and united with the Pennsylvanians in equal citizenship. Responsive to these peti- tions, an Act of Union and Naturalization was the first bill to pass the General Assembly. The preamble sets forth the several titles by which Penn had become Proprietary of Pennsyl- Treatv Tree and Fairman's Mansion 70 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA vania, and had also acquired the three lower counties, or Delaware Hundreds, and the act goes on to declare these counties to be annexed to the province of Pennsylvania as of the proper territory thereof, and that "the people therein shall be governed by the same laws and enjoy the same privileges in all respects as the inhabitants of Pennsylvania do or shall enjoy." It also provides "all persons who are strangers and foreigners that do now inhabit this province and counties aforesaid shall be held and reputed freemen of the province and counties aforesaid, in as ample and full manner as any person residing therein." The only proviso to this naturaliza- tion was that the alien should promise allegiance to the king of England and obedience to the Proprietary and his government. This bill, and, in fact, all the bills introduced in the Assem- bly, came down from the Governor. Penn's "Great Law" was also passed. Penn had before formulated a "Frame of Government" and later a code of "Laws Agreed Upon in England" to govern his new province. Later a revision of these, somewhat altered in detail and consider- ably improved in literary form, was prepared to serve as the organic law of the provmce. It contains sixty-nine sections. M.\kke;t Street and Market Shambles This "Great Law" is liberal in its terms, in comparison with the law and practice in other countries or colonies of that period, so far as the franchise is concerned, and in the matter of religious freedom is especially so. The right to vote or hold office is restricted to those who profess and declare that they believe in Jesus Christ to be the Son of God and Saviour of the world. This excluded not only atheists and absolute non-Cliristians, but also those who, acknowledging the ethical teachings, denied the diety of Jesus, as Arians or Socinians. But, so far as the freedom of worship is concerned, the Penn code had no equal in any other country, except in the Act of Toleration of the Province of Maryland, which was equally tolerant. Sir George Calvert, in his charter of 1632. and his son, Caecilius Calvert, who was the power behind the Maryland Act of Toleration of 1649, were Catholics and had felt the severities of Protest- ant persecution of the seventeenth century. Penn and his Quakers had a like experience of sectarian rigor against their religion in England. But the Quaker principles of peace and brother- hood left no room for cruel resprisals in what was virtually a Quaker government. In strong contrast to the treatment accorded by Puritan New England to Baptists, Quakers and 77//: STORY OF PI I ILADELPHIA other Christians not of their own fold, the Quakers of Pennsylxania and the Cathohcs of Mary- land, hy their enactments in regard to freedom of worshij). showed that they had learned the les- sons of mutual tolerance. The moral code embodied in Penn's "Great Law'' was a very strict one. It is particularly so with reference to Lord's Day Observance. Swearing', blasphemy, cursing-, ol)scene words were all punishable by lines and imprisonment ; "rude and riotous sports, prizes, stage-plays, masks, revels, bull-baits, cock-fighting, with such like." were treated as breaches of the peace to be punished hy ten days in the workhouse or a tine of twenty shillings. The form of the government which Penn introduced was not democratic. Though he had proclaimed it as one in which the settler woidd have a voice, it could only be so characterized by a very liberal interpretation of its terms. It is true that both the Council and the CJeneral Assembly were elective bodies, but the General Assembly had no other function in legislation than to approve or reject bills proposed and prepared by the (jovernor and Provincial Council. Twenty-four of the Council w^as a quorum, twelve of whom, with the Governor's casting vote, constituted a majority. The Governor had three votes, the Free Society of Traders had six votes, and the other members of the Council one each. So that the (jOvernor, in agreement with the Free Society, only needed to have three or four of their friends in the membership to control legislation absolutely. It would be very easy to demonstrate from the waitings of William Penn that this "Frame of Government." so far as the sources of legislation are concerned, did not represent his hopes or ideals for his colony. Penn must have known and fully recognized, and doubtless deplored, the total inadequacy of this arrangement as a scheme for insuring pop- ular freedom. That he himself was a strong believer in and advocate of representative govern- ment is beyond question. The only feasible explanation of the retention in Pennsylvania administration of this form of "Governor and Council" rule which had been a bone of con- tention in every one of Britain's American colonies, is that Penn had probably been compelled to give it sanction and adherence as a condition precedent to the making of the grants to him In- the king and the duke. For the Stuarts were the arch foes of popular assemblies, and the duke, in his own ]M-ovince of New York, was at that time struggling with the same question. Outside of this one great blemish there were many good features in the fundamental legis- lation for Pennsylvania at that period. To the old settlers on the Delaware it marked a dis- tinct advance in the condition of the inhabitants. The principal interest of the new^ settlers was centered upon the procurement of well-located homesteads and dwellings on farms and in tow-ns. But the matter of greatest interest to the people of the province as a whole was the location and laying out of the new great city of Penn's province. At first there was some idea of locat- ing it at Upland, where the Swedes had established a quite important settlement ; but that would have required the extinguishment by purchase of several Swedish titles. So Markham had decided to use Upland as a temporary capital until the new city of Philadelphia should be ready. The town was named before it was located. It was chosen by Penn himself as expressive of the kind of a city he wanted it to be. The name, copied from that of the city of Asia Minor mentioned in St. John's Apocalypse as one of the "Seven Churches in Asia." and meaning "City of Brotherly Love" was very appropriately chosen as that of a city wdiich was to be under the governmental control of members and managed under the jirinciples of the Society of Friends. The instructions of Penn to the commissioners he had appointed to locate and establish the town had l)een very explicit so far as the basic requirements w^ere concerned. It was to have an effective water frontage, suitable for a seaport. It was to be laid out in straight and reg- ular streets. Spaces were to be reserved for markets and squares. The commissioners chose an oblong tract of 1280 acres, extending from the Delaware to the Schuylkill, fronting one mile 74 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA on each of these rivers, the distance between being 2.13 miles. The locality of the tract had been previously known by its Indian name of Coaquanock. The original intention was to lay out a town plot to cover ten thousand acres, in which each person buying five hundred acres in the country was to be allotted ten acres in th e town ; but, with the smaller area actually included in the survey, this could not be done. Later the Liberties were created, and many of the settlers received their bonuses in land in the Northern Liberties, lying north of the city, or in the Western Liberties, beyond the Schuylkill. Thomas Holme, the surveyor, laid out the city with geometrical precision. Vine Street was the northern boundary and Cedar (now South) Street the southern. The most import- ant east and west street, extending from river to river, was made one hundred feet wide. In accordance with custom in the nomenclature of streets of English towns this main thorough- fare was named High Street, but later, when markets were established upon it, the name was changed to Market Street, as at present. A street of the same width, extending through the city from north to south, was named Broad Street. As the intersection of these two main streets a square of ten acres was surveyed, upon which the various public buildings, including a Friends' Meeting House, were to be erected. , Shoemaker's First Farm, Germantown So many settlers came over in 1682 that there was not house room for more than a fraction of them. Such settlers as had houses made room for as many as possible of the newcomers, but others had to live in hastily constructed log cabins, caves or tents until the spring came, or, at least, until temporary quarters could be built. Not only was the number of immigrants who came over under the inducements of Penn larger than had ever come to America in a like period under private auspices, but it may be said that the quality of the immigration, from a standard of moral and economic efficiency, had never been equaled in the previous annals of American settlement. The rigors of a winter in caves and tents proved too great for some of the more elderly immigrants, of whom several died. As for the others, many of the Quaker settlers had faced greater perils and privations in the unsanitary and noisome jails of England. There was healthful work to do with axe and spade in the open, the food supply was plentiful, the water excellent and the air pure and invigorating. In one of the caves occupied as temporary quarters by the immigrants, John Key was born that winter, the first child of English parents THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA /-"> that could ever claim Philadelphia as his l)irth place. Penn s^ave congratulaton' recognition of this important birth by presenting the child with a plot of ground in Philadelphia. Though the boy lived to be a man of eighty-five years old. he was known until the day of his death as "fohn Key, the firstborn." In Penn's "Great Law," adopted by the first Assembly, at Chester, there is a section (No. 40) which reads: "The days of the week and the months of the year shall be called as in Scrip- ture, and not by heathen names as are vulgarly used, as the first, second and third days of the week, and first, second and third months of the year, etc., beginning with the day called Sun- day and the month called March." Thus was the Quaker calendar cstal)lished as the legal one The Great Townk House, 1704- 1735 The Great Towne House, the seat of the State and city government, was located in the middle of High (Market) Street, west of Second Street. It was erected seventeen years prior to Carpenters' Hall and twenty-eight years before the State House. in the Province of Pennsylvania. But there were Quaker features in the government of Penn- sylvania under William Penn which were of far more value than the adoption of numerical names for the days of the week and the months of the year. The most valuable endowment brought by the Quakers to Pennsylvania was the Golden Rule. William Penn carried kindness and friendliness across the Atlantic with him and applied them to all his transactions and inter- course with all the peoples about him, Swedes, Dutch, English or Indians. The name he had given to his city described the ideal he had personally set up for it. He was especially solicitous for the welfare of the aborigines, anxious that no man brought or introduced by him should in the least degree molest, defraud or injure those who, if not the owners, at least were for several generations the occupiers. He felt that the Indian was entitled to the colonists' protection and friendship, and that so far as he could control or influence legislative or executive action in his colony, he negotiated treaties with them for the peaceful acquirement of the lands of the neighborhood, but still more gratifying was the spirit of amity which he brought and the mutual understanding by which these Christian settlers and Indian tribes obligated themselves to each other in mutual bonds of peace and friendship. 76 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA It is known that there were several meetings, at some of which land purchases were made, but at all of them there was the spirit of kindness and mutual concession. It is unfortunately true that the one of the treaty meetings which has attained the greatest degree of legendary fame, that beneath the famous "treaty tree" at Shackamaxon (an Indian village located on a site now a part of the Kensington district), is the one of which specific verification is least avail- able. Tradition placed it 1682, but research seems to point to June, 1683, as the more correct date. This Shackamaxon Treaty gets its fame largely because it forms the subject of one of the most famous paintings of Benjamin West. It is unfortunate that this picture has made a national tradition which does great injustice to the facts about the personal appearance of the founder of Pennsylvania. He was not a corpulent, overfed patriarch when, at the age of thirty- eight, he came to his colony. He was a man of stalwart, graceful athletic build and heroic spirit, with a courtier's training and a martyr's courage, at home alike in a palace and in the wilderness, serious in mind and purpose, cheerful, alert, kindly. The West conception of his physical characteristics were evidently wide of the mark. The question as to the authenticity of the Shackamaxon legend was one of the earliest to engage the attention of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, which was organized in 1825. A committee appointed for the purpose, after a,n extensive investigation, reported to the Society in 1835 to the effect that while no treaty was ever negotiated at Shackamaxon for the purchase of lands, with which were joined stipulations for peace and amity, there was a conference at Shackamaxon, probably in November, 1682, under thQ great elm tree, which was blown down in 1810. There is no written record of that occasion, and possibly none was made, because there was no land transaction involved, but the occasion, whether it occurred in 1682 or 1683, has come down in well verified tradition as one of the several occasions which established peace and amity between the Quaker colonists and the Indian tribes with whom they came in contact. THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA In the other colonies and with other classes of English settlers there were frequent conflicts with the Indians, but the Friends of Pennsylvania, comporting themselves with peace and genuine friendship, won their way into the confidence of the Indians, and were not molested in their work of building up their individual homes and fortunes, and creating a prosperous province and a thri\ing city. ( iovernor Markham had, before the arrival of Penn, begun the building of a mansion for him at Peimsbury. Its construction was pushed with greater vigor after Penn reached Penn- sylvania, but he does not seem to have occupied it permanently until his second visit. Penn Second City Hai.l, PHiLADKr.PHiA, 1707 To 1735 also built a house in Philadelphia for his own use. which is said to have been the first brick house erected in the city. This house, called the Letitia House, being named for his daughter, and presumably built for her final ownership, was first occupied by Penn himself, and after his return to England became the official residence of Governor Markham. Penn did not issue a patent of title to the property to his daughter until March 29, 1701. The completion of the Pennsbury property did not come until several years after the Founder's return to England, the supervision of its construction being left in the liands of James Harrison, a personal friend of William Penn, and intrusted with the duties of agent and commissioner in charge of his prop- erty interests. The house was on an elevated position fifteen feet above high water mark and one hundred and fifty feet from the river, with a winding cove flowing around one side of the mansion to its rear. It was located there in order to have a place easily accessible to Philadel- phia and also to Burlington, the chief town of the West Jersey plantation, in which Penn was also interested. The care taken in the construction of this mansion and the laying out of its THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA surroundings indicated a purpose on Penn's part (which also was definitely avowed by him in a letter which he wrote to Lord Colepepper, Governor of Virginia), to settle as a permanent residence of Pennsylvania, with his family. In the Constitution, or "Frame of Government" which had been adopted to order by the First Legislature at Chester, provision had been made for the election from each of the six counties of twelve members of the Provincial Council, and of a General Assembly of not more than two hundred freemen. By a general consensus of opinion it seems to have been held by the people that so large a representation would be too heavy a burden for the counties to carry, and they therefore disregarded the charter, electing only twelve representatives each, of whom three were designated as members of the Provincial Council, and nine of the General Assembly. It may be interesting to insert here the names of the members of these bodies comprising the first Legislature to meet in Philadelphia. The Council met on March 10, 168.3, with these members: William Markham, governor; Thomas Holme, Lasse Cock, Christopher Taylor, James Harrison, William Biles, John Simcock, William Clayton. Ralph Withers, William Haige. John Moll, Edward Cantwell, Francis Whit- well, John Richardson, John Hilliard, William Clark, Edward Southern and John Roads. The following were the members, from each county, of the General Assembly, which met on March 12, two days after the other body : PHILADELPHL\ COUNTY: John Songhurst, John Hart, Walter King, Andrus Bengs- ton, John Moon, Grifiith Jones. William Warner. Swan Swanson (Anglicized form of Sven vSvenson, a son of Sven Shute. one of the notable Swedish settlers), and Thomas Wynne, who was chosen Speaker of the Assembly. ' BUCKS COUNTY : William Yardley, Samuel Darke, Robert Lucas. Nicholas Wain. John Wood, John Clows, Thomas Fitzw'alter. Robert Hall. James Borden. CHESTER COUNTY : John Hoskins. Robert Wade. George Wood. John Blunston. Den- nis Rochford, Thomas Bracy, John Bezar. John Harding, Joseph Phipps. NEW CASTLE COUNTY: John Cann. John Darby. Valentine Hollingsworth. Gasparus Herman, John Dehraef, James Williams, William Guest, Peter Alrichs. Henrick Williams. KENT COUNTY : John Biggs, Simon Irons, Thomas Hassold, John Curtis, Robert Bed- well, William Windsmore. John Brinkloe, Daniel Brown, Benoni Bishop. SUSSEX COUNTY: Luke Watson. Alexander Draper. William Fletcher. Henry Bowman, Alexander Moleston. John Hill, Robert Bracey, John Kipshaden and Cornelius Verhoof. Penn himself presided over the first meeting of the Provincial Council in Philadelphia on March 10. The question as to the right of the people to act in disregard of the charter by elect- ing a less number of representatives than named in it came before the Council, but Penn waived the issue aside by declaring his willingness for the electors to amend, alter or add to the charter for the public good. Of the laws passed by the Legislature none was of especially local signi- ficance, except that prescribing seals for counties which designated that the seal of Philadelphia County should be an anchor ; of Bucks, a tree and vine ; of Chester, a plow ; of New Castle, a castle; of Kent, an ear of Indian corn, and of Sussex, a sheaf of wheat. Several amendments to the charter were proposed and adopted, and when, on March 20. the two houses met in con- ference with Governor Markham and he asked them whether they would have the old charter or a new one there was a unanimous call for a new charter which should embrape all the adopted amendments. Consequently a new Great Charter of the Province was delivered by the Governor, and the old one returned, wath "thanks of the whole house" on April 2. The Legislature ad- journed the next day. The new charter retained the right of the Governor and Council to originate all bills, but made various changes, in other respects, from the provisions of the old charter. The legislative THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 79 representation was fixed at three members of the Council and six members of the General As- sembly from each county, with a j)rovision for an increase in representation i)roj)ortioned to the future growth of the several counties. The Go\ernor and Council had judicial as well as leg- islative functions, and were theoretically in continuous session. Some of the judicial proceedings showed a greater regard for what we now call "horse-sense" than formal law. There was a case of Jansen versus Peterson of which the record read as follows on the Council minutes of May 13, 1684: "There being a Difference depending between them, the (iovr. &: Councill advised Iheni to shake hands, and to forgive One another; and Ordered that they should Enter in bonds for fifty pounds apiece for their good abearance ; wch accordingly they did. It was also Ordered that the Records of Court concerning that Business should be burnt." Histories of New England cite quite a number of cases of witchcraft, but Philadelphia had only one such case, that of two poor Swedish women, Margaret Mattson and Gethro Hendrick- son. The jury found the two women "guilty of bearing common fame as witches, but not guilty as indicated." They were released, the women's husbands going security for them. The first provision made by the Provincial Council for fulfillment of the Qiarter provisions for the promotion of education appears in the minutes of December 26, 1683. in this quaintly spelled record : "The Govt and Prov'll Councill having taken into their Serious Consideration the great Necessity there is of a School Master for ye Instruction & Sober Education of Youth in the towne of Philadeljihia. Sent for Enock Flower an Inhabitant of said Towne, who for twenty year past hath been exercised in that care and Imploymt in England, to whom having Communicated their blinds, he Embraced it upon these following Terms: to Learn to read English As by the Quarter; to learn to read and write 6^- by ye Quarter; to learn to Read. Write and Cast accts 8.? by ye Quarter ; for Boarding a Schollar. that is to say, dyet. Washing, Lodging & Scooling. Tenn pounds for one whole year." Fro-m a modern standpoint it would seem, from a cursory study of this record, that a schoolmaster must iiave been needed in that vicinity. Penn, in securing his province and establishing his city, had plans of social betterment in his head, as well as thoughts of his personal welfare. The inspiration of his benevolence was his own experience of jiersecution for conscience sake. It is true that he planned that those of his own particular "household of faith" — the members of the Society of Friends — should have some degree of preference and the largest and controlling share in the government of city and prov- ince, but it was his set purpose that all Christians should, in his province, be left in free per- formance of right to worship, and he proclaimed his desire that his province should become an asylum for the oppressed of all nations. One of the measures put through the first Legislature held at L^}>land ( Chester) was one providing a plan for the naturalization of foreigners, which. in effect, was applied to the Swedes and Dutch who had long antedated the English in the settlement of the Delaware River region, but who were all satisfied with the wise and kindly government of the province by William Penn. The Founder's experience had created and de- veloped within him feeling of fellowship with all those who endured hardship for conscientious faithfulness to their religious beliefs. He had a personal acquaintance with the persecuted sects of Continental Europe for in 1677 he had crossed to Holland and Germany, with George Keith, Robert Barclay and others, and had done much proselyting work. That was after he had secured an interest in the Jersey plantations, and doubtless he had talked much in his European trips about his purpose to secure lands and establish a haven of religious freedom in America. Penn not only communed with the Quakers of Rotterdam. Amsterdam, Leyden and other places where congregations had been established on the continent, but also got in touch with the Men- nonites and other separatist sects of Germany. Quite a number of the Mennonites had become 80 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA Quakers, and in various parts of Europe Quakers, Mennonites, Labadists and other sects who attracted the attention of the authorities by their preaching, their strictness of hfe or their prac- tice of the doctrine of non-resistance were the objects of cruel persecution. Some of the people of these sects had been in America, a Labadist community in 1680 in Maryland, and in 1662 a company of Mennonites had settled at Horekills, on the lower Dela- ware, under the leadership of Pieter Cornelis Plockhoy, of Zierik Zee, but were despoiled of all their property in 1664 by Sir Richard Carr, sent by Governor NicoUs, after the capture of New York, to secure the submission of the Dutch and Swedes on the Delaware. There was there- fore, among these persecuted people a considerable knowledge of the resources and possibilities of the country bordering on the Delaware, and also of the great boon which a government pledged and bound to the principles of civil and religious liberty would be to them. The fact that Penn had become the proprietor of the colony wvas, to the people of the con- tinental countries in which he had previously carried on his religious propaganda, a sufficient guarantee that his program of brotherly kindness and exact justice would be scrupulously car- ried out. There were, therefore, many Germans and Dutch who recognized the new province as a place of refuge against the persecutions and contumely wdth which they were forced to contend in Europe. Industrious, earnest and full of faith and zeal these people were in every way such as Penn desired to make up the citizenship of his colony. After Markham had been sent by Penn to take possession of the colony on behalf of the proprietor, the latter remained in England in order to make the attractions of his colony known to desfrable settlers, and especially to such people of industrious habits and godly lives as he thought would make the best permanent residents. In this his first choice naturally fell upon his co-religionists in the various sections of the British Isles, and after that he thought of the many who, in Holland and Germany, had been so sympathetic to his views a few years before. To them, therefore, he sent news of his proprietorship of the new province and of the new principles which were to actuate its government. The message soon found acceptance from many of those addressed. At Crefeld on the Rhine, where was a population made up in large degree of weavers and other textile workers, of whom many were Mennonites and some Quakers, the re- sponse was prompt. These people determined to send some of their number to recruit the new colony, and, as the first step, to secure some property there upon the favorable terms which offered to "first purchasers" of large tracts the additional inducement of ownership of city lots. Therefore the first of the German purchasers of Pennsylvania land were three of these Crefeld people, each of whom was purchaser of five thousand acres: Jacob Telner (who had been to America before) ; Jan Streypers and Dirck Sipman, the conveyances to whom were signed by Penn on March 10, 1682. At Frankfort in the same year eight persons— Mennonites, Quaker converts and mystics — organized the Frankfort Company. Its members were people whom Penn had visited on his religious mission a few years before. They also had been made acquainted with the spiritual as well as the practical ideals of Penn's new colony and aimed to participate in them. Francis Daniel Pastorius, scholar and lawyer, poet, historian and educator, returned to Frankfort in November, 1682, from two years of travel and learned of the Frankfort Company. Pie became enthusiastic about the new colony, and connected himself with the Frankfort organi- zation, taking an active part in its affairs. He went to London as its agent and bought in May and June, 1683, a tract of fifteen thousand acres, which he later increased to twenty-five thou- sand acres. In June, 1683, he sailed for Philadelphia, the first of the German settlers of Germantown. He was followed by many others and this emigration did a great thing for Pennsylvania in in- troducing one of the best elements of its citizenship. He was quickly followed by others, thu"- THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 81 teen German families from Crefeld being included among thcjse who went out on the ship Concord from London. July 24. 1683. in company with James Clapoole, Penn's friend, who came over, l)ringing his family, on that same voyage. 'Ihe shi]) arrived on October 6, the (ierman contin- gent having been increased by one, born to the wife of Johannes Rleikers on the voyage. ( )n ( )ctober 12 I'retorius received a warrant for six thousand acres of land, of which five thousand three hundred and twenty acres were laid off by Thomas Fairman. The division took place on October 2'5, in a cave occupied by Pastorius, the lots being drawn for by the advent- urers. The settlers dug in for the winter and suffered much hardship, hut they were an indus- trious and thrifty people and (iermantown soon became known for the efficiency of its civic organization, the rapid building up of its industries and the quality of its inhabitants. Jacob Telner. a Crefeld man who had been one of the grantees in Penn's deed of March 10. 1682, came to (iermantown early in 1684 and became a leader among the settlers. He had been for some years a merchant in Amsterdam, with a large business and connections that enabled him to be of great service in colonization, as well as a good deal of practical knowledge about America, which he had visited before. He was a devout Mennonite. and influential in church as well as civic matters. He remained in Germantown for thirteen years. Among the early German colonists were the founders of families that have long l)een prom- inent in the annals of the city, state and nation. William Rittenhuysen. who arrived in 1687 was a Mennonite preacher, but of a family which had for several generations been engaged in papermaking, and in 1690 he erected on the Wissahickon the first paper mill in the colonies. His son. David, whose surname took its modern form of "Rittenhouse." Ix^came an astn^nomer of international fame. Thk Shiki.d Passing thk Site of Phil,adei,phia Another national strain which was of much importance in connection with the building up of Philadelphia and Pennsylvania was that of the Welsh, who came in considerable numbers at a time contemporaneous with the (ierman settlement. The hrst Welsh landed in Chester, and settled in Radnor. Merion and Haverford. Other arrivals settled in various places west of the ."Schuylkill. Some of them made their homes m Philadelphia. The earlier Welsh immigrants were Quakers among whom Penn had establislied great fa\or. and had found many of his strongest friends. In the summer of 1684 Penn found it necessary to return to England, where some of his affairs were in a condition needing his attention. Another reason for wishing to go then was the necessity of securing a settlement of his boundaries with Lord Baltimore, whose agents had invaded the lower counties, built a fort within five miles of New Castle and were collecting taxes and rents and dispossessing tenants in that region. Penn commissioned the Provincial Council to act in his stead leaving the Great Seal in charge of Thomas Lloyd, president of the Council. 82 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA He addressed a circular letter to the Friends of the Province, exhorting^ them to faithfulness and assuring them of prosperity if they improved the precious opportunities that were in their hands. He went to England on the ketch Endeavor, sailing from Philadelphia, August 12, 1684, sending from that vessel a parting letter to his especial friends, Thomas Lloyd, James Clay- poole. John Simcock. Christopher Taylor and James Harrison, expressive of his personal affec- tion for them and his faith in their fulfillment of the onerous duties laid upon them, concluding the letter with a prayer for the welfare of Philadelphia '"virgin settlement of the Province, named before thou wert born." When Penn went away he expected to return very soon to Philadelphia. He arrived in England on October 3, 1684. but conditions and cares cast their burdens upon him so that he was not able to come back to Philadelphia for fifteen years. c H A E R S X Treaty Monument DOINGS IN PHILADELPHIA WHILE PENN WAS AWAY The departure of I'enn wrought a considerable amount of demorahzation to the o-o\- ernnient of his province. The i)roprietor was a peace maker. Init there was a good deal of belligerency in the cliaracter and temperament of those wliom he left in charge of things. While there were only a few measures of real importance enacted by the Council and Assem- bly during the hfteen years of Penn's absence there was much of quarreling in each of these bodies, and between them, as to the border-line of their respecti\e prerogative and authority. Penn himself was in a good deal of trou- ble in iMigland. After his return from Amer- ica he resumed his place at the Court, which was a most influential one, and became an advocate of justice and humanity- who was frequently able to give valuable aid to worthy causes. James II needed Protestant friends very Ijadly and Penn was on stich intimate terms with that king that he was able to save James from man}- an unwise act. Penn was genuinely friendly to James, who had been his partner and a potent factor in the securing of his title to his colony of Pennsylvania, and was much distressed as he saw the rising of the storm of pul)lic disappro\"al which the people of Britain showed as the monarch's acts of des- potism and arrogant folly outraged the liberties and privileges of the people, political and religious. The main grievances held against James by his subjects were his eitort to reestab- lish Roman Catholicism as the State Church of England, and the upbuilding of monarchical as against parliamentary power. On November 5, 1688. William, of Orange, who had married Princess AIar\-. daughter of King James, and a Protestant princess, landed with his troops at Torba}-, and in December James fled to France. On February 13, 1689. William and Mary were proclaimed king and queen of Great Britain. The abdication of James left a cloud of suspicion over all who had been active or influen- tial at his court. Penn was accused of treason and sufifered much persecution until after e\ery endeavor to invohe him had failed and the charges dismissed. Penn's ])ersonal friend- ship for the discredited monarch was frankly avowed, while he was shown to have had neither ])art nor sympathy with any of the despotic or unconstitutional acts of James, (^ther sorrows pressed upon him to add to the poignancy of his distress. His wife died, his son had taken up with e\il courses, his steward had robbed and betrayed him, his debts pressed upon him. ajid reduced him to po\erty. Later with charges of treason dismissed, debts cleared up, and a prosperous turn to his affairs, he married a second wife, and after fifteen years of absence returned to his colony. Meanwhile affairs in Pennsylvania were complicated by the changing fortunes and fluctuat- ing authority of the proprietary, and Philadelphia felt, in special degree, the absence of the peace-making talents and harmonizing abilities of its Founder. Even during his absence Penn, who through correspondence kept up a very complete and accurate acquaintance with the trend 84 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA of Philadelphia affairs, was very solicitous for the material, political and moral welfare of the Province. During the first three winters of t'.ie settlement of Philadelphia the new settlers found much comfort in a number of caves which had been made near the river banks, at some not far distant period, by the Indians of the region. These caves enabled the settlers to tide over the winter months until returning spring made it possible for them to assemble material and build for themselves permanent homes or temporary shelters. In 1685 these caves had be- come taverns and low resorts and word went to Penn as to the character they had acquired. One of the most flagrant oft'enders was Joseph Knight, a tavern-keeper, who was presented by the Grand jury in 1685 as keeper of a disorderly house, with the result not only of his. con- viction, but also the destruction of the whole cave nuisance by the filling in of the caves. Penn, during the first few years after his return to England in 1684, gave much attention to the material needs of Pennsylvania, and made numerous shipments of merchandise to Phila- delphia, notably seeds and trees for planting and considerable quantities of wnne and. beer. The Governor, Council and Assembly continued to quarrel among themselves, raising issues involving a struggle between the representatives of the freemen of the province and those who were identified with the personal interests and proprietary prerogatives of Penn. The latter showed little of the spirit of conciliation, and did much to create a hostile feeling among the people of the province, which led many of them to withhold rents and refrain from purchases, so that the proprietor's income from his province was greatly reduced. Nor were the evil effects of these bickerings confined to the residents of the colony, for Penn, writing to Lloyd in 1686, declared that these quarrels had lost the province fully fifteen thousand emigrants who had intended to migrate to Pennsylvania, but had heard so much of the disorders there that they had changed their plans and sailed for North Carolina instead. The town of Philadelphia grew, in spite of these drawbacks, and among the things of value which were done during this period in behalf of the city were several relating to trans- portation facilities, notably in the action of the Council in 1685, providing for a ferry trans- fer of people, horses and cattle across the Schuylkill at High (now Market) Street. The lay- ing out of roads between the city of Philadelphia and its surrounding country, for which there was a great demand, was taken up with some vigor in 1687, and the marking of the harbor and channels by buoys also received proper attention. The first permanent jail was erected in 1687 on Second Street, near Market Street, to take the place of the temporary "cage" which William Clayton had built for the detention of lawbreakers in 1683. Penn, who when he went away, had left the executive power of the province in the hands of the Council, became so dissatisfied with the way things had gone in the colony that he took the executive functions away from that body in February. 1687, and conferred them upon a Commission, of which the members were Thomas Lloyd, Nicholas More, James Claypoole, Robert Turner and John Eckley, any three of these to have power to act. To these he gave strong and explicit instructions in order to put a stop to the dissensions that had been so rife since he had left the province. In Penn's name they were to disavow all laws passed since his absence, and they were to call a new Assembly to repass, modify and alter the laws. They were not to permit any disorders, either in Council or Assembly, nor allow any parleys or con- ferences between the two houses, and were to carefully uphold their own official dignity. Although dated February, 1687, the commission was not received in Philadelphia until Feb- ruary, 1688, by which time two of the designated members of the Commission, Nicholas More and James Claypoole. had died. Arthur Cook and John Simcock were named in their stead. The expedient of a Commission did not work well. New members of the Council and Assembly were no better disposed toward harmony than the others, and both resented the claims to executive authority on the part of Penn's Commission. The Assembly swore its members to divulge none of its proceedings, and held almost all of its sessions secret. The THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 85 Council claimed executive privileoes. The people of the i)ro\ince were, for the most part, dis- satisfied because their rulers, so far as the more important public interests were concerned, were hand-picked, and the freemen of the province were clamorous for a directly representa- tive government. News of the failure of his Commission plan reached Penn in short order, and before the year 1688 closed he sent out a new governor for the Province. John lUackwell. who had been an officer under Cromwell and the Commonwealth. Governor Blackwell had found his official duties beset with trouble and opposition. Thomas Lloyd, who had possession of the Great Seal of Pennsylvania, refused to surrender it to Black- well, or to affix it to any of his documents. A contention arose as to the authority of Black- well, the claims being made that he was not governor, because under the charter Penn was not empowered to appoint a governor, but only a deputy governor. Blackwell had not the tem- perament for a successful executive and became thoroughly tired of his job and wrote to Penn, asking to be relieved, and when he was recalled in January, 1690, Blackwell rejoiced at the news. i The dethronement of James II and the accession of William and Mary had occurred a few months before the recall of Blackwell. In making the recall Penn had suggested that the Council name three men from whom he might select one as governor. But the Council decided that no governor was needed and selected Thomas Lloyd as its president. The Coun- Bettering House and Pennsylvania Hospital (at the right) on Spruce Street Before the Revolution cil. however, did not delegate executive power t > him. except in a formal way. and the need of more explicit authority led Penn to commission Lloyd as deputy governor of Pennsyhania in 1691. At the same time, to appease the clamor of the lower Counties (now Delaware) for a government of their own, Penn appointed William Markham. deputy governor of ihc Ter- ritories, as those Lower Counties were called. The most important event of this period was the establishing in 1689 of the first public school in Philadelphia and Pennsylvania. It was a grammer school, and was put in charge of George Keith, a member of the Society of Friends. He was a native of Aberdeen, had been trained in the schools of the Church of Scotland and graduated from the University of Aber- deen. Embracing the doctrines and faith of the Quakers he sufifered so much persecution that in 1684 he came to America, settling in Jersey until he became principal of the Friends' School in Philadelphia in 1689. He became interested in religious controversy, so left the school in charge of Thomas Makin, who became principal in his stead. Keith went to New England and 86 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA engaged in polemical discussion with John Cotton and Increase Mather. After this he engaged in religious controversies with members of his own sect, went to England and disputed with Penn. who pronounced him an apostate and dismissed him from the Society. Keith then formed a society of his own. known as the Christian or Baptist Quakers, but popularly known as Keithians. His views becoming further modified he took orders in the Church of England, was sent to America by the Society for Propagating the (iospel and did a successful work in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, seven hundred Quakers under his influence receiving baptism in the Episcopal Church. He returned to England, becoming rector of Edburton, Sussex and noted as scholar, writer and preacher. He died in his rectory in 1715 at the age of seventy. This first school in Philadelphia flourished for a long time and was the alma mater of many notable Philadelphians of the Eighteenth Century. It was later chartered with Samuel Carpenter, Anthony Morris, Edward Shippen, James Fox, David Lloyd, William Southby. John Jones and other prominent citizens of that day as overseers, the charter being issued by the Council of the Province on February 12. 1698, as "the public school founded in Philadelphia at the request, cost and charges of the people of God called Quakers." Thomas Makin, Keith's successor, remained at the head of the school for several years, and filled the place acceptably. He is listed in the annals of American literature as one of our early poets, on the strength of two indififerent Latin poems, addressed to James Logan, which were found among Makin's papers following his death in 1773. They are entitled, "Encomium Pennsylvanise" and 'Tn laudes Pennsylvania poema, seu descriptio Pennsylvania?." The second, with an English translation, is printed in Proud's History of Pennsylvania (1797-8). Although Penn had, after his first troubles following the abdication of James, seemed to have satisfied the authorities of his loyalty, and his innocence of any political plotting, he chose to keep up a correspondence with King James, who had become practically a pensioner of Louis Quatorze, of France. When James, with a military force invaded Ireland in 1690, Penn paid him a visit, after which he was arrested and imprisoned. There was no proof that he had plotted against Will- Arrival of Governor Fletcher iam in favor of James, but he was under suspicion and practically in hiding for three years During this period the charges against Penn led the king to seize Pennsylvania and take steps for its government as a royal colony. In 1692 a patent was issued to Benjamin Fletcher, then governor of the Province of New York, to take control of Pennsylvania. So on April 26, 1693, (iovernor Fletcher appeared in Philadelphia and. conducted by the sheriff, went to the market place at the foot of High (Market) Street, wliere the letters-patent of their majesties. THE SrORY OF PHILADELPHIA 87 William and Mary, appointing Fletcher "captain-general and governor-in-chief of the Province of New York. Province of Pennsylvania, and Cotmty of New Castle, etc.." were read to the people. Fletcher invited Thomas Lluyd to become lieutenant-governor, but he declinetl the posi- tion. William Markham was then asked to take it and accepted it, with the understanding that he should preside during the absence of Governor Fletcher in New York. Few of the Quakers would accept oftice under Fletcher, all being loyal to Penn, who had not been legally dispossessed. In the effort to convert Pennsylvania from a proprietary to a royal colony the king had ex- cused his action on military gnnmds only. W'ar with France impended, and Pennsylvania. Slate-Roof Housf: though asked to do so. had ignored the king's request for n]en and money to be applied to war against France and against the Indians on the frontier. Fletcher urged the Pennsylvanians along these lines, btit they were Quakers and pacifists, and the Assembly turned a deaf ear to his appeals. Fletcher, however, repealed quite a num])er of the laws under which Pennsylvania had been governed, and the colonists of the province were very much dissatisfied. A personality much in evidence in the history of that period is that of William Bradford. the first printer of the colony, who came to Philadelphia in 1685 with a letter from (ieorge Fox, who commended him as a proper person "to set up the trade of printing Friends' books." His was the only press then set up anywhere in America between Boston and Mexico City. His hrst issue was a pamphlet of twenty pages entitled. "'J he Kalendarium Pennsilvaniense, or Amer- ica's Messenger, Being an Almanack for the year 1686. Published for Samuel .\tkins." In an enumeration of the number of years since tlie occurrence of certain events, from Noah's flood on, it included "The beginning of government here by the Lord Penn, 5." The designa- tion of Penn in that way offended the authorities and Samuel Atkins was admonished to "blot out ye words Lord Penn." Bradforrl was also called to task and ordered that he should not print anything thereafter without "lycence from ye Council." \Mien Bradford afterward printed a copy of Penn's "Frame of Government" he was called to task for it by (Governor Blackwell. whose view of the matter was that while the infor- mation might l)e fit for the people of the province to know (which they could easily do by getting access to the of^cial copy), it "would be of ill consequence to be known to others and 88 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA possibly might bring the proprietor's title into question." Bradford was called before the Council and was the center of a bitter dispute. He found himself, at various other times, in trouble with the Council. lie ])roposed to print a Bible in 1688, if enough of the Quakers could be induced to sub- scribe for it, but they failed to rise to this opportunity. So Bradford confined his attention for a time to miscellaneous printing. But George Keith, who had been principal of the school and quit it to engage in controversy, first with the Puritans of New England and later with his co-religionists, jniblished several pamphlets on support of his contentions. One of these, issued in 1692, was '"An Appeal to the Yearly Meeting," with Bradford's imprint. It con- tained some quite vigorous statements about the Quaker authorities in Pennsylvania, among others one to the effect that they had violated the pacifist principles of the Quakers by aiding in the capture of a privateer. This and other statements were branded as malicious and scan- dalous. Bradford's ])ress and materials were seized and he was imprisoned. His trial was delayed, but when it finally came on (lovernor Fletcher presided. Bradford was acquitted, but thoroughly discouraged and decided to abandon the printing business in Philadelphia. Gov- ernor Fletcher, however, persuaded him to remove to New York, where the Provincial Council had passed a resolution to employ a public printer and pay him a salary of forty pounds per annum. He was a])pointed royal ])rinter and entered on his duties in New York on April 10, 1693. He served in that caj^acity for more than fifty years, and died in New York, May 23, 1752, aged eignty-nine years. His press was a busy one for those days, and all of the publi- cations bearing his imprint are much prized by collectors of American, the earlier ones bringing large sums in the auctions of such iniblications. While Bradford was in Philadelphia he became interested in the founding of a paper mill, the active manager of which was William Ryttinghuisen, or Rittenhouse, a Mennonite preacher who had. on Penn's invitation come from Holland. The mill \vas on a rivulet which took the name of Paper Mill Run. and which ran to join the Wissahickon through what is now a part of Germantown. 1'be ])a])cr was made from rags j^ounded by heavy hammers in iron or stone mortars into pulj) which were moulded into sheets. It was a slow process, and even a very small quantity of the i)roduct represented several days' work. It supplied the paper used by Bradford while in Philadelphia and for several years after his removal to New York. The mill was destroyed Ijy a freshet in 1700, but was rebuilt upon a larger scale and continued in active business for al)out a hundred years more. William Rittenhouse, the founder, was the first bishop of the Mennonite Church and died in 1708. His descendants attained much prom- inence, the most noted being his grandson, David Rittenhouse, the famous astronomer. The (ierman settlement of Pennsylvania, which may be said to have begun when Francis Daniel Pastorius, with nine servants and companions arrived in Philadelphia on the America, from Deal, England, in 1683, had steadily grown. They congregated in the section in which Pastor- ius and his first settlers made their home and Germantown became an important and populous place, each year having considerable additions of German and Dutch emigrants, chiefly Mennon- ites. In 1691 the town was incorporated as a borough, under a special charter granted by William TVnn, with the corporate name of "the Bailifife, Burgesses and Comonalty of German- town in the County of Philadelphia, in the Province of Pennsylvania,"- Pastorius becoming the first bailifi". Sixty-four of the men of Germantown were naturalized as British subjects in 1691 by Go\ernor Thomas Lloyd. There was a grist-mill on Wingohocking Creek about a mile northeast of Germantown. It had been established in 1683 by Richard Townsend, an English millwright, who came with William Penn on the Welcome. It was afterward called Robert's Mill and did a thriving business. There had l)een two grist mills in the colonv before this one, both in the Swedish THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 89 settlements, one on Cobb's Creek and the other on Frank ford Creek, but Robert's Mill served a much larger custom. The linen-weaving industry was established in (iermantown by the early settlers, and found its chief market in the semi-annual fairs in Philadelj)hia. The returns were not very large, for the area of sales was restricted by lack of transportation facilities. But the industrious weavers of Germantown persisted, and their work was the foundation of the great position held by Philadelphia now as a leading center of textile industries. The Swedes, who had been the earliest Europeans to make their homes in what is now Pennsylvania, continued in harmonious relations with their neighbors, l^ev. Jacob Fabritius, a Hollander, who had come to them as pastor in 1677, continued in that capacity until his death in 1691, although he became blind in 1682. Left without a pastor, they appealed to Sweden, and the request finally reaching Charles XI, he put the Swedes in America under the care of the Archbishop of Upsala. The negotiations took a long time. l)ut in 1696 the arch])isho]) sent three missionaries, Andrew Rudman, Eric Bjork and Jonas Auren, who came with a large supply of bil)les and religious Ijooks, and after a delay in London, they took ship to Virginia. From the X'irginian coast they came up in a shallop into the Delaware, visiting Hrst the old church on Christina Creek. This church was so surrounded by low lands that when the river over- flowed them, which was not infrequently the case, the parishioners had to wade hi|)-deep to reach it. As the missionaries were eye-witnesses of this condition they made it their first busi- ness to urge their Swedish friends to Innld a new one, which they did. The l)uilding is still standing in Wilmington. Delaware. Proceeding up the river the missionaries were welcomed Ijy the Swedes residing in the vicinity of Philadelphia, who readily fell into the plans of their ministerial guests and took up the matter of providing a new church home. These Swedes had. from 1669. been worship- ping in the old block house at Wicaco, half a mile below Philadelphia. A new church was a necessity, all agreed, but as to location there was about an even weight of opinion, divided between Wicaco and Passyunk. It was agreed to decide it by lot, and the -lames of the two places were written on folded slips and placed in a hat. After prayers the slips were shaken in a hat and thrown on the floor. Andrew Rudman, who had been selected as pastor of this church, was assigned to the picking up of the paper, and as he picked that bearing the word 'AVicaco" that place was chosen. The men who had worked as bricklayers and carpenters on the church at Wilmington were brought to Wicaco and there built the Gloria Dei. or Old Swedes' Church. It was dedicated in 1700. The buildings erected by the Swedes, both at Wilmington and Wicaco, were the finest in the colonies at the time of their completion, and Eric Bjork wrote in triumphant terms to his sui)eriors in Sweden that the Swedes had so much finer churches than their English neighbors, who were so much richer. The laws passed in these early days of Pennsylvania were largely restrictive of social cus- toms, such as the law passed in 1696 providing that "no person shall presume to smoak tobacco in the street, either by night or day." This, however, seems to have been a measure of fire- prevention, as the fine for the offense, twelve pence each, was to be applied to the purchase of "leather buckets and instruments or engines against fires." The town-market was the most important center of activity in those days. It was first held at the intersection of High and Front Streets, occupying there a spacious grass plot, but in 1693 it was moved to the intersection of High and Second Streets. It was open on Wednesdays and Saturdays. Vendors of meats, fruits and dairy products could sell on other days if they wished, but nothing could be sold in the town outside of the Market House. On regular market days large numbers of men and women came with their produce, using wagons or bringing their wares in big panniers on the horses' backs. Besides the white people, Indians also came to the 90 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA market bringing with them for sale roots, herbs, berries, skins, baskets and other articles of Indian production or workmanship. One of the notable events of the period of Penn's absence from Philadelphia was the improvement of the inter-colonial postal system under the initiative of Governor Fletcher, of New York, to whom also the government of Pennsylvania was confided during the period that Penn was under a political cloud. Post routes were opened up from New York to New England and to \'irginia. via Philadelphia. This postal service was in 1693 placed in charge of Andrew Hamilton, one of the distinguished colonists of the period, who had been one of the proprietors of East Jersey and after that governor of East and West Jersey, his appointment by Fletcher naming him "postmaster-general in these parts." The New York Assembly fixed the rates he Eari.v Vikw on the Delaware River might charge for carrying and delivering letters, whicli at first were, from L'hiladelphia : 4^^ pence to New York; 9 pence to Connecticut; 12 |)ence to Rhode Island; 13 pence to Boston, and to points North and East of Boston, 19 pence; to Lewes. Maryland and \'irginia. 9 pence, and to all points within 80 miles of Philadelphia 4>1 pence. In addition to these fees he was given certain privileges, including free passage for his })ost- riders across all ferries. But Hamilton, like the railway companies of the present day, was dis- satisfied with the rates of mail pay, and on his contention that he could make no money at the rates indicated l)y the Assembly, he asked for and was allowed to collect higher rates to the Northern Colonies from Philadelphia, as follows: To New York, 8 pence; to Connecticut, 1 shilling; t(^ Rhode Island or Boston, 18]jence; beyond Boston, 2 shillings; and the postage on letters to and from places within an 80-mile radius from Philadelphia was raised from 4J^ pence to 6 pence and, further, the postmaster was to receive an annual salary of £20 from the colonv. THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 91 The colony had missed Penn while he was away and passing through vicissitudes that tried him severely. He had planned for his town very wisely, and had hoped to combine within its bounds the advantages of city and country. He had planned for it to be a city of homes. "Let every house," he said, "be placed in the middle of its plat as to the breadth way of it, that so there may be ground on each side of it for gardens, orchards or fields; that it may be a 'Greene Coun- try' and always wholesome and not subject to fire." In the fifteen years of his absence there had come up many events which had not coincided very closely with the ideals he had in view for his city, but he had still kept in sufficiently close touch with the province and its leaders to hold a large place in the loyal and loving opinion of a majority of the inhabitants. They had heard of his trials and his sacrifices. He had left a small place with a few houses and numerous dug-outs and shanties. He had come back to a city much larger, with brick houses, some of which could lay claim to elegance. One of these was Edwin Shippen's "CJreat House" in Second Street, below Dock Street, on the West Side, which lay out of the city as bounded in those days. Besides the Quakers, whose influence was still dominant in the city, churches of other denominations had been established. The Swedes continued their houses of worship, and their new church, Gloria Dei, or "Old Swedes' Church" (as it is now called) at Wicaco had just been dedicated; and the small church which was the forerunner of the present Christ Church (Epis- copal) had been completed in 1696 as the result of the pious efiforts of some members of the Church of England. It is a notable fact that although all the colonies south of Canada to Florida were British, Christ Church in Philadelphia was then, and for a considerable time thereafter, the only Episcopal Church betvveen New York and Virginia. Baptists and Presbyterians had societies, but no church buildings, and the two denomina- tions divided a store between them for use at designated times for worship under the ministra- tion of itinerant preachers. Freedom of religious belief was one of the cornerstones upon which Penn had founded his province and city, and remains a principle for which Philadelphia has stoutlv maintained the ideal of its founder. British Barracks, Northerx Liberties H A P T E R SEVEN PENN'S SECOND VISIT AND LATER GOVERNMENT In I'enn's fifteen years of absence from his province he had experienced many trials. His wife, a woman of much personal beauty and noble character, who had been Penn's mainstay when misfortunes had befel bim, had died in 1694. and his eldest son, Springett. died two years later from consumption. The daughter. Letitia. and the younger son, William Penn. Jr.. sur- vived. William Penn. after two years" bereavement, married a second time, his choice falling upon Hannah Callowhill, daughter of Thomas Callowhill. a Bristol merchant. Accompanied by his wife, Hannah, and his daughter, Letitia. Penn embarked on the ship Canterbury, September 3, 1699. for America. The voyage was long and tedious, for it was eighty-nine days later, on Thursday, November 30, when the ship dropped into the Delaware and anchored in front of Chester. The arrival of the proprietor was greeted by a salute in which, unfortunatelv, a gunner's hand was shot ofif. Penn saw that he received the best professional aid then available in the colony, but the poor fellow died a few months later from the infections that followed the wound. In Chester Penn stayed a few days, enjoying there the hospitality of Mrs. Robert Wade, widow of an old friend. He also found there Thomas Story, a prominent English Quaker, who was also a much-esteemed personal friend of Penn's. Story had left England to visit the Quaker meetings of the Carolinas and other southern colonies on a preaching tour, and coming thence to Philadelphia had met and married a daughter of Edward Shippen, the first mayor of Phila- delphia. Returning to the ship again. Penn arrived at Philadelphia on Sunday. December 3, 1699, and was greeted with great cordialitv. Although there were many who had hoped to take the l)roprietorshii» from Penn and make it a royal province, the Quakers, the Germans and a majority of the citizens of Philadelphia hoped s^reat things from the return of Penn to his prov- ince. The work he had done on his former visit in setting the city and pro\'ince in order, was remembered through the years of his absence, when petty official disagreements and jealousies had worked havoc with municipal harmony and divided the people into various factions. When Penn came back there were high hopes that faction would abate its animosities, and, therefore, it was an enthusiastic crowd that greeted the proprietor as he landed. It was noted, with satisfac- tion, that Colonel Robert Quarry, appointed direct from London in 1697 as judge of admiralty, with jurisdiction in l)oth New York and Pennsylvania, and John Moore, an advocate in his court, were among those who were most cordial in their greetings to the proprietor, for these men had been most hostile to the interests of Penn and his friends during the founder's absence. Many of the crowd followed at Penn's heels while he ])aid a visit of respect to Lieutenant Governor Markham, and afterward as he went from Markham's house to the new Friends' Meeting House at Second and High (Market) streets. There, at the afternoon meeting, Penn preached and made supplication for God's blessing on his promise. After the service he went, at Edward Shippen's invitation, to take up his abode at the Shippen home, popularly known as "The Great House." He remained there for a month, and then rented from Samuel Carpenter the Slate Roof House, a large old-fashioned structure of fort-like appearance, which was then the largest house in Philadelphia. It was in that house that, after a few weeks' residence, Hannah Callowhill Penn. second wife of the founder, gave birth to her first child, John Penn, afterward known as "the American." The summer preceding Penn's return was one of great affliction for many families in Phila- delphia who had lost members in the scourge then known as the "Barbadoes distemper," but THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 93 which was, without doubt, a form of yellow fever. That summer of lo99 was the hrst visit of the scourge which had many recurrences during the following century. Pcnn resumed his functions as governor without any opposition although there had been some talk before he returned about contesting his right to that office. The details of administration were left in Markham's hands, but Penn, fully informed of the movements directed against his government, kept in touch with the people by conferences and meetings, visiting many places through Penn- sylvania and the lower counties (Delaware), and preaching at the Quaker meetings. The Leg- islature, under his call, met now at Philadelphia and again at New Castle. One of the laws passed bv the Assembly in 1700 was a quarantine measure which provided that "sickly vessels" CLARK'-S HALL OX CHESTNUT STREET ABOUT 1690 should not discharge passengers or goods before they had "lain sometime to be purified." while infected ships were prohibited from coming within one mile of Philadelphia or any other port in the province or the lower counties. When masters could show clean bills of health, they were to receive licenses from the Governor and Council in Philadelphia, or from the justices of the peace of Chester or New Castle before they could land passengers or cargoes. In the spring of 1700 Penn and his family moved from the city to his estate at Pennsbury. upon which so much money had been expended and upon which constantly improving care had been taken. He still retained the Slate Roof House as a city residence. \Miile in luigland Penn had sent over grapevines to be planted by James Harrison, his steward, and John Sotcher, who had succeeded Harrison in that capacity, and these were now in full bearing. Penn had great hopes for the future of grape culture in Pennsylvania, and engaged a French vine culturist to aid his elTorts in that direction. 1)ut the death of that expert soon afterward proved fatal to the enterprise. Robert Quarry, the admiralty judge, had from his first appointment to that office, been a critic of the "proprietary governments of America, and in i)articular of the government of Penn- sylvania, to which his objections were both religious and political, as well as in some degree per- sonal toward Penn and his friends. Quarry and Moore were hostile to the Society of Friends, and wished the Church of England to be established in America, as in England. They were opposed to proprietary government in any of the |)rovinces. and Quarry was in constant com- 94 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA mutiication with the Lords Commissioners for Trade and Foreign Plantations with complaints and arguments. He knew the American colonial governments very intimately, having been gov- ernor of South Carolina, and he was a member of at least four of the colonial councils, simultan- eously, as a representative of the crown in matters related to shipping and maritime law. The appointment of Quarry to the head of admiralty affairs in New York, the Jerseys and Pennsylvania arose from the outcry against piracy, which arose about 1696. These colonies had gained the reputation of collusion with the pirates and harboring and encouraging them in their nefarious traffic. The piracy of that time, which had become outbreaking and flagrant, was an evolution from privateering. In that period all the maritime nations commissioned privateers as media of eft'ective warfare, and regarded the practice as a perfectly legitimate one. But the working out of the system led out into piracy in very many instances. The end of a war made the business of a privateer internationally unlawful, but at the same time the privateer who turned pirate made more money in time of peace than in war. While he was a privateer he might make great profits when he looted enemy ships, but he divided profits with the king's treasury. When peace returned the merchants felt greater confidence, their galleons were more richly laden, and the pirate gained a greater prize. Governor Fletcher, of New York, had granted commissions as privateers to Thomas Tew, John Hoare, and others. When peace came they continued to operate, chiefly in the Red Sea and Indian Ocean, which combined the advantages (to the pirate) of a maximum of treasure with a minimum of armed protection. From the East the pirate ships came back heavily laden with cargoes of vast value, and found hidden havens on the wilderness coasts of New Jersey and Long Island. The pirate captains, arrayed in Oriental garb of much magnificence, became familiar features on the streets of New York, and, in less degree, in Philadelphia. Strange gold coins, with inscriptions in strange Oriental characters, rich silks and other articles of great value, including precious stones, appeared in these colonies. Governor Fletcher had been accused of being the boon companion of some of the pirates, and charges against him were pending in Lon- don. It was also thought that in the Quaker town of Philadelphia, the pirates did not lack for friends and helpers, who were willing to gain devious profit from piratical goods that came in without being burdened by the king's customs. Persistent reports in regard to the wholesale piracy that flaunted its gains in public brought a royal decree enlarging the jurisdiction of the court of admiralty, and the appointment of Quarry, in 1697, with a commission as judge of admiralty. He carried instructions to make special efforts to drive the pirates out of their safe havens on the coast, and to break up the com- plicity of officials and people with the nefarious traffic. In New York, Governor Fletcher's local enemies, some of whom had considerable influence at the Court of William and Mary, had secured the appointment of the Earl of Bellomont as governor, in place of Fletcher, in 1698. Quarry paid particular attention to the affairs of Pennsylvania, and injected a considerable amount of jjolitics and denominational ])rejudice into his acti\ities. He informed the Lords Commissioners that Pennsylvania had become the greatest refuge for rogues and pirates in America, which was very wide of the truth, for the ])irate ships seldom came up the Delaware, but liuried their treasures in accessible coves on the New Jersey coast. But a good deal of pirate booty was disposed of in Philadelphia, and the pirate x\very and his men made occasional visits to the city and had connections there. James Brown, who married Governor Markham's daughter, and had been a member of the Assembly from the Countv of Kent, was expelled, in 1698, as being an accomplice of the pirate Avery. Some of Avery's men were imprisoned in Phila- delphia and Birmingham, one of the men, intrusted his money to Governor Markham for safe- keeping, and it was complained by Quarry that these prisoners' confinement was a farce, as they were allowed to go about the streets at will. Excitement about piracv reached its height with THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 95 Izi O H O w « s ;^ at « tc 2 w "5 > iiif': ''«,v( i'l if .,1 ' it! -H < 5 _ ti ?, t rT^ -^ » ^4 cc -I'- +^ K S 1 J3 3 r, a •r; r o •;3 -f^ > z ^ 3 gs o 1) H * Zl S ^ p, t-< < a ,r, ,_-: 1^ ll §^ y! "7. J 3 , -j; yj Lh r^ a; a) ^ ^ *^ > := ri '^ •^ \^ r- y, a o ., > r C3 — 1:^ O .- ^ c s C h^] t^ .-; h^ B 0) (U " ^ b 96 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA the capture, in New York, in June. 1699, of James Kidd, who had been a much-esteemed priva- teer and became a pirate, and the excitement continued until after Kidd had been taken to Lon- don and hanged in chains at Iixecution Dock, in March, 1701. Penn was in a delicate position in relation to Quarry's activities. He was, of course, earn- estly opposed to piracy, and at his request the Assembly passed a rigorous law against it. But Quarry's opposition, and his charges sent to the Lords Commissioners were based on his own desire to be the leader of a Church of England ])arty which would take the reins of govern- ment out of the hands of the Quakers, on the ostensible ground that because of their pacifist principles the Pennsylvania government had no militia to defend the interests of Britons settled in the colony or seeking trade relations with it. In a case in which the colonial judges had claimed concurrent jurisdiction with his admiralty court. Quarry decided that the judges were without authoritv, because they had taken no oath of ofiice, but had merely affirmed their prom- ise to fulfill its duties. Penn was constantly called upon to answer complaints which had been lodged against him and his o-overnment in London. With regard to Markham the Board of Trade notified Penn that he should remove him and ap])oint a new lieutenant governor. Penn showed great tact in his attitude toward Quarry. Setting afoot stringent measures against piracy, he advised with the admiralty judge at every step, and took great care that the London authorities had full knowledge of his own ])art in the work for the sui)i)ression of piracy. Among the provisions he had incorporated into the law was one requiring that masters of vessels must declare who their passengers were before landing their ships and others requiring careful watching of strangers and the arrest and examination by magistrates of those who should be in possession of any East Indian, Arabian or other foreign goods or coins. David Lloyd was another element of trouble for Penn. He was a member of the Assembly with a large following of the younger element among the Quakers. He was bitterly opposed to Ouarry and the reactionarv ])()licies represented by him, and he championed democracy in gov- ernment and a constitution for the i)rovince which should give to the people the control of afi:airs. Lloyd was especially against a group of reactionaries in the Council, friends of Penn, who were constantly o{)posed to progress, and ris a result secured a reconstruction of the Coun- cil by Penn, but was himself soon disqualified as member of the Council because of charges filed by Quarry, to the efifect that Lloyd had insulted the Court and the Crown by some remarks he had made in the trial of a piracy case. Penn lived in considerable state at Penns bury and was severely criticised by those opposed to him. who charged him with showing lordly airs. Penn enjoyed himself thoroughly and would have chosen to remain with his colony for the rest of his life, but his wife and his daughter, Letitia, were both anxious to get back to England. They liked America until the novelty had worn off, and then began to long for home. Toward the last part of 1701 Penn decided to return to England and determined to call the Assembly together to pass some needed legislation, and which met on September 15, 1701. Penn addressed the Assembly, telling them that he would not have called them together in advance of the usual time, but he was summoned to England by news which seemed to threaten his interests and those of the jirovince. A bill which had been pre- sented in Parliament and had passed to second reading in the Hotise of Lords provided for annexing the several proprietary governments to the Crown. An important act of the Proprietary, before Penn's retu.rn to England, was the granting to the province of a new Charter of Privileges. In 1696 dissatisfaction with the original Frame of Government had caused such pressure on Governor Markham that he had amended that docu- ment in many particulars and submitted the amendments to Penn for confirmation. The pro- prietor failed to confirm it, but as he had not rejected it the province acted on it until the arrival THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 97 of Penn. who informed the Assembly which met after his arrival, that they must prepare a new constitution, and in the meantime he assumed absolute powder. Little progress was made in the matter until Penn announced his approaching departure for England, when the matter was taken up by the Assembly and the constitution or charter of 1701 was the result, given at Philadelphia under William Penn's "hand and broad seal this twenty-eighth day of October, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and one, being the thirteenth year of the reign of King William the Third over England. Scotland, France and Ireland, etc., and the twenty-first year of my government." This document proved of great importance, as it continued to be the organic law of Penn- sylvania until 1776. It wrought some improvements, but in at least one important respect was less democratic than the original "Frame of Government." 'i'he Council, wliich had l)een elected DucHH House, vSouth Third Street by the people, was changed to a council of proprietary advisers and were all appointed by the proprietor, with the functions of an advisory board to the governor — an aristocratic appanage which was the cause of much popular dissatisfaction until the Revolution brought absolute change in the entire system of government. For a long time there had been agitation for a separate government for the lower counties ; and in order to settle this it was provided in the charter that if. within three years from its date, the people of those counties should decide on a separate government, and refrain from returning representatives to the Assembly in Philadelphia, they could do so. In connection wnth this contingency it was provided that in the event of the separation of the lower counties, the other counties (Philadelphia. Chester and Bucks) should return to the Assembly eight members each, but if the three lower counties should decide to remain with the others, the Assembly should be composed of four members from each of the six counties of the province. The lower counties decided on a separate government, and so voted. The charter provided for annual sessions of the Assembly which could originate bills, and could not be dissolved by any outside power. The members received pay at the rate of six shill- ings per day (the Speaker ten shillings) and tliree pence per mile for going to and returning 98 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA from their homes. For electors there were property quahhcations. The voter was required to be a native or naturaHzed British subject owning fifty acres of land, well seated, twelve acres of which he had cleared, or otherwise worth fifty pounds in lawful money of the province. This proved to be a restrictive provision which kept large numbers out of the privileges of the fran- chise. Liberty of conscience was guaranteed in religious matters, but all officials were required to profess their belief in "Jesus Christ the Saviour of the world." The granting of a charter to Philadelphia was another important act of Penn just before he left for England. In 1691 a charter for Philadelphia had been signed by Penn, appointing Humphrey Morrey (a prosperous merchant of Philadelphia and a cousin of Edward Shippen) as mayor and naming a full set of city officials, but there is no evidence that this government for the city was ever really organized. In fact it appears to have been entirely ignored, for Penn, writing from England in regard to municipal affairs, always addressed himself to the Gov- SHIPPEN IIUUSE, 16','5 (Edward Shippen, First Mayor of Philadelphia under regular charter, 1701.') ernor and Council, to whose hands the management of city affairs had been confided, and by which it continued to be governed until the granting to the city of this charter, on October 25, 1701, or three days before the grant to the colony of its charter of privileges. The city charter named the following as city officials : Edward Shippen. mayor ; Thomas Story, recorder, and eight aldermen — Joshua Carpenter, merchant (brother of Samuel Carpen- ter, who owned the "Slate Roof House") ; Griffith Jones, merchant; Anthony Morris, the Quaker brewer; Joseph Wilcox, rope-maker; Nathan Stanbury; Charles Read; Thomas Masters, exten- sive land owner, and William Carter. The twelve members of the Common Council were: John Parsons, William Hudson, William Lee, Nehemiah Allen, Thomas Paschall, John Budd, Jr., Edward Smout, Samuel Buckley, James Atkinson, Pentecost Teague, Francis Cooke, and Henry Badcocke. These officers were declared to be "one body corporate and politic in deed" under the name and style of "The Mayor and Commonalty of the City of Philadelphia." Thomas Farmer was designated as sheriff, and Robert Ashton as town clerk and clerk of the courts. It was not a democratic body, for, as organized, the members of the corporation (mayor, recorder, aldermen and common councilmen) met in annual meeting to choose their own successors, and were authorized to fill vacancies from the well-established freemen of the city. The mayor or THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 99 other officers could be removed by the corporation for misbehavior. The charter conferred large judicious powers upon the mayor, recorder, and aldermen. The Common Council met from time to time, on call from the mayor, recorder, and three aldermen, and mayor, recorder and aldermen sat with the councilmen in these meetings, which were authorized to pass reasonable laws, ordinances and constitutions for the government of the city. It is said that the corpora- tion was formally organized at once, following its ai)pointnient, though the minutes prior to 1704 appear to have been lost. , Having thus left both province and city provided with organic bases for their future gov- ernment in these two charters (both of which continued in force until the Revolutionary War). Penn. with his wife. Hannah, his daughter, Letitia (often affectionately referred to as "Tishe" in Penn's letters), and little John ("The American"), embarked, on November 2, 1701, on the Oalmahoy. for England, arriving in London about four weeks later, after an unusually trancjuil voyage. As Markham had been retired from the vice-governorship by Penn. complying with the request of the Lords Commissioners in London, he had himself taken up the executive details of the provincial government. Before leaving for London he appointed as lieutenant-governor Andrew Hamilton, who had been postmaster-general of the colonies, and previous to that had been governor of East and West New Jersey. A still more important appointment, from the historical point of view, was that of James Logan to be provincial secretary and clerk of the Council. Logan had been Penn's secretary and had come from England with him in 1699. James Logan was of Irish birth and Scottish par- entage, his father being a Church of England clergyman who, becoming a Friend, left the pul- pit to become a school teacher. When the disturljances occurred in Ireland, as a result of the Irish endeavor to restore James II to the throne, the Logans went to England. James, the son, was a man of profound learning, brilliant without pedantry, with a scholarly knowledge of Latin, Greek and Hebrew and a fluent use of the important modern languages. A constant stu- dent, he kept up with current knowledge, and being full of vigor and enthusiasm, became a man of great prominence and influence in the province. Penn, who had made his acquaintance while staying with the Callowhills, at Bristol, became very much attached to him and gave hini employ- ment, and when he returned to England entrusted to him many important aft'airs. When he embarked for England he gave the protection of his interests, unreservedly into Logan's hands, writing him a letter of instructions while on board the ship in the Delaware River, and. from that time on. constantly confiding in Logan's zeal and integrity. Logan kept up correspondence with Penn, who thus received information about his province in terms of truth as Logan saw it, while Logan received from Penn an exact statement of his opinions and his needs. Logan was receiver of all dues and manager of all the interests of Penn in the colonies and the Penn-Logan correspondence of that era furnishes the most complete and illuminating picture of things as they occurred in the city and colony. Governor Andrew Hamilton was not a resident of Philadelphia, or even of Pennsylvania, and while he was governor, as when he had been postmaster, he only came to the city when his presence was required there. He made little impression on the colony, and was in office only about sixteen months, dying at his home in Am boy, N. J., in April. 1703. Edward Shippen. mayor of Philadelphia, who was also president of the Council, became acting lieutenant-governor until Penn could select a successor. It took a long time to notify Penn. and it was not until Feljruary. 1704. that John Evans, whom he had chosen for governor, reached Philadelphia. His appointment, by Penn. to such a position was a grievous mistake on Penn's part, and one that reflected severely on his judgment. Evans was only twenty-six years old. but Penn had esteemed him a young young of good character and steady habits. He chose him because he was a young man who. he thought, would exert a steadying moral influence upon his son, by his first wife. 100 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA William Penn. Jr. The younger Penn. brought up in the atmosphere of the court of the Stuarts. had become the associate of some of the most profligate of the young aristocrats of England. He was married and had young children, but responsibility had sobered him not at all. His excesses had scandalized his friends in England, and Penn thought that if he could have a visit under proper surroundings the staid environment of Quaker friends in Philadelphia would give him a more sedate view of his duty. Hence the appointment of young Evans to be a balance- wheel to his boy as well as the governor of his colony. The new governor arrived at night, and the next day his commission was published in the market-place, where he appeared, duly attended by an imposing official entourage which included the Council of State, the mayor, aldermen and Council of the city, and the chief officers, notables and inhabitants of Philadelphia. Thence the new governor and council repaired to the council chamber, and held a council. i Young Penn had been consigned to the care of James Logan, who had been advised to bring him under the influence of some sedate members of the Society of Friends. The young man, as the son of the proprietor, had been assigned a seat in the council and could have attained for himself a leading place in the community. But both he and the governor began to haunt the taverns, and on one night's orgie Penn and Governor Evans assaulted the watch in one of these resorts. This started a free-for-all fight and young Penn called for pistols. Then the lights were put out and Alderman Wilcox, in the midst of the hubbub caught young Penn and thrashed him soundly. The attempt to punish him by the local magistrate was somehow warded off and the Quaker Meeting started in to administer its discipline to the Founder's heir. But he avoided that by resigning all membership in the Society of Friends and openly entering the Church of England, and after some more scandalous behavior he took ship for England. Queen Mary had died at the end of 1694 and King William reigned alone until March 8, 1702, when he died, and Anne, second daughter of James H. ascended the throne, and so far as Penn's tenure of his province was concerned his position was greatly improved. Quarry, who had never ceased his attacks on the Pennsylvania administration and the share of the Quakers in it. found himself in trouble because of the evidence which came from Philadelphia, and was presented by Penn to the Lord's Commissioners, showing that Quarry had been implicated in bribery. His removal followed. Roger Mompesson, his successor, going out with the Queen's Commission on the same ship that carried Governor Evans and William Penn, Jr., to Phila- delphia. While the accession of Anne brought with it assurance that Penn's province would not be taken from him. to be replaced by a crown colony, as Quarry and his friends had tried to make it. he was beset with other troubles. An agent named Ford, who had been gi\en charge of his English and Irish estates, had swindled him. and had so falsified his accounts as to enable his wife and son, after his death, to set up a claim to all Pennsylvania. Penn was arrested for this alleged debt and was confined in the Fleet prison for nine months, in 1708, until a suffi- cient sum could be secured to compromise this unjust claim. His straits were such that he pro- posed to sell the colony to Queen Anne for £20.000. The confinement in the Fleet undermined his health and in 1712 he was stricken with paralysis, remaining in that state until he died, six years later. During the last years of the Founder's life the government of his province went on much in the same fashion as it had during the period between his first and second visits. The council, hand-picked as it was, gave little trouble on the score of opposition to the rights or claims of the proprietor, though the Assembly was less docile. Governor Evans, so far as he was active at all, was a stickler for prerogative, and the question of a militia for defense was always a bone of contention. The opposition of the Quakers to any form of military organization was a con- THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 101 stant cause of friction. Governor Evans asked for an appropriation for a militia organization and was refused, and in 1706, in order to carry his point, he practiced a paltry trick on the people to scare them into organizing a military force, causing a messenger to ride into the city on a foaming horse, while the May fair was in progress, with the news that the French were on their way up the Delaware. Pretending great excitement over this news, Evans buckled on a sword, mounted a horse, and called on the people to arm in their own defense. So far as getting Quaker recruits Evans only succeeded with four, but otherwise there was great excite- ment. Ships went uj) rivers and creeks, citizens cached their treasures and there was much scurr\ing about to notify ])eople of the imi)ending trouble until the hoax was discovered and anger took the place of dismay. In the .\ssembly David Lloyd had again appeared as a source of troul)le as the self- appointed defender of the people's rights against the alleged rapacity of the proprietor. Under his incitement the Assembly refused to vote money for the lieutenant governor's salary, and, in addition, placed other costs of administration on Penn, which were greatly in excess of his means. One of the aggravations which led the Assembly into opposition to the proprietor was the general and well-founded dislike, on all sides, for Governor Evans, about whom complaints poured into the mails with every ship that went to England. But Evans was Penn's appointee, and was. more- over, the son of a much loved Welsh friend of Penn's. Penn was conspicuouslv a man who stuck to his friends — often to his own disadvantage. Logan tried to back up Penn's side of the controversy, and thus to be, as far as was possible, the champion of Evans. Thus he brought the wrath of the Assembly upon himself, becoming such a target of attack that the Assembly, in February, 1707, presented articles of impeachment against him. which failed because the governor declined to try the case against Logan. The Assembly at this session was in hopeless hostility to the governor, and David Lloyd, the Speaker, openly quarrelled with him and was sustained by vote. The House also refused the governor's request for a suitable Court bill, or any appropriations for defense, and petitioned Penn for removal of Evans in strong terms, declaring that he had, "by his excesses and misdemeanors, dis- honored both God and the Queen, and has brought this government under very great and public scandals." The accusation as to the private character of Evans was none too severe. The request for his remo\al was backed up by numerous letters to Penn from strong Quaker friends of his. There was another meeting of the Assembly in 1708, which met without the consent of Evans, who asked it for supplies for defense and was refused, notwithstanding the fact that French pri- vateers from Martinique, assemljled ofif the Capes, had captured three vessels bound to or from Philadelphia. The Assembly again attacked Evans as an encourager of vice and debauchery. Penn had at last become convinced that the Evans administration was no longer supportable. He. therefore, appointed Colonel Charles Gookin as lieutenant-governor, and the appointment was approved by the Queen and Privy Council on June 28. 1708. Gookin. however, did not arrive in Philadelphia just then. The appointment of Gookin was made while Penn was in the Fleet prison for de])t. from which he did not get release until December, 1708. The friends who raised the money which Ijrought release to Penn, were secured by a mortgage covering his entire pro- vince, the sum secured being i6800. The mortgagees were Henry Gouldney. Joshua Gee, Sylvanus Grove, John Woods and John Field, of London; Thomas Callowhill, Thomas Dade, and Jefifrey Penuel. of Bristol ; and Thomas Cuppage, of Ireland. They did not take possession, but appointed Edward Shippen, Samuel Carpenter. Pichard Hill, and James Logan their agents to collect rents and sell lands to settle the del^t. A\ hen Governor Gookin came, he made a few new appointments to the Council. He declined to take up complaints against Governor Evans or Logan. The old discussion about militarv aid 102 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA from the cdloin- was revived when (iookin asked for men and money for the expedition to New- foundland, hut the Assembly did not respond. Still under the leadership of David Lloyd, as Speaker, the .Vssembly continued to be distinctly unfriendly to the })roprietary interests, and espe- ciallv to James Loc^an. who was Penn's direct representative. In May. 1709, a pri\ateer entered Delaware Bay and sacked the town of Lewes. The Gov- ernor advised the ])eople to arm themselves, and the entire militia to prepare to be called out, and summoned the Assembly for a special session. But the Legislature spent its time on other things, principally in disputes about the courts and James Logan, but did nothing toward defensive preparation. James Logan, who announced his intention to visit England, came near being arrested on a writ issued by David Lloyd, which was only prevented by the direct interposition of the governor's authority. John Pienry Sprogle, who had been naturalized by special act of the Council, set himself up in 1)usiness as a land-shark by getting control of the remaining title of the Frankford Company, which had sold lands to the Germantown settlers. Many of the Germans had not been naturalized, and Sprogle's scheme was to obtain the lands by forfeiture on the ground that they were aliens. The strength of his scheme laid in the fact that Sprogle had retained every lawyer in the prov- ince by giving them contingent shares of the property to be seized. David Lloyd was the fore- most of these lawyers, and was to have the thousand acres of land which belonged to Benjamin Furley, one of the defendants in the action. But the scheme was frustrated when the Coun- cil, by special act, naturalized the entire eighty defendants. The only result was to discredit the whole group of schemers, and especially David Lloyd. His connection with that case and the attacks which had been made and continued against James Logan, who was very popular outside of Legislative circles, caused a wave of indignation which found expression in the election of 1710. Not a single member of the 1709 body was returned and the membership was composed entirely of new men, with Richard Hill as Speaker. Lloyd left the city, and took up residence in Chester. Logan remained abroad about a year in constant association with Penn, returning shortly before the paralytic stroke came on August 4, 1712, while he was writing a letter to Logan. Upon that faithful agent fell the cares and responsibilities of the province during the remaining years of the founder's life. The colony, however, came to better times with the end of Britain's long war with France and Spain in 1713. Commerce revived as privateering came to an end. The disputes in the Assembly between Church of England men and Quakers over war taxes and mili- tary measures were suspended and there was comparative peace in the province for awhile. But Gookin was a trial to the settlers and hostile to Quakers as officials and law-givers. He was unpopular with the public generally, and especially with the Quakers, because of his insistence that the province should give military aid to the Crown. But the crowning folly was his ruling that the Act of Affirmation, which enabled a Quaker to qualify for office, or to testify without violation of his conscientious scruples against the taking of oaths, was repugnant to the laws of England and therefore void. The result of this was to throw the government into the hands of the non-Quaker element, which was, of course, the object of the ruling. But it went further than that. No Quaker could testify in any case or serve on any jury. Complaints to Penn would avail nothing at that time. The mind that had been so clear and effective was clouded and incapable. Hannah Penn, his wife, upon whom the responsibility now devolved was. however, a very capable woman, kept faithfully advised of conditions by James Logan, in Philadelphia, and in person by Thomas Story, both of whom advised the removal of Gookin. She decided, therefore, that Gookin should be removed, and as a consequence Colonel William Keith received the proprietor's commission, and confirmation by the Crown as lieuten- THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 103 ant-governor of I'ennsylwmia. lie inherited a baronetcy in 1720, and is known in liistory, therefore, as Sir William Keith, lie landed at Philadelphia, May 31, 1/17. On June 30, 1718, William I'enn died. His career was in many respects unique and his life one of great usefulness. In many res]:>ects in advance of his day, Penn founded in Pennsylvania a commonwealth that stood for kindness and justice. His dealings with the Indians freed his province from trouble with the native tribes, and his desire for the welfare of those who had settled on these lands was unquestionable. The idea of oppression was foreign to him. He was a poor business man. was often deceived in his judgment of men. Pure in purpose himself he was often deceived by outward appearance into approval of the incompetent and the unworthy, but he was of gentle mien and manly ideals wdiose name is worthily listed on the roster of the great and good. OLD COURT HOUSE, SECOND AND MARKET STREETS. C H A R E H T PHILADELPHIA UNDER HANNAH PENN AND HER CHILDREN When William Penn died he left Pennsylva of her hody." Six children had been born of this delphia ; lliomas, Hannah, Margaret. Richard a in early childhood. Of his first family only two these had been provided for with the bequest Letitia had married William Aubrey, who by the period of his financial troubles, in the endeavor had earned from his father-in-law the character! Young- William Penn, who had continued in and always Ixjasted himself the heir ]^resumpti\-e nia in his will to his "wife Hannah and the issue marriage. John "the American."' native of Phila- nd Dennis, and of these Hannah and Dennis died survived. Letitia and William Penn, Jr., and to them of Penn's English and Irish estates, persistent way he had hounded Penn, during the to collect the last farthing of his wife's dowry, zation of "that scraping and disagreeable man." England his dissolute courses and dissipations, to his father's great province in America, was Third City Hali,, Philadelphia, 1735 to 1894 much disgruntled at being cut out of the -Vmerican estate, and tried to have the provision set aside, meanwhile boldly assuming himself to l)e the heir. The news of Penn's death reached the province in due course, and was formally announced by Governor Keith in November, 1718. On April 28, 1719j the governor read before the Provincial Council a letter from William Penn, Jr., THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 105 in which he assumed to re-comniission Keith as i^overnor and commanded him to announce to the Council and peojjle that he ( W'ilham i\'nn, Jr.) had succeeded to "the government of the province and counties." 1'hough this letter was discussed in all seriousness it was finally laid aside to await authoritative advices. The matter was in the English courts which, without undue delay, decided it hy sustaining the will and thus clearing the title of Hannah Penn and her chil- dren to the proprietorshi]) of the i)ro\ince of rcnnsyhania and the lower counties. Young Penn died in France in 1720. Governor Keith was a Scot. He had been connected with the colonial service for manv years, antl was a surveyor of customs in the Carolinas for a considerable period and during that time had made several visits to Philadelphia, in the course of which he became well acquainted with James Logan. Isaac Norris and other prominent people in Philadeli)hia. So that when, after Penn's appalling mistake wnlh. Evans and his scarcely less blundering experiment with Gookin, a new choice became inevitable, it was the advice of these men, vouching for the character, ability and experience of Keith, that secured his appointment by Hannah Penn, then in charge of Pennsylvania affairs during the incapacity of her husljand. Keith was an adroit i)olitician, clever, tactful, of affable spirit and charming manner, most capable of any of the executi\es who had so far held the reins of government, but, as the event proved, none too scrupulous as to the means adojjted to obtain his ends. But he was an able instrument of government at the time and under the unique circumstances surrounding him during the years immediately following the death of \\'illiam Penn. It was the first time that a woman had held the feudal post of lord pro])rietor of a great province, but with Logan to advise and Sir William Keith to execute the plans and poli- cies of the proprietorship the wheels of the government of the province revolved for years much more easily under Keith than under his predecessors. It was not that the idea of the proprie- torship was any more ])opular under Hannah Penn that it had been when her husband ruled. It was less popular, for with many of the settlers there was a sense of personal loyalty to Penn himself which could not be passed on to his ''heirs and assigns." But Keith was approach- able and subtle. He was deferential, suave, sympathized in demeanor, if not in w^ord, with the complaints against the government, and ended by gaining majority support for any special thing he had in mind. When he succeeded to his baronetcy in 1720 he became even more interesting to the public, many of whom were loaded dowai wdth old-country prejudices and points of view and were much attracted l)y a title. 'Hie Assembly \oted him more money than he asked for, for the various causes he placed before them, and for salary ga^■e him a sum larger than he had fixed for himself. He bought a tract of 1200 acres at Horsham (then in Philadelphia county, but now in Montgomery county), and in 1722 built a large stone mansion on it, which is still standing. There he lived in style, equalling that in which Penn had indulged when he was at Pennsbury. The governor had seventeen' slaves, four coach horses and seven riding horses, and other things were proportionately magnificent. He had a special pew built and put into Christ Church, to be thereafter designated as "the governor's pew." A notable feature of this period was a large immigration of foreigners who knew not one word of English, but w^ho, after landing and getting settled were thrifty enough of them- selves and appeared to be an industrious and worthy people. They came mostly in companies and groups and settled in communities, professing varied forms of religion, which, not being British, were viewed with scarcely veiled suspicion by Quaker and Churchman alike. They were Mennon- ites, Amishes, Dunkers, German Lutherans, and came in batches, grouped by their religious align- ments. Many came from the Palatinate, and they were si)oken of in familiar parlance as "Palatines." They were in the main exceptionally peaceful people, but it was difficult to allay the suspicions of the English-speaking colonists, who took generations to come to the understanding 106 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA ANDREW HAMILTON EDWARD SHIPPEN RICHARD VAUX ISAAC NORRIS THE STORY OF Pll ILADELPHIA 107 that people who did not speak Enj^^lish nor want to learn it and who did not care to hecome naturalized, could possibly be desirable accessions to the citizenship of the province. It was during the governorshij) of Sir William Keith the issue of irredeemable paper cur- rency, issued by the colony, began. It was put out in increasing quantities, beginning with £15,000 in 1722, following with £30,000 in 1723, £30,000 in 1729, and in 1739 enough to make a total of £80.000, to remain in circulation for sixteen years. In 1763 an act was passed by the British Parliament, by which the entire paper money systems of the colonies, including Penn- sylvania, were outlawed and further issues prohibited. The money on these various issues was loaned on a real estate security, or by pledge of plate, through the medium of a board of five trustees for the General Loan Office, who were under bond. Much was expected of this paper money system. Benjamin Franklin became a great advocate of it, and though its value so depre- ciated that the pound sterling of these provincial bills of Pennsylvania became of the value of only $2.71^, he wrote a pamphlet protesting against the passage of the Act of 1763. One of the early disadvantages of Pennsylvania and, in fact, of all the British colonies, was the woeful lack of a sound circulating medium. The exportable products were sold and delivered at the water's edge in exchange for imported goods, so that only a small amount of gold and silver coins came from Britain in payment for goods. Spanish coins were very plentifully pro- duced, not only or chiefly in Spain, but at many mints in the silver-producing possessions of SpaiUj and particularly in Mexico, but comparatively a very small part of this product found its way to British America. The possession of large quantities of coins of an everywhere recognized intrinsic value was Spain's great and crowning advantage over all the other commercial nations at that era. In the American colonies paper gained its recognition and popularity on the basis of dire need for a medium of exchange. But in Pennsylvania this still left a great shortage of small change, for copper coins were very few, and small silver a rarity. We find notations, there- fore, a notice that Joseph Gray (in 1746) had printed for him (by Benjamin Franklin) notes of hand of 2d., 3d., and 6d., to the total amount of £27 10s., "out of sheer necessity for running change." Doubtless this is only one of many such instances. On December 22, 1719, appeared Philadelphia's first newspaper, the "Philadelphia Weekly Mercury," printed by Andrew Bradford and sold by him and John Copson. It contained no advertisements. The first advertisement appeared in the second number and ofifered a reward of five pounds for the arrest and return of a "bright mulatto negro coachman, Johnny," who ran away from his master, Philip Ludwell. of Green Spring Va. The next was a notice that John Copson, one of the proprietors of the paper, had a negro boy for sale in Market Street. These were constructive years in connection with the enactment of city ordinances to make the civic life of the city conform to proper standards. It was about 1710 when pigs were ban- ished from the streets and goats were put under a like ban in 1712. Pebble-stone sidewalks and cobble-stone streets were introduced about then, but in 1719, l)ricks were used for sidewalks and to some extent in street for paving purposes. Householders were required to keep the streets clean in front of their houses, and were encouraged to sink wells and put in public pumps, so that the water could be conveniently reached in case of fire, and the owner was entitled to receive such rents for use of the water by the neighborhood as might be agreed upon. The City Council noted that the heavy vehicles on the streets made it difficult to keep them in repair. The chief cause of this was the heavy loads of cord-wood continually being hauled into the city, all of which was required to be officially corded and measured. As wood was the only fuel, every house had to be fitted up with a wide chimney, which needed to be swept every few weeks to remove the soot. James Henderson was therefore licensed as a public sweep, and in his employ were a number of sooty sweeps, who climbed up the chimneys, with birch brooms, poles, soot bags. etc. 108 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA The Citv Council found jjlenty of work to do. It passed ordinances for gauging and testing malt liquors and preventing adulterations, such as adding honey, sugar, molasses, foreign grains, Guinea pepper, etc., to them. It regulated the keeping and use of gunpowder, providing that no person within two miles of the city should keep more than twelve pounds of powder in his pos- session at any time, under penalty of £12. except the keeper of the public powder-house, in whose charge all powder brought to Philadelphia was required to be stored. This ordinance w^as enacted in 1725. after William Chancellor, a sailmaker, at the request of an association of merchants, secured a tract of land at the city's edge, on the King's High Road from Philadelphia to Frank- ford and Bristol, and built thereon a brick and stone powder-house. His compensation was twelve pence for the first month and six pence for each subsequent month for each barrel of powder in storage. Stringent laws were also made prohibiting the manufacture and sale of lireworks. Ferrv privileges were much sought after, and ferry rates were high. There were two ferries across the Delaware, the rights for which were granted to Armstrong Smith, in 1717. One of these ferries started at the foot of High (Market) Street, in Philadelphia, crossing to Cooper's Landing (now Camden), New Jersey. The ferry rate for foot passengers w^as six pence for one or four pence each for a party of three ; for one horse and rider, one shilling and six pence, or one shilling each for a party of three ; and one shilling and six pence for a single ox or cow, or one shilling each for three or more cattle together ; for a single hog or sheep, six pence, or four pence each for three or more together. Armstrong Smith's other Delaware River ferry ran from his home, at the southern boundary of Philadelphia (in or near Wicaco), crossing to Gloucester, N. J., with rates fixed at one shilling for single foot passengers, or nine-pence each in parties of three, while the rates for animals were 50 per cent higher than on the other ferry. There were also three ferries over the SchuylkMl, with rates, of rnurse, much lower, beginning with one penny for the single foot-passenger, and others proportionately to that up to one shilling for a coach or loaded cart. Punishment for oft'enses were severe. Violations of city ordinances were chiefly payable by fine if the violators were white, but at the whipping-post or pillory, if committed by a negro or Indian. The whipping-post, pillory and stocks were located at the southwest corner of Third and High (Market) Streets. The old prison on High Street, between Front and Second Streets, was sold by the Common Council in April, 1723, to William Fishbourn, for £75, on condition that he should tear it down at once and clear the street, a new prison having been erected by the county at Third and High Streets, on the southwest corner. There were, in fact, two build- ings, one housing the criminals and workhouse inmates and the other being the debtor's prison. Every county in the province had a number of debtors in durance, for imprisonment for debt was not abolished until the end of the eighteenth centiu^y. The first regular transportation line for passengers was established in 1725, by David Evans, who owned a four-wheeled chaise which, upon notice to the proprietor, ran from the Three Tuns Tavern, on Chestnut Street, between Second and Third Streets, to Germantown, Frankford and Gray's Ferry. For four persons the fare to Frankford was IQs., and to Germantown 12s 6d. ; to Gray's Ferry, in the morning, 10s., in the afternoon, 7s. 66.. The tavern keepers of Philadelphia in 1718 were charged by the Assembly with charging for their liquid refreshments prices which were excessive, and an act was passed requiring the mayor, recorder, and aldermen of the city to set the prices, four times a year, at which tavern-keepers could sell wine, beer, cider and other liquors, and also jM'ovender for horses. In the administration of the criminal law in the provincial courts, the same crudities and barbarities were practiced as were in vogue in Britain and, in fact, in all the European countries, in methods of punishment. The 'M:)enefit of clergy" which modified punishment of capital ofi^ences in the Middle Ages, were still in vogue in Pennsylvania. In its origin it applied to "clerks in THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 109 holy orders" (or priests), who were practically the only class able to read, but as more learned to read it included all who were literate, and was so legally extended, by a statute of Edward III. Those who could read were not hanged, but were branded by the jailer with a hot iron on the base of the left thumb with the letter "M," if the crime was murder, or "F" for other felonies. This branding was al)olished in England by statute of 19 George III (1779). In the Pennsyl- vania cases where "benefit of clergy" was claimed, the convicted person, after branding, was sent to the workhouse for from six months to two years. If, after release, the convict com- mitted another felony, and was caught, the "benefit of clergy" was denied him after convic- tion for the second offense. We sometimes hear the expression "cold as charity" even in this enlightened day, although it is probable that there never before was a time when organized charity had as much heart in it as it has today. By an Act of Assembly those who received public relief after June 24, 1718, were made to wear a badge on the right shoulder of the outer garment with the letter "P" (for pauper) and another letter, the initial of the county, city or other place affording the relief (making two "P" initials for the Philadelphia recipient of charity). We have seen how, in the WASHINGTON HOUSE, 1740 (High Street, now Market Street) days of the founding of Pennsylvania by William Penn, the Free Society of Trades received great privileges and was authorized to have three representatives in the Provincial Council. Its constructive work began well, but soon slackened and finally disappeared, being ended in March, 1723, by an Act of Assembly putting the society's assets in the hands of trustees, who soon dis- posed of the property. Sir William Keith, whose skill as a politician had ingratiated him into general esteem until his double-mindedness was made apparent, was diplomatically faithful to the interests of the proprietary until after Penn's death. When that occurred he seemed at first inclined to sup- port the pretensions of William Penn, Jr., as heir presumptive. When the matter was referred to the courts for decision, the Lords Justice ordered that the lieutenant-governor should con- tinue to act until further order, and thus made him. for a time, independent of the proprietary. There was, after the first few years of the proprietary government, a constant undercurrent of opposition, and any public man who gave voice to this dissatisfaction gained a considerable popu- no THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA larity. Sir William was shrewd enough to ohserve this and to cater to it in an apologetic way when he first came to the governorship. He was the first of the governors to cater to what had come to be regarded by many as the cause of the common people. When Logan, who was the representative of the proprietor, would question this attitude he would claim that he was merely trying to win the good will of the public to the proprietary administration, but later he was unfaithful to the interests of the proprietary family in matters where he could not allege the pub- lic interests as his excuse. But he succeeded for several years to keep the favor of Hannah Penn and at the same time to gather the nucleus of an independent following. Governor Keith kept himself popular with the Assembly, but the Council, which under the proprietary system was by far the more ])owerful branch of the government, was divided, a strong part of it being against the governor as disloyal to the proprietary. Of these James Logan was the leader, although in England, through agencies set in motion by Sir W^illiam Keith, Hannah Penn had been inspired with some doubts as to Logan. On the strength of this situa- LOXLEY'S HOUSE, ABOUT 1746 (South Second Street) tion Governor Keith undertook, in 1723, to dismiss James Logan as secretary of the Provincial Council. Logan was not easily quelled. He set sail for England, and on his arrival he took the matter up with Hannah Penn. Logan returned in August. 1724, with a letter to Keith from the executive of the estate, in which Hannah Penn enjoined him as follows: It is required' that thou advise with the Council upon every meeting or adjournment of the Assembly, which requires any deliberation on the Governor's part; that thou make no speech, nor send any written message but what shall be first approved in Council, if practicable at the time, and shall return no bills to the House without the consent of the Council, nor pass any whatever into a law without the consent of a majority of the Board. Keith, however, elected to disregard this advice. He disputed the right of the Council to precedence as a law-making body. David Lloyd, who sat in the Assembly, as a member from Chester, and had been elected Speaker, sided with the governor, but the opposition, pushed by Logan, defeated the Keith-Lloyd combination, and in the course of the controversy, Logan, undoubtedly the foremost scholar and statesman of the colony, wrote the pamphlets : "The Anti- date," and "A Memorial from James Logan, in Behalf of the Proprietor's Family and of Him- self, Servant of the Said Family." How much the pamj^hlets contributed to the result is prob- lematical, but on June 22, 1726, Major Patrick Gordon, an old soldier, arrived in Philadelphia M'ith a commission as governor in succession to Sir \\'illi;)ni Keith. THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA II Keith worked hard to incite a revolt against proprietary rule, and succeeded in getting him- self elected to the Assembly. But, becoming a candidate for the office of Speaker of the Assem- bly, he ran afoul of the similar ambition of David Lloyd, which broke up his only prospect of success as a democratic leader. He received just three votes for Speaker. When his father died, in 1720, and he succeeded to the baronetcy ; that was the only thing he inherited, for his father died insolvent. Sir William, while Governor, had lived in great luxury, and after losing his office was deeply in debt. His defeat by Lloyd for the speakership put the quietus on further colonial ambitions and made his creditors clamorous. He fled the country and went to England, there living a. reckless and dissolute life as long as he could raise any money. He wrote some pamphlets on colonial affairs and embarked upon a series of histories of the American colonies, of which he finished only the first part, relating to "Virginia. He is said to have been the first to suggest to the British Crown the taxation of the colonies as a means of raising revenue. He BENEZET'S HOUSE AND CHESTNUT STREET BRIDGE, 1734 became very poor and finally died, in 1749, as a prisoner for debt in the Old Bailey prison. When he went away from Philadelphia he left his wife behind, and Lady Keith died in that city, in much poverty, in 1740. Major Patrick Gordon, who succeeded Sir William Keith as governor, was a soldier of good record, brave, bluff, and intensely loyal l:o the House of Hanover. His first act was to reinstate James Logan as secretary of the Provincial Council, but he made no sweeping changes in the ofticial personnel. He announced to the Assembly his desire to carry on a conciliatory and conservative policy. He said that having been "bred to the camp, remote from the refined politics which often serve to perplex mankind." he knew nothing of the devious ways of poli- ticians. In his administration, therefore, he intended to pursue a straightforward course. His term was. in fact, a singularly quiet one, during which peace and prosperity reigned in the province. On May 28, 1728, a council was held in Philadelphia for the purpose of renewing some of the Indian treaties, at which the representatives of various Indian tribes were present. Gover- nor Gordon made an address of amity and good will, and the spokesman of the Indians com- mented, in his reply : "The words of the governor were all right and good. We have never heard any such speech since William Penn was here." 112 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA Under Governor Gordon there was a harmonious unity of Governor. Council and Assembly, such as had occurred in no previous administration; and he maintained at all times the friendli- est relations with the people of the province, while at the same time he was scrupulously faithful to the interests of the proprietary. Such objections as were found to him were on the occasions when he paid scant respect to the strict code of somewhat ascetic propriety observed by his Quaker neighbors, including the bibulous celebration of the birthdays of the king and royal princes, and the military methods which attended his movements, such as an occasion when, as he embarked on a journey, he was saluted by salvos of guns from the ships in the harbor. George I of England died June 11. 1727. and on August 31 the accession of George II was proclaimed in the market-place of Philadelphia. The new king's birthday celebration in the fol- lowing October was made the occasion of a three days' jollification. The ship owners of Philadelphia had a patriotic entertainment at the house of William Chancellor, sailmaker and keeper of the powder-house, with twenty-one pieces of cannon firing salutes in the garden. That evening there was a ball at the governor's house ; the following day the mayor gave a feast, and on the third day the grand jur}^ gave a banquet in honor of the occasion. The executive of the Penn estate. Hannah Penn. died in 1733 as the result of a paralytic stroke, and was succeeded in the proprietary by her sons. John (the "American"). Thomas and Richard, these pledging themselves to make money payments to their sister Margaret, who had become the wife of Thomas Freame. Of these Thomas was best qualified for taking care of the business end of the proprietaryship. He visited the colony in August. 1732, a year before his mother's death, and was received in great state by the populace, with a procession of seven hun- dred horsemen, a speech of welcome by Andrew Hamilton, the Speaker of the Assembly, and addresses, reception and a collation by the Connnon Council. There was also a banquet in his honor, given by the Assembly, a pow-wow with the Chiefs of the Five Nations, a display by the fire engines, a banquet by the Freeholders, and an elaborate dinner given by the church- wardens and vestry of Christ Church, at David Evans" Crown Tavern. Thomas had come to study the colony from the standpoint of the proprietor who intended to make the property yield the largest possible returns. He was then thirlv vears of age. and remained an active factor of the province as one of its feudal overlords for forty-three years, dying in 1775. He never both- ered himself with questions of government or public welfare, and while his original reception was intended as a display of loyalty and good will, he had little appreciation for that sort of thing, though he had a sufficient recognition of the amenities to give a return bancjuet on the king's birthday, in the following October, at which there were many loyal toasts and salvos from fifty cannon, followed by a ball at the governor's house in the e\ening. Thomas Penn was joined in 1735 by his brother John, his sister Margaret, and her husband, Thomas Freams. and these were given a civic reception similar to that which had been accorded to Thomas Penn three years before. John, though a native of the city, regarded his connection with it with little enthusiasm. He stayed only a short time, going back to England to give his personal attention to the Maryland Bouiidary Case, then pending before the Privy Council in Lon- don. He never returned to the colony, and died in 1746. Thomas Penn remained in Philadel- phia for nine years, returning to England in 1741. His interest in the colony was that of the family's business interest, and by the inhabitants generally he was regarded as the proprietor of Pennsylvania. Richard, the younger brother, never took any personal interest in the province. Governor Gordon died in office in 1736. at the age of 7i. and James Logan, who was then president of the Council, became governor pending the appointment of Gordon's successor. As there was no new governor until 1738, Logan had a two-year term. Colonel George Thomas, a rich planter of Antigua, was appointed by the proprietors in 1737. but was not confirmed by the Crown until 1738. He arrived in the summer of that year, and was governor of the province THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA \\y until 1746. In 1728 Logan had been maimed for life by a fall, in which he broke off the head of his thigh-bone, but his energy was unabated. He held the office of Chief justice and Presi- dent of the Council from 1731 to 1739. In 1739 he retired to Stenton, his country-seat, near Germantown, and devoted himself to scientific and classical studies. He attained considerable distinction as a scholar and scientist, well known in Europe as well as in America. He died ( )ctober 31, 1751. and was buried in the Friends' burial-ground, on Arch Street. His eldest son, William ( 1718-1776), succeeded him as attorney for the Penn family. In September and Octoljer, 1736, under th.e auspices of James Logan, who among his many excellencies of character and conduct included great friendliness and influence with the Indian tribes, there was held a Great Council in the Friends' Meeting House, at the corner of Second and High Streets. There were one hundred chiefs in the Council, who had been entertained at Logan's country-seat, at Stenton. for three days before the meeting. It was considered a momentous occasion, for all over the colonies there were portents of an approaching Indian uprising. At the council the chiefs sat in the l»ody of the meeting-house and the galleries were filled with spectators. I'resents were exchanged, and a great treaty of peace and amity wa- concluded. In 1729 the Assembly was held in the house of Captain Anthony, and voiced loud discon- tent over the fact that it had no place of its own adequate for its needs, and declaring that if no provision w^as made for a State House it would choose some other town for its meetings. As a result, a board of trustees was named, with Andrew Hamilton at its head, to secure a site and erected a State House for the province. William Allen found a site and took title in his own name, turning it over to the trustees in 1730. The lots were on Chestnut, between Fifth and Sixth Streets. In 1732 the adjoining lots at each end of the former tract were purchased, giv- ing an entire block for the building, which was begun in that year. Progress on the building was slow, but it had been so far completed in 1736 that the Assembly could meet on the lower floor. The two years covered by the administration of lames Logan were years of tranquillity and peace, although both Indian and international troubles threatened. Eaki.v Shipbuilding c H A P R N I N E WANING OF QUAKER ASCENDENCY IN ASSEMBLY; PHILADELPHIA UNDER CONDITIONS OF WAR PREPARATION Lieutenant-Governor George Thomas entered upon his duties June 1, 1738. The harmony between governor and Assembly, which had prevailed during the Gordon and Logan terms as governor, was disturbed almost at the outset of the Thomas administration. The trouble first began on a question of the issue of paper currency, which Thomas first opposed but afterward agreed to, yielding to the judgment of the Assembly. Before com- ing to the province he had been in London en- gaged in the defense of the Penn proprietary rights to the lower coun- ties (now the State of Delaw^are) against the similar claim to juris- diction over them, by Lord Baltimore. Pend- ing final adjudication it was arranged that each governor should exer- cise jurisdiction over the people from his own province settled in the debatable district until the correct boundary- line should be definitely drawn. The serious issue between the Assembly and the Governor came following news which came in 1739 of difficulties between Britain and Spain over campeachy logwood, and Gover- nor Thomas became insistent in regard to the necessity for defensive measures. He made every effort to induce the Assembly to vote liberal appropriations to put the province in a state of ade- quate military and naval defense, but the pacifist views of the Quakers prevailed, and the means were not forthcoming. Governor Thomas, on his own initiative, issued letters of marque to William Axson, commander of the sloop George, which was fitted up with ten guns and ten swivels and went out to sea, the first privateer which ever fitted out and sailed from Philadel- phia. Going out in November, 1739, the George returned in July, 1740, with a full cargo, chiefly of cocoa, captured from Spanish merchantmen. Andrew Hamilton, Speaker of the Assembly, though of the same name, was not a relative of the former governor. He retired from public life, with an impressive address, at the close of the session of 1739, after a career which had made him the most prominent man in the province, THE ARCH STREET BRIDGE AT FRONT STREET, 1721 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 115 :5 J ^ ffi .2 < n. o p< o (/I CO w 116 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA and one who had served Philadelphia with great ability and patriotism. He was a native of Scotland who, in 1697, went to Accomac County, \'irginia, where he was steward of a planta- tion and later kept a classical school. He married the widow of the owner of the plantation on which he had been steward, and thus acquired a large property and influential connections. There seems to be little known of his origin, beyond the fact that he was born and reared in Scotland. He had evidently secured a \evy complete classical education. He was known first, in America, as "Trent," but "Harrison" seems to have been his real name. Soon after his mar- riage he began to practice law in Virginia, removed to Philadelphia in 1716, and in 1717 was made Attorney-general of Pennsylvania. He became a meml^er of the Provincial Council in March, 1721, but resigned in 1724, because of the calls of his law practice. He was appointed prothonotary of the Supreme Court of the province and recorder of Philadelphia in 1727, and in the same year was elected to the Assembly from Bucks County. He became speaker in 1729, and with the exception of a single year, was reelected to that office annually until his retirement from the Assembly, in 1739. He held the office of judge of the Vice-Admiralty Court in Phila- delphia from 1737 until his death, on August 4. 1741. Andrew Hamilton was the most famous lawyer of his day, but became especially noted for his service to the cause of liberty as volunteer counsel for John Peter Zenger, a printer of New York, who had estal)lished a paper, "The Journal," which, besides chronicling the news, con- tained discussions of the principles of liberty, and some able contributed articles on the Liberty of the Press. Though England's great blind poet, in deathless prose, had written his grand essay, "Areopagitica," on the same theme, there was very little liberty of that kind in England or its possessions. In the American colonies there had not been much tendency on the part of newspapers to criticize the acts or shortcomings of those in authority. In the first place, the newspapers that had been permitted to establish themselves were, for the greater part, official gazettes, dependent in large measure on official favor and patronage ; and, in the second place, such comment was dangerous in the then existing status of the law of libel. Zenger's "Journal" had stated that judges had been arbitrarily displaced, and that without the consent or participation of the Legislature, new courts had been erected by which trials by jury were taken away when a governor so willed. That this was a true statement of Governor Cosby's acts was notorious, but Attorney General Bradley, of New York, procured an indict- ment against Zenger for libel. The trial came up before the very same court (headed by Chief Justice James De Lancey, member of the Governor's Council) the illegal construction of which had been attacked in the article. Attorneys Smith and Alexander, raising in Zenger's behalf the question of legal validity of the judges' commissions, were arbitrarily stricken from the roll of attorneys, and the court appointed a young attorney, named Chambers, to defend Zenger, and fixed a day for trial. Andrew Hamilton, informed of these proceedings, came from Philadel- phia, and was in court on the trial day. Known by reputation, but not personally, by members of the court, he waited until Bradley, following his opening statement, ofifered proof of publica- tion. Hamilton arose, introduced himself by name to the court, stated that he was interested in Zenger's case and that he would save the attorney-general the trouble of proving the printing and publication by admitting both. He then advanced the doctrine, novel at that time, that the truth of the facts alleged in the liljel could be set up as a defense, and that in this proceeding the jury were judges of both the law and the facts. His offer of evidence to prove the truth of Zenger's statements was rejected; but Hamilton, in a powerful address, appealed to the jury to §ay, from the evidence that they had met with in their daily lives, that the contents of the defendant's article were not false. The eloquence of Hamilton, the overwhelming justice of his logic, and the common knowledge of the high-handed way in which Governor Cosby had manipulated the courts of New York, brought a verdict of "not guilty" from the jury. THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 117 The Zenger verdict was the Magna Charta of the American press. Hamilton's work in securing it brought special delight to the people of New York and the Common Council of New- York ])assed a resolution thanking him for his services, and presenting him with the freedom of the city. The colonies generally hailed the event, for it established free discussion of the conduct of public affairs and the acts of public men. Gouverneur Morris, later, aptly referred to Andrew Hamilton as "the day-star of the American Revolution." As a citizen of Philadelphia, Andrew Hamilton's services were many and constructive. His counsel was sought and given in many emergencies, and his death was regarded is a personal loss by all those most interested in liberty and progress. When war with Spain was publicly proclaimed at the court house, on April 14, 1740, in the presence of the governor and council, the mayor and the corporation, there was great enthusiasm, made more boisterous if not more earnest by free distribution of liciuor to the popu- lace, by guns fired from Society Hill and from the ships in the harbor. Governor Thomas issued a proclamation asking for volunteers for an expedition for "attacking and plundering the most important part of the Spanish West Indies." The great inducement of quick riches was dwelt upon. Money. i)late. jewels, negroes, houses and plantations could be seized and possessed. S.AII.ING OF THE PENNSVI.V.-VNIA Fame, silver and gold lace and embroidery might be the volunteer's in place of homes])un and obscurity if he would only join this expedition and take the island of Cuba. Any young Quaker gentleman who wished to enlist could enlist with confidence that his name would not be revealed. But few came to enlist, so a special call was made, directed to the servant class — "Germans. Swedes and Swissers" would be welcomed. Seven companies, under Captains Archibald Gordon, Thomas Freame, William McKnight, Thomas Laurie, William Thinn, Robert Bishop and Thomas Clarke were raised, and after being reviewed by Governor Thomas, left in transports for the South, their expenses being paid by bills drawn on the Crown. The Assembly would appropriate no money for the support of the levies. The dispute was constant, for the governor insisted upon military appropriations which the Assembly refused. The Governor was attacked for the enlistment of servants, which was declared to be an unau- thorized and indefensible seizure of private property. It was, in fact, found that among the troops were three hundred servants of a value to their masters of £3000, and cases were after- 118 THE STORY OF FHILADELPHIA ward adjudicated by which i2356 3s Id was allowed and paid out by the provincial treasury for 188 servants taken out of Philadelphia City and County, 19 from Bucks County, 58 from Ches- ter County, and 11 from Lancaster County, or a total of 276. The failure of the Assembly to pass approjjriations brought a deadlock, the governor refusing to sign any bills passed by the Assembly, which retaliated by refusing to vote the governor's salary. This led to a dicker by which one thing was exchanged for another, and the tension was considerably eased. The year 1741 was made unhapj^y not only by war, but by business instability, due to cur- rency disarrangement, by severe winter weather, bringing distress among the poor and by an epidemic of yellow fever, or, as it was then called, "the Palatine fever." In the year before there had been 280 burials in Philadelphia. There were 785 in 1741, or an increase of 505. The reason for calling it "the Palatine fever" was ihe special prevalence of the disease among the recent immigrants from the Rhenish Palatinate. During the governorship of Colonel Thomas there was a great wave of religious revival. The foremost figure in this evangelists' campaign was George Whitefield, an Oxford graduate and comrade of the Wesleys. The power of his sonorous voice and its inflexions has become famous in the history of British eloquence. David Garrick declared that Whitefield could make an audience tremble or weep merely by the pathetic way in which he could say the word '"Meso- potamia." He first came to America in 1738, when only twenty-three years old. On his first visit the churches were open to him, Init he was too energetic and outspoken for the conven- tional church congregation, so a special structure was erected for his use, which was afterward known as the "New Building." Whitefield first preached in it in November, 1740. He had a power over multitudes such as has seldom, if ever, been equalled, and never excelled. He made seven visits to America, the last in 1769, when he died and was buried at Newburyport, Mass., and although his itinerary brought him to Philadelphia twenty or more times, and on one of his visits he lived for several months in the city, he always had a large and enthusiastic following. Of his success Franklin said that "it seemed as if all the world were growing religious. One could not walk through Philadelphia in the evening without hearing psalms sung in the difl:"er- ent families of any street." Whitefield's was not the only voice calling sinners to repentance in that era of revivalism. Native talent participated, among them the most prominent, sometimes accompanying Whitefield and at others following in his wake, was Gilbert Tennant, youngest son of Rev. William Ten- nant, a Presbyterian preacher, who came from Ireland in 1718 and opened a college in a log- house on the banks of Neshaminy Creek, in which he educated many young men for the Pres- byterian ministry. This college, or seminary, has been justly called the Cradle of Presbyterian- ism in America. Gilbert Tennant was a preacher of a doctrine so strong that he was widely known as "Hell-fire" Tennant. The staid and conservative Presbyterians of Philadelphia thought his preaching too radical, so that the followers of Gill)ert Tennant formed a congrega- tion of their own, which met in the "New Building." Thus, although the numbers of the Pres- byterians greatly increased under the ministry of Gilbert Tenftant, a division was made in the local Presbyterianism, which, as in the case of a similar division which had then recently been made in England and Scotland, became known as "New Lights" and "Old Lights." During his Philadelphia visitations Whitefield was closely associated, in work and sympathy, with these peo- ple of the "New Light." For, though he began as a Methodist of the original group, which included men of varied theological views, Whitefield had, by his emphasis on the Calvinistic view of the doctrines of predestination and election, drifted far apart from the Wesleys. who held the Arminian view of these doctrines, and laid great stress on "free grace, personal holiness and Christian perfection." There was, however, no break in the personal friendship of Whitefield and the Weslevs. THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 119 .Another great religious leader of the period was Count Zinzendorf, the famous Moravian evangelist, who, discarding his title, came to Philadelphia under the name of Lewis von Thurn- stein. It was his desire to itnite the German-speaking settlers of the country into one harmonius religious l)ody, for there were among these German people representatives of many shades of sectarian belief. Zinzendorf made a good beginning by ])ringing together a German Reformed con- gregation and a small Lutheran group, under his own pastorate. News of this amalgamation reached Halle, and the authorities there sent Henry Melchoir Muhlenberg to Philadelphia to reclaim the Lutherans to their allegiance. As the result of the efforts of these gifted men Count Zinzendorf built a church at the corner of Sassafras Street and Bread Street (later called Moravian Alley)^ for a Moravian congregation, and Muhlenberg gathered a new congregation which became the St. Michael's Lutheran Church. Contemporaneous with these religious activities were controversies about the ])articipation of Pennsylvania in Great Britain's wars. The second cruise of the privateer, the Cieorge, with a consort, the Joseph and Mary, in the West Indies, in 1742. brought a profit of £100,000 under the command of Captain Sibbald. Early in 1743 these vessels were sold and the Wilmington, a 300-ton vessel, was fitted up with a complete battery equipment, and a crew of one hundred and fifty, under Captain Sibbald. With the Wilmington went a schooner consort, commanded by Captain Dowell, and these two, cruising on the Spanish Main, captured many prizes. Another privateer, of fourteen guns, commanded by Captain Sears, was named, with grim humor, Le Trembleur ("The Quaker"), and also made its hunting ground the West Indies and the Spanish Main. A still larger ship, the Tartar, Captain Mackey, was fitted with thirty-six guns. It started down the Delaware with a full crew and many prominent citizens of Philadeljihia. but capsized, drowning many. In 1743 the Governor, starved into compromise, signed six of the bills that had been passed by the Assembly, which appropriated £1500 for his jjack pay. In 1744 the war situation became more serious, involving hostilities with France, as well as Spain. More privateers were put in commission — the Marlborough, Captain Christopher Clymer, 230 tons, 18 guns, 24 swivels ; Captain William Clymer, barcpie Cruiser, 200 tons, 14 guns, 14 swivels ; Captain .Vlexander Kattur, the Warren, 220 tons, .16 guns, 18 swivels ; another old sloop, George, resumed privateer- ing \v\i\\ Captain John Dougall in command. While these were successful ventures, coming back with rich prizes from the fat cargoes of the Spaniards, Philadelphia was a victim of French and Spanish privateers which hovered about the mouths of the Delaware and Chesapeake bays, and levied heavy tribute on cargoes from Philadelphia and Baltimore, and the Virginia ports. Serious as these depredations were, the governor could get no defensive aid from the Assembly. The City Council drew up a petition to the king, asking him to relieve the city, which the petition said, had fifteen hundred houses and thirteen thousand people, exposed to attack and kept undefended because of the religious scruples of its inhabitants. The exi)edition to Cape Breton, organized by Governor Shirley, of Massachusetts, found many advocates among the people of Philadelphia, but the Assembly of Pennsylvania absolutely refused to vote either money or supplies for it. But the news of the capture of Louisljourg by that expedition, in l74o, was received in the city with great rejoicing, bonfires, illuminations and toasts appreciative of Governor Shirley, General Pepperell and Admiral W^arren. The Assembly, still refusing to vote for men or munitions, agreed to a grant of £4000 to John Pole and John Mifffin, to be laid out for the purchase of "bread, meat, flour, wheat and other grain for the king's service." Franklin records that Governor Thomas gave a liberal inter- pretation to the "other grain" clause in this appropriation and bought "black grain" (gunpow- der) with a share of the money. After Louis])ourg there were numerous conflicts between the Philadelphia privateers and enemy vessels. Captain Dowell, in the New George, lost two of^cers and fifteen men dead and fifteen wounded in a fight with the Louis Joseph of St. Malo, France, 120 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA Seals of the City at Various Times THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 121 and withdrew after an hcjur of tightinj;', oil the capes at tlie month of Delaware l'.a_\. The Lonis |osei)h was taken, two weeks later, Ijy ('a])tain Kaitnr's Warren, her tender, the Old George, Captain Piednoir, of the French vessel falling in a hand-to-hand tight with cntlasses, at the hand of Captain Dougall, of the ( )ld Ceorge. Other conflicts occurred in which the Phila- delphia privateers gave a good account of themselves. The Assemhly offered to contrihute iSOOO to the government if it would he accepted in ])aper money. The governor was not favorable to paper currency, but finally consented. Four companies of volunteers for the army were raised, under command of Captains John Shannon, lohn Deimer, William Trent and Samuel Perry. Some troops also were raised in the city for General Dalziel's infantry regiment, raised for service in the West Indies, and some for Gover- nor Shirlev's Massachusetts infantry. All the recruiting in the city amounted to about five hun- dred men. An epidemic which raged through New England, New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania, was felt quite severely in Philadelphia. Dr. John Kearsley, leading physician of the city, diag- nosed it as angina niali(jnia or putrid sore throat. The description given of the disease identifies it as dii)htheria. Blood-letting and mercury comprised the treatment of the disease at that time, but a large proportion of the patients died. The privateers took many prizes during 1746. and were successful in their various lights with the enemy except the Cruiser, Captain William Clymer. which was captured by a force three times as large as his, oft' Havana. The enemy lost thirty killed and sixty wounded, but the crew of the Cruiser were confined on a prisonship wdiile Clymer was clapped into a dungeon in Havana and later sent to Spain. The other Captain Clymer (Chri.stopher ), in command of the Marl- borough, captured the French ship Judith, richly laden, recaptured a prize from another French ship and drove a Spanish privateer ashore on the coast of Porto Rico, then returned to Phila- delphia, sold the Marlborough, raised a company of infantry, and joined the army engaged in the conquest of Canada. Captain Kattur. in the Warren, took two French prizes, and Le Trem- l)leur found a rich ])rize in a Spanish schooner ballasted with "pieces of eight" and sdver l)ullion. The enemy was not without his successes. Some French pilots, bringing in prisoners for exchange, learned the navigation of the Delaware. On July 12, 1747, a sloop, bearing Brit- ish colors, ajjpeared oft' Cape May. The pilot who went out to her found himself a prisoner on a French sloop of ten guns, wdth a crew chiefly Spanish. The pilot-boat, with a crew from the privateer, went up to New Castle County, carried oft' four negroes from Listen's j)lantatioii and rifled the house, and then took the sloop Mary, of London, bound up with a valuable cargo. The sloop then departed southward with her prize, taking another prize before reaching St. Augustine. Neither Council nor Assemljly was in session when the news of this raid reached Philadel- phia. Excitement was high, but had measurably calmed down wdien the Assembly met. in August. By that time Governor Thomas, because of ill-health, had resigned and gone to bTig- land. leaving Anthony Palmer, president of the Council, as acting governor. He bent his ener- gies to the endeavor to secure measures for defense. The Quaker majority of the Assembly, m response to his demand, answered that the danger was past, and that Philadelphia was far U[> the i:)elaware. besides which their religious views would not permit them to build fortifica- tions or ships of war. The new Assembly, which met on October 15. 1747. was no more respon- sive to the demand for preparedness although, meanwhile, there had been three more raids by Franch privateers. There was much indignation over the neglect of the Assembly, which, wishing to shelve the question, adjourned "to meet May 16, 1748," an unprecedentedly long adjournment for a new Provincial Assembly. The popular discontent was made strongly vocal by the ]nil)lication of 122 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA "Plain Truth; or Serious Considerations of the Present State of the City of Philadelphia and Province of Pennsylvania, hy a Tradesman of Philadelphia." It was by Benjamin Franklin, and it marked the beginning of his career as the accredited spokesman of Pennsylvania on questions of public moment. He had already taken a place of importance in the citizenship of Philadel- l)hia, but this i)ami)hlet brought him forward as a popular champion speaking, as he said, for "the middling public." and attacking not only the Quakers who were responsible for the defense- less situation of the colony, but also the rich coterie of useless, inactive men who always opposed Quaker policies but had formulated no constructive measures. He said that "the middling peo- ple," for whom he spoke, included "sixty thousand fighting men, acquainted with firearms, many of them hunters and marksmen, hardy and bold." The effect of this pamphlet was electrical. What had been aimless disapproval and a merely murmured discontent became a defined program of virile action. There were pamphlets in large numbers, but there were also activities. Franklin headed a movement for an association for military purposes which, begun on Saturday, November 21. 1747, in Walton's school-room, was soon organized, articles ready for signing being displayed in the New Building, and in three days obtaining five hundred signatures. On November 26 the Common Council drafted a peti- tion to the proprietary government to send over cannon, arms, ammunition and equipment for a batterv. The Provincial Council, on the same day, met and approved the actions of the citizens, Anthony's House and the association which had been formed. A lottery was projected to raise the £3000 needed for a l)attery. and the Common Council bought two thousand of the tickets, lliere were 2842 prizes and 7158 Ijlanks. I'rizes won by the city were turned over to the association to swell the fund. The Quakers and non-com])atant Germans feebly tried to stem the tide of public approval of ijreparedness by publishing jionderous essays, ])ut the preparations for defense went on. The Associators. as they called themselves, went on with the work of organization according to wards and townships. Soon organizations were formed in companies, making uj) a regiment for the city and another for Philadelphia County. Of the city regiment Abraham Taylor was colonel; Thomas Lawrence, lieutenant-colonel, and Samuel McCall, major. (Jf the county regiment Edward Jones was chosen colonel; Thomas York, lieutenant-colonel, and Samuel Shaw, major. The organization was approved by President Palmer and the Council. I'HE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 123 rhc uKinagcrs of the lottery sent to iMigland for the l)attery; Governor Chnt(jn, of New York, on request, lent eighteen 18-pound cannon with carriages, which were sent overland from New York. A hattery l)uilding was erected on Antlujny Atwood wharf, under Society Hill, between Tine and Cedar Streets, near the foot of the present Loniljard Street, hut later a larger battery was placed below Swedes Church, on ground later used as a navy yard. This hattery, known as the Association Battery, mounted about hfly caimon. while the otlu-r, or City Battery, had an armament of thirteen guns. President Palmer had called the .Vssembly into sj^ecial session in January, 174S, to act on preparedness, but the majority still refused, and in the spring session his endeavor to persuade the Assembly to tit out an armed vessel at the expense of the province was evaded. News of the treaty of Aix la Chapelle arrived on August 24, 1748 (four months after it had l)een signed), and the .Associators laid down their arms. The priyateersmen became merchant seamen again. There had been no fighting for the volunteer soldiers without uniforms, but the Quaker non- resistant policy for Pennsylvania received its death blow on November 21, 1747, when Franklin's Association was organized. The non-resistants tried to revive their control at several times, but it was the genius of Franklin rather than that of Penn which shaped the destinies of Pennsyl- vania from that time on. The executive duties were taken out of the hands of President Anthony Palmer by the appointment of James Hamilton, son of Andrew Hamilton, as lieutenant-governor, by the pro- prietors, with the approval of the Crown. He was a well-known and well-liked Philadelphian, having lived in the city from the age of six. He was made prothonotary of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania when his father resigned that ofiice, w^as elected to the Provincial Assem- bly in 1734, when he was about twenty-four years old, and was five times re-elected; was mayor of Philadelphia for a year, from October, 1745. and on retiring from office departed from a custom that compelled the retiring mayor to entertain the corporation at a banquet. Instead of this, Alayor Hamilton gave £150 toward the erection of a public building. His exami)le was fol- loM-ed by succeeding mayors until, in 1775. the sum was devoted to the erection of a city hall and court house. He became a member of the Provincial Council in 1746. but was in London in 1748, when he was commissioned by the sons of William Penn as Lieutenant-( Governor of Pennsylvania. James Hamilton was personally popular. He had the confidence of the proprietors, and was approved generally by the people of Pennsylvania. His accession to the governorship was enthusiastically acclaimed, but it was not long before he found himself embroiled wUh the Assembly. That body wished to considerably expand the paper currency, but the proprietors had strong objections, and Hamilton was himself opposed to it, as were also many of the leadnig people of the city and province. Hamilton, himself, was as firmly against expansion of the paper circulation as the Assembly was for it. and none was issued while he was governor. It is said that at the beginning of his term, James Hamilton asked Franklin how he could avoid disagreement with the Assembly, and Frankiin answered that he could do it ])\- ayoidmg dis- cussion. When Hamilton replied to that that he enjoyed disputation, the philosopher assured lum that if that was the case he would doubtless find his appetite more than satisfied. And he did. ( )ne of the questions in which the governor became embroiled with the Assembly was that of prerogative, he claiming that the Assembly had no right to sit out of its time without the express authorization of the governor. This was a question which had been settled so thoroughly in the earlier years of the province that the Assembly overwhelmed the governor's argument, and he dropped it to revive it no more. In 1752 the calendar was changed from the Julian to the Gregorian system, as the result of an Act of the British Parliament, which enacted that after the last day of December, 1751, the year should cease to be counted as beginning on the 25th of March, but the first day of January 124 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA should l^e taken as the first day of the year of Our Lord, 1752. The rectification of the calendar was made by taking eleven days from it, calling the 3rd of September the 14th, so that month, in 1752, had only nineteen days. Tohn Penn, grandson of the founder of Pennsylvania, arrived in the ])rovince in December, 1752, and was a personal witness of one of the annual fights on the subject of a paper-money bill, between the governor and the Assembly. This and other disputes made Governor Hamilton grow weary of the place, and in 1754 he resigned the ofiice. Trouble with the Indians seemed imminent, and Mamilton, who was thoroughly familiar with tlie record of the Assembly on ques- tions of Provincial defense, did not care to enter upon a new field of controversy, feeling that at that juncture a new man would probably have a better chance of agreeing with the Assembly. He was succeeded by Robert Hunter Morris, Chief Justice of New Jersey, who was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of Pennsylvania, October 3, 1754, and served in the office until August 20, 1756. He came to his office in troublous times. The portents were ominous of French aggres- sion and of Lidian discontent. The French, entrenched in Canada and Louisiana, claimed all the territory drained by the Mississippi, Missouri and Ohio rivers and between Canada and Louisiana, thus pretending to confine the British to a narrow strip on the Atlantic seaboard. Britain expected the colonies to present a united front against this French claim and had called Hamilton to account for tlie inaction which the Quaker majority in the Assembly had imposed on Pennsylvania. Hamilton resigned in time to pass this question on to another governor. Meanwhile, another and greater Pennsylvanian had taken hold of the problem from another angle. Benjamin Franklin saw that the great danger to the colonies arose from the lack of solidarity. Every one of the colonies had its separate system of defence, and none was adequate. As for Pennsylvania it had practically no jjreparation beyond the small beginning made by the "Associators" in 1747-8. What was needed was union for common defence. In his paper, Franklin advocated this, and on May 9, 1754. pul^lished in his paper, the Pennsyhania Gazette, the pictttre of a serpent cut into se})arate parts, of which New England was the head and South Carolina the tail. Under the picture were the words: "Unite or Die!" later used with another significance, but in this instance meant as a condensed argument for military union of the colonies, in confederation against the French. Under his initiative a Council was called to meet at Albany. New York, to which he. John Penn ( son of Richard Penn of the proprietary ), Richards Peters, and Isaac Norris (then .Speaker of the Assembly ) were commissioned as representatives of Pennsylvania, there to meet representatives of the other colonies and of the Six Nations, to combine their forces and coun- cils against the French. The meeting was held ; the Six Nations, by gifts and diplomatic handling, were induced to agree to live at peace with the English, and as a result of the delibera- tions of the representatives of the colonies, Franklin's plan for colonial union was agreed to. The plan created a Grand Council, membership in which should be designated by the Assemblies of the several colonies, over whom there should be a President-General, appointed by the Crown. The plan involved too radical a change to suit any except the governors of the colonies. In England it was felt that it gave too much independence to the colonies, while the Assemblies were jealous of each other and thought it surrendered too much to their neighbors. It was an idea in advance of its time, and it failed of acceptance. (Jovernor Morris, soon after the Assembly met, notified it that two regiments were soon to come from Ireland for a campaign against the French, and it was expected that the American colonies would reinforce these troops, and that two thousand men was the quota assigned for Pennsylvania, and the Assembly was asked to make provision for victuals, supplies and transi)ort- ation of these troops to the front. But the Quaker element still dominated the Assembly and no appropriations were made. The question of more paper money, of place and privilege and the THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 125 laxation of the proprietary estates were discussed, and what liel]) General Braddock received he owed to jn-ivate initiative, in which Frankhn was the dominant personahty. But Braddock was no match for his opponents and news of his defeat, whicli reached L'hila- delphia July 23, 1755, set the country in a blaze. The participation of the Indians, who amlntshed the British troops, turned what Braddock had predicted would be an easy march into a disas- trous rout. The Scotch-Irish Presln-terians, who had s?one in droves to settle Western Tennsyk vania, and who had practically no representaLion in the Assembly, were furious over the neglect of the Quakers in the Assembly to make provision for safeguarding the frontier. Prejudice against the Catholic i)eo])le also crojiped out in many places. They were suspected of being in league with the French. 1 lere, fortunately, the religious tolerance of the Quakers wa~ exerted to protect the Catholics from injury. On the whole they succeeded, although the exiled .\cadians from Nova Scotia, who had been sent to Pennsylvania were not free from mistreat- ment. The resentment against the Assembly grew in intensity. Finally, an appropriation of mone\- was made "for the king's use," and a militia law was passed which provided that eight companie--, should be raised in city wards, three in Oxford township, two in the Northern Liberties, and one in Passyunk. The "Association" was given official recognition, but some of the meml)ers of the association decided to raise their own companies of cavalry, infantry, and artillery. In view of the widespread dissatisfaction with the results of their methods of dealing with the question of defence, many of the Quaker legislators felt that their position as a majority party was no longer tenable. Several of the most prominent of the members of the Assembly declined further service and were succeeded by men wlio professed another Christian faith. Quaker control of the Assembly passed, and with it the policy of non-resistance. Governor Morris had lost popular favor with the Quakers, because they could not agree with his warlike principles, while others blamed him for failing to bring the inharmonious ele- ments of the Assembly together on a plan for defence of the country. lie resigned .\ugust 20. 1756, and returned to his duties as Chief Justice of New Jersey. In 1757. through some mis- understanding, a new Chief Justice for New Jersey was appointed, but when it was referred to the Supreme Court of that colony, it was decided that Morris' conunission "conferred a freehold in the office, and nothing had been shown to divest him thereof." He, therefore, held the office until his death at Shrewsbury, N. J., January 27, 1764. His record in that office was that of a just and al)le jurist. c H A P E R E N PHILADELPHIA AND BENJAMIN FRANKLIN— THE ANTI-PROPRIETARY MOVEMENT Benjamin Franklin was and remains the most distinguished historical figure in the annals of Philadelphia. That distinction arises out of his personality, which was many-sided, but more out of his circumstances, which were unique. In certain of the aspects in which history lauds him he has been surpassed by other Philadelphians. As a scientist he was neither so learned nor so exact as James Logan, who was partly his contemporary ; nor as David Rittenhouse. whose prominence came later. Both Logan and Andrew Hamilton surpassed him in scholarship, and others, at various periods of Philadelphia's history, could be mentioned as his equal in many of the things wherein he shone. But it is just his versatility of talent and genius that made him the outstanding figure of his time. He was born January 11, 1706 (New Style), in a house on Milk Street, Boston, being the fifteenth child and youngest son of Josiah Frank- lin, a native of Eton, Northamptonshire, Eng- land, who was originally a dyer, but turned tallow-chandler after he came to America. Josiah Franklin's second wife was one of the seven daughters of Peter Folger, native of Norwich, England, who came to America, 1635, settling at Martha's Vineyard, and afterward was one of the first settlers of Nantucket Island. Franklin's father, who was a Nonconformist who came to New England seeking freedom of w^orship, and his grandfather, Folger, a land surveyor, student of Indian tongues (of which he became a valued interpreter) and a man of high repute, is mentioned by Cotton Mather as "a godly and learned Englishman." Peter Folger wrote a volume of devout poetry, entitled "A Looking-Glass for the Times, or the Former Spirit of New England Revived in This Generation," a plea for liberty of conscience and against persecution. Franklin was thus, by heredity, a devotee of the principles of liberty. He had a literary trend and was a precocious scholar who on being sent to grammar school reached the head of his class in a year; and his father's ambition was to have him enter the ministry (Nonconformist), but the burden of the large family made the elder Franklin feel that he could not afl:'ord to send the boy to college. So at the age of ten, after two years of schooling, his father put him to work in the factory, cutting wicks, filling moulds and other work connected with the making of candles and soap. This work proved very distasteful to the boy, and, as a consequence he was, in his thirteenth year, apprenticed to his half-brother, James, to learn the printing trade. The business was, at first, confined to job printing, but in 1721 James Franklin started the New England Courant. which was the fourth newspaper to be established in the British THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 27 colonies. IJenjaiiiin. who was an omnixorous reader, liad formed a great desire to become a writer. Boy-like, he began with doggerel verse, some of which his brother printed for sale on the street. This verse, more conspicuous for pifiuancy than piety, met the disapproval of the elder h^ranklin, wlio advised his son, if he desired literary distinction, to stick closely to serious prose. Benjamin agreed, and his writings for some time after that bore plain indica- tions of the influence which had been exerted ujion him l)y an odd volume of "The Spectator," whicli was the most treasured item in his meagre library. Mis brother James treated Benjamin none too well, therefore the boy having written an article which he wished to have published, slipj)ed it under the printing-office door. It was duly printed in the Courant, and was followed by several' others, introduced in a like anonymous manner, until these articles became the talk of the town. At this point Benjamin was willing to acknowledge their authorship, and after that was a regular contributor to the Courant. Editorial indiscretion brought trouble to James Franklin in 1722, and he was forbidden to l)ul)lish the Courant. After that the paper ap])eared with Benjamin Franklin's name as publisher. The brilliancy of its editorials brought increased circulation and favor to the Courant, but after a while there were articles which revealed flagrant departure from the pious standards of belief current in staid New England, and many complaints were made First Printing Press in Americ.\ against Benjamin Franklin as a "free-thinker" bent upon corrupting the morals and under- mining the faith of the youth of Massachusetts. This, added to the increasing antipathy of his brother James, determined Franklin to leave his brother's employ. This he did, making his way first to New York and later to Philadelphia, where he arrived in October, 1722. Andrew Bradford, son of William Bradford, who had been Philadelphia's first printer, but who had been for a long time "royal printer" in New York, came to Philadelphia and established as a printer in 1713. On December 22, 1719, he launched Philadelphia's first news- paper, "The American Weekly Mercury," "printed by Andrew Bradford and sold by him and John Copson." Samuel Keimer, who had learned the art of printing in London, came to Phila- delphia in 1722. He was an eccentric and fanatical person who on his first arrival put an advertisement in the Mercurv of his willingness to teach male negro slaves to read the 128 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA Scriptures "in a very uncommon, expeditious and delightful manner." without any cost to their masters. He had a square beard, like a Dunker. but belonged to a French fanatic sect known in Philadeli)hia as the "F"rench prophets,," one of whose tenets was the observance of Saturday as the Sabbath. He was an eccentric person whose affectation of learning was largely a pretense or a hallucination, but he reprinted several useful volumes. In 172(S Samuel Keimer set up as a newspaper editor in opposition to Andrew Bradford's Mercury. He called his l)aper the "Universal Instructor in All Arts and Sciences and Pennsylvania Gazette."' To live up to the ambitious first part of this title, Keimer started to republish Chambers' Dictionary as a continued story, beginning at the letter "A." Franklin, when he came to Philadelphia, in 1722, had visited William Bradford in New York, and received from him the advice to visit Andrew Bradford, his son, in Philadelphia, as Aquita Rose, Andrew's best workman, had just died. But when he reached Philadeljihia that |)lace had Ijeen filled, and it was several days before Franklin found employment with Samuel Keimer. He found steadv employment at his trade, being the most skillful ]jrinter in the city and doing work at various times with Bradford and at others with Keimer. Sir William Keith, then go\-ernor. heard of his ability as a printer, and ach'ised Franklin to set up in business for hiiusclf. Therefore b^ranklin went to Boston, in 1724. and appealed to his father for funds to start in jjusiness. l)ut the elder Franklin did not ha\e any great faith in his son's stability, and so declined to have anything to do with the proposition. Returning to Philadelphia he became greatly elated when Sir William Keith proposed to finance the enterprise himself, and arranged for Franklin to go to England to purchase the necessary printing plant. Franklin embarked, with Sir William's assurance that the funds for the jjurchase would, go forward on the same ship. But when the British channel was reached and the ship's mails examined no such enclosure or letter was found. Franklin, therefore, arrived in London, in December, 1724, unknown, and a \ictim of the utter unreliability of Sir William Keith. In London Franklin found employment, first at Palmer's Printing House, and later at Watt's Printing House. He also wrote a pamphlet of a freethinking quality which brought him some not very ])rofitable notoriety. His two years in London gave him a valuable training and ton- ing and he came back with his New England rusticity eliminated and a metropolitan polish to his attractive personality and keen intellect. When he returned, in 1726, it was with a Quaker luerchant named Denham, who had invited him to join him in a mercantile venture. He arrived in October, but Denham soon after- ward died, so that the mercantile enterprise was never started. Keimer, by an offer of high wages, induced P^ranklin to return to his employ, and though they constantly quarrelled, this connection continued until 1728, when with Hugh Meredith, a fellow-workman, he established a new printing house. Meredith's father financing the enterprise. It had been the intention of Franklin to go into the publication of a newspaper in opposition to the Mercury, but Keimer forestalled him by launching the Gazette with the long name, in 1728. The failure of this paper to make its way compelled Keimer to give it uj). and in September. 1729. it went to Franklin at a low^ price. Meredith did not care to go into the newspaper busi- ness, and Franklin, securing from two friends the necessary financial aid, bought out the Mere- dith interest, dissolving the partnership in 1730. 'J4ie Pennsylvania (iazette was the shortened name of the paper under Franklin, starting September 25, 1729, and it became, in his hands, an engine of personal and political power. A keen observer, Franklin had gained a comprehen- sive knowledge of English political conditions, and a strong grasp of current problems in England and the colonies. He became the leader of progressive thought in Pennsylvania. He published "Poor Richard's Alm'anac," full of a homely philosophy, which earned it popular favor in its own day, and has long held a permanent place in American literature. He was the pioneer in many THE STORY OP PHILADELPHIA 129 thint^s for the gucxl of Philadelphia and I'cntis_\l\ ania at lari^c. lie organized a society which he called The Junto, which was a secret organization of niulual friendliness, and also a debating society in regard to current questions, political, social, scientific and literary which, founded in 1728, became, in 1744, the American Philosoplu\-al Society, whicli has ])een in acti\e existence ever since. in business I-'ranklin thrived by great industry. Besides his newspaper and his almanac, l)oth of which thrived and were popular, he did much printing for ])ublic and ])ri\ate orders, and conducted a successful ])ookstore. His first public office was in 1736. when he ])ecame clerk of the Assembly. While there is no question as tD the patriotism of b^-anl^lin, he had an appre- ciative eye to the emoluments of office, and although he had l)ecome a man (jf means, he expresses in his correspondence his satisfaction at recei\ing this office, which not only added to his income directlw but also ga\e him. as he says, "a l)etter op])ortunity of keeping up an interest Clark's Inn, Oppositk State Housk, 1745 among tlie members, whicli secured me the business of j)rinting the xotes, laws. ])a])er money, and other occasional jobs for the public. That, on the whole, was very profitable.'' So also, in 1737. when the Postmaster (ieneral. Colonel Alexander Spottswood. of X'irginia. removed Andrew^ Bradford, projjrietor of the Mercury, from ahe post of de])uty i)ostmaster general at Philadel- ]jhia, and gave it to branklin, he was fully ap])r(ciative of the fact that though the salary was small, "it facilitated the correspondence that improved my news|)a])er, increased the number demanded, as well as the advertisements to be inserted, so that it came to afi'ord me a consid- erable income." Franklin said that when Bradford was deimty postmaster general he had refused to deli\cr the (lazette to subscribers. But after the o(i\cQ changed hands, Franklin pursued a more gen- 130 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA erous policy, so that both the Gazette and Mercury were deHxcrcd by the post-riders. Brad- ford died in 1742. but the Mercury, although its circulation and prestige had considerably dwindled, was published by other owners until it died, in 1746. Meanwhile William Bradford, a nephew of Andrew, wIto had succeeded to the Bradford printing business, had started the Pennsyhania Journal, which he conducted with al)ility. Franklin, in 1748, took David Hall as a partner in the })rinting business and turned over to him the active management of the enterprise. Franklin put his time almost wholly into the pubHc service and philosophical studies. The Journal, under William Bradford's management, soon became the more popular and influential paper. Franklin had always taken a good citizen's interest in i)uljlic atTairs. He was a strong advocate of popular education and a greater area for literary culture. In 1741 he began the pul)lication of The General Magazine, the first literary periodical, but after six months of insufficient patronage, discontinued it. In 1744 he Ijcgan the advocacy of an academy for Phila- delj)hia, and tried tcj jiersuade Rev. Richard Peters, Secretary of the Province, to undertake its inaitguration, but he had other plans, and Franklin held off from any specific move until he pub- lished, in 1749, his "Proposals Relating to the Education of Youth in Pennsylvania," as a result of which a Board of Tntstees for the proposed academy was selected, the members of which included Benjamin Franklin, James Logan, Francis Hopkinson, Richard Peters. Jacob Duche, and Philip Syng, besides others. Franklin, who was president, carried the weight of the enter- prise, securing the support of men of influence, and also obtaining premises for the Academy in the New^ Building, which Franklin had been the main factor in erecting for Rev. George Whiteheld. When the organization had been sufficiently adv'anced. Franklin tried to seciu^e Rev. Samuel Johnson to take charge of it, but he had l)een engaged to organize King's (which later became Columbia) College in New York. So Rev. William Smith was called to the work of organizing the Pennsylvania Academy. One of the most notable things accomplished by Franklin at this period was the "prepared- ness campaign." which he inaugurated in 1744, when just after the war with Spain l)egan it became apparent that France also would soon take arms against the British. The Quaker influence was still against any military preparation. Franklin wrote a pamphlet, "Plain Truth," which called puljlic attention to the great dangers that threatened the province and the immediate need of organization for defense. The pamphlet, translated into (4erman, stirred the young men of that race las much as those of British origin, and, in fact, the Germans organized the first company of the Associators, as the militia came to be called, of which an account has been pre- viously given. Franklin's work during this period completely overturned the non-resistance policy which had, up to that time, controlled the province, and secured results which every gov- ernor, from the first one, had vainly striven to accomplish. The Junto, the literary society of which mention has before been made as having l)een the forerunner of the American Philosophical Society, was also the founder of the Philadelphia Lil)rary, characterized by Franklin as "the mother of all the North American su])Scription lil)rar- ies." James Logan took a great interest in it, selecting most of the books bought for it in Eng- land. Shortly before his death he erected a building on Sixth and Walnut Streets, in which he jjlaced many of his own books, opening it as a puljlic reading room. This was, in accord- ance with his desire, turned over Ijy his heirs to the city, which named it the Loganian Library. In 1792 it was merged in the Philadelphia Librarv. to which it brought 3953 volumes of well selected classical literature. Benjamin Franklin was also a leading s])irit in the movement first projected l)y Dr. Thomas Bond, which resulted in the founding of the Pennsylvania Hospital, the first to be established in the city. Previous to that, such operations as had been performed had been at the almshouse. THE STORY OF PI llLADELPIIIA 131 The liosi)ilal \\a^ charlc'rc'd in 1751, and a Board of Trustees was elected on July 1 of that year. The Assembly agreed to appropriate £2000 for the hospital, as soon as a like amount should l)e secured liv private suliscription. being induced to this action by the offer of Ors. Thomas and Thineas Bond and Dr. Lloyd Zachary to attend the ])atients without pay for three years. When the institution opened, February 10, 1752, in rented premises, not only these three, but also Drs. Thomas Cadwalader, TlTonias ( Iraeme, John Redman and I'reston Moore joined the hospital staff and gave free service and free medicines to the patients of the hosjiital. The managers bought a site on Pine Street for i500 in 1755, extending from I^ighth to Ninth Street, and soon after the I'eiins presented the remainder of that Ijlock, comprising the square now occupied In' the Iniildings. Tlie cornerstone of the first hns])ital l)uilding was laid, with ap[)ropriate cere- monies, and the patients were removed to it in December, 17o6. There was no regular census in those days, but \arious com])Utations sutficiently prove the fact that the city had steadily grown. A petition drawn up in 1744, asking the king to furnish forts and batteries for the city's protection descrii)ed I'hiladelphia as having 1500 homes and 13,000 people. A more carefully prepared com|)utation in 1740, including the city from \'ine Street south to South Street, and the suburbs immediately adjoining on the north .and south, gave the number of dwellers' houses as 2076. Wicaco, on the south, had grown so substantially that in 1762 it was erected into the district of Southwark, disregarding its old Indian name. Of Pennsylvania at large Provost Smith, of Pennsylvania College reported in luigland in 1755 that it contained 220.000 inhabitants. His division of it was one-third Germans, two-fifths Quakers, more than one-fifth Presbyterians and a few Baptists. Franklin in estimating it later, divided the population into three equal parts of Germans, Quakers and Scotch-Irish. From early youth Franklin was, in a desultory way, a student of scientific subjects, espe- cially in the realm of physics. In 1742 he invented the open-stove, for the better warming of rooms, the well-known "Franklin" stove still in use in rural places. In 1752, by simple experi- ments with a kite, he made one of the most important scientific discoveries of the Eighteenth Centurv. l)y these experiments proving that lightning is a discharge of electricity. This discov- ery secured him. in 1753, the Copley medal of the Royal Society, and made him an international figure. It has been narrated how Franklin became clerk of the Assembly, and afterward, in addi- tion to that oftice, deputy postmaster-general of the colonies for Pennsylvania. In 1750. hav- ing secured a partner, upon whom he could load the active work of his printing and publishing business, he felt that he could devote more attention to his scientific research and to public affairs, in which he had already taken a deep interest. He had been elected to the Common Council on October 4, 174S, qualified on November IK, and was appointed on the committee to prepare an address of welcome to Governor James Hamilton. At the outset of his ser\ice he brought up the subject of a reform in the night-watch, and was made one of a committee to draw up a petition to the Assembly for a remedy. He secured .appropriations for the new Academy building and for the support of teachers. He was elected Alderman October 1, 1751. with John Mifflin, and did important committee work in that capacity. He was appointed justice of the peace for P'hiladelphia County (the record, curiously enough, sjjelling his name Benjamin "Franklyn") by the Council on June 30. 1740, and was again commissioned in Ma\', 1752, and served two terms as a judge of Common Pleas. He was elected, in 1750, as a burgess to represent Philadel])hia County in the Assembly and was re-elected, serving for ten successive years, his son taking his place as clerk of that body. In his autobiograj)hy. Franklin enumerates these successive elections with much elation, saying that he was specially gratified by his change of position in the Assembly from one who could only listen to the debates to one who could take a part in them, and to a i)lace that would 132 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA increase his power of doing good. "I would not. however," he continues, "insinuate that my ambition was not flattered by all these promotions; it certainly was, for, considering my low beginning, they were great things to me." His career in the Assembly was one of great influ- ence, and he became Speaker toward the end of his terms. During his first term as member of the Assemljly he and Isaac Norris. the Speaker, were sent to Carlisle as Commissioners to treat with the Indians. In 1733 he was. conjointly with William Hunter, appointed postmaster-general of America. In 1754 he attended the Ceneral Colonial Convention, at Albany, and proposed his "Plan of Union" for the colonies, which was adopted. On his return he found Governor Morris embroiled with the Assembly, and he entered into leadership of the fight against the projjrietary government. His "IMan of Union" was designed to i)lace all the colonies under one government, so far as might be necessary for defense and for other important general purposes. This plan was inimical to proprietary gov- ernment and also, from b:ighteenth Century standards was not conducive to very great acquies- cence in the rule of a Motherland beyond seas which would deny self-rule to such a union. But The Willing House the day of the revolutionary idea had not yet arrived. The i)lan of Franklin conceived a first approach to some such home-rule and imperial connection as makes Canada a free democracy and at the same time a component and influential part of the British lunpire. As to proprietary government. iM-anklin saw how utterly inimical to the ])rogress of Pennsylvania was such a form of family rule, with proprietors at ease in luigland, drawing a large income from the province and at the same time refusing to pay taxes on their waste lands. The ability of his leadershi]) of this opposition to the proprietary, caused Franklin to l)e appointed, m 17?3, to visit England and lay the matter before the crown authorities, a commission which he later suc- cessfully accomplished. Meanwhile the Indian troubles had come alumt and the struggle between the Quaker party and their o])ponents over measures for defense Ijecanie intensified after Braddock's defeat. That event had given the Indians an emphasized idea of their power to cojjc with the colonies. That defensive measures were needed was so evident that there was great activity in the organ- izing forces and ])reparing defensive armaments. Covernor Morris personally su])erintended the THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 133 (.Ti'ction f)f forts and l)lock houses on the fronliiM-, and Franklin, in the winter went into the J.ehi.yh \aHey. where tlie Inchans liad l)tn-ned the Aloraxian villafi;-e of ( Inadenhutten. and there superintended the erection of defensive forts. After that expedition. JM-ankhn returned to the city wliere he was elected colonel of the city regiment. The regiment was organized and thoroughly drilled, and in March. 1736, paraded through the city and made an impressive display of military training and e(|uipment. In the summer of 1756 war was declared hetween France and iMigland, the i)roclamation of the news in Philadelphia Ijeing made, with appropriate -eremony, on August 12. lught days later a new governor of . Pennsylvania arrived, in the person of Colonel \\'illiam Denny. Ciovernor Morris was very unpopular, and, therefore, (iovernor D^nny recei\-ed a Nociferous reception, although he was not known to the people, so that the rejoicing was more for the end of the old than the love of the new. Yet. as it turned out. Denny was to hecome more obnoxious to the jjopulacc than Morris. He was more subservient to the will of the proprietors than his predecessor. He found a quick road to unpopularity soon after his arrival l)y threatening to billet the king's troo])s in private houses. This threw the poptilation into a turmoil. Init it subsided considerablv when empty buildings were found to accommodate the soldiers and other makeshifts were titil- ized until the Ijarracks. in the Northern Liberties, were completed, in 17.^7. F'ranklin started on his mission to England in 1757. and there he began his successful career by pleading the cause of the colonists against the proprietors, insisting that the latter should i)ay their share of the taxes due on property and otherwise meet such demands as were levied on other propertyholders. He also i)resented the view of the majority of the inhabi- tants that they would prefer that the crown should resume its ownershij), there being a pro- vision in the original charter to William Penn that this could be done by payment of a certain >uiu to the ])ro|)rietors. So far as the complaints against the proprietors Franklin achieved a victory, the pro])rie- tors being informed that they must meet just burdens of ownership, and when he returned, in 1762. he received the formal thanks of the As^emjjly. While in England Franklin recei\ed great honors for his discoveries and writings and the LL. D. degree was conferred upon him. Jwnoris causa by the Uni\ersities of ( )xford and lulin- ])urgh. XA'hen he went to iMigland in 1757 George II was king; but while he was there, toward the close of 1760. the king died, and his son. (ieorge HI. reigned in his stead. In Philadel- phia the accession of the new king was celebrated with great festivities and loval displav on January 21. 1761. The war in America had be^n ended l)y the victories at Ticonderoga. of Wolfe at Ouebec. in 1759, and the submission of Canada and ca])ture of Montreal ])v Lord Am- herst in 1760. The year 1759 had been one of continuous triumph for British arms. The war went on for several years, but 1759 was the turning point, and the Peace of Paris, made in 1.764, was a teriuination to the Seven Years' War whicli brought the British the masterv of the ocean which they have ever since held. In Philadelphia, meanwhile, British troops had made the city their head(piarters. the 62nd Highlanders under Colonel Alontgomery, and the 17th F'^oot under I'rigadier-General John Forbes. Forbes died in Idiiladelphia in March, 1759, and was buried in Christ Church, with a military funeral of more elaborate ceremony than had ever before been seen in Philadel])hia. A great cele])ration followed the news of the fall of Quebec, and soon after the peo])Ie of Phila- delphia were rejoiced by the appointment of James Idaiuilton. former governor, to another term to succeed the unpopular (iovernor Denny. d'he conflicts on American soil between th - British and French had scarcely ended when there was a general outbreak of Indians on the frontier of civilization in F'ennsylvania. They committed many outrages against the Scotch and Irish settlers of that region, who, with Celtic 134 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA vigor set out to avenge them with equal cruehy. The settlers of the townships of Donegal and Paxtang banded themselves in an avenging organization which became popularly known as "the Paxton Boys" to kill, indiscriminately, every Indian they could find. The Moravians had sent missionaries to Christianize the Indians, and had been more successful than any other sect in that direction. Some of these Christian Indians were living in a village in Conestoga. The "Paxton Boys" raided the village while most of the men were absent, and killed many of the Indians. Those who fled w'ere taken to Lancaster jail for official protection, but the mob broke open the jail and massacred several more of these Indians. In November, 1763, Bernhard Adam Grube, Moravian missionary, brought 127 of these Indians to Philadelphia. Many of the people of Philadeli)hia were at first very hostile in demeanor toward the Indians and their missionary, who were taken first to the barracks and later to the pest-house on Province Island. The "Paxton Boys" were reported as threatening to march to Philadelphia and attack the Indians there, and this threat created a diversion of opinion among the English element in Phila- delphia in behalf of the Indians. In January, 1764, the news that a mob was being organized in the West for a descent upon the city caused the Indians to petition the governor to send them to England, with their pastors. The governor then was "Young John" Penn, son of Richard and grandson of the Founder, who had resided in the province for some time, preparing him- self, by first-hand acquaintance with the situation, for the work of provincial adnfinistration. He determined to send them to New York and from there to Albany, and started them under guard of a company of Highlanders, but when the Indians and their guard reached Amboy it was found that New York declined to receive them, so that they were compelled to return to Philadelphia and were housed in the barracks in the Northern Liberties under nfilitary guard. Rumor suc- ceeded rumor and finally definite word came that the "Paxton Boys" were on the way. When thev came there were only about two hundred of them, all Scotch-Irish frontiersmen with fringed hunting shirts, moccasins and other frontier habiliments, raccoon caps, and the like. A commit- tee went out to them and heard their grievances, and there was tense excitement, the citizens generally, including many Quakers, having armed themselves for defense. But the Lancaster men headed their horses West, and in a few days the town was quiet again and the Indians were not disturbed by their frontier foes, but the small-pox broke out among them, and fifty of them were buried in the potter's field, now Washington Square. The campaign against the Indians on the frontier was pushed with vigor, the British troops driving as far as Detroit. To partly appease the "Paxton Boys" and the frontiersmen gener- ally a schedule of bounties for scalps was promulgated ofi:"ering pieces-of-eight (Spanish dol- lars) to the number of 134 for every male Indian above ten years of age. 50 pieces-of-eight for every female above that age; 150 and 130 pieces would be respectively paid for males and females who were brought in as prisoners. When Franklin returned in 1762 he found the issue of the proprietary government still an active one. with a sharp division of the people on the question, though so far as numbers were concerned those opposed were in the minority. He had been annually elected to the Assembly during his absence in England, and therefore was a member when he returned. The basis of representation in the Assembly was not based equally on population, and so in 1764 Franklin was defeated for the Assembly on the anti-proprietary issue, though soon after he was again selected to go abroad and to endeavor to have the Crown resume the government of the Prov- ince. He found that there was no great inclination at the court for that proposition, but it soon occurred that the attitude of the government of George III toward the colonies generally was raising questions of greater importance than that involved in the anti-proprietary issue. Measures for the taxation of the colonies were brewing in London. George HI, who had hated his father, had regarded as a weakness what he deemed to be his father's subserviency to^ THE STORY OF PlflLADELPHIA 135 I'itt. His nioiher had constantly admonished hint that when he should become king he should be king indeed. So "George, be king," became the ruling motto of his stubborn little mind. The hrst of his political efforts was to dri\e Pitt, popular idol, from ])ower, and t(j lind a premier who would be a mere agent of the king's will. JJrielly the situation cannot be more correctly ej)itomized than in this extract from Green : "The royal revenue was employed to buy seats and vcHes. Day Ijv day the young sovereign "scrutinized the voting list of the two houses, and distributed rewards and punishments as mem- "bers voted for or against his will. Promotion in the civil service, preferment in the Church, "rank in thv army, was reserved for 'the king's friends.' 1'ensions and court j)laces were used Building of the Frigate Piiiladei.phi.^ "to influence debates. Bribery was employed on a scale never before known. Under Bute's "ministry an office was opened at the Treasury for the ])urchase of meml)ers, and £25.000 are "said to have been paid in a single day." After the war with France and Spain, increasing the public debt to the then unprecedented total of i 140,000,000, it began to l)e said that as this was partly incurred in defense of America, a share of the burden should be borne by the colonies. Bute's secretary, Jenkinson, who was afterward created the first Lord Liverpool, devised the plan which was afterward crystal- lized in the Stamp Act of March 22, 1765, introduced during the ministry of Lord Grenville, who had succeeded Bute as premier. It prescribed (1) that stamped paper be used for legal and official documents, diplomas and certificates; (2) that stamps be placed on playing cards, dice, books (excepting those used in the schools), newspapers, pamphlets, calendars, almanacs, and various other articles; and (3) that jury trials be denied to offenders at the dis- cretion of the authorized prosecuting officers. 'Jliis act, which was to become effective Novem- ber 1, 1765, was entitled "An Act for Granting and Supplying Certain Stamp Duties and Other Duties, in the British Colonies and Plantations of America, Towards Further Defraying the 136 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA l^xpenses of Defendiiii;, I'rotcctiny; and Scciiriiii^ tlie Same." A notaljle feature of the discus- sion of the bill before its ])assase was the speech of the gallant Colonel Isaac Barre, a member of the Parliament, who had Ijeen a lieutenant-colonel with Wolfe in Canada and was wounded at Quebec in 1759. In lauding the Americans he incidentally referred to them as "Sons of Lib- ertv." a name lliat bt'came historic. News of the i)assage of the act and of the apjiointment of John Hughes, member of the Assembly and partisan of Franklin, as distributor of stam])s was announced in Philadelphia on Mav 30. 1765. (Ireat resentment was manifested, and Franklin's enemies circulated the report that he had asked for the ])Osition of distributor for himself. It is true that he had recommended TTughes. No concerted action was taken. It was known that the Stamp Act had passed by a ministerial Note against strong opposition, and they looked for a new ministry which would force its re|)eal. On a Sunday in September news came that the Grenville ministry had gone out of office and a new ministry, headed by the Marquis of Rockingham, had been formed. Taking this as a practical guarantee of the immediate repeal oi the obnoxious Stamp Act, great elation was exhibited and on the next day the bells were rung all day, loyal toasts were pledged, and at night l)onfires testified to the jov of the people. There was also resentment against those suspected of svm])athv with the unpoi)uIar act, an eftigy of John Hughes was erected and burned and a mob surrounded his house, threatening violence. Hughes, in alarm, wrote to Governor Penn under date of Se])tember 17, and to John Dickinson, ( )ctober 3, that he had received no notice of his ap])ointment. no stam])S, bond, or anything connected with the matter. When, a few days later the stamps arrived at New Castle, he was afraid to take possession of them. On October 5, when he was ill in bed. a crowd, following muffled drums while muffled church bells were ringing, sur- rounded his house, a son of Chief Justice Allen being leader. A committee composed of Rob- ert Morris, Charles Thomson, Archibald McCall, John Cox, William Richards, and William Bradford, waited on Hughes and received his written pledge not to attemj^t to perform the func- tions of his new office. As in Philadel])hia. so elsewhere in the colonies, the Stamp Act aroused the people to white heat. In X'irginia, in Massachusetts, New York, and all the iM"ovinces resolutions against the Act were passed as an unwarranted invasion of their liberties as British subjects to be taxed onl\- bv their own consent. A Stamp Act Congress, with rej)resentatives from the various col- onies, including John Dickinson, "the penman of the Revolution," from Philadelphia, met in New ^'ork, ( )ctober 7 to 2S. and adojjted a "Declaration of Rights and Cirievances," an able document variously ascril)ed to John Cruger, of New York, and John Dickinson as author, a bold and thoughtful declaration. This Congress has been characterized by Green, the historian, as "the beginning of the American Union." Other action was the signing of Non-Importation Agreements pledging the merchants and traders of the cities to import no goods from Great Britain until the Stamp Act should be repealed, that in Philadeljjhia being signed by practically all the business men and leading citizens of the ])lace. including many who later became Tories. An anonymous address to "Friends and Countrymen." doubtless the work of John Dickinson, created a great impression, and was a bold and fervid appeal. Organizations of "Sons of Lib- erty" and "Daughters of Liberty" were formed. West Indian newspapers which arrived with the hated stamps affixed were ])ublicly burned, and the excitement against stamps continued until news arrived, by the brig Minerva, May 20, 1766, that the Stamp Act had been repealed. Great was the rejoicing. Captain Wise, ski])])er of the Minerva, was taken to the Coffee House, treated to punch out of a golden bowl, and was jM-esented with a gold-braided cocked hat. The populace made merry at night, being regaled with free beer in unlimited quantities and free wood to keep up bonfires. Pitt was the idol of the hour and a supply of medals with the portrait of the Great Commoner was soon exhausted by a great demand. THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 137 Lo\-alt)' was superwann following Uil- reijcal of ihr Slanip Act. and June 4, l)irlhday of (ieorge 111 was enthusiastically celebrated. Importation (jf goods from England was resumed. The Court and the Province were at peace for the time Ijcing. lUit the Court was plotting fur- ther mischief. The Stamp .\ct folly was to be followed by others. The Stamp Act agitation was the prologue to the great drama of Revolution which was soon to follow. Woodlands — Residence of 'phe H.amiltons CHAPTER ELEVEN FROM THE TROUBLE ABOUT TEA TO THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE So little wisdom resided in the Tory party in England that its leaders seemed to be unable to learn anything from the Stamp Act fight. Its result should have been to impress upon the government the firm intent of the Americans to resist taxation in any form which they had no hand in making. Charles Townsend, in May, 1767, introduced in Parliament his bill which passed on June 29, levying duties in the colonies on paper, glass, painters' colors, lead, and tea. When news of this came, the Selectmen of Boston asked the Corporation of Philadelphia to co-operate with them in a policy of non-importation, which had been agreed upon in a public meeting held in Boston on October 28. The answer was an expression of mild sympathy, but committed Philadel])hia to no action. Not only was this act a source of great resentment, but there were many other causes of irritation pre- sented in the laws of England pertaining to Colonial commerce and industry. The trend of the entire policy was restrictive of nmnufactures of anything which could be imported from England. That country was glad to import pig and bar iron from America, but prohibited the setting up of steel furnaces, forges and slitting mills. It was not only a burdensome enact- ment, but a foolish one, because there were only four or five steel furnaces in England, and the product of these furnaces was so small that the British demand was supplied from Germany. Yet America, with un- limited supplies of iron ore, was required to pay freight on this raw material, and at the same time was expected to procure all its nails, hoes, stovepipes and other manufactures of iron and steel exclusively from England. Export trade in hats, the carrying of native wool and woolen goods from one colony with another, commerce with foreign countries other than via England, as well as other equally galling restrictions on trade were continual causes of friction in the colonies, though many of these restrictions were constantly violated. It is said that the restrictive statute against the building of any more foundries, slitting- mills, tilt-hammer forges, or steel foundries was the result of a visit of a Pennsylvania store- keeper to England to buy goods. In one of the wholesale houses he visited he said, on being informed of the price of nails : "Why. I can buy better nails for less money from John Taylor, of Sarum, Pennsylvania." "lohn Taylor's nails" became the rallying-cry of the ]:)rotectionists in Parliament, where the question was brought up. Lord Chatham declared that he "would not allow the colonists to make even a hobnail for themselves." Iliese various restrictions were changed from time to time, but there were always enough of them to keep the colonists irritated. Townsend's new tax law set the colonies wild again, lohn Dickinson. Quaker by blood, was the most ardent advocate of resistance to English The Liberty Bell THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 139 imposts and restrictions, and lie l)ei;an, in the Chronicle, the puhlicalion (jf "Letters of a Farmer of Pennsylvania to the lnhal)itants of the British Colonies." copies of which were widely distrib- uted and had immediate effect u})on public opinion. Me became one of the most ])opular men in America, received a \()te of thanks from the Koslon town-meeting', was elected an honorar\- member of the Society of Fort St. David's, Philadelphia, with the freedom of its guild in a box made of heart of oak, lettered in gold. Meetings of protest and non-importation were held in the citv. A carg'o of malt came, consigned to Amos Strettel, who denied any knowledge of it. The brewers of the city met and declined to buy or brew it, and other cargoes that cann were also sent back, so that il was soon recognized as dangerous to attempt to violate the non- importation agreement, .\nother instance of this feeling was the treatment in Philadelphia of an informer who had lodged charges of smuggling against indi\iduals. lie was caught, ducked. })illoried. tarred, feathered and then paraded through the streets. Though great \igi lance was exercised to de- tect, ])re\ent and punish violations of the non- importation agreement, there were some who tried to e\ade it, though those who were caught were denounced as pubhc enemies. The brig Speedwell, which arrived in August. 1769, was laden with dry goods, bought on small orders in F.ngland and forwarded before the non-impor- tation agreement. Under these circumstances it was decided not to send the goods back, but to store them for safekee}Mng until the despised law should be repealed. A man who was caught buying cheese of the mate of the Speedwell was waited upon l)\- the Committee of Merchants, whose strong re])rol)ation of the act influenced him to give the cheese to the poor debtors in jail and to give them $2 to buy bread to eat with it. ( )ther purchasers of cheese from that mate were made to add beer to the cheese and' bread in order lo sa\e their names from publication. With the rise of prices came a greater tend- ency to violate the non-importation agreement. Part of the agreement had to do with the mainte- nance of prices, but it was inevitable that under the embargo conditions there would be forestall- ers who would get for their goods all the traffic would bear. A commodity in general consumption which reached a degree of scarcity generally regarded as calamitous. Those who held stocks of tea combined and ran the price up from three shillings and three pence to five shillings ])er pound. This advance was freely denounced and threats were made to pillory the conspirators in the jiublic press. The dry goods dealers, who were hard hit by the efifects of the non-imi)ortation agreement, were under suspicion of wav- ering in their allegiance to it, but they indignantly denied it. In Fngland. commerce was badly demoralized by the ])ractical suspension of trade brought about l)y the non-im])ortation program and gradually changes were made so that all of the obnoxious duties were taken otT except that on tea, left for the express purpose of maintaining the right of Parliament to tax the colonies. This narrowed the issue so that the colonies were able to concentrate their attacks. But for a considera1)le time the effort was continued to compel the signers of the non-importation George W.^shingion 140 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA agreements to continue them in force until the tea tax. last of the imposts, was repealed. New- ])ort. Rhode Island, and New York decided to recede from all non-importation agreements except that relating to tea. There W'as an indignation meeting at the State House in Philadel- phia at which this conduct of New York was denounced as "sordid and selfish." Furthermore, a resolution of non-intercourse with New York was adopted, and a resolution made to buy no goods from that city except "alkaline salt, skins, furs, flax and hemp." But by the autumn \i had begun to be realized that further adherence to the non-importation agreement as to goods no longer taxed was an ineffectual policy, and would, in fact, be surrendering to New York and other centers a trade of great value to Philadelphia. There was, therefore, a change of policy which resulted in the eft'ective concertration of colonial attack on the importation of tea. Before the special colonial tax on tea h::d been imposed, as well as afterward, all tea had been handled by the East India Company, which shipped it from the country of its ori- gin to England, where it paid duty. The threepenny duty imposed on colonial importations was additional to this. In the American colonies the people decided to use no tea until this tax was taken oft'. When, in 1773, the East India Conii)any found its entire tea trade paralyzed it thought to allay the opposition by a new expedient, and secured the passage through Parliament of an act authorizing the company to export teas to America free of the duty charged by the home government. Then they let it be known in the colonies that tea would be sold them at a price lower than in England. This was resented very bitterly as an attempt to bribe the colonies into a position which would yield on their firm princijjle of non-submission to taxation without representation. It roused the people to firmer resolve and many ])u])lic meetings were held and strong associations and combinations were formed to prevent the landing and sale of tea, car- goes of which were known to be on the way. In the various ports "commissioners" had been appointed to handle the tea. in the same manner that distributors had been appointed to dis- pense stamps, and the new office Ijecame as unpopular as the former one. Pamphleteering and handbills formed a potent weapon of public opinion at this period. Some of the handbills were signed "^lle Committee for Tarring and Feathering." It was known that the shi]) consigned with tea to Philadelphia was The Polly. On Christmas Day an express came in, bringing news of the arrival of the vessel at Chester. Gilbert Barclay, who was one of the consignees of the tea. had come aboard the vessel from Eondon. He came from Chester in advance (jf the ship, was waited upon Ijy the committee and when informed of the local situation immediately resigned as tea commissioner. Committees were appointed, one to go to Gloucester Point and another to visit Chester to intercept The Polly and reason with Ca])- tain .\vres. The comnnttee that went to Chester found he had gone, but the other came up with him. He agreed not to unload the tea when he learned of the state of pul)lic feeling, and also the news of the "Boston Tea Party," which had ocurred on December 16. of which Paul Revere had just brought the news. A meeting was held at the State House on Monday, Decem- l)er 27. at which the following resolutions were adopted : "Resolved. 1. That the tea on board the ship I'olly. Captain Ayres, shall not be landed. "2. That Captain Ayres shall neither enter nor report his vessel at the Custom House. "3. That Captain Ayres shall carry back the tea immediately. "4. That Caj)tain Ayres shall immediately send a pilot on board his vessel, with orders to take charge of her and to proceed to Reedy Island next highwater. "5. That the ca])tain shall be allowed to stay in town till tomorrow, to provide necessaries for his voyage. "6. That he shall then be obliged to leave town and proceed to his vessel, and make the liest of his wav out of our river and bav. ' Tim STORY OT' I'lllLAIlELPTUA 111 "7. Thai a coniniittee of four gentlemen be api:)ointed to see tliese resol\e> carried into execution." The meeting-, which eight thousand people attended, was earnest and orderl)'. it lilled the Stale House yard and adjoining streets and was hy far the largest assemhlv the city had seen up to that lime. C'aj)taiu .\yres ])ledged himself to complete obedience to the resolutions. The shi]). with a pilot on board, weighed anchor within two hours after the meeting and went down the ri\cr. Xext day the captain and Culbert Barclay were escorted by a great multitude to the .\rch .Street Wharf, and were cheered lustily as they embarked on a ])ilot boat to join the shi]i at Reedy Island, which rt'lurued with cargo untouched, though it contained consignments of merchandise other than tea, including a chariot, which had been liought in b'.ugland by Thomas Wharton, one of the tea commissiduers. and a bell for the ( lermautown Union Schoolhouse. The Dkparture of thk PoLr.v Goxernor John I'eun received from the Earl of Dartmouth, who had succeeded Lord Hills- borough as Secretary of State for the colonies in 1772. a rebuke for what he termed "the insult that has been offered to this kingdom l)y the inhabitants of Philadelphia." But Dartmouth, who had for some time carried on a corresj)(jndence with Joseph \\i:Q(\, of Pbiladt'lphia. had been quite fully apprised of the state of popular feeling, and when Governor I'enn, apologizing and explaining, rejilied to Lord Dartmouth the Government excused him. But while the demon- stration of the grim determination of the American people not to submit was emi)hatic, the whole Government — King, Privy Council and Parliament — was blind to the signs of the times, and the portents which the general dissatisfaction of Americans emphasized. As a measure of reprisal 142 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA for the "Boston Tea Party'' the Parhanient passed an act to close the port of Boston and to transfer its trade and custom house to Salem. Paul Revere was sent from Boston, May 13, 1774, to secure the backing of Philadelphia in protest against this arbitrary action. A meet- ing was held on May 20 at the City Tavern, on Second Street, above Walnut Street, at which a committee was organized, composed of John Dickinson, William Smith, Edward Penington, Joseph Fox, John Nixon, John Maxwell Nesbitt, Samuel Howell, Thomas Mifflin, Joseph Reed, Thomas Wharton, Jr., Benjamin Marshall, Joseph Moulder, Thomas Barclay, George Clymer, Charles Thomson, Jeremiah Warder, Jr., John Cox, John Gibson, and Thomas Pen- rose. This was given atithority to act for the people, to call public meetings and to correspond with the other colonies. A sul)-conimittee next day gave Paul Revere a letter to take back to Boston. The letter, which was written by Provost Smith, strongly supported the views of the Boston Committee on taxation and the cause of American liberty, but recommended "prudence and moderation." The House in which Washington Resided while he was President, on High, NOW Market, Street. Robert Morris's Home Stands at the Right, at the Corner of Sixth Street The people of I'hiladelphia were more fervid in the partisanship than was the committee, for the Boston Port Bill was a defiance of American rights which solidified the populace against Tory arrogance. Governor John Penn was requested to call the Assembly to act in sympathy with other colonies against this action in London, but he was too prudent to thus flaunt his authority in the face of the Home Government. He therefore refused to call the Assembly for that purpose, but a few days later did call the Assembly to deal with the subject of Indian raids on the border. ( )n June 1, 1774, the day appointed for the closing of the Port of Boston, most of the busi- ness places in Philadelphia were closed. The craft in the river carried their flags at half mast. Most of the churches were open, and special sermons were preached. Christ Church was closed, l)ut some enterprising patriot managed to get into the steeple and toll the Ijell. A meet- ing of citizens was called for June 15, and arranged a mass meeting for the 18th. When this larger meeting came together it was declared to Ije its view that the Boston Port Bill was THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA unconstitutional, tliat it was necessary to call a Continental C'onj^Tcss. A committee of corre- s])on(lence for Philadelphia City and Coimty was a])])ointt'd to sound the opinion of the i)CO])le as to the appointment of delegates to a general congress and to raise a suhscri])tion for the relief of suiterers in Boston. This committee numhered fortN'-fiNc of l'hiladel])hia's most ])rominent UK'U. and meeting on July \?[\\ formulated the decisions of the con\-ention asserting colonial rights, condemning the action of the English Parliament, favoring a Colonial Congress to take united action, and pledging the co-operation of Pennsyhania with the other colonies. The Pro- vincial Assemhly, which had already l)een called to deal with Indian affairs, was requested to appoint de])Uties to the Congress. The Assemhly. meeting on July 21, took up the propositions of the conxention. approved them, and appointed Joseph Calloway (Speaker of the Assemhly), Saiuutl Rhoads, 'Jdiomas Mifflin. Charles llumphreys. (icorge Russ and lulward Piddle as depu- ties of Pennsyhania to Congress. Franklin, in Pondon, had as representative not only of Pennsylvania, hut also of Massachu- setts, adxdcated the {)0{)ular cause hefore the British hoards and councils, lie had gone to Eng- land as the representative of that cause hefore the Stamp Act trouhle. lie tried hard to induce the Government against the passage of that act. hut he failed in his estimate of the degree of the resentment it would invoke, for after the act was passed he had counseled the liheral lead- ers in Pennsylvania to suhmit to the act, and he had himself proposed the names of John Hughes and William Eranklin as Stamp collectors, and they were commissioned on the strength of his suggestion. j AMien Franklin was sent to England as agent of Pennsylvania he was looked- upon as a self-seeker and a good deal of a demagogue hy the wealthier and more cultured citizens, hut he held the complete confidence of the masses. 1liat confidence had been badly shaken hy his willingness to condone the Stamp Act, and many harsh things were said of him by the press and puljlic. He continued, however, to act as agent for Pennsylvania and also for Massachusetts and (Georgia, and presented the frequent remonstrances that came from the colonies in connec- tion with successive encroachments upon American rights and liberties. In the tea controversy his w^as the most potent voice in behalf of the colonial contention in London, and as representative of Massachusetts he was the vigorous advocate of the plea of that colony for the removal of Governor Thomas Hutchinson and Andrew Oliver, his brother- in-law. who was lieutenant-governor of Massachusetts. These ofticials had. dujing the Stamp Act and "Tea-party" period, been in regular correspondence with Thomas W'hately. who had been private secretary to Lord Grenville. In this correspondence Hutchinson dei)lore(l the weak- ness of the royal government in Massachusetts, and the need for a strong military force to uphold it ; condemned the conduct of Samuel Adams and the other popular leaders as seditious, and complained of the turbulence of the population of Boston. He held it was not possible for a colony separated by three thousand miles of ocean to enjoy all the liberties of the mother country without severing its connection with her. He declared his opinion that Massachusetts nuist submit to "an abridgment of what are called English liberties." ( )liver. in addition t^ similar views of colonial policy in general, made the specific recommendation that judges and other crown officers should have fixed salaries assigned them by the crown, so that they should 1)6 independent of popular favor. Thomas Whately died in June. 1772, and all his papers went into the hands of his l)rother, William Whately, who was his executor. William had not yet .opened or looked over the ])ackage of letters from Plutchinson and Oliver to his brother when, in December. 1772, it was found that they had been purloined. How. or in what manner the correspondence reached the hands of Franklin will probably never be known, but he received them in some way and, as Lord North's government was trying to have the salaries of colonial judges fixed and paid hy the crown, as suggested hy Oliver, 144 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA instead of by the Provincial Assembly, he felt it his duty to let the poi)ular leaders, who were then greatly wrought up over that very question of Crown-controlled judges, see the source of the suggestion. He therefore sent the letters to America for the private perusal of the patriotic leaders, desiring that they be kept confidential. In Boston the importance of these letters so impressed the popular leaders that they decided to publish them in a jjamphlet as a proof of treachery to the province of Massachusetts on the part of its executors. The publication caused a great sensation on both sides of the Atlantic. William Whately charged a Mr. 'J\nni)le with the theft, and a duel was fought in which Whately was wounded. When this came to the knowledge of Franklin he published a card exonerating others that had l)een mentioned and taking the blame upon himself. Franklin's boldness made him the target for the assaults of the Court party. His influence was great, for he had gained a conspicuous place as scientist and man of letters, and had made some valuable acquaintances among ])ublic men of liberal political views. The Court cabal sought to destroy his influence and ])rought him before the Privy Council on January 29, 1774. Wedderburn, a Scotch advocate, then holding the oftice of solicitor-general, whose reputation for coarse bru- tality had been established in many cases, was chosen as the instrument of this destruction. Wedderburn subjected Franklin to a grilling examination which was insulting in the highest degree, and made a speech of great bitterness, which Franklin listened to, apparently unmoved. Severe as the ordeal was, Franklin bore it with dignity and brave courage, and aljated not one jot his zeal for the colonial cause. When news of the insults to its greatest citizen came, Phila- delphia was in a condition of patriotic fervor which made it quite ready to put Franklin on a pedestal. All ranks of the ])eo})le resented the scurrilous treatment that had l)een accorded Franklin, who became an object of veneration to the |)atriots in all the colonies. In Philadelphia, on May 3, 1774, a public demonstration was held in which effigies of Governor Hutchinson and Wedderburn were drawn through the streets on a cart and afterward l)urned. The first Continental Congress met in Carpenter's Hall, Philadelphia, on September 4, 1774. Delegates were present from eleven jjrovinces. Peyton Randolph, of Virginia, was chosen president, and Charles Hiomson, of Philadelphia, was selected as .secretary. It was a most dis- tinguished gathering, with such men as George Washington, Patrick Henry, Peyton Randolph. Richard Henry Tee, Samuel Adams, John Adams, John Jay, Pendleton, Gadsden, Rutledge, Hopkins, Duane, Ward Sullivan, Gushing Bland, John Dickinson, and others. It was harmoni- ous and much of one mind except that (ialloway and Duane were active in endeavors to obstruct or delay the proceedings, lint nothing was hurried or precipitate. The Congress did its work and did it well, remaining in session for two months. It made the last aj^peals to (ireat Britain before taking the crucial steji of indejjendence, ado}jting a solemn declaration of colonial rights, a memorial to the people of Great Britain, and another to King George HI. It declared the sympathy and invoked the aid of the people of all the colonies for the people of Massachusetts. It declared against any importations and formed an association to pre\ent them, and when it had finished its business, adjourned. Hie proceedings of the Congress had the entire approval of the ])eople all over the colo- nies. The Pennsylvania Assembly passed unanimous approval of the Congress and its proceed- ings, re-elected its delegates to serve in the next Congress, except that John Martin was selected in place of Samuel Rhoads, who had been elected Mayor of Philadelphia, and Joseph Galloway was permitted to withdraw from the delegation. Franklin returned from England in May, 1775, and was at once elected a delegate, and Thomas Willing and James Wilson were also added to the delegation. A new committee was chosen in Philadelph ia to take the place of the old Committee of Correspondence, and to take charge of the business of regulating importations and promoting THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 145 home industries. The committee consisted of lOS citizens, of whom Ol represented the citv, 4 Southwark, 2 Kensington, and 41 the county of l'hiladeli)hi;i. Six suh-committees of inspec- tion and ol)servation were formed, and one committee kept in session each day at the Coffee House to watch the arrival of vessels and inspect tlieir cargoes in accordance with the rules of the Association which had keen organized hy Congress. The goods arriving had to l)e sold in parcels, none less than £o nor more than £15 in \alne. .Salt or coal arriving from (ireat Brit- ain was to be sold at i)uklic sale Ijy cargo or less at the o])tion of the consignee, under direction of the Committee. Importers had the option, mider inspection, to send hack their goods, to store them, or to sell them in accordance with the terms of the Association. Citizens were advised not to buy or use mutton or lamb jjetween January 1 and May, 1775. and no ewe lamb until October 1. The sixty-one l)utchers, almost all ( ierman, agreed unanimously not to kill the animals mentioned Washington's Carriage within the time specified, and signed a written pledge to that effect. The restrictions on imports led to the founding of numerous important manufactures : glass works at Kensington by John Elliott & Co. ; American carpets, by William Cal verly in Loxley's Court; spermeceti works, at Arch and Sixth Streets ; American porter was brew^ed by Hare ; and American playing cards were made by Edward Ryves, in Pine Street, near Third Street. Smuggling was smiled upon by Philadelphians. King's officers who had seized several hogs- heads of sugar which had not paid the duty, were beaten off by a mob, and the sugar distributed. A ship, the Isabella, American, bringing a contraband cargo from Dunkirk, France, was boarded by Francis Welsh, tide-waiter. The pilot left the vessel, and the captain paid no attention to the commands of Welsh. He went ashore to get a warrant from the justice at Chester ; he asked the sheriff to help him and received a promise, but no performance. He went back to the Isabella to try and manage the matter for himself, but the captain steered his vessel off down to the bay, put Welsh ashore at Cape May, and sailed away. Welsh complained to the gover- nor and Council, but they admitted themselves powerless. The delegates of Pennsylvania to the new Congress, meeting in convention, approved the act of the Isabella's captain, as they approved every act of open resistance to the burdensome imposts' of the Tory Parliament, and 146 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA pledged themselves as favoring every other measure of resistance until the obnoxious laws should be repealed. Not all the colonial voices were, however, proponents of resistance. The Society of Friends, in solemn meeting, ordered an epistle to be sent to "their friends and brethren," to incite them to remembrance of the religious principles of Friends, "which teach us not to contend for any- thing at all, even for liberty." They deplored the fact that the excitement of the day had car- ried away some Friends, who had joined associations, made pledges and engaged in public affairs which led them in paths that Friends should not tread, and recommended that they should be "brought back and admonished, and dealt with in affection and brotherly love." But not all Friends sympathized with this attitude and some, of whom Samuel Wetherill was a conspicuous example, helped by quiet contributions to the cause, though not openly abandon- ing their principle of non-resistance and by that act rendering themselves liable alternately to be conscripted into the provincial or the royal armies. Washington s Camp Chest In the evening of April 24, 1775. an express rider brought a dispatch which had been relayed from place to place, bringing news dated Watertown, April 19th, announcing that Gen- eral Gage's men had marched out of Boston the night before, crossed to Cambridge, had fired on and killed the militia at Lexington, destroyed the store at Concord, and were now in retreat, hotly pursued. Many had been killed on both sides and the country was rising. Only a few heard the news that night, but the next morning it spread throughout the city. By the after- noon 8000 people had assembled at the State House, and although the gathering was spon- taneous the Committee of Correspondence took charge of it. A resolution was passed, with no dissent, by which it was resolved that the participants would "associate together to defend with arms their property, liberty and lives against all attempts to deprive them of it." Action fol- lowed. Two troops of light horse, two companies of riflemen, and two companies of artillery, with brass and iron field-pieces, were promptly formed, drilled daily, and turned out to parade on May 10, in honor of the Congress and John Hancock. By June 2000 men were under arms and were review by General Washington on June 20, and the cavalry troop escorted him next day when he set out for Boston, accompanying him across New Jersey. THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 147 By this time civil government in Pennsylvania and riiiladelphia was practically defunct. It was nominally under a royal government, which knew its impotence and dared not attempt to enforce its laws. The Governor and Council continued lo meet until December, but could do nothing except audit accounts, appoint civil ofticers and do other routine work. The municipal government was equally ineffective. Congress was in session, but interfered not at all in local affairs, except by consent. The Committee of Correspondence, which had been selected by acclamation, was the only body that carried any real authority, and even this was self-assumed. I'ut it was effective, as its demands were cheerfully obeyed. The committee was large and unwieldy, -and its organization was loose, so that it made blunders very frequently. But it was recognized as a representative body, that had the j)ublic interests at heart. Into this breach came Benjamin Franklin, who arrived in Philadelphia from England on the evening of May 5th. He received a welcome as sincere as it was uproarious. The Assembly elected him a delegate to the Continental Congress as its first business on the day following his Washington's Library and House Chairs arrival. He knew, from experience, the purblind obstinacy of the Tory government. He had a full appreciation of the measure of the peril to the province of the British power from with- out and the lords' proprietary within. He saw the impossibility of the government of the city and province continuing in its existing situation, so he set his practical mind to work and from it evolved the Committee of Safety. First he procured the act of the Assembly superseding the Committee of Correspondence and creating in its place a Committee of Safety with the largest executive powers. The committee was composed of John Dickinson, George Gray, Henry Wyn- koop, Anthony Wayne, Benjamin Bartholomew. George Ross. Michael Swope, John Montgom- ery, Edward Biddle, William Edmunds, Bernhard Dougherty, Samuel Hunter, William Thomp- son, Thomas Willing, Benjamin Franklin, Daniel Roberdeau, John Cadwalader, Andrew Allen, Owen Biddle, Francis Johnston, Richard Reilley. Samuel Morris, Jr., Robert Morris, Thomas Wharton, Jr., and Robert White. The Committee of Safety met July 3, and Benjamin Frank- lin was unanimously chosen president and William Govett, clerk. It organized on a plan of high efficiency; met daily at 6 o'clock in the morning of every week-day (in order not to con- flict with the meetings of the Continental Congress), and took entire charge of municipal and 148 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA provincial affairs. First of all the Committee of Safety ratified and confirmed all that had been done by the Committee of Correspondence and thus made legal what at first had been an exer- cise of arbitrary though necessary power, self-assumed to meet an emergency. One of the first acts of the Committee of Safety was to issue bills of credit to the amount of £35,000, to be used to pay the drafts of the Committee of Safety. The next important duty was the purchase of arms and ammunition, the creation of defenses, the enlisting of manufac- turing establishments in public service, besides the management of the public business in city and ])rovince. The building of a fleet of gunljoats was also an important duty well executed ])y this Committee of Safety. The committee dealt with cases of those who spoke or worked against the patriot cause, those whose offense was hostile speech being made to recant in public. Major Skene, who had come from England to take command of Ticonderoga and Crown Point and to raise a regi- ment of "Loyal Americans" to fight for the British Crown, came to Philadelphia and hoped to do some recruiting unnoticed by the Committee of Safety. But he was discovered, made pris- oner, and afterward exchanged. In fact the Committee of Safety was so et^cient and indus- trious that Congress commended this governmental product of Franklin's brain to all the colo- nies for imitation. _ ; The majority of the Quakers were loyalists and their Yearly Meeting, on January 20, 1776. issued its "Ancient Testimony," signed by John Pemberton, in which members of the Society were counselled to keep their allegiance to the king and unite firmly "against every design of independence." Work pushed upon the fortifications on the Delaware and in the equipment of a fleet at Philadelphia received a test on May 8, 1776. Two warships, the frigate Roebuck, 48. the Liver- pool, sloop-of-war, 28, and their tenders were engaged by the American gunboat flotilla, the Montgomerv, the Hornet, the Continental ship Reprisal and the battery Arnold. The engage- ment resulted in driving out the British ships, though not much damage was done because of the poor-quality of ammunition that had been supplied to the patriot vessels, but during the engagement the Wasp, Continental schooner, which had been chased into harbor at Wilmington, came out and captured an English brig belonging to the squadron. The American loss was one killed and one wounded, while the British lost one killed and five wounded. Following this the Committee of Safety organized a system of privateers and letters of marque, with the consent of Congress, and created a Court of Admiralty. The privateers were very successful in their forays on the British merchant marine, and brought back with them some valuable ships and cargoes caught in transit between Great Britain and the West Indies. An especially opportune prize was that brought in by the privateer Franklin, which had cap- tured a British storeship, having on board seventy-five tons of gunpowder and 1000 stand of arms. On the other hand the Roebuck and Liverpool, British warships, hovering about the Delaware Capes, made many captures of American vessels and chased others ashore. Two new battalions were added to the forces of the Associators, the Fourth, commanded by Colonel Thomas McKean, and the Fifth, headed by Colonel Timothy Matlack. News came of the arrival of the British General Clinton in New York, and a draft was made on the Associators for men under marching orders. The men were, for the most part, eager for active service, and four battalions were raised and organized from Pennsylvania for Continental service in January, 1776, and of these John Shee, of Philadelphia, Anthony Wayne, of Chester. Arthur St. Clair, of Westmoreland, and Robert Magaw were elected colonels; Lam- bert Cadwalader and William Allen (of Philadelphia). Francis Johnson and Joseph Penrose, lieutenant colonels. THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 149 Military events occiii)ied the attention of i'hiladelphia almost exclusively in the Spring of 1776. and on May 27 the troops then in the city were reviewed on the commons hy Generals Washino^ton. Lee and Mifflin, aliout two thousand five hundred iniiladeljjhia troops— foot, light horse, and artillery — heing in line, besides two Continental battalions. In 1776 patriot opmion was in a state of uncertainty. Idiere was one mind as against the treatment which Great Britain had accorded to American rights, but the question of independence, and of overthrow- ing pro])rietary govermnent found varying sentiments. Some Whigs, while truly patriotic, still had hopes that reform might be accomplished and justice procured without severance of the ties which, had bound the colonists to the kingdom. But in January, 1776. Thomas Paine published his Ijook, "Common Sense." Because of his later attacks on religion the service which Paine ga\e to the cause of independence by this earlier The " F1.VING Machine " on its Way to New York in 1776 book is not now appreciated. It was effective as a trumpet call and clinched pulilic sentiment in faAor of a complete separation from Britain and from all monarchy. Paine was in the emj)lov of Robert Bell, bookseller, in Third Street, Philadelphia, at the time he wrote "Common Sense." The book stirred patriot enthusiasm through the colonies, and accelerated the Congressional de- sire for independence. It did not start the agitation for independence. John .\dams had been outspoken for it in 1774, at which time, as he has attested, his radical views l)rought upon him distrust and aversion. "It soon became rumored," he writes, "that John Adams was for indepen- dence ; the Quakers and Proi)rietary gentlemen took the alarm, represented me as the worst of men; the true-blue-sons of Liberty pitied me: all put me under a kind of Coventry. I was avoided like a man afflicted with the leprosy. I walked the streets of Philadel])hia in solitude, borne down I)y the weight of care and unpopularity. fUit every ship for the ensuing year brought us fresh proof of the truth of my ])ro])hecies, and one after another l)ecame con\inced of the necessity of independence." But though Adams thus carl\-. and Patrick Ilenrv e\en earlier, talked of independence, the feeling or at least its expression, was in favor of keeping up the union with Great Britain, if that should prove to be possible. Eveil Jeiterson and ( leneral Charles Lee. committed to any extreme, even independence, unless the British Parliament should reliiK|uish its ]:)retended right to legislate for the colonies, were strongly in hope that the relief would come about without the severance of the tie that bound the colonies to the iuother country. Locall\- the (luestion of the I'roprietary (ioNcrnment and control of the Assembly was for the time of special interest, and there was an election in the city that was hotly contested for four members of the Assembly on April 19, 1776. The Whigs nominated George Clymer. 150 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA Frederick Kuhl, Owen Biddle and David Roberdeau, and the Tories and Moderates nominated Samuel Howell, x\ndrevv Allen, Alexander Wilcox and Thomas Willing. Howell, Allen and \\'ilcox were elected and George Clymer was the only one of the four on the Whig ticket who won, beating Thomas Willing by twelve votes. Christopher Marshall's diary characterized the result as a combination of "Quakers, pa])ists. Church, Allen family and all the proprietary party" that won the election. Library and Surgeon's Hall, Fifth Street, between Chestnut AND Walnut Streets This triumjih of the Proprietary party greatly intensified the feeling against proprietary gov- ernment. I'he Assembly refused to rescind or alter its instructions to delegates in Congress, made November 9, 1775, to oppose or reject any j^roposition for separation or any change in government. The popular party refused to accept the defeat in the election for members of Assembly as settling the form of government in Pennsylvania. The total vote was less than two thousand, so restrictive was the franchise under the Proprietary charter. The Committee of Inspection organized all the elements of opposition to the Proprietary form of government and started oft' by recommending to the "Justices of His Majesty King (ieorge the Third's Court of Quarter Sessions and Common Pleas" to exercise no more authority until a new government was formed. ' Congress took up the matter, and on May 10. 1776, adoj^jted a resolution "That it be recommended to the respective assemblies and convention of the United Colonies, where no government sufficient to the exigencies of their aft'airs has hitherto been established, to adopt such government as shall in the opinion of the majority of the people best conduce to the hap- piness and safety of their constituency in particular and of America in general." Following this action, the Tories and Moderates contended that the Assembly should take up the matter of such modifications as it should deem advisable, Init a mass meeting was called for May 20, at 9 o'clock in the morning. Although it met in tlie rain, 4000 people gathered and listened to the THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 151 speakers. Colonel Thonias !McKean made an esiK'ciall\' fer\cni pica for a convention, declar- ing that the Assenil)ly was to he trusted no longer. It was resolved to call a conference, to meet in Carpenter's Hall on June IS. That conference, presided oxer by Colonel McKean, resolved on a convention to meet on July 15, the election of delegates to be conducted hy the Associators. Following the conference was a dinner at the Indian Oueen. in Fourth Street, at which were patriotic toasts to Liberty in general, and General W'asliington, the Continental Congress, and "the free and independent States of America" in particular. In the Congress on June 7, Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia, pursuant to instruction he had just received from his colony, oiYered a resolution, which John .\dams, of Massachusetts, seconded, as follows : "Resolved, That these united colonies are, and of right, ought to l)e free and independent states; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown, and tliat all political connection between them and the State of Great P)ritain is. and ought to be, totally dissolved." Discussion on this and some other resolutions looking to foreign alliances was deferred until the next day, when it was found that many of the memljers who were favorable to the resolution feared to act because they were hampered by old instructions. It was, therefore, decided to postpone final action on the resolution for independence until July 1, a committee being appointed to prepare a declaration to be made by Congress in case it should decide favor- ably upon the resolution which had been introduced by Richard Henry Lee. This committee was composed of Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia ; John Adams, of Massachusetts ; Benjamin Franklin, of Pennsylvania; Roger Sherman, of Connecticut, and Robert R. Livingston, of New York. Meanwhile the colonies which had failed to give their delegates authority or which had actually restrained them, in specific terms, to agree to a separation, became actively in ferment over the question. In Philadelphia, where the Congress was in session, the discussion was espe- cially acute. The Proprietary government had the backing of the Quakers, or the great majority of them. Those who favored the declaration were almost solidly against the Proprietary govern- ment and the old charter. Charles Thomson was about the only exception. There were also Moderates, like Morris and Dickinson, who favored independence, but desired to i)Ostpone it. The Assembly, on June 14, after nuich hesitation, and much pressure from those who hoped to save it. rescinded its instructions to the delegates in Congress, made November 9, 1775, and in place adopted ne\v instructions, authorizing the delegates, in view^ of certain acts (specified in the instructions) of the king, ministry and parliament, "to concur with other delegates in Con- gress in forming such further compacts with the United Colonies, concluding such treaties with foreign kingdoms and states, and in adopting such other measures as, upon a view of all the circumstances, shall be judged necessary for promoting the lil)erty, safety, and interests of America." There were various other instructions but in them the word "independence" was carefully omitted, and the word "reconciliation" was emphasized. The Conference of Pennsyl- vania, meeting on June 24, adopted a declaration, with a strong preamble, which said: "We, the deputies of the people, assembled in full Provincial Conference, do, in this public manner, in behalf of ourselves, and with the approbation, authority and consent of our constituents, unani- mously declare our willingness to concur in a \-ote of the Congress declaring the United Colo- nies free and independent states." Pennsylvania was only one of the states which had been hesitating over the question of independence but which swung into line between the date of Richard Henry Lee's resolution and that of the adoption of independence. Meanwhile the committee had been busy in the prepa- ration of the Declaration of Independence. Jefferson wrote the famous document. How well he did his work is shown by the fact that although his draft of the Declaration was submitted to 152 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA his companions and carefully gone over by John Adams and Benjamin Franklin, only two or three small changes, and these merely verbal, were made by these two. It was ad.jpted by the full committee, without further change, on June 28. and re])orted to Congress the same day. read and laid on the table. On julv 1. the matter of Lee's resolution was taken up and Congress went into committee of the whole house to consider it. It was adopted on July 2. and the matter of the Declaration was taken up and discussed on that day and the next, and on Thursday. July 4, the Declaration of Independence was adopted. Independence itself had been adopted two days before, in the passage of Lee's resolution, but the date of the vote on Jefferson's great Declaration has been chosen as the day when the United Colonies became The United States of America. The Declaration was ordered to Ije published on the next day. July 5. It was printed on broadsides, and copies sent to the Assemblies of the various States. The superscription of the copies as printed was: "Signed bv order of Congress. John Hancock, president: Charles Thomson. Secretary." The' i)opular idea that the members, at the date of its adoption, signed the original docu- ment is entirely fiction. It is probable that not one of them signed it on that day, and it is sure that it was signed by some months after, the signatures including some that were not members of Congress until some considerable time after its adoption. As for the Pennsylvania delegation which had membership in Congress on July 2 and 4, 1776. only five of the ten were ])resent. lulward Biddle was ill and soon afterward died. Rob- ert Morris and Thomas Willing believed a declaration would l^e premature. 14iey and James and lulward Willing were absent, as was Andrew Allen, who withdrew from the Congress and Ijecame an open advocate of the Crown. Of the five left, Benjamin Franklin, John Morton (who had l)een speaker of the Pennsylvania Assembly) and James Wilson voted for the P)eclara- tion. while Dickinson and Humphreys voted against it. So that Inde])endencc on the formal vote of julv 4 carried Pennsylvania Ijy a bare majority of one. CHAPTER W E L V E PHILADELPHIA DURING THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR; EROM THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE TO THE BRITISH EVACUATION 'Pile cdiucniion called to adojit a Ccmstitulion fur I '(■niis\l\aiiia met. as jjlanned, on July 13. 177^1. and organized. lla\in<;- been elected on July S. it considered itself the representatives of the people's will. While its ftniction was to adopt a Constitntion, it had in mind the sugo^es- tion of (,'on^ress that a new j^on crnment should he formed. First of all. after formal ors:^aniza- tion. with lienjaniin h^'ank- lin as President of the Con- \"ention, it chose a new set of delej^ates to represent I^enns\-l\ania in Congress. These delegates, chosen on July 20, were Benjamin Franklin, Rohert Morris, James Wilson. Dr. Benja- min Rush, George Clymer, ( ieorge Ross. John ^Morton, James Smith, and (ieorge 1 aylor. Rohert Morris was the only one of those who had ojjijosed the Declaration who was retitrned to Con- gress. A letter which he wrote to Joseph Reed ex- ])ressed surjjrise that he had lieen so returned, as he had thought his ojjposition to Declaration woitld have caused his "dismission from the Great Council." In th.at same letter, however, he gave an opinion, as to the duty of one who had heen in a minority in such a crisis, which is well worth recall and adoption hy those similarlv situ- ated, to this day: "1 helieve it to he the duty of every individual to take his ])art in whatever station his coimtry may call him to in limes of c'ihculty. danger, and distress. I think that the indi\idual who declines the service of his country liecause its counsels are not conformahle to his ideas, makes a had suhject. A good one will follow if he cannot lead." All these newly selected memliers from Pennsylvania signed the Declaration, although only i^'ranklin. Morris, Wilson and Morton had heen present when it was adopted. ( )f the Pennsylvanians who were memhers when the Declaration was adopted July 4. Allen, liiddle. Dickinson. Mumphrevs and W illing never signed it. ■ ^^^^^^1 HK ^'" ^^I^^^^^H ^^^B ^^^^^^^H ^^^K. ■'^K^^t^^^^^m ^HW^ ^^^^^ "n^^^^H S^^^K -::::f3K^> ' ^^^^^H^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^l ^H ^^^^^^1 ^B v^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^1 ■^n W^K^BSKr^^^S^^^^ HH^^^^Hp ^^JSKB/HHKT '~^^' ' ilPm^^^H H^HHp. ,.^^^^^Bir F ^l^^^^^l *^^S^^^^^^SS^^i§ "ffifff'ffiiiMIHBbSi Robert Morris, the First A:\ierican Fin.ancier, who fln.a,nchd the government for the revolution 154 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA The Convention, on luly 2i, elected a Council of Safety to succeed the old Committee of Safety and to take over the executive functions of the State government. The members of this Committee were David Rittenhouse, chairman; Samuel Mifflin. Jonathan B. Smith, Timothy Matlack, Samuel Morris, Jr., Owen Biddle, James Cannon, Samuel Howell, Nathaniel Falconer, Frederick Kuhl, Thomas' Wharton. Jr., Henry Keppele. Jr., Joseph Blewer, George Gray, John Bull, Henry Wynkoop, Benjamin Bartholomew, John Hubley, Michael Swope, Daniel Hunter, William Lyon, Peter Rhoads, David Epsey, Joseph Witzell. and Samuel Moore. Jacob S. Howell was selected as secretary of the Council. INDEPENDKNCE HaI.I. The new Constitution provided for a one-chaml)er Legislature. The plan was Franklin's. Its liberality in religion excited great opposition, as it merely required of the legislators a profes- sion of religious belief, and thus made diests, Jews, Mohammedans and other enemies of Chris- tianity eligible to membership. The papers were full of communications denunciatory of this and other features of the Constitution. Some of the opponents of the Constitution met at Philo- sophical Hall and framed criticisms of the document, and a town meeting was called which met at the State House on October 2L at which Colonel John Bayard presided. The criticisms, formulated in a set of resolutions, were presented and favorably debated by Thomas McKean, John Dickinson and other speakers, while the Constitution was defended by Timothy Matlack, THE STORY OF rillLADIlLPHIA 155 Tames Cannon. Dr. Young, and Colonel Smith, of York County. No action was reached on the resolutions at that meeting, hut they were adopted hy an adjourned meeting. The election was held on November 5th, and the anti-Constitutionahsts were elected by more than two to one. A set of "Instructions" was adopted at a meeting of those opposed to the Constitution, suggesting anien(huents which would have made an entirely new and different instrument. But those of the meml)ers elect who attended the Legislative sessions ignored these "Instructions" and the Con- stitution remained in force undisturbed. A considerable number of those elected to the Legis- lature, under the leadership of John Dickinson, refused to have anything to do with a system of government in which they had no faith, and declined to take their seats. Military topics held first place in the public interest at this time, for the i)eople were in con- stant expectation that Sir William Howe, who was in command of English troops m and around New York, would extend his operations in the direction of Philadeli)hia. As the winter approached the British outposts were seen in Burlington, Rivington and Mount Holly in New Tersey. Philadelphia had become an armed camp; the Barracks in the Northern Liberties were filled to their utmost capacity. The College, churches and numerous private dwellings were utilized for the quartering of troops. Sick and wounded soldiers of the Continental Army filled the Pennsylvania Hospital and a wing of the Bettering House, which had been secured for addi- tional hospital use. Howe had boasted, so rumor said, that he would eat his Christmas dinner in Philadelphia. Early in December the alarm grew greater. The schools closed, many shops suspended business. Many families loaded their household goods on wagons, and steady streams of people, horses, cattle and vehicles, poured out on the roads which led from the city into the country. By the middle of December the town seemed to be deserted, except for the Quaker population, which had very generally decided to remain. The State records had been removed to Lancaster, and Congress had adjourned on December 12 to meet in Baltimore on December 20. The affairs of the United States Government in Philadelphia were left in the hands of a Committee, of which Robert Morris was the efficient and vigorous head. Early in December, General Israel Putnam came to Philadelphia, and put the town under martial law. Except physicians and a few others who had passes from headquarters, no civilians were permitted to be on the streets after 10 o'clock at night. Civil government was set aside for about ten years from the time of Putnam's first proclamation of martial law, absolute powers bemg vested, under Putnam's rule, in a town-major appointed by him. Washington's victory in several lively actions in the neighborhood of Trenton inspired greatly increased confidence in the people's minds, which was further fortified when nearly a thousand Hessian prisoners were marched through the city on their way to the internment camp at Lancaster. Families returned, shoi)s reopened, and the fear of the British seemed to have passed by. But the winter brought disease with it. Small-pox and other camp diseases came in and vast numbers died ; more than two thousand soldiers, besides a large number of civilians. The feelmg of political confidence was, however, an encouraging factor. In February the supporters of the new State Constitution were able to give it effect. There was in it no provision for a Governor, the executive power being invested in a "Supreme Executive Council." It organized by the election of Thomas Wharton, Jr., as President, and George Bryan as Vice-President, and Mr. Wharton was inaugurated with a ceremony of considerable ])omp. The members of the Supreme Executive Council and other officers of the State Government, after the election had been completed, went mounted from the State House, to be greeted by an expectant gathering at the old Court House in Market Street, to whom the Clerk of the Assembly officially i)roclaimed "His Excellency, Thomas Wharton. Jr.. Esquire. President of the Supreme Executive Council of the State of Pennsylvania. Captain General and Commander-in-Chief in and over the same." 156 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA There was much apyjlause for the new State Goveniment ; a niihtary salute was tired with thirteen pieces of cannon captured from the Hessians at Princeton, and at the City Tavern there was a gatherini^- in the evening, where toasts were drunk to the United States, the State, the Con- gress, General Washington, to fallen patriots, and to other patriotic sentiments. But the new Government found itself inadequately prepared to exert its authority, and its inahility was recog- nized hy Congress in a resolution adopted in April, 1777. The Pennsylvania Assembly, in the following |une. recognizing the weakness of the Constitution of the State from the Executive side, ordered a referendum on the policy of changing the Constitution, so as to create a more work- able system of government. Commissioners were appointed for each township, borough and ward in the State, to make a house-to-house canvass and secure the votes of all freemen. If it should be found that a majoritv favored amending the Constitution, a convention was to be called to revise it. But the increased activitv of the British forces prevented the vote from being taken at that time, and later attem})ts to revive the question failed to secure effective action. High prices and scarcity of many of the necessities, together with political conflicts between the extreme Constitutionalists, wdio called themselves Whigs, and the Conservatives, who were called Tories by their opponents, made troublous times in Philadelphia. The economic pressure was very great. Specie was scarce and the inflated Continental and State paper currencies were so intrinsically worthless that trade was at a standstill. The Pennsylvania law made these legal tender, and Whig insistence that every man who refused to take these currencies at par was a traitor, made the lot of the merchant anything but a happy one. All staple commodities went up in price, the greatest rise being in the price of salt, which had cost two shillings a bushel before the war, but had gone up to twenty-five shillings a bushel Ijy the end of 1776. The Regulators, a committee appointed to fix a schedule of rates at which commodities might be sold, found that some firms had considerable stocks and were holding prices at far above the maximum. Accord- ingly the committee in Philadelphia seized over four thousand bushels in the hands of the Shew- ells and three thousand bushels in the hands of Joshua Fisher & Sons, and distributed the stock at the puljliclv fixed i)rice and apportioned it among the ])eople of Philadelphia city and county and nearby sections of New Jersey. Many tradesmen, who declined to take Continental money, were published as enemies of their country. Recruiting for the Continental Army became difficult by the Association system, and in 1777 the Pennsylvania Assembly passed a militia law. That statute contained a test oath or affirmation of loyaltv to the State of Pennsylvania and renunciation of George 111, and that the affiant would not do or cause to be done any matter or thing prejudicial or injurious to the freedom or independ- ence of the State as declared by Congress, and promised to inform some justice of the peace of the State "all treasons or traitorous conspiracies" which he might know or should thereafter know to be formed "against this or any of the United States (jf America." The situation for Tories and Quakers had already l)een made sufficienth- uncomfortable, but this oath (or affirmation) made their lot still harder, for quite a large proportion of the Friends were Loyalists. Indeed, one of the objects of imposing this test oath (or affirmation) was to "smoke out" those who were at heart favorable to the royal cause. "Traitor" hunting was a popular pastime. Houses of suspects were visited by associations and searched for lead, fire- arms, blankets and other things which could be turned to military use. The jails (and the Masonic lodges which had been hired for the purpose) were filled with persons who had been arrested for words and acts hostile to the Revolutionary cause. On July 4. 1777, the first anniversary of the Declaration of Independence, mobs surrounded houses which failed to illuminate in honor of the occasion and broke the windows of those whose owners refused to do so. Quakers who refused to bear arms were drummed through the streets. Tim STORY OP PHILADELPHIA 157 A list of about two hundred persons, alle.^ed to be disattected. was prepared with a \iew to their arrest and deportation. Some prominent I'hiladelphians. notaljly Joseph Galloway and some of the Aliens, availed themselves of the invitation of General Howe to seek protection Ijehind the British lines near Trenton. By order of Congress, for which the .State authorities acted, James, Israel and John Peniberton. John and Alx'l Janu^s. Henry Drinker, Joshua Fisher and his sons, Thomas and Samuel, Rees Wharton, Sr., and Samuel Pleasants were arrested and placed under guard. Many residences and places of business were ransacked and the papers of those sus- pected of hostility to the American cause were seized. ( )thers, who were to be apprehended, in- cluded Miers Fisher, a lawyer (son of Joshua), l^lijali llrown, llugh Roljcrts, George Roberts. V ^\ Carpenter's Haix— Pl.ace of Meeting ok the First CoNTiNENTAr, Congkkss Joseph Fox (late barrack-master), John I lunt (lawyer), Samuel Emlen. Jr.. Adam Kuhn. M. D.. Phineas Bond. Rev. William Smith. D. D. (Provost of the College), Rev. Thomas Coombe (Rector of Christ Church). Samuel Shoemaker, Charles Jervis. William Drewitt Smith, Charles Eddy, Thomas Pike (dancing master), Owen Jones, Jr., Jeremiah Warder^ William Lennox, Edward Penington, Caleb Emlen, William Smith (broker). Samuel Murdock, Alexander Sted- man, Charles Stedman, Jr., Thomas Ashton (merchant), William Imlay, Thomas Gilpin, Samuel Jackson, and Thomas Afflick. It was decided to give these men an opportunity to avoid the neces- sity of arrest if they would give their parole to stay in their homes, subject to the order of Council and obligate themselves to do nothing in any way injurious to "the United free States of North America." A few of these men took the oath and a few could not be found, but three-fourths of the men declined to give their parole and most of these were finally sent to Staunton, Virginia, where they remained until ordered by Congress to be released. April 18, 1778. Some of the more conspicuous of the royalists sought refuge within the British lines. William Allen, who had formerly been Chief Justice, went to England. His sons sought and obtained the 158 THE STORY OF riULADELPHIA protection of General Howe, except James Allen, who, under parole, was permitted to retire to his estate in Northampton County, with his uncle, James Hamilton, who had formerly been Provin- cial Governor of Pennsylvania. Governor John Penn, and Benjamin Chew, who had been Chief Justice, were permitted to retire to Union Iron Works in New Jersey; Edward Shippen, judge of the Admiralty, was permitted to stay in retirement at his home near the Falls of Schuylkill, under pledge to remain on the estate. Jared Ingersoll, commissary of the Court of Admiralty and Appeals, and whom, it had been arranged, was to have been sent with the other exiles to Vir- ginia, was permitted to go to Connecticut, whence he had come to Philadelphia some years before. The course of the war had been variant. After the early operations in Long Island and New York the British, with their Hessian associates, made their headquarters in New York until that city was evacuated by the enemy in November, 1783. Washington, after leaving New York, had marched his army through New Jersey towird Philadel])hia ; the enemy, under Cornwallis, successfully taking Newark, New Brunswick and Trenton, where they made camp, waiting for the Delaware river to freeze, so that they could cross on the ice and capture Philadelphia. Wash- ington, crossing the Delaware with boats, amid floating ice. surprised and captured a Hessian force at Trenton, and on January 3, 1777. fought the successful battle of Princeton, which revived the hopes of the patriots and gave them confidence in the ultimate success of their cause. Benjamin Franklin, with Silas Deane, was in Paris and Versailles endeavoring to secure from France the recognition of the new republic. They had created great enthusiasm among liberty-loving Europeans, some of whom offered their services to the cause. It was their work which Ijrought to the patriot army the invaluable service of Marquis de Lafayette. Baron Streuben, Baron de Kalb, Kosciuszko, Pulaski and other valuable foreign aid. Lafayette and other Continental soldiers of fortune came in the spring and early summer of 1777. He arrived in South Carolina in June, and with Baron de Kalb reached Philadelphia on July 27. Some of the foreic^ners were not very warmly welcomed, as there were numerous applicants for officers' commissions, but Lafayette was so strongly backed that he was commissioned a major-general on July 31, and at once became associated with General W^ashington, taking a high place in his esteem. Soon after laro-e British reinforcements went out of New York to join the forces which had already been gathered with the purpose of crushing Washington and the rebellion with one vic- torious blow. The British army moved in transports to the head of Chesapeake Bay. landing at Turkey Point and moving north to meet Washington, who had behind him a force of eleven thousand men. Howe, with seventeen thousandmen, found that Washington had massed his army in expectation that the British would attack him at Chadd's Ford, on the Brandy wine. He, therefore, arranged on September 11, 1777, that the right wing of his army, composed of the Hessians, under Knyphausen, should advance to Chadd's Ford as if to attack it. while the left, under Cornwallis, with Howe in person, and comprising the greater part of the army, made a detour of twelve miles, crossing the Bandywine without opposition at Trumball's and Jeffrey's Fords. W^ashington, who had taken Knyphausen's feint in earnest, prepared to attack that body in front, while other American troops deployed to cross under Armstrong above and under Sul- livan above. While these movements were developing the left wing of the British Army, descending the river on the crest of the North bank, struck Sullivan in the flank, doubling his divisions one upon another and driving the American forces before him until he had nearly gained the main road in the rear of Washington. At that point, however, the reserves under Wash- ing-ton and Greene checked the British onslaught long enough to prevent a rout and cover the withdrawal of the army. It was a bad defeat for the Americans, though their army was not demoralized to any important extent and the losses of men were few. The British, tired out by their long march, did not pursue, but they had captured Washington's ordnance and were in THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 159 possession of the field. The army reorganized at Chester. 'I'lie ofticers and men wanted to attack Howe, hut Washington felt it would he l)e.st to retreat from Chester hy way of Darby, cross the Schuylkill, and make a stand at his old camp near the falls of Germantown. Boats were sent to bring up the injured, among whom was Lafayette, who had shown a brave front in the battle and had received a musket ball in the leg. The defeat caused a great stir in Philadelphia. The Whigs moved out of town, with mer- chandise, household goods, live stock and munitions. The news])a])ers Packet, Gazette and Bradford's Journal issued their farewell numbers. News came Sc'pteml)er 18 that the enemy was in full march for the city, and both Congress and the Assembly moved to Lancaster. Con- gress, however, after one meeting there on September 27, removed to Yorktown (York) and remained there until Philadelphia was evacuated in June, 1778. Washington moved about seeking a favorable camp and finally settled himself near the Perki- omen and Skippach creeks, first at Pennepacker's Mills and later at Worcester. General Wayne, with General Smallwood, was in the rear to harass the enemy and prevent his crossing the Schuyl- kill until Washington should get securely located. Wayne's men, encamped near the Paoli Tavern on September 20, 1777, were surprised by a force of two regiments of infantry and two of dragoons, under Grey, at one o'clock in the morning of September 21, and were defeated. Small- wood's men, who were about to join Wayne, retreated in haste. The American loss was large, reported by Wayne as 150 killed, and by General Howe as 300 killed and wounded, while eighty prisoners fell into British hands, including several officers. A great part of the arms and eight wagons, loaded with baggage and stores, were also captured l)y the British. The one-sided char- acter of the conflict and losses has given this episode the name of "The Paoli Massacre." A cen- tennial anniversary celebration was held on the spot September 20, 1877, at which was dedicated a monument in Quincy granite as a memorial ofthe Patriots who died there. Scouts sent out by General Washington to discover the whereabouts of the enemy were unable to secure any information along that line in the Quaker townships of Chester county west of the river, who were, so Washington was informed, ''disafifected to a man." The main body of the Patriot troops was at Parker's Ford onthe Schuylkill, and the crossing at Swede's Ford was defended, with breastworks, by the Pennsylvania militia. Howe, whose rear had been made safe by the coup at Paoli, marched to attempt these two fords, but found them thus guarded. From the position opposite Parker's Ford, Howe turned up the river northward, as if to pass Washing- ton's right, or to attack Reading, where the main storehouses of the Patriot armies were located. Washington, to head off these apparent purposes, recrossed the river to the eastern bank and stood at Pottsgrove, while Howe, by a sudden wheel, marched his forces back in two columns, one of which crossed at Fatland Ford, below Valley Forge, and the other at (jordon's Ford (now Phoenixville), both practically without opposition. Howe's grenadiers, which were the first British troops to cross the Schuylkill, on the 22nd September, were supported by guard of light infantry. The chasseur battalions crossed the same day at Gordon's Ford, and the next day the whole army went over. A battalion dislodged the Pennsylvania militia at Swede's Ford, and the road to Philadelphia lay open and unopposed to the British. Washington's troops were not in physical condition to march and countermarch against the British. His men were in rags and many of them barefoot, and the immediate prospect was very dark. He was, therefore, com- pelled to rest his men and reorganize his forces before taking up the offensive. On September 26, Cornwallis' division of British and auxiliaries marched into the city, three thousand strong, and encamped in the south end of the town, on Society Hill. The fine and smart appearance of the royal troops and their Hessian auxiliaries was very disheartening, as the Patriots mentally compared them to the ragged and barefooted men of the Patriot army. The rest of the army followed and the officers were billeted on the chief inhabitants of the city. 160 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA With the soldiers came Joseph Galloway, Andrew and William Allen, and others who had been before driven otit of the city, for their Loyalist sentiments. Of the inhabitants of Philadelphia many, especially among the Quakers, adhered to the royalist cause and were tem])orarily highly elated. But the quiet and unobtrusive citizens were in large measure faithful to the Revolution. Washington was loath to give up Philadelphia so easily, and as soon as he felt ready to move his troops, on October 4, 1777. having received reinforcements from the Hudson, he marched to Germantown. where he encountered a royal army of British and Hessians, under Howe. Wash- ington opened the engagement at daybreak on October 4, and his center under Sullivan, and his left, under Greene, forced Imck the British and Hessians, and were close to victory. But the opportunity was lost when Stephen, on Greene's right, through a dense fog. mistook Wayne's forces for the enemy and opened hre, while a body of British who had taken cover in a large stone mansion, the residence of Judge Chew, in the rear, detained a part of the .\merican forces. Stephen's mistaken onslaught, combined with the hre from the Chew Mansion in the rear, threw the American troops into confusion, but Wa.shington led them from the held in perfect order. The British lost ?75 in this battle at Germantown. the Americans 673. Though W^ashington failed to accomplish victory in the battle, his audacity in attacking Howe so soon after the defeat ANNOUNCHMHNT Oh THE DECI.AR,\TI0N OF INDEPENDENCE on the Brandywine. gave encouragement to the army and the people, and coupled with Gates' and Arnold's success at Saratoga, leading to Burgoyne's surrender, had an important part in the suc- cess of Franklin and Deane in securing from the hitherto wavering French Court the decision to aid the Amercian cause. After the battle wounded soldiers from both armies began to arrive in the city, where the Americans were cared for at the State House, while the royal and auxiliary wounded were taken to the Pennsylvania Hospital and to the Bettering House. ( )ther wounded, of one side or the other, were cared for in the First, Second, and Pine Street Presbyterian churches, the Southwark Theatre, a sugar refinery, and several other buildings. The Americans were com- pelled to wait for surgical attention until the needs of the British wounded had been looked THE STORY OF PHILADRLPHIA 161 after, ilie Avounds wert', in many cases, frightfully jagged, the work of the swords, cutlasses and bayonets, which did most execution in the fighting of tiiat period. Antiseptics and anaesthetics were practically unknown, and an anii)utation, taking often as long as forty minutes, was an almost unbearable ordeal. Washington and his army, located at Pennepacker's Mills and later moving to the vicinity of White Marsh, exjiended every effort possil)le in the endeavor to sustain tlie garrisons in the forts on the Delaware, and the floating l)atteries, galleys and other armed craft, which for nearly two months ])revenled Lord Howe, who commanded the British fleet, from mo\ing up the bay to a junction with the royal army in the city. I^>\it after repeated assaults. Fort Miffiin was taken ])y the Brilisli on the night of November 15. and Fort Mercer was later so besieged by 2000 men, imder ("ornwallis, that it was decided to evacuate it on Noxember 20, leaving the enemy in posses- sion of all the water defenses on the Delaware. The chevaux-de-frise and other defensive works in the river were swept away by the British and their ()CCUj)anc\- of !'hila(le]])hia and it- port facilities was, for the time, complete. vSlGNING OF THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE All the \\ hig newspapers sus|)enfle(l ])ul)lication except I'own's Fxening I'ost, which turned a jjolitical somersault (j\ernight. and liad a very eulogistic article commending the appearance, discipline and morale of the king's troops, the politeness of the oihcers. and the joy of the popu- lation at their coming. The IVnnsylvania Ledger, which had been discontinued for a consider- al)le lime before the liritish occupation, resumed ])ublication on ( )ctober 10. 1777. with James Humphreys as editor, and these two served the local held for a time. On ]\Iarch 3. 1778. the Royal Pennsylvania Gazette was established by a loyalist, who had been following Sir William Howe's army. All three journals were very frankK Tory, and very intolerant in all their com- ments upon the Aiuerican army and its Whig sup])orters. 162 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA Iluwe had a census made of the population of the city, which was taken shortly after his entrv, of which the return was as follows: Houses Dwellings Stores Stores Males Males WA.RDS Number) (Kmptvj (Empty) (Occupied )i Under 18) ( iS to6o) Females Mulberry 983 113" U 6 884 834 2293 North .' 392 35 13 16 388 3eS8 949 Middle 358 13 10 5 326 307 814 South 150 10 7 2 132 135 352 Dock ^75 141 27 28 1083 1104 3120 Wahiut 105 5 4 1 94 83 241 Chestnut 107 11 6 2 100 101 244 High Street 178 15 3 3 136 166 419 Lower Delaware 107 16 94 6 96 91 223 Upper Delaware 225 24 24 48 172 150 422 Northern Liberties 1151 135 3S ... 1254 1034 2727 Southwark 764 72 6 ... 670 603 1599 5395 590 240 116 5335 4996 13,403 The great preponderance of women and children in this census is largely explained by the fact that most of the men of the normal city were ardent revolutionists and were either in the Patriot army or had gone about other work or business out of range of the British army. Not all those who remained in the city were Loyalists, but the majority were, and of the 5335 able- bodied who remained in the city more than one thousand were Quakers. Food was scarce and dear for the citizen population : Flour was £6 the hundredweight ; sugar, two shiUings and sixpence a pound; potatoes, 16 shillings per bushel; beef $1 a pound; chickens, 10 shillings each, and other provisions in proportion, many of the articles wdiich were the ordi- nary necessities of an American family being entirely unol)tainable. Where Continental money was accepted at all it was at the rate of ifi4 as equivalent to an English shilling. By a special order of General Howe, on petition of citizens, the colonial currency of the old Province of Pennsyl- vania was allowed to be taken at the rate of two for one of specie. The signers of this petition were about six hundred men and firms, and this list is regarded as representative of the leading Philadelphia Loyalists of the period. Salt was the commodity hardest to procure, costing from £15 to £20 a bushel. There was a distressing shortage of food on the outside of the city, but not so great as that within the municipal limits. Raiding i)arties from the Revolutionary army scouted the roads and bypaths to intercept farmers and others who were carrying supplies to the Royalist camps. An especially dashing and ubiquitous cavalry company, commanded by Allen McLane, operated out- side the British lines all around the city. On the other side there was a green-coated body of British soldiers, composed of American Loyalists and commanded' by Lieutenant-Colonel J- G. Simcoe, who did effective work for the protection of the market people, making many sallies along the surrounding roads, and, at first, because the popular conception of the British soldier was wedded to the idea of a red coat, were able to take many American prisoners. The prisoners on either side had just cause for complaint, loud and deep, at the treatment they recei\-ed from their captors. Gentleness was not a trait of either army's prison discipline, nor was the prison fare in either camp either adequate in quantity or commendable in quality. But the British put over the prisoners William Cunningham, who had previously been provost marshal at New York, with a career of infamy there black with crime. He had been the execu- tioner of Nathan Hale, the torturer of Ethan Allen, had starved and maltreated many American THR STORY OF miLADELFHIA 163 prisoners, and at Philadelphia, as at New York, (le\ised e\ery possihle means to heap pain and injustice upon captive patients, lashing them without cause and pilfering and selling the major part of the starvation allowance of the prisoners. I le was hanged for forgery in London on August 10. 1791, confessing, not only to cruelty of the most l;rutal kind and the sale of prisoners' rations while in charge of ])risons in America, but also to the secret execution of 275 American prisoners and "obnoxious persons." He was backed in his brutalities by Joshua Loring, commis- sioner of prisons, who proved to be a mean-spirited, cowardly and heartless creature. The British troops, who had their regular rations, were the only well-fed people in Philadel- phia, except the very well-to-do citizens. The ofhcers of the garrisons and staff and the elite of Tory society in Philadel]:)hia were the only people that extracted much gayety froiu the situation during the British occupation. In the latter part of November, 1777. several of the tinest country seats in the vicinity of Philadelphia were burned by order of Sir William Howe, under the pretext that they had been used as shelters by Americans, who fired on the British pickets. Skirmishes between Royal and Continental troops were not infrequent, for the most part connected with the foraging activities of Simcoe's rangers, or other mobile detachments who went out to drive in cattle and sheep or secure other supplies. For a long time the attention of the British and Hessians was mostly given to the completing of defenses. General Israel Putnam, while in charge of military affairs in Philadelphia, had laid out a complete system of redoubts and redans for defensive purposes and The Battle of Germaxtowx had the work well under way at the time the British gained possession of the city. The work was taken up by the British, who not only completed the work laid out in Putnam's ])lans, but largely extended it, so that this defensive system extended from the Schuylkill to the Delaware, and large bodies of troops were encamped on that side of the town. Some defenses were established beyond the Schuylkill to prevent surprises from tliat cpiarter, and bridges of boats had been con- structed across the Schuylkill. Extensive and elaborate as the preparations of the British had been, they had not organized any offensive plans. Both sides appear to have been dubious of their chances of success in a general engagement. Washington, in person, reconnoitered the British lines at various points near the city, desiring to make an assault, if possible, before going 164 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA into winter quarters. But he concluded to wait reinforcements from the North, following the victory of Gates at Saratoga, but Gates, who seems to have thought that victory entitled him to be selected as commander-in-chief, did not send the expected aid. \\'ashington, therefore, con- tented himself with the strengthening of his defensive. Howe, like Washington, thought a strong attack on the enemy before winter fully set in would be a benefit, but did not bring his plans to any definite head until about the end of Novem- ber, 1777. He, therefore, planned a quick attack on the American main body, then encamped at White Marsh. There is an interesting legend in relation to this episode which tells how Lydia "Cr,[VEDEx," THE Chew House, Germantown Darragh (or Darrach), wife of William Darragh, warned the Americans of the intended foray. The Darraghs, who were Irish Quakers, had several British officers quartered in their house. Hearing an animated conversation in the chamber where the officers slept she put her ear to the door and overheard their discussion of the British plans for the attack upon Washington at Wliite Marsh. She went to bed, and feigned sleep when the ot^cers later knocked at her door. Early the next morning she secured from General Howe a pass to go to the mill at Frank ford for some flour. After she passed the British outposts she encountered an American cavalry offi- cer, to whom she told what she had heard, and who, the story goes, carried the news to Wash- ington. Like many another incident which claims historicity this one has been attacked as a mere legend. It is true that it is pretty well established that Washington received word of the intended onslaught from other sources, but that does not preclude the entire truthfulness of the pleasant legend of Lydia Darragh's patriotic enterprise, so that if there is any doubt about it, gallantry- dictates that we should give the lady the benefit of the doubt. It is, however, true that Howe, boasting that he would "drive Washington over the Blue Mountains," started out with 15,000 men on December 3. A skirmishing attack on the British advance by the Delaware Light Horse, under Captain Allen McLane, embarrassed and some- what delayed the march at Three Mile Run, on the Germantown Road, but on the morning of THE STORY OF rillLADELPHIA 155 the 4th the army advanced to Chestnut Hill. After some skirniishin,^-, which revealed the enemy- drawn up in force three miles distant, and some combats between small forces on the picket- lines. General Howe concluded not to launch a s^eneral engagement and turned his army toward Philadelphia, committing dei)redations on the way which Morton's diary blames on the Hessians, saying they brought off 700 head of cattle, set fire to the Rising Sun Tavern, on the German- town Road, and committed other acts of pillage. A])out a week later \\ ashington broke camp at White Marsh to go into winter ([uarters at Valley Forge, About the same time Lord Cornwallis, on December 11. with 3000 men started on a foraging expedition toward the region north-west of the city. On his way he met resistance from small bodies of troops on their way to the winter cam]). M the crossing of the Schuylkill Sullivan's Division of the Continental Army, in the \an of the march to Valley Forge, and the Cornwallis troops found themselves face to face— a mutual surprise. Sullivan retreated after partially destroying the bridge at Watson's Ford and Cornwallis withdrew. His foragers returned with a vast amount of plunder from the upper country, most of it, it was claimed, taken from the farms of Tories and Quakers. Other small encounters occurred for a while, but soon the Continental Army was in camp for its vigorous winter at Valley Foro-e. The British, considering conditions, passed a gay time in Philadelphia, so gay that it was a scandal. Cockpit contests, open gambling at picquet, faro and dice, and other far more vicious amusements and practices, whiled away the time for a very large number of the officers. Others, more respectable, mostly belonging to fine English families, made themselves agreeable to the young ladies of the city's best Tory society. Weekly balls at the City Tavern and other places were a standing feature. Another, in which Major John Andre was a prime mover, was the reopening of the South Street Theatre, in January. 17/8. The major painted the scenery and at times took part in the performances, in which the actors w^ere army and navy officers and some actresses, probably amateur, though Miss Hyde, a professional, was one of the perform- ers. The i)rohts were devoted to a fund for the "widows and officers of the army." This relaxa- tion was very welcome to the military and Tory population of Philadelphia, and the theatrical season continued until the spring of 1778, the closing performance being on May 19. The climax of the gay life of the British occupation came with the "Meschianza" of Alay IS. The name is Italian, meaning "a medley." The affair seems to have been arranged as a fare- well to Sir William Howe, who had resigned and was returning to England. Many complaints had come from London about his inaction. It was thought there that he should have found no trouble about annihilating the debilitated and discouraged army of Washington. Howe, on his part, washed to return to England, and so sent his resignation. It was accepted and Sir Henry Clinton, sent to succeed him. arrived in Philadelphia on May S. assuming command almost immediately, and General Howe made arrangements to lea\e for England on May 24. Howe was personally very popular wMth his subordinate officers, and the "Meschianza" was the tribute to that popularity. It was a very gorgeous and brilliant affair, one of the most lavish in the exuberance of its pageantry in the history of this country. Beginning with a "grand regatta" on the river (as we glean from an account of it in the Gentleman's Magazine of August, 1778. written by the unfortunate Major Andre) in which there were "swarms of handsomely decorated boats." When the water procession reached the Market Street Wharf, it rested and all the people sang "God Save the King." The company landed at the Association Battery, which later became the United States Navy Yard, and through an avenue of grenadiers marched up the gentle slope to the broad lawn of Walnut Grove, the handsome Wharton mansion, around which 'the ceremonies centered. The principal feature was a tournament in which two groups of seven knights, respectively designated as "Knights of the Burning Mountain" and "Knights of the Blended Rose" (impersonated, of course, by officers of the Roval army), splendidly 166 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA mounted and caparisoned, and each attended by his esquires, bearing his lance and shield, and each the champion of a particular lady, went out to ride in a tourney and fight upon the basis of a challeno-e by a herald in Ijlack (who was preceded by trumpeters) to the effect that "the Knights of the Burning Mountain present themselves here, not to contest by words, but to disprove by deeds, the vainglorious assertion (previously proclaimed ])y another herald) of the Knights of the Blended Rose, that the Ladies of the Blended Rose 'excelled in wit. beauty and every accomplish- ment those of the whole world," and entered the lists to maintain that the Ladies of the Burn- ino- Mountain are not excelled in beauty, virtue or accom])lishment ])y any in the universe." The chief of the White Knights thereupon threw down his gauntlet and the Chief of the Black Knio-hts directed his escjuire to take it up'. After all the formalities of salute had been attended to and the knights had received their lances and shields from their esquires the tourney be"-an. Lances were shivered in the first onslaught ; pistols emptied in the second and third. The fourth was fought with swords, and then the chief knight on each side, spurring forward into the center, eno-ao-ed in single combat with swords until the chief marshal of the field rushed in between them and declared that the fair damsels on both sides were fully satisfied with the l^roofs of love and signal feats of valor given them by their knights and commanded them, "if they prized the future favors of their mistresses, to desist from further contest." Then the knights returned each side to their group of ladies. Li front of the mansion two triumphal arches had been erected, while pavilions with rows of benches, rising one above the other, were placed as wings of these structures to hold the spec- tators. Under these arches, after the tournament, between files of troops who displayed the col- ors of the regiments, the company proceeded to the mansion, which had been decorated and equipi)ed in the most lavish manner and had been fitted up at vast expense, under the super- vision of Major Andre and his friend. Captain Oliver DeLancey, who was a brother of James DeLancey, who had been lieutenant-governor of New York, and commanded troops recruited from among the New York Loyalists. Many of the massive mirrors and other adornments of the mansion, silver, lights and ornaments were loaned by Tory families of the city, but the expense of the various preparations, the supper for 400 persons, the grand ball, and the build- ing of the great saloon in which the supper was served was necessarily very great. One of the notal)le features was presented by twenty-four slaves, in blue and white turbans and sashes, with silver collars and bracelets, who bent to the ground as General Howe and his brother, Admiral Lord Howe, entered the room. The elaborate description by Andre is filled with detail of the lavish grandeur of the occasion, and justifies his description of it as "the most splendid entertainment ever given by an army to their general." The display of fireworks, which was made at 10 o'clock, was one of unprecedented magnificence, and the festivities continued until the sun was "an hour high" next morning. Of course the Whigs severely criticised th? proceedings, and some of the older ofticers of the British army condemned it as wasteful tomfoolery and extravagance. The wickedness of it, in view of the want and distress which surrounded it on every hand, had a very unfavorable effect upon public sentiment in America. Some very pointed sarcasms were directed toward General Howe for permitting triumphal arches to be built and pompous procession inaugu- rated to celebrate — not victories, but "the loss of thirteen provinces and a three years' series of ruinous disgraces and defeats," as a London pamphleteer described it. While the ball was in progress guns from redoubts in the north of the city, artillery in Southwark and ships in the river were heard to boom. The alarm of the young ladies at these salvos was quieted by the explanation that the guns were being fired in honor of the "Mes- chianza." The fact was, however, that Captain McLane, of Maryland, a vigilant ofificer of the Continentals, with a hundred infantry and Clow's dragoons had made an attack on the abatis THE STORY OF FlULADELPIIIA .67 168 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA connecting the redouts there, just to annoy and frighten the British, and^ having accomplished this, beat a rapid retreat from the scene. He and his httle band were, in fact, a skirmishing party from a larger body of the American force, for Lafayette, on the day of the "Meschianza," had moved with 2200 men, crossed the Schuylkill at Swede's Ford, near Norristown, and marched to Barren Hill. British spies had learned of this movement in advance and had car- ried the news to Generals Howe and Clinton, who laid plans which they felt sure could not go wrong to trap the distinguished Frenchman — so sure that they invited a company of ladies and gentlemen to an entertainment the next day "to meet the Marquis de Lafayette." But the young ally of Washington, by an alert and well-considered movement, made a crossing at Wat- son's Ford, at Conshohocken, and made a junction with Washington. Lafayette's movement was one of the first inspired by the news from France, which reached Valley Forge in May, 1778, that French ships, French money and French soldiers would be sent to aid the Americans to their independence. Franklin's work had reaped this great benefit to the American cause. He had gone to France soon after the signing of the Declaration of Independence. He brought a great European prestige which secured him ready access to the ears of the king and the ministers of State. Count de Vergennes, the minister for foreign affairs, was not easy to convince, but after the battle of Ciermantown and the capture of Burgoyne, at Saratoga, the court was ready to listen, and, as France was at war with England, it was, therefore, determined to make common cause with the Americans. Premonitions of this course had come to the British commanders at Philadelphia. Numer- ous emissaries had been sent to Washington, at Valley Forge, to persuade him to make peace, on various pretexts, all of which were, of course, utterly futile. As the certainty of French intervention came nearer, it was decided by the Commanding General, Clinton, to offer an exchange of prisoners, and then to retire from the city. The exchange of prisoners was made. The British army gradually withdrew, some going on transports to New York, wdiere it was feared a French fleet might appear any day, and the rest across the river with their baggage, their camp followers, male and female, and a host of Tories to the number of about three thousand. The troops who left numbered about seventeen thousand. The rear guard crossed the river at 10 o'clock on the morning of June 18, 1778. ^ Captain Allen McLane and his riders harried the retreating British, making some important captures of prisoners. Continental troops made the march of the British through New Jersey a very hard one. At Monmouth they forced on Clinton a losing engagement from which he was glad to extricate himself as soon as he could cover his retreat. The march to New York was made all the more toilsome because of the need to ])rotect so many Tory refugees who had to be taken along. Most of the Continental Army was kept out of the city to organize for eft'ective battle against the enemy. A sufficient force was sent there to supervise the work of restoration, and the local military command was placed in the hands of an officer who had won much distinction in the work of the patriot army in the North — General Benedict Arnold. Philadelphia, cradle of American Liberty, was thus restored to American hands, to become and remain to this day the most typically American city. C H A P T E R T H I R TEEN FROM THE BRITISH EVACUATION TO THE CELEBRA- TION OF PEACE According to jaincs Allen, tlu' lirilish, on leaxing I 'hiladcli^hia, had gi\en np the royal cause as locally lost, and Sir William llowe and his brother, Lord Jlowe, advised the citizens of the city to make the best terms they could. Such of the Tories as remained saw the royal troops go with dire forebodings, and their fears were not without cause. Before Howe, with his troops, had come the Whigs had dealt with the Tories very harshly, but while the British were in occu- pation the W^higs were treated with great bari)arity and jjitiless intolerance. Now that the British and their Hessian allies had departed with many of the leading Tories, Bank of Pennsvlnania The first Bank in the United States, opened 1780 those who were, or were supposed to be, disloyal to the independence idea met with severe treatment. The court, with Chief Justice Thomas McKean presiding, was busy for weeks with trials for treason. The Assembly, meeting at Lancaster, had already passed bills of attainder against Joseph Galloway. Andrew, John and William Allen. Samuel Shoemaker. Rev. Jacob Duche, and others, whose property was confiscated. Rev. Dr. Duche was regarded as the worst renegade in the list. He was born in Philadel- phia in January, 1738 (N.S.), the son of Jacob Duche, mayor of Philadelphia, and Mary Spence. ^^'hen the doors of the college (now imiversity) were opened on May 25, 1754, he was entered as a matriculate, and was one of the six graduates of the first class (1757) to be graduated from that institution, the others being Francis Hopkinson (signer of the Declaration of Indepen- dence, from New Jersey), Rev. James Latta, D. D.. Rev. Samuel Magaw. D. D.. John Morgan, M. D., and Hugh Williamson. M. D. Benjamin West, the famous painter, was a non-graduate 7Q THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA member of the same class, lacub Duche was of Huguenot stock, and his father, the mayor, was a pubhc-spirited citizen, and a man of considerable wealth. After being graduated from the college in Philadelphia he went to Clare Hall, Camljridge University, was ordained in the Church of England in 1759. returned to Philadelphia in 1759. becoming professor of oratory in the col- lege f759-1778. and was assistant minister of Christ Church. 1759-1775, and rector of Christ Church and St.' Peters, \77h-\777. He was a preacher of much al)ility. and when the Continental Congress met on September 4. 1774, he was selected as chaplain of Congress, appearing in that body on the next day and gaining great favor with the revolutionists by an extempore prayer which was widely published and highly praised. He preached war sermons; omitted the i)rayer for "the King's Most Excellent Majesty" from the church services, and was a pattern of patriot- ism until the^British came, when he hastily returned the prayer for King George to its wonted place in the prayer book, was imprisoued one night and woke up an ardent Loyalist. He wrote a letter to Washington, urging him to desert the patriot cause, a letter so mean in spirit that Washington declared if he had supposed it to be anything like it was, he would have returned it unopene'cl. As it was. Francis Hopkinson, whose sister Dr. Duchc had married, wrote^a^ suffi- ciently scathing reply to his brother-in-law. Duche went to England in December, 1777. and became chaplain to an orphan asylum in St. George's Fields. London. He wrote a letter to Wash- ington, begging forgiveness and asking that he might not be prevented from returning to Phila- detphia. When he came back, in 1792, Washington permitted Duche to call upon him. He died January 3, 1798. in Philadelphia. He had once been one of the most popular men in the city, but he never regained popularity, and there were few to regret his loss when he died. There were others whose treason to the cause of independence was much more formidable than that of Dr. Duche. foremost of whom was the man who \\'ashington had left in charge of the military government of the city. But Benedict Arnold was trusted and highly esteemed by Washington, had done valiant work in the patriot army and had been wounded in the service. But he was "not popular. He was haughty and undemocratic in demeanor. He was on terms of intimacy in numerous Tory families, and had married into one of them, his wife being a daughter of Edward Shippen. His ways were aristocratic, and did not please the ardent advocates of lib- erty and equality who constituted tJie most vocal element of Philadelphia society at this period, and who accused Arnold of maladministration and of lack of sympathy for democratic ideas and ideals. Arnold realized his unpopularity, and it had much to do with the trend of things that led him to betray the patriot cause. The rigors of the Tory hunt continued for several weeks after the British retired. Lists of traitors were added day by day to the Whig proclamation. Some were mobbed. The Quakers, most of them, were (not unjustly) suspected of royalist leanings. But most of them were also wise enough to keep their opinions to themselves. As for fighting, they were "conscientious object- ors." They stayed in the city when the British came, and remained in Philadelphia when the redcoats went, and, remaining, so conducted themselves that those of them who had not brought upon them the taint of treason during the British occupation, managed to escape all the dire pen- alties, except such as were administered by the all too numerous mobs. The return of the Whigs was celebrated by an elaborate entertainment at the City Tavern, to which none of the Tory belles of the "Meschianza" were invited. The Whigs, who had been loud in their denunciation of the prolifigate conduct of the British and Tories while the city was under their domination, were by no means exponents of democratic simplicity when it came their turn to rule the roost. Public feasting and drinking, and extravagance of many kinds became painfully apparent and greatly disheartened the thoughtful patriots who realized the task before them to gain and organize American liberty. Congress and the State Government returned to Philadelphia in the Summer of 1778. The Fourth of July was celebrated with much elation and the drinking of toasts, each followed by a THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 171 volley of field pieces. On Sunda)-, July 12, 177S, the Sieur (icrard. first of the T""rench ministers to the United States, arrived in the Languedoc, a war vessel of D'Estaing's fleet, disembarking at Chester, where he was met by a committee of Congress, headed by John Hancock. Escorted by soldiers he came to Philadelphia, was saluted by artillery and jjrovided with free apartments on Market Street. On Thursday, August 6, thi minister was publicly received by Congress and presented a letter from Louis, countersigned by \'ergennes, addressed to his "very dear, great friend and allies"; made a speech to the Congi:iss, and was responded to l)y tlic president of Congress. Henry Laurens. The Ijirthday of the king of France was celebrated with much enthusiasm on Sunday, August 23, and lavish expenditure was made for music and fireworks, and the president of Congress and members, as well as the various public oflicers and leading citi- zens called upon M. Gerard in honor of the occasion. On August 25 the minister gave a dinner to Congress at the City Tavern. Another festive occasion was connected with the induction into office, in December, 1778, of Joseph Reed and George Bryan as president and vice-president of the State of Pennsylvania. The bibulous capacity of the Philadelphians of that period is evi- denced by the bill presented to the Assembly for the entertainment, in which it was shown that the 270 guests on that occasion drank 522 bottles of Madeira wine, 116 large l)owls of punch, 9 large bowls of toddy, 6 large bowls of sangaree and 24 bottles of port. In addition two tul)s of grog were consumed by the artillerists who fired the salutes. "Lady" Washington, as the great general's wife was generally designated, weni lo I'liila- delphia in December. 1778, to meet her husband, who did not arrive for several days later. A ball was given in her honor at the City Tavern, M. Gerard being among the attendants. Gen- eral Washington arrived December 22 and remained until February 2. 1779, this being the first relief from service he had enjoyed since entering it. He was much displeased with the ])revailing feating and extravagance. His army was in poverty and want, his officers reduced to extremities, and yet. in Philadelphia lavish entertainments were nightly given, costing from £300 to £400 for a dinner, supper, or concert. He wrote to Benjamin Harrison, of Virginia, complaining almost despairingly, and thus describing conditions : "H I was to be called upon to draw a picture of the times and of men, from what I have seen, heard, and in part know, I should in one word say that idleness, dissipation and extravagance seem to have laid fast hold of most of them. That speculation, pecu- lation, and an insatiable thirst for riches seems to have got the better of every other con- sideration, and almost of every order of men." General Nathaniel Greene, who was in the city a few weeks later, deplored the spirit of dis- sipation which he found prevalent, "the offspring." he said, "of sudden riches." He spoke of din- ing at one table where there were 160 dishes, and at others almost equally extravagant. One of the causes of this extravagance was the inflation of the currency. Continental currency abounded in volume. The British, when in Philadelphia, had at the request of local merchants recognized the State currency as money at the ratio of two to one, and had enlarged the volume of both State and Continental currency by counterfeiting it in large quantities. It had gone far beyond the hope of ultimate redemption, and yet the vast majority of the Whigs, even including W^ash- ington, wished to brand all who would not receive it as good money as foes of the patriot cause. It has always been the case that undue inflation has meant depreciation, and this was especially true of the Continental currency. Flour and salt continued to be scarce and dear, even when expressed in terms of specie, although on that basis less dear than during the British occupation. But a strong party, of which Thomas Paine was the most vocal leader, insisted that the merchants should be compelled to take Continental money dollar for dollar. Thomas Paine was not a financier. His living came chiefly from the bounty of men whom he afterward savagely attacked. He had done splendid service by 172 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA his tract "Common Sense," but was overdosed with the strange obsession, often recurring to plague humanity, that the road to unhmited wealth is to work the printing press overtime on the manufacture of money. Paine had good company among those who insisted that the paper money should be treated as if it was as good as gold. Timothy Matlack, the "Fighting Quaker" ; Charles William Peale, the artist ; David Rittenhouse, the astronomer, and others of high personal stand- ing were joined with Paine as a committee from a town-meeting to visit Morris, Blair, McClena- chan and other merchants and protest against the price they had placed on large consignments of flour which had come to them. This committee not being able to induce Morris and the others to accept the price fixed by the town meeting, another meeting, presided over by General Rober- deau, was held, which developed into a riotous altercation. General lohn Cadwalader, endeavoring to speak in defense of Morris, was set upon by a group of men armed with sticks and staves. Slapping staves together to drown the voice of speak- ers, and shouting them down, the friends of the more conservative policy, amounting, Silas Deane records, to "nearly three-fourths of those present, adjourned to the college yard, on Fourth Street, and there held a meeting of their own, over which Robert Morris himself presided. The Shippen's Housp:, where .-Arnold w.^s Married main complaint at the other meeting wms that Morris had sold flour to M. Holker, French consul-general, for the use of the French fleet, at prices higher than those established by the regulations, and shipping them down the river to the fleet without a permit. This flour had been seized. At the college yard meeting M. Molker and Robert Morris were endorsed, and Andrew Caldwell, James Wilson, Sharpe Delaney, Whitehead Humphreys, Benjamin Rush, Major David Lenox and Major Benjamin Eyre were appointed a committee to give efl:ect to the action of the meeting. The result was that the Supreme Executive Council investigated the mat- ter and decided that the transaction had been legitimate and proper, and that the flour that had been seized should be given up to M. Holker. By agreement an election was held for selection of a new committee for the regulation of the prices of commodities, and one headed by Blair McClenachan was selected by a vote of 2115 to 284. The mob-spirit still animated a considerable section of the population. Its main inspiration was the depreciation of Continental currency. Congress pursued a course which greatly increased THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 173 the i)acc of depreciation. Many of the foremost members of that body were so occupied with the affairs of their own States that they were unal^le to attend the sessions of Congress. In the early part of 1779 the attendance was seldom more than thirty, and often less than twenty-five. Ih September, 1777, the Continental money circulated at par, but in January, 1778, the value had depreciated to $685 in specie for $1000 in i)aper. DitHng 1778 it fell rapidly, so that in December of that year $157 in specie would buy $1000 in paper. One hundred millions of Con- tinental money was then in circulation, but in January, 1779, Congress decided to issue $50,000,- 000 more, adding in February $10,000,000 more in currency and $20,000,000 additional in loan certificates, in April $5,000,000 of bills of credit, and in May and June $20,000,000 more. Immediately following passage of the bill for $50,000,000 increase in January, 1779, the exchange fell to $134 to the $1000, and by December the $1000 in paper wound only fetch $38 in specie. In March, 1780, the ratio became 40 to 1 ; a year later to 250 to 1, and in May, 1781, when it had fallen to 1500 to 1, the Continental money was withdrawn from use. While Congress was adding to the volume of the Continental currency, the agitators in I^hiladelphia were complaining about depreciation, searching for British sympathizers, and denouncing as enemies to the country conservative men who were, many of them, men of the high- est value to the patriot cause. Robert Morris, Dr. Benjamin Rush, James Wilson, General John Cadvvalader and a few more who seemed to be the only ones on the patriot side who had any clear idea of the laws of commerce and currency were made the target of attack almost as virulent as that visited on the Tories. Thomas Paine, active in newspaper attacks upon Robert Morris in particular, was lauded as the greatest of patriots. Next to Morris, the agitators were espe- cially venomous against James Wilson, a lawyer of great learning and probity, who, in addition to his conservative views on the currency question, had made himself unpopular by defending several Tories on their trials for treason. An agitation had been started against him, and plac- ards were posted about the city threatening Wilson, Morris and other conservative men who were alleged to be inimical to the Constitution of Pennsylvania and the Committee of Trade. A {)arty of Constitutionalists, mostly militiamen, who had been drinking freely at the taverns deter- mined to make an attack on Wilson's house, at Third and Walnut Streets. At Wilson's house, on October 4, 1779, besides the owner, were gathered his friends, Robert Morris, Sharpe Delaney, George and Daniel Clymer, Samuel C. Morris, Dr. Jonathan Potts, Captain Robert Campbell, General Thomas Alifflin, General Thompson, Major Francis Nichols and others. They had guns, but little ammunition, and that little only because Major Nichols and Daniel Clymer had liurriedly filled their pockets from the Arsenal at Carpenter's Hall on their way to the Wilson house. It is likely that no trouble would have occurred but for the indiscretion of Captain Robert Camp- hell. The militiamen, who were followed by a crowd of boys, had two pieces of camion, and formed a procession of more than two hundred. The procession came along and Captain Camp- hell, leaning out of a window, spoke to some in the crowd, advising that the procession pass on. Unfortunately he emphasized his remarks by flourishing a pistol and was shot at from the street and mortally wounded. A volley was then fired from the house. The mob gave way, but when some of the militiamen marched around on Third Street General Mifflin, opening a second-story window, endeavored to address them. He was fired at, the ball striking the window-sash, and then he discharged both of his pistols at the mob. An attack was then made upon the house, the door was smashed in with a sledge-hammer, but further progress in the house was prevented by a barricade of furniture hastily piled up. General Joseph Reed, president of Pennsylvania, followed by the Light Horse Troop, in command of Major Lenox, then rode up and dispersed the mob in all directions. In the house Captain Campbell had been killed and Colonel Stephen Chambers, of Lancaster, General Mifflin and Samuel C. Morris wounded. In the street a man and a boy w^ere killed, while many of the 174 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA rioters were wounded by the sabres of the cavahy. The bad feeHng which followed this con- flict, historically known as the "Fort Wilson" riot, did not die out for some time, though the pru- dent and conciliatory course of President Reed and the endeavors of the authorities to settle the factional differences were continued. Twenty- seven prisoners of the mob were let out on bail, and each party tried to secure the arrest and conviction of the others as the aggressors. But finally, on March 13, 1780, an Act of Assembly was passed granting amnesty and pardon to all the persons implicated in the affair. First Steamboat in the World Numerous vessels were fitted out in Philadelphia as ])rivateers or were given letters of marque in 1779, and they were quite successful in capturing vessels flying the British flag, and many were brought into the port. Slavery had existed in Pennsylvania from its original settlement by the British. The German settlers had early protested against the principle of slavery, and after a time a considerable sentiment against the institution had been Inult up, particularly among the Quakers. But in the provincial days, and under the proprietary government, though for most of the time the Quakers had the majority they never took up the fight against slavery with sufficient aggressiveness to destroy it. An attempt was made to abolish slavery in the Assembly of 1779, but was shelved in the House by a vote of 29 to 21, but in the new Assembly, elected soon after, George Bryan introduced a draft of a law for gradual emancipation which was, on February 29, 1780, adopted by a vote of 34 to 21. Mr. Bryan, who had been the most uniformly active op- ponent of human slavery in the State, is entitled to full recognition of leadership in bringing about emancipation. THE STORY OF PIIILADETPHIA 175 In February, 1779, the Assembly passed an act directing that "all trustees, provosts, rectors, professors, masters and tutors of any college or academy, and all schoolmasters and ushers should be prohibited from acting in these capacities unless they took the oath of allegiance." This was directed against the faculty of the College of Philadelphia, who were more than suspected of Tory leanings. This law, not having the effect expected, a law was enacted on November 27, 1779, abrogating the proprietary charters of the college, removing from office the provost. Rev. William Smith, the faculty, trustees and all officers of the institution, and transferring the rights and property vested in the trustees into other hands. It was reorganized as The University of the State of Pennsylvania, and the Assembly endowed the institution with an annual income of £1500 to be derived from confiscated lands. A new Board of Trustees was established and its members appointed by the Assembly. The same session of the Assembly took up the matter of the proprietary rights of the Penn family and decided to extinguish the Penn title so far as it inhered in the sovereignty to which the State of Pennsylvania had succeeded. As a compensation it was decided to pay to the Penn family il30,000 five years after the passage of the act. The Penns also retained their manors and other real estate, and ground rents and quit rents derived from their manors and were still the largest land owners in Pennsylvania. The question of finances of the Patriot government, and the instability of the Continental currency were questions of deepest concern. The extremity of the American government and forces from the financial side was well known and greatly rejoiced over in London. The King of England expressed himself as certain to subdue his rebellious subjects in America, now that they had no money. The army was in a bad way. As the paper currency had totally collapsed, taxes for the support of the army had to be collected in the form of supplies — cattle on the hoof, salt beef, woolen cloth, flour, wheat, knit socks, anything and everything, in fact, the army could use. But the one great need of the country was a financier, a genius who could take the country in its bankrupt condition and put it in the way of securing the pecuniary resources necessary for it to win the war and organize itself as a free union of states on a basis that would give it the prestige of being a going concern. Strange to say that Congress, which had long been giving cumulative evidence of its abso- lute incapacity for a single practical thing in regard to ways and means of running the govern- ment on a substantial basis, did exactly the right thing at the critical time. The financial affairs of the country, administered by a treasury board, which had never exhibited any vitality or aptitude for its job, were taken away from the l^oard and turned over to Robert Morris as a single head to be called superintendent of finance. Morris had been a representative in Congress, but at that time was a member of the Penn- sylvania Assembly, and, with the aid of General Mifflin was working hard for the repeal of the old tender and penal laws. He was still battling against strong opposition to secure for the people of the state full relief from the paper-money burden, when news came to him that Con- gress wished him to undertake the financial direction of the country. Washington, Hamilton and many other men of influence urged acceptance of the duty upon him at the time of the offer, in February, 1781, but he postponed decision and finally agreed to take the post as soon as he had completed important undertakings in the Assembly. He took the oath of office June 27, 1781, and established in Philadelphia the Oliice of Finance, first located on Front Street, but afterwards removed to Fifth and Market Streets. Morris put on foot various measures designed to give efficiency and stability to the coun- try's financial situation, although he felt that the loose form of the Confederation was an obstacle to national efficiency. Congress had, in 1777, adopted the Articles of Confederation, but they were not to be effective until all the colonies had approved them. They were adopted 176 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA with reluctance by most of the states and the last of them, Maryland, did not ratify the articles until March 1, 1781. The Confederation fell far short of being a Nation, for the powers dele- gated to it by the articles were hemmed about with crippling limitations. Morris soon saw that the thing needed to be done was to work for a more perfect union, and a centralization of much more power in the Federal Government. The choice of Robert Morris for the post of Superintendent of Finance was based on the fact that he had established and put in running order a bank of substantial quality. In 1780 he had induced several solid business men of Philadelphia to join him in establishing the Bank of Pennsylvania, organized, in the first place with the patriotic idea of supplying the army wdth provisions. The bank had a capital of £300,000 Pennsylvania currency, the largest subscribers to the capital being Robert Morris and Blair McClenachan with £10,000 each, several others sub- scribing £5000 and others smaller amounts, there being ninety-two subscribers in all — individ- uals and firms. When Morris entered upon his duties as Superintendent of Finance he bent his entire energies to the task of sustaining Washington's army. The powers of the United States to raise funds, under the Articles of Confederation were miserably inadequate. Congress could not levy or collect taxes, except through the states and Morris found that the states were very dilatory and indifferent about laying and collecting taxes for the Federal Government's use. Some raised none at all and others only a small amount, and during his term of office, which expired in 1784, so small an amount had been raised and transmitted by the states that the in- adequacy of that plan was amply demonstrated. At the very beginning of this term the task of supplying the means for bringing Wash- ington's army from the Hudson and the forces of the French Allies who had for a considerable period been inactive in New England to a united movement against Cornwallis at Yorktown con- fronted him. The operation could not have been managed at all if Morris had not used his own credit in securing a loan from the Count de Rochambeau to outfit the expedition. Washington's troops, ill-fed, ragged and largely mutinous, amazed the Frenchmen tjy the way they marched and by their good behavior in action. When they passed through the city on their way South the contrast between these tatterdemalion troops and the brilliantly dressed and thoroughly dis- ciplined French troops was very striking. The enthusiasm over these allies was very great. After they had gone there came in a few days more another occasion of great rejoicing when a rider from the South came in with the news that the Count de Grasse, with the French fleet, had arrived in the Chesapeake from the West Indies, had engaged the English fleet and defeated it and had thereby opened the way for transports with siege artillery to come in. (3n October 18 came the surrender of the army of Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown. There were still small , engagements and skirmishes between various bodies of troops, but there was no doubt of final victory after Yorktown, and the end came with the treaty signed in Paris on November 30, 1782, by Franklin, Adams and Jay for the United States, and by Oswald, Fitzherbert and Strachey for Great Britain. When the news of the surrender of Cornwallis reached Philadelphia on the morning of October 22, 1781, it started great rejoicing. It was arranged that there should be general illumi- nation and most of the houses did their best. But some, including nearly all the Quakers, re- fused to put candles in their windows in honor of the occasion. Mobs gathered and stoned houses so darkened, doing a great deal of damage in the breaking of windows and other tres- passes, and forcing many to illuminate. When troops came into the city bringing trophies of the surrender to present them to Congress on November 3, and when, later in the month. Gen- eral Washington and his wife visited the city, there were other joyful celebrations. The Washingtons took up their residence in the Chew House, on the west side of Third Street, THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA between Walnut and S])ruce Streets, until March 22, 17S2. 'j'lu' winter was one of i^reat gayety. There was great cordiality between the citizens and the i^^rench, of whom many had established themselves in the city, and many were the fetes and entertainments that gave evi- dence of the social favor ^with which the French visitors, and especially the Chevalier de la Luzerne, were regarded by the leaders of Philadelphia society. Morris made such a success with his Bank of Pennsylvania that he concluded, as a meas- ure of national finance, to establish a national bank. A French frigate, Le Resolue, arrived at Boston with 2,500,224 livres for the benefit of the American cause. I'he vessel had started for Philadelphia, but had got out of its course and thus reached Boston. The money, there- fore, had to be brought overland and had to pass through a strip of country which was still in British hands. But Morris planned an expedition and entrusted the execution of it to Tench Frances, who brought the treasure train, ox-drawn safely to Philadelphia in November, 1781. After using much of this money in careful and necessary expenditures Morris saved enough to subscribe $250,000 to the capital stock of the National Bank which was, on December 31, 1781, chartered by Congress as the Bank of North America, llie institution later became the storm center of political controversy, but in the chaotic conditions of ])ublic finance in the United States under the Confederation the value of this banc as a stabilizer of puljlic credit and an aid to financial administration is beyond dispute. The joyous celebration which followed the news of the birth of the dauphin of France, announced to Congress by the Chevalier de la Luzerne on May 13, 1782, seems a rather incon- gruous item in the history of those days of triumphant republicanism, but it was a tribute to France as an ally in the Revolution. Although the Whigs were fully conscious that the triumph of the fight for independence was inevitable, th;y did not ease up upon the proscription of Tories and Quakers. From the time that the news of General Benedict Arnold's going over to the enemy reached Philadelphia in September, 1780, the discovery and prosecution of traitors had taken on fresh vigor. After Arnold's treachery his residence, "Mount Pleasant," was seized by the state and for a time was rented to Baron Steuben, his chariot and horses were sold at the Cofifee House and his household furniture at the meat market and his wife was ordered out of the state for the duration of the war. A plot concocted by Tory refugees to steal the records of Congress was discovered in Philadelphia in November, 1781, and a man named John Moody was found guilty and hanged and his associate, Lawrence Marr, imprisoned for a time and aft- erward released. The more radical element, largely athiestic as well as being political extremists, who had been advocates of measures to force the acceptance of paper money at par, kept up their attacks upon the men of more conservative type. These attacks were carried on largely through the medium of Francis Bailey's Freeman's Journal, established in April, 1781, and Fleazer Oswald's Independent Gazetteer, begun a year later. From the beginning of the Republic the "yellow journal" has been with us. The shining marks of these attacks were the men of wealth in the community such as General Joseph Reed, General John Cadwalader, General Mifflin, John Dick- inson and Robert Morris. Several libel suits resulted, and some of the vilifiers were heavily fined. The law which had been passed for the gradual emancipation of slaves had been evaded by many selling their slaves to the South or to the West Indies. To counteract this practice the "Pennsylvania Society for the Promotion of the Abolition of Slavery and the Relief of Free Negroes Unlawfully Held in Bondage" was reorganized in 1784, in order to amend the law and prevent the shipment of slaves out of the State. The law was amended, and Pennsylvania took first place among those which, one by one, eliminated the curse of human slavery within their borders. After the surrender of Cornwallis until the treaty of peace was signed, Philadelphia saw practically none of the land operations, which were, for the most part small skirmishes and guerilla 178 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 179 forays. There were, however, some important ev^nits in naval warfare. A ship called the George Washington, which had done some good work for the American side earlier in the war. had heen captured by the British who, after fitting her up and renaming her the General Monk used her with damaging effect ofif the Delaware Capes. Most of the Philadelphia business men were losers by her ravages, and finally a group of them laid plans to stop her operation, by fit- ting out a vessel to capture the Monk. They bought a ship, which they named the Hyder Ali, and placed it under command of the Captain Barney. She was equipped with sixteen six-pounders, but was cleverly disguised as a merchant vessel. By a series of well-calculated maneuvers Barney got his fore-rigging entangled in the General Monk's jibboom, and in that close quarters raked her decks fore and aft with grape, canister and round shot, until she surrendered and was carried as a prize to Philadelphia, where she was refitted and went back to the American navy again, as the George Washington, with Captain Barney in command. This same Captain Barney, on March 12, 1783, brought to Philadelphia the news that Great Britain had formally acknowledged the independence of the United States. On March 23, 1783, the news of the actual signing of the preliminary treaty of peace on January 20 was brought by a French vessel, thirty-nine days out from Cadiz,and Minister Luzerne officially notified the French in America to cease hostilities against Great Britain. The Supreme Executive Council, on April 16, officially proclaimed peace at the Court House. The peace was observed by many and continuous rejoicings, and so far as the outside world was concerned the thirteen States had by their patience, their valor, and some luck, established their contention that "these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, Free and Independent States." And Philadelphia became the cradle of liberty and independence in the making. Dwelling and Counting House of Stephen Gir.^rd— 1830 CHAPTER FOURTEEN A DECADE OF CONSTRUCTIVE WORK AND PARTY TURBULENCE— 1784 TO 1794 The ratification of the definitive treaty of peace with England by Congress occurred on January 14, 1784, and the public celebration of the event was on January 22. A triumphal arch, designed by Charles Wilson Peale, was a feature of great prominence, being an elaborate edifice 50 feet high and 35 feet wide. It was to have been illuminated by 1200 lamps. It was decorated by Mr. Peale with numerous paintings, but while the large crowd was waiting to see it lighted up the structure caught fire, and being made of canvas stretched over a wooden frame, was soon con- sumed. In the structure were rockets which were to have been discharged as a feature of the occa- sion, and, these exploding, many persons were wounded. One, Sergeant O'Neill, of the Artil- lery, was killed. Soon after a subscription was taken for rebuilding the arch, and one with new transparencies was erected in front of the State House and exhibited on May 10, 1784. Philadelphia had a right to joyously celebrate the accomplishment of a victorious peace. She had passed through a time of stress and testing, those in control of afifairs being much harassed by Tory intrigue on the one hand, and the excesses of Whig extremists on the other. Except dur- ing the few months of British occupation, Philadelphia had been the capital city of the Confedera- tion. Here the Continental Congress sat and deliberated, and here the diplomatic activities of the United States were formulated. The most distinguished intermediary of the Republic in Europe, and the most potent voice in the final arrangements of peace was Philadelphia's famous citizen, Benjamin Franklin. Through all the sufifering and turmoil the city was the backbone of support of the Revolution and bore the most glorious part in supporting that great movement to victory. Following the celebration of peace, the repair of damage and rehabilitation of trade became the duty and occupation of Philadelphia. The removal of obstructions in the river, the increase of shipping and the introduction of manufactures were various features of the constructive work into which Philadelphia entered with zest. ;' Robert Morris, from the Office of Finance, complained of the weak and impotent character of the Government of the Confederation. Morris was struggling to pay the public debt. The duty to pay was upon the Confederation, but the only means of paying was through the contributions of the States. If the States refused or neglected to pay Congress was without power to coerce them. He wrote and argued in favor of a union which should make the obligations of the States to the Confederation really obligatory and coercive. Either a much stronger Union, or anarchy, seemed to Morris to be the outlook for the early future. When he retired from the Office of Finance, November 1, 1784, he published an address to the people in which he drew attention to the need for the strengthening of the bond of union. 'Tf there be not one Government which can draw forth and direct the combined efforts of our united America, our independence is but a name, our freedom a shadow, and our dignity a dream." Morris had filled with great efficiency the task of endeavoring to finance the Congressional government, and had paid many of its current debts with his own notes. i In June, 1783, a small band of soldiers of the Pennsylvania Line came down from Lancaster to demand their back pay. Congress, in alarm, removed its sessions to Princeton. The Supreme Executive Council, which also met in the State House, was requested to call out the militia, but as it did not act the War Office decided to receive the men into the Barracks, in the Northern Liberties. On June 21 about thirty of the men went to the State House, and finding that Congress was not in session, went to the room where the Supreme Executive Council was in session, THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA isi threatening dire results if the men were not paitl in twenty minutes. Other armed troops came and joined the mob, but the men were persuaded to return to their barracks, whence they marched forth day after day to intimidate the town, making threats also against the Bank of North America. The disturbance subsided when Washington sent a force of 1500 Continental soldiers to compel them to return to their homes. Two of the ringleaders were sentenced to be shot and were led out for execution and faced by a hie of soldiers with loaded muskets, but were then informed that they had been pardoned by Congress. Some of the other mob leaders were whipped before they were released. Congress was in session at Princeton until December, 1783. then for a short time at Annapplis and later at Trenton until it established itself in New York in January, 1785. Efiforts were made from time to time, to induce Congress to return to Philadelphia, but its expe- rience with the mutinous soldiery inspired it with distrust of the Pennsylvania State Government. Benjamin Franklin, after nine years abroad, returned to Piiiladelphia, arriving on a French vessel on September 14. 1785. He had been the creator, in large measure, of the alliance with France, which was so strong a factor in the success of the Revolution. He had made for himself an international reputation as a philosopher as well as a diplomat, and the part he had taken in furtherance of his country's cause had especially endeared him to the people of Philadelphia. The bells of the city were rung in his honor as he landed, and a delegation met him at the wharf with speeches of welcome, and eulogies of his services in Europe. He was at once elected to the Supreme Executive Council and made its president. The State gave to the American Philosophical Society, of which Franklin was president, the site in the rear of the State House in Fifth Street, upon which was erected its hall, which is still located there. From the date of the treaty of peace many and strenuous efforts w^ere made by Tories who had declined or failed to take the oath of allegiance to the United States to secure the repeal of the Test laws, and the restoration to them of political rights. The subject recurred at every session of the Legislature until in 1789 all the Test laws were repealed. The Bank of North America's charter had been annulled by the Assembly of Pennsylvania, but in the session of 1786 an endeavor was made to have the Assembly reconsider the act of annulment. Thereupon the stock- holders applied for a new charter to the State of Delaware, which granted it. When this had been secured an endeavor was made to get the Assembly of Pennsylvania to renew the Charter, but the measure was defeated at that session. The matter again came up the following winter on new peti- tions for a Charter, and in March. 1787. the bill was passed, chartering the bank for fourteen years, by a vote of thirty-five to thirty-one. Upon the concerted effort of some of the mo;t prominent people of the State, of whom Chief Justice McKean was the leader and most eft'ective spokesman, the General Assembly in September, 1786, revised the criminal laws so as to abolish capital punishment for all crimes except murder and treason. Burglaries, robberies and other felonies were to be thereafter punished by the long terms or for life at hard labor, and vagrancy and other oft'enses formerly punished at the whip- ping-post were to find their penalty in hard labor for shorter terms. Pennsylvania was thus the first commonwealth to do away with the barbarities which had. up to that time, been features of the penalties in Anglo-Saxon criminal law. But the passage of this Act did not end the need for reform in the administration of criminal law, for the attempt to use the services of the convicts in street work led to various untoward results. '1 he comicts, with their heads and beards close shaven weekly, and dressed in ])arti-colored clothing, the more dangerous restrained by ball and chain, were worked in gangs, cleaning the streets and in grading and levelling in \arious parts of the city. There were riots in the Walnut Street Jail in 1786 and again in 1787. in both of which convicts were killed and wounded. The wheelbarrow gangs occasionally got out of hand and assaulted nassers-bv. Escapes from jail were not infrecment and in October. 1788, thirty-three prisoners escaped from the Walnut Street iail. 182 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA A few were recaptured, but the others took to the highway, and robbed and terrorized the people of Philadelphia and the surrounding country. Employment of convicts on the streets was ended in 1789. The manner of treatment of prisoners in Philadelphia was marked by few considerations of a humanitarian nature. A narrative by Mannasseh Cutler, who visited Philadelphia in 1787, tells how the prisoners in the jail would beg alms of passers-by, pushing through the bars their caps, attached to long reed poles, to receive the contributions of the pedestrians, who, if they failed to drop coins in the caps were roundly cursed for their indifference. In February, 1785, a plaintive appeal of prisoners in the east wing of the jail was published in the Pennsylvania Mercury, com- plaining of their distressed and starving condition, and absolute want of food and other common necessaries of life. The only allowance from the county was a fourpenny loaf every tweniy-four hours. For the rest they had to depend upon barrows which were passed about the city on Mon- days, Wednesdays and Fridays to collect the refuse of citizens' kitchens for the use of the prison- ers. These contributions, the prisoners claimed, had so fallen off as to only meagerly supplement the bread ration. Two prisoners had recently died from hunger. Others scarcely had clothing enough to cover their nakedness, and if the winter had not been exceedingly mild many would doubtless have perished from the cold. The conditions were deplorable. Before the Revolutionary War, while the official treatment of prisoners had been much the same, there had been in Philadelphia a philanthropic organization which did much to alleviate the condition of the prisoners. But this society had been disbanded by the war and no other agency of benevolence hid taken its place. In 1787, however, the need for a similar effort had become manifest to many humane citizens and the Society for the Allevia- tion of the Miseries of the Public Prisons was organized, with Rev. William White, D. D. (after- ward Bishop White), as its president. The society was one of great usefulness and vigor, and turned on the light of publicity upon the shortcomings and negligences of prison management — the insutffciency of food and clothing, the indecent confining of men and women together in the .same rooms, the lack of sanitary convenience, or of personal cleanliness of prisoners, the selling of spirituous liquors to convicts by keepers, the lack of provisions against the spread of epidemic disease, the total lack of religious or other instruction, and the mingling of the most hardened crim- inals with others. The Assembly was appealed to. and passed a series of remedial laws which cor- rected these abuses and made Pennsylvania the pioneer of prison reform among American States. Travelers from Europe, as well as those from other States were favorably impressed by the reforms wrought in prison management in Philadelphia, not only at that time but afterward. Charles Dickens, visiting this country more than half a century later, was much impressed by what he saw in the prisons of the Quaker City. Literary and educational progress had lapsed greatly during the stirring days of the Revolu- tion, but revived toward its close and afterward. Provost Smith, Jacob Duche and others who had been prominent as writers before the day of Independence were no longer acceptable as writers, because of their Tory sentiments. Christopher Sower, of Germantown, who had been prom- inent as a publisher, and had issued, in German, the first edition of the Bible ever published in North America, had also fallen under the ban because of his royalist sympathies, being arrested as a spy, roughly handled, and deprived of this property by confiscation. He died in poverty in Ger- mantown. Robert Bell, a printer of Philadelphia, printed editions of standard books such as Milton's Paradise Lost, Johnson's Rasselas, Young's Night Thoughts, and many others, and Blackstone's Commentaries on the Common Law of England, which remained for a century after the Revolu- tion a first text-book for law-students in America as well as England. Robert Aitken, another Philadelphia printer of that period, is distinguished as having published, in 1782, the first American THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 183 edition of the Bible in luiglish. Aitkcn, in 1775, had establi.shed the Pennsylvania Magazine and American Monthly Magazine, which was the first vehicle for the writings of Thomas I'aine when he first came to Philadelphia, but which suspended publication before the British occupation. h^rancis Bailey, in 1778, established the United States Magazine, with Philip h>eneau as editor. He contributed much verse, as well as prose, but the times were not i)roj)ili()us for the success of literary ventures, and the maj^azine went out of existence on the completion of its first volume. Freneau went to sea in 1779, but returned two years later and became editor of a paper published by Bailey and known as the Freeman's journal or North American Intelligencer. It was a belligerent sheet of very radical tinge and virulent in its attacks upon men who were of conserv- ative opinions, or who opposed extreme measures. This high-])ressure work was ke])t up for three years when it was discontinued, and in 1784 Freneau went to sea again. Stephen Girard's Bank Matthew Carey, who was born in Dublin in 1760, and who had served in prison for his violent speeches against England, came .to Philadelphia in 1784. He was befriended by Lafayette, and soon became active in j)olitical discussion as an advocate of democratic principles, and of the Constitution of Pennsylvania. He was the main organizer of a society called "The Lately Adopted Sons of Pennsylvania," and he established a paper called the Pennsylvania Herald. He was a writer of much vigor and was soon engaged in angry altercation with Colonel h'Jeazer Oswald, editor of the Independent Gazetteer, which ended in a duel in New jersey, opposite Philadelphia, in which Carey was seriously wounded in the thijh. Carey and other young men started the Columbian Magazine in 1786, but Carey soon withdrew from that and, in the same year, in- augurated the American Museum, w^hich he continued until 1792, InU did not make it a financial 184 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA success, although it was highly appreciated by many of the leading Americans, including Wash- ington. It was made up of extracts and selections from American and foreign newspapers and magazines, and was very useful to those who, in those days of restricted intercourse, wished to get a broad view of things of present interest. The Packet was established in 1771 by John Dunlap. an Irishman who had succeeded to the business of his uncle, William Dunlap, an early Philadelphia bookseller. He conducted his paper with little interruption during the war, removing it to Lancaster for the period of the British occu- pation. In 1784 David C. Claypoole became associated with Dunlap, and on September 21, 1784, the Packet, which had previously been issued three times a week, became the first daily newspaper in America. It later became Claypoole's Daily Advertiser, and afterward Poulson's Daily Adver- tiser. Although independence had been gained, political questions agitated the people. Many real- ized that the Confederation was a governmental rope of sand, void of strength or stability. Some of the most prominent Americans were in favor of a strongly centralized American government. Others, though jealous of State autonomy, recognized that a strengthening of the Federal Govern- ment was necessary. Congress, which had moved to Princeton in 1783, had declined many invita- tions to come back to Philadelphia, was in New York in 1786, when it sent out a call to the several States to send delegates to a Constitutional Convention to strengthen the federal organiza- tion, to meet in Philadelphia in May, 1787. The General Assembly of Pennsylvania selected its seven delegates on December 30, 1786. They were James Wilson, Robert Morris, Gouverneur Morris, Thomas Mifflin. George Clymer. Jared Ingersoll. and Thomas Fitzsimmons. Benjamin Franklin was later added to the delegation. The convention was to have met on May 14, but it was May 25, before there was a quorum at the State House it having been provided that seven States must be represented before the Convention could do business. George Washington, who headed the delegation from Virginia, arrived in Philadelphia on May 13. He was met by the City Troop and escorted to the residence of Robert Morris, whose guest he continued until the contention adjourned. Although the several States had made, in all, seventy-three appointments, only fifty-five ever appeared in the convention. No delegates ever reported from Rhode Island, and New Hampshire's delegation did not appear until late in July, 1787. Of the convention General Washington was unanimously elected president, and William Jackson treasurer. The convention remained in session until September 18, when the draft of the Constitution was prepared and submitted for the ratification of the several states. During the period of the convention Washington was the recipient of many attentions from the peo- ple of Philadelphia, and on the afternoon of September 18 he started in his chariot for Mount Vernon, accompanied by his friends. Robert and Gouverneur Morris, to Gray's Ferry, reach- ing Mount Vernon on the evening of September 22. The proceedings of the convention had been secret and not altogether harmonious. Of the fifty-five members who had attended the sessions of the convention and had taken part in the debates over its various provisions, the result of which have been of vital influence upon the laws and liberties of the American people, only thirty-nine gave the immortal document the approval of their signatures. Two from New York withdrew from the convention before its work was completed ; three refused to sign the Constitution, and eleven failed to appear at the meeting when their signatures should have been appended. Alexander Hamilton's was the sole New York signature, and Pennsylvania and Delaware were the only two States whose entire delegations, seven and five respectively, signed the document. These two States were also the first to ratify it — Delaware on December 7, 1787, with practically negligible opposition. and Pennsylvania on December 12, after a strenuous campaign, full of partisan rancor. The TUli STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 185 men whose work counted most aggressively in the formation of the Constitution had heen Alexander Hamilton, of New York; James Wilson, of J'hiladelphia, and James Madison, of Mrginia. It was in Philadelpliia that the radical wing (jf the Constitutional jiarty, designated l)y their opponents as "Democrats" had heen most active. They had heen the strongest defenders of the State Constitution of 1776, and the sturdiest opponents of centralized Federal pow'er, and its advocates, known as "Federalists" or "Repuhlicans." When the character of the Constitution was made known hy its publication they at once saw in it a system of government destined to undermine the liljcrties of the American people. They saw in the Senate a House of Lords which wotild at all times block the path of i\\'^ ])opular will. Their leaders were fanatically adherent to the principles of Jean Jacques Rousseau and of the French democrats who were soon to create a reign of terror in France. When the Constitutional convention adjourned on September 18 the General Assembly of the State was in session in another part of the State House. The Assembly was to adjourn on September 29. and the opponents of the new Federal Constitution were resting easy in the belief that it would not be possible for the Assembly, before adjournment, to put through a resolution for a State convention to consider the subject of ratifying the new organic instru- ment. But to the great alarm of the Democratic faction George Clymer, who had been one of the delegates to the Constitutional convention, introduced, on September 28, resolutions call- ing for a State convention to be held in November. Some of the members from the central and western counties protested against consideration of the resolutions, but were defeated by a vote of 43 to 19. The House then adjourned until 4 o'clock, and when it reassembled it was found that nineteen members had absented themselves in order to break up a cjuorum. The sergeant- at-arms. sent to bring the absent members into the hall, returned with the report that they had refused to come. The session was then adjourned until the next day when the nineteen were again absent and the sergeant-at-arms was again instructed to bring in the absentees. A crowd outside in sympathy wnth the proposed re^^olution decided to help the sergeant-at-arms and finding on the streets two of the recalcitrant members, James McCalmont, of Franklin County, and Jacob Miley, of Dauphin County, seized them and delivered them, wildly protesting, with clothing torn and other dilapidations, into the hall. McCalmont asked for permission to with- draw, but both were made to stay and be counted, with the result that the resolution passed calling an election for November 6 to elect members of a State convention to meet November 21 to act upon the adoption by the State of the proposed Federal Constitution. The Federalist candidates, Benjamin Rush, George Latimer, Hilary Baker, Thomas McKean and James W^ilson, were elected from the city, Latimer receiving 1215 votes. The Constitutionalists had placed Benjamin Franklin at the head of their ticket, though he had signed the Federal Constitution as a delegate. He was also the author of the State Constitution, which the democratic faction held to represent its political faith. But even his great name could only command 235 votes. David Rittenhouse (the astronomer), Charles Petit, John Steinmetz, and James Irvine were tlie other candidates on that ticket, all receiving less than Franklin, Irvine only 132 votes. The convention organized with Frederick Augustus Muhlenl)erg as president and James Campbell as secretary, and sixty-nine members i^resent. When the final vote was reached, on December 12, forty-six voted for ratification and twenty-three against. There was much rejoic- ing among the Federalists of the city, and the subsequent ratifications l)y otlicr States created deep interest. As the Constitution was to become efl:'ective on its adoption by nine States, the ninth ratification was anxiously awaited. It was given by New Hampshire on June 21., 1788, and Philadelphia decided to make the Fourth of Ju'y celebration of that year an especially jubilant one in honor of that outcome. It was signalized by a "Grand Federal Procession," a pageant 186 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA of the most elaborate description with vehicles, floats and 5000 in the line. At the end of the procession there were 17,000 people assembled on Union Green to partake of a cold collation, with American porter, beer and cider as the only liquids, no spirits nor wines being introduced. The long and elaborate report of Francis Hopkinson emphasizes that fact with its corollary that after an address by James Wilson and a feu dc joic of three cheers, the dinner was eaten, patriotic toasts were drunk in the mild beverages indicated and at 6 o'clock in the evening the citizens retired soberly to their respective homes. The Anti-Federal party did not disband with the adoption of the Constitution. It held a convention at Harrisburg in September, 1788, and nominated a general ticket headed by Blan* McClenachan and Charles Petit, and passed resolutions urging a revision of the Constitution. The Federalists were outspoken in opposition to the Harrisburg nominees, urging that the Fed- eral government should be in the hands of its friends, and called a new convention to be held at Lancaster. The nominees selected to represent the city and county of Philadelphia, Thomas Market Street in the Early i8oo Fitzsimons and George Clymer, were triumphantly elected, the poll standing: Fitsimons 2478, Clymer 2468, McClenachan 575, and Petit 687 ; the Congressional election being held in Novem- ber. The first election for President and Vice-President of the United States was held in Jan- uary, 1789, the Federal ticket being successful throughout the State, and being headed by James Wilson of Philadelphia, who had been ons of the leading Constitution-makers. The vot- ing for President and Vice-President was upon a plan provided for in the Constitution, but later changed by which each elector voted for two persons, the one receiving the highest num- ber of votes becoming President and the next highest Vice-President. Pennsylvania, which had ten of the seventy-three electoral votes, gave all of them to Washington, eight to John Adams, and two to John Hancock. Congress was to have convened in New York on March 4, 1789. but the lack of a quorum, partly due to the slothfulness of the Congressmen, and partly to the horrible state of the roads, compelled adjournment, day by day, until April 6, when Richard Henry Lee, the twelfth Sen- THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 187 ator arrived, creating a quorum, and enabling the Congress to officially announce the election of George Washington to be President and John Adams, Nice-President, of the United States. The nominees had to be notified of their election by ccjuriers on horseback, and the passing through Philadelphia of (ieneral Washington on April 20 and 21, 1789, was made an occasion of jubilation. He spent the night in the city, at th:' home of Robert Morris. The Pennsylvania Assembly had chosen Ivobert Morris, of Philadelphia, and William Maclay, of Harrisburg. as the two first Senators from Pennsylvania. Morris was a Federal- ist of the most pronounced type, while Maclay was Anti-Federalist, and each a leader of his own side of politics. Morris was the richest man in America and, with Alexander Plamilton, of New York, directed the policies of the party which was dominant during the first three Presi- dential terms. It soon became settled that the seat of Government would not remain in New York. Sev- eral places claimed it, but it was soon decided that a new Federal city should be built on the Potomac, to be under exclusive Federal jurisdiction and to be ready for occupancy in 1800. while meanwhile the sessions of Congress should be held in IMiiladelphia, beginning with the session to convene in December, 1790. President Washington, who left New York on August 31, 1790, stayed in Philadelphia from September 2 to September 7, and went South to remain until he came back to Philadelphia November 27. From that date until 1800 the city was the seat of government of the United States. The President took up his residence in a house which had been the home of Robert Morris, who offered it for Washington's use until some proper official home should be provided. It had formerly been the home of Richard Penn ; had been occupied by Sir William Howe and later by General Benedict Arnold. The coming of President Washington and \'ice-President Adams with their families was very stinuilating to the social gayeties of the city. Both families were aristocratic in their social tendencies and some of the ultra-democrats soon began to talk about the "Royal Court," and monarchical pomp as characteristic of the President, Vice-President and other officers of the government. The Federal officers of Philadelphia appointed by the first administration were Sharpe Delaney, Collector of the Port ; Frederick Phile. Naval Officer ; and William Macpherson, Sur- veyor of the Port ; these officers being located in the Custom House, which was then on the corner of Second and Walnut Streets ; Robert F'atton was Postmaster, with the postoffice at 36 South Front Street. Francis Hopkinson was appointed Judge of the United States District Court ; William Lewis, United States District Attorney, and Clement Biddle. United States Marshall. In March, 1789, the Assembly met a very general desire in deciding to call an election for delegates to a convention which should be empowered to frame a new^ Constitution for the State. The Constitution framed by Franklin in 1776, while working well in the early Revolu- tionary period, had long been proved inadequate, and with the triumph of Federalism had be- come incongruous. But it had friends who seemed to regard it as the Sacred Ark of Liberty, which should not be touched. But in spite of the opposition of the friends of the Constitution of 1776, there was a substantial majority for a new organic law among the delegates elected in October, 1789, among whom James Wilson was leader of the city and General Mififiin of the Philadelphia county delegation. The convention met at the State House on November 24, and elected General Mifflin, who had been President of the State since Franklin's retirement in November. 1788, to the presidency of the convention. Discussions were jirotracted. as the friends of the system of 1776 fought to retain it, as far as possible in the new instrument. At the end of February the convention adjourned to meet in the following August, and in Sep- tember, 1790, the Constitution was completed, upon lines similar in organization to those which THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA had been adopted by the sister States. The executive was to be known as Governor, instead of President ; the Supreme Executive Council was abohshed, and the legislative power vested in a General Assembly composed of a Senate and House of Representatives, and in other ways the State government was made to harmonize with the Federal Constitution. At the election which followed General Mifflin was elected Governor of the State by a vote of 27,118 against 2819 for Arthur St. Clair. The city, which had been without corporate organization since the abrogation of the old Penn charter, was reincorporated by Act of Assembly dated March 11, 1789, creating "the mayor, aldermen and citizens of Philadelphia" a body corporate and politic. It provided for the election of fifteen aldermen with seven-year terms and thirty common councilmen with three- year terms. The aldermen were to elect the mayor from their own number, and Samuel Powel, who had been the last mayor under the old organization, abolished in 1776, was selected for the first mayor under the new charter. Benjamin Franklin died on April 17, 1790. at the age of 85, and was buried in the Christ Church burying ground, beside his wife, Deborah, who had died in December, 1774, just before Franklin's return from England. Twenty thousand people witnessed the funeral. The pall- hearers were Governor Mifflin. Chief Justice McKean, Mayor Powel, David Rittenhouse, Thomas Willing and William Bingham. The tolling of muffled bells and the firing of minute guns added to the solemnity of the occasion. A, memorial service, arranged for by the American Philo- sophical Society, was held at Zion Church, at Fourth and Cherry Streets, on March 2, 1791. Provost Smith, of the University, delivered the oration, before a distinguished congregation which included President and Mrs. Washington, Vice-President and Mrs. Adams, senators and representatives, both Federal and State, foreign ministers and consuls and many leading citizens. Among the important events of this era was the chartering, on February 25, 1791, of the Bank of the United States, with a capital of $10,000,000, of which $2,000,000 was subscribed by the United States. Thomas Willing, president of the Bank of North America, was elected president of the new bank. John Nixon succeeding him in the old one. The Assembly, on March 30, 1793. incorporated a State bank, the Bank of Pennsylvania, subscribing one-third of the capital stock, and John Barclay became the president of that bank. Although the Continental Congress^ in 1782 and in 1786. had passed resolutions for a coinage, it had failed to establish a mint. For want of change a man by the name of Harper, a saw manufacturer, made dies and produced a penny, with a poor likeness of Washington, in 1791, which went into circulation and is now a very rare coin. He and others made various other coins, which found their way into circulation. But the need of a national currency was very great, and in April. 1792. under an Act of Congress. David Rittenhouse was appointed director of the mint. A building was erected in Seventh Street, near Filbert Street, and the mint operations of the United States be- gan in Septeml^er, 1792, with the minting of six pounds of old copper into pennies, using some coining presses which had been lirought from England. The capture of the French Bastile on July 14, 1789. by a republican mob, and the revolu- tion which followed, started a ferment in political discussion in the United States and divided parties more strongly than ever. The friendship between America and France engendered by the aid of Lafayette and the others, had been very strong, and had lingered in public conscious- ness so that the birthdav of the French King would be celebrated by banquets. But the fact that France had become a republic aroused great enthusiasm with the radical element, especially with those who had become imbued with the ideas of Thomas Paine's book "The Rights of Man." Paine had gone to France to assist in the revolutionary struggle. The French Revolution, from the Fall of the Bastile in July 14. 1789. to the death of Louis XVI in January. 1793. l)y the THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA I by guillotine, was j)ractically cuincidcnl willi W'a.sh.ngton's lirsl term, and the relations between the United States and the new repuhlie became the most vexatious question that disturbed the ad- ministration. A very large section of tlie American people synipatliized with and applauded the Revolution, notwithstanding the extremes to which the French revolutionists went. The trouble became accentuated when Jidmond Charles Julouard Genet came witli cre- dentials from the new republic, and received an ovation when he landed at Charfeston which was continued for several months, lie became a poj^ular hero. At Philadelphia he received such lavish expression of sympathy for h^-ance that, after his credentials as minister had been accepted, he began to issue commissions and letters (jf marque for privateers, and not only undertook to convert American vessels, with their crews, into French vessels of war, Init also to encourage attacks on British vessels in American waters. As Washington had. with the advice of his cabinet, issued a proclamation of neutrality in April, 1793, Mr. Jefferson, Secre- tary of State, in June, 1793, notified Genet that he must cease arming and equipping privateers in American ports. Genet undertook to defy Washington, claiming that as he was operating on the treaty of 1778, made by France with Congress, only Congress had the right to deal with him, therefore he demanded that a special session of Congress be called to decide the matter. Wash- ington thereupon demanded the recall of Genet which, after some delay, was sent. When it came, his party, that of the Girondists, was no longer in France, and its members were being guillotined by the Jacobins of the mountain. So Genet, when he lost his office, decided to stay in New York, as a citizen, and lived there until he died in 1836. But for a long time the tumults of politics raged around Citizen Genet and his contentions as a storm center. The Revolution was so recent that the popular mind was full of hatred for England, which had so recently been endeavoring to subjugate and coerce the colonies, and whose jailers had so maltreated the patriots who had been imj^risoned. Conversely, the friend- liness of France in the Revolution, and the personal particii)ation of numerous Frenchmen in the War for Independence had made France widely popular in America. Yet, on the other hand there were strong ties of blood and institutions which, with identity of language, caused many to regard a state of amity with England as something to be deeply desired. Community of literature, of commercial methods, of social habits, of political and moral standards made the Americans essentially English in mental equipment. The Revolution had only come aI)out be- cause a stupid king and an obtuse parliament had not listened to the earlier demand of the colonists for equal rights with other Englishmen on the hasis of home rule. The success of the Revolution had been a triumph for the colonists because it had established the rights of the colonists to participation in Magna Charta, the Bill of Rights, the writ of habeas corpus, trial by jury and the excellent Common Law system of jurisj^rudence. Having this common heritage the majority of Americans looked to Britain as the Mother Country. But there were many who were greatly attracted by France, lighting for "liberty, equality, and fraternity." and Citizen Genet had the sympathy and applause of a very large numljer, l)erhaps a majority, of the American people when he made his first claims to recognition. lUi' he lost many of his supporters when he became insolent in his replies to General Washington. But in the course of the controversy many had become definitely hostile to the President. Ben- jamin Franklin Bache, grandson of Benjamin Franklin, and publisher of the General Advertiser ( lM)pularly known as the Aurora because of th? rays of light in the title design of the paper), was frankly antagonistic to Washington, whom he denounced as a monarchist. Freneau, editor of the National Gazette, was much more rabid in his jibes at the President. Many French came to Philadelphia, some in sympathy with the Revolution, and some emigres fleeing from it or from the negro insurrection in Santo Domingo. There was. as related in Rosengarten's "French Colon- ists and Exiles," a French colony in Philadelphia, located in Front Street and running west on 190 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA Pine and Spruce Streets. Most of the French here were anti-Bourhon, though there was a considerahle number of loyalists who hoped that the king and queen might come to America if they should get out of the hands of their captors. But the republican majority among the local French was backed by a strong American contingent^ who. with the tricolor tied to their button- holes, proclaimed their partisanship of the French Revolutionary Cause, and, as John x\dams tells us. made daily threats to drag Washington from his house or to upset the government by a new Revolution, unless it should declare war against England and in favor of the French Revolution. A bibtilous crowd made the nights vocal with the "Ca Ira" and the "Marseillaise," danced the "Carmagnole," wore Liberty caps, and inveighed against the government. This revolutionary fervor would have doubtless culminated in bloody riots but for the ter- rible visitation of yellow fever in most virulent fury in the summer of 1793. It was not the first visitation of the scourge, which had come to the city with varying degrees of severity for several years. But the severity of the attack of 1793 far outran the worst of previous years, and the sanitarv arrangements and medical treatment with which the municipality and the doc- tors endeavored to combat the disease were totally inadequate. This was not due to the laxity of effort, but to the ignorance of the nature and treatment of the disease. In former years it had been chiefly the poor people who lived in the bottom lands near the river who had been the victims. They were the earliest attacked in the 1793 visitation also, but in August the promi- nent families in the uplands were also victims, and the disease spread in all directions w^ith great rapidity. Ten doctors were among the fatalities of the epidemic, and Dr. Benjamin Rush, the city's leading physician, was attacked by it. btit recovered, as did also Alexander Hamilton and Governor Mifflin. Outside towns quarantined against Philadelphia, and exaggerated accounts were spread of the extent of its devastation. The truth was sad enough. About five thotisand persons fell vic- tims to its ravages, and it was not until November 14 that Governor Mifflin, proclaiming the cessation of the epidemic, named a day in December for Thanksgiving over its departure. The anti-English, pro-French agitation broke out again soon after. Although on October 16, 1793, Marie Antoinette had been beheaded by the guillotine, as her husband, Louis X\T, had on January 21 of the same year, the news had little effect on the ultra-reds of Philadelphia. February 6, 1794, anniversary of the French and American Alliance, was made the occasion of a renewal of the agitation by means of a dinner at which the crew of a French East Indiaman were the guests. The pro-French sentiment was evidenced by the wearing of the tricolor and the addressing of each other as "Citizen." It continued to be expressed by jubilations over every French victory and was the forerunner of much political turmoil. Meanwhile diplomacy had been at work in London, John Jay having been sent to England as a special envoy in 1794 to negotiate a commercial treaty. The result was the Treaty of Amity, Commerce and Navigation between the United States and Great Britain, concluded in November, 1794, although its terms were not known in Philadelphia until July 1, 1795. CHAPTER F I t E E N POLITICAL TURMOIL— FROM THE JAY TREATY TO THE SECOND WAR WLLH BRITAIN It was several years after the Constitution of tlie United States had been in oi)eratioii l)cfore the radical elements became resigned to the ide^i of obedience to Federal power. The Whiskey Insurrection in Western Pennsylvania was the hrst serious outbreak, and was organ- ized as a protest against the new Federal Excise Law of 1794. Pennsylvania troops, under the [)ersonal command of Governor Mifflin, and , . — -r— — -■'^^ ;--^^jj^^^s&ij j ^ . J'aaflwg.' Southern troops head- ed by "Light-horse" Harry I^e, got the out- break under control, hut it was a personal \isit of President Washington to the dis- turbed districts that tinally impressed the insurgents w i t h the idea of the absolute necessity of obedience to Federal laws. The result was a salutary lesson to many of those who had been most ^'ociferous i n their laudation o f French red-republican- ism. The troops, re- turning triumphant from the campaign against the wliiskey insurgents of the West in December, 1794. made a big impression, and did much to strengthen Federal sentiment in the city. But there was still a strong and vociferous anti-Federal i)arty. which insisted on seeing in the Constitution of the United States and its supporters an insidious endeavor to foist upon the American people the theory and practice of monarchism, with John Adams, Alexander Ham- ilton and John Jay as the leading factors in the monarchical plot. These anti-Federalists were also the leaders in the pro-French propaganda, though the Republicans in Paris were torn by faction and were working the guillotine overtime. Fauchet, who had succeeded Genet as French minister, had been recalled, as the result of another turn of the political wheel in Paris, and was succeeded by Citizen Adet, who was made much of by the anti-Federal agitators. The news of the treaty made with England by John Jay roused the anti-Federalists to fury. Jay was denounced as "the evil genius of Western America" and he was burnt in effigy. A copy of "Jay's Treaty" was fastened to a pole and burned by a mob in front of the house of Ham- mond, the British minister, in Second Street. Demonstrations were made by the opponents of the treaty, with whom were the members of the French Colony and a large contingent of Irish who had recently arrived. The French minister, without much res])ect for the rules of diplomacy. Arch Strekt Fekky 192 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA Residence of Morkis and Washington was outspoken in the expression of his displeasure over the signing of the treaty. The Senate ratified the treaty and Washington signed it. Washington was denounced as a "grand llama" in Bache's Advertiser, which daily charged the Federalist leaders with betraying American inter- ests. In meetings Jay was charged with having sold American liberty and independence for "British gold." The treaty was made an issue in the elections of 1795 in Philadelphia, the treaty-men having a majoritv. but in the Presidential election of 1796 the "Democrats" or "Republicans" as they were then inditferently named, were successful over the Federalists, there being chosen thirteen Republican and two Federalist electors. Under the plan of voting then in vogue each elector had two votes, the one receiving the highest in the entire country becoming the President, and the one second in the voting Vice-President of the United States. The vote of Pennsyl- vania stood, in the State Electoral College : Jefferson 14, Burr 13, Pinckney 2, Adams 1. In the country the result made John Adams President and Thomas Jeft'erson Vice-President. Washington's Farewell Address, which took him out of the candidacy and fixed the precedent against a third term in the Presi- dency, was printed on Septemlier 19, 1796, in Dunlap's Advertiser. His elimination of himself from further executive honors greatly weakened the "monarchical" taunts of the "Republicans." In spite of all the attacks upon him, Washington was intensely revered by the vast majority of the people. He could, without ques- tion, have been reelected President if he had so de- sired. His birthday in 1797 was celebrated with especial zest and enthusiasm, with military parades, artillery salutes, balls and receptions, and after taking part in the inauguration of his successor, on March 4, he received an ovation of unprecedented fer\'or as he left the hall. In the afternoon of the same day he was the guest at a public banquet given in Rickett's Amphitheatre, a large circular btiilding at Sixth and Chestnut Streets, in which, as a contemporary record tells us, Richardet, the French caterer who had become "master" of the City Tavern, had prepared "a most sumj)- tuous entertainment comprising four hundred dishes of the most choice viands which money could purchase or art prepare." Other attentions crowded upon General Washington until March 9, when he left for Mount W'rnon. Virulent as the onslaught of the opposition press had been during Washington's term, it had been considerably restrained by the almost unanimous popularity of Washington himself. But with John Adams no such restraint was observed. Beginning with his inauguration he was attacked with vigor and venom by opposition writers, who dul)bed him "His Rotundity, the Duke of Braintree" (referring to his home town in Massachusetts). "His Serene Highness" and other such names and continued these assaults throughout his term. Citizen Adet, the French minister, in November, 1796, had issued an address to Frenchmen resident in the city asking each of them to wear the tricolor French cockade, "the symbol of a liberty the fruit of eight years' toil and five years' victories." His advice was followed not only by the French, but by the pro-French, anti-Federal element of the city. Its prevalence on the streets seemed to call for a distinguishing emblem for the Federalist adherents, who began to wear a black cockade as their insignia. Adet was much incensed by the fact that in the Philadelphia City Directory of 1796, and in several almanacs, his name followed that of the British minister. He demanded of Timothy Pickering, Secretary of State, that the publication should be suppressed and their distribution forbidden. Mr. Pickering replied that the United THE STORY OP ri 1 1 1.ADELPHIA 1^3 States would not "attcni])! l)y official arrangcnu'ut voluntarily to settle questions of rank among foreign powers." Bache's paper, now known as the Aurora, kej)! up its partisan fusillade, but found a counter-irritant in the even more puui^^ent work of William Cohhett. an Iui,t,dish political writer who had come to the United States in 1792. Cobbett had begun by the publication of j^amphlets of the most vindictive type, i)ublished under the nom dc plume of "Peter Porcupine," by Thomas Bradford. In March, 1797, Cobbett began the publication of a daily evening paper, Peter Porcupine's Gazette, anti-Democratic and anti-French, surpassing even the Aurora in vehemence and vindictiveness. He made a iierce attack upon Don Carlos de Yrujo, the Span- ish minister, who demanded of the Ctnernmcnt that Cobbett should be prosecuted. As a con- sequence Cobbett was arrested and bound over for a])pearance in the Federal Court. This did not satisfy De Yrujo, who wished the trial to be in the Sui)reme Court of Pennsylvania, as the presiding justice of that court. Thomas McKean, was his intimate friend. At the November term judge McKean, in his charge to the Grand Jury, favored the indictment of Cobbett, and personally appeared before that body as a witness against the editor. But the (]rand Jury of that Court, and that in the Federal Court, ignored the indictment, a result which Cobbett tri- umphantly hailed as his vindication. It furthermore furnished a text for severe criticism. From August 17 until the 1st of November, 1797, the city was again scourged' by the yel- low fever. Many of the United States offices were removed to Trenton, N. J., the President went to Braintree, Mass., while the War Office was opened at the Falls of Schuylkill. Sixteen of the leading Philadelphia merchants transferred their business to Wilmington, Del. When President Adams returned from Massachusetts on November U, he was greeted by the Aurora with a sarcastic article on "the triumphal entry of Flis Serene Highness of Brain- tree into the City." while a communication, signed "An Old Soldier," had, earlier in the month, animadverted on the 1^-esident "reveling and feasting in Boston and New York while our unhappy city was the prey of di.sease and death." In connection with the hostilities between France and England, French cruisers continually seized American vessels. The protests of the American Government received insolent replies from the French Directory. The American envoys, John Marshall, Charles Cotesworth Pinck- ney, and Elbridge Gerry, had tried in vain to conclude a reasonable treaty. The French Directory had urged the Council of Fi\e Hundred to pass a law declaring that all ships having English goods on board were good prizes, and closing the ports of France to all ships that, in the course of their voyages, had touched at any English port. l*!arly in 1798 John Marshall had returned to Philadelphia to announce the failure of the mission and also to tell how the wily Talleyrand had sent emissaries to demand of the envoys a bribe of tifty thousand pounds for the members of the Directory and a large loan to the Republic in consideration of a satisfac- tory treaty, and had received from Pinckney the historic response: "Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute." These things w^ere reported by Marshall to President Adams, who laid the situation before Congress on March .^, 179S'. These facts caused a great revulsion of the feeling toward I<"rance in Philadelphia and in the country at large. It seemed that war was ine\itable, though the Pennsylvania Senate, where pro-French sentiment was very strong, adopted resolutions against war, which were tabled in the House. In the music of the period "The President's March," which had been composed in honor of Washington some time before l)y a German music-teacher, had long been popular in Philadelphia. At the request of Gilbert Fox, a local actor, Joseph Hopkinson, then twenty- eight years old. agreed to write a patriotic song to fit the tune, and produced "Hail Columbia," which Fox sang at his benefit on April 25, 179S. It created a sensation, and soon was being sung in the streets. It Ijecame immensely poi)uIar. except to the extremely ])ro-French Demo- 194 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA crats, who proclaimed it to Ije a "'Federalist song." But the song was a means of calling 'many to realize the folly of Americans lining themselves up as pro-French or pro-English, when it was especially necessary that they should all unitedly be pro- American. ^rhe division of the people into two hostile camps so impressed President Adams that he set apart May 8, 1798, as a day of fasting and prayer for divine guidance. Instead it was a day of faction and disorder, so far as Philadelphia was concerned, and several encounters occurred between wearers of the tricolor and black cockades. It looked as if the many mob contests of Philadelphia were about to culminate in a local and bloody revolution. Order was restored, how- ever, by the ])rom]:)t action of Governor Mifflin in calling out militia to disperse the crowds. War threatened so forcibly that preparations for it were organized by the General Govern- ment, General Washington being designated as Commander-in-Chief with the rank of Lieuten- ant-General, and coming to Philadelphia in November', 1798, to perfect his military plans. He spent more than a month in organization work, Init on December 14 set out for Mount Vernon, convinced that the war crisis had passed. Political rancor continued. Cobbett became more and more vitriolic, but being a British subject and excessively pro-British in his deliverances he did the Federalists more harm than good by espousing their cause. The Aurora was cjuite as belligerent on the other side, and the publications on the one side and the other led to many personal assaults. Cobbett finally ran afoul of Dr. Benjamin Rush whom he accused of excessive bleeding (often as much as five or six times per day. Cobbett said), and excessive use also of mercurial purges. He continued it day by day until Dr. Rush had him prosecuted for libel, winning the suit with a judgment for $5000 damages. The execution of the judgment ruined Cobbett. and he left for New York, publishing there a periodical which he called The Rushlight, in which he abused Dr. Rush, Governor McKean, Judge Shippen. who had presided in the libel case, and others. He finished the Rushlight in an article in which he consigned all Philadelphians to per- dition, and sailed for Europe, issuing, before h.s departure. "Porcupine's Farewell Address to the people of the United States," dated May 29, 1800. The yellow fever which had been so fatal in 1793 had returned annually, but in 1794. 1795 and 1796 had seemed much more amenable to treatment. In 1797. however, the visitation was with renewed virulence, and the deaths numbered 1292. The sanitary arrangements were improved, but were, of course, still cjuite inadequate because of the absolute ignorance then pre- vailing as to the origin and real character of the scourge. Following the visitation of 1797, the Assembly passed a much more stringent health law. But this turned out to be only a prelude to a much more severe visitation. In 1797 the exodus of the people of Philadelphia had begun in August, but in 1798 some cases were reported in June. ( )n August 6 the physicians reported twenty-six cases. Although in the flight which followed it is estimated that 40.000 of the 65.000 inhabitants of Philadelphia had participated, there were 3637 deaths before the epidemic was checked, a larger percentage of deaths than in any previous e])idemic. Over 1000 died in a return of the disease in 1799. These visitations of yellow fever not only diminished the population by its direct effects, but also acted as a dterrent upon the incoming of new citizens. Philadelphia was. by the testi- mony of all who described it. a beautiful place. Rochefoucauld-Liancourt. who visited Philadel- phia while Washington was President, described it as "not only the finest city of the United States, but one of the most beautiful cities in the world." As the capital of State and Nation it had been the center of political interest and gay social life until, at the close of John Adams' presidential term, the seat, of government was removed to the new. unfinished federal city on the banks of the Potomac. THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 195 News of the dealli of (IciktuI W'ashinglon on I )c-cc'iiil)rr 14, 1799, reached riiiladelphia. three days later, in the evening. \\ ln'ii Congress met on the morning of December 18, it imme- diately adjourned out of respect to tlie illustrious memory of the eminent soldier, statesman, and liberator. The following day John Marshall, of X'irginia, distinguished jurist, made a famous address in the House of Representatives and introduced resolutions in which Washington was declared by Richard Henry Lee to be "first in war, lirst in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen." Although the Quaker element in I'hiladelphia continued to be an important one and has always, to this day represented a most substantial factor in its prosperity, it was no longer a ruling force. The remo\al of the National Capitol from New York to l'hilade]])hia led. among other things, to a considerable liberalization of the laws with resj)ect to amusements. The ban against theatricals was remo\ed in 17S9, a law which had been many times unsuccessfully intro- duced at former sessions being enacted th;it year, and the Southwark Theatre opening January 6, 1790. under the management of Lewis Hallam md John Henry. It became a famous establish- ment to which leading citizens and visitors went to see performed many of the fmest classics of English drama. Other amusements also attracted interest, notably the circus, conducted along lines of which the programs of more recent circus performances are merely an elalxjration. ^fhe first was o])ened by a man named Pool in 1785, followed by John Bill Ricketts. a Scotch eques- trian of originality and daring, who erected a circus building in 1793 at Twelfth and Market Streets. Meeting great success there, he buil: an amphitheatre at Sixth and Chestnut Streets, opposite Congress Hall^ a circular building, nineiy seven feet in diameter. Ricketts and other highly expert equestrian performers, tight-rope dancers and pantomimists made a very popular performance, both in the ring and on the stage until December 17. 1799. when fire broke out from some scenery in a loft where a drunken carpenter had gone with a lighted candle. The audience got out of the building without injury, but the building was destroyed, and Ricketts, disheartened Ijy his heavy loss, went to England. For a year. April. 1797. to June, 179S. he had a rival in a still more elaborate circus, conducted by Lailson, a French equestrian. The expense of that show was too great for the receipts, and it failed. Pyrotechnic displays were also a popular amusement, and in 1783-1784. M. Blanchard. a French aeronaut, thrilled the town with his deeds of daring. Pleasure gardens, of which Gray's Gardens, just across Gray's Ferry, fitted up into an elaborate park by Samuel \'aughan, was the most popular, were a much-a])preciated amusement feature in Philadelphia during the last decade of the Eighteenth Century. Changes in the charter of Philadelphia were made in 1796. when the council was divided into two chambers, one the Select Council, of twelve citizens elected for three years, and the Common Council of twenty-four meml)ers, clKr^en at annual elections. The recorder and fifteen aldermen were appointed by the governor for life, their functions being exclusively judicial. The mayor was chosen from the list of alderm-n. for a one-year term, by vote of the councils. The removal of the State Capitol from Philadeli)hia had been agitated almost from the time of the adoption of the Federal Constitution. In the House of Rejn'esentatixes the sentiment for removal usually had a majority, but the Senate on several occasions voted down resolutions that had passed the House for removal of the capitol to Lancaster or to Chester. Many objec- tions were urged against Phila(lel])hia, but tho^e of the western counties, founded u])on the inconvenience of tra\el a])i)lied, almost in equal degree, to Chester, which had been advocated by many. Finally, in 1798, a resolution passed the House to rembve the capitol to Wright's Ferry on the Susquehanna River, after a motion to strike out "Wright's Ferry" and insert "Har- risburg" had been defeated by a vote of 29 to 43. The Senate changed the bill to read "Har- risburg" as the House minority had desired, but the House refused to concur. The question came up in the Assembly in 1799', those desirous of removal agreeing upon the aj)i)ointment of a 196 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA committee to select a site somewhere near the center of population of the State, and urging the frequent epidemics of yellow fever in Philadelphia as a reason for removal. The choice fell on Lancaster, where the Legislature met for the tirst time on December 3, 1799. Although Cobbett had gone to England and Benjamin Franklin Bache had died of yellow fever in 1798, the political cauldron seethed as hotly and Philadelphia journalism was as vitu- perative as ever. John Fenno, of the Gazette of the United States, who, after Cobbett's abdi- cation, was the strongest opponent of the assaults of Bache, continued the most stalwart ex- ponent of Federalism until he, like Bache, died in the epidemic of 1798. On the Democratic side Bache had as successor William Duane, who had been on the Aurora from 1795, and became head of the paper after the death of his chief, whose widow he married, thus obtaining ownership of the paper. He wielded a biting and abusive pen, and was the strongest supporter of Jefferson, and the most vicious critic of John Adams. For the Federalists, after Fenno's death, the ablest and most pungent writer was Joseph Dennie, editor of the Port Folio. That publication was notable for its high literary quality, and also for the power and skill with which Dennie held up to scorn the ultra-radicals who lauded the hideous, lawless and bloody French Centre Square Water Works Revolution and its results as a pattern for American imitation. Efifective, brilliant, and scholarly, Dennie became the center of a gifted literary coterie, which he organized as the Tuesday Club. That club earned the encomiums of Thomas Moore as having given him the most agreeable moments of his tour through "the States" in 1804, and he especially lauded Mr. Dennie and his "elegant little circle," devoted to ''good literature and sound politics." But the Federal party, so far as the control of national affairs was concerned, went out of existence with the close of John Adams' term on March 4, 1801. 14ie "Alien and Sedition Laws" of the Adams administration were very unpo])ular, and the agitation against them was the leading factor in the party's defeat in the election of 1800. But the party served a useful purpose in the emphasis it laid on National unity, and in combating the attempt to mold our American system on the pattern of French Revjlutionary disorder. The anti-Federalist party had been called "Republican" by its friends and "Democratic" by those who spoke of it in derision. But toward the last the more stalwart memljers of the THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA Rei)ul)Iic;in parly got to liking tlie name Democrat. TIk' parly Ijccame very strong and in citv and State politics split into factions. Thomas McKean had been re-elected governor in 1S02, and though he was an able man and a good governor he had a Ijad temper, which made him enemies. Some of the city leaders tried to beat him in ISO.S ])y sujiporting Simon Snyder, who lived in ihe ])ack country. McKean won easily in that year, l)ul wilh the same candidates Snyder was the victor in 180S. A newsjjaper founded ])y John Bimis, an Irish journalist, in support of Snyder, was called the Democratic Press, the lirst paper to use the word "Democratic" in its title. But it soon came to be tlie regularly accepted name of the party, first in. Iiyphenaled form— "Republican-Democratic," and later as the Democratic party, which it still holds, while its original name. "lve]ni])lican." has l)een adopted by its opponents. Jefifcrson was elected President after a cami)aign whicli. in 1 'hiladelpliia at least, was very hot and acrimonious, but while politics bulked very large in the discussions of those days, other things went forward too. llie (iermantown and Perkiomen Turnj)ike Company was incorpo- rated on February 12. 1801. with Pjenjamin Chew as president and John Johnson, treasurer. The road was badly needed, as the road to Germantown, as it then existed, had been stigmatized as "the worst road in the United States." It was. in fact, so bad that much of the traffic went across the open fields or around by way of Frankford to avoid the ])Ogs and ruts of the (ier- mantown road. In 1901, too, Philadelphia became associated with the canal building activities which reflected most the progress of. that period, The Delaware and Chesapeake Canal Company was incorporated on February 19 of that year, but was not fully organized until May, 1803. Idle Philadelphia Chamber of Commerce was organized in 1801. The admission fee was fixed at $8.00. and the annual dues at $5.00, Thomas Fitzsimons was the first jiresident of the Chamber, which held its meetings at the City Tavern. A young men's social clul), which was formed in 1799. became imjjressed with llie need of educational facilities for poor children, so in the following winter they organized "The Phila- delphia Society for the Free Instruction of Indigent Boys." With nine mem])ers. the societv opened a night school in which they taught from twenty to thirty pupils. The income of the first season was $16.37, and the exi)ense only $9.27, the equipment and instruction being pro- vided gratis by the members of the society. At the close of that season others ofifered aid to the project, and in June, 1801. Christopher Ludwick died in Philadelphia, leaving a will which provided for a bequest of $8000 to be paid to "the first association incor})orated to teach poor children gratis." The Philadelphia Society for Free Instruction succeeded in putting through its incorporation first, although the University of Pennsylvania tried to beat it by organizing a Free School Corporation of its own. The society, incorporated in 1801. had eighteen prominent Philadelphians as its Board of Managers, and secured not only the Ludwick ])equest but also other gifts including $4000 left them in 1803 by Chambers Wharton. The schoolhouse of the society was back of the Second Presbyterian Church, and afterward they were given a lot in Kensington by John Dickinson. Philadeli)hia merchants suffered greatly in the last decade of the Fighteenth Century and the first decade of the Nineteenth, because of the seizure of ships and cargoes bound from Philadelphia to the West Indies, by French war vessels. The merchants prepared, in January, 1802. a memorial, presenting their grievances to Congress, and signed by forty leading Phila- delphia firms. The memorial claimed that their losses aggregated two million dollars. The Tammany Society was an important institution in Philadel])hia in those days. It had organized at the house of James Byrnes, May 1. 1772, originally as a social club or society. Tammany, chief of the Lenapes in the days of Penn, had been head of the council of the Indian tribes that made the various friendly treaties and agreements with the Quaker settlers and made Pennsyhania the exemplar of friendship between the reds and the whites. After the Revolu- ,98 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA turn it became a patriotic society, and when the trouble over the Cienet ati'air and the Jay treaty tore things asunder, it became a partisan organization, wore the tricolor cockade, sang "Ca Ira," and in the election of 1800 was strongly Democratic. It celebrated Inauguration Day in ISOO with great zest, and afterward for several' years held days of jul)ilation on the Fourth of July and other holidays. But it never became a power in politics, such as its New York imitator became, and finally disappeared from view. It was one of the many societies which participated in the celebration of May 12, 1804. over the acquisition of Louisiana. The others included "The True Republican SocietV." the Society of the Cin:innati. the Democratic Republican Benevolent Society. St. Patrick's, Union, Provident, Friendly, and X'ictuallers' Societies, as well as an out- pouring of the military. Shee's Legion, four troops of horse, four companies of artillery, five rifle companies, and fourteen light infantry companies. Captain Powell's artillery fired seven- teen guns at dayl)reak in Centre Square, and the bells of Christ Church were rung. Idle estaljlishing of a regular stage line from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh was an important event of 1804. Except on rare occasions, chiefly political, when special stages and relays of horses had been used, the trip had been a most tedious one, either on horseback or in specially hired farm wagons. The new stage line made weekly trips, leaving Friday morning from John Tomlinson's hotel, in Market Street, and it was guaranteed that the journey should not exceed seven days. The fare, which was $20 per passenger, allowed for twenty pounds of baggage and a charge of $12 per hundred for excess baggage. A traveler who made the trip said that the cost of meals was "eight dollars and twenty cents per passenger, at good country inns." After the Louisiana Purchase was concluded this became the route of travel from the Eastern Seaboard to New Orleans, which city could be reached by boat from Pittsburgh in from twenty to twenty- five days, or an average of about a calendar month from Philadelphia to New Orleans. L:arlY in the Nineteenth Century there was much interest exhibited in the matter of estab- lishing and enlarging manufacturing industries. In February, 1803, the Pennsylvania Society for the Encouragement of Useful Arts and Manufactures which had not been active for several years, was reorganized and undertook a program of propaganda of progress in industry which has continued to be a marked characteristic of the business communty of Philadelphia. It was incorporated under the legislative charter in March. 1803, with Dr. Benjamin Rush, president; and Tench Coxe, John Kagan, Dr. Caspar Wistar, and Anthony Morris as vice-presidents. Sam- uel Wetherill, famous as a public-spirited Philadelphian, was made chairman of the Manufac- turing Committee of the Society, a position which he most zealously filled. An important improvement in the firefighting facilities of Philadelphia resulted from the organization on December 15, 1803', of the Philadelphia Hose Company. The meeting was incited by a disastrous fire on Sansom Street, near Eighth Street, which had occurred two days before. The water for the hand engines was poured into them after being passed in buckets along lines of men. The suggestion that hose might be attached to the hydrants and make the work of firefighting more speedy and effective found a response in the formation of its hose company. It did such good work on a fire which occurred on March 3, 1804, that two more hose companies were formed. Charges against Judges Shippen, Yeats and Smith of the Supreme Court, growing out of alleged oppression and illegal imprisonment by way of punishment for contempt of court, were laid before the Legislature on February 28, 1803. The Legislature, while passing resolutions denunciatory of summary proceedings of contempt, declared adjournment to be too near to give the matter proper attention, and so postponed further proceedings until the meeting of the next Legislature. In 1804, therefore, impeachment proceedings against the three judges came up. The State Senate voted on the proposed impeachment : "guilty," 13; "not guilty," 11. So the THll STORY OF I'l 1 1 L.IDELPIII A 199 judges failed of inipeaehmeut, liccause the vote against tliein was not a two-thirds vote as re(|nired l)y the State Constitution. Following the jay treaty of 1795 there had heen a remarkal)le inerease of the shipping interest of the United States, and Philadelphia had established a large merchant marine which did a hea\y business in trade to Europe, China, India, the West Indies, Charleston and New ( )rleans to which pcjints they made regular sailings, besides others open for charters to any desired port. Twenty-live first-class and sixty-three second-class vessels are enumerated as engaged in regular foreign voyages, all full rigged shijjs and barques of from two hundred to five hundred tons, besides many brigs and schooners, all cnvned in the port of Philadelphia. The tonnage was 103.663 tons in ISOO and about 10,000 tons more in 1805. The arrivals from for- eign jiorts in 1S05 were 547; clearance, 617; coasters arrived, 1169; cleared, 1231; total, 3564. At the beginning of the Nineteenth Century Philadelphia was the second city in the coun- INTKKIOR iNDHPKMJi'.NCli IIaLI, try, with 2^,522 inhabitants against 60,515 in Xew \'ork and 2A})?)7 in lioston. but it was a clo.se rival of Xew York in commerce, and remained the monetary center of the countrv until the expiration of the charter of the Bank of the P^nited States in 1836. The shijjping interest w-as unfavorably aft'ected by the French assaults ui)on sea commerce, and toward the end of the year was further endangered by prospects of a war with Spain. That war was averted, but the Eng- lish, as well as the French, took to harassing the ships of the United States merchant marine. Before these troubles the carrying trade of the merchant fleets of America had so increa.sed as to come near taking the dominion of the seas from England. Rut the attacks on the neutral 200 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA rights of the United States by both belHgerents in the Franco-British wars of the Napoleonic period, with the embargo dccLared by Jefferson in 1807, brought great prostration to the shipping interest. Meanwhile the endeavor to build up manufacturing interests in Philadelphia had met with much success. In 1801 one of the first steam engines put to practical use for manufacturing was built by Oliver Evans. In 1803 a beginning had been made in textile industries, there being then three calico-printing establishments in the suburbs of the city— those of Hewson at Germantown, Stewart at Germantown, and Thorburn at Darby, the three turning out 200,000 yards in 1803, and employing seventy persons. The Hewson establishment at Germantown, which was established by John ''Hewson, who had been a Revolutionary soldier, in 1789, was the first calico printing enterprise in the United States. Mrs. Washington had dresses made of fabrics printed in this establishment, and George Washington took frequent pleasure in pointing out that his wife's dresses were of calicoes printed by "Comrade Hewson." Samuel Wetherill was one of the most zealous promoters of manufactures in those pioneer days. He established in Philadelphia, ^n 1787, the first manufactory of white lead in America, and five years before that had advertised himself in the I'ennsylvania Gazette of April 3, 1782, as a manufacturer of "jeans, fustians, everlastings, and coatings," this being, probably, the first establishment in America to produce these goods on a commercial scale. John Harrison, who was the most notable of the early chemical manufacturers of the United States, began in 1793 the manufacture of sulphuric acid, and in 1804 he enlarged his production by adding the various chemical preparations of mercury, antimony, copper, etc., used in the arts and as medicines, and in 1806 he added white lead to his products. He afterward followed with many other chemicals. The Wetherill and Harrison white lead industries are continued to this day by the descendants f their founders. About 1803 a Mr. Ettonhead had begun the manufacture of cotton machinery arding engines, drawing and roving frames, mules and spindles, starting a branch of indus- try in which Philadelphia has continued to lead. In January, 1806, a new society was organized, called the Philadelphia Society for the Encouragement of Domestic Manufactures, with Stephen Girard as its first president. In that year, too, the first enterprise to engage in the manufacture of flannels in Philadelphia was estab- lished. Facilities for travel to New York were greatly enhanced by the opening, on February 1, 1806, of the bridge over the Delaware at Trenton, a notable structure built by Theodore Burr. Before it was constructed the passengers from Philadelphia to New York went by boat to Bur- lington or Trenton. New Jersey, and thence by stage to New York. But with this new bridge the stages ran through, and there were four fines each day. The "Diligence" leaving at 8 A. M., and the "Industry" at 9 A. M., charged $5.50 per passenger. The "Mail Pilot," which left at 10 A. M., charged $8.00. and the "Mail" leaving at noon, charged $8.50 per passenger, but these carried only six ])assengers each. The route laid over turnpike roads all the way, and tolls were high, costing each stage $5.50 per trip. The roads were kept in good condition, however. The same could not be said of the road to Baltimore, which was very much neglected, and there was an agitation for turnpikes on that route. The passenger route was by boat to New Castle, then by stage across the Peninsula to Court House Point on the Chesapeake, whence the journey was finished by packet-boat to Baltimore. In 1807 the grievances against England came to a climax when, on June 28, intelligence of the Chesapeake outrage reached Philadelphia. The British man-of-war Leopard, supported by the frigate Melampus and the seventy-four Bellona, fired into the ChesaDeake, June 23, outside the Virginia Capes, killed four of her crew and wounded eighteen, and seized three men who were claimed as deserters. The outrage aroused Philadelphia to a white heat, and a meeting o — c THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 2(11 held in the State House yard July 1, presided over by Matthew Lawler as president and with Joseph Jlopkinsou as secretary, pledged support to the government and resolved that the citi- zens of rhiladelphia would "discountenance all intercourse with the vessels of war belonging to Great Britain, and would withhold from them all supplies or assistance that might be neces- sary to their aid and subsistence." The next day the Philadelphia Militia League offered its services to the government, and they were accepted. The legion numbered 816 men. and recruit- ing was inaugurated. Several volunteer organiz:i tions were formed. Of the 100,000 militia called for by I'resident Jefferson Pennsylvania's quota was 15,600, of which Philadelphia city and county were required to su{)ply (S8 artillery, 177 cavalry, and 1550 infanlrv. In December, 1807, there was a parade in which the First F>rigade had 2000 uniformed men in line, and the County Brigade 3000. Politics seethed in Philadelphia, but had more to do with State than in city politics, the contention being between two wings of the Demtjcratic Party, one headed by Governor McKean which was aided by the remnant of the Federalist Party, and the other headed by Dr. Michael Leib who had served several terms in Congress, but had declined renominatian and had returned to the State Legislature. He and William Duane. editor of the Aurora, had charged Governor McKean with nepotism, corruption and favoritism and had built up a strong position with the party. Thomas McKean. Jr.. son of the Governor, who was Secretarv of the Commonwealth. ft I II n inrV ■ mil iiiiK GiRARD College Yard, Looking East had challenged Dr. Leib who had accepted the challenge, but the younger McKean and his second. Major Dennis, were indicted. Duane w^as constantly attacked by libel suits, but they did not cause him to moderate his attacks. The passage of the non-importation act was the great event of 1807. and the passage of the embargo brought a depression in foreign trade and a stagnation in shipping. The British Orders in Council and the Milan decrees of Nai)oleon darkened the prospect and 1808 opened with scenes of distress. The sailors in Philadelphia were without occupation and on January 16, 1808, marched in procession to the City Hall. Robert Wharton, the mayor, told them that their marching with the flag constituted an unlawful asscml)ly, but after they had furled their 202 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA flag he expressed his synii)athy with them, teUing them that the government had thought an embargo necessary and advising them to disperse peaceably. The Chamber of Commerce took up the matter and took up subscriptions from the mer- chants of the city for immediate rehef of the sailors. An effort made to secure from the Legis- lature an appropriation of $5000 for the purpose failed. They were taken care of by private suljscriptions until April, but the subscriptions ceased then. Times were very hard, and even those who were possessed of a considerable amount of property had very little money. ^ The sailors scattered to various places, quite a large number of them going to Halifax, Nova Scotia, where they joined the British service. The Bayonne decree of Napoleon, issued in March. 1808, directed the seizure of every American vessel because, it said, "none could lawfully Ijc abroad since the passage of the Embargo Act." Both the British and French governments w^ere antagonistic and there was a strong "opposition to the embargo i^olicy at home. This was chiefly in New England, for in the other'' States the majority opinion was that the alternative was embargo or war, and that the country was not i)rei)ared for war. Many distresses came with the embargo, but there were some valuable compensations. Domestic' manufactures sprung up to supply the place of importations no longer available. Two shot-towers of large capacity were built in Philadelphia ; red-lead and litharge were added to the list of the city's manufactures. xNumerous houses were erected in the city. The Philadelphia Manufacturing Society was organized with a capital of $50,000 in 1000' shares. Its managing and subscription committee was composed of Israel Israel, Elisha Gordon, Tench Coxe, Matthew Carey, William Y. Birch, A. Philson, David Jackson. Samuel Wetherill, Jr., and Joseph Jones, wdio, in April, issued an address announcing their intention to use water-power and erect build- ings and machinery for making cotton, woolen and linen cloths and other goods. In July, 1808, a "Premium Society" offered premiums in money for various textile and other products of domes- tic manufacture which would take the place of goods heretofore manufactured abroad. Few entered the competitions suggested, l)Ut Colonel David Humphrey, of Connecticut, received an award for the first piece of broadcloth ; the managers of the Almshouse and of the House of Employment in Philadelphia received premiums for the first thread- or sewing-mill set up. the Almshouse managers also obtaining an award for cotton sheeting; and other premiums were given to Daniel McGinnis for cotton shirting, and to Stoddart & Gilbert, of Connecticut, for cotton cloth. The great improvement in manufacturing in Philadelphia was celebrated by manufactur- ers and mechanics on November 17, by a dinner, given in the rooms formerly occupied by the United States Senate, at Sixth and Chestnut Streets. John Dorsey. who presided, was dressed in a suit of American broadcloth made from merino wool. In the State election of 1808 Simon Snyder, who headed the Democratic ticket, was elected Governor by an overwhelming majority, and Dr. Leib. who was reelected to the Legislature, was chosen United States Senator. James Madison, of Virginia, was elected President, and George Clinton, of New York, Vice-President in the same election. There was a considerable agitation for military ])reparedness during 1808, and drills and sham l)attles were the means employed for the training of the volunteer forces. The political breach between the Democrats and Federal- ists in regard to the embargo Ijecame wider. The irksomeness of the embargo brought al)out a spirit of impatience with many who had approved it and on March 1. 1909, three days before the inauguration of Madison, the New York and New England Democrats, who had been under great pressure from their constituents, joined the Federalists in Congress in enacting a repeal of the Embargo Act and passing a non-intercourse act that ai)i)lied only to England and France and excluded English and French ships of w:ir from the ports and territorial waters of the United States. THE STORY OT TiULADELPHlA 2(1 President Madison, on April 19, 1809, issued a jjroclanialion slating that the Ihitsh min- ister. Mr. Erskine (son of the famous Lord Chancellor) had received news tliat the British ( )rders in Council of 1807 would he withdrawn hy June 10. after which trade with (jreat Brit- ain would he renewed. This announcenu'nt had the efiect of drawing great jjraise of the President from the h\'deralists, who had previously had nothing hut denunciation for him. But the rejoicing turned out to he premature, and Mr. J'^rskine was forced to tell the President (Ml July 31, with expressions of ])ersonal mortihcation, that the arrangement had fallen through, and President Madison issued a proclamation, August 9, declaring the non-intercourse act in full force as regarded Creat Britain. Mr. Erskine, who was personally in high esteem with the Administration and friendly to .America (his wife was a daughter of (General John Cadwalader of Philadelphia), was recalled, and Erancis James Jackson was sent as the new British minister to Washington. His conduct was contentious, insolent and overhearing, and he was soon told that no communications would be received from him . The l-iritish Government was notified that Jackson was persona iioii grata, and his recall was requested. Things went from had to worse in 1810. both Erench and English j^rovocations continued, but the most flagrant \iolations were those of English impressment of sailors, the total number being j)laced as high as 6700 by the United States Department of State, while Lord Castlereagh admitted in the British Parliament that 1600 had been impressed. It was felt tha: war could scarcely be avoided and the military organizations of Philadelphia kept up steady drill and practice. There were times when reports came from Pinckney, American minister to Britain, giving encouragement to the idea of a peace- ful settlement, but British stubbornness intervened and wdien Madison was nominated for reelec- tion by the Congressional caucus on May 18, 1812, it was realized that war w^as inevitable, and the actual Declaration of War came on June 18, 1812. Local events during the period when these international troubles were brewing included the completion of the '"chain bridge" over the Schuylkill early in 1809. and numerous improvements in roads, building operations ; and the increase of manufacture. But the prosj^ect of war o\-er- shadowed everything. Drilling was kept ttp in Philadelphia, and the city was enthusiastically loyal to the government, but in spite of all that was done and everything that was intended, neither the city nor State, nor the countrv at large was pro])erlv j)re])areil for the hostilities that were so soon to come upon them. ; Thk University Buildings on Ninth .Strekt, i^2u C H A P T E R SIX TEEN PHILADELPHIA DURING THE SECOND WAR WITH BRITAIN AND THE QUARTER CENTURY FOLLOWING-1812 TO 1840 The United States did not go into the War of 1812 with the sympathy of all the American people behind it. The majority favored the war, but there was a considerable number in opi)Osition, the division being very largely along party lines. The Republican-Democrats favored tlie war. but the Federalists were against it. There had been a large Irish immigration to the United States during the first years of the cen- tury, and these new citi- zens had a considerable part in accentuating the anti-English feeling of a large share of the peo- l)le. At Washington, Henry Clay, Speaker of the House of Represen- tatives, (lid not content himself with his duties as Speaker, Imt took a leading part in debate on all important occa- sions. He ]:)laced him- self at the head of the War party in Congress which advocated the calling out of volunteers to serve on land and the construction of an effi- cient navy. Clay looked for a conquest of Can- ada and a peace dictated at Quebec as the result of a victorious war. A majority of Congress including such leaders as John C. Calhoun, William Lowndes, Felix Grundy, and Langdon Cheves, backed up the masterful Kentuckian, and conquered the hesitation of the Madison administration and led it into the war against England in June, 1812. The city of Philadelphia, although in anticipation of eventual war with England, or France, or both, there had been con- tinual drilling of various militia organizations, was ill prepared for the conflict. The nation, as a whole, was even worse prepared. Colonel Winfield Scott was sent to Philadelphia to raise a regiment for the regular army, establishing a camp for that purpose west of the Schuylkill River, near the Upper Ferry, and having .secured his men, led the regiment to Canada. Sailors, who had suffered greatly by the embargo, found lucrative service on the numerous privateers fitted out by the merchants and sea captains of Philadelphia. David MofTat was the leading merchant in this Market Street, from Ninth Street, 1S20 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 205 group, his privateer shi]) Ratllesnake and other vessels scouring the i^)ritish coasts and captur- ing many merchant sliijjs wliicli were brouglit back as prizes to Philadelphia. In early operations the British had the best of it in the operations on land, but the Ameri- cans had the better success on the sea. Bainbridge, with his man-of-war Constitution captured the Java on December 30. 1812\ and the Hornet defeated and sank the Peacock on February 24, 1813. In the spring of 1813 a very effective blockade of the mouth of the Delaware was estab- lished by a British squadron under command of Sir John P. Beresford, whose ships destroyed or captured numerous small craft and committed depredations on both sides of the Delaware. A demand was made on March 16. 1813, on the inhabitants of Lewes, Delaware, for twenty live bullocks "with a proi)ortionate amount of vegetables and hay," for which he would pay reason- able prices, but threatened to destroy the town if his demand was not satisfied. The demand met with instant defiance, and the news of it was communicated to the- people of Philadelphia and contiguous parts of Pennsylvania, Delaware and New Jersey. Detachments of militia from the three States poured into Lewes, the specie in the banks of that place. New Castle and Wilmington was removed to Philadelphia, and batteries were erected at New Castle and Wilmington. The British started a bombardment of Lewes on April 6, and kept it up for twenty-two hours, but did little damage, and did not land any forces from the enemy fleet. Gray's Fkrry, on the Schuylkii,l Meanwhile there was a good deal of nervousness at Philadelphia, which was practically unprotected. Colonel Izard and Lieutenant-Colonel Winfield Scott had taken the bulk of the Fort Mifflin troops wnth them to fight in Canada and the West. There were, in fact only four- teen invalided soldiers in the fort. Prompt work was taken up in the organization of new mili- tary units. A "Junior Artillerists' Company" was formed out of the meml)ership of the Young Men's Democratic Association, with about eighty officers and men who were given muskets, and, after inspection were mustered into temporary service. On March 23, 1813, with Jacob Fitler as ca])tain they, with Cajitain \\'illiam Mitchell's company of Independent Blues, were sent to Fort Mifflin, wdiere they served under Captain James S. Barker, U. S. A., until they were relieved on April 7, 1813, by United States troops, and were honorably discharged. Other companies were organized, including two companies of Washington Cuards (from the membershi]) of the Wash- 206 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA ington Association )of which companies Captain Condy Raquet commanded the First and Captain John Swift the Second Company. On May 26 a company caUed the "State Fencibles" was organized, of which Clement C. Biddle was chosen captain. The City Councils did nothing for several months in aid of defense. The Common Council, which was Democratic in political control, attempted to pass measures of defense, being in har- mony with the war, but the Select Council, which had a Federalist majority opposed to the war, prevented action by failing to gather a ciuorum, so that the efifort of the Common Council to secure immediate defensive action was thwarted for several weeks. The Common Council had passed a resolution for a joint committee of three members from each Council to take such steps as were necessary for the better security of the port, naming its own members, but the Select Councils' failure to have a quorum blocked the plan. The Common Council and a large part of the city were impatient over the conduct of the Council, and an association for the protection of the harbor and ports of the River Delaware, with Richard Willing as chairman and John Sar- gent as secretary, was organized at a meeting in which the conduct of the absentee majority of the Select Council was roundly denounced. A call from the mayor, however, resulted in a Coun- cil meeting on April 2, at which a joint committee was appointed. Meanwhile the British fleet committed many depredations on the shipping in the lower Dela- ware, and on the nearby coasts, burned and sacked Frenchtown and Havre de Grace on the Chesapeake, and later burned Georgetown and Fredricktown. on the Sassafras River. Admiral Cockburn's fleet did great damage all along the coast, destroying all shipping that came within range. Up the Delaware the British depredations extended as far as Reedy Island. The unpop- ularity of the war with the Federalist minority of the people is illustrated by a toast given at a dinner on July 5, 1813, at the Lebanon Garden, Tenth and Cedar Streets, at which there were 800 diners: "The War — begun without just cause, conducted without energy — may it end with- out disgrace." But by the Ijeginning of 1814 open opposition to the war ceased. Some of the Rapid Transit— Philadelphia to Lancaster and Pittsburgh Federalist outgivings of the previous year had made them the target of ridicule and dislike. A considerable number of the Federalists did not share the anti-war views which many of their leaders had expressed. The national government had become more vigorous in its prosecution of the war. and the patriotic spirit of the country responded. At the patriotic services and cele]:)rations of that year the Czar Alexander of Russia and the King of Sweden were lauded in toast and resnlution, and Blucher, Kutusofif, Schwartzenberg, Wittbenstein, PlatolY. Bulow, De Yorck, and others of the Continental soldiers who were fighting against Napoleon were also the subject of eulogy. Wellington's part in the defeat of Napoleon THE STORY OF ril 1 LADTLPHL-i 207 was not exploited puljlicly, hul did not lack admirers in ])ri\ate speech. Bnt we were at war with Britain, and it had to he seen through. At that time (ireat Britain had laws similar to those that still pre\ail in ital\- that nati\'e- horn suhjects could never renounce their allet^iance. and in pursuance of that theor\- a numher of naturalized citizens of the United States who had heen horn British sul)jects, were hein^,^ treated as traitors l)y the British authorities. The T^ennsylvania Lej^islature, on January 18, 1814, ])assed resolutions in favor of the i)()licy, on the part of the National (jovernment of securing hostage for those who were thus threatened with trial and execution by Great Britain. In March twenty-three British prisoners, including Major de X'allette and other officers were brought to the Arch Street prison to be confined as such hostages. In March also eighteen of them esca])ed l)y sawing off the iron bars of the windows. Rewards were offered for their recaptm-e, anri some were brought back while the others made good their escajjc. Privateering was resumed. The Young Wasp, Ca]jtain Hawley, made some captures in March, 1814, Init being chased Ijy a British frigate ran one of its boats on the shore, where it was set on fire by the British frigate's boats. The Young W'asj) itself eluded the frijjate bv its faster sailing, and continued its cruise seven months, crqjturing seven prizes and returning safely to Philadelphia. 'Jhe Rattlesnake, Captain Maffett. was another Philadelphia privateer. It was chased by two seventy-fours and two brigs, but outsailed them and escaped. Philadelphia became active in the building of war \essels. Adam and X'oah Brown launched a slooi)-of-war on March 23, 1814, and that same month there w-ere on the stocks in the Delaware two ships-of-war of seventy-four and forty-four guns, eighteen gunboats, six barges, two blockade sloops, and a schooner. The seventy-four was the Franklin, and the forty- four was the ( iuerriere which was launched May 20 from the shipyard of James and Francis Grice. at Mount Pleasant. For the defense of the Dela- ware there was a flotilla including nineteen .gun- boats, six barges and two block sloops. Some British vessels which came into the bay in ATarch soon left, and the frigate Belvidera, which sailed rnder false colors for several miles up the bay, made a hasty exit when the gunboat flotilla appeared. Under a re\ised militia law passed in March, 1814, the State was divided into sixteen divis- ions, each of two brigades. The city of Philadelphia comprised the First brigade, and the county the Second. The State cockade was blue and red. X'olunteer companies were permitted to choose their own uniforms, and there was a provision in the Act for drafting troops when they were needed by the State or National Government. Four British barges, which attacked Elkton, Maryland, on July 11, were driven ofT by the militia, but a report reached Philadelphia that the British had landed. This led to a rapid and enthusiastic mobilization of the city's land and marine forces, including several new companies 208 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA of volunteers, hastily organized. But the marines going forward to Elkton found no trace of the enemy returned with the news to Philadelphia, and the first excitement passed away. It had been a good lesson in preparedness, however, and the recruiting of new companies went steadily on. On the 3d of August a salute was fired at Potters' Field by the First Artillery Regiment, Col. John Hare Powel, in honor of General Brown's victory over the British Army in Canada. A committee appointed by the City Councils on June 9 to correspond with the State and United States authorities in regard to measures of defense to be adopted for the Delaware River and Bay were still deliberating when, on August 25 the community was brought up standing and aroused to feverish activity by startling news. Washington had fallen before a British assault. It was thought probable that the British under General Ross would march to the assault of Baltimore and Philadelphia. Next morn- ing a great town meeting assembled in the State House yard. Ex-Governor Thomas McKean, then 80 years old, presided, and Joseph Reed, who was city recorder for many years, was secre- Watering Place — Atlantic Citv, i8oi tarv. The resolutions were aggressive and positive and a strong committee with the broadest ])Owers was selected to organize troops, secure equipment, provisions, and munitions, raise and spend funds, secure volunteers, enforce the draft, care for the families of those called to arms and generally to exercise ]:)lenary powers. The committee was thoroughly representative, includ- ing Charles Biddle, Thomas Leiper, Gen. Thomas Cadwalader, Gen. John Steel, George Latimer, John Barker, Henry Hawkins, Liberty Browne, Charles Ross, Manuel Eyre. John Connelly, Condy Raguet, William McFadden, John Sargent. John Geyer (Mayor), and Joseph Reed, of the city of Philadelphia ; Col. Jonathan Williams, John Goodman, Daniel Groves, John Bar- clay, John Naglee. Thomas Snyder, J. W. Morris, and General Michael Leib, of the Northern Liberties and Penn township ; James Josiah, Robert McMullin, John Thompson, Ebenezer Fer- guson, James Ronaldson. Peter Mlercken, Richard Palmer and P. IVltz. Party was forgotten. The committee included men who were strong Federalists, as well as Democratic leaders, and all the papers, without regard to party, urged the loyal support of the committee by all citizens. The City Councils of Philadelphia met and voted to borrow $300,000 to be placed in control of the Committee of Defense ; and the corporations of Northern Liberties and Southwark each added $100,000 to this fund. Volunteers were abundant and the entire THE STORY OF ri 1 1 LADELPHIA 209 autumn was spent in drilliuL;' new recruits and l)uil(lin<^- fortilieations. The Coinniiltcc of Defense planned for fortirtcations near Gray's l*\'rry. a redoubt opposite I laniilton's Grove, on the west side of tlie Schuylkill, a fort at the junction of the Gray's iH'rry and Darby roads, a redoubt on tlie Lancaster road and another on the south side of the hill at Fairmount. This building prograninie was far too ambitious to ha\e been lilled except ])y enthusiastic voluntary enlistment of workers. Citizens of all trades and professions participated and the work was done by volunteer labor of 15,0(X) people, each giving one day. The workers included all trades and every profession and the work, beginning on September 3, continued until October 1, when the field-works w^ere completed. X'arious harbor works were later undertaken and forts built, largely by volunteer labor. News received on the 14th of September of the landing of the Brit- ish near Baltimore brought greatly increased excitement and intensified defensive preparations. Rumors kept up the tension and the news of the bombardment of Fort McHenry caused great anxiety, soon to be relieved by the cheering news of the retreat of the British. General Winfield Scott, arriving on September 29, was given an ovation and escorted to his hotel with military honors. Country vSchool House, 1812 Troops continued to be organized and pre})arations made for a vigorous defense or ofifen- sive in 1815. News of the battle of New Orleans January 8, did not reach Philadelphia until February 5, and soon afterward (on February 13) the news arrived that a treaty had been signed at Ghent, on December 24, 1814, and ththat the war was over. The worst loss to the British was the 1600 vessels which had been captured as prizes or destroyed. The treaty was ratified by the Senate on February 17, 1815. It did not settle the "search and impressment" claims of England which was the chief of the causes of the war, but the practice was not resumed. It did, however, settle the disputed territorial boundaries and made due acknowl- edgment as to the exclusive right of the United States to navigate the Mississippi. America w^as satisfied and the people of England w^ere disgruntled by the treaty. The financial operations in connection with the War of 1812-1814 seem very trivial in com- parison with these later war days when such operations are estimated in terms of billions as compared with the millions of a century ago. With the beginning of the war the flotation of loans became a necessity, and Albert Gallatin, Swiss by birth, who had been a United States Senator from Pennsylvania, was Secretary of the Treasury. In May, 1812, he ofTered $11,000,000 in twelve-year 6 per cent bonds, and succeeded in selling $6,000,000 of these, which was thought to be a favorable showing. Philadelphia took $1,645,800 of this issue, of w^hich the four banks took $1,000,000 divided as follows: Bank of Pennsylvania, $500,000; Farmers' and 210 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA Mechanics' Bank, $300,000, and $100,000 each to the Philadelphia Bank and the Bank of North America, the remaining part of Philadelphia's suhscription to the loan going to business firms and individuals. As it was estimated that $21,000,000 would be needed for the war expenses of 1813, other expedients had to be tried. By suggestion of Secretary Gallatin and authority of Congress, an issue of treasury notes, payable in one year with interest at 5 2/5 per cent was made. Further issues of government securities to the amount of $16,000,000 were authorized, but only $6,000,000 had been raised after a month or more of efifort. Recourse was had to money lenders, and $9,000,000 of the loan was sold, $2,000,000 to John Jacob Astor, of New York, and $7,000,000 divided between David Parrish and Stephen Girard, of Philadelphia. Attempts to make this transaction appear as an outburst of patriotism on the part of these three men are An Oli> PHir,\DELPHiA Pagkant. Procession of Victualkks, 1821 somewhat weakened by the fact that they took the loan at 88 per cent, and stipulated that if the government should at any time in 1813 borrow money at a less advantageous price they should have a corresponding rebate on their purchase. Without going into detail as to the gov- ernment financial operations it may be stated that when peace was concluded by Senate ratifica- tion in February, 1815, the new debt aggregated $63,000,000 in 6 and 7 per cent bonds, $17,000,000 in treasury notes, and many unliquidated claims of individuals. War prices had prevailed during the war, but the return of peace which caused stocks and government bonds to rise brought down merchandise to prices one-half or one-third those which had been reached during the war. Philadelphia rejoiced and illuminated in celebration of the treaty of Ghent, and resumed business on a peace basis. Trade increased and industry expanded, but under considerable financial difficulties. Currency was in a very unsatisfactory condition. Suspension of specie payments in August, 1814, had left nearly every one a debtor. Notes of two cents face value were issued and used as change. They were at first signed by reputable business men and firms who made them redeemable when presented at their bank in sums amounting to one dollar, but they were circulated in great numbers and many persons who never redeemed these notes or intended to do so issued these "shinplaster" notes. Other notes were THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 211 issued by merchants in various fractions of a dollar, such as the 634-cent notes issued by John Thompson, a grocer, of 130 North Water Street, who made them good for groceries, or, at sixteen for a dollar, redeemable on demand in Philadelphia bank notes. Bank notes generally were at a discount — those of New York at 14 per cent and those of Philadelphia and Baltimore at 16 per cent. To pay the national debt the taritf on imports was increased 40 per cent over the rates of duty which had prevailed before the war. The original Bank of the United States in Philadelphia, which had, on Hamilton's recom- mendation, been chartered in 1791 for a term of twenty years, had been refused a renewal of its charter in 1811, and its loss was felt during the war period because the functions of coordi- nation of banking activities which it had established were of a quality that could not be under- taken by any of the existing institutions. The manifest lack of banking facilities led to a demand for charters for State institutions which was considerably overdone. The State Legislature chartered twenty-five new banks in 1813, but Governor Snyder vetoed the bill. In 1814 a bill passed to charter forty-one of them, and this bill was also vetoed but passed over the veto.. As each charter carried a note-issuing privilege, these new institutions soon put a large number of notes in circulation. University of Pennsvlv.\nia in the F'arly Days Congress in 1816 chartered the second Bank of the United States, located, like its prede- cessor, in Philadelphia, and fixed its capital at $35,000,000. The first president of the bank was William Jones, a native Philadelphian who had been Secretary of the Treasury in Madison's Cabinet during two years of the War of 1812-1814. The bank opened its doors on January 7, 1817, and established nineteen branches in various parts of the country, later adding six more. Its operation had a stabilizing efifect upon financial affairs, governmental and commercial. Langdon Cheves, of South Carolina, was president of the bank from 1819 to 1823, and was succeeded by Nicholas Biddle who remained at the head of the bank until its charter expired. Among the conditions of the charter of the bank were that it should pay a bonus of $1,500,000 in one, two and three years, should issue no notes under $5, and was forbidden to suspend specie 212 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA payments under 12 per cent penalty. The date of the hank's charter was a difficult one in which to comply with the last named provision, the payment of specie having been suspended for more than two years. The introduction of forty-one new banks to the note-issuing category had flooded the State with bills of a more or less problematical value. The bank in its first few years was not overburdened with demands for specie, and later its resources of coin were so replenished that it was able to lead in reestablishing a coin basis. It became a power in the land, but a strong party in the country regarded the bank in the light of a dangerous monopoly, and that party prevented the rechartering of the bank. Andrew Jackson, elected President of the United States in 1828, was one of those who did not disguise their hostility to the bank. His message to Congress in 1829 expressed a belief in the unconstitutionality of the bank's charter. The question was drifting into politics and Nicholas Biddle, the president of the bank, and his associates, feeling that if Andrew Jackson should be reelected in 1832 the chances of a rechar- ter of their bank in 1836 would be slight, decided that it would be well to secure the extension of the charter during his first term. They felt sure that the current Congress would grant the ■^e^^ Mount Pleasant — Arnold's Housk charter and if it did and Jackson should fail to approve it the question of renewal could be made an issue in the presidential campaign. In any event the existing charter would hold until 1836. So in 1832 a bill passed both houses of Congress extending the Federal charter of the bank. Jackson vetoed it, and the bill failed to pass over his veto. In the presidential election of 1832 Andrew Jackson was opposed by Henry Clay. Both had been members of what had been officially known as the Republican Party, but since Jefiferson's time popularly called Demo- crats. Jackson in 1832 took the name of Democrat and Clay was nominated by a section of the THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 213 party calling themselves ofticially in that election the National Republican party, but preferred the name "Whig," as it had been part of their plan to picture Jackson as a tyrant and his par- tisans as "Tories" — and themselves, therefore, "Whigs" by contrast. Clay made his fight prin- cipally on the bank issue. But the Jackson stand against a monopoly in banking — which was the way he and his campaigners presented it — proved popular, and even more so his vigorous course against the South Carolina "nullifiers." Jackson received 219 electoral votes; Clay, 49; John Floyd, of Georgia, an independent candidate. 11 ; and William Wirt, of Maryland, anti-Mason, 7. In September, 1833, Jackson, through Roger B. Taney, Secretary of the Treasury, removed the $8,000,000 of government deposits from the bank. This crippled the institution and caused it, and its -correspondent banks and branches, to greatly curtail the volume of their credits and O1.D Phii,adelphia Institutions call m loans. Many failures and much restriction of business followed, with general distress. The impossibility of renewal of the Federal charter led the directors to secure a charter from the State of Pennsylvania, February 18. 1836. for a new institution under the name of the Pennsyl- vania Bank of the United States which purchased the goodwill and fixtures of the old bank and contmued the business. It seemed to prosper under the continued presidency of Nicholas Biddle, 214 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA but it felt the loss of its national prop, and moreover it joined in the expansion, overtrading and unsound banking methods which prevailed over the country. Banking was done without ade- quate specie basis ; banks over the whole land turned out paper "money" in the most reckless fashion. The bank suspended specie payments on October 10, 1839. and the Legislature fixed February 1, 1841. as the date for it to resume them. In preparation for it the bank borrowed from the Philadelphia banks $5,000,000 on its notes averaging thirteen and a half months for maturity ; and the lending banks borrowed $2,000,000 from New York and New England banks so that specie payments were resumed. But the bank found itself unable to meet its obligations and made an assignment September 4, 1841, precipitating a time of great financial disaster all over the country. Following the treaty of Ghent and the end of the war troubles the people of Philadelphia turned their attention to the vocations of peace and progress. City improvements, roads, ferries, turnpikes and steamboat lines made travel easier to the surrounding country and opened commer- cial communications with other cities. Markets were established for public convenience, includ- ing a new fish market opened in January, 1816, and in the following July, for the first time, fish- ing vessels went to sea and brought their cargoes of fish in ice to the Philadelphia market. A new chain bridge was erected in 1817 to take the place of the old one over Schuylkill Falls. GiRARD College, 184S The visit to Philadelphia of President James Monroe in June. 1817, was made a great social event with military, naval and civic honors. Early in 1818 the Philadelphia Councils made for- mal presentation to Commodore Perry of the costly sword which had been voted for in 1813 and finished in 1815. Yellow fever visited the city in 1819, but vigorous action on its first appearance limited its ravages so that the deaths did not exceed twelve. But in 1820 there was a more severe visitation in which 757 deaths were recorded from the disease. It took years of propaganda to convince the people of Philadelphia that anthracite coal was fit for use as fuel. As early as 1803 the Lehigh Coal Mining Company was organized, but the idea of burning such coal was regarded for a long time as a joke. But little by little people learned by experiment the value of this fuel, and in 1821 the Lehigh Navigation and Coal Com- pany sent 365 tons of coal to Philadelphia. In 1823 the Legislature, on March 31. passed an act to incorporate a company to build a railroad from Philadelphia to Columbia in Lancaster County, and John Connelly, Michael Baker, of Arch Street; Horace Binney, Stephen Girard and Samuel Humphreys, of Philadelphia; THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA Emmor Bradley, of Chester County; Amos Ellmakcr, of Lancaster City, and John Barbour and WilHam Wright, of Columbia, were constituted the president and directors of a company to be called "The President, Directors and Company of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company." Politics were particularly warm in Philadelphia in 1824, the local contests being affected by the national split in the Democratic Party. The division was based upon the objection to the plan which had before been followed of having the party nominee for President selected by Con- gressional caucus. The objectors were principally advocates of the nomination of Andrew Jack- Old Churches son for President. Crawford, Adams and Clay were the other aspirants and when the caucus was held it was said that Jackson would have been nominated if Clay had not finally, when he found he could not reach the nomination himself, diverted his support so as to nominate John Quincy Adams for the presidency. The quarrel tinctured the local nominees, there being two Democratic State and County tickets and three for the Legislative candidates, one backing Jack- son, another Crawford and the other the Adams-Clay ticket. In the contest for electors in city, county and State, Andrew Jackson had overwhelming majorities and he received the whole elec- toral vote of Pennsylvania. The election went into the House of Representatives, which chose John Quincy Adams. For many years there had been agitation for a canal to connect the Delaware and Chesa- peake. On April 15, 1824, the first sod of the project was turned, at Newbold Landing, in the presence of the Mayor of Philadelphia, the Chief Justice of the State of Delaware and many prominent citizens, and Thomas Cope delivered an address dealing with the history and progress of the enterprise. 216 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA The welcome given to Lafayette was the great pubhc event of the year. Councils extended the invitation on July 29 and for two months preparations were going on. General de Lafayette was met at Morrisville, on September 27, by troops of cavalry from Philadelphia and various Pennsylvania counties which escorted him and Governor Schulze to Frankford, where they slept for the night at the United States Arsenal. Early next morning Lafayette visited Frankford village where he was given an official reception by the borough authorities, after which he was escorted to Rush's field where the general reviewed the troops of the city. Afterward, with a cavalry escort, the general, in a barouch, passed over a line of march which included a long mili- tary and civic procession in which were the governors of Pennsylvania and New Jersey, City Councils and many other dignitaries. The procession halted at the State House, where further ceremonies were held, and from there he was escorted to the Franklin House, at the south corner of Walnut Street and west side of Washington Square, where he made his headquarters. On the next day, Wednesday, September 29, he was given a reception by the Society of the Cincin- nati in Independence Hall, Major William Jackson delivering an address. The children of the public schools were received in the State House yard on September 30. and in the afternoon Gen- eral de Lafayette was given a Masonic reception in Masonic Hall. For a week after, receptions, balls, dinners and festivities brought back memories of the Revolution and the services which the men of that period had rendered to America and Liberty. Robert Wharton, who had been mayor of the city for many years, resigned in April, 1824, and Joseph Watson was chosen by Councils in his stead. Mr. Wharton had been honored by several elections, serving as mayor in 1778-1779, 1806-1807, 1810, 1814, 1818, and 1820-1824. CALLOWHILL STREET (FAIRMOUNT) BRIDGE. Canal projects of importance were put in motion in 1825 to connect Lake Erie with the Alle- gheny and Susquehanna rivers, and, more locally important, one to connect the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers. The New Jersey Legislature in March authorized the construction of the Delaware and Raritan Canal. All these projects had their inspiration in the great success of the New York-Lake Erie Canal system worked out by the genius and interest of De Witt Clinton. Many additions were made to the nunil)er of steamboat lines connecting Philadelphia w^ith vari- ous places on the Atlantic seaboard and tributary rivers. Lafayette's second visit to Philadelphia in July. 1825, was made an occasion of ovations and festivities more notable than any that had occurred in his first visit. Of the visitors to Philadel- phia none took a firmer hold on popular admiration. During his Revolutionary career in this coiuitry, as Washington's close friend and companion in arms, this French marquis had been a THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 217 frequent visitor to Philadelphia, then the seat of the Continental Congress. He went hack to France taking- with him the respect of the new republic as a popular hero, a place which history has permanently assigned him. He died in Paris on May 20, 1834, and when news of his death came to Philadelphia in June, Councils made provision for a procession in his honor on July 21. Many civic organizations took part in this tribute, including city and district officials, members of the benevolent societies of the city and of the fire and hose companies. Commemorative exer- cises were held in Zion Lutheran Church, in Cherry Street, where prayer was offered by Bishop White, of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and an address was delivered by Peter S. Duponceau, who had been the friend and military companion of General de Lafayette during the Revolution. In 1826 the cornerstone of the Philadelphia Arcade was laid on May 3. It was located on the north side of Chestnut Street, between Sixth and Seventh Streets and extended through to Carpenter (now Jayne) Street, on the site of the old Carpenter mansion-house, one of the finest structures of colonial and Revolutionary times. The arcade idea was copied from the Burlington Arcade, near Regent Street, London, then the location of many of the finest and most exclusive shops of the British metropolis and a resort of fashion. With fronts of Pennsylvania marble on Chestnut and Carpenter Streets, with four bold arches entering wide open avenues leading from street to street, rows of shops on each side fronted on these avenues. The second story, reached by stairs near each front, was also laid out in shops with gallieries in their fronts from street to street, and the third story was enclosed and entirely devoted to the use of the Pennsylvania Museum. The cellar was a fashionable restaurant kept by David Gibb. The ground cost $42,500 and the building $112,000. At first it was well rented and had considerable popularity, but when the novelty wore off the public passed it by and only to a small extent turned into these covered avenues. The eighty rooms in the two shop stories did not attract, rents had to be low- ered, and finally the museum removed to Ninth and Walnut Streets and the third floor was used as a music room. Dr. David Jayne bought the property in 1863, tore down the arcade and built on its site three fine marble stores extending through from Chestnut to layne Street. Thomas Jefferson and John Adams, who were associated in history as the two foremost advo- cates of the Declaration of Independence, chiefly written by Jefferson, both died, by strange coin- cidence on the fiftieth anniversary of the adoption of that most historic of instruments, July 4, 1826. By resolution Councils ordered that the Hall of Independence and their own chaml)ers should be draped in black for six months, and that the 24th of July should be set apart as a day of public mourning for the two great patriots. The day was generally observed as recommended by Councils, occupations and business being suspended, public offices closed and places of worship opened. The old Liberty Bell in the State House was muffled and tolled. General Cadwalader, division commander, caused minute guns to be fired, vessels in the river displayed flags at half- mast ; apartments on the lower floor of the State House were hung in black, and citizens generallv wore mourning for thirty days, There was a solemn parade, civic and military, on the 24th. The soldiers marched to Independence Square, and the civic part of the parade grouped behind the soldiers. John Sergeant, from a black-draped scaffold in the rear of the State House, delivered a scholarly and elegant oration and eulogium. So that these two patriots, associates in creation of American liberty and later rivals in partisan leadership of the two great parties which contended for control of the government, w^ere mutually honored and mourned in the city where their great reputations were largely made. John Sergeant, who made the address on this occasion and was soon after appointed oiie of the two envoys extraordinary and ministers plenipotentiary to the Congress at Panama, which was one of the earlier efforts to secure diplomatic union between the United States and the South American countries, was. in November, 1826, the recipient of a complimentary banquet at Masonic 218 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA Hall. It was tendered him by the Philadelphia Bar, of which Mr. Sergeant was an honored member. A few days later he left for Panama in the United States sloop-of-war Hornet. The Greek rebellion against Tvirkey, which had the general sympathy of the Christian world, was not forgotten in Philadelphia. A meeting to express that sympathy was held in the Court House on January 2, 1826. Another meeting in October proposed to raise a military corps to be called the American Greek Legion, but later meetings decided that charitable rather than mili- tary aid was needed from America. Mathew Carey was put at the head of this movement and as a consequence one man ofifered a thousand barrels of flour and another the services of a ship to carry provisions to Greece. The brig Tontine sailed in March, 1827, with $16,000 worth of provisions, and up to the close of the subscription Hsts in the summer of 1828 $25,575 had been contributed and used fcr Greek relief. Boating on the Schuylkill Until 1826 the burial of Philadelphia's dead was either in church burying grounds or in the Potter's Field. In that year the first cemetery was established by the Mutual Burying-Ground Society of the city and county of Philadelphia, organized August 17. 1826. The Union Bury- ing Ground, the Machpelah Cemetery and the Philanthropic Cemetery were started in 1827. These organizations were a good beginning of a much-needed convenience. The room in the church burying grounds was restricted and expensive. It was very difficult for one not a member of the congregation to get interment in them and from twenty to thirty dollars had to be paid before ground was broken in some of the parish graveyards. The Mutual Burying Ground was on Washington Avenue (then Prime Street) on the south side, east of the line of Tenth Street; the Union Burying Ground, in Southwark, was a large lot on the line of Sixth Street, extending down to Federal Street; the Machpelah was on the north side of Prime Street (Washington Avenue) from Tenth to Eleventh Street, and the Philanthropic Cemetery was on Passyunk Avenue, below the county prison. All these were upon the mutual or associate plan, and sold lots 8x10 feet for $10 each. On April 8. 1833, the Philadelphia Cemetery Company was incorpo- rated. It had bought in 1827 from James Ronaldson a large tract bounded by^hippen, Fitz- water. Ninth and Tenth Streets, which Ronaldson had laid out with walks and small parks in a very attractive manner. The Pennsylvania Horticultural Society was organized in 1827, a preliminary meeting being held November 24 at the Franklin Institute of which the venerable Mathew Carey was chairman THE STORY OF PIULADELPHIA 219 and lames Mease, secretary, at which organizing coniniittees were selected, and on the 21st of December the society was founded with seventy-eight members. The first regular election of the Society was held June 2, 1828, and Horace Binney was chosen as first president. Persistent effort had been exerted for many decades to secure the construction of an ade- quate breakwater at the mouth of Delaware Bay. An Act of Congress, tentative in character, was passed May 7, 1822, appropriating $22,700 to build two piers conditioned upon the secre- tary's approval if he should deem the measure, after survey, to be expedient. The engineers, after survey, declared a work of much larger scale, constructed of durable material, was needed at that place. Plans were made and filed in the War Department, and the President recommended its construction in his annual message. Finally after many efforts by the Chamber of Com- merce and other Philadelphia organizations, and much statistical demonstration of loss and dam- age to shipping for lack of this protection, Congress, on May 23, 1828, passed an act providing "that the President of the United States cause to be made near the mouth of the Delaware Bay a breakwater," and appropriated $250,000 for the purpose. The first stone of the breakwater was laid soon after and the work was continued until there was enclosed a harbor of 360 acres estimated area, with a depth of from three to six fathoms. The light, known as the Breakwater Light, was built in 1848. Silk culture in Pennsylvania was encouraged and accelerated as the result of the formation in Philadelphia in 1828 of the Pennsylvania Society for the Promotion of the Culture of the Mul- berry and the Raising of Silkworms, which was accomplished by the payment of substantial pre- miums of $50 for the greatest number of cocoons, and $30 for the next greatest number of cocoons, not less than fifty pounds gross, raised in Pennsylvania. For the best white mulberry trees of not less than two years' growth planted at equal distances, say twenty-five feet apart, not less than 400 hundred trees, $50 ; next greatest quantity, not less than 300 trees, $30, and for the next greatest quantity, not less than 200 trees, $20. Catholic emancipation provided for in the Catholic Relief Bill passed by the British Par- liament brought rejoicing among the friends of religious freedom in Philadelphia. The bells of the State House and those of Christ Church, Protestant Episcopal, w^ere rung as a token of rejoicing "over the recent triumph of religious liberty in England." A meeting of friends of Ireland celebrated the event in the County Court Room with resolutions of thanks to Daniel O'Connell and the Duke of Wellington, and a dinner was given in Independence Hall with 350 people present, Mathew Carey presiding, and appropriate speeches and songs. It was the last occasion of the use of Independence Hall for such a public gathering. The French Revolution of July, which resulted in the banishment of Charles X, and in which General Lafayette had borne a leading part, w^as celebrated by a town meeting called to meet at the District Court Room on September 25, 1830, William Rawle presided; Nicholas Biddle and Daniel Coxe were vice-presidents, and Richard Willing and Charles J. Ingersoll were secretaries. John Sargent was the princi]xal speaker and appropriate resolutions, with congratu- lations to General Lafayette, were adopted. Other meetings were held and a military celebration which displayed the tri-colored flag in company with the United States flag was held on October 4 in honor of the same event. The Legislature on March 15, 1831, repealed an act passed April 4, 1798, the operation of which had been an annoying obstruction to the use of the streets on Sundays. The 1798 act had authorized churches to fix chains across the streets on which they were located at a distance from the building so that their congregations should not be disturbed by the noise of passing vehicles. The exercise of this privilege compelled many vehicles, even including mail wagons and firemen, to take circuitous routes. Many petitions were sent to the Legislature again'^t the 220 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA obstructions, and though there were remonstrances by clergymen and church members, the streets were made free. The death of Stephen Girard occurred on the 26th of December. He was a native of France and had been a seaman, but came to Philadelphia when a young man and had resided in the city more than sixty years at the time of his death at the age of eighty-one. He had been a most successful merchant and was a man devoted to business and not suspected of any large spirit of philanthropy, such as his will revealed him to have. At his death his estate was valued at $7,500,000, an enormous amount for those days. He bequeathed to friends and relatives $140,000 in cash, and annuities which amounted to $65,000 additional. He gave the city of Philadelphia $500,000 for the improvement of the eastern front of the city on the Delaware, gave $300,000 to the State of Delaware for internal improvements ; devised 280,000 acres of land in Louisi- ana to the cities of Philadelphia and New Orleans (a gift subsequently lost to these cities by an adverse decision in a lawsuit) ; bequeathed $116,000 to various charitable institutions in Phila- delphia, and left the city $2,000,000 in trust for the purpose of erecting and maintaining a col- ^' i^ ^ f" ' * , t ' lit > 1 \ Charitable Institutions lege for the education of poor white male orphans, while the residue of his wealth was left to the city of Philadelphia for the support of the college, the improvement of the police system and the reduction of taxation. Girard's heirs attacked the will by every legal device and besides the Louisiana lands they secured a decision that coal lands bought by Girard after the date of the will did not properly form a part of the residuary estate and therefore was subject to dis- tribution among his heirs according to the laws of Pennsylvania at that time. A vigorous attempt was made to invalidate the grant to Girard College, but that bequest was upheld in all the courts and finally confirmed by the Supreme Court of the United States. TllR STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 221 The Asiatic cholera xisited IMiiladclpliia in \i>32. Of Asiatic origin it never had \isitecl Europe until 1S30 when cases appeared at Moscow. Central Europe was scourged in 1831. and it appeared in Sunderland, England, in Octoher of that year; in Edinburgh in January, 1832; in London in February, in Paris in March, and the lirst American case occurred at Quebec on June 8. New York had its first case on June 24, and a sanitary board was appointed by Councils to prevent or combat the disease in Philadelphia. Dr. Samuel Jackson, Charles D. Meigs, and Richard Harlan who visited Canada and New York City to in\estigate the causes and the methods of preven- tion and cure of the epidemic, returned and reported that the disease was the genuine Asiatic cholera. They enjoined the most careful sanitation and diet precautions and the health authori- ties found considerable difficulty in enforcing sanitary rules in some sections of the city, and more in establishing and locating places of refuge from the disease. The first case occurred on the 5th of July, and the disease from that on ran its course until October 4, when the last case was reported. There were altogether 2314 cases reported, and 935 deaths. The centennial of the birth of Washington was celebrated as a great patriotic tribute on February 22, 1832, with processions and services of an appropriate kind, and the cornerstone of a monument was laid in Washington Square with addresses by Dr. W. C. Draper and David Paul Brown and a prayer by Bishop White, of the Protestant Episcopal Church. But no monument was raised on that stone. S1.EIGHING ON Broad Street President Andrew Jackson visited Philadelphia in June, 1833, while on a tour through the northern States, reaching the city via Baltimore and New Castle and up the river on a steam- boat. He received the Federal salute of twenty-one guns and was carried in a barouche drawn by four hor.ses to the City Hotel, in Third near Arch Street, being attended by the City Troop and several local military companies. He attended the First Presbyterian Church on the next day and heard a sermon by Rev. Albert Barnes, and on Monday was tendered a reception in Independence Hall, where he was greeted by the local officials and thousands of the populace. Race riots were a not infrequent feature of the city's troubles at that period, and while the anti-slavery propaganda found many adherents in the city there were also many foes of 222 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA abolition. The attempt of a negro boy called Juan on the life of his master, Robert R. Stewart, who had been United States Consul to Trinidad, on July 12, 1834, led to a raid next day against negroes in various sections of the city, the assaulting of several young negro men who showed signs of belligerency and the attempt at burning of "Red Row" — about nine houses on Eighth Street, below Shippen, occupied by negroes. An attempt to hamper the firemen who tried tc save the houses was beaten off, and only the house first fired was destroyed. An attempt to renew the riot was repressed next day by the pDlice. The Philadelphia Gas Works was created by ordinance of Councils on March 21, 1835. There had been private installations of gas for single buildings beginning with an exhibition of Fkanki.tn's Grave gas by Michael Ambroise & Co., in 1796, and the use of gas in Peak's Museum and Warren & Wood's New Theater in 1816. The Masonic Hall w^as lighted by gas, and after it burned the new one, erected in 1822, was also gas-lit and was the only public building so lit for many years. It had its own jilant. Within a few years from the passage of the ordinance of 1835 gas light- ing became general in Philadelphia. i Mention of the "hard times" ha's been made in connection with the story of the Bank of the United States on previous pages. In 1836 it began and with the disappearance of specie and the THE STORY OF I'll ILADELPIIIA 22,1 uncertain value of the numerous varieties of paper money atloat there was great reduction of wages, rents and prices, with a scarcity of real money which made insolvency and sufferin"- general. A convention to amend the old Constitution of 1790 met at Ilarrisl)urg on May 2, 1837. John Sargent was elected president and the sessions continued there until the convention adjourned on November 23 to meet at Musical Fund Hall in Philadelj^hia on November 28. Sessions continued here until Washington's birthday, 183S', the Constitution being signed bv the delegates on February 22. It was referred to and adopted by the peoi)le in October at tlie State election. Pennsylvania Mall, a fine and capacious building dedicated to free discussion, had been erected at Sixth and Haines Street, below Race Street, the ground having been botight in 1837 and the structure erected by a joint stock company composed chiefly of abolitionists. The dedi- cation of the building occurred on the 14th of May, 1838, by a speech by David Paul Brown. He declared himself in favor of the abolition of slavery but did not believe immediate abolition would be wise. In the evening of May 15 there was a convention of abolitionists to which negro freedmen were admitted on a basis of equality. Great excitement was engendered among the anti-abolition forces of the city, and placards were struck announcing that "a convention to efifect the immediate emancipation of the slaves throughout the country is in session, and it is the duty of citizens who entertain a proper respect for the Constitution of the Union and the rights of property to interfere," following with a suggestion that citizens should assemble at Pennsyl- vania Hall on the morning of Wednesday, May 16, "and demand the immediate disjjersion of said convention." The convention continued its exercises on Wednesday. In the morning there was a discus- sion ui)on "Slavery and Its Remedy." The Anti-Slavery Convention of American Women occupied the lecture room, and the Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society met in the afternoon. These meetings met with no serious demonstration. But at night there was an Abolitionist meeting, addressed by William Lloyd Garrison. Maria W. Chapman, and Abby Kelly, of Boston. A riotous assembly gathered in the streets and some persons in the hall hissed and hooted the speakers. Stones were thrown from the street and some of the upper windows were broken. A protest made to the mayor, John Swift, was m-t by ad\ice that they should give up night meet- ings, but the managers, standing on their rights as citizens, refused to comply and demanded protection. On the evening of the 17th crowds began to gather near the hall and were being harranged by agitators. The managers, alarmed, assembled in the hall and decided to close the building and give the key to Mayor Swift. The mayor went out on the street and addressed the crowd of about 300 people on the outside, who cheered him, and some of them followed him as he went away. But the crowd left behind was soon augmented by new arrivals from vari- ous parts of the city and soon filled the streets around and near the building. Soon after dark all the public lamps in the neighborhood were extinguished and some of the crowd secured heavy timbers and began to batter the doors. They soon made a breach, fired the building in several places and assaulted the police who tried to stop them. When the firemen came the mob compelled them to play their hose only on the adjacent buildings, and the new and handsome structure burned to the ground. The owners claimed $100,000 damage, but a jm-v of inquiry in 1841 fixed the loss at $33,000. which the county of Philadelphia paid. The ruins remained as a memento of the riot until the Odd Fellows bought the propertv and erected a hall for themselves in 1846. There was an atteni])t to resume specie payments in 1838. but it proved premature. The law prohibited the issue of notes for sums under $5. and the banks were comjielled to j^av all balances under a multiple of $5 in coins, and it was estimated that in the vcar 1838 the ])anks 224 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA had paid out over $100,000 in coin for these balances. This coin could only be had at a pre- mium, but the threat of Governor Porter to prosecute and punish any attempt to evade the law prohibiting issues of shinplasters or small notes had the effect of keeping specie in circulation which would otherwise have been liidden. On the 18th of December the Schuylkill Bank was closed as a consequence of the fraud and defalcation of Hosea J. Levis, former cashier and then president of the bank. The Schuylkill Bank had been agent for the Bank of Kentucky and in that capacity had fraudulently issued more than 13,000 shares of the stock of the Kentucky institution. The directors of the Schuylkill Bank insisted that they were not liable, but the courts held otherwise, and after the claim of the Bank of Kentucky amounting to nearly $400,000, and the demands of the noteholders had been satislied there was nothing left for the stockholders of the bank. Levis had fled to Europe but was brought back and punished under indictments for perjury, forgery and conspiracy to defraud. Dr. Thomas W. Dyott was a druggist and apothecary who had made some money and had established successful glass works at Kensington, and in connection with his enterprise he had established the Manual Labor Bank. While the chartered banks could and did pay in notes when coin was demanded, Dyott, with no charter to back him up, could not get the specie to pay, and he was indicted for fraudulent insolvency and sentenced to three years' imprisonment on August 31, 1839. He was pardoned after a while as it was generally felt that he had not intended fraud. He reestablished himself as a druggist and did an honorable business and died several years after in good standing in the community. In politics the Whig party had made rapid strides and in the campaign of 1840 they joined to the fullest extent in that "Log Cabin, Hard Cider and Coon-skin" campaign. They sang the campaign songs and rejoiced when in the September election Maine "Went hell-bent for Governor Kent And Tippecanoe and Tyler, too." Their enthusiasm won both city and State for Harrison and Tyler in the November election. Early Public Improvements CHAPTER S E V E N T E E N FROM 1840 TO THE CONSOLIDATION RACIAL TROUBLES AND POLITICAL TURMOIL GROWTH OF OUTLYING DISTRICTS UNTIL ALL ARE COMBINED IN THE GREATER CITY The attempt of the banks of Philadelphia to resume speeie payments in 1838 having been evaded as far as it was possible for them to do so, because the coin supply on hand proved entirely inadequate, coupled with the financial troubles of the Schuylkill Bank, resulted in the election of a Legislature which, in 1840, passed drastic measures for the resumption of specie payments by January 15, ISrl-l, under penalty of forfeiture of charter. This made the banks not 1 'air MOUNT PaKK in 184O only careful of their specie in the interim, but also, each for itself, to redeem as many of its own outstanding notes by exchange of other currency for it. The currency of the period was chiefly in small notes, up to five and ten dollars, issued by city and district corporations, by loan companies (some solvent and some fraudulent), and bank notes from other States. All of these kinds of money, for want of better, were received by the city for taxes or other payments due to 226 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA it, and paid out by it in discharge of its obligations. The disbursing officers encountered Httle difficulty about the use of these varied currencies until, in January, 1840, Horace Binney sent a communication to Councils. He wrote that he was owner of $20,000 worth of the loan obliga- tions of the city and had received notice that the city treasury was ready to pay them. He did not require repayment and would allow it to stand, or to reloan the amount to the city, but if payment was to be made he would insist on specie, or its equivalent, and would not take depre- ciated currency for full payment. Examination of the subject by the Finance Committee brought a report that there was a large amount of the kind of currency to which Mr. Binney had objec- tion in the city treasury, and expressed an opinion that the city creditors should take it. But it was finally decided that persons who declined to take such payment should be given new loan certificates for like amounts. On June 25, 1840, Councils passed a resolution that all interest should be paid in specie. Dock Strkut Wharf, 184S The premature attempt to resume specie payments in 1838 and its failure, had a bad effect on the better prepared endeavor to comply with the law that required the banks to resume on January 15, 1841. The business community distrusted the banks and customers would demand payments in specie rather than to accept the banks' own notes as full or part satisfaction in ordinary transactions. As a consequence it became necessary for the banks to carry and pay out large amounts of coin. The banks were hard-pressed, and the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and Girard banks each paid out over $1,000,000 in specie. The Bank of the United States was THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 227 hardest hit. ( )n January 4, 1841, its statement showed that it had $2,171,722.97 in specie and $ 1,148, 101. 9vS in notes of state banks. ( )n tlic other hand, in addition to amounts due deposit- ors, its banknotes in circulation were $9,386,000.90. At that time its shares (par $100) were selling at $63 per share, and by February 4 had fallen to $45.75 per share. In the interim the bank iiad strengthened its resources so that though its assets available for payment of notes had only been about $3,300,000 on January 4 it had paid out in twenty days $6,683,321 in coin. The other banks of the city had, during the same period, redeemed $5,122,732 of their own notes. On February 4 the United States Bank announced that it had again stispended specie payments, but paid coin on their five-dollar notes. The other banks paid specie the next day until late in the day the run became too heavy for them and some of them also suspended specie payments on notes above five dollars. Marking notes "good" instead of paying them was an expedient that satisfied some customers. The Bank of the United States, on February 13, 1841, memoralized the Legislature for aid, setting forth that they had endeavored to carry out the provisions of the law in good faith, but had been prevented by a hostile combination and "a pervading distrust stimulated into activity by a part of the public press in another State." Colliers Loadin-g at Port Richmond The Legislature recognized that the banks were in a precarious condition and endeavored to furnish relief and passed what became known as the ReHef Law. which authorized the State banks, except the United States Bank, to lend three million one hundred thousand dollars to the State, in amounts proportionate to their capital, paying the State in their own notes of the denom- ination of five dollars and less. Another section authorized the United States Bank to make an assignment for the benefit of creditors. ' Proceedings pended in the courts for forfeiture of the charter of the United States Bank for refusal to pay specie on its notes, and meanwhile a committee of six stockholders was exam- ining the afifairs of the bank. They found great shrinkage of values in the assets. They found that the Exchange Committee of the bank had loaned recklessly, had speculated and lost, had hypothecated securities to meet post notes, and had indulged in speculations in cotton not per- mitted by the charter of the bank. It was claimed that most of these transactions were carried on by the Exchange Committee without the knowledge of the other directors. The bank finally closed its doors September 4, 1841. In January, 1842. Nicholas Biddle. the former president, Joseph Cowperthwaite, John Andrews, Samuel Jandon and Thomas Dunlap were arrested, charged with conspiracy to cheat and defraud the stockholders of the bank. Jandon and Dunlap were discharged under habeas corpus proceedings. The others were tried and after several appearances in the Court of Common Pleas and the Court of Criminal Sessions were discharged on technical grounds. The bank went into the hands of assignees. 228 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA Other banks had their troubles and the Girard Bank made an assignment, but its business went on and so improved that the stockholders were commanded by the Legislature to elect directors in 1844, and the business was resumed and afterward carried on with great success. Trouble continued for the banks, and some went out of business. The eventual losses were not great, except with the Bank of the United States, in which there was a total loss to stockholders, as well as much loss to depositors. The failure of this bank, which had a few years before been the chief issue in Federal politics, brought widespread distress throughout the country. President William Henry Harrison, who had been elected to that office in November, 1840, and was inaugurated on March 4, 1841, remained in office just one month and died on April 4, 1841. He was the first one of our Presidents to die during his official terni^. Respect to his memory was rendered by a ceremony, first set for April 12, but because of a storm postponed until April 20, which took the form of a funeral procession, except that instead of a coffin there was displayed on the dias of the funeral car a sword, a laurel wreath, rolls of parchment and many flowers. A riderless horse, led by a groom, followed the car. Many officials, military and civil organizations, schools, etc., joined in the procession. The churches were open and as no one or few churches could hold all the people the organizations in the march were assigned to particular churches, and memorial services were held in each. The line of march was long and before the churches were reached the snow, which had begun about the time the whole procession had fairly started, was quite deep. The Prince de Joinville, son of Louis Philippe, King of France, came on a visit to the United States in 1841, and was in Philadelphia in September. He remained in the city two days and was received in Independence Hall by the mayor, councils. French residents and citizens. Other appropriate civilities were tendered him. Riots broke out in August, 1842, when colored people, who were marching in a procession of the Moyamensing Temperance Society, were attacked by white men and boys, who were in the street. Heavy fighting followed and assaults were made on buildings in Lombard Street, between Fifth and Eighth Streets, and various small courts and alleys near by, windows being broken, doors smashed, furniture thrown into the street and negroes beaten. A negro in Bradford's Alley fired a gun, which infuriated the mob, and as the man retreated into a house, he was fol- lowed, the house forced and all the occupants dragged out and beaten. The assaults were renewed in the evening and Smith's Beneficial Hall, a large building used by the colored people for recrea- tion, was fired and destroyejd, and a colored people's church on St. Mary's Street was burned. The next day some Irish laborers working in coalyards on the Schuylkill, made an assault on a force of negroes engaged in similar work near by. A posse of sixty men, sent by the sherifif to quell the disturbance, was driven off by the rioters, who marched to Moyamensing and made assaults upon the negroes residing in Thirteenth Street and adjacent alleys. When the mayor's posse returned. Sheriff Morris applied to the County Commissioners for means to pay for mili- tary aid to quell the disturbance. He was authorized to use five thousand dollars for that purpose and called out a large body of troops with artillery, muskets and munitions, and with police in force to patrol the neighborhood, while the troops, in numl)er ample for the purpose, camped in Wash- ington Square. A weavers' riot in Kensington, in 1843. was quelled by a similar exhibit of preparedness. Some of the weavers organized a trade society and called a strike for higher wages. Other weavers in considerable numbers refused to join either the union or the strike. The work in Kensington was mostly done by weavers upon hand-looms in their own homes. The strikers, infuriated by the refusal of their fellow workers to join in the strike, made organized assault upon the houses of the workmen, who refused to go out, cut warps, destroyed looms and stuff in process of manufacture. William A. Porter, then sheriff', hearing of the trouble, went with a rilE STORY OF ril/L.iniiLPIIIA 229 posse and was badly beaten. He called out four companies of tbe X'olunteer Battalion, which wxMit to Kensinj^^ton, and in the evening eight companies of General Cadwalader's brigade were assembled at their armories. Knowledge of these preparations caused the rioters to subside. Commodore Isaac Hull, of the United States Navy, hero of the sea fight between the United States frigate Constitution and the British frigate Guerriere, died February 13, 1843, and was buried from his residence in Portico Square, Spruce Street, between Ninth and Tenth Streets. Lar""e forces from the army, navy and marines attended the funeral. There were also many civic societies in line and services were rendered at Christ Church. President John Tyler was formally recei\ed upon his \isil ^. to Philadelphia, June 9, 1843. His two years' in office had not \^ been satisfactory to the Whigs, who had elected him vice- president, from which a turn of fortune's wheel had elevated him U) the presidency uj)on the death of President Harrison. His administration had not carried out the policies of the Whig party which had elected him. But he was cordially leceived by the city. A committee of citizens went to Wil- mington, Delaware, brought him by steamboat to the Navy "S'ard. where there was a reception by the officers of the navy stationed there, and thence in a barouche was taken to the United States Hotel in Chestnut Street, escorted by the military companies called out for the occasion, and by a few Litizens. Mr. Tyler held a reception at Independence Hall and went to Baltimore the following day. In the earlier years of the republic there had been enmi- ties between the various racial strains of the populatioli inherited from the days of conflicting claims of sovereignty of British, Dutch, French and, near Philadelphia, of Swedes to the soil. But as these disputes had been settled by their merger into the sovereignty of the United States, this phase of the subject disappeared. But there was a religious side to the controversy. Bigots of every variety of religious o])inion are apt to subscribe to the sentiment, if not the words of the "-hrewd cynic, who said: "Orthodoxy is my doxy; Heterodoxy is yoitr doxy." The Congregationalists of New England would tolerate no Baptist or Presbyterian among them. Dutch Reformed and Episcopalian in New York looked upon each other with suspicious eyes. The Pennsylvania Friends were the most tolerant of them all, but at the same time they kept the reins of power and exclusive right lo hold office in the hands of Friends as long as it was safe to make such restrictions. Against Roman Catholics there was general j)rejudice, born of old struggles in Europe, to be free from the power (which had not infrequently been pitilessly exercised) of an intrenched hierarchy which they regarded as the embodiment of intolerance. But after the United States was organized there was, at first, no disposition to antagonize any person for race or religion, and as the country was sparsely settled naturalization laws of a liberal kind were passed, encouraging to those who were oppressed in other covmtries to come to this country and be good Americans. It was natural for these foreigners who came to flock together, but that clannish spirit, though natural, acted as a clog ujion the progress of the immigrant toward those ideals that are Laurel Hili< Landing 230 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA the motive power of the true American. Many foreigners would learn little or nothing of the English language, but having their own family and racial ties they thought, spoke, lived and acted like Irish, Germans, Poles, Bohemians, etc., kept up newspapers in their own language, and, if they became citizens, fell under the spell of some local "boss" who voted them en bloc. This tendency has from early years been looked up by high thinking statesmen as a matter of great danger to this country. It was and is, but yet experience is favorable to the more optimistic view that education and evolution may be trusted to make from these elements good American citizens in the third or fourth generation. But in the late 'thirties and 'forties there were men who saw the danger, but could see no way to master the problem and provide its remedy, except to deny naturalization to the immi- grant and, as the slogan went, "to put none but Americans on guard." The Native American COLUMBIA AVEXITE. Party was born in the period of the so-called Jackson "hard times." In some localities, espe- cially in New York, a few politicians, none too scrupulous, specialized in bringing together these blocks of voters of foreign birth, using as bait for votes some candidate of like nationality for a minor office. Opposed to this tendency, men of the older American strains (all, of course, descendants of immigrants) felt that some united action was called for, and out of this feeling came the Native American. In Philadelphia a weak attempt to organize some such party was made at a meeting in Germantown in 1837, which demanded the repeal of the naturalization laws. The nativistic idea was greatly strengthened by the attacks of Roman Catholics in some sections upon the pub- lic free school idea. The opposition varied in different places. In some it was against any schools which were "Godless" schools, that is, schools not under church management. In some, including New York, it was oj^position to the reading of the bible in the public schools. In Philadelphia there was a similar opposition but modified by the statement that it was the King James trans- lation that was objected to. In 1843 and 1844 several ward associationswere organized of the Native American party, whose program called for a twenty-one year residence as a prerequisite to naturalization ; that THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 231 "Native Americans only should be appointed to ofHce to legislate, administer or execute the laws of the country" ; and "that the bible, without note or comment, is not sectarian ; that it is the foun- tain of morality and all good government, and should be used in our public schools as a reading book." On May 3, 1844. a meeting was held to organize a Native American Association in one of the wards of Kensington, a region largely inhabited by Irish and other foreign-born people. The meeting was to be held in a vacant lot at the corner of Second and Master streets. A band of men of the neighborhood armed with clubs attacked those assembled and dispersed them, but the Native Americans rallied and passed resolutions denouncing the outrage. They agreed to meet there- again on Monday, May 6, and were again assaulted and driven off, taking refuge in the Xanny Goat market, which had been used as a fortress by the weavers in the riots of the previous year. An Irish fire company, from their house near by, fired shots into the market, which caused some of the Native Americans to make their escape, while others stood their ground and responded to the fusillade with stones and bricks. Reinforcements came to each side and the bat- tle shifted to other ground. George Shjfler, a boy who was carrying a United States flag for the Native Americans, was mortally wounded, and there were eleven others wounded during the TOM MOORE'S COTTAGE. day. In another encovmter during the evening two men were killed at Second and Thompson Streets. George Shifler's tragic death, and the circumstances surrounding it, made him a popular hero, and he was buried with honors. His name became a rallying cry for the Native Americans, and was used in the oratory of the party's campaigners with telling eiTect. On the day following these encounters a meeting was held in the afternoon in the State House yard, in response to handbills which invited every man to come "prepared to defend him- THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA self." The resolutions passed at that meeting declared that the actions of the Irish on the preced- ing day furnished sure evidence that the Native American view of naturalization was correct and that "foreigners in the short space of five years are incapable of entering into the spirit of our institutions." and the meeting also emphasized its belief in the retention of bible reading in the public schools. After the passage of these resolutions some persons suggested that those present should march to Second and Master Streets in Kensington, where the previous disturbance had occurred, and the Shifler boy had been killed. A large procession mobilized in Chestnut Street, whence the march was taken up for Kensington and it was arranged that the American flag should be hoisted on the spot where Shifler had fallen. When the persons assigned to that duty arrived at the place they were fired at from the Irish hose house. The crowd, infuriated over this attack themselves became attackers. They descended upon the hose house, broke it open and burned it. The flames spread to other buildings nearby and in the fighting that ensued some persons were killed and several wounded. One Irishman who was caught by the mob narrowly escaped being hanged to a lamp-post, but the fire was not checked until about thirty buildings, including its Nanny Goat Market, were burned. More would have been destroyed at that time if the militia had not arrived to protect the firemen, who had been prevented from using their hose until the soldiers arrived. The authorities acted unwisely in withdrawing the troops from Kensington, for the next day several more home there were sacked and burned. The Irish people of the neighborhood, in large numbers packed up what they could carry or get conveyance for, and fled. But the mob gathered numbers and momentum, set fire to St. Michael's Church, destroying it and several other buildings. The arrival of the First Brigade, under command of Brigadier General George Cadwalader, with whom were Major General Robert Patterson and Morton McMichael, sheriff of the county, protected Kensington, but other parts of the city were left unguarded. Mobs destroyed St. Augustine's Church on Fourth Street, near Vine Street, which was burned to the ground, and several other adjoining structures, including the Catholic school, and a large library belonging to the Augustinian fathers. All that was saved was a few of the books which were thrown out into the street. They were trampled on by the mob and consider- ably damaged, but some time after the fire were returned to the fathers. Many of the troops camped at Kensington were then ordered to town to protect Catholic property. Following the outrages outside militia regiments were brought to the city, comprising a full division under com- mand of Major General Robert Patterson, who made his headquarters in the Girard Bank. Citi- zens formed themselves into companies for patrol and guard duty, and quiet was restored for about two months. A presentment by the Grand Jury made soon after these occurrences was favorable to the Native Americans, charging that the beginning of the disturbances was caused by "the elTorts of a ])ortion of the community to exclude the bible from the jniblic schools," such eft'orts leading to the formation of a party of those opposed to such exclusion, which, while holding a peaceful meet- ing was fired upon by "a band of lawless, irresponsible nien, some of whom had resided in the country only a short time," and recited that citizens had been killed, and that retaliatory measures had led to further disturbance. Prominent members of the Catholic laity of Philadelphia held a meeting of which Hon. Archibald Randall, judge of the United States District Court, was chair- man, denied that Catholics began the disturbances, and said that the Catholics had not attempted to take the bible out of the public schools, but had only sought to procure the use of the Cath- olic version of the Scriptures for children of Catholic parents. The net result of the dispute was to add greatly to the strength of the Native American party, and the leaders of the party, as an exhil^it of strength, resolved upon a parade for the Fourth of July. It was a very imposing procession, in which fifty ward and township associations THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 233 participated, with a gorgeous display of banners, flags, floats and devices. About four thousand five hundred people were in line and there were over fifty thousand spectators. As a political pageant it made a record that was not surpassed for fifty years in Philadelphia. There was no disturbance, although some Catholics had anticipated that there would be, and though the Fourth of July passed quietly, they seemed to dread that there would soon be more View of Fairmount Water Works from Le:\ion Hill trouble witli the "Church-Burners." as they called the Native American i)artisans. On the even- nrg of Friday, July 5, some persons passing the Roman Catholic Church of St. Philip de Neri, on Queen Street above Second Street, in Southwark, saw muskets being carried into the church. Southwark was one of the strongholds of the Native American party, and its people became greatly excited when the report spread that the church was "a fort filled with guns and ammu- nition." In the evening hundreds of people gathered about the church. .V small force of police 234 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA of the district came to be ready for emergency, but as the crowd increased they felt that they would not be able to handle the crowd in case it became turbulent. The police, therefore, requested aid of the sheritT. Morton McMichael. As he had no posse organized, he applied for troops to General Patterson and himself went to Queen Street. He found the crowd in hostile mood, demanding that the church should be searched for arms. The sheriff, with Aldermen Hortz and Palmer, entered the church and came out with twelve unloaded muskets, with bay- onets. The crowd not being satisfied with this report, decided to investigate the matter them- selves and deputed three of their own number to examine the church. They discovered seventy- five additional muskets, fully loaded, as well as a substantial supply o'f pistols, knives, clubs, axes, cartridges, a keg of powder and bayonets fastened on poles to be utilized as pikes. While this party of investigators was in the church the detachment of soldiers asked for by Sheriff McMichael arrived and dispersed the crowd ; so that the report of the second investigation was not circulated until the next morning. It was several days later before the presence of these arms in the church was explained. William H. Dunn, an Irishman and brother of the rector of the church, a lawyer and a man of militant disposition, had. after the riots in May, organized a company of forty men for the defense of the church. As they were without arms, he secured from Governor David R. Porter an order for twenty-five nuiskets to be served from the arsenal and had secured from Brigadier General Horatio Hubbell, of the Third Brigade, a commission as captain of a volunteer com- pany. The company had drilled in the church for some time before the Fourth of July, and on that day, fearing an attack, there had been 150 men in the building. The guns, which had been seen taken into the church, were gtms which had been sent for repair and were being returned by the gunsmith. The story of the secreted guns stirred the population to fury, and a crowd, ominously sullen and revengeful, gathered in the neighborhood in numbers that steadily increased as the day wore on. At night General George Cadwalader, who was in charge of the troops, concluded to clear the streets, in which cannon were planted. The people stood their ground until the pressure became heavy, and then they relieved their unwillingness to leave the scene by taunting the soldiers. General Cadwalader, finding this conduct unbearable, ordered his men to fire. As the gun was trained on a dense crowd of people and many women and children among them, Charles Naylor, ex-Congressman and lawyer, stepped out in front of the gun and protested against the order, shouting : "Don't fire ! Don't fire !" Whereupon he was placed under arrest and sent into the church under guard to be held as a military prisoner. The crowds dispersed, feeling much incensed against the soldiers. On the morning of Sun- day, July 7, the story was told all over the city how Charles Naylor had saved the people from being mowed down by artillery. He was still in the church. After the crowds had been dis- persed the night before, most of the troops had been released, except the Markle Rifles, the Mechanic Rifles and the Montgomery Hibernia Greens. This last-named company was made up solidly of Irish Catholics, so that the complaint that Naylor, "friend of the people," was being held prisoner by the Catholics made a rallying cry. The crowd clamored for the release of Nay- lor. brought some old cannon, but could do no damage with them because they lacked ammuni- tion of appropriate size. Then they procured a heavy piece of timber, and, using it as a batter- ing ram, forced open the door of the church. The soldiers within did not fire on the crowd. They released Naylor in custody of the aldermen of the district, who released him upon his own recognizance to appear when called. Afterward, the crowd demanded that the soldiers should be removed from the church. Finally they left, the crowd cheering the Mechanic Rifles and the Markle Rifles, but they saluted the "Greens" with jeering and derisive yells and later with stones and brickbats. Finally, a THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 235 soldier fired at the crowd, upon whicli his company broke and ran, hotly inn-sued by the crowd, who caught and beat several of them, one of them, who was suspected of having fired the shot! being left for dead. The soldiers having withdrawn from the church, the leading men of the Native American party took steps to protect the building. The utmost vigilance was necessary, because the news of the events of the day had spread all over the city and had brought continu- ally increasing accessions to the crowd. When any new act of violence seemed to be impending the leaders, among whom were Thomas D. Grover, Lewis C. Levin, Charles J. Jack and John Perr}% addressed the would-be aggressors. In the middle of the afternoon, however, some of them took the l)attering ram, which had been so successfully used against the door of the church in the morning, and with it made a breach in the west fence-wall of the churchyard. Breaking through doors and windows, they swarmed into the church. The Native American leaders, who Observ.\torv Near the Basin, Fairmount Park had been keeping guard outside, went into thj church and adjured the people to avoid destruc- tion. In this they succeeded. Hundreds went through the church, and beyond the initial damage to doors and windows, nothing was done to injure the property. When the sightseeing desire of the crowd had been satisfied, the prominent Native Americans formed a committee of 100 to defend the church, and kept outsiders from entering the building. The crowd dispersed and it seemed as though the trouble was over. It would have been if the citizens' committee had been left in charge of the church. 236 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA During the afternoon, while the crowd had been marching through the church, the beU in the State House was rung for the miHtia to assemble, the authorities having decided to call the troops together to prevent further outbreak. At half-past 6 o'clock the troops left Independence Square, with the bands playing, which attracted a steadily growing crowd. The head of the pro- cession reached the church at about 7 o'clock, when the citizens' committee defending the church turned it over to General Cadwalader. An order was given to clear the streets, and the Cadwala- der Grays endeavored the execute the order in Queen Street. They found it difficult to do so, for the crowd was too dense to get away quickly and some of its members were sullen. The City Guards, Captain Joseph Hill commanding, were ordered to support the Grays, and advanced Drive— GiRARD Avenue Bridge, 1845 with bayonets pointed as for a charge. The crowd was for the most part peaceably inclined, but a few rough fellows made mischief by altercation or taunts addressed to the soldiers, and while this was going on some bricks and stones were thrown into the ranks from the crowd and struck some of the soldiers. Captain Hill, who was in front of his company with sword drawn, was attacked by one of the roughs, who tried to take his sword from him and had him beaten down on one knee. Captain Hill ordered his men to fire. Volleys rang out down Queen Street and Second THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 237 Street, killing" William Crozier, Isaac Freed, a 1)!)\' named Linsenberger, Ellis Lewis, and perhaps some others, and wounding many, including some women who were on the steps of their own houses. This result infuriated the crowd. They procured guns and artillery from various sources and pitched battles took place in the streets until about 11 o'clock, when reinforcements of cav- alry arrived, captured the cannon and dispersed the crowd. Two non-commissioned of^cers of the Gennantown Blues and twelve citizens were killed and scores were wounded, many of them seriously. Governor Porter arrived in the city on Monday afternoon with more troops, and at its highest mobilization there were more than 5000 men under arms. These riots revealed the unprepared state of the city, and, on July 11, Councils appropriated $10,000 for the enlistment of a battalion of artillery, a regiment of infantry and a troop of horse. Further sums were later voted, and by September these units had been made u]^ with a comple- ment of 1350 men. A new police act was i)assed April 12, 1845, by which the Legislature required the city of Philadelphia and the districts of Spring Garden, Northern Liberties. Kensington, Penn, South- wark and the township of Moyamensing to establish and maintain police forces consisting of not less than one able-bodied man for "every one hundred and fifty taxable inhabitants." Each dis- trict had its own superintendent. The sheriff of the county, in case of riot, could call to his aid the police forces of any or all of the other corporations, and he was authorized also, in case of need, to call upon the commanders of the militia forces to aid in restoring public peace. The police force was a vast improvement over the old "watch" plan which had continued, with few modifications, from the old colonial days. An act which passed May 3, 1850, strength- ened the efficiency of the force by providing for a marshal of police for the entire police terri- tory to be elected every three years. By this later act the police force was at no time to exceed one for every 150 taxable inhabitants, as enumerated at the last septennial census, nor less than one for every 600 taxable inhabitants. At first, 400 were chosen as the unit of representation, which gave the city 55 policemen; Spring Garden, 26; Kensington, 24; the Northern Liberties, 21; Southwark, 18; Moyamensing, 12; Penn, 4 ; Richmond, 4, and West Philadelphia, when that district was incorporated the following year, was given 3. The city was entitled to four lieuten- ants and each outlying district one. The force then numbered 180, with 1 marshal, 12 lieuten- ants and 167 men. From 1848 on efforts had been made to get the police into uniform, but the men had objected. They regarded the wearing of a uniform as "a glaring violation of our repub- lican institutions,'' but finally they were adopted and used in 1854. In the middle forties a sect of Adventist people had been convinced by Rev. William Miller's interpretations of the Book of Revelation that the end of the world was approaching, and their prophet was not at all backward about fixing the date. The first he set was in 1843, the date being awaited with fear and trembling by his followers, but the prophesied "last day" proved not to be the last. There were other "last days" named in that year and 1844, and the final date set was October 24, 1844, when those who were sincere Christians were to be caught up to heaven, the dead should rise and judgments should be pronounced. The postponements had not shaken the faith of his followers, and they had ascension robes made and went to appointed places ready- to ascend together. The Philadelphia Millerites went to a field near Darby, Pa. They left their stores and houses open and unguarded, for earthly possessions were of no good to them accord- ing to their belief. They assembled on October 23 and awaited the great event with prayers and hymns. The failure of the expected "great day" on this last appointed day was a deep dis- appointment to these faithful people. They returned to their homes to take up their usual voca- tions. How many of them changed their Adventist views is not known, but the Adventist Church, which grew out of this movement, was organized in 1845 with 50.000 members. Miller him- self died in 1849. 238 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA In 1844 the city bought for $75,000 the Lemon Hill estate, immediately north of the Fair- mount water works, originally the country seat of Henry Pratt, but at the time of the sale a part of the bankrupt estate of the United States Bank, which had carried it as an asset at a valu- ation of $250,000. There was an agitation for its purchase as a means of safeguarding the purity of the Schuylkill water. This purchase is looked upon as the foundation transaction in the crea- tion of Philadelphia's great Fairmount Park. In 1845 the borough of West Philadelphia, the district of Penn and the borough of Frank- ford were all incorporated under acts of the Legislature passed that year. An incendiary fire on June 11. 1845, brought great damage to the Academy of the Fine Arts in Chestnut, between Tenth and Eleventh Streets. Many valuable paintings and the antique gallery containing over fifty statues Were totally destroyed. Benjamin West's painting, "Death on the Pale Horse," was cut from the frame and saved, though in a damaged state, and Gilbert Stuart's original full-length portrait of Washington was also rescued in damaged condition. Among the paintings lost or burned were two Murillos, "The Roman Daughter" and "St. Jerome" ; a Guido, "St. Francis" ; a shipwreck scene by Salvator Rosa and many others whose loss was irreparable. In September following there was another large fire, destroying several forwarding houses near the Columbia City Ice Boat Railroad Depot, at Broad and Vine Streets. The destruction of the large warehouses was com- plete, and they were filled with grain, flour, provisions and other staples^ brought from the West, and with groceries, dry goods, clothing and other merchandise ready for shipment to the West, all of which were consumed in the flames. The first movement toward the construction of the Pennsylvania Railroad was taken in 1845. A meeting was held at Musical Fund Hall, December 9, addressed by leading Philadel- phians and by George Darsie, of Pittsburgh. Committees were appointed to prepare an address to the people of Pennsylvania in favor of the building of a railroad between Harrisburg and Pittsburgh, and to petition the Legislature for an act of incorporation for a railroad company to build a railroad between those two cities. This meeting was therefore the initial step toward creating that great railroad system. General Andrew Jackson, who had been the seventh president of the United States, died at his home, the Hermitage, near Nashville, Tenn., on June 8, 1845, having reached the age of THE STORY OF PI I ILADliLTII Li 239 7'6 years. The news was received with deep regret by the community, for "Old Hickory" was a patriotic memory even in the city where the United vStates Bank had long flourished and later crashed. Councils, upon receiving the news, ordered that Independence Hall should be draped in black ; and that the State House bell should be muffled and tolled the day that should be appointed for general mourning. That day, which was the 26th of June, was solemnized l)y a funereal procession in which all the troops of the city and county, the firemen, Odd Fellows, Sons of Temperance, officers of the various municipalities of Philadelphia County and members of many societies participated, marching to Washington Square, where, upon a black-draped plat- form, Hon. George M. Dallas, vice president of the United States, delivered an oration. The Congress of the United States having declared on May 11, 1846, that war existed by the act of the Republic of Mexico, and President Polk having, on May 13, formally declared war against that republic, volunteering was actively taken up and thirty companies were enlisted in the city of Philadelphia out of 102 in the entire State, which was far beyond Pennsylvania's Looking North from Union League, 1S70 quota and was more than could be accepted and used. None of the companies was called until December, and then only seven companies from Philadelphia and two regiments of the entire State. Six of the companies, the Washington Light Infantry, the City Guards, the Monroe Guards, the Philadelphia Light Guards, the Cadwalader Grays and the JefTerson Guards, were formed into the First Pennsylvania Regiment ; the seventh company was the Philadelphia Rangers, and it was attached to the Second Pennsylvania Regiment, made up principally of companies from other parts of the State. The captain of this company was Charles Naylor, who had taken a prominent part in the Native American riots in 1844 and had for a time been held a prisoner in the church on Queen Street. 240 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA Philadelphia hatl an iin])ortant part in the financing of the war, through the hanking house of E. W. Clark & Co.. which made the largest subscription to the war loan. Jay Cooke, who had been promoted from cleik to partner in that firm three years before, was to become famous later in connection with the financing of Government loans for the Civil War. General Zachary Taylor's victory over Santa Ana at Buena Vista in 1847 gave the Whigs an opportunity to ride into power in the nation. Parties in those days were as keen as these of our day. and when the city celebrated the victory on April 19, the Whig leaders. were quite ready to acclaim their "Whig hero." The occasion was a noteworthy one, because gas had come into general use in the city and councils had resolved to make illuminations more brilliant than had ever been shown in the city before. Daniel W'ebster was in Philadelphia on December 2'2. 1846, the guest at a public dinner at which he delivered a notable speech which lasted for nearly five hours. There were 400 at dinner and about 1500 ladies occupied the gallery. The speech is said to have been one of the greatest of the famous orator's career. A disastrous fire raged in Broad Street on August 21, 1847, destroying the large eight-story sugar house refinery of L. Broome & Co., the brewery of Robert Newlin and a row of stables on the north belonging to Joseph Rubicam. It was one of the hottest fires of the city's history, and when the gable end of the refinery fell upon the brewery it caused the brewery walls to fall into Broad Street. Two men were killed and many injured by the falling walls. On the return of the troops from the Mexican War in 1848, General Cadwalader was received by all the local troops and carried in procession to Independence Hall, where he was given a rousing public reception ; and the troops from Mexico, returning later, were entertained at a puljlic dinner and were acclaimed in the heartiest manner as they were marshaled in parade along the city's streets. Henry Clay, the idol of the Whig party, came to the city on February 24, 1848, and was for several da}'s busy in a series of receptions arranged in his honor. When the Whig national convention met in the Museum Building in Phila- delphia on June 7 it was the general hope of the local Whigs that Mr. Clay would be nominated for president. But it seems to be necessary for Americans to elect one of its successful warriors to the presidency after each of their wars. Thus, Washington from the Revolution, Jackson from the War of 1812. William Henry Harri- son from the Indian Wars, Grant from the Civil War, Taylor from the Mexican War and Roose- velt from the Spanish War. The Taylor candidacy fell in with the popular enthusiasm for a successful warrior. It also fell athwart the factional jealousies between the followers of Clay and Webster, and for that reason General Taylor was the favorite of the practical politicians within the ranks of Whiggery. He was nominated on the fourth ballot, with Millard Fillmore as his running mate, and was elected. Church of St. James thr Less THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 241 ^^. There was a riot on the ni^ht of the election, ( )etoher 9. A j;arty of men were dragging an old wagon, upon which a load of combustibles had been placed and set on fire, through the streets of Moyamensing. There was a brick building at the corner of Sixth and St. Mary Streets called the California House and kejn as a tavern, of which the chief patrons were negroes. The pro- prietor was a mulatto, and he had a white wife. That kind of miscegenation was very un- popular in those days and threats against the ])ro- prietor had been quite fre(|uent. The negroes had been expecting a raid for some time, and when they saw the blazing wagon coming along they concluded that the threatened attack was soon to begin. So the negroes started trouble by throwing stones and bricks at the men drawing the wagon. The asault led to retaliatory meas- ures. By attacking the California House, and by the use of bricks, stones and firearms they gained it, piled the furniture together, tore out the gas fixtures and set the gas free so that the place burned completely. Houses nearljy the Califor- nia House were burned, and the mob increased. Whites and blacks both were full of the fighting spirit and the police had difficulty in persuading the colored men to refrain from attack on the white rioters, who fought the police and firemen. About midnight the State House bell rang a call for the military, and about the same time the rioters dispersed, leaving Charles Himmelwright dead and John Hollick dying, both of these men being memljers of (lood Will Fire Company. When the militia arrived on the scene they found everything c^uiet and they soon took up the return march to the mayor's office, where they were dis- missed. This was a mistake, for before daylight the mob, reassembling and finding no soldiers on the ground, resumed their mischievous work, set fire to a frame house in St. Mary's Street and began to attack the colored people of the neighborhood. The Phoenix Hose Company, on its way to the fire, was stopped and assailed with a volley of stones. The mob seized the Robert Morris hose carriage and ran it into Moyamensing, and cut the hose belonging to the Diligent Hose Company. The firemen later rallied and succeeded in saving the burning house, and this so reassure 1 th • negroes that they engaged in battle with the whites in Fifth Street until about 8 o'clock. The military returned about 10 o'clock and remained on the ground for two days. Besides Himmelwright and Hollick, Thomas G. Wester- hood was shot and died that same month; Thomas G. McShane was shot and killed while look- ing out of a window and John Griffith, a colored boy, was killed. Nine white and sixteen black wounded were taken to the hospital, and there were, doubtless, other wounded who were privately looked after. Fountain— RiTTENHOusK Square 242 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA The city was at the time infested by despe and who found security in the division of the h niunicipahties too weak to cope with organize supremacy, and in June, 1848, incendiary fires a killed and nine were injured in a fight betw Franklin Hose Company and the Moyamensing John Ouincy Adams, sixth president of th ruary 23, 1848. His remains, on their way to Q rate gangs, who raised trouble at various times eavily populated area into small independent d violence. Gang fought with gang for brute nd street fights occurred. Alexander Gillies was een gangs which, respectively, adhered to the Hose Company, on Shippen Street, e United States, died in Washington on Feb- uincy, Mass.. for interment, under charge of a Girls" Normal J^chool Committee of Thirty, appointed by Congress, reached Philadelphia on March 7. The committee with the body was offtcially met at Broad and South Streets by the First and Second City Troops. The body was placed in a heavily-draped funeral car provided for the occasion and drawn by six white horses the coihn being considered in charge of the pallbearers appointed for the Phila- delphia ceremony, composed of Chief Justice John B. Gibson, Richard Willing, Samuel Breck, United States District Judge John K. Kane. John M. Scott. Dr. R. M. Patterson, Horace Bmney, Dr Nathaniel Chapman, William J. Duane, Benjamin VV. Richards, Isaac Roach and James Page. The cavalry acted as a guard of honor, and the procession, which took added solemnity from the fact that it marched at night, without music, included in its membership the City Coun- cils and members of various societies and citizens aggregating several hundreds. The body remained at Independence Hall for the night, guarded by the Washington Grays, who escorted the remains to the Kensington depot the next morning. THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 243 In 1849 I'hiladelphia had a visitation of Asiatic cholera, which had been prevailng in Eng- land and the European continent the ])revious two years. The hrst three cases in Philadelphia appeared on May 30, 1849, and cases appeared until September 8, when the last death occurred. There were 2884 cases and 1012 deaths from the disease. (jeneral Taylor, who was inaugurated on March 4, 1849, ])assed down the river in September on his way from New York to Washington. He had not contemplated any visit to Philadelphia at that time, but Mayor Swift and a committee o f councils met his steamboat near Port Rich- mond, transferred the president and some of his cabinet who were wi^h him to the committee's own boat and went down the river at leisurely speed while crowds on the bank cheered lustily until the Navy Yard was reached. There the president was transferred to the steamer Robert Morris, of the Baltimore Line, and continued his journey. His death, some months after, led to the fixing a day for mortuary ceremonies such as had been held for President William Henry Harrison, and which were celebrated with all due solemnity on July 30, 1850. The funeral car was a catafalque, fifteen feet high, of black cloth, white satin and deep silver fringe. It was drawn by eight white horses led by grooms. Militia and fire companies, with civic organizations, made a procession twenty-six blocks in length. Fire in a warehouse in Water Street, below Vine Street, on July 9, 1850, was one of the most disastrous of that era. It began in the part of the warehouse occupied by a firm dealing in pressed hay and extended to other parts of the building in which quantities of sulphur and saltpeter were stored. There was a great explosion, which sent blazing timbers, bricks, stones and pieces of metal in all directions, some falling blocks away. Men were blown from the wharves into the river, and people were killed by the concussion in adjoining houses and in the streets. The flames and smoke covered a wide area like a pall; houses were on fire all about. People in that and adjoining sections prepared their elTects to flee from a general conflagra- tion. The entire fire forces of the city, aided by contingents from the fire departments of New York, Newark, Baltimore and other cities, fought \-aliantly and had the fire under control on the following morning. There were 367 stores and dwelling houses entirely consumed, several more were badly injured and the burned area extended from Callowhill to \'ine Streets and from the river front to Second Street. Twenty-eight persons, including some firemen, were killed and fifty-eight were injured in the fire. The Assembly Building, which had been constantly used from 1839 for concerts, balls and lectures, was burned in another fire on March 18, 1851. It was located at Tenth and Chestnut Streets, and the freezing of water in the plugs and in the hose, together with a heavy snow that was falling, made the firemen's work to save adj oining property very difiicult. There were other serious fires that year, including one on November 12 in a cotton mill at Twenty-third and Ham- ilton Streets, in which the employes were shut up as in a trap. Many were burned to death, while others were badly injured by jumping from the building. The Musical Fund Hall, which was in use for an elaborate subscription dinner to Louis Kossuth on December 26, 1851, at which the famous Hungarian made an elaborate address, burst into flames a short time after the guests had departed, and the hall, as well as a buildinir belonging to Abraham Hart, on the northeast corner of Sixth and Chestnut Streets, and the Shakespeare Building, on the northwest corner, was destroyed. It was a bitterly cold night, and here again the firemen's operations were badly hampered by freezing in the pipes. The ruins of this fire were still smoking on December 30, in the afternoon of which day Barnum's Museum, at the southeast corner of Sevent h and Chestnut Streets, a block away, was destroyed. Early in 1852 the city had a distinguished visitor in the person of Granville John Penn, a great-grandson of the founder of the province of Pennsylvania. He was cordially received 244 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA and feted, and by resolution of councils, on January 15, was invited to meet the corporation in the Hall of Independence; and was also invited to many of the finest homes of Philadelphia. In return for the many civilities he received, he gave a fete champetre at his own mansion, "Solitude," and grounds on the west side of the Schuylkill, below Grant Avenue. It was a very successful affair. Henry Clay died in Washington on June 29. 1852. The remains were brought to Phila- delphia, arriving July 2, and were received at the Southwestern depot of the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad by a large concourse of citizens. Some leading Philadel- phians designated as pallbearers accompanied the coffin to Independence Hall and the City Troop acted as guard of honor. Members of the Philadelphia Hose Company, bearing lighted torches, surrounded the hearse, it being evening when the remains arrived. Following the hearse were forty-six tire companies and many citizens, also bearing torches, of which more than 3000 were in line. The coffin was deposited in Independence Hall, and the Light Artillery Corps Academy of Fine Arts — i860 (Washington Grays) kept watch over it all night, and the next day the hall, draped in mourn- ing, was opened to the people who, in great numbers, passed through and viewed the catafalque and settings. Afterward, the coffin, followed by a civic procession, was carried to the waiting steamboat Trenton, draped in black, which carried the honored body, in its coffin, to its farther destination. No citizen of the country was held in higher honor in Philadelphia than was Henry Clay. Perhaps the next highest statesmen in public esteem in the city was Daniel Webster, who died at Marshfield, Mass., on October 24 of the same year. In Philadelphia, on the day of the funeral at Marshfield, October 26, the bells of the State House, St. Peter's Church and Christ Church were tolled. Stores were very generally closed and Independence Hall was draped in black, inside and out, while flags in the city and harbor were at half mast. In July, 1853, President Franklin Pierce, who had been in New York for the opening of the Crystal Palace exhibition, passed through the city attended by his Secretary of War, Jeffer- son Davis, and his Attorney General, Caleb Gushing. They were received with customary THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 245 salutes, the display of flags, a military procession, a reception at Independence Hall, a dinner given by councils at the Merchants' Hotel and other ceremonies. A meeting, well attended, was held in January. 1853. in favor of the creation of a paid fire department. The volunteers did good service on occasion, but a very rough class of men domi- nated many of the companies. Many reasons existed in favor of the substitution of a paid fire department, but the fire companies were very powerful politically, and although the need of a ]xaid fire department was more and more manifest every year, the change was not made until 1871. Philadelphia had another visitation of yellow fever in 1853. The epidemic prevailed from July 19 to October 12. There were 170 cases and 128 deaths. For years there had been agitation, more or less active, for the consolidation of the city and the many outside districts of Philadelphia county into one great city. Candidates for the legislature would speak favorably of the idea, but forget all about it when they reached Harris- burg. But a stronger efifort was made in 1853, and the friends of consolidation made up their minds to secure definite and well-evidenced promises of support for the bill if elected, and enough w^re elected to insure a vigorous fight for the measure. The efifort was successful, and on February 2, 1854, the bill was passed by which the city of Philadelphia, as limited by the charter of 1789, was enlarged by taking in all the territory contained within the county of Phila- delphia. The municipalities outside of the old .:ity were abolished and their rights, franchises and public properties were transferred to the city of Philadelphia. This included the districts of Southwark. Northern Liberties, Kensington, Spring Garden, Moyamensing. Penn, Richmond. West Philadeplhia and Belmont, the boroughs of Frankford. Germantown. Manayunk, White- hall. Bridesburg and Aramingo. and the townships of Passyunk. Blockley, Kingsessing. Rox- borough, Germantown, Bristol, Oxford, Lower Dublin, Moreland, Northern Liberties. Byberry, Delaware and Penn. The passage of the bill was exultingly celebrated. The governor, members of the Assembly and State officers were guests. They were put on a steamboat March 11, 1854, and taken on an inspection of the water front, and a dinner was served in the cabin at which speeches were made by leading citizens and State officials. In the evening there was a consoHdation l)all in the Chinese Museum, at which over 3000 people were present, filling both halls. A dinner was given in the Sansom Street Hall on March 12 to the governor and other distingiushed guests, Morton McMichael presiding. The celebration was successful, and the people were in rejoicing mood over the creation of a greater Philadelphia. The act of consolidation divided the city into twenty-four wards, provided that the first elec- tion under the new charter should be held on the first Tuesday in June, and city elections there- after on the first Tuesday in May. The Whigs nominated Judge Robert T. Conrad and the Democrats Richard \'aux. The Whig party, as a national entity, was politically dead, and locally was little more than a convenient name for a group of opponents of the Democracy. But at that time there was a political force of uncertain but formidable size operating largely under cover. From the early forties there had been a considerable section of the electorate who believed in restriction upon immigration either for political or religious reasons, or both. It had taken aggressive form in the Native American movement, but that operated almost entirely in local fields. The later development was not so much in the open, but it was thorough. It had no use for the foreigner. If interrogated as to the strength or policies of the party, its adherents professed to be uninformed. So they came to be knowai as "Know-Nothings." This vote went to Judge Conrad, who won the mayoralty by a vote of 29,507 to 21,011 for Vaux. Beginning his administration on the first Monday in July, Mayor Conrad begun a most diffi- cult work, for it was his executi\-c task to co-ordinate and consolidate the activities and municipal 246 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA properties of what had been twenty-nine constituent locaHties. This inckided. in addition to the property of the old city, the gas and water works, town hall, schools, bridges, markets, hospitals, prisons, poorhouses, wharves and piers, real estate and many other things that called for sound judgment in dealing properly with them: streets to rename and renumber, public utilities to be reorganized to make them serviceable to the interest of the entire city. Mayor Conrad worked diligently at these tasks, but was emphatically Know-Nothing in his policies, and he was backed by councils, largely in sympathy with him. He appointed native Americans to the offices. He vigorously enforced the excise and Sabbath laws, and aroused much opposition, so that when his two-year term expired he was not renominated. James Buchanan, who had been the American minister in England since 1853, was return- ing, and some of his supporters asked for the use of Independence Hall for a reception. But there was a political opposition in councils which prevented the granting of this request and the celebration was changed to the Merchants' Exchange. In the city election in May, 1856, Richard V'aux was the Democratic candidate again and was elected by a vote of 29,534. to 25,545 for Henry D. Moore, the Whig candidate, and the last to run under that designation. William D. Thomas, the candidate of the newly created Re- publican party, was not in the running, polling a very small vote, and Richard Vaux, Democrat, and sturdy opponent of Know-Nothingism, was the mayor for the next two years. Politics was getting to be of absorbing interest. The nation was getting uneasy and the South dissatisfied. In the greater city there was a prodigious work of reorganization that taxed the talents and genius of the men in charge of afifairs and called for c mstructive planning. Philadelphia had become a great city, and the evolution of good government demanded the energies and vigilance of men who were both sagacious and loyal. The greater city had become an accomplished fact and a going concern. Christ Church C H A P T E R EIGHTEEN IN THE SHADOW OF APPROACHING WAR— EVENTS IN PHILADELPHIA FROM THE CONSOLIDATION TO THE TIME OF THE WAR FOR THE UNION It was a severe winter upon which the year 1855 opened, but a harder one the next year. The Delaware was frozen over from bank to bank with a thick crust that allowed skating and sleighing o-vcr its surface for weeks. Booths were put up, in which various wares were vended, and gliLPU /.I 255 the Union. The visit of the i^rcsident-elect to the city on February 21 and 22 broiic^ht a s^reat ovation. He was met at the Kensington Depot and taken under a lar^^e escort of mounted poHce. public officials and citizens, by a circuitous route, to the Continental Hotel through deco- rated streets densely crowded with cheerino: si)cctators. At Independence Hall Lincoln was greeted on the 22d by a great audience. He raised there a new Hag with thirty-four stars, one having just been added to represent the State of Kansas. He made an address, and as the flag was released the strains of "The Star-Spangled Banner" roused the audience to patriotic fervor. That evening the president-elect entered a l)arouche to meet a train which to carry him on b,is journey. He was to have gone to Baltim )rc, but .Man I'inkcrton, the famous detective, who accompanied hiin. received information of a plot against Lincoln's life in that city, and late at night the distinguished Illinoisan returnecl to the city and with his friend, Ward Lamon. boarded a sleeping coach at Broad and Prime Streets, reaching Washington before daylight on the 23d. He was expected at Baltimore, but rested at the Willard Hotel. The inauguration which placed Mr. Lincoln at the head of the nation became an accomplished fact on March 4, and his policy was formed. On April 12 Fort Sumter was fired upon by the South Carolinians; the president called for 75,000 men for three months' enlistment and convened Congress in extra session. Philadelphia at once ranged itself l)ehind the president. Governor Curtin. in the State, and Mayor Henry, in the city, took a position of uncompromising loyalty. The legislature appro- priated $500,000 for war purposes and Major General Robert Patterson called for recruits. Light regiments were made up in the city in A])ril and .May. Philadelphia had definitely taken its stand for the L'nion. Academy of Natur.al Sciences CHAPTER NINETEEN IN THE THROES OF CIVIL WAR, PHILADELPHIA NOBLY RESPONDS TO APPEAL FOR MEN AND MONEY The election of Lincoln in 1860 passed off quietly in Philadelphia, but the immediate eft'ect on the business of the city was very disturbing to the banking interests and some others, though most of the manufacturing activities of the city were for a considerable period un- affected. The banks of Philadelphia, because of disturbed monetary relations between North and South, declared a suspension of si)ecie payments on November 22, 1860. The suspension was generally regarded as quite justifiable, but was expected to be merely temporary. A meet- ing of manufacturers and business men of Philadelphia and vicinity, held December 1, recom- mended, in view of the business depression, that manufacturers of cotton and woolen goods should run their mills at half time until increased sales or reduced stocks should again justify full-time production. A resolution was also adopted declaring that it was no longer possible to sell domestic dry goods on eight or ten months' credit. The New Year opened with a general feeling of alarm because of the news that Major Anderson and his Union forces were being besieged by secessionists at Fort Sumter, with demands to surrender the fort, and numerous meetings were held at which citizens, without dis- tinction or party, declared their Union sentiments and their opposition to secession as a means of settlement of sectional grievances, although there were also other meetings, under the name of "anti-coercionists," which were in favor of conciliation and compromise. Some of the extrem- ists of that faction, though, admitted the right of a State to secede and declared that neither the president nor Congress had power to declare war against a sovereign State. Scarcely a day intervened between meetings called to express sentiments with regard to the threatened conflict, sentiments which ranged all the way from those eager for war against the South to those who would have conciliation by the repeal of all legislation obnoxious to Southern sentiment. After Lincoln's inauguration, as the certainty of secession became more pronounced and the hope of conciliation receded. Union sentiment became crystallized when, on April 12, 1861, news of the firing on Fort Sumter reached Philadelphia, and it was acknowledged by the people of all parties that the government should be sustained at all hazards. The few who remained pro- Southern, or, as the term went, "Copperhead." in sentiment were apt to keep their opinions quiet. Enthusiasm for the Union became military and recruiting of volunteer organizations to take part in the now inevitable war was active. On April 15 Major General Robert Patterson, com- manding the First Division of Pennsylvania Volunteers, issued an order calling attention to the president's proclamation asking for 75,000 volunteers, of which Pennsylvania's quota was six- teen regiments, of which six were required from Philadelphia. The Massachusetts Sixth Regiment, en route for Washington via Baltimore, was given a rousing reception as it marched through the streets, which were lined with cheering thousands, on April 18. 1861. and in the evening the regiment was entertained at the Continental Hotel. Before 3 o'clock on the morning of the 19th the regiment entrained at the Philadelphia, Wil- mington and Baltimore Depot and took the cars for Washington. The mobbing of this regiment in Baltimore, with the killing of three of the Massachusetts men and the death of eleven Balti- more citizens by the return fire of the soldiers before they finally succeeded in getting away en route to Washington, is one of the best-known incidents of the war. Eighteen hundred Philadel- phia volunteers, unarmed and without uniforms, who had left Philadelphia about an hour later than the Massachusetts troops, under command of General William F. Small, arrived in Balti- 11 IE STORY OF PHILADRLPin.l 257 258 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA more soon after the trouble with the Massachusetts troops, and at the request of the g^overnor of Maryland and the mayor of Baltimore, remained in their cars at the depot. A mob gathered and threw missiles at the Philadelphians in their cars. Many of them sprang from the cars and engaged in hand-to-hand conflict with the assailants. But as the troops were not uniformed it was impossible to distinguish friends from foes. Marshal Kars, chief of police of Baltimore, arriving at the station, restored order and got the Pennsylvanians back on the cars, except twenty-eight who had become separated from the rest and were captured and held by secession- ists. The troops were returned to Philadelphia, and the twenty-eight, who after their capture had been held in jail at Belair, Md., were released after a day's imprisonment and escorted to the Pennsylvania State line, whence they proceeded to Philadelphia. The mob proceedings at Balti- more were regarded with great indignation in Philadelphia and led to increased determination to aid the Union cause. On the 19th the Eighth Massachusetts and on the 20th the Seventh New York regiments arrived in Philadelphia, and because of advices that the route via Baltimore was interrupted these two regiments went by boat to Annapolis, the Eighth Massachusetts taking a steamer at Havre de Grace and the Seventh the steamer Boston direct from Philadelphia. The women of Philadelphia, who were asked to aid in the equipment of troops, besieged the Girard House, named as headquarters, as volunteers to sew, knit or perform other womanlv offices. Troops passing through the city from New England, New York or New Jersey, as well as those of the Pennsylvania forces, were cheered from time to time as they passed through or embarked from Philadelphia. After Philadelphia had recruited the six regiments which were its quota of President Lin- coln's first requisition, others offered themselves and were organized into a State Reserve. Few in the North or South had any idea of the seriousness of the conflict into which they were enter- ing. Northern men thought that the South would soon be conquered. The South thought that "Yankees" were good traders, but no fighting men. Each side mutually underrated the foe. Neither side was prepared for the great conflict. The men to be procured were in vast major- ity untrained ; munitions, clothing, shoes and all the needs to equap and provision an army were scarce. The call for 75,000 men easily filled its quotas, but small as that army proved to be as compared with actual demands, it was still so large as to swamp the factories, and some of the new troops had a long wait for their uniforms, and the help which the volunteer sewing women gave was most welcome. As troops started away, weeping women saw them to the railway station, but soon the women of Philadelphia began to feel an impulse to "do their bit" in a way that would be a real help and encouragement to the soldiers. Early in May a few women, acting individually, began coming to the depot, bringing coffee and sandwiches for distribution to the soldiers as they passed through the city. Finally, this philanthropic custom became organized, and before the end of May two great refreshment halls, one known as the Cooper Shop, on Otsego Street near Washington Avenue, and the other as the Union Volunteer, at the corner of Delaware and Washington Avenues, were in friendly competition in the work of serving refreshments to soldiers who came from the New York boats to a depot which had been established at the foot of Washington Avenue so that troops brought by the New York boats could entrain for the South without marching through the city. Philadeljihia, which had during the recent y?ars fallen behind Boston and New York as a seat of financial operations, was brought to a much more prominent position through the activi- ties of Jay Cooke, a local banker, but a man of sturdy individuality and bold initiative. After the sixteen regiments called for in April had b^en raised by Pennsylvania, it was foreseen that the State would be called upon to supply manv more men. Governor Curtin. therefore, called THE STORY OT PHILADELPHIA 259 PHH.ADHI.PHrA SOCUCTIl'iS AMi ASSOCIATIONS I — Masonic Temple. 2 — Women's Christian Associatiuu. 3 — Odd Fellows' Temple. 4 — Yonng Men's Christian .Association. 5 — Pennsylvania Railroad Branch Y. M. C. A. 260 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA the legislature together to make provision for the emergency and it was decided to create a reserve of 10,000 men and authorize a $30,000,000 war loan at 6 per cent to supply the funds for creating and equipping the reserve. It was provided in the act creating the loan that it must be sold at par. This was regarded by the best banking opinion as an utterly impossible condition, and on that advice there was a proposition. But Jay Cooke, expressing willingness to sell the loan at par and staking his word of honor that he could do it, the bill was allowed to stand with the proviso in it. Jay Cooke's firm and that of Drexel & Co. were commissioned by Gov- ernor Curtin to sell the loan, and Jay Cooke threw his energy into the task and had it oversold in a fortnight. It was regarded as a remarkable achievement and the news of its accomplish- ment had a stimulating effect upon the sincere hope of Union men that the war would soon be over. But these hopes were to suffer a severe strain. Scott, in command of the army, was old and infirm and physically unable to take active command. General McDowell w^as therefore chosen for the active conduct of the troops. The Confederates were gathering in force at Manas- sas, Va. McDowell and his regiments went forth to give them battle. The people at Washing- ton, including several congressmen and people prominent in the social life of the city, were glad the battle was to be so near, as it gave them the opportunity to go .-js spectators and see the rebellion put down at one vigorous swoop. But it was largely an untrained army that went out on that day, as if to a sporting adven- ture. But the Confederates were, at that time, better generaled than the Union forces, and instead of a victory the battle was a disastrous defeat of the Union army and the soldiers were soon on a full run, dropping their guns and packs in wild stampede to Washington. Not all, for some units were halted and re-formed. But some of the soldiers whose three months' service was about to expire did not stop until they reached their homes. The battle was on Sunday, July 21, 1861. Among those escaping from the field was a reporter named Painter, of the Philadelphia Inquirer. In his haste he took a wrong direction and was brought up in the enemy lines. He posed as a hospital attendant and so was not cap- tured. Soon he saw a wounded horse running loose in the woods and he caught and mounted it, making his escape. He was joined by Edmund Clarence Stedman, who was reporting the war for the New York World, and they reached Washington early on Monday morning. Though almost worn out by his strenuous experiences, Painter took the first train to Philadelphia, told his story to the Inquirer staff, whom he had some trouble in convincing of its truth, and bulle- tins were put out and an "extra" was soon on the street with Painter's story. There was great indignation over the publication, which brought a crowd of people ready to wreck the Inquirer for publishing "Copperhead" news. But it was not long before the story was confirmed. Major General Pattison, who had long been in command of the entire militia of Pennsyl- vania, had been given a Federal commission and made department commander of the troops from Pennsylvania, Maryland, Delaware and the District of Columbia. With the three months' men, he crossed the Potomac on June 15, 1861, and reached Winchester. Facing him was a large Confederate force under General Joseph E. Johnston. He wished to attack, but had orders from General Scott to make no movement unless explicitly ordered to do so. Thus he remained idle at Winchester with his troops while Johnston, reinforcing Beauregard, made the defeat of the Union army inevitable. General Pattison was much blamed for his inactivity, especially at home, but it was several years afterward before the fact of Scott's instructions to remain still until otherwise ordered, and that the order never came, was published and made Gen- eral Pattison's justification very plain. But he was more than 69 years old in 1861. A younger and more impetuous man might have taken a chance and saved the day. THE STORY OF I'l! ILADELPIIIA 261 After Bull Run, enlistments were for "three years or the war," and a large proportion of the three months' men re-enlisted under the new terms. Philadelphia sent more than 40.000 men into the war before the end of 1861. The news of the rout at Bull Run made it certain that the country would be in need of financing on a large scale. Jay Cooke, who had secured laro-e subscriptions from the Philadelphia banks in May. visited them again on July 22, and two or llirce following days, and secured their signatures to a paper offering to lend the Government in all $1,737,500 on the credit of "seven-thirty" notes. These were treasury notes to run for three years, with interest at the rate of 7.30 per cent per annum (2 cents a day, including Sundays). This was the beginning of the "seven-thirties" which became so popular in war finance. Most of the early financing of the war — and Secretary Chase had l)orrowed $200,000,000 by November 30. 1861 — was done through bankers who possessed a sublime confidence that the war would soon end ; but when that much had been borrowed the monetary system of the country had broken down and Mr. Chase had recourse to greenbacks, putting the country on a paper-money basis in 1862. More reverses than successes fell to the lot of the Union arms in the early days of the war. Volunteer forces were increased and recruiting was pushed until there were prac- tically no more ready to volunteer, and drafts had to be made. Philadelphia had a few "Copper- heads," but not many. The draft did not meet any formidable resistance, and there were no riots such as the draft occasioned in New York. Philadelphia was a very loyal city. It had many organizations of men and women ready to give money and service in any way appropriate to the winning of the war. On November 15. 1862'. a gathering of men at the residence of Benjamin Gerhard, at 226 Fourth Street, decided upon an organization to help the successful prosecution of the war. and a week later the same men were at the residence of George H. Baker, the poet, at 1720 Walnut Street, and decided to organize what they called the "Union Club," but on December 27. at the home of Dr. John F. Meigs, it was decided to enlarge the organization and call it the "Union League of Philadelphia." It was not partisan, but only required of its members "unqualified loyalty to the Government of the United States and unwavering support of its efforts for the suppression of the Rebellion." By the end of its first year the club had about 1030 members, and it proved one of the strongest supports of the Union cause. The same idea was taken up in other cities, and Union League clubs then established still rank with the foremost organizations not only of Philadelphia. New York and Chicago, but also of several smaller cities. In 1862 the war continued to be the focus of public attention, with local military activities far too numerous to mention in detail here. Washington's birthday was made the occasion for patriotic celebration on an extensive scale. All the local regiments that were being recruited were paraded, and elaborate exercises were held at the Academy of Music in the afternoon, and at 6 o'clock in the evening the governor and members of the legislature were entertained at dinner at the Continental Hotel by the city councils. Day by day there were reminders of war by arrivals of wounded to be treated at the hospitals, until all the hospital accommodations of the city were exhausted, after which those brought to the city were, for the greater part, sent on to New York. Prisoners were brought also, and "contrabands," or negro slaves freed by Union troops, of whom a party of ninety-one in one consignment arrived on March 28 from eastern \'irginia. They were furnished with breakfast by the refreshment committee on their arrival and then were provided with temporary homes. An interesting event, in light of the developments of our own day, occurred on May 1. 1862. when a "submarine iron propeller, built by Neafie & Levy, was launched at their works. She was sixty-five feet long, six feet deep and five feet broad, nearly cylindrical in form, but sharp at either extremity. Twelve propellers or paddles projected from each side, and she was intended to be hermetically closed, then sunk below the surface by water-ballast. By means of the paddles 262 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA Scenes in Fairmount Park I — Magnificent River Drive. 2 — Statue of Grant. 3— Memorial Hall. 4— Zoological Garden Entrance. 5 — Horticultural Hall. 6 — River Drive Tunnel, THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 263 she could then he propelled in any direction. Mr. X'illeroy was the inventor and designer." So runs a puhlished account of this unique hut proh ihly ineffective piece of armament. Nine days later the iron-clad frigate New Ironsides, the third model ironclad that the Navy Dejxirtment had ordered, was launched from the shipyard of Cramp & Sons, this being the first large iron vessel ever built by that firm. She was 245 feet long, with 57 feet 6 inches beam and 25 feet depth of hold. Though heavily armed, she only drew 15 feet of water. The venerable Commodore Charles Stewart (familiarly known as "Old Ironsides") conducted the "chris- tening." Philadelphia was much more solidly loyal to the Union cause than New York, but it also had trouble, from time to time, with sedition-mongers and "peace advocates" who did all they could to hamper and curtail the activities of the authorities in their preparations for war and were especially loud in their opposition to the draft, which was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania at first by a vote of three to two on November 11, 1863; but Justice Lowrie, who had been one of the majority, having resigned, his successor was Justice Agnew. On the earlier decision an injunction had been issued forbidding the provost marshal and the draft commissioners from drafting men for the army. But the reconstituted court, on a motion to dissolve the injunction, sustained the motion, reversing the previous decision by a vote of three to two. The invasion of Pennsylvania by General Robert E. Lee in 1(S63 created great excitement, and the early news of the battle of Gettysburg was especially alarming, but when the turn of the battle was reported gloom changed to joy. which was made greater when the story of the fall of Vicksburg was told. But in a few days, though the feeling of security was not weakened, Phila- delphia had no heart for rejoicing, for the death roll was long and the wounded were a great multitude, so that there were few families that did not have a member, or at least a personal friend, on the casualty lists. Lee had failed at Gettysburg and had retired from the State, but the menace involved in his invasion had increased the tremors of the peace-at-any-price people. In the State election that fall the issue of Union versus an immediate peace was about as clearly defined as it could be, but Andrew G. Curtin, the nominee on the "National Union" ticket, whose sturdy Unionism none could doubt, had a majority of only about 15,000 in a vote of 523,667, receiving 269,496 against 254.171 for Chief Justice George W. Woodward, the Democratic nomineer, who had always been in favor of a compromise, had rendered the decision that the draft was unconstitu- tional and is alleged to have said that if the country was to be divided he would prefer to see the line drawn north of Pennsylvania. The vote of Philadelphia was : Curtin. 44.274 ; Wood- ward. 37,193. By this election, however, Andrew G. Curtin, who had been first chosen in 1860 on a "People's" ticket, was to be the sole "war governor" of Pennsylvania, serving until 1866. The Democrats tried to improve their position by a "whirlwind campaign" at the wind-up of the presidential contest, and on October 29 they had the longest torchlight procession that had ever, up to that time, been seen in Philadelphia, being between six and seven miles in length. But the 8th of November showed that this spectacular effort proved not to have helped much, for the State showed not only a much larger vote, but an increased majority for the Lincoln electors, as compared with the Curtin vote. The city majority for Lincoln was 11,762, In the latter part of November, 1864, discovery was made of a plot to defraud the Federal Government by carrying away and selling stores consigned to the Philadelphia Navy Yard. Some well-known people were implicated in the scheme, but law's delays scattered the evidence and many of the accused escaped punishment. Captain Winslow, of the U. S. S. Kearsarge, who had won the notable victory over the Confederate privateer Alabama off Cherbourg, France, on June 19, which ended the career of 264 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA THE STORY OF T'l 1 1 LADETPIIIA 265 that famous vessel, was ^-iven a public reception on December 13, 1864, at the Commercial Rooms and a dinner by the Board of Trade at the Continental Hotel the same evening-. (^n December 20, 1864. President Lincoln issued his last call, asking- for 300.000 men to be filled by draft on February 15. 1865. if not jjreviously furnislied liy voluntary cnlistnients. Under this call the city's quota was 11.486. On the last day of 1864 Georg-e Mifflin Dallas, a most distinguished citizen of rhiladel])hia. son of Alexander James Dallas, who was secretary of the treasury under President Madison, and himself became still more distinguished jn statesmanshij). He was. successively, district attor- ney and mayor of Philadelphia. United States district attorney, United States senator, attorney general of Pennsylvania and United States minister to Russia. He was elected vice i)residcnt of the United States in 1844 on the ticket with James K. Polk, of Tennessee, and, presiding over the Senate in 1846. gave the casting vote which enacted the low-tarifif bill of that administra- tion. He was minister to England during the Buchanan administration, returning to Philadel- phia soon after Lincoln's inauguration. He was in his seventy-third year when tie died, and his funeral, on January 4. 1865. was attended by a distinguished gathering at St. Peter's Church. Third and Pine Streets. Enlistments under the call of December 20. 1864. had produced nearly 2000. and. with the overplus of the previous draft, left about 9030 of the city's unfinished quota. The draft was begun on February 23 in the First and Second Wards, and daily continued until the Eleventh Ward was finished, on February 28. Then, at th? request of prominent citizens, it was stopped to allow the wards to fill their quota by enlistments a certain proportion of the quota to be fur- nished each week. In this w^ay. by aid of liberal bounties ofifered by the city and the wards, the quota was provided for. The last draft was made in the Twenty-fifth Ward on March 22, just before the fall of Richmond. When that new^s became fully confirmed on April 3. by General Weitzel's dispatch announcing his entry into the Confederate capital. Philadeljjhia went into wild demonstrations of joy, and when an official dispatch from Secretary Stanton reached Mayor Henry the bells of the State House were set ringing, and every bell-tenanted steeple in the city took up the refrain. Shops, stores and offices closed and made holiday. News of Lee's surrender reached the city on Sunday. April 9. and was distributed by the local telegraph so speedily that it was announced from practically every pulpit in the city. The people turned out en masse, and throughout the rest of Sunday and all day on Monday the excitement and rejoicing continued. It was practically impossible to do any business and the courts adjourned because of the excited condition of the public mind. But the joy of victory was sobered into sorrow when, on April 15, the city received with deep consternation the news of the assassination of President Lincoln. The city, which had been joyously decorated with bunting, changed to soml^er draping, and signs of mourning were every- where in evidence. It was a transformation of public sentiment from the heights to the depths. The first news had brought alarm as well as sorrow, for there was fear that back of the assassi- nation there was a widespread plot that was threatening to the peace of the country; but when It was found that the plot was that of a few individuals the dread of further outrage was removed. The sorrow that remained was profound, and April 19. the day upon which the funeral services of President Lincoln began in Washington, was observed in Philadelphia as a day of fasting and prayer. The remains of President Lincoln arrived in Philadelphia on Saturday. April 22. Every house in the city w^as draped in mourning. Business was suspended, and Broad Street and adja- cent thoroughfares were densely packed with people. Minute guns, at about half-past 4. notified the people that the funeral cortege was approaching the city. The State House bell led the toll- mg, which soon became a doleful chorus of all the bells in the citv. as the train arrived. The 266 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 267 hearse, with a few relatives and family friends, a guard uf honor, a Congressional committee, a delegation from the State of Illinois, the governors of Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Iowa and Illinois with their staffs, constituted the funeral party. From the train they were accompanied by the military forces of the city, under command of Major General George Cadwalader, with visit- ing delegations and a civic procession several miles in length. United States, State, city and foreign officials, veteran and invalid soldiers, firemen and social organizations and benevolent societies made a line several miles in length escorting the funeral from the Baltimore and Ohio Station, at Broad and Prime Streets, to Independence Hall. The body of the Great Emancipator lay in state in the room in which the Declaration of Independence was signed, and was viewed by many thousands of people between 10 o'clock and midnight, when the hall was closed. At half-past 4 next morning a great crowd assembled out- side the building, and from 6 o'clock in the morning a steady procession, aggregating 85,000 people, viewed the remains up to the time the doors closed again at midnight on April 23. At 2.45, on April 24, the remains were escorted by the military and firemen of the city from the State House to the Kensington Depot. Thursday, June 1, designated by President Andrew John- son as a national fast day of mourning for President Lincoln, was fully observed in Philadelpjiia, with suspended business and all of the churches holding appropriate services. A general reception and welcome to Philadelphia troops was held on June 10. The troops were reviewed by Governor Curtin and Mayor Henry and marched to the volunteer refresh- ment saloon, where the men were dismissed. Major General Meade and staff, escorted by the First City Troop, led the column. The day was greatly marred by a rainstorm of torrential proportions which raged for hours. The great armies were disbanded during the summer of 1865. On December 1, 1865, Presi- dent Johnson, by proclamation, annulled the suspension of the writ of habeas corpus, and on April 2. 1866, he announced, by further proclamation, that the Rebellion had ceased. The Chris- tian Commission, an organization which had done most noble work for wounded and sick soldiers, from its organization in 1861, was formally dissolved on January 1, 1866; and the Cooper Shop and Union volunteer refreshment saloons, which had done so much for home and visiting soldiers, also ended their useful labors. These Philadelphia organizations bore eloquent tribute to the intense patriotism of the city. At the city election on October 10, 1865, the contestants for the office of mayor were Morton McMichael. for the Union party, and Daniel M. Fox, for the Democratic party. McMichael won by a majority of 5869. As the reconstruction measures developed in Congress, there arose sharp differences of opinion as to the course to be taken. President Johnson, himself a Southern man. though a strong Unionist, favored measures of friendliness and conciliation, and the Johnson Republicans, or Conservatives, they styled themselves, followed his leadership. To foster this feeling in the nation, a convention was held in Philadelphia August 14, 1866, of which General John A. Dix, of New York, was the temporary and Senator Doolittle, of Wisconsin, was the permanent chairman. On the first day of the convention ex-Governor James R. Orr. of South Carolina, and General Couch, of Massachusetts, walked down the aisle of the "Wigwam." in which the gathering was held, arm in arm, and this secured for the] g-athe,ring the popular name of "the Arm-in-Arm Convention." This fraternization of Unionists and former Confed- erates aroused much bitterness of feeling among many of the people of the city, and there was some fear of a riot, to prevent which it was necessary to keep an artillery company under arms. President Johnson, "swinging around the circle," came to Philadelphia a few weeks later, accompanied by General Grant, Secretary Seward and other men of prominence. The party was received by a procession of militia and firemen. 268 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA Fairmount Park and CiTv Staxl;akv I -Washington Monument 2— Lincoln Monument. 3-Stephen Girard. Benjamin Franklin. 5— William McKinley. 6— John Christian Bullitt THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 269 'i"he heg-inning of llie war was marked by Mitense cold, and the 7th of January, 1866. when the thermometer registered eighteen degrees below zero, was long after regarded as Philadel- phia's coldest day. The Delaware River was frozen over, but as the weather quickly moderated there was none of the ice troul)le that had mad - tlic winter of 1855 so terrible. The first adaption of the Bessemer process in this country began in western Pennsylvania in 1866. but this was only one of the causes that led to a rapid growth of metal-working jndus- tries. Railroad expansion was one very important factor, and that took on redouI:)led speed after the Civil War. Many Philadelphia enterprises date their greater growth from this period. The Baldwin Locomotive Works, established in the earliest railroad days, is one; the Cramp Ship- yards (founded in 1830) and the Disston Saw Works, dating from 1843. all made rapid strides of impro\ement and enlargement which has made them long the leaders in their respective fields ; and the same is true of other great enterprises which have contributed to the distinctive leader- ship of Philadelphia as a manufacturing center. In the elections of 1866 the Rejniblicans won an easy \ictory when Tohn W. (]eary was the candidate of the party for governor, easily defeating Heister Clymer, the Democratic can- didate. In the local election. Joshua T. Owen was chosen as recorder of deeds and James Mc- Manes. later to become a powerful political "boss." was elected prothonotary of the District Court. There was another epidemic of Asiatic cholera in 1866. It was first discovered about July 1, spread rapidly and continued until November, the Board of Health announcing the city free from it on November 28. It numbered 899 victims. Incidental to the cholera visitation was an incendiary fire which partly destroyed Moyamensing Hall on August 4, 1866. The Board of Health had proposed to use it as a hospital, and the people of that section, who had established a reputation as a riotous and lawless community, threatened to burn it down. The fire resulted, and although the building was only partly destroyed, it was no longer available for use in that epidemic. There were two other fires, much more destructive, the loss in each case exceeding $1,000,000 in that year. One was the dry goods house of James. Santee & Co., on Third above Race Street, on February 26. and the other was the Tacony print works of A. S. Lippincott. The Philadelphia Public Ledger was the first important American newspaper to be pub- lished at a cent a copy. As early as 1830 a paper called the Cent was started, but a few copies finished the experiment. The Daily Transcript was a 1-cent newspaper started in 1835, but it was not a success. In 1836 William Swain. A. S. Abell and A. H. Simmons became partners, estabHshed the Pubhc Ledger as a 1-cent paper and before long absorbed the Daily Transcript, which they made a sub-title. The paper was successful, although the panic of 1837 followed a year later. The first number appeared on March 25. 1835. and on May 17, 1837. the same firm established the Baltimore Sun. The two papers were similar in make-up and largely in contents, as they exchanged news. After the death of Mr. Simmons the firm became Swain & x\bell. Mr. Swain taking the active management of the Public Ledger and Mr. Abell of the Sun in Balti- more. The high costs of the Civil War made it necessary for papers to increase their price, and this was distasteful to Mr. Swain. The paper was sold to George W. Childs in December, 1846, and the price increased to 2 cents. Its already great prestige was much increased, and as a conservative journal whose news was authentic it became the favorite paper of cultured people and acquired a quality circulation which gave it exceptional value as an advertising medium. It had such success that Mr. Childs and his asso.nates (chiefly the Drexels) concluded to build a new and more convenient home, erecting at Sixth and Chestnut Streets a building, formally opened on June 26, 1867. which was long pointed to with pride by Philadelphians as the first newspaper structure in the country. 270 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA .-S < ^ 3 .2 1 1 E ^ tenuis at tlic disposal of the coniniissicni. (."oinu-ils made an appfopriation of $25,000 for organization purposes in October, lS7i. and on March 4, ISvi, thirty-two members came to- gether, representing- twenty-eii^ht States and Territories, ami elected Major Cieneral (later Sen- ator) loseph 1\. llawlev. of L'onnecticut, ]u-esident, and Haniel J. Morrell, of Pennsylvania, chair- man, of an executive committee of seven luembers, and at a later meeting;- in May, 1872. A. T. Cioshorn, an Ohio commissioner, was elected director-general of the exposition. Financing the exposition was effected by the creation of a cor^ioraiion which si^ld stock and found means 'o tinance the enterprise. lohn Walsh, a sterling' citizen oi Philadelphia, who had successfully managed the great Cen- tral Sanitarv h'air in aid of anuy antl navy rehef in 18(4, was chosen ])resident of the board of ilirectiirs aiul chairman oi its comiuittee on tuian/e. The I'airmonnt Park (.'onuuission granted /^'/ CONNKCTINO BrIPGH AND TrNXKI,, F.VIKMOUNT P.XKK the Centennial officials the use of 450 acres of land in the West Park, covering the "Lans- downe"' and "Belmont" estates, and the construction of buildings and laying out of grounds was steadily pushed. Ground for the public buildings was broken on the Penn Square site, which had been chosen by referendum, on August 16. 1871, and the cornerstone was laid on Tttly 14, 1874. with Masonic ceremonies and an oration was delivered by Benjamin Harris Brewster, who later became attorney general of the United States. In preparation for the coming of the great freight and passenger business, many readjust- ments of railway tracks and terminals were made. Among other things, the freight station at Thirteenth and Market Streets was abandoned and the property was bought by John Wanamaker. The building was used in the summer of 1874 by the Franklin Institute as a local industrial ex- position, and in the winter was the center of a great revival conducted by the famous evangelist^;. THE STORY 01' I'! 1 1 L.]l )liLPIl 1 A Moody and Sankey. who jjacked the auditorium, containing 12,000 seats, nightly for several weeks. Mr. Wanamaker later utilized the building for his store, later acquiring the remainder of the block and building his present magnificent structure. The most notorious case of child-stealing on record in this country, or perhaps in the world, occurred in the abduction of Charles Brewster Ross, a little boy, 4 years old, who with his brother Walter was enticed into a carriage by two men. Walter was set down in the street after going a short distance and ])ermitted to return to his home, but the younger boy was never heard of again. Christian K. Ross, father of the child, at once started a search which he kept up for years, but without avail, except that of the hundreds of clues suggested by the many detectives, ])rofessional and amatciu', who were searching for "Charlie Ross" all over the world; some really Lincoln Monument resulted in finding lost or stolen children and returning them to their relatives. William Mosher and Joseph Douglass were said to be the men who stole the little boy. They were shot and killed December 14, 1874, while engaged in the attempt to rob the house of Judge Van Brunt in the Bay Ridge section of Brooklyn. N. Y., but hopes that then revived, that the boy would be found in or near New York, were doomed to disappointm -nt. William A. Westervelt, who was arrested in 187:?. charged with being connected with the kidnaping conspiracy, was sentenced to seven years' imprisonment on (Jctober 9, but, as far as was revealed, nothing was ever found about the child's fate. On July 4, 1874, a new bridge crossing the Schuylkill River at Girard Avenue, built to re- place a wooden bridge which had become badly dilapidated, was opened to the public. The bridge was more than 100 feet wide, with spacious sidewalks, and was made in the mills at Phoe- nixville, costing more than $1,000,000. 278 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA The Market Street bridge was burned on November 20, 1875. This bridge had been widened in 1850 to accommodate the trains of the Pennsylvania Railroad, which so increased the traffic over that bridge that another bridge was constructed across the Schuylkill at Chestnut Street to reheve the strain, and was dedicated and opened on June 23, 1866. When the Market Street bridge was burned, the railway company at once constructed a temporary bridge which was in running order nine days after the fire. On December 2 the company procured permission fron^ councils to build a substantial new bridge on the site of the burned structure, and they com- pleted it in twenty-one days. Other bridge-building projects were accelerated to improve transportation facilities in time for the Centennial Exposition. A double-decked iron bridge to replace the old wire suspension bridge at Callowhill Street was completed in 1875, and a new stone-and-iron drawbridge at South Street, which had been five years in building, was opened in February, 1876. * The vice president of the United States, Henry Wilson, who had been inaugurated March 4, 1873, died in Washington on November 22, 1875. The body, on its way to Massachusetts for burial, was brought to Philadelphia and escorted to Independence Hall by a torchlight proces- sion. It laid in state there next day and was viewed by thousands of citizens until escorted late in the day to the Germantown Junction by the military and civic organizations of the city. The great Centennial Exposition was opened on May 10, 1876, with appropriate ceremonies. The open space between Memorial Hall and the main building was packed with people to the number of about 150,000. The grandstand on Memorial Terrace was filled with people of distinc- tion, including the Emperor Dom Pedro and the Empress of Brazil and other foreign celebrities and representative Americans of all sections. Four thousand local troops escorted President Grant to the grounds. The Theodore Thomas Orchestra furnished the music, while a chorus of 1000 voices sang Whittier's "Centennial Hymn." President John Welsh, of the board of finance, formally presented the buildings to the Centennial Commission, whose president. General Haw- ley, made an appropriate address, after which President Grant, in a short speech, declared the exposition open. A procession of eminent citizens and distinguished visitors went to the main building and thence to Machinery Hall, where General Grant set the Corliss engine in motion. Many prominent events occurred during the exhibition, of which the Centennial Fourth of July furnished, on the streets of the city, the greatest gathering that any American city had. up to that time, experienced. In fact, the whole week, beginning with a great parade of the Grand Army of the Republic on Monday. July 3. was filled with celebrations in which many distin- guished visitors took part. The first three months of the exposition were disappointing as to attendance, averaging only 25,000 a day, partly due to a spell of intense heat from June 17 to July 20, whjsn there was scarcely a day in which the temperature fell below 90 degrees, and on July 9 it reached 102 degrees. The exhibition closed on November 10. The big day was Penn- sylvania day, when 275,000 people filled the grounds. There were 8,004.274 cash admissions and 9,910.966 admissions of all kinds. The exhibits at the exhibition represented the principal products and manufacturers of all civilized countries, and many notable inventions had their first public exemplifications. It was, in particular, a great object lesson in American progress, showing the advance which a free people had made in the most wonderfully progressive century that the world had ever seen. The Centennial year was also a year of political excitement when the national election was to end in a disputed result and a settlement by a tribunal whose finding many still believe to have been contrary to justice. At the exhibition General Rutherford B. Hayes, of Ohio. Repub- lican candidate for president, had been a visitor on the 4th of July and on the 26th of October ("Ohio Day") ; and Samuel J. Tilden. of New York, the Democratic nominee, was given a re- ception on September 21 ("New York Day"). The Hayes electors received a majority of about run STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 279 15,000 votes in the city, and all but one of the Repubhcan candidates had a Hke majority. The exception was W. E. Rowan, Repubhcan nominee for sheriff, against whom there was a con- siderable Republican revolt, with the result that the Democratic candidate was elected by 6000 majority. This result led to a coalition of independent Republicans and Democrats which it was hoped would free the city from the domination of political bosses of ill repute, who had greatly strength- ened their hold on power and perquisites under the Stokley administration. In 1(S74 Stokley had secured re-election over Colonel A. K. McClure. who ran as an Independent and Democratic candidate. After his defeat, Colonel McClure had established a new paper, the Philadelphia Times, which in a year had reached a position only second in influence to the Public Ledger. Betsy Ross House, Arch Street, Philadelphia Stokley. as before narrated, had received his first nomination in 1871 because, as a member of councils, he had courageously fought the volunteer tire department and the gas trust. He had begun well in greatly strengthening the police, and although political bossism and corruption flourished, he had so strong an organization behind him that he had become mayor for the Cen- tennial period. 280 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA ■5 "5 H .9 1 £ Z CD g o E to rt ^ C5 O N >0 D 1» 5 Q THE STORY OF PI'l 1 LADELPHIA 281 McClure and his Times had kept up agitation against Stoklcy, and especially against the two most prominent bosses, James McManes and William R. Leeds, and although dishonesty in extor- tionate perquisites of political favorites were plainly exposed, it was evident that the "machine" was strongly intrenched. The mayor, officials and election organization were in their hands, and so when, in the February election, Republican independents endeavored to help Joseph L. Caven secure the office of mayor over Stokley, they only succeeded in reducing the majority for Stok- ley (according to the returns) to 2866. while the other Republican candidates had an average of about 5000 more. ; The great railroad labor revolt in July, 1877, taxed the police resources to the limit. A strike on the Reading Railway in April was adjusted without resort to violence. But the July disturbance, started by the Pennsylvania Railroad employes at Pittsburgh, paralyzed traffic and had many riotous manifestations, and on the 19th strikers and tramps, in surly mood, w^ere col- lecting in groups, threatening mischief. It was feared that a bloody riot was being prepared for Sunday, the 22d, there having been disturbances at Pittsburgh the day before, in which five of the militia forces had been killed and fifteen wounded. Mayor Stokley issued a proclamation declaring he would put down any disturbance with a heavy hand, and soon after made his head- quarters in the West Pennsylvania Depot, with a strong guard of policemen. On Monday, the 2'3d, an oil train was set on fire on the West Chester siding, near the Blocklcy Almshouse ; and there were various incipient riots during the day which were promptly suppressed by the police, who used their clubs freely, without loss of life. Marines from Baltimore and a detail of regular United States troops, under General Hancock, stopped further trouble, except a small riot at Fourth and Berks Streets, in which one person was killed and several injured on Thurs- day, the 26th of July. While the value of Stokley's vigor in the suppression of rioting was recognized, his admin- istration was so thoroughly permeated by corrupt politics that there was great dissatisfaction. The police force was directly controlled by the "machine," of which James McManes was the most aggressive head. The municipal gas works trust was the citadel of bossism, and James Mc- Manes. the leading spirit of local politics, and William R. Leeds, his lieutenant, were both trus- tees of the gas works. McManes had a grip on the local Republican party which was strength- ened by his power over the spoils of office under laws which made a dishonest fee system pos- sible. Before the constitution of the State was revised in 1873, the yearly income of the recorder of deeds amounted to about $80,000; receiver of taxes, about $85,000; clerk of the Court of Quarter Sessions, $35,000; prothonotary of the District Court, $15,000; city commis- sioner, $8000. The constitution of 1873 put salaries in place of fees, but left a place of vantage in the office of the receiver of taxes, where fees were still collected, and were especially large in the case of delinquent taxes. The spoils thus available amounted in 1881 to about $200,000. which sum was ''split up" among less than twenty members of the ring. The city's gas manufacturing department was made the refuge and center of the political oligarchy which ruled the city, the police and — through McManes — the mayor. It was not alone the Republican "bosses" and "heelers" who were the beneficiaries of this regime. Bargains were struck between Republican and Democratic bosses by means of which the grip of the "grafters" on the spoils of misgovernment was made secure. There were always a few absolutely loyal and public-spirited citizens who were honestly endeavoring, though in ways usually inadequate and ineffective, to clean up the city's political condition. In 1871 there had been formed the Citizens' Mutual Reform Association, of which Henry C. Lea. George H. Farle and T. Morris Perot were among the leading figures, and planned to improve the condition of Philadelphia. Their quiet eft'orts were first directed toward arousing public interest in civic betterment, but in 1877 the reform forces, without anv flourish 282 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA of trumpets, centered on Robert E. Pattison, a young lawyer little known in politics, but known to have reform principles, as a medium to exhibit the reform strength. He had been nominated on the Democratic ticket for controller of the city, and although the Republican candidates for the other offices were elected by strong pluralities, Mr. Pattison had a small majority and was inducted into office. ' He delved into the financial administration of the city, showing disgraceful conditions, and in 1880 he was re-elected by a majority of 13,000 when the other Democratic candidates were defeated by majorities of more than 20,000. This vote of Pattison's encouraged the reform element to undertake a more perfect organization, which was perfected by the creation of the "Committee of One Hundred," so called, although the number of members was always a few more than 100. There was a meeting held on November 15, 1880, a few days after the election of President Garfield. The meeting was called by E. Dunbar Lockwood, a manufacturer, and Amos R. Little, a drygoods dealer, was made chairman. A resolution was passed asking Mr. Little to appoint "not less than one hundred business men" as a committee. He called to his aid Joel J. Baily, Joshua L. Baily and others, and as a result the following 108 business men were selected as a committee : John F. Craig William H. Jenks Matthew H. Crawford Theodore Justice y Charles B. Adamson George N. Allen William Allen William Arrott J. T. Audenreid John T. Bailey Joel J. Baily Joshua L. Baily H. W. Bartol William B. Bement Charles H. Biles Rudolph Blankenburg James Bonbright David Branson William Brockie Alexander Brown Henry C. Butcher George L. Buzbee A. A. Catanach Thomas T. Child j/ Edmund H. Coates /Henry T. Coates Lemuel Coffin Qiarles J. Cohen B. B. Comegys E. R. Cope Robert R. Corson George V. Cresson Samuel Croft James Dobson A. J. Drexel George H. Earle William P. Ellison Oliver Evans George W. Farr John Field W. W. Frazier, Jr. Clayton French Philip C. Garrett D. R. Garrison Jabez Gates Henry C. Gibson John E. Graeff James Graham R. H. Griffith Thomas S. Harris Thomas Hart R. E. Hastings Samuel Hecht F. Oden Horstmann N. E. Janney Eben C. Jayne Godfrey Keebler Charles O. Knight Henry C. Lea Henry Lewis Amos R. Little E. Dunbar Lockwood J. Frederick Loeble Edward Longstreth George D. McCreary John McLaughlin Louis C. Madeira James S. Mason Theodore Megargee Thomas G. Morton Aquila Nebeker Morris Newburger H. M. Oliver Joseph Parrish Thomas Patten, Jr. T. Morris Perot James Peters H. W. Pitkin Francis B. Reeves Charles Roberts Seville Schofield Samuel G. Scott David Scull, Jr. Oswald Seidensicker William Sellers F. R. Shelton B. H. Shoemaker Alexander Simpson, Jr. James Spear Charles Spencer Justus C. Strawbridge A. C. Thomas WiUiam Henry Trotter John P. Verree John Wanamaker George Watson. John C. Watt Christopher Wetherell Charles Wheeler Edward S. Whelen Alexander Whilden George Whitney Ellis D. Williams Henry Winsor E. R. Wood William Wood James A. Wright Charles H. Rogers The first meeting of the Committee of One Hundred was held in the Board of Trade rooms on December 3, 1880. Philip C. Garrett was elected chairman; James A. Wright and Francis B. Reeves, vice chairmen; A. J. Drexel, treasurer; George W. Farr, secretary; Robert R. Corson and Charles B. Adjimson, assistant secretaries ; and standing committees were organized, with chairmen as follows: Executive committee, Amos R. Little; finance committee, Joel THE STORY OF PIIILADTLPHIA 28:: J. Baily ; legislative committee, Edward R. Wood ; ward organization committee, John McLaugh- lin ; committee on public meetings, H. W. Bartol. A campaign committee was later appointed, with John Field as its chairman. The Republicans renominated Mayor Stokley for mayor and selected George G. Pierie as candidate for receiver of taxes. The Committee of One Hundred selected for mayor Samuel G. King, who had been a member of select council from 1861. He was a Democrat who had a record of consistent fidelity to public interests. For receiver of taxes the committee chose John Hunter, Rei)ublican, a manufacturer, who had a similarly clean record as member of councils. With this fusion, it went vigorously into the campaign of February, 1881. electing Mr. King mayor by a majority of 5787 and Hunter as receiver of taxes by a majority of 26.586. The administration of these offices by these men justified the championship the Com- mittee of One Hundred had given tiiem, but the endeavor to re-elect Mayor King in February, 1884, was strongly combated by the political ring, whose nominee, William B. Smith, was elected by a majority of 9152 votes over Mr. King. ' The Committee of One Hundred had joined with other reform organizations to secure .an entire reorganization o^ the city. The matter had been much debated for several years. In 1876 City Hali^ Governor Hartranft had called the attention of the legislature to the need of better and more effect- ive government for the cities of the State, with the result that the legislature authorized the gov- ernor to appoint a commission of eleven members to devise a plan of government for the cities of the State. Governor Hartranft appointed a committee of eleven members, which proposed a "uni- form code," but the legislature did nothing in the line of new municipal charter legislation for several years. 284 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA But the question of municipal reform would not down. The reform element, which had elected in 1877. and re-elected in 1880, Robert E. Pattison as controller of the city, had encour- aged that sturdy young political crusader and helped him to a degree of popularity that secured his election as governor of the State at the election in 1882, the first Democrat to hold the office since 1861. During the year 1882 John C. Bullitt, a leading lawyer of the city, who had been a member of Governor Hartranft's commission ; Henry C. Lea, E. Dunbar Lockwood and others counseled together as to the defects in the existing charter and the details of an improved system. A com- mittee of councils debated the subject for months. Finally, a well-considered proposal was drawn up, the provisions of which were given publicity. The document, which became known as the "Bullitt bill," was strongly favored, and many petitions went forward to the legislature asking for its passage. Governor Pattison strongly favored it. and it was passed by the legislature in 1885 to go into effect April 1, 1887. This charter was a document which centralized power and responsibility. The office of mayor was greatly magnified in importance, and the term was extended to four years, the mayor being made ineligible for re-election. The twenty-five separate bureaus which had previously conducted the various city activities were consolidated into nine departments : public safety, public works, receiver of taxes, city treasurer, city controller, law, education, charities and correction and sinking fund commission. The functions of the department of public safety covered direction of the police, building inspection and health administration, but later the latter was organized into a separate depart- ment of public health. The department of public works had in charge the water supply, lighting service, construction, maintenance and repair of the streets, maintenance of public build- ings, public squares, bridges, sewers, drains, docks, dredging work, etc. The turning over to this department of the gas works abolished the institution which had for years been the center of politi- cal scandals innumerable. The gas works trustees were ousted and the city manufactured gas under a system of direct control for a few years until the works were leased to a private corpora- tion. The Bullitt charter provided for the appointment by the mayor of the director of public safe- ty and the director of public works, and the mayor also had the appointment of a president and four directors of the department of charities and correction, which had in charge the direction of the almshouses, hospitals and reformatory institutions of the city. The receiver of taxes, city treasurer, city controller and city solicitor were elected by the people for three-year terms. The passage of the Bullitt l)ill was considered to be such a complete execution of the tasks that the Committee of One Hundred had been organized to do that the organization disbanded January 19, 1886, content to rest expectant until the reform should become effective on April 1. 1887. For the first mayor under this new charter the Republicans nominated Edwin H. Fitler and the Democrats named George de B. Keim. Fitler won by a plurality of about 28,000 votes. He appointed ex-Mayor William S. Stokley as director of pul)lic safety and General Louis Wagner as director of public works. The millennium did not come in with the coming into force of the Bullitt charter, and the new mayor was not exactly a shining light of reform, as Colonel A. K. McClure, of the Philadelphia Times, was by no means reticent in pointing out ; but he was not as black as Colonel McClure painted him. He was a respectable mayor and things jogged along smoothly under his administration. He pleased the politicians, apparently, for quite a strong dele- gation later went to the national Republican convention and endeavored to get Mr. Fitler nomi- nated as vice president of the United States. But whatever of fame he had as a politician was purely local, and his promoters failed to impress the convention that he was a national political figure. '• THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 2cS: The gas question, which had done so much tor the bedevihiient of Philadelphia politics, was still to be a subject of i)()litical interest. But gas was soon to contend with a rival in the electric light — first the sputtering but brilliant arclight in its primitive forms, but later the improved, inclosed arc, and afterward the incandescent lamp, with its steady and reliable light. Philadelphia has been among the foremost cities in getting itself electrically equipped, and as early as 1884 the city was the host of an electrical exposition which was given in a building near the old Pennsylvania Railroad Station in West Philadel])hia. under the auspices of the Franklin Institute. It attracted national attention, for that was the period when the great transition came which changed the electric art from a scientific pastime to a great industry becoming daily more and more vital to our civic and industrial life. That times change and men change with them is illustrated l)y the attitudes Philadelj^hia has presented toward the question of alcoholic licjuors. The original Quaker settlers looked upon the ale brewery and distillery as quite respectable and even necessary items in the city's communal life. In fact, the brewer and distiller counted among the higher class of the city's business men. Restrictions laid upon the liquor dealer were for many years very light, the license low and pen- alties few. But the evils of lightly restricted liquor traffic were registered in strong evidence of increase in crime and disorder, and all sorts of expedients to curb the evil — high license, local option and total prohibition — had their advocates. In 1887 there were 5573 licensed retail liquor dealers in Philadelphia county, and most good citizens agreed that there were too many. All over the State the liquor business was overdone. So the legislature passed the Brooks law. which Governor Beaver signed May 13, 1887, and which established the annual rate of liquor licenses thereafter at $500 in cities of the first, second and third classes; $300 in other cities; $150 in boroughs and $75 in townships. It required that applicants for liquor licenses must be citizens of the United States, temperate in habits and of good moral character. The application was required to be made to the judges of quarter sessions, the petition to be accompanied by the names of at least twelve respectable electors resident in the neighborhood of the saloon, which certified the applicant's ability to conduct the business properly. The judges were to set a day to hear petitions for or remonstrances against the applicant. If satisfied with the character of the aiwli- cant and the location of the saloon, the judges could, in their discretion, grant the license for one year, and they could renew it yearly under the same conditions. Strict laws about closing on Sun- days and holidays, and against sales to children or to persons of intemperate habits, or sales on credit or for goods, wares, merchandise, provisions or anything but cash. Forfeiture of license and fines were the penalty for violation of the law, and severe punishment for any who should endeavor to sell without a license. A high license law for wholesalers with strong restrictions was passed and signed eleven days after the law for retailers, or on May 24, 1887. Upon the passage of this law many saloons at once discontinued business. Only 3431 retail dealers applied for licenses in 1888, and only 1343 of these passed judicial scrutiny; and out of 517 applications for wholesale licenses 457 were successful. In 1889 the number was further reduced, only 1205 out of 3214 retail applications being granted. The law has, for the greater part of the time since the Brooks act was passed, been enforced faithfully. At any rate the improve- ment over the old conditions is very great. The great pile of public buildings known as the City Hall was started in 1871 and was to have been completed in ten years at a cost of $10,000,000, but it was more than thirty years in building and cost over $25,000,000. The new postoffice building, at Ninth and Chestnut Streets, was opened in January, 1884, and nearly three years later the old postof^ce, at Chestnut Street above the Customs House, was bought by Anthony J. Drexel, the banker, who also bought the old Philadelphia Library site, on Fifth Street, and adjoining properties, and built the Drexel Building, which, completed in 1888, 286 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA was the finest building of its day, eclipsing the Ledger building, which had previously been the showplace of the town, as the Jayne Building had been still further back. Philadelphia has deserved fame as an educational center. The development of the Univer- sity of Pennsylvania has been continuous, and this institution, venerable in age and the alma mater of many distinguished alumni, has pursued a progressive course which has placed it in the front rank as an institution of learning. Other famous colleges of high repute have been built up around Philadelphia: Swarthmore College, in Delaware county, established in 1869; Bryn Mawr College, at Bryn Mawr, which is an especially high-grade college for young women, with a grad- uate school whose courses, leading to advanced degrees, attract patronage from many other colleges. Popular education has always been maintained at high grade in Philadelphia, and had its beginnings in the early days of Quaker settlement, and the city was a pioneer in establishing a modern public school system. The Central High School is known far and wide for its liberal curriculum and distinguished faculty and alumni. It was long located on the southeast corner of Broad and Green Streets, but in 1894 started its building on the southwest corner of the same intersection, which was completed and dedicated in 1902 with an address by President Roosevelt. Manual training has been a feature of the public school system since 1885, when the Central Manual 1 raining School was established at Seventeenth and Wood Streets. There are public schools conveniently located all over the city, and there are schools of art and special schools devoted to every branch of technical training. Temple University, the creation of Rev. Dr. Rus- sell Conwell, is an institution which aims to provide means of education to all who desire to learn and an open door of opportunity to many who would otherwise be barred access to higher learning. In the field of science Philadelphia is distinguished, its American Philosophical Society. Franklin Institute and Academy of Natural Science having each been among the earliest institu- tions in their respective classes. Philadelphia has long been, and still is, characteristically a "city of homes." Its distinction in this respect is due to its having early adopted and made popular the building and loan associa- tion. It thus found a way to house its families to a greater extent than any other American city in homes of their own, and the statistics show it to have more dwellings in proportion to popu- lation than any other of the larger cities in the United States. Tower of City Hai.l, showing Roof of Huiuhng CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE FROM lcS90 TO 1918— PERIOD OF THK CITY'S LARGER GROWTH— PHILADELPHIA IN THE WAR In the first months of 1890 Philadelphia lost by death its two most distino-uished members of Congress, who had represented it continuously from the Civil War period. William Darragh Kelley. who died January 9, 1890. after a continuous service of thirty years as Cono-ress- man from the Fourth Pennsylvania District, was a man of national reputation as well as local prominence. He was born in Philadeli)hia April 12, 1814, and was of Irish and French Huo-ue- not extraction. He attended school until he was 11 years old and was apprenticed to a jeweler from his fourteenth year until he reached his majority. He then followed his trade in Boston for live years, then resolved to return to Philadelphia and study law. He was admitted to the bar in 1841. engaged in successful practice and in 1845 was elected prosecutor for the city and county of Philadelphia, held the ofifice for two terms and was elected judge of the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia. Up to this time he had been a Democrat and a free-trader, but also a strong Abolitionist. In 1856 the Republican party was organized, and Judge Kelley joined it, resign- ing from the bench and becoming a candidate of the new party for Congress. He was defeated in that campaign and he resumed the practice of law, but in 1860 he was elected to Congress from the Fourth District. He remained in that body until he was "Father of the House" by being the oldest member in point of continuous service. He was especially conspicuous as the sturdiest advocate of high protective duties, and his earnest and constant championship of the pig-iron interest of his State caused him to be known familiarly as "Pig-iron Kelley." He had served on the committees on agriculture, naval afifairs. Indian affairs, weights and measures and Centen- nial celebration, and at the time of his death was a member of the committee on ways and means. He was an effective debater, lecturer and writer on the affairs of the day. His funeral, on Jan- uary Lx was attended by members of Congress and by many citizens. Samuel Jackson Randall, who died in Washington April 12, 1890, came wathin two years of serving as long in Congress as W^illiam D. Kelley, his Republican colleague. He was born in Philadelphia October 10, 1858, the son of Josiah Randall, a prominent lawyer, and of Ann (Worrall) Randall, whose father was a Democratic leader in Jefferson's time. After leaving the University Academy in Philadeljihia, he was in business for a time as clerk in a silk house and later as partner in the iron firm of Earp & Randall. He had a liking for politics and served tour years in the city council as an old-line Whig, but with the break-up of that party on the organization of the Repuljlican party in 1856 he aligned himself with the Democratic partv and was a delegate to the Cincinnati convention which nominated James Buchanan as president. In the Civil War he was a ninety-day volunteer in the First City Troop of Philadelphia, and later served again during Lee's invasion and was commissioned as captain and made provost-marshal daring the Ijattle of Gettysburg. He had, meanwhile, been nominated and elected to the Thirt}-- eighth Congress from the First Pennsylvania District a.'- a Democrat and re-elected biennially for twenty-eight years imtil his death. Though a Democrat, he was one of the strongest protection- ists in the country, but on all other questions w:is a leader of his party. His skill as a parliamenta- rian enabled him to prevent the passage of the Force bill which the Republican majority was trying to enact, and he came to the front as a leader from that time. In 1875 there was a Demo- cratic majority and Alichael C. Kerr was elected speaker, but died while in office. Mr. Randall was elected speaker at the second session of the Forty-fourth Congress, and in the Forty-fifth and Forty-sixth Congresses. He thus presided over the House during the contro\ersv over the 288 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA (Iis])uted presidential election of 1876. He was a power in the House, and except for his protec- tionist sentiments would have doubtless been hi. party's nominee for president in 1880 or 1884. He was accounted one of the ablest statesmen of his time, and his service was especially valuable by his constant watchfulness against waste and extravagance in pulilic expenditures. On April 30, 1890, the Bank of America and its numerous branches suspended payments, and on the following day the Gloucester City National Bank suspended. This was followed by the sus- pension of the Fidelity Surety Trust and Safe Deposit Company, of Camden, and its branches throughout southern New Jersey. All these institutions were connected, through their officers, as was the American Life Insurance Company, which suspended business on May 10, 1890, in com- pliance with a writ of quo warranto issued by the attorney general of the State. Numerous suits were brought against the officers of the various institutions involved. Ex-Senator John J. Macfarlane, president of the American Life Insurance Company and of the Bank, was indicted, but absconded. After three years he returned and surrendered himself, pleading guilty to the indictment and was sentenced to the Eastern Penitentiary for four years by Judge Hare on May 31, 1893. ( )n December 1, 1890, a run on the Keystone National Bank began. It was temjiorarily allayed, but finally led to the suspension of the bank, the exposure of its fraudulent methods and those of other bank officers and of City Treasurer Bardsley. It was closed March 20, 1891, by order of the comptroller of the currency, whos.^ later investigation showed gross frauds by the president, cashier and other officers. (Jn May 21. 1891, John Bardsley, treasurer of the city and county of Philadelphia, who was elected in 1888 and whose term would not have expired until the end of 1891, retired from the discharge of his duties on account of losses of State money placed by him in the Keystone National Bank (which failed in March, 1891), and tendered his resigna- tion, to take efifect on May 30. He was arrested on May 23 on the charge of misappropriating public funds. It was discovered that he had failed to pay over large sums collected for the State and that no adequate security had been given for their payment. The report of the attorney gen- eral of the State showed that judgment for unpaid license taxes had been obtained against Bards- ley to the amount of $394,010.40. From his bondsmen $120,000 had been recovered and from his depositaries, into which State moneys were traced. Of a $1,004,640 judgment recovered by Bards- ley's assignee against the Keystone National Bank, over one-fourth had been transferred to the Commonwealth by the assignee. Following the arrest of Treasurer Bardsley, Governor Pattison, on May 25, nominated Will- iam Redwood Wright as treasurer of Philadelphia, but Richard Oellers was, the following day, elected by the county commissioners, who denied the right of the governor to make an appoint- ment. On the following day city councils, which also claimed the right of appointment, elected Mr. Oellers, but the courts finally decided on June 12, 1891, that the power of appointment vested in the governor, and Mr. Oellers was ousted from the office, which was then assumed by William Redwood Wright. John Bardsley, on June 9, pleaded guilty to the charges against him and was sentenced on July 2 to fifteen years' solitary confinement at labor in the Eastern Penitentiary and to pay fines aggre- gating $237,532. On January 25, 1893, the city treasurer paid $53,440 71 to contractors who had deposited with ex-City Treasurer Bardsley 10 p?r cent of the amr unt of their contracts, which deposits were lost in the wreck caused by his defalcation. In the city election of 1891 Edwin S. Stuart was the nr^mmee of the Republican party and was opposed by Albert H. Ladner as the Democratic nominee. Ex-Mayor William B. Smith, who had been nominated as an independent candidate, withdrew from the race and Mr. Stuart was elected by .1 plurality of 39,065 votes. He was inaun;urated April 6, and appointed James H. Win- THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 289 (Irim as director of public works and (icorge Roncy as director of public safety. Mr. Roney's ai)pointment was subsequently withdrawn and Aljraham M. Beitler a])pointcd. Decoration day at Philadelphia on May 30. 1891, was made especially impressive by the par- ticipation in its exercises at Laurel Hill of President Harrison, Secretary of War Proctor, Secre- tary of the Navy Tracy, Postniastcr-(iencral Wanamaker and other public officials. The presi- dent made an address and held an informal reception at Independence Hall, and in the evening he was gi\en a supper and reception in the Uniion League. ( )n May 8. 1891, the Spring Garden National Bank was closed by order of the cfjmptroller of the currency, and the Penn Trust and Safe Dcjjosit Company, which was connected with the l)ank. made an assignment. On August 17 Francis W. Kennedy, president, and H. II. Kennedy, cashier, of the Spring Garden National Bank, and Charles Lawrence, assistant cashier of the Keystone Bank, pleaded guilty to the charges ag linst them. The latter was sentenced to seven years' imprisonment and a fine of $100. The Kennedys were each sentenced, on September 15, to ten years' imprisonment in the Eastern Penitentiary. The Drexel Institute of Art, Science and Industry was formally dedicated on December 17, 1891. Bishop Potter, of New York, offered the invocation and Chauncey M. Depew delivered the dedicatory oration. Wayne MacVeagh, on behalf of the donor, Anthony J. Drexel, presented the deeds of trust to the trustees, which were received by Dr. James MacAllister on behalf of the board of trustees. Bishop Whitaker, of Pennsylvania, pronounced the benediction. Conservatism long denied to women the privilege of equal access to the means of higher education, but modern progress has quite fully accepted the theory of equal opportunity in this respect. It was, however, a considerable step forward when the graduate department of the University of Pennsylvania was opened to women in 1892. A fire on April 27, 1892, originated in the Central Theater building. It destroyed the theater ; the Times newspaper office, on Sansom Street above Eighth Street, and several stores on Eighth Street. Six persons were buried in the ruins of the theater and seven persons in the audience were fatally injured. The money loss was about $1,000,000. A notable event of 1893 was the establishing of the American Line by the International Navigation Company by the taking over of the Inman Line and the addition of new ships under the American flag by the assistance of enabling legislation by Congress. On January 27 the company announced the dropping of the title, "Inman Line" and the substitution of that of "Amer- ican Line." It was also announced that the name of the ship City of Paris would be changed to Paris and the names of the other vessels of the line would be changed in similar manner. On April 19, 1893, a brilliant reception was given at the Union League to Clement A. Griscom, the president, and Joseph D. Potts, H. H. Houston, W. G. Warden and W. H. Barnes, the directors, of the International Navigation Company, for having restored the American flag to the mer- chant marine of the world. On January 29 the Philadelphia and Reading Railway formally opened its terminal at Twelfth and Market Streets to Main Line traffic. The road in the years following went through vicissitudes and reorganizations, but became finally one of the strongest roads, with this terminal a most important traffic center. Anthony J. Drexel, one of the most eminent of Philadelphia citizens, died on June oO, 1893, at Carlsbad, Austria. He was born in Philadel])hia September 13, 1826. Coming to the head of the Drexel banking institutions, he w^as long the foremost figure in the financial life of the city and one of the most influential in the country at large. Besides being a leading man of business and large interests, he was the instigator and helper of many things for the public welfare, notably as founder and creator of the Drexel Institute of Art, Science and Industry, which is one of the most important institutions of practical and technical training in the country. 290 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA Philadelphia Hotels I— The Majestic. 2— Aldiiie. 3— Bingham House. 4 -Hellevue-Siratford. 5 — Wallon. 6— Continental. THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 291 The building of the new navy, largely the result of the initiative of Secretary William C. Whitney, was to an important degree accomplished through Philadelphia shipyards, which, dur- ing the decade, witnessed severallaunchings. On December 2, 1891, the armored cruiser New York was launched from the shipyard of the Cramps in Philadelphia. It was claimed at the time to be the fastest and most powerful sea-going ship in the world. Its sponsor was Miss Helen Page, of New York. Mrs. Harrison, wife of the jiresident ; Vice President Levi P. Morton and his wife; Benjamin Tracy, secretary of the navy, and 40,000 spectators witnessed the launching. The battleshi]) Indiana, launched February 28, 1893, during a hailstorm from the Cramps' yards, ranked in size with the British battleships Victoria, Nile and Trafalgar, but was superior in power of armor and strength of armament to either. Her sponsor was Miss Bessie Miller, daugh- ter of the attorney general of the United States. President Harrison and more than 10.000 people witnessed the launching. The battleship Massachusetts w^as launched at Philadelphia on lune 10, 1893, Miss Leila Herbert, datighter of the secretary of the navy, performing the christening. The armored cruiser Brooklyn was successfully launched at Cramps' shipyard on October 2, 1893. Miss Ida May Schieren, daughter of Mayor Schieren, of Brooklyn, christened the vessel. The occasion brought a large assembly of spectators. The battleship Iowa, which was launched from the same yards on March 28 following, was one of the finest ships of the then "new navy." The Iowa and Brooklyn were soon to distinguish themselves amid the sea activities of the Span- ish-American War. Not all of the launchings of the period were of naval vessels. The new^ American Line steamer St. Louis, of the International Navigation Company's fleet, was launched in 1894 at the yards of the William Cramp & Sons' Ship and Engine Building Company, in the j^resence of President Cleveland, several members of his cabinet and many other distinguished men. Mrs. Cleveland christened the vessel. At the luncheon which followed toasts were responded to by President Cleveland; Charles H. Cramp, president of the Cramp Company; Secretary Carlisle, of the treasury department ; Clement A. Griscom, president of the International Navigation Com- pany ; Mayor W^albridge, of St. Louis, and Henry W^ Cramp. Another important launching from the sam? yards was that of the Japanese battleship Kas- sagi, launched January 20, 1894. All of these launchings were notable events of that period, these vessels then representing the highest types in their respective classes, though now superseded by many new and progressive ideas of marine and architecture. Various important public works were produced and completed during that period. One of interest was that of the Walnut Street bridge across the Schuylkill, work on which had begun on July 1. 1889. It was finally finished and the structure was formally opened to the public on Sun- day, July 16, 1893. Its cost was $725,000, exclusive of land damages, and it was said at the time to be the longest and most ornamental of the city bridges. The World's Columbian Exposition in Chicigo contained many exhibits from the institutions and industries of Philadelphia. There were various celebrations in the citv in honor of the quad- ricentennial of the discovery of Columbus, and the descendant of the great navigator, the duke of Veragua, came to the city, accompanied by the duchess. They were entertained at a reception by Mr. and Mrs. George W. Chikls on January 23, 1893. On April 25, 1893, the old Liberty Bell was started on its trip to Chicago for exhibition at the World's Columbian Exposition. Its return to its permanent resting place in Independence Hall was celebrated by a street procession on November 6 following. After the Libertv Bell had been to the W'orld's Columbian Exposition and back there was some agitation against the repeti- tion of the loaning of the bell to future expositions. W'hen the Atlanta Exposition was held and 292 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA wished the bell to be sent there the opposition sought to prevent the transfer and any appropria- tion to pay the expenses of the transfer. Judge Thayer, in an exhaustive and interesting opinion, handed down August 20. 1895, held that not only was the transmission of the Liberty Bell to the Atlanta Exposition "a lawful and proper act. but the appropriation to pay the expenses of the transfer and committee is also lawful and obnoxious to no well-founded legal objection whatever." The bell was taken to Atlanta with an escort in October, 1895. George Washington Childs died on February 3, 1894, and it is probable that there was never, in Philadelphia at least, a private citizen who was more sincerely mourned. He was born in Balti- more May 12, 1829, and gained his early education in that city. When he was 13 years old he entered the United States navy and served in it for about fifteen months. He came to Philadelphia on leaving the navy, almost penniless and knowing only one family, which removed from the city a few days after his arrival. He obtained a place in P. Thomson's book store at a salary of $3 per week. He worked early and late, and at the end of three years was getting $6 for his weekly salary ; and in his seventeenth year he attended the semiannual sales of books in New York, wdiere he made the acquaintance of the Harpers, Putnams, Ticknors, Fields, Appletons, Little & Brown and other publishers. At the age of 18 he established a small book store of his own in the Ledger Building, at the corner of Third and Chestnut Streets, which was a successful venture, and in 1849 he became a partner in the firm of R. E. Peterson & Co., the name of which was later changed to Childs & Peterson in order to differentiate it from that of another Peterson publish- ing house. That Inisiness was very successful until the year 18'60, when Mr. Peterson retired and Mr. Childs joined the firm of J. B. Lippincott & Co. He withdraw from that connection the following year, again engaging in the publishing business. ( )n December 3. 1864, he bought the Public Ledger, then in a decayed state, being issued with a daily loss of about $480 per issue. Pie labored successfully not only to save it and make it a success financially, but also to make it the most reliable of all newsjiapers. He was the closest friend of the late Anthony J. Drexcl and also enjoyed the friendship and confidence of General Grant and other great men. He was a great-hearted philanthropist, aiding many good and benevo- lent causes. He presented to the Typographical Pinion a large lot in W^oodlands Cemetery, and with Mr. Drexel started the fund with which the Childs-Drexel Home for Union Printers at Colorado Springs, Colorado, was built. He wanted to keep names of great writers and benefactors of the human race before the public, and with this in view he Ijuilt the Shakespeare Fountain at Stratford-on-Avon, put a Herbert Cowper memorial window in Westminster Abbey and the Milton window in St. Margaret's Church. London. Pie erected a monument over the grave of Proctor, the astronomer ; memorials to Leigh Hunt and Edgar Allen Poe and presented to West Point oil portraits of Grant, Sherman and Sheridan. ( )ne of his latest gifts of this kind was the Prayer Book Cross, near San Francisco, to mark the spot where Sir Francis Drake landed and where religious services in the English language were first held on the western shores of America. He was a liberal entertainer, and every distinguished foreigner who came to Philadelphia became his guest. Democratic manners and considerate and kindly ways made him highly esteemed by men of every station in life. On September 16, 1893, Henry S. Cochran, chief weigher at the mint, confessed to the theft of gold bullion valued at $134,093.40. He had secreted most of it in the mint building and eventu- ally the United States Government recovered the entire amount. Cochran was convicted of lar- ceny on November 22, and on December 11 was sentenced to serve a term of seven years and six months in the Eastern Penitentiary and to pay a fine of $1000 and costs. THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 293 Ihc bronze equestrian statue of (General (ieorge B. McClellan was unveiled October 24 1894 with appropriate ceremonies in the presence of a distinguished gathering. Addresses were made by Major Moses Veale, chairman of the committee of arrangements of the McClellan Monu- ment Association ; General William Farrah Smith, General William B. Franklin ( lovernor Patti- son and Mayor Stuart. A parade, in which 15,000 men took part, including the National Guard of Pennsylvania and New Jersey, Grand Army of the Republic and the Sons of Veterans, was re- viewed by Major General Schofield, commander-in-chief of the United States army. On January 9, 1895, the Republican city convention nominated City Solicitor Charles F. Warwick for mayor by a vote of 684 against 233 votes cast for State Senator Boies Penrose Mr. Warwick had been assistant district attorney of Philadelphia county from 1881 to 1884 and city solicitor of Philadelphia from 1884 to 1895. The Democrats, on January 16, nominated ex- Governor Robert E. Pattison for mayor, and this nomination had strong inde])endent indorsement by the organization on January 29 of the "Anti-Combine Committee for the election of Robert E Pattison as mayor to secure a business administration of business affairs." Of this committee Weaker Wood was chairman ; Charles Richardson, vice chairman ; Herbert Welsh, secretary and Joel J. Baily, treasurer and chairman of the finance committee. The committee adopted a declara- tion of principles. But its efforts did not eft'ect the object, for in the election of February 19, 1895 Charles F. Warwick defeated Robert E. Pattison for mayor by a vote of 137.863 to 76.879 or a plurality of 60,984 votes. An important event of 1895 was the formal opening, on February 22, of the Free Librarv of Philadelphia, with addresses by A. R. Spofford. librarian of Congress; Governor Hastings, Senator Boies Penrose, Speaker H. F. Walton and President Hartman, of common council. An illustration of the law's delay was furni-^hed by the libel case of William L. Smith, mnvor of Philadelphia from 1884 to 1887. Colonel Alexander K. McClure pursued him throuo-h the columns of the Times with special venom, and accused him of all sorts of dereliction. Councils took up the charges of the Times against the mayor, but the attempt at impeachment fell throuoh. Mayor Smith sued McClure for libel in 1887 and on April 17, 1895, recovered a verdict for $45,000. But through the further quips and turns of the law, the judgment remained uncollected. The administration of Edwin S. Stuart as mayor of Philadelphia had been a most successful one and won general commendation. After its close about 250 of the mo^t distinguished citizens of Philadelphia gave him a dinner on April 17, 1895, at the Union Leag.^e. John Wanamaker presided, and addresses were made by Mayor Warwick. Archbishop Ryan, Bishop \\'hitaker, William M. Singerly and others. The money question had protruded itself into the realm of political discussion in 1895, and on May 28 there was a great non-partisan mass meeting held in the Academy of Music in favor of sound money. President George B. Roberts, of the Pennsylvania Railroad, presided, and addresses were delivered by ex-Senator George F. Edmunds. ex-Comptroller of Currency \\^illiam L. Trenholm. ex-Congressman M. D. Harter and ex-Minister to Russia Charles Emory Smith. A Sound Money League was organized, with John H. Converse, of the Baldwin Locomotive Works, as president. There was probably no other city in the country in which the sentiment in favor of the single gold standard for coinage was more pronounced or outspoken during the period of the silver controversy than was Philadelphia. Richard Vaux, one of the most distinguished of Philadelphians, died on March 22, 1895. He was born in the city December 19. 1816. the son of Judge Roberts Vaux. He was educated bv private tutors and was admitted to the bar in Philadelphia in 1836. Soon after he was appointed bearer of dispatches to the United States minister in London, with whom he remained for a year as secretary of legation. During this period he had the honor of dancing with Queen Victoria at a court l^all in London. After aiding in reorganizing the United States embassy in Brussels. 294 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA he returned to London and became private secretary to United States Minister Andrew Steven- son. In 1839 he returned to Philadelphia, and from 1842 to 1849 filled the office of recorder of deeds of Philadelphia. On January 7, 1842, he was appointed an inspector of the Eastern Peni- tentiary, and was elected secretary of the board at its first meeting. For more than fifty years he wrote every annual report of that institution, prepared nearly fifty volumes on the subject of penology and delivered numerous addresses on prison management. About the time of his appointment as penitentiary inspector he was elected comptroller of public schools to succeed his father. After being several times the unsuccessful Democratic candidate for mayor of the city, he was elected to the office in 1856 and completely reorganized the government of the city. In 1858 he was chosen a director of Girard College, and in the following year became president of the board. Mr. Vaux was largely instrumental in framing and passing the act of 1885 (known as the "Bullitt" act) which, with some amendments, now constitutes the charter of the city of Phila- delphia. He was also a member of the Board of City Trusts. His last public service was as member of Congress, to which office he was elected May 12. 1890, to fill the unexpired term of Samuel J. Randall, deceased. During the Cuban insurrection in the years before the Spanish-American War there was a considerable amount of filibustering conducted by adventurers from the United States, and several expeditions of this kind were outfitted from Baltimore and Philadelphia. One of the cases in Philadelphia was that of the steamship Horsa, the officers of which were convicted of filibustering on February 23, 1896; and on March 8, 1897, Captain John B. Hart was sentenced to imprisonment and fine for engaging in a filibustering expedition to Cuba. The Pepper Laboratory of Clinical Medicine, the gift of Dr. William Pepper, was formally opened and presented to the trustees of the University of Pennsylvania on December 5, 1895. Addresses were made by Dr. J. S. BilHngs, Dr. W. H. Welch, of Johns Hopkins University, and by Provost Harrison. The Philadelphia Bourse was formally opened on December 30, 1895, by a banquet, at which 500 persons, representing nearly every branch of trade and manufacture, were present. Addresses were made by President George E. Bartol, of the Bourse; United States Senator Hawley, of Connecticut ; Congressman Adams, C. Stuart Patterson and Charles Heber Clark. The following day the Bourse was dedicated and addresses were made by Mayor Warwick; Cyrus Borgner, chairman of the building committee ; President Bartol, Dr. William Pepper and John F. Lewis. On May 14, 1896. Thomas McKean, of the class of 1862, University of Pennsylvania, sub- scribed $100,000 to the use of the University, conditioned upon the raising of $1,000,000 within a specified time, which benefaction was later made effective. On May 1, 1896, Judge Acheson, of the United States Circuit Court, signed a decree for the sale of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad Company under the company's general mort- gage unless arrearages of interest should be paid in twenty days. The company's property, as well as that of the Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company, was sold under foreclosure and was purchased for the reorganization managers, represented by J. P. Morgan & Co., of New York, who were the only bidders. On November 17 the Philadelphia and Reading Railway Com- pany was organized as successor to the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad Company, with Jacob S. Harris as president. President McKinley visited the city on two noteworthy occasions in 1897. One was on May 15, when he unveiled the Washington Monument and the second was at the formal opening of the Commercial Museums. The opening was attended by delegates from business organizations all over this country and from Central and South America. President McKinley. on June 2. de- clared the museums open as a national institution. On the same day Mr. McKinley made an address at the semicentennial celebration of the American Medical Association. Tin: STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 295 M o •—< IH f ca Um EC O p^, o o O c« O. o o Ih o ca •-J M •r! o CO r-< OJ ;>, n1 c W ^ < 1 ^ o M~l s Pi t/i >< 1 ^ o !3 m __• III •-• '7) Q 'T3 * tfl < O •Ji Q K^ a T3 !-l a; ^ 3 r;'. > Ol J a w "£ 4^ ^H << u w 1 CO y J H ■J^ /) OJ H 'a.* OJ b.J Jl 1- 1 ><. HJ I/) VI ^ < en X -< 4_i Cl, '. 1 (U a c a ^ Q o t/J ^ o .^ ,j t4-l 01 k-i «^ .ii a 0) a) nj Tl U n CO ta J O 0) >. u * O ^ to ^ ■3 2 r/: o n ■^ o T ^ ■* 296 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA m An equestrian statue of Washington, erected by the Pennsylvania Society of the Cincinnati Philadelphia, was unveiled in Fairmount Park on May 15, 1897. In accordance with a reso- lution of the legislature, Governor Hastings proclaimed a public holiday, and the legislature attended in a body. A statue of Stephen Girard on the west plaza of the City Hall was unveiled May 20, 1897. The funds were contributed by the alumni of Girard College and the date of the unveiling was the 127th anniversary of the birth of Stephen Girard and the semicentennial of the completion and opening of Girard College. In 1897 the councils voted to lease the gas works of the city to the United Gas Improve- ment Company. Several suits in equity were filed to enjoin the execution of the lease, but it was decided by the court that there was no power to enjoin the lease, and it was signed by Mayor War- wick November 30, 1897. In the following year there were several attempts to put through bills in the city councils to transfer the water works by lease or sale to private corporations, and several charges of bribery were made against members of councils and agents of the lease-seeking corporation. One indict- ment was found, but after being in the courts for about a year by several postponements, the defendant was acquitted and other indictments that were sought were denied by the grand jury. On January 26. 1899, the common council, by unanimous vote, adopted resolutions proclaiming to citizens at laro-e that "our water works shall not be leased or sold," but select council defeated a motion to indefinitely postpone further consideration of an ordinance to dispose of the water works. The Chestnut Street National Bank, of Philadelphia, failed December 23, 1897. The Chestnut Street Trust and Savings Fund Company, the officers of which were identical with those of the bank, also closed its doors the same day. The failure was said to be caused by the loss of money in a large paper mill at Elkton, Md., owned by the president of the bank, William M. Sino'erly, who was also owner of the Philadelphia Record. The liabilities of the bank and trust company together aggregated about $3,000,000. Singerly died suddenly February 27, 1898, and William Steele, the cashier, was convicted in December, 1898, for false reports of the bank's condition and aiding the president in misappropriation of funds. The People's Bank, of Philadelphia, closed its doors March 25, 1898. The Guarantors' Finance Company made an assignment about the same time, and tlie cashier of the People's Bank, John S. Hopkins, committed suicide March 24. An examination revealed the fact that the cashier had loaned to the manager of the Finance Company sums still unpaid, aggregating about $600,000, without the knowledge of the other officers and directors of the bank, and that the siecurities for the loan were practically worthless. Richard F. Loper, vice president and general manager of the Guarantors' Finance Company, was placed under arrest March 28, charged with conspiracy to cheat and defraud the People's Bank. The People's Bank was a depositary for State and city funds, and at the time of its failure had more than $500,000 belonging to the State and more than $50,000 of city funds. The lialnlities of the bank were placed at $1,559,843 and the assets at $529,803. The president, Mr. McManes, promised to make good the losses. In con- nection with the failure, United States Senator Mathew S. Quay ; his son, Richard R. Otiay, and Benjamin ]. Haywood, ex-State treasurer, were indicted under five true bills November 21. They were charged with conspiracy to use unlawfully the money of the State on deposit in the People's Bank. The Supreme Court, late in 1898, granted a stay of proceedings, which had been denied in the lower court by Judge Finletter, who overruled demurrers to the indictment. The chief justice refused a petition to have the trial removed from the Philadelphia courts. The trial took place in April and resulted in the acquittal of Quay and his son April 21. Benjamin J. Haywood, the other defendant, had died on February 23, 1898. THE STORY OF r/lILAPELFHIA 29: The term of Senator Quay as United States Senator had expired, and the RepubHcans were divided as to his renomination. Many of the RepubHcans stayed away from the caucus at which he was renominated and refused to vote for him throughout the session. The balloting began on January 17, on which day Quay received his highest vote, 112. The seventy-ninth l^al- lot was taken /Vpril 19, when the legislature adjourned. ( )n the da\- of Oua\'s ac(|uittal (lov- enior Stone appointed him United States Senator. A Peace Jubilee was held in Philadelphia October 25 to 2(S', 1898, including a naval review, a procession of ships around the anchored ships of war, the Columbia, the Texas, the Glouces- ter and the Winslow ; an army review, a civic parade in which 25,000 men marched, a dinner and a reception. President McKinley and many members of the cabinet and army officers were present. On October 28 the old Independence Hall was rededicated. On June 30, 1899, Mayor Ashbridge and a party of Reading Railway officials and engineers occupied the tirst passenger train run over the entire length of the new subway. The American Society of Civil Engineers came into the Reading Terminal by way of the newly completed subway. A fire which started in the stores of Partridge & Richardson, on Eighth Street above Market Street, destroyed those buildings, the establishments of J. B. Lippincott Company, publishers, Filbert Street below Eighth, and Partridge & Son and Bailey & Co., Eighth Street below Filbert Street. It also damaged the stores of Lit Brothers, Strawbridge & Clothier, P. T. Hallahan, P. J. Hallahan, H. Mosebach & Son, Samuel D. Lang, F. W. Bean & Co., Artman & Freichler and others. The loss was about $1,500,000, and nearly 2000 persons were temporarily deprived of employment. On December 7, 1899, P. A. B. Widener, now deceased, purchased thirty-six acres of land fronting on Old York Road, near Logan Station, on which he afterward established the Widener Industrial Home for Crippled Children. An ordinance was introduced into city councils and sub- sequently passed to strike from the city plan streets which intersected the tract. The new Mint building in Philadelphia was formally accepted for the United States Govern- ment by Secretary of the Treasury Lyman Gage on June 13, 1901. Memorial services for the late President McKinley were held on September 19, 1901. the day of the funeral in Canton, Ohio, in churches of every denomination, in Girard College, the Academy of Music, and League Island, and there was a general suspension of business in Phila- delphia on that day. For the greater part of the day the main thoroughfares were crowded. For about ten minutes during the performance of the last rites at Canton trolley cars were halted, and, as far as practicable, there was a cessation of work on the several railroads entering the city. C^n March 10, 1902, in accordance with a prearranged programme. Prince Henry of Prussia, visiting Philadelphia, was tendered the freedom of the city by its mayor, visited Independence Hall and Cramps' shipyard, had luncheon at the Union League and returned to New York. In 1907 important additions w^ere made to the park system of Philadelphia by the addition of Cobbs and Pennypacker Parks and the development of boulevards and breathing spots in various sections of the city. On March 16 a bronze statue of Admiral Barry, the gift of the Friendly Sons of St. Pat- rick, was unveiled in Independence Square. Congress in 1907 refused a request made upon it by the city for a depth of 35 feet in the Delaware River, but increased the Delaware appropriation for a depth of 32 feet, thus insuring maintenance of a 30-feet depth. Provision was made for widening the channel at bends, and this work was completed in 1910. At the mayoralty election held in February, 1907, John E. Rev- burn, a member of Congress and the Republican candidate, was elected by a majority of 33,000 298 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA over William Potter, the candidate of the Democrats and the City Party. The election of Mr. Reyburn was due to the power and influence of the Republican organization. The City Party, which opposed Reyburn, was the exponent of the reform movement which, in 1906, was ineffective to prevent the granting of a lease to the United Gas Improvement Com- pany. The City Party, while unsuccessful in the election of the mayor, made a considerable gain in both branches of councils. The strength of these members, however, was not sufficient to prevent, by a decisive majority, the making final the terms of the lease made in 1906 which had given the city the option of revoking it in 1907. The new city subway was opened for traffic on August 4, 1908. In October the city celebrated with festivals and pageants the 225th anniversary of its founding. Primary elections in Philadelphia on June 5, 1909, were made especially lively by the issue raised against the conduct of the Philadelphia Rapid Transit Company. The candidates for nomination for district attorney were Samuel P. Rotan. who had the support of the regular Re- publican organization, and D. C. Gibboney, who was nominated by the reform element, includ- ing the Democratic and William Penn parties. It was charged that in spite of an agreement made in 1907 between the city and the Rapid Transit Company, the company had acted from time to time in an arbitrary fashion, and in particular its action in abolishing the "strip tickets" (six tickets for 25 cents). There was a large mass meeting, at which a Committee of Fifteen was appointed to enforce the side of the public. Mayor Reyburn, who in an interview minimized the public outburst, and State Senator Wolf, who as one of the city's representatives in the street railway corporation was considered as taking the company's side of the controversy, were spe- cial objects of the dissatisfaction expressed. Mr. Gibboney received the nomination of the Demo- cratic and William Penn parties, and had 56.000 votes in the Republican primary against 61,000 for Mr. Rotan; but in spite of a most vigorous campaign made by Gibbony, he was defeated by a plurality of more than 45.000 votes in the election on November 2. The in- tense interest in this conflict, however, was manifested by the polling of the largest vote in the history of the city up to that time. The vote for Rotan was aided by the resignation of Senator Wolf from the street railway directorate and by instructions given to the city solicitor to take steps to enforce the reinstatement of the "strip ticket." The new system of water works for the city was put in operation on February 19. 1909, and filtered water from the mammoth filtration plant at Torresdale (the output of which was 200,- 000.000 gallons daily) flowed through the city mains. On May 28, 1909, councils passed the measure advocated by Mayor Reyburn to provide for a widened parkway for the city, which was the beginning of the scheme by which a great boule- vard, extending from City Hall to Green Street, was to be built. The war department, in 1909, approved the recommendation of the board of engineers pro- viding for the 35-foot channel survey of the Delaware as a preliminary of the construction of such a channel which would put Philadelphia on a par with the world's greatest maritime centers. I In 1909 there was a strike of the trolley men, chiefly on the basis of a desired advance in wages, which was ended by a temporary agreement to expire June 1. 1910. pending some per- manent arrangement which should insure peace between the company and its employees. Negotia- tions were in progress in the early part of 1910, but no common ground was reached. Mean- while, a local union, known as the Keystone Union, was being formed among the men which was to be independent of the Amalgamated Association of Street and Electric Railway Employees (the national body). Leaders of the national organization claimed that this new union was formed at the instigation of the company, and although the company denied this, bad feeling THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 2^>9 developed, which was made more bitter when 173 men (who were members of the old union) were discharged. On February 19, 1910, the Amalgamated Association ordered a strike, which immediately paralyzed the transportation system of the city, as about 6000 men went out. The demand was for increased wages and that the Philadelphia Rapid Transit Company bind itself not to recognize any union except the Amalgamated Association. On the second day of the strike Mayor Reyburn issued orders for the swearing in of 3000 special i)olice under the riot acts. But the regular police force, even when augmented by these special accessions, proved unable to re- store order. There were several days of rioting and disorder (claimed in most cases to have been carried on by sympathizers rather than the striking employees themselves). On February 23 a force, of 185 members of the State's mounted constabulary was brought into the city and at once restored order. During the disorders several persons were killed and hundreds injured. The Central Labor Union called a sympathetic strike, and on March 7 60,000 union men in seventy-five trades obeyed the order. Rut the strike was broken from the time the State con- stabulary intervened, and gradually the cars resumed running. The company proposed certain conditions for resumption of work by all the striking carmen, and later these conditions were agreed to and the men returned to work. The conditions were that all of the men should be taken back; that the 173 discharged men should have their cases settled by arbitration; that the men should receive a wage of 23 cents per hour, with an increase of J^ cent per hour at the end of each period of six months until a rate of 25 cents per hour was reached; and that there should be no discrimination by employers or intimidation by employees on account of member- ship or non-membership in a union. The quality of urban transportation is an important factor in the social and industrial life of any city. The first surface lines in Philadelphia were constructed in 1854. Originally owned by separate, independent companies, these lines eventually became grouped under the control of various large companies, which, in turn, culminated in a single corporation, the Union Traction Company, formed in 1895 to take over the properties of the Philadelphia Traction Company, the People's Traction Company and the Electric Traction Company. Subsequently, the Union Traction Company acquired the property of the Hestonville Passenger Railroad Company and built various extensions and new lines. The Union Traction Company was absorbed by the Phila- delphia Rapid Transit Company by a 999-year lease. The Philadelphia Rapid Transit Company acquired the entire capital stock of the Market Street Elevated Passenger Railway Company, the Ridge Avenue Elevated Passenger Railway C/)mpany and that of other companies having fran- chises to build elevated lines in Frankford, on Passyunk Avenue, Germantown x-\ venue and other streets. The company also constructed the subway on Market Street, with elevated ex- tensions north of the Schuylkill River. Philadelphia has been constantly Republican in its political complexion from the days of the Civil War, and there are many men, even among the Republicans of the city, who claim that such overwhelming preponderance of party affiliation, applied in city elections, does not make for good government in municipal afifairs. Sometimes — though the instances have not been many — reform movements in city politics have succeeded in overcoming the eft'orts of the regular party organization, and in some cases the organization has produced a good city admin- istration. Charles F. Warwick, who had l)cen assistant district attorney of Philadelphia county from 1881 to 1884 and city solicitor of Philadelphia from 1884 to 1895, was elected mayor in 1895 in succession to Mayor Stuart. Samuel H. Ashbridge was elected in 1899 by the phenomenal majority of 120,000 votes. He had previously held the office of coroner for thirteen years. He was succeeded by John Weaver, who had held the office of district attorney from 1901 to 1903. He held the office of mayor from 1903 to 1907. His successor, John E. Reyburn. mayor from 300 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 1907 to 1911, had served in Congress several terms and resigned from Congress to enter upon nis term as mayor. During these administrations under the Bullit law there had heen absolute control of the city by a single party, and the party control was strongly held by a few party leaders. The city was practicaHy in the grip of the bosses and dissatisfaction was loudly voiced. Councils, strongly controlled by the party machine, paid little heed to the demands for reform which had become vocal, and of which Rudolph Blankenburg, who had been active in reform politics and questions of civic improvement from 18/7, was the spokesman. He had been elected county commissioner in 1905 in a great movement for reform of county administration, receiving a majority of 50,000 votes, and effected valuable reforms, showing his disinterestedness by donating the three years' salary of that office ($15,000) to the police, firemen's and teachers' pension funds. In national politics he was a consistent Repuljlican, but he was an advocate of non-partisanship in State and municipal aft'airs. In 1911 he was put up as a non-partisan reform candidate for mayor, and behind him ranged an organization of influential citizens in solid array reminiscent of the days of the Committee of One Hundred. Strongly intrenched as the Republican organization had been in previous elections, the strength of the reform movement compelled recognition of the peril to machine control. _ , , . ■ , ■> ^^ t j The election for mayor in 1911 was mterestmg because of the issues involved, there had been a breach between the Republican organization, headed by Senator Penrose, and Mayor Rey- burn 'with the result of an investigation by a committee of the State Senate into charges of corruption in connection with contracts in the c^ty for street cleaning, street paving, the build- mcr of boulevards and the construction of a filtration plant. The primaries were held on Septem- ber 30 and were the first selections held under a new law providing for State and national elec- tions only in even-numbered years and municipal elections only in odd-numbered years. The Re- publican primary candidates for nomination for mayor were William S. Vare, brother of a con- tractor very largely interested in city contracts, and George H. Earle, Jr., the well-known law- yer Mr Vare was supported by Mayor Reyburn and was defeated by Mr. Earle (who was sup- ported by the regular organization) by 23,000 votes for the Republican nomination. Opposed was a fusion between the Democratic party and the Keystone party, which had been organized two years before ta combat alleged political corruption in State and city ; of this fusion the can- didates' in the primary were Rudolph Blankenburg and D. C. Gibboney, and Mr. Blankenburg won the nomination. George H. Earle, a lawyer and banker, who had been a member of the Committee of One Hundred and had been identified with various reform movements, was nomi- nated to oppose Mr. Blankenburg, but as the organization held responsible for the abuses com- plained of were solidly behind the Earle candidacy, the reform advocates ranged themselves with equal unanimity behind Mr. Blankenburg, who was elected and gave the city for four years a non-partisan administration of the city government which will long be memorable as a record of efficiency in the executive department of the city. llie reform movement depended so strongly on the character and personality of Mr. Blank- enburg that when his term expired (he being ineligible for re-election under the terms of the charte^r) there was no other around whom the reform element could be so successfully rallied. The organization, therefore, was able to elect its candidate, Thomas B. Smith, the present incumbent. It is not within the province of this narrative to discuss the merits, pro and con, of the local issues of the recent past. The vital interests of the city, so far as their progress is con- cerned, are very definitely affected by the efficiency and loyalty to the city's interest of its local administration, and these are best exhibited when the common interest rather than any question of partisan expediency controls the actions of mayor, councils, police and all the departments and entire personnel of the city government. THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA :!01 I — Methodist Episcopal. Philadelphia Hospitals 2 — St. Agnes. 3 — German. 4 — Hahneman. Chirurgical. 6 — Pennsylvania 5 — Medico- CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO PHILADELPHIA BEFORE AND DURING GREAT WORLD WAR In 1907 important additions were made to the park system of Philadelphia by the acquisi- tion of Cobbs and Pennypacker Parks and the development of boulevards and breathing spots in various sections. Important progress was also made in the development of deep-water channels in the Dela- ware during the same year. Congress refused the request for a depth of 35 feet, but increased the Delaware River appropriation for a dredge depth of 32 feet, thus insuring the maintenance of a channel depth of 30 feet. Provision was also made for widening the channel at bends. The work was completed under that appropriation in 1908. The Market Street Subway was opened on March 4. 1907, as part of the system of rapid transit development. By an act of the legislature the city was authorized to enter into a contract with the Rapid Transit Company along lines which had been suggested in the plan drawn up by the Retail Merchants' Association. An existing ordinance, which by making the tenure of the company uncertain had adversely affected its interests, was repealed by councils and a new con- tract was finally ratified to continue for fifty years. By its terms the mayor and two others are to represent the city as members of the board of directors of the company. The Frank Thomson scholarships were established by Miss Anne Thomson, Frank Graham Thomson and Clarke Thomson, children of the late Frank Thomson, formerly president of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, May 6, 1907. The income of the fund is to be used to give the sons of living or deceased employees of the Pennsylvania lines east and west of Pittsburgh an opportunity to secure a technical education to better qualify them for employment by the Pennsylvania Railroad lines. Upon the request of the donors, the Pennsylvania Railroad Com- pany has undertaken to provide for the selection from time to time of the persons to receive the benefit of the scholarships under the trust fund. Right scholarships are to be provided for a period of four years each. The one hundredth anniversary of the Farmers and Mechanics' National Bank occurred in May, 1907. This bank, which was organized in 1807. began business in a leased building, then No. 102 Chestnut Street, and situated between Third and Fourth Streets. In 1819 it moved to the site of its present building, opposite the United States Customs House. The structure then occu- pied was the Lawrence mansion, which is said to have been occupied by General Howe durmg the occupation of Philadelphia by the British in the Revolutionary War. The bank was organ- ized as a State bank, but subsequently became a national bank. The first statement, issued May 7. 1807, showed resources of $102,028.69, and the statement issued May 7, 1907. showed re- sources of $20,293,328.64. The centennial anniversary was commemorated by an historical ex- hibition, in which a large number of interesting papers and relics associated with the history of the bank were shown. The marble statue of George Washington was erected in front of Independence Hall by the public school children of Philadelphia inl869. and having become injured by exposure to the weather, was, by joint resolution of city councils, approved July 20, 1907. contracted to be removed to the City Hall and its replacement on the original site by a bronze replica. The sum necessary for the cost of this removal was raised by public subscription secured by the THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 303 Public Ledji^er. with the co-operation of a coiiiniittee of councils and citizens created by the action of the city councils and appointed by the mayor. The Public Ledger had formed a "Society for the Preservation of the Washington Statue" for the purpose of carrying out this imdertaking, including the securing of funds for the purchase of the bronze replica. A tablet to the memory of Dr. Mary Putnam Jacobi was unveiled in the Woman's Medical College of PennsyKania May 23, 1907. Doctor Jacol)i was one of the most eminent women of her time in the medical profession. She was graduated from the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania in 1864 and was president of the Alumnae Association from 1888 to 1891 and again from 1894 to 1905. She was a member of the class of 1871 of the Ecole de Medecine, of Paris ; professor of materia medica and therapeutics in the Woman's Medical College of the New York Infirmary; professor of the diseases of children in the New York Post-Graduate Medical College and Hospital and a fellow of the New York Academy of Medicine. Doctor Jacobi was a distinguished contributor to medical literature. The tablet was the gift of the alumnae of the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania. The dormitory building of the University of Pennsylvania was named in June, 1907, in honor of Caesar Augustus Rodney. Rodney was a distinguished figure in the history of the State of Delaware. He was born in that State in 1772 and died at Buenos Ayres, South America, in 1824 while United States minister at that place. He received the degree of master of arts from the University of Pennsylvania in 1789. He was attorney general of the United States from 1807 to 1811 ; Senator of the United States from 1822 to 1823; was captain of a Delaware com- pany in the War of 1812 and served his State and nation in other important capacities. The bequest of the sum of £1000 ($5000) to the city of Philadelphia by Dr. Benjamin Franklin, to be loaned and kept at interest for a hundred years, was some time since offered to the city for the erection of an art gallery. No action toward this end having been taken by the municipality, the accumulated assets of the fund, amounting to about $125,000, was, by resolution of the board of directors of City Trusts in April, 1907, appropriated toward the new building of the Franklin Institute of the State of Pennsylvania, with the city of Philadelphia as trustee. A tract of woodland situated between Harvey Street, West Walnut Lane and Lincoln Ave- nue, containing about 2^ acres, was the gift of Mrs. H. H. Houston, Mrs. Charles W. Henry, Mrs. George Woodward, Samuel F. Houston and Bayard Henry, and it was accepted by the commissioners of Fairmount Park May 10. 1907. The property, known as Clifford Park, bounded by Lincoln Drive, Johnson Street, Wissahickon Avenue and Washington Lane, was the home- stead of the late George Clift'ord Thomas, by whom it was bequeathed to the city of Philadelphia. It was accepted by the Park commissioners Jtm? 14, 1907. The one hundredth anniversary of the creation of the Roman Catholic diocese of Pennsyl- vania was celebrated April 22 to 24, 1908. Little is known of the earliest periods of Roman Catholicism in Philadelphia and Pennsylvania. The of^ce of the mass appears to have been cele- brated here at occasional intervals, but it was not until the Rev. James Greaton, S. J., began the erection of St. Joseph's Chapel that a definite date and event is recorded. Father Greaton pur- chased the land for his chapel in 1729, and the first mass was celebrated in it on February 8. 1732. The diocese of Philadelphia was created by Pope Pius VII on April 8, 1808, when the Rev. Michael Egan, O. S. F.. was appointed the first bishop. He was consecrated in Baltimore on October 28, 1810. He made St. Mary's Church liis pro-cathedral. At that time there were four Roman Catholic churches in Philadelphia and six priests ; outside the city there were seven churches and seven priests. St. John's Church served as the pro-cathedral under Bishop Ken- rick, who, in 1845, began the work of erecting the Cathedral of St. Peter and St. Paul, which has since been the Cathedral of Philadelphia. Its cornerstone was laid on September 6, 1846 ; it was blessed on November 20, 1864. Philadelphia was made a metropolitan see in 1875. 304 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA Philadelphia Church Buildings 1 — Friends' Meeting House. 2 — The Advocate (Episcopal) 3 — Keneseih Israel. 4— .\rch Street M. E. Church. 5 — Bethany Presbvterian Church. 6 — Grace Baptist Temple. 7— Cathedral of SS. Peter and Paul. THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 305 and on June 17 the then bishop, Right Rev. James F. Wood, Ijecanie the hrst archbishop of Philadelphia. The Cathedral was consecrated June 30, 1890. The archdiocese embraces the counties of Philadelphia, Berks. Bucks, Carbon, Chester, Delaware. Lehigh. Montgomery, Northampton and Schuylkill, and covers an area of 5043 square miles, height dioceses now occupy the territory originally that of the old Philadelphia diocese of 1808. Several important anniversaries were celebrated in 1908, including the semicentennial of the street car in commemoration of the fact that the hrst street passenger railway car in Philadelphia was run over the lines of the Fifth and Sixth Streets Company on January 21, 1858. That line ran from Cherry (now Berks) Street in Kensington to Morris Street in South wark alono- Fifth and Sixth Streets (down Sixth and up Fifth). The fare was 5 cents. On March 23, 1908, was commemorated the fiftieth anniversary of the formal organization, on March 23, 1858, of the Clearing House Association of Philadelphia; and on October 15, 1908, was the seventy-fifth anniversary of the founding, on October 15, 1833, of the Philadelphia Board of Trade. The Penn- sylvania Bible Society celebrated its centennial on May 7, 1908. On February 18, 1908, an election for city solicitor, city magistrates and other city officials was held. The contest was between the "reform" element and the regular Republican organiza- tion, the latter scoring a decisive victory, being successful in every district save one, where a "reform" councilman was elected. Among the defeated aspirants for a seat in the council was Owen Wistar. the writer. One of the most important actions of councils during the year was the passing of ordinances providing for the expenditure of $1,500,000 for port improvements. The vote of the city in the presidential election on November 3, 1908, showed the ascendency of Republicans in Philadelphia, there being 184,469 votes for William Howard Taft and 7Z,779 votes for William Jennings Bryan. The commemoration of the 225th anniversary of the founding of Philadelphia was observed throughout the week of October 4 to 10. 1908. in a series of events that may rightly rank among the most brilliant and most successful civic festivals ever carried out in America. The programme comprised a full week of seven days, and embraced not only a notable series of large events, but included also many lesser commemorations, local festivities, social functions, memorial exercises, historical exhibitions and the like. On October 3 occurred the dedication of memorial lampposts at the City Hall plaza. They commemorated the various twenty-eight districts, townships and boroughs which were consoli- dated with the old city of Philadelphia in 1854. They were lighted by young schoolgirls from the public schools in these districts. October 4 was given over to religious observances, with special exercises in many churches, services at the Penn Treaty Monument, municipal service at Gloria Dei (Old Swede's) Church, attended by the mayor and city officials; military service in Old Christ Church, attended by the governor of the State and representatives of the army and navy, and other special commemorations. October 5 was set apart as Military day, and there was a military parade. The striking of the new city seal went into etTect on this day, and there was a municipal celebration at the Academy of Music in the evening. October 6 was designated as Municipal day, and there was a parade of the police and fire departments of the city. The cornerstone of the German Settlers' Monument was laid at Germantown. There was a German celebration at the Academy of Music in the evening, and a clergymen's meeting of all denomi- nations at the Friends' Meeting Flouse, Fifth and Race Streets. October 7. which was Industrial day, was celebrated with an industrial parade illustrating, by means of picture floats, the progress and achievements of industrial Philadelphia ; and there was a parade of labor organizations in the evening. Children's and Naval day were combined to make up the programme of October 8. There were patriotic exercises by school children in 306 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA Independence Hall, a review of United States and foreign war vessels in the harbor, a river pageant and a parade of the Improved Order of Red Men in the evening. On Historical day, October 9, came the culmination of the celebration in an historical page- ant illustrative of the history of Philadelphia from the time of the first Swedish and Dutch set- tlements to the present. It was arranged under the artistic direction of Miss Violet Oakley, and represented a vast amount of work and effort, as well as historical research. It was the first historical pageant to be presented in the United States, and as the rich pictures unfolded them- selves to the delighted crowds that thronged Broad Street from end to end it was greeted with great enthusiasm and prolonged applause. The history of Philadelphia was presented in nine leading divisions, each of which included many separate tableaux. First, Indians and Early Settlers ; second, William Penn and the Quakers; third. Colonial Philadelphia; fourth, the Revolution ; fifth. Under the Constitution ; sixth, the City from 1800 to 1860; seventh, the Civil War; eighth, the Centennial; ninth, the City Beautiful. On the evening of this day there was a parade of the Patriotic Order of the Sons of America. October 10, the last of the celebration, was designated Athletic and Knights Tem- plar day, and the events of the day were: International chassis automobile race, 200-mile con- test in Fairmount Park ; parade of horsemen ; Founders' Week athletic celebration at the Phila- delphia Ball Grounds ; parade of the Knights Templar ; boating carnival and national regatta on the Schuylkill River ; fireworks in Central Park, and a final celebration at City Hall, under the auspices of the Knights Templar. On February 19. 1909, the new system of water-works for the city was put in operation, and filtered water from the mammoth filtration plant at Torresdale was turned into the city mains, the output of that plant being estimated as over 200,000,000 gallons daily. In this year also the war department approved the recommendation of the board of engineers, providing for a 35-foot channel survey of the Delaware River, this being the depth necessary to place Phila- delphia on a par with the other great seaports of the world. The 150th anniversary of the Germantown Academy occurred on December 6, 1909. In com- memoration of this event a memorial tablet was al^xed to the old house. No. 6019 Main Street, the inscription on which reads : "The Public School of Germantown, the Germantown Acad- emy, was organized at a meeting of citizens held the sixth day of December, 1759, in this build- ing, the home of Daniel Mackinett. and sometimes known as the Green Tree Inn. It was erected by the undergraduates of Germantown Academy and the Site and Relic Society of Germantown December 6, 1909." The 100th anniversary of the Walnut Street Theater occurred on February 2'. 1909. The theater was built in 1808, but no performance took place in it until February 2, 1809. Even this was a postponement from the date originally set. January 31. The theater seems to have been originally built for a circus, and the first performance was an equestrian exhibition. The circus was open only two nights in the week— Tuesday and Thursday — the nights on which no per- .formance was given at the Chestnut Street Theater. The performances began at half -past 6 o'clock and the prices .of admission were: Boxes, $1 ; pit. 75 cents, and gallery, 50 cents. The primary elections held in Philadelphia on June 5. 1909. were particularly significant because of the agitation in regard to the conduct of the Philadelphia Rapid Transit Company, which operates all the street railways of the city. The candidates for the respective nominations for district attorney were Samuel P. Rotan. who had the support of the regular Republican organization, and D. C. Gibboney, who was nominated by the reform element, including the Democratic and William Penn parties. Mr. Gibboney developed remarkable strength in the pre- nomination campaign, in which it was alleged that in spite of an agreement made m 1907 between the city and the Rapid Transit Company, the company had acted in arbitrary fashion in Tim STORY or riUL.lDTTTJ/Tl 307 many ways, and in ])articnlar in aholishins; the "strip tickets" (six tickets for 25 cents). This action of the Rapid Transit Company had aroused much pubhc resentment, and a great mass meeting took up the subject and ap])ointed a Committee of Fifteen to prosecute the interest of the jiuhhc in the matter. The excitement increased when Mayor Reyljurn, in an interview, sj)oke of the pubhc outburst as a matter of httle imjiortance ; and there was also much dissatis- faction over the fact that Senator Wolf was a representative of the city on the board of the street corporation. The campaign was still on when the men employed on the cars of the Philadelphia street railways went out on a strike on account of dissatisfaction with wages and arrangement of hours. Another grievance against the company was its rule that the uniforms of tlie carmen ha^ to be bought from a designated firm. The company, which had just amiounced an advance of 1 cent per hour in the pay of its men, at first refused to negotiate with the representatives appoint- ed by the strikers. Public sympathy was largely with the men, who had declared their willing- ness to return to work just as soon as the company should express its purpose to negotiate with the representative of the carmen. Mayor Reyburn at first endeavored to persuade the men to return to work, on the ground that they were quasi-public servants. But the strikers represented that the companies were cer- tainly as much public servants as the men they employed. The strikers at this time secured re- inforcement by the going out of the men of the ele\'ated railways. The political issues of the campaign and the public sympathy with the men's side of the controversy with the company caused considerable political pressure to be l^rought to bear. Mayor Reyburn olfered his services as an intermediary and the company yielded. The day before the primary election the compan}' agreed to take up with the representatives of its employees the question of hours and working conditions, conceded the right of employees to buy uniforms from any of five clothiers and agreed that all former employees should be taken back and the announced advance in wages should stand. In the primary Mr. Gibboney secured over 20,000 votes from the William Penn party and became its nominee without opposition. He was also the nominee of the Democratic primary, receiving 9000 votes, and in the Republican primary received over 56,000, or only about 5000 votes less than Mr. Rotan, who became the Republican nominee. The resignation by Senator Wolf of his position as representative of the city in the street railway corporation removed another factor of the public dissatisfaction. Mr. Gibboney, as the nominee of the Independent and Demo- cratic tickets, was defeated in the election by Mr. Rotan by a plurality of over 45,000 votes. Perhaps the most notable strike of woman workers this country ever knew was that of the shirtwaist makers, wdiich began in November, 1909. in New York. More than 40.000 women were involved in the strike there, which was not settled until February. 1910. The strike elicited great sympathy from the public in New York and ended in the complete victory of the women. The shirtwaist makers of Philadel]:)hia, to the number of 7000, went out on strike on December 20, 1909, primarily in sympathy with their sisters in New York, but not without various grievances of their own. The strike was terminated on February 6. 1910. by an agreement which eliminated many of the grievances complained of and improved working conditions in the factories. The Provosts' Tower in the University of Pennsylvania was erected in 1910. This magnifi- cent l)uilding is dedicated to the provosts of the University, whose names, with their terms of service, are inscribed upon the medallions, viz. : William Smith. 1755-1791 ; John Ewing, 1780- 1802; John McDowell, 1807-1810; John Andrews. 1810-1813; Frederick Beasley, 1813-1828; Andrew Heathcote De Lancey. 1828-1833; John Ludlow, 1834-1853; Henry Vethake, 1854- 1859; Daniel Raynes Goodwin. 1860-1868; Charles Janeway Stille, 1868-1880; William Pepper, 1881-1894; Charles Custis Harrison. 1894-1910. 308 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA The statue of General John Peter Gabriel Muhlenberg was unveiled on the plaza of the City Hall October 6, the gift of the German Society of Pennsylvania to the city of Philadelphia. Gen- eral Muhlenberg, better known in American history as General Peter Muhlenberg, was born at Trappe. Pa., October 1, 1746. He was ordained a clergyman in 1772 and preached at Woodstock, Va., until the breaking out of the Revolutionary War. He electrified his congregation in his farewell address from the pulpit, when he declared, "There is a time to preach and a time to fight, and now is the time to fight." discarding at the moment his preacher's gown and display- ing a soldier's uniform beneath. The regiment he then formed was composed largely of his con- gregation and was known as the Eighth X'irginia (German) Regiment. Muhlenberg became a brigadier general in 1777 and took part in the battles of the Brandywine, Germantown, Mon- SCHOOL OF iNDUSTRIAIv ART mouth and the storming of Stony Point. He was chief in command in Virginia in 1781 until the arrival of Steuben and was second in command to Lafayette in resisting an invasion of that state by Cornwallis. He commanded a brigade of light infantry at Yorktown and was made a major general at the close of the war. Then he returned to Pennsylvania, became a member of the Supreme Executive Council (1784), vice president of the State (1785), was a member of Congress for much of the time between 1789 and 1801 and United States senator in 1801. He died near Philadelphia October 1, 1807. The fiftieth anniversary of the Philadelphia Drug Exchange occurred on January 26, 1911. This organization had its origin at a meeting of the wholesale drug trade on January 22, 1861. Its object was to break down the jealousy and distrust with which many persons and firms in THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 309 this business regarded each otlier. to unite for the protection of their joint interests and to pro- duce measures for the mutual benefit of all concerned. The exchange was incorporated April 5. 1862. The election for mayor in Philadelphia in 1911 brought a culmination to many cflforts that had been made to discredit the ruling organizatiDU. Though under fire in each election, the heavy preponderance of Republican voters had carried the organization through many a hard-fought battle. The charge was made that large contractors of Republican affiliations had profiteered by contracts for street cleaning, street paving, the construction of boulevards and the building of the filtration plant. There was an investigation, but it had decided nothing. The primaries were held on September 30, 1911, and each of the parties (one the Republican and the other a combi- nation of the "Keystone" party with the Democrats) had two candidates. The Republican can- didates were William S. Vare, brother of a contractor largely interested in city contracts, and George H. Earle, Jr., a prominent lawyer who in several pre\ious campaigns had been a mo^ meeting of May 25, 1824. It was newly incorporated 318 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA under its present name by the legislature of Pennsylvania in 1845. A commemoration of the cen- tennial was abandoned because of the war with Germany. At the primary election in Philadelphia on September 19, 1917, Policeman George Eppley was murdered by J. Mascia as the result of a political feud, when J. A. Carey, candidate for select councilman in the Fifth Ward, was attacked by the adherents of I. Deutsch. Policeman Eppley was endeavoring to protect Carey. "Gunmen" from New York had been imported to influence the election in favor of Deutsch, who was of the Vare faction, while Carey was an adherent of the Penrose faction of the local organization. Mayor Thomas B. Smith, Councilman Deutsch and Police Lieutenant Bennett, with various other policemen and several private detect- ives, were indicted after an investigation, the charges ranging from conspiracy to murder. Jacob Mascia, who killed Eppley, was convicted of murder in the second degree. In consequence of the disclosures, public indignation rose high, the Town Meeting party was hastily organized and placed a ticket in the field. But at the November election that ticket was defeated and the coun- cilmanic seats were divided between the adherents of Penrose and Vare. John (alias "Lefty") Costello was also convicted of murder in the second degree on February 2, 1918, and on August 25 I. Deutsch, Lieutenant Bennett and six policemen were convicted of various charges in the same case. In January, 1919, Mayor Smith was indicted for violation of the Shern law, by trying to prevent a free and fair election, and also with misdemeanor in office. After a trial lasting nine days he was acquitted. In connection with the mobilization of troops and sailors and the large influx of men into munition and other industries, there w^as a great increase of vice until it became unendurable. The result was an investigation by the navy department and a report by Secretary Daniels. W. H. Wilson, director of public safety, called upon police officials to close up all disreputable places within forty-eight hours on penalty of dismissal. Finally, an arrangement for co-operation between military and police cleaned up the conditions and the objects of the crusade were achieved in a good, safe and clean city. The conditions of public morals being greatly improved by the clean-up of the city by the authorities, the decent people of the city, who are an overwhelming majority, continued to work and help in the work of winning the war and helping to place the name and fame of this good old city where liberty had its rebirth on a higher plane than ever — good, patriotic, prosperous and American to the core. It is prepared and equipped for adventures of peace that shall add greatly to its material welfare and an esteem worthv of its birth, conditions and achievements. CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE INDUSTRIAL PHILADELPHIA AND HER GREAT DEVELOPMENT AFTER THE UNITED STATES DECLARED WAR ON GERMANY When, on the Cth of April. 1917. the Congress of the United States declared war uj)on the imperial (ierman Government. Philadelphia, true to her traditions, came to the front with a com- bination of organized brains, industries and money that developed into a mighty factor in the business of winning the great struggle for democracy. Equipped with assets of a nature such as few cities in the world can boast — and these assets developed to a high state of efficiency and perfection — Philadelphia was able immediately to offer for the service of the Government a collection of manufacturing plants turning out everything from a lead pencil to a locomotive or a completely furnished ship; an army of several hundred thousand skilled workmen and an auxiliary corps of trained specialists to direct the enormous energy of the city's vast resources. There was scarcely a movement in the prosecution of the war by the United States and her allies wherein the Quaker City was not in some manner represented. From an industrial stand- point it furnished ships to carry our soldiers abroad, and upon their arrival those soldiers were equipped with Philadelphia-made shoes, ammuntion. blankets, clothing, motor cars, aeroplanes, rifles, revolvers and cannon, machine guns, food, tobacco and candies. Even Philadeli^hia-grown seeds were planted abroad to raise produce for the armies. One can form some idea of the great storehouse of sup]:)lies from which Philadelphia con- tributed to the cause of freedom, when it is known that she had more mills and factories, employing 500 persons and over, rhan any other city in the world. Among heY various indus- tries it is interesting to note that one shipyard employed 24,000 persons, another 10,000. a third 5000 and a fourth 3500. One steel plant employed 5000, a locomotive factory 15,000 and a hat factory had 4000 skilled workers. Each of these, when the United States entered the war, was able, if necessary, to turn over its entire equipment to the cause of America and her allies. And most of them did it. In addition, there were in Philadelphia 736 mills that weave, spin or knit. There were 100 establishments where goods were dyed and finished, 131 wool dealers and 80 firms dealing in chemicals and dyestufifs. The majority of these, together with 300 makers of clothing, were busv turning out supplies for the Government and making the city which sheltered their industry the metropolitan center of all war-producing municipalities. And not alone in industrial achievements did the city contribute to the welfare of the nation's struggles. From the standpoint of patriotism and civic activities she set an example for accom- plishment not excelled by any other city in the country. Even before this country was engaged in the great war Philadelphia's vast charities were already at work through the various relief com- mittees of the Emergency Aid Corps, the Y. M. C. A., Knights of Columbus, Young Men's Hebrew Association, Red Cross, various hospital units and other war working associations. Each of these, when the United States entered the conflict, already had an equipped and efficient group of workers. All this civilian machinery, in many instances largely composed of women, redoubled its etforts after April 6. 1917. Not only that, but every Philadelphian who in any way was able to assist the Government did so frequently at great sacrifice. When the call came for the con- servation of foods, Philadelphia, the "City of Homes," at once became Philadelphia, the "City of War Gardens." In a hundred thousand vards green lawns were upturned for the puri)ose of 320 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA developing necessary fruits of the soil. The crops must go for the army ; Philadelphia would raise its veo-etables for domestic consumption. Thousands of school children aided in this work. Boy Scouts organized an agricultural corps and began the raising of produce. The lessons of thrift sank home, and when the city sent 50,000 of her sons in answer to a call to the colors, younger brothers and sisters took up the burden of domestic conservation and the back-yard gardens continued to flourish and the soil to be tilled by younger but not less enthusiastic hands. But greater examples of patriotism and self-sacritice were yet to come. This was evidenced in the three Liberty Loan campaigns. Each time Government bonds were offered to the people of the United States Philadelphia went "over the top," and subscriptions far surpassed the city's allotted responsibility of purchase. In the work of selling the securities the city's business men and civic and religious organizations co-operated as a unit. Every tenth man, woman and child was a bond "salesman." Boy and Girl Scouts disposed of several million dollars' worth of Lib- erty Bonds in well-organized selling campaigns. Frequently the purchases were made at enor- mous sacrifice by patriotic citizens, just as the business of disposing of them entailed a sacrifice of valuable time by business men who did that work. But the war was to be won, and no sacri- fice was too great to help America in upholding its traditions of liberty. This was the spirit in which Philadelphians worked. The same spirit of patriotism and directing energy plus efficient co-operation obtained like results in the various drives for funds made by the Red Cross, the Y. M. C. A., Knights of Columbus and the War Chest. With all the city's various agencies of aid to the Government in the prosecution of its suc- cessful campaign against the enemy there is little doubt that the greatest of these was its ship- building. In discussing this phase of industrial activity, the city's shipbuilding must be taken to include what is embraced in the metropolitan district of her port, viz., from Wilmington, Del., twenty-eight miles below Philadelphia proper, to Bristol, Pa., eighteen miles to the north. When the nation became involved in the war, and the winning of the conflict resolved itself largely into a matter of ocean transportation, the Delaware River alnw:)st immediately became transposed into a seething sea of activity. The older yards already filled to capacity with orders placed by American and foreign owners and by the United States Government, it became neces- sary for Philadelphia to undertake the biggest job ever faced by any people— not only the work of building hundreds of ships, but also constructing the yards in which to build them. She not only built the yards, but has trained nearly a hundred thousand shipbuilders, and at the time this history goes to press is launching the craft that will be used to transport men and materials to the scene of the conflict. It took Germany forty years and more to build her military machme, but in less than ten months Philadelphia aided this nation by constructing a shipbuilding machine which brought to naught the carefully laid plans of the imperial German Government. The Delaware River was the heart of the whole shipping industry of the country. So vital to making the "World Safe for Democracy" was that work that a lieutenant of the French army, speaking of Philadelphia's shipyards, said: "This is one of the two most important places in the world today — the other is the battle line in France." One of the noteworthy things in Philadelphia's shipbuilding program was the efficiency, faithfulness and patriotism of the thousands engaged in constructnig the carriers. Every rivet that was driven seemed to radiate a feeling that building the ships was more than a game. The men in the shipyards, as well as the directors of the Emergency Fleet Corporation, knew that the quick completion of every boat meant a new weapon of war that made a bridge of ships to General Pershing ; more of American soldier boys in France ; a ceaseless stream of munitions and supplies to the allied armies; terror to Potsdam; and quick defeat of the "Might makes Right" theory of the Prussians. THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 321 In every part of the country was felt a thrill of pride for iMiiladeljjhia when Charles M. Schwab, after becoming Director General of the Emergency Fleet Corporation, moved his office with more than 2CXX) employees from \\'ashingt()n, the seat of the National Government, to Philadelphia, the "City of Ships." The two largest shipyards eml)raced by the port were begun in September, 1917. These were the Merchant's Ship])uilding Corporation, at Bristol, and the plant of the American Inter- national Shipbuilding Corporation, at Hog Island. Of the two the Hog Island plant was the larger and work on it was begtin September 15. When the organization directing the work of that imjiortant enterprise took charge of Hog Island the ])lace was a swamp. In an incredibly short time the swamp was filled in. the moscjuitoes eliminated, and on the site stands the great- est shipyard the world has ever seen. It has fifty ways. Thirty thousand men were employed on these ways, which extend down the river for more than a mile. Beyond this there is another mile of docks where the vessels, after launching, receive their machinery and finishing touches. The place is as large as ten ordinary shipyards. Seventy-five miles of industrial railroad is required to transport materials from one part of the plant to another. Back of the ways and docks, a model city has been built to house the vast number of workmen employed in the place. The first launching took place on August 5. 1918, when the 7500-ton Quistconk gracefully slid off the ways and kissed the rippled waters of the Delaware. She was christened by Mrs. Woodrow Wilson, wife of the President of the United States, and at her launching were pres- ent the President, several members of the Cabinet, foreign diplomats, senators, congressmen, army and navy executives. Director General Schwab, and more than 50.000 Philadelphians, who braved the memorable heat of the day and journeyed to Hog Island to witness its initial launch- ing. The hearty whack with which Mrs. Wilson cracked the bottle of wine over the boat's prow will never be forgotten, and as the foaming champagne splashed over the wife of the Chief Executive, the President laughed heartily. "I christen thee Quistconk." said Mrs. Wilson, and in response the giant craft slid smoothly down the tallowed ways and glided gently into the river, while thousands of hats were thrown into the air as a great cheer went up from the assem- bled multitude. Immediately after the event, a,nd before the crowd had dispersed, workmen scrambled into the ways and laid the keel of another vessel. The launching of the Quistconk preceded by several days the launching of the Watonwan from the ways of the Merchant Shipbuilding Company, at Bristol. This was due to an acci- dent, as it was originally intended by the Emergency Fleet Corporation to start the nautical career of the Watonwan on August 3. A large crowd was on hand to celebrate the event, but was doomed to disappointment, for the 8800-ton steel carrier stuck on the ways. At 1.30 o'clock (high tide) on the day appointed Mrs. W. Averill Harriman, wife of the chairman of the company, stood ready with the bottle of wine to christen the boat. The keypiece was sawed but the ship failed to move. Officials of the company, including Director General Schwab, went down in the cradle of the ship to investigate. Two tugs assisted by two sixty-ton jacks and 800 men straining every effort, failed to move the Watonwan. At 3 o'clock the launching was postponed. At the time there was talk of hostile influences, but it is believed the jacks refused to work. The launching finally was held on August 15, 1918, when the Watonwan slid into the river under her own steam in the })resence of only a few persons beside employees of the shipyard. Thus was accomplished the first launching at the Bristol plant, which had a contract from the Government for the construction of forty vessels within eighteen months. The shipways and shops at Bristol were begun about the same time as those at Hog Island. At each of these two plants what are known as fabricated ships were put together. This means that each of 322 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA the yards was a high assembhng plant of a colossal ship factory which was operating in a thou- sand American cities; whose employees were the entire body of American skilled labor; and whose conveyer belts were the American railways. It is interesting to note in connection with the ship plant at Bristol, that on May 25, 1918, when Congressman William S. Greene, of Massachusetts, visited the place with the House Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, he complained bitterly about the waste of money at the plant. "An ideal shipbuilding plant on a mud creek," was his characterization of the Delaware River. The extravagance of the thing hurt him, and he said there was not enough water in the Delaware at Bristol to float a "good sized schooner, much less boats they're work- ing up to." "Some one has put a horse over on the Government." he said, and added the information that much better opportunities offered themselves around Fall River, Mass. Con- gressman Greene is from that section of the Bay State. On August 4, the day following the unsuccessful launching of the Watonwan, a 11,500- ton refrigerator cargo carrier slide into the river from the ways of the Sun Shipbuilding Com- pany, at Chester. This shipyard was constructed before the United States declared war on Ger- many and previously had had several successful launchings. More than 5000 men were employed at the plant. Within the metropolitan shipbuilding district of Philadeli)hia. the New York Shipbuilding Corporation, at Camden, just across the river from the Quaker City, stood unrivaled in the record of building and launching a vessel in twenty-seven days from the day of laying its keel. The launching took place on May 5, 1918. It has been estimated that if every workman in every shipyard could do as well as in that instance. 3600 ships could be turned out by Ameri- can yards within a year. Philadelphia's own shipyard, that of the William Cramp Ship and Engine Building Com- pany, was fully occupied in turning out ships for the Government, as well as other ocean- going craft. On September 13, 1917, the Government awarded the Cramp concern a contract to furnish fifteen torpedoboat destroyers, in addition to six that previously had been ordered in March of the same year. Each boat had a speed of thirty-five knots. At the time the order was received Cramps were building two scout cruisers. During the year previous to June 28, 1918, there were launched from the ways of the company fifteen vessels of various types. The last Government boats to be launched at Cramp's, prior to August 19, 1918, were two destroyers. These successfully slid down the ways on August 17. They were the Roper and the Breckenridge, named for officers of the navy who lost their lives in the service. The Roper left the ways at 10.40 in the morning and the other craft four minutes later. On the same day the tanker E. L. Doheny, 3d, made its initial plunge from the ways of the New York Ship- building Company yard in Camden. From the building of ships to transporting men and supplies across the sea, it seems but a step to the matter of railroad transportation and with this, locomotives and their service to the country in time of war, which brings us to the Baldwin Locomotive works, the greatest plant of its kind in the world, located in the heart of Philadelphia. Long before America entered the war the Baldwin plant was busy furnishing engines to the Russian government. In fact as late as July, 1917. the company was busy filling a $14,000,000 order for Russia and another of $4,500,000 for England. The former was for 250 locomotives and the latter for 100. Delivery of the Russian order was to be made during the early part of 1918, and the British engines were to be turned over as fast as completed. On July 17, 1917, the company received from the United States Government an order for the immediate construction of locomotives and freight cars for use in this country and abroad. Immediately work on all shell casings and other munitions in the manufacture of which the THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 323 company also had been engaged, was stopped. The lliree Baldwin plants, one in Philadelphia, one at Eddystone. on the southern border of that city, and the Standard Steel Works, with a total roster of 25,CXX) employees, began to labor on notliing but Government work. For ten days prior to August 31 the hitherto unheard-of number of nine locomotives were turned out every twenty- four hours, llic first locomotive after the receipt of the Federal order was completed in twenty working days; and by October 1. 1917, 150 finished engines were delivered. After the receipt of the initial (Government order, a su])plcnicntary order for 7S4 additional locomotives was GiRARD Trust Company's Building received. To accomplish the work entailed by it. the Russian and British orders for the time being were sidetracked. On October 18 another order for 300 locomotives for the Government was accepted by Baldwins. During the week of October 26 seventy-two of the machines were started and completed. On May 1, 1918, another Government order for 475 locomotives was received and the manu- facture of these turned over to the plant at Eddystone. During the year prior to May 1, 1917, the Baldwin concern built and shipped for war purposes 2748 locomotives. In order to better handle its large shipments to the allies, the Baldwin company built at its Eddystone works a great dock. This structure was opened for use on June 26, 1917. Prior 324 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA to that time all locomotives and ammunition made by the concern were shipped mostly from New Yorkj to which place they traveled by rail and were then loaded on ships which carried them across the Atlantic. The new dock is located on what originally was marshland, which was re- claimed at a great cost. The dock is equipped with the most modern machinery. Electric cranej, each capable of carrying a load of fifty tons, are placed at advantageous spots, so that either locomotives or shrapnel may be lifted with equal ease. At 2 o'clock in the afternoon of June 26, 1917, the first ship was loaded from the new wharf. The boat rested in a thirty-foot channel which had been dredged back to the dock for the accommodation of vessels. It carried a cargo of coal and locomotives. Four of the engines were placed aboard the ship while in ballast. The coal was loaded on top of those and the remain- der of the shipment on top of the coal. The locomotives were shipped assembled, with the excep- tion of the wheels. In addition to the ammunition manufactured by the Baldwin plant of the Eddystone Munitions Corporation, the Remington Arms Company, also situated at a little suburb of Philadelphia, was likewise contributing thousands of tons of ordnance to the cause of democracy. Already working on war orders for the allies when the United States entered the struggle, the Remington Arms Company on March 7, 1916, just one month before Uncle Sam girded on his sword, was sending out a call for more employees. Philadelphia was scoured for skilled work- men in an endeavor to increase the force by 3000 employees and thus bring the number on the payroll up to 10,000. Employment offices were opened in various sections of Philadelphia. On May 1, 1917, the first war contract for rifles for the new United States army was awarded to the Remington Arms Company. Work on this contract was started the following week and arrangements made to increase the force of employees to 16,000. In that order enough rifles were demanded by the Government to supply an army of 1,000.000 men. The rifles were of the Lee-Enfield type. The Remington plant previously had furnished hundreds of thousands of rifles to the British and Russian Governments. Early in April. 1918. shortly after more war orders had been received by the Remington Arms Company, the concern issued a call for women workers. They wanted 1000 in addition to those already employed at the plant. Before April 25 more than a fourth of that number had been enrolled. The women ranged in age from 21 to 45 years and wdiile at work were at first clad in khaki-colored aprons over their ordinary street attire. Later many of them donned bloomers. They worked in daily shifts of nine hours, starting at 7.30 o'clock and quitting at 5.30 in the afternoon. By July 18, 1918, 5000 rifles a day were being turned out at the concern, which some time previous had been incorporated into a huge combine that included the Midvale Steel Works and the Coatesville, Pa., plant of Worth Brothers, known as the Midvale Steel and Ordnance Company. It is interesting to note the great care in choosing employees that was taken at the great factories turning out munitions of war for the Federal Government. No person was enrolled among that vast number of workers until after strict inquiry had been made as to his fitness for employment and loyalty to the Government. For this purpose a checking method and secret service system were inaugurated, and within a short time the Midvale company had a vigilance corps, with more than a thousand of the highest type of workmen employed. These men took the following oath : "I pledge allegiance to the flag and the country for which it stands. By the presi- dent's proclamation, I understand that loyal Americans working in munitions plants are considered doing their bit to aid the United States in the defeat of the common enemy." THE STORY ()/• I'l 1 1 LADIiLPl I lA The bi^ Nicetown plant in North Philadelphia of the Midvale Steel and Ordnance Company for years had been engae:ed in the manufacture of guns and armor plate for the Government. Two months before Congress declared war the United States Government placed with the Mid- vale concern an order for twenty guns of large type and eight guns of various types. These were in addition to the orders already held by the company. The new pieces of ordnance were directed to be finished by June, 1918. On May 16, 1918, it became known that the Nicetown plant was to be enlarged for the pur- pose of taking care of guns to be made for shipment to France. To the end of arranging details, on the day previous members of the Senate committee on military affairs inspected the big Mid- vale works. On June 11a petition was filecl in the Federal Court for the condemnation of two large tracts at Nicetown. Plans were perfected by the war department for the erection of build- ings wherein would be made howitzers and howitzer projectiles for use by the army. Petitions of condemnation were filed against the Tabor Manufacturing Company, owner of a tract of land at Stokley and Bristol Streets, and Louis M. Struse, owner of a brickyard at Fox and Juniata Streets. In addition to those two sites, a large acreage already had been pur- chased at the site of the proposed plant. Judge Dickinson, of the Federal Court, allowed the petition. On July 8, 1918, arrangements were made for the ecjuipment of another arms plant in Philadelphia. This was to be known as the Savage Arms Company. The concern already had in operation manufactories in other parts of the country. Its Philadelphia undertaking included the purchase of the Isaac A. Sheppard Company, formerly manufacturers of stoves, and whose works were located at Erie Avenue and Sepviva Street. Of all the ordnance-producing institutions in the city, perhaps the interest of Philadel- phians centers mostly around the Frankford Arsenal, which for more than one hundred years has been turning out supplies for the Government. As a unit of the war department, it had for years been a matter of exploitation by politicians, but with the entrance of this nation into the war the plant immediately was put on a war basis. On March 23, 1917, Secretary of War Newton D. Baker authorized its then commanding officer. Colonel George Montgomery, to proceedat once to manufacture or purchase artillery ammunition costing approximately $7,300,000. That day Colonel Montgomery, because the plant under his immediate supervision was not large enough to turn out the entire order, notified private manufacturers to submit bids. At that time there were 3624 men and women employed at the Arsenal. The capacity of the plant was about 1500 rounds of artillery ammunition per day. The employees were at once put on extra time and that output increased about twenty per cent. But even this was then totally inadequate to meet the demands made by the new order which called for 140.000 rounds of three-inch shells, 15,000 rounds of 2.95-inch shrapnel; 220,- 000 rounds of 3-inch shrapnel, 21.000 rounds of 4.7-inch shells and 14.000 rounds of 4.7-inch shrapnel. It was the largest order ever placed by the Government with its Frankford unit. On April 14. 1917, a heavy fire damaged the lead ship at the Arsenal. Had it not been for the bravery of the firemen it is probable the entire main building would have blown up. Two fire horses were killed in a race to the fire and several firemen were injured while fighting the flames, which were caused by spontaneous combustion. The fire followed by two days an explosion in which two workmen lost their lives. Three hundred men and boys were temporarily thrown out of work until the damage was repaired. Because of the closeness with which the one accident followed its predecessor, strict investi- gation was made into various causes which mi^ht have contributed to them. German spies were plentiful in those days and destruction at the Frankford Arsenal was only one of the many similar conflagrations and explosions that began to manifest themselves throughout the countr}^ 326 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA On September 8, 1917. another explosion rocked the plant. This time two persons were killed, thirty injured and Intildings valued at more than $50,000 completely demolished. The explosion followed the upsetting of a tray of detonators — powerful explosive caps placed in big shells — which were upset in the dry house or place wherein powder and munitions of various kinds were placed to dry. A board of inquiry at once was formed by Colonel Montgomery to investigate the cause of the explosion. Five days before the accident the Government had announced an appropriation of more than $2,000,000 for the purpose of enlarging the arsenal. The money was ordered to be expended for an increase in the size of the plant and its equipment and made it possible to carry out many plans that had been the cherished hope of the commandmant for several years previous to our declaration of w^ar. By October 24. 1917, Colonel Montgomery had orders placed with outside firms amounting to more than $1,000,000 for war materials. These awards were in line with his policy to have finished during the year, under the supervision of the Arsenal personnel, $15,000,000 worth of work. The German system of espionage again was made manifest at the Government plant at Frankford when, on December 4, 1917, William Lebwoski was arrested for spoiling shells. According to Special Government Agent Frank Garbarino, the man was a pro-German and had said, "Why should I wrap paper around fuses when I get more money for not doing it?" His failure to perfect the fuses resulted in thousands of defective shells being shipped to France, for use by General Pershing's army. But through efficient management and the assistance of Government funds the Frankford Arsenal on March 25, 1918, was declared to be the best plant of its kind in the United States. Not only was the quality of power said to rank first place in comparative tests, but the entire organization, according to a report made to the Chief of Ordnance of the United States, was pronounced the most economically arranged in the country. The Government now began to use the place as a training school for men in the salvage department. Students at the school began to take up optical repair work, following the discov- ery that lenses of German manufacture, used by American aviators were, in some instances, 18 per cent out of vision. This was believed to have caused a number of accidents in aviation train- ing camps. The ordnance department on March 25 issued the following statement regarding the training school at the Arsenal : "The greatly expanded qantities of artillery, motor vehicles and other equipment used in the present war have entailed a corresponding large repair service, and this has been established by the Ordnance Department to the end that the material of the artillery shall be efficiently and economically maintained. "For the special training of the maintenance and salvage personnel the Ordnance Depart- ment has established a number of special training camps and schools, such as a school for equip- ment repairs, at Rock Island Arsenal, machine gun repairs at Springfield Armory, supply work at several arsenals, optical work at Frankford Arsenal, more equipment repairs at Peoria, III, and field artillery repair at Rock Island Arsenal." In addition to the industrial plants already mentioned as turning over their complete organizations to the Nation's cause. Philadelphia also had many other resources on which to draw when the great call came for loyalty and service. Her lumber depositories are both numerous and important. Such immense shipments of lumber through the Philadelphia market never had been witnessed until America's entry into the mighty conflict. Because of her facili- ties for rapid handling of that commodity, great quantities of timber were redistributed from this port for use by the United States and her allied armies. Hundreds of thousands of feet THE STORY OF Tl 1 1 LADFJAUHA -,o- were employed in building additional homes in wliich to house the great influx of workmen who were engaged in war industries in Philadelphia. It has been estimated that the Philadelphia manufacturing district produced forty per cent of all the essential supplies sent to France to beat the kaiser. Among this vast quantity of stores, a Philadelphia sporting goods manufacturer filled three-fifths of the largest order for his product ever placed in the world. This wvas the A. J. Reach Company. The order from the Govern- ment, and of which he supplied the greater part, called for an expenditure of $250,000 for 12,000 baseballs, 4000 bats, 2000 mitts, 1000 catcher's masks, 1000 body protectors, 6000 playground balls, 2000 indoor baseball bats, 10.000 sets of boxing gloves, 6000 footballs, 3000 football blad- ders. 1000 medicine balls, 2000 volley balls, 4000 rawhide laces, 1000 basketballs, 1000 pumps, 1000 football patching outfits and 4000 official guidebooks on American sports. When the call came for the conservation of food and the nation rose to the emergency through the individual householder tilling the soil to produce vegetation for his immediate con- sumption, Philadelphia manufacturers of agricultural implements supjilied more than their share of garden utensils. They likewise furnished thousands of tons of these implements for use by the armies. Philadelphia for years has been known as "The World's Greatest Workshop." and under the stimulus of war demands, which first were felt during the second quarter of 1917, she has far exceeded her reputation. This is particularly true in the matter of builders' hardware, ma- chinery and machine tools. Producton for Government work and for domestic use under the pressure of allied necessities increased more than fifty per cent. Following the declaration of war, her 150,000 skilled machinists responded with a patriotic zest that set an example to the world, and through their tireless energy the shipments of millions of pieces of machinery and tools was made possible and contributed immeasurably to the success of the armies Ijy which they were used. The keynote of Philadelphia's contribution to the war. from a textile industry stan(li)oint, was sounded by President Wilson himself, when on April 29. 1918, a year and twenty-three days after the opening of our campaign against Germany, he sent the following telegram to the Tex- tile Exhibitors' Association : "While the nation is now looking toward our great textile industries to contribute their essential service to meet the demands of the army and navy, it is confidently expected that the increase of industrial skill attained in so doing will prove of perma- nent value in advancing standards which should distinguish all products of the United States for the benefit of its people generally. "Woodrow Wilson." That telegram represented the exact stand taken by Philadelphia's great textile industry. Government orders received first consideration. Millions of yards of khaki were produced here. Socks for the army and navy occupied the full time of many of the city's mills. One large clothing factory at one time turned out alone a steady production of 4000 army overcoats a day. In addition to the Government work, Philadelphia manufacturers of clothing realized what part the city's industries must play in clothing hundreds of thousands of persons after the war, and for this reason continued extensions were being made to many establishments for the purpose of aiding Europe and America after the cessation of hostilities. Another industry that contributed its bit to (jovernment work coming from Philadelphia was the oilcloth production. During the ])eri()d after A]:)ril 6. 1917. the Government was a liberal purchaser of oilcloths and linoleums for use as deck coverings on all types of naval vessels. 328 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA mk^Uk Manufacturers' Club THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 329 Because of its high standard, more than seventy-tive per cent of all the leather used by the Government in boots, shoes and saddles, as well as other articles made from the same substance was supplied by Philadelphia tanners. Seventy-five per cent of the world's supply of goatskins arc tanned in J'hiladelphia and its immediate vicinity. One of the most important commodities in the prosecution of warfare is chemicals. These are used in the manufacture of high explosives, without the aid of which no war can be fought, in the fertilization of the soil, without which no army can l)e fed, and fcjr many other purposes. So far as America is concerned, Philadelphia is the city wherein the chemical industry had its beginning. There are scarcely any of the older manufactories of chemicals on this continent which cannot trace their origin to Philadelphia. For this reason I'hiladelphia-made and Philadel- phia-inspired chemical products are finding their way daily into nearly every department of Government work. In the manufacture of oils. Philadelphia petroleum refiners sup])lie(l half the naf)htha used by the aviation forces of the allies. They supplied fuel oil for ships speeding across the broad bosom of the Atlantic Ocean. The motor trucks that carried ammunition and the "tanks" that led the charge of the allied soldiers "over the top" derived their power in a large part from gasoline shipped from this city. Guns and shells were tem])ered with oils produced in Philadel- phia refineries. Typhoid \accine made here almost entirely banished typhoid fever from the ranks of the allied armies. Since its employment in the xAmerican army and navy typhoid has amounted to virtually nothing. During the war there was a great demand, which Philadelphia filled, for tetanus (lockjaw) antitoxin. This demand naturally came from Europe, where the death rate from tetanus contracted by wounded soldiers would be appalling. The sending of millions of doses to the army hospitals by manufacturers in this city already has considerably reduced the death rate from lockjaw. Many an American after the war was sent back to his home and dear ones, who, were it not for the antitoxins and serums made in this city, would have found a grave in the battle-scarred fields of France. More than a year before the United States entered the lists against Germany Philadelphia had already begun a comprehensive system of preparedness by training young men for the avia- tion corps. Through the far-sightedness of Judge J. Willis ^Martin. Robert E. Glendenning, a banker, and several other men of prominence, a training school for this work was opened at Essington, on the southern borders of the city. A bill was introduced in Common Councils by Joseph P. (lafi^ney. chairman of the finance comnfittee, for a lease of "The Orchard" to "the Philadelphia School of Aviation" for a term of ten years at the nonfinal rental of $1 per year. Contracts were let for the erection of two hangars, each 150 feet long, 50 feet wide and 40 feet wide. Eight hydro])lanes were ordered for use by students, and capable instructors sought to train young men. who later, as it proved, were to fight the battles of America high above the clouds. The school was officially opened on May 6, 1916, and on May 8 the first lessons in flying were begun. At that time more applications for instruction were on hand than it was possible to care for, which was another example of Philadelphia's ])atriotic potentialities when the great call came. On May 13, 1916, Rear Admiral Robert E. Peary visited the school in company with the mayor and a number of prominent citizens and visiting army ofBcers. Admiral Peary was so pleased that he said : "If there were more schools of aviation like this one in Philadelphia this country would soon be in a position where no fear would be felt for lack of preparedness in the air. If it became necessary, aeroplanes and hydroaeroplanes could be built quickly, but it takes time to make an aviator." 330 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA On ^larch 9, 1917, three days more than one month before we declared war, the War department announced that it would take over the Philadelphia School of Aviation. The infor- mation came in the shape of a telegram from General George O. Squire, chief of the signal and aviation section of the army, to Robert E. Glendenning. president of the school. That telegram set at rest for all time the then disturbing rumor that the Government had intended to shift the school to Detroit. On May 8, 1917, Representative Isadore Stern, of Philadelphia, by unani- mous consent, introduced a bill in the State Legislature granting the city the right to transfer the land at Essington to the Government. On May 10 the Government announced that it would immediately begin active work chang- ing the plant of the school and erecting additional buildings in which to house aeroplanes, a machine shop and other structures for the maintenance of a large department of instruction in aviation. Immediately following the receipt of this intelligence in Philadelphia, equipment arrived and was at once hauled to the grounds. Thus were enlargements begun sufficient to accommodate the training of seventy-tive students and to house fourteen machines. Sergeant William Ocker, who shortly before that time had made a flight to Washington carrying with him Congressman Bleakley, of Franklin, Pa., and who at that time was a captain in the Ordnance Department, was detailed for active duty in charge of the school. Walter E. Johnson, who had been chief instructor, was retained in that capacity. On June 25 the Govern- ment announced that after August 25 it expected to graduate fliers from the school. Since that time many young men have started and completed their instruction at Essington and have been sent to France as full-fledged pilots. Aeroplanes with young men making test flights may be seen at almost any time high over Philadelphia and its environs. The Frankhn Institute School, now in the ninety-fourth year of its existence, is another Philadelphia institution that contributed to the cause of freedom by its instruction in scientific l)ursuils. It graduated more than fifteen thousand students and its courses are a synonym for thoroughness the world over. After America's entry into the war and the consequent need for radio operators, the Institute, in full co-operation with the Government, conducted a school for wireless operators from which many graduates were turned out. These operators entered at once into Government service on land and sea. Fifty-four of the students completed the course, passed the required tests, and were inducted into the service of the army on April 1, 1918. It would indeed be sadly amiss if, in conclusion of this chapter on Philadelphia's industrial activities during the war, mention were not made of the city's splendid gift of captains of indus- try and professional men to the cause of her country's welfare. These men, each at the top rank of his chosen vocation, voluntarily relinquished the duties of business and placed themselves wholly, and in many instances without payment, or nominally so. at the disposal of the Government. They filled positions of high honor and trust, and in most cases directed the use of vast resources at the Nation's command. To go into detail and give all the men who comprise Philadelphia's "Who's Who in Wartime" would entail a list covering many pages. For that rea- son there are here mentioned those who stand at the very top of their respective professions : ARMY W. W. Atterbury, Brigadier General — Former vice-president of the Pennsylvania Rail- road's lines east of Pittsburgh. In France directing the building of railroads for American forces. Had charge of all transportation problems and the location of the new port of Ameri- can entry. W. Brewster Andre, Colonel — Prominent clubman, who served with the American army in France. THE STORY OF riJILADELPI/IA 331 Francis V. Lloyd, Major in the Xalional Army — A IMiiladclphia banker, former Prince- ton football star, and one of two rinladelphians to win major's commissions at first Officers' Training Camp, at Fort Niagara. Benjamin Franklin Pepper, Major in the National Army — Philadelphia lawyer, wlio, with Major Lloyd, took first high commission at Fort Niagara. Lloyd Griscom, Assistant Adjutant to commanding officer at Camp Upton. NAVY Dr. E. R. Stitt, Rear Admiral — Professor on staff of jeft'erson Medical College. Made rear admiral and member of naval medical staff' for his skill in handling tropical diseases. Leslie B. Anderson, Commander — Philadelphia High School. Director of destroyer in American fleet. Son of Frank B. Anderson, former Philadelphia newspaperman. Ward Wortman. Commander — Philadelphia clubman, regular navy man. Advanced in rank and given command of destroyer. Richard McCall Elliott, Lieutenant Commander — Lost his life when destroyer Manley, under his command, was rammed by a British cruiser. Charles Armstrong, Lieutenant Commander — Noted yachtsman, head of Corinthian Yacht Club of Philadelphia. In command of flotilla of submarine chasers in Fourth Naval District. Irwin Leslie Gordon, Ensign — Author and journalist. Assistant City Editor Evening Pub- lic Ledger. Gave up his work to enlist in navy, was made Chief Petty Officer. Later elevated in rank and received commission as Ensign. ORDNANCE SERVICE Samuel M. Vauclain, vice president of the Baldwin Locomotive Works, who in addition to turning out vast quantities of projectiles and machinery for the Government, also served in Wash- ington as chief of the Section on Production and Finished Ordnance Materials on the Council of National Defense. Charles L. McKeehan, Lieutenant Colonel — Philadelphia lawyer, who served in Washington as ordnance expert for the Government. John C. Jones, Philadelphia business man and head of Harrison Safety Boiler Company. Served as supervisor of ordnance production in Eastern District, embracing eastern Pennsylvania and part of New Jersey and Delaware. Archibald Blair Hubbard, Major — Steel producer and expert on manufacturing. Served in Washington as supervisor on certain phases of munition production. Wilson Potter, Major — Business man and big game hunter; also nephew of Fuel Adminis- trator. At Camp Meade directing ordnance transportation. Gouverneur Cadwalader, Major — Head of Philadelphia concern producing ordnance and ship materials. Gave time to Government in munitions production. Walter M. Schwartz, Major — Business man who went to Washington to assist in produc- tion of ordnance. Alfred M. Collins. Major — Polo player and big game hunter. In active service abroad mak- ing practical application of his knowledge of ordnance matters. MEDICAL Dr. Richard H. Harte. Major— Former Director of Department of Health and Charities, Philadelphia. In France as head of Base Hospital No. 10, organized by Pennsylvania Hospital. Appointed by General Pershing as surgical adviser to American forces. Dr. R. G. LeConte, Lieutenant Commander— Philadelphia surgeon. In France as naval con- sultant of American forces. Went abroad as head of Methodist Episcopal Naval Flospital unit. 332 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA Dr. John (iil)bon. Major — Well-known Philadelphia surgeon. Went abroad with Base Hos- pital No. 10. Afterward medical adviser to Pershing expedition. Dr. George C. Norris, Captain — Went abroad with Base Hospital No. 10. Later medical con- sultant with Pershing expedition. Dr. George E. De Schweinitz, Major — Famous Philadelphia eye specialist, professor of ophthalmology at University of Pennsylvania and eye specialist to President Wilson. Visited France and was ■ later in Washington in Government service relating to practice of his profes- sion. Dr. Daniel J. McCarthy, nerve specialist. Sent to Germany early in war to study conditions in (ierman prison camps. Returned October. 1916, and was sent to Russia with Red Cross Mission. Was there five months. Dr. Thomas McCrae, Colonel — Professor at Jefl^erson Medical College. Went to England to conduct a 200-]:)ed hospital for Canadian forces. Dr. De Forrest Willard, Major — Philadelphia physician. Went abroad at head of large hospital for wounded men. Dr. J. C. Marshall, former State veterinarian and expert. In charge of Episcopal Hospital tmit now in France. Dr. John PI. Jopson, Major — In France as head of mobile hospital organized by Episcopal Hospital, of Philadelphia. Dr. J. B. Carnett, Major — University Hospital surgeon and former football star at Univer- sity of Pennsylvania. Head of Base Hospital No. 20 organized by University Hospital. Dr. John Mc( ilinn, Lieutenant Commander — Head of naval unit organized at St. Agnes Hospital. In active work at Philadelphia Navy Yard, League Island. Dr. W. M. L. Coplin, Major — Member of faculty of Jefferson Medical College. Head of Base Hospital Unit No. 38. Dr. Charles Bingham Penrose, well-known Philadelphia physician. Member of medical sec- tion, Council of National Defense. Dr. G. Davis, orthopedic specialist — Directing school for orthopedic instruction for army men in Philadelphia. Dr. Wayne W. Babcock, Major — Philadelphia surgeon. In charge of camp hospital at Camp Plancock. Georgia. Dr. E. E. McCiiven, Major — Stationed at Fort Oglethorpe as medical head of post hospital. AVIATION Robert L. Montgomery. Colonel — Philadelphia l)usincss man. Financial head of Aircraft Production Board in Washington. Member of local banking firm of Montgomery & Co. W. W. Montgomery, brother of Colonel Mont^gomery. Well-known Philadelphia lawyer. Legal adviser to Aircraft Production Board in Washington. Robert E. Glendenning. Major — Philadelphia banker, founder of Philadelphia School of Aviation. In France as Government representative in charge of aviation and directing that work over there. L. B. Goodier, Lieutenant Colonel — Regular army flier, badly injured in California several years ago. Was head of Aviation Training School at Essington until transferred to Lake Charles, La. Barclay Warburton, Captain — Former Philadelphia newspaper publisher. He furnished big guns to Russia and was later in France aiding in the aviation program. Marshall Reid. Lieutenant — Pioneer aviator in Philadelphia. Directed building of aviation field for Government at Cape May. In service abroad. THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA Cliaiies L. Biddle— i'hiladclphian with French Squadrilla. Been throui,di active service and brought down many of the enemy airplanes. Cited for gallantry. Son of Charles Biddle, Phila- delphia lawyer, and brother of the late Julian Biddle, who lost his life in aviation service over the North Sea. Hewson Woodward — In French aviation service. Brought down several enemy planes. Son of Dr. (ieorge Woodward, of St. Martins. FOOD Dr. Alonzo Taylor, professor at University of Pennsylvania. Spent nearly two years in Germany with American embassy just prior to United States' entrance into the war. Fater, one of valued assistants to Herbert Hoover, United States Food Administrator. Thomas Roberts, well-known Philadelphian. Served in Washington as one of assistants to Food Administrator Hoover. William A. Glasgow, lawyer. Called to Washington as legal adviser to Herbert Hoover. Howard Heinz, business man. Food Administrator for the State of Pennsylvania. Jay Cooke, 3d, grandson of famous financier of Civil War ; himself a banker. Gave up busi- ness to become Philadelphia County Food Administrator. RAILROAD W. W. Atterbur}% Brigadier General — Listed under Army. William A. Garrett, Major — Assistant General Manager of Remington Arms Company at Eddystone. Went to France as member of Government Railroad Commission to arrange for transportation of American forces. Francois De St. Phalle, Major — Member of Baldwin Locomotive Company. One of mem- bers of Railroad Commission with Major Garrett. Cameron Buxton, railroad freight expert, noted golfer and clubman. Taken to Washington by Director of Railroads William G. McAdoo^to assist in running roads for military purposes. W. Byrd Page, Captain — Former University of Pennsylvania athlete. In Siberia as head of engineering and railroad force supplying motive power. COAL Charles Edward Berwind, coal operator. Served at Washington as member of coal commis- sion of Council of National Defense. Daniel B. Wentz. Selected by General Pershing as head of fuel and forage division of quar- termaster's department of American expeditionary force. Formerly head of coal commission of Council of National Defense. William Potter, former United States Minister to Italy ; oilcloth magnate. Head of Pennsyl- vania Fuel Commission. Francis A. Lewis, well-known Philadelphia lawyer, prominent churchman. Fuel Administra- tor for Philadelphia County. MISCELLANEOUS Edward T. Stotesbury, head of banking firm of Drexel & Co., representing Morgan intx^rests in Philadelphia. Chairman of Southeastern Chapter of American Red Cross. Also served on National Red Cross Commission. Mrs. Stotesbury was head of the Naval Auxiliary of America, organized under auspices of Red Cross. Professor Lightner M. Witmer, member of faculty of University of Pennsylvania. In Italy as member of Red Cross Commission for that country. The Rev. Father Sigourney. Clerical member of American Red Cross Commission in Italy. Dr. Ralph Pemberton, Philadelphia physician. In Red Cross service at Washington. Percy H. Clark, banker. In Washington as director of Red Cross work. 334 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA '^If "* "*^ "* "§-«"" „ f- r» r» r* F" United Gas Improvkment Company's Building THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 335 Herbert L. Clark, brother of P. 11. Clark and member of same banking firm. In Washin"-- ton as assistant director of Red Cross work. Professor N. Hayes, member of faculty of Swarthmore College. Member of Naval Scien- tific Board, doing Government experimental work. C. C. Zantzinger. architect. Relinquished business to serve as member of War Trade Board in Stockholm, Sweden. George McFadden, cotton broker. Went to Paris to represent Government in war trade matters. Edward Robinnette. wealthy Philadelphian. In Stockholm as member of American Legation. Thomas Newhall, Lieutenant. Member of Naval Commission sent to England. Peter Shields, Philadelphia real estate genius and financier. Sent to France on Government mission to confer wnth General Pershing. John C. Groome, Lieutenant Colonel. Former head of Pennsylvania State Constabulary, for- mer captain of First Troop, Philadelphia City Cavalry, business man, prominent clubman. Mem- ber of signal corps and head of special division. Edgar C. Felton, former president of Pennsylvania Steel Company. Handled labor prob- lems for Pennsylvania Committee of Public Safety. W. Vernon Phillips, iron and steel executive. Directed work of supplying munition factories with iron and steel scrap. H. B. Spackman, iron and steel executive. Rodney Thayer, iron and steel executive. C. A. Barnes, iron and steel executive. The three last named gentlemen w^ere engaged for the Government in much the same kind of work now being done by Mr. Phillips. CHAPTER TWEJSTY-FOUR ORGANIZED CO-OPERATION OF PHILADELPHIA'S CIVIC POPULATION TO MAKE THE "WORLD SAFE FOR DEMOCRACY" In discussing the activities of Philadelphia's civic population, which may be taken to include her women, her various fraternal, patriotic and religious organizations, to say nothing of the Y. M. C. A., the Boy and Girl Scouts and various other similar bodies, it is indeed a difficult task to say what she has done. As has been stated, the war work of Philadelphia's civil popula- tion really began before America decided to cast her might into the strife, and when Congress declared war she already had a well-organized machinery with which to start. That machinery, when the call came for subscriptions to the first Liberty Loan, was at once thrown into the campaign, with the result that the loan was oversubscribed 65.9 per cent. The allotment of the Federal Reserve district of Philadelphia for the first loan was $140,000,000; her subscriptions, $232,309,250. In the city of Philadelphia alone an army of 50,000 persons forsook business to become bond salesmen. With this mighty sacrifice as an example, the citizens rose to the occasion, and it is estimated that there were 300.000 individual subscribers to Government securities. In the second loan series the quota for the Philadelphia district was fixed at $250,000,000. The oversubscription to this was $130,350,250, or 52.1 per cent. Of the total sum. Philadelphia alone contributed $222,000,000. That amount almost equaled the total subscriptions for the entire district for the first loan. For the third Liberty Loan, Philadelphia again was allotted as her quota $250,000,000. As before, she went "over the top" with a 144.7 per cent subscription which totaled $361,963,500. Of that amount the city exceeded its quota of $136,000,000 by $43,632,350. The entire reserve district embraced in the Philadelphia territory had a margin of $111,541,800. One-third of the total population of the municipality, or 651,931 persons, subscribed to the loan. The entire district added 1.002.567 subscribers. An interesting feature of the third sale of Government securities in Philadelphia w^as that more than 55 per cent of the subscriptions were paid in full. This was a record compared with the previous loans. Philadelphia during the three loan campaigns was a scene of never-to-be-forgotten activity. Orators were on every street corner ; thousands of booths were erected at places of vantage ; "four-minute men" appeared everywhere to stimulate buying. At the opening of the third loan series. Secretary of the Treasury McAdoo came to Philadelphia for the occasion, while his 4- year-old granddaughter, Nona Martin, unveiled the great statue of Liberty that stood in front of the Loan Committee headquarters at South Penn Square. On that occasion Mr. McAdoo deco- rated with medals 171 Boy Scouts who had made records for bond selling during the second loan. Heading the parade that marked the opening of the third series was America's most treasured relic, the Liberty Bell, which had been removed from its sacred shrine at Independence Hall and placed on a flower-bedecked truck for the occasion. As the old Bell passed through the streets the people reverently bared their heads. During the year following the declaration of war, the city was constantly the scene of patriotic activities or the host of visiting delegations of notables from the allied countries. Truly it may be said that she was "Philadelphia, the Mecca of Patriotism." On August 20. 1917, the Belgian commission sent by King Albert to visit this country arrived in the city. The dis- tinguished visitors were headed by Baron Ludovic Moncheur, former minister to this country, and Lieutenant General Leclerq, veteran of Liege. They were met at Broad Street Station by a THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 337 committee of prominent citizens and entertained with true IMiiladelphia hospitality chuMng their stay. On September 7, the same day that a thirteen-starred American flag was unfurled in Paris, a similar emblem, but containing forty-eight stars, was flung to the breeze at Independ- ence Square. These observances marked the 106th anniversary of the birth of Marquis de La- fayette, who. in the words of (jeneral JolTre. hero of the first battle of the Marne, gave "soul and sword" in the service of the sister republic. Envoys of Japan came to the city on September 16 and renewed their pledge of friendship at the shrine of liberty. Independence Hall. They remained in Philadelphia for twelve hours. The mission was headed by Viscount Kikujiro Ishii, former Japanese minister of foreign affairs. Perhaps there never was a time in Philadel])hia's history when patriotism was at such a fever heat as on September 1, 1917, when 50,000 newly created members of the national army, including the members of the old National Guard organizations and those called in the draft, jiaraded down Broad Street. There were few cheers. That was not a time for ringing applause, but for awed silence from countless thousands of relatives who braved the rain-filled skies to pay a tribute to their loved ones who soon would be facing the fiendish brutality of the Hun. Every organization in Philadelphia turned out to do honor to its stalwart sons. Delegations also were in the parade, representing the British recruiting mission in the city, as well as repre- sentatives of other allied nations. Veterans of the Civil War, gray-haired but staunch of heart. sat in chairs provided for them and shook their canes proudly at the passing hosts. The pageant, divided into three battalions, required five hours to pass a given point. It frequently has been said that Philadelphia possesses the most active Red Cross organi- zation in the country. During the month of February, 1918, alone the production of the Chapter totaled nearly 700,000 surgical dressings, in addition to work performed in great quantities in other lines of activities. More than 425,000 members are enrolled in the local chapter, which was the governing and controlling organization for all auxiliaries in Delaware, Bucks, Montgom- er}' and Chester counties. Fifteen departments comprised the Chapter at the headquarters on Eighteenth Street, oppo- site Rittenhouse Square. Beside that place, six other buildings in various sections of Philadelphia were used for the work of the organization. Hospital garments and knitted goods were turned in to 1417 Walnut Street, and raw materials needing work done on them were obtained through a ])urchasing office at 1615 Walnut Street. Other workrooms and branch offices were at 1419 Spruce Street, where the cutting depart- ment was located; 1703 Walnut Street, where the shipping department was quartered; the School of Instruction, 218 South Nineteenth Street; 1607 Walnut Street, where the Department of Civilian Relief had its headquarters, and at Eighteenth and Locust Streets, where the can- teen department was housed in the residence of Mrs. George W. Childs Drexel. This latter department had a record of feeding more than 100.000 soldiers on their way through Philadel- phia. In the School of Instruction more than 9000 pui)ils were trained in matters of first aid, the preparing of surgical dressings and making hospital sui)plies and in methods of teaching and imparting this knowledge to thousands of other persons. One qf the most interesting of Red Cross activities was the factory at 1315 Market Street. This place was established on February 22. 1918. for the purpose of making garments for French. Belgian. Italian and Polish refugees, and was operated entirely by volunteer workers, all of whom were women. Some of Philadelphia's socially prominent matrons and maids were employed several hours each day in the ])lace. 'Hie building and machinery were donated l)y Phda- delphia l)usiness tnen and manufacturers. 338 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA In addition to its other varied lines of work, the Red Cross in Philadelphia, co-operating with the city's hospitals, sent to France a number of completely equipped base hospitals, each with its complement of doctors, nurses and orderlies. There was scarcely a big hospital in Philadel- phia that did not feel keenly the loss of members of the stafT, but in each instance they gave the services of their experts with that pride of patriotic sacrifice that has been so magnificently manifested in the city. On September 17. 1917, United States Naval Hospitals Nos. 1 and 5 left the Philadelphia Navy Yard for service abroad. No. 5 was recruited in Philadelphia and its professional statT was largely from the Methodist Episcopal Hospital. Unit No. 1 was recruited in Brooklyn. Base Hospital No. 10, of the Pennsylvania Hospital, left Philadelphia on May 18, 1917, for Jersey City. Some time between September 1 and 5 the unit reached England and later was sent to France. On April 13, 1918, word reached Philadelphia that an exploding shell had injured three members of the unit's personnel. They were Drs. Edward B. Hodge, Henry K. Dillard and Miss Isabella Stambaugh, a nurse. They were struck while aiding the wounded. In connection with the Pennsylvania Hospital, it is interesting to note that as the oldest hospital in the United States she has sent members of her faculty to serve in every war this country has waged. The hospital sufifered keenly a loss of professional services during the war, and it was estimated that at least 75 per cent of her faculty were in action on French soil. In spite of this, the work of the hos- pital at home was not impeded, and the only department to be even temporarily closed was the dental clinic. On July 24, 1917, Base Hospital No. 20, of the University of Pennsylvania, announced that it was ready for service. On November 30 the unit mobilized for duty. Training began on Mon- day, December 3, and two days after the base hospital moved its headquarters to the armor>' of the First Pennsylvania Cavalry, at Lancaster Avenue and Thirty-second Street. On April 1, 1918. the unit left the West Philadelphia Station on the first leg of its journey to France. On April 20, 1918, a letter was received from Major J. B. Carnett, medical director of the base hospital, that the unit was quartered at an attractive watering place on the coast of Franc^,. On July 21. 1917, Base Hospital No. 38, formed by the Jefferson Hospital, left the city at 3 o'clock in the morning on its trip to France. The night before a large farewell dance was given in honor of the unit at the Second Regiment Armory, Broad and Diamond Streets. On May 15. 1917, announcement was made by Dr. Charles H. Frazier, director of Army Base Hospital No. 34, which was organized by the Episcopal Hospital, that his unit was ready for active service at the front. The personnel included 265 men and women and the equipment was valued at $50,000. On December 27, of the same year, a cablegram was received that the unit had arrived safely in France. On November 2, 1917. members of a unit organized at the Hahnemann Hospital suflered a keen disappointment when word was received from the Government that the services of their organization were not needed in France. The hospital had a $50,000 equipment and a personnel of 26 physicians, 65 nurses and 140 enlisted men. These had spent months in preparation, and the refusal of the Government to accept their offer caused deep chagrin in the ranks of the entire outfit. On October 29, 1917. a fully organized school to train enlisted men for hospital service abroad was opened at the Second Regiment Armory. It represented the first institution of its kind ever organized and was in charge of prominent Philadelphia specialists. When it was opened the school was in charge of Major J. S. Lambie. commanding officer, and Major W. M. L. Cop- lin, director of Base Hospital No. 38. During the war the Y. M. C. A. branch in Philadelphia perhaps sent more men of promi- nence into the service to brighten the lives of army and navy men than any other organization for THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 339 relief. There was nothin"- in the way of oood cheer, from books to comradeship, that Philadelphia did not contribute through its Y. iVI. C. A. When the call came for funds in aid of the great work the city went far "over the top" with her quota, although Philadelphia and her four contiguous counties were asked to subscribe $1,300,000. The Knights of Columbus, the Young Men's Hebrew Association and the Salvation iVrmy also did excellent work, both in Philadelphia and abroad, and in this respect, as in others, the Catholics and Jews of Philadelphia were among the most active, the most alert and the most generous supporters of all efforts made for the comfort and well- l)eing of the soldiers and sailors of the Republi;. The Emergency Aid Committee, which began its work of humanitarian relief long before the United States entered the w^ar, owed its existence to the many inquiries as to what could be done to help persons suffering because of the war. On October 19 of the year hostiUties were opened a number of women gathered for the purpose of discussing that fact. On October 26 a committee of 100 was formed and later a headquarters donated. Subsequently, the organization tremen- dously increased in numbers and scope of effort, and its work was done in every section of the city, headquarters being at 1428 Walnut Street. The organization fostered missions of relief in the shape of food, clothing and money in every one of the war-stricken countries, obtained em- ployment for thousands at home and efficientlv lived up to the meaning of the word "Aid" in everything that it has accomplished. Among the services rendered during the war was that of the prisoners in the Eastern State Penitentiary at Philadelphia. Prison bars were unable to shut out patriotism, and the inside of the grim edifice on Fairmount Avenue during the beginning of hostilities was brightened with bunting and flags. Under the direction of Mrs. M. M. CulHn. a nurse from the Southeastern (Philadelphia) Chapter of the Red Cross, several hundred of the prisoners were occupied in rolling bandages, preparing surgical dressing and the large T-shaped bandages necessary to hold the dressings in place. Several thousand bandages a day were made, and in addition Xo the Red Cross work, the Eastern Penitentiary produced hundreds of thousands of pairs of socks, raised vegetables in the aid of food conservation and in many other ways put to shame thousands of idlers who contrib- uted nothing to the service of their country. Many other relief committees and clubs organized for that purpose, to say nothing of already existent clubs, entered enthusiastically into the spirit of war occupations. Among these may be mentioned the Citizens' and Soldiers' A.\d Committee for the assistance of wives and families of soldiers who faced destitution, because the bread-winner was removed, and the Personal Ser\-- ice Bureau, dedicated to the aid of the city's drafted and enlisted men. The latter had its head- quarters in Room 202. the mayor's reception room in the City Hall. The Ship Society, which was organized by Mrs. Francis Howard Williams, of Germantown, had for its aims the making of every woman in the land an evangelist for shipbuilding. Through the spread of its propaganda, the organization won official recognition from the Government. Di- rector-General Charles M. Schwab, of the Emergency Fleet Corporation, and Edward N. Hurley, chairman of the United States Shipping Board, were made president and vice president, respect- ively, of the organization. Patriotic Philadelphians also organized a country club for enlisted men of the army and navy. It was located at Rockledge, Fox Chase, on the northern border of the city. On February 11, 1918, the Rotary Club, of Philadelphia, opened a clubhouse at No. 25 South Van Pelt street for the use of soldiers, sailors and marines during their hours of leisure. On July 4, 1917, the Ship and Tent Club was inaugurated and opened for the use of soldiers, sailors and marines. It was 340 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHL4 r ft |- ££ EG ; 11 EG B^ EE Bi Ei |B .^^ EE EB ^^ r TC EE Ei ^^ r 'g|- BE CE wH »">-' E ,EE EE EE Sg EC ^% gE EE EG EC mrtt m WiDENER Building THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 341 located in Cooper Baltalion Hall. Chrislian and Twenty-third Streets. On August 2, 1917, in the presence of Mrs. josei^hus Daniels, wife of the secretary of the navy, the United Service Club, Twenty-second Street below Walnut, was opened for the use of enlisted men in all branches of ( jovernment defense service. The clubhous^. was the old Children's Hospital. It was outfitted and was in charge of the Philadelphia branch of the Mothers' Army and Navy Committee of the National Congress of Mothers' and Parent-Teacher Associations. One of the most valuable aids that Uncle Sam had in Philadelphia was the Motor Messen- ger Corps, which was organized early in the spring of 1917 by Miss Letitia Latrobe McKim. She was chosen as captain after she had spent a year in France and understood the urgent need for a group of skillfully trained women who could master the difficulties of the service they were to perform without the usual questions of why and wherefore. On December 4, 1917, the coqDs took the oath of allegiance at Belmont Plateau in the presence of Brigadier General Waller and a number of socially prominent persons. In addition to the sad task of delivering messages announcing a bereavement to the family of men who had lost their lives in battle, members of the corps did much in the work of transport- ing supplies to various places about Philadelphia. During the Liberty Loan campaign they ren- dered efficient service. To celebrate the first anniversary of their organization the Motor Messenger Corps put into service a fully equipped motor ambulance of the same type as that used by Base Hospital Unit No. 38. The young women collected $3000 to pay for the ambulance, and public-spirited men equipped it. Philadelphia's last great activity in the collection of funds for war relief work was her con- tribution to the War Chest. The War Chest was a drive for funds to equip various organiza- tions, and was started for the purpose of eliminating individual drives for funds on the part of the units who would be benefited through a pooled collection. The following national war activities were given recognition by the War Chest directors: The American Red Cross, the Y. M. C. A. War Work Council, the Y. W. C. A. War Work Council, the Knights of Columbus, the Youn_g Men's Hebrew Association, the Salvation Army, the Boy Scouts of America, the National Jew- ish War Relief, the Commission of Training Camp Activities, the War and Navy Departments and the Community Recreation Service. The drive included for the Philadelphia district, outside the city, the counties of Delaware, Bucks, Montgomery and Chester. When the campaign was concluded its success was far greater than had been forecast. More than 400,000 subscribers pledged a fund that exceeded $20,000,000. E. T. Stotesbury. who managed the campaign, pointed out at its conclusion that no similar drive ever attempted had so many individual subscribers as the War Chest. In every respect, and in every direction, Philadelphia's activities during the war were abreast of her every tradition of pure and simple patriotism, and no city in the United States excelled her in devotion to the great cause of human freedom to which the country was committed in the most glorious epoch of her history since the days when the immortal Declaration of Independence was signed within her limits and her Liberty Bell pealed the tocsin of freedom that reverberated throughout the world. CHAPTER TWENTY-FIVE RED-LETTER DOINGS IN WORLD WAR Chronology of Events From the Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand Until the Signing of Peace On June 28, 1914, the Archduke Ferdinand, heir apparent to the throne of Austria, and his morganatic wife, the Duchess of Hohenberg, while on a visit to Sarajevo, Bosnia, were shot to death by Gavrio Prinzip. a Serbian student. On July 5, according to the confession of the Baron Wangenheim, German ambassador to Turkey, to Henry Morgenthau, the American ambassador to the Ottoman empire, there was a secret meeting in Berlin and the decision was reached to use this assassination as a pretext for the long-planned war. On July 23 humanity was surprised by the ultimatum deHvered by the Government of the aged Francis Joseph of Austria to little Serbia ; it imposed terms which no self-respecting nation could accept. They were uncalled for, insulting. The world cried out at the injustice of it all. Serbia, however, in the hope of preventing the carnage which now loomed as a terrible proba- bility, accepted all the humiliating terms but one. and on this it asked further information. All efforts at mediation by England and other powers were spurned, and at the end of July war was regarded as inevitable. Later on Austria invaded Serbia. August, 1914, was a month of declarations of war. On the first day Germany declared war on Russia ; on the third it declared war on France and demanded of Belgium the right to march her troops through that neutral country to attack her neighbor on the west and south. But Bel- gium was true to her treaties and refused, whereupon the same day Germany declared war on Belgium. Then, to the disgust of Germany and Austria. Italy, the third nation of the Triple Alliance, declared her neutrality, basing her action that the alliance was for defense, and not offense. England, a signatory to the treaty which guaranteed the neutrality of Belgium, demanded that Germany respect that treaty, but the German chancellor termed this sacred obligation a "scrap of paper," and refused. August 4, England, true to her promises, declared war on Ger- many. In anticipation, her mighty high seas fleet had l)een mobilized and had sailed away. Ger- many's ports were blocked from the outset, and British men-of-war began scouring the seas for such of the kaiser's warships as were not blocked up at home. In a trice the German merchant marine sought shelter in neutral ports. August 5 Montenegro declared war on Austria, and the American Congress voted money and planned relief for the thousands of American tourists in Europe who were cut off and left stranded by the war. August 6 Austria declared war on Russia. August 7 the German army ^-occupied the city of Liege and the first British troops landed on French soil. The French took Altkirk, in Alsace. Two days later they took Muelhausen, and the same day Serbia declared war on Germany. August 11 German troops entered France by way of Luxemburg, and the day's declarations of war were of France on Austria and Montenegro on Germany. The next day Eng- land declared war on Austria. On the 15th, from the extreme East came Japan's ultimatum to Germany to give up her Chinese possession of Kiao-Chau. On the 20th the Belgian Government abandoned Brussels. On the 25th the invaders destroyed Louvain, with its library and all its priceless, irreplaceable THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 343 treasures of ancient volume and manuscript. The same day Austria declared war on Japan The month found the ( lermans advanced as far as Amiens, in France, while Russia was pouring her armies into East Prussia and (ialicia. By September 3 the German rush had reached such a menacing })osition that Paris was im- periled and the French (Government removed to Bordeaux. But on the 7th the drive was checked and the Germans began to fall l)ack, continuing to do so until much iM-ench territory had been recovered and Paris was saved from any menace. The submarine, destined to play such an important part in the war, showed its mi"-ht on Sep- tember 22 by sinking the British cruisers Aboukir, Cressy and Hogue. Antwerp fell to the invaders October 9, Ghent October 12 and Lille October 13. On that day IVinzip, whose shot was used as the excuse for the war, was placed on trial at Sarajevo. October 29 he was sentenced to twenty years in prison, and four of his associates were condemned to the gallows. On the 30th Russia declared war on Turkey. With the war in full swing, incident followed incident without cessation. The more impor- tant events in chronological order follow : 1914 November 1, British squadron sunk by German ships off Chile. November 5, Great Britain declares war on Tur- key and annexed Cyprus. November 7, Japanese capture Kiao-Chau. November 9, Germans surrender Tsing-tau to Japanese. November 18, Turks fire on U. S. S. Tennessee in Smyrna harbor. November 19, American Government demands explanation from Turkey. November 27, Secre- tary Bryan announces that the Tennessee incident is closed. December 2, Austrians capture Belgrade, Ser- bia's capital. December 7, Serbians destroy Austria's army of invasion. December 8, British fleet destroys German fleet, consisting of the cruisers Leipzig, Scharnhorst, Gniesenau and Nuernberg, off the Falkland Islands. December 14, Serbians retake Belgrade. December 16, Germans shell British coast towns of Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby, killing ninety-three civilians. December 27, United States protests against British stoppage of American trade. 1915 January 2, the Russians started the new year by invading Hungary at four points. January 6, Russians defeat Turks at Sarika- mysh, destroying an entire army corps. January 25, British ships sink German cruiser Bluecher in the North Sea and win a battle against Boer rebels at Uppington, Bechuanaland, South Africa. February 2, Great Britain makes food contra- band. February 3, Anglo-French fleet destroys four Turkish forts at the Dardanelles. February 4, Boer rebels surrender to British, who also rout the Turks north of Suez. February 5, Germany hurls a mighty force against Russia at Borijmow, and is defeated. British smash Turks at Suez. February 11, the United States warns both Great Britain and Germany not to abuse the American flag or attack American ships. February 16, America protests proposed Ger- man blockade of British Isles. February 18, Germany rejects America's pro- test. February 21, American steamship Evelyn sunk by a mine. February 23, American ship Corib sunk by a mine in the North Sea. February 27, General Botha leads a British in- vasion of German West Africa. March 1, Great Britain declares a virtual block- ade of the German coast. March 10, German auxiliary cruiser Prinz Kite! Friedrich runs the British blockade and later in- terns at Newport News, announcing the sinking of the American ship William P. Frye. March 18, British battleships Irresistible and Ocean and French battleship Bouvet sunk in the Dardanelles. March 22, Russians capture the Galician fort- ress of Przemysl. March 23, Allied troops land at Gallipoli. March 25, Turks masaccre American mission- aries and other Christians to the number of 20,- 000 in Persia. Russia begins terrific battle in the Carpathians and captures Lupkow Pass. March 27, French capture heights at Hart- manns-Weilerkopf. 344 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA Bell Tei.ei'HONe Buh.dikg THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA Marcli ZS, Cjennans torpedo British passenger steamship Falal)a off South Wales, and 112 pas- sengers are lost. April 5, America demands reparation from Ger- many for the sinking of the Frye. April 9, Germany agrees to compensate owners of the Frye. French capture L-es Eparges, domi- nating the Woevre. April 11. German auxiliary cruiser Kronprinz W'illielm arrives at Newport News and later interns. April 12, Cierman Ambassador von Bcrnstorff, ignoring the Government, calls on the American ])eople to stop exporting arms and munitions to the Allies. May 2, Aastria wins great victory over Rus- sians in West Galicia. May 7, British liner Lusitania sunk without warning by German submarine off Kinsale, Ire- land, entailing the loss of more than 1200 persons, among whom were more than 100 Americans. Contrary to all international law, the German ambassador had impudently warned Americans from sailing on this ship. May 8, Germans capture Libau, Russia. May 13, President Wilson sends stern note to Germany, demanding reparation for the loss of American lives on the Lusitania and demanding that submarine attacks on passenger vessels cease. May 22, Italy declares war on Austria. May 24, Italians invade Austria. May 31. Germany replies to American Lusi- tania note and intimates that the vessel carried troops and munitions. Washington dissatisfied with the reply. June 2, Teutons recapture Przemysl. San Marino declares war on Austria. June 3, British advance in Mesopotamia and occupy Amara. Asiatic Tu'-key. June 9, William Jennings Bryan resigns as sec- retary of state. June 10, President Wilson sends another vigor- ous note to Germany on the Lusitania matter and reiterates his demands for the observance of international law. June 14, General Mackensen begins drive against Russians. June 15, French airmen I)omb Karlsruhe, in Raden. June 22, Teutons occupy Lemberg. June 30, Russians win naval battle in tlie Baltic Sea. July 5, United States refuses to negotiate infor- mally with Germany on its reply to the Lusitania notes. Government takes over German wireless 345 station at Sayville, Long Island. British capture all of German Southwest Africa. July 19, Greatest battle to date of the war begins in Russian Poland, with 6,000.000 men engaged and covering a front of 900 miles. Italians make big gains in Austria. August 4, British reply to American protest asserts that nation is acting strictly in accord- ance witii international law, and expresses a willingness to submit disputed questions to arbi- tration. Germany asserts in note that sinking of the Frye was legal. August S, Germans capture Warsaw, capital of Poland. August 10, Turkish army of 90,000 defeated by Russians in Armenia. August 14, German submarine sinks British transport Royal Edward in the Aegean Sea, and 1000 soldiers and sailors are lost. August 19, White Star liner Arabic sunk by German submarine; twenty lives lost. August 26, Germans occupy Russian fortress of Brest-Litovsk. September 1, Germany agrees to sink no more merchant ships without warning. September 10, President Wilson demands that Austria recall its ambassador. Dr. Dumba. September 22, Bulgaria orders her army mobil- ized. September 24, Greece orders the mobilization of her army and navy. September 25, Entente Allies begin big drive against Germans from North Sea to Verdun and take 20,000 prisoners. September 28, British smash German line at Loos. October 5, Germany disavows sinking of the Arabic and offers to pay indemnity. The United States demands of Turkey that massacre of Armenians cease. October 6, French and British troops land at Saloniki. King Constantine dismisses Premier Venizelos. October 7. Austro-German invasion of Serbia begins. October 10, Bulgarians invade Serbia and de- clare war against her. Greece refuses aid to Serbia promised by treaty. October IS, Great Britain declares war on Bulgaria. October 16, France declares war on Bulgaria. October 19, Russian and Italy declare war on Bul- garia. November 6, Germans capture Nish. Serbia. November 8, Secretary Lansing tells Great Britain that blockade is illegal. December 1. British army in Mesopotamia driven back to Kut-el-.'Kmara. America demands of .Austria 346 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA an explanation of the sinking of the Italian pas- senger liner Ancona. December 4, Henry Ford's peace ship sails. December 9, Germany announces the conquest of Serbia. December 16, Austria, replying- to the Ancona note, evades the issue. December 19, British withdraw army from Gallipoli. December 2i, America sends second note to Aus- tria on the Ancona question. German reply to last Frye note is unsatisfactory. December 25, Henry Ford, ill, leaves peace party and starts for home. December 30, Austria yields in part on Ancona matter, agrees to punish submarine commander and admits American contention as to the safety of passengers. British passenger steamship Persia sunk without warning in the Mediterranean. R. M. Mc- Neely, American consul, and 200 others drown. 1916. January 7, Von Bernstorff agrees that no merchant ship shall be sunk until all passengers have been made safe and assures full satisfaction in the Persia incident. January 11, Germans begin big ofifensivc in Cham- pagne and are repulsed by the French. January 28, President Wilson asks all belligerents to agree to the disarming of merchant ships and to rules on submarine warfare. February 1, British steamship Appam, supposed to be lost, enters Norfolk harbor under a German prize crew. February 4, Germany refuses to admit the illegal- ity of the Lusitania sinking. February 14, all single men in Great Britain called to the colors. February 23, Germans begin drive on Verdun. February 26, Germans take Fort Douaumont, of Verdun defenses, after suffering heavy losses. March 3, United States Senate tables Gore resolu- tion warning Americans off armed merchantmen. March 4, French report loss of auxiliary cruiser Provence, with about 3000 soldiers. March 7, House of Representatives tables Mc- Lemore resolution warning Americans off armed merchantmen. March 8, Germany declares war on Portugal. March 20, Allied airmen raid Zeebrugge. March 24, British steamship Sussex, with Amer- icans on board, torpedoed. March 27, President Wilson demands explanation from Germany on the sinking of the Sussex. April 1, Zeppelin raid on England kills 28, injures 44. April 2, second Zeppelin raid on England kills 16 and wounds 100. April 4, new British liudget, $9,000,000,000, largest in world's history. April 10, Germans start offensive near Verdun. April 11, Germany denies sinking the Sussex, but admits sinking several others, including the Eagle Point and Manchester Guardian. April 12, President Wilson sends ultimatum on Sussex to Germany and summons Congress to tell why. Russians capture Trebizond. April 19, Russian army lands at Marseilles. French Iiegin offensive at Verdun. April 24, Irish rising in Dubin. Twelve persons killed. April 28, British garrison at Kut-el-Amara sur- renders to Turkey. May 1, Irish rebellion ends. Leaders, including President Pearce, executed. May 5, Germany tells United States illegal U-boat methods will stop if the United States forces Great Britain to raise her blockade. May 10, Germany admits sinking the Sussex. May 23, French make large gains in Verdun sec- tion. May 27, United States demands that Allies stop illegal seizure of mails. May 31, Sea battle off Jutland. British lose four- teen ships ; German losses heavy, but concealed. June 2, Russia begins new oft'ensive against Aus- tria. June 7, Earl Kitchener and staff lost when British cruiser Hampshire is sunk on the way to Russia. June 11, Russians force Austrians back twenty-five miles on a 100-mile front, taking 108,000 prisoners. June 15, Russians recapture Czernowitz. July 1, Allies begin grand offensive on both sides of the Somme and make large gains. July 5, General Foch captures second German sys- tem of fortified line on a ten-mile front and several towns. July 10, German merchant submarine Deutsch- land reaches Baltimore. July 12-14, British make substantial gains in France. July 22, Russians pierce Von Hindenburg's line at several points and also drive Austrians back. August 1, German merchant submarine Deutsch- land leaves Baltimore for Germany. August 3, Sir Roger Casement hanged for treason. August 8. Italians capture Goritzia. August 9, Germans execute Captain Fryatt, of the British steamship Brussels, for an alleged attack on a submarine. August 23, Deutschland reaches Germany, com- pleting the first round trip across the ocean of a submarine merchantman in the history of the world. August 27, Rumania declares war on Austria and Germany declares war on Rumania. THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 347 Scpteniher 25, Allies caplurt' C'onilik's and Tliici>- vai. October 7, the German war submarine LJ-5,? readies Newport, R. I October 8, U-53 sinks five British and neutral steamships off Nantucket and survivors are rescued by American warships. October 12, Italians make new drive on Carso plateau. October 16, Entente powers recognize Greek Gov- ernment set up by Venezelos, occupy Athens and take over navy and forts. October 29, British steamship Marina, with fifty Americans on board, sunk without warning. November 1, German merchant submarine Deutsch- land reaches New London, Connecticut. Italians be- gin new offensive against Austrians and take 15,000 prisoners. November 8, American steamship Columbian at- tacked by German submarine. November 21, Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria dies. November 22, Germans sink British hospital ship Britannic. Fifty lives lost. December 6, Austro-Germans capture Bucharest. December 11, Deutschland reaches Bremen. December 12, Germany and her allies propose peace. December 14, Entente Allies demand reparation, restitution and security for the future. December 21, President Wilson tells Europe Amer- ica has been brought to the verge of war and de- mands peace terms as a basis for future conduct. 1917. January 9, Allies reply to President Wilson, giving peace terms. January 22, President Wilson tells Senate peace without victory necessary if United States enters league to enforce peace. February 1, Germany declares U-boat blockade and says that all neutral ships entering defined zone will be sunk without warning. February 3. The United States severs diplomatic relations with Germany. Federal officers seize Ger- man liner Kronprinzessin Cecile. American steam- ship Housatonic sunk near Scilly Islands by sub- marine. February 10, British passenger steamship Califor- nia sunk without warning. Forty-six drown. February 26, President Wilson asks Congress for authority to use armed forces to protect American rights and shipping. Cunard liner Laconia torpedoed and three Americans were killed. March 1, State Department reveals German plot to induce Mexico and Japan to invade the United States. Maicii 7, Tile President decides to arm merchant ships in spite of Congress' refusal to approve. March 12, President Wilson notifies nations armed guard will protect American ships. British capture Bagdad. March 14, American steamship Algonquin torpe- doed without warning. Russian revolution announced in Petrograd. Czar dethroned. March 17, British take Bapaume. March 24, Massachusetts National Guard called out. March 29, British defeat 20,000 Turks in Pakstine. April 2, President Wilson calls on Congress to de- clare a state of war with Germany. April 4, Senate votes for war, 82 to 6. April 6, House passes war resolution, 373 to 50, and President Wilson issues proclamation of war with Germany. German ships in American ports seized. April 9, Austria severs diplomatic relations with the United States. British break German lines and capture Vimy Ridge. Brazil severs diplomatic rela- tions with Germany. April 10, Eddystone munitions works explosion causes 150 deaths. April 21, British mission headed by Foreign Sec- retary Balfour lands in the United States. April 24, French mission with Marshal Joffre lands in the United States. submarine. May 5, Secretary Balfour addresses Congress. May 11, President Wilson names American com- mission, headed by Elihu Root, to Russia. May 12, British smash Hindenburg line from Ar- ras to Bullecourt. May 14, First American Liberty Loan for $2,000,- 000,000 started. May 18, National Guard called into Federal serv- ice to mobilize July 15. The President signs the draft bill, calling into service men from 21 to 30 years. June 5, registration for the draft takes place. July 6, British capture Messines-Wytschaete sali- ent in greatest mining operation. June 8, Major-General John J. Pershing, Amer- ican commander, reaches England. June 13, General Pershing arrives in Paris. June 14, First Liberty Loan oversubscribed. June 26, First American troops arrive in France. July 13, First draft of 687,000 men called to colors. July 17, Von Bethmann Hollweg, German Chan- cellor, resigns. July 25. Austro-Germans capture Santislau, Tarno- pol and Nodvorna, Galicia, and Russians are in full retreat. 348 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA August 13, Greece definitely at war with Central Powers. August 14, Pope Benedict proposes peace. August 29, President Wilson tells the Pope no peace can he signed with the present German Gov- ernment. Septemher 3, German aircraft raid Chatham, Eng- land, killing 108 British sailors in barracks. September 7, German airmen bomb American hos- pitals in France, killing three persons. September 12, Argentine dismisses German Min- ister Luxburg owing to American disclosures of his activities. September 15, First American drafted men start for camp. September 16, Kerensky declares Russian republic. September 20, State Department reveals that BernstorfT had asked German Government for $50,- 000 to influence Congress. September 24, Secretary Lansing discloses German plot to spread disease in Rumania by means of mi- crobes. October 1, Second Liberty Loan drive, for $3,000,- 000,000, begun. October 4, British make gains in Flanders. October 16, Sedition and arson sweep the United States, and there are numerous fires and explosions in war industries. October 20, Two German raiders in North Sea de- f;troy nine merchant ships and two destroyers. Amer- ican transport Antilles sunk by submarine and sev- enty lives are lost. October 23, German Chancellor Michaelis resigns. October 25, Italians driven back across the Isonzo. October 27, first American shot fired at Germans by an artilleryman. October 28, Americans capture their first war prisoner. October 30, Italian army in full retreat. November 1, British capture Beersheba, Palestine. Kerensky announces that Russia is tired of war and that the Allies must assume the burden. November 3, first Americans taken prisoner by Germans. November 6, new American-Japanese agreement guaranteeing npen door and integrity of China announced. November 7, British capture Gaza, Palestine. November 8, Kerensky deposed. November 10, Lenine announced as premier of Russia by Bolsheviki, Trotzky foreign minister. Bolsheviki demand immediate peace. November 19, American destroyer Chauncey sunk. November 21, British use tanks in attack on Hin- denburg line on a thirty-two-mile front. November 24, Bolsheviki begin peace negotiations with Central Powers. December 4, President Wilson asserts Prussian military masters must be crushed and asks congress to declare war on Austria. December 5, Rumania forced to accept a German peace. December 6, explosion on French munitions ship at Halifax kills 1500 persons, injuries thousands, destroys thousands of buildings and renders 20,000 persons homeless. American destroyer Jacob Jones sunk, sixty lives lost. December 10, British capture Jerusalem. December 27, Germany offers peace on basis of no annexations and no indemnities. December 28, American government takes over the railroads. 1918. January 8, President Wilson states war aims. January 15, American government submits evi- dence that former French Premier Caillaux was involved with Bolo Pasha in a conspiracy to spread German propaganda. January 17, Harry A. Garfield, fuel administrator, orders all factories except war plants closed for five days, and all mercantile establishments to close on eleven successive Mondays. January 19, American troops take over Toul sector. January 22), Austrians retreat on a wide front west of the Piave. January 31, nation-wide strikes in Germany. February 7, British transport Tuscania, carrying American troops, torpedoed ofif Irish coast. One hundred and seventy lives lost. February 9, Ukraine signs peace with Germany and Austria. February 11, Bolsheviki declare war at an end order troops to disband. February 19, Germans resume invasion of Russia and occupy Dvinsk. February 21, British in Palestine capture Jericho. March 2, American troops repulse Germans in Toul sector and along Chemin des Dames. March 3, Bolsheviki sign an abject peace with Teutonic nations. March 9, Rumania makes peace with Bolsheviki. March 11, Secretary of War Baker reaches Paris. Austrian airmen bombard Naples and German airmen bomb Paris, killing 100 persons in the latter city. Americans raid German trenches. March 12, sixty German airmen raid Paris, causing 179 casualties. March 14, German troops occupy Odessa. March 21, British begin big drive on fifty-mile front from Arras to St. Quentin. March 23. Paris bombarded by long-range gun. March 25, Germans capture Peronne and Ba- paume. American engineers aid in opposing them. rilE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 34'> Phirce School, Pine Street, West of Broad 350 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA March 28, British repor* destruction of entire Turkish army in the Hit area, Mesopotamia. General Foch named generalissimo of Allied forces. April 5, French repulse massed German attack in Montdidier sector. April 10, Americans enter Picardy and help Iieat Germans back from Amiens. April IS, Germans take Messines Ridge and Balleul. April 21, German picked troops penetrate American sector, but are driven back. April 23, British naval forces raid Zeebrugge and Ostend and block harbor by sinking cement- laden vessels and destroy lock gates. April 24, first half million Americans in France. April 26, Germans capture Kenimel Hill. April 30, France bestows war medal on 122 Alassachusetts soldiers for valor. May 1, alien enemy property taken over by United States Government announced at $280,- 000.000 to date. May 2, Secretary Baker asks Congress for per- mission to raise an unlimited number of troops. May 4, President Wilson commutes death sen- tence of four American soldiers. May 11, National army men parade in London before King George. May 19, Major Lufbury, American ace, killed in air battle. May 21, General Peyton C. March made chief of staff of the American army. May 22, German airmen raid Allied hospitals, killing several hundred. May 23, British transport Moldavia sunk, fifty- tliree Am-erican soldiers drown. Germany re- leases a million Russian prisoners, reduced to skeletons, and most of them suffering from tuber- culosis. May 25, Mexico severs relations with Cuba. Costa Rica declares war on Germany. May 27, Germans breach Allied line between Soissons and Rheims. May 28, Americans capture Cantigny. June 1, French counter-attack and r«cover much ground. June 3, German submarines sink steamsliip and five schooners off American coast. June 4, Americans and French hurl Germans back in Chateau-Thierry region. June 6, Great German drive on Paris stopped by Americans at Chateau-Thierry. June 11, American marines capture Belleau Wood. June 29, Americans arrive in Italy. July 1, One million American soldi-ers in France. American troops land in Russia. July 18, Marshal Foch begins great counter- offensive. July 22, Americans and French capture Cha- teau-Thierry. July 28, Sixty-ninth New York regiment crosses the Ourcq. August 4, Americans take Fismes. August 10, Americans in Somme region capture Morlancourt. August 24. 1,500,000 American soldiers n France. August 31, Americans and British recapture Mount Kemmel in Fland^^rs. September 1, Americans m Belgium take Koor- mezeele. September 6, American join British in Cambrai- St. Quentin drive. September 12, American First army wipes out St. Mihiel salient in twenty-seven hours, taking 15,000 prisoners and reducing the battleline twen- ty miles. September 29, Americans rip the Hindenburg line. September 29, Bulgaria surrenders uncondition- ally to the Allies. October 3, King Ferdinand of Bulgaria abdi- cates in favor of Crown Prince Boris. American First army begins an offensive from the Argonne Forest to the Meuse and advances to the Kriem- Iiilde line. October 6, Germany, through Prince Max, the chancellor, asks President Wilson to make peace move on basis of the president's conditions. October 8, President Wilson asks Prince Max whether he speaks for the former Government or a new one. October 12, Germany agrees to all of the presi- dent's peace terms as announced in January. October 14, President Wilson replies, denying an armistice as long as Germany persists in illegal practices. October 15, 2,000,000 American soldiers over- seas. October 19, The president rejects Austria's peace proposal on old terms. October 21, Germany makes new armistice pro- posal and denies atrocities. October 24, President Wilson demands of Ger- many full surrender. October 28, Germany replies that it awaited armistice proposals which would lead to a just peace. Austria accepts all the president's terms and asks for a separate peace. October 30, Turkey unconditionally surrenders to the Allies. November 1, King Boris of Bulgaria abdicates. Government taken over by the people. THE STORY OF PII ILADRLPllIA 351 Xovenil)er 3, Austria accepts all terms and un- conditionally surrenders. Noveml)er 6, Secretary Lansins.^ notifies Ger- many that Marshal Foch is authorized by the Allied Governments to receive German envoys and stat-e terms of an armistice. November 7, Americans capture Sedan. False report that peace had been signed leads to wild country-wide celebration. November 8, German peace envoys enter the French lines and meet Marshal Foch. November 9, Kaiser Wilhelm IT of Germany abdicates, and his eldest son and heir to the throne renounces all rights thereto. November 10, Revolution spreads through all Germany. Former Kaiser and Crown Prince flee to Holland. November 11, State Department at Washing- ton announces, at 2.45 A. M., that the armistice had been signed at midnight. THE GREAT WORLD WAR ENDED AT 6 A. M. (Washing- ton time). November 12, President Wilson tells German Chancellor Ebert that Allies will supply food to Germany. November 13, Holland permits former kaiser to dwell on Dutch soil, i)ut interns him. November 15, Belgian troops enter Brussels. November 21, Main German fleet surrenders to Allies. King Albert enters Brussels and Amer- ican troops Luxemburg. November 25, Radicals seize the Government at Berlin. November 28, Jews murdered by thousands as Poles enter Lemberg. November 29, Allies agree on demand for sur- render of former kaiser. November 30, American delegates to the peace conference named. December 2, President W^ilson addresses Con- g'ress, outlining peace plans. December 4, President Wilson sails for France. December 5, reign of terror opens in Berlin and continues for week. December 9, American troops enter Coblentz. December 10, Counter-revolution started in Berlin. December 13, President Wilson lands at Brest, France. December 14, Luncheon given by President Poincare of France in honor of President Wilson. December 16, President Wilson welcomed by Paris municipality and given freedom of the city. December 23, Bolsheviki doctrines spread west- ward. December 24, Allies decide not to send large armed forces to Russia. December 26, President Wilson reaches Lon- don. Is met by King George and taken to Buck- ingham Palace. December 27, President Wilson confers with Premier Lloyd George. December 28, President Wilson speaks at the Guild Hall, London, urging a concert of the nations. December 31, President Wilson leaves London and arrives in Paris. 1919 January 1, President Wilson leaves Paris for Rome. January 3, President Wilson reaches Rome. Given great ovation. January 4, President Wilson visits Pope Bene- dict. January 6, President Wilson leaves Rome for Paris. January 10, Government troops get control of Berlin. Sixty-five killed in street fighting. January 11, Dr. Karl Liebknecht and Rose Lux- emburg, leaders of Berlin Reds, murdered on pub- lic streets. January 17, Counter-revolution sweeps Petro- grad. January 18, peace conference opens in Paris. January 20, President Wilson is guest of the French Senate. January 21, Allies plan economic relief for Russia. January 22, Peace Conference decides to send mission to Poland. January 23, Conference accepts plan of dealing with Russia. January 25, Lloyd-George submits League of Nations plan to Peace Conference. January 30, Allies accept President Wilson's plan of mandatories to control captured German colonics. February 5, first three planks in League of Nations pact agreed to. February 6, general outline of League of Na- tions plan is agreed to by Peace Conference. February 7, Peace Conference appoints commis- sion to meet Russian Soviet delegates. February 11, Japan threatens war on China if secret treaty between the two countries is re- vealed. February 13, rebels fire on royal palace at Bucharest. February 14, plan of League of Nations is pub- lished in America. February 15, President Wilson sails from Brest for home. 352 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA Fel^ruary 19, Premier Clemenceau of France shot and wounded by assassin. February 22, civil war breaks out in Munich, capital of Bavaria. F-ebruary 24, President Wilson arrives in Boston. February 28, Senator Lodge and other Repul)- lican Senators assail League of Nations plan in the Unit-ed States Senate. March 1, Italy refuses to sul)mit iier Adriatic claims to arbitration. March 2, fierce fighting in streets of Berlin. March 3, thirty-seven Republican members of United States Senate sign "Round Robin" against League of Nations pact, as then outlined. March 4, President Wilson and former Presi- dent Taft appear on same platform in New York urging acceptance of League of Nations pact. March 6, United States warns Italy to stop de- laying sending of food to Jugo-Slavs. March 10', Taft amendments to League of Na- tions plan submitted to the Peace Conference. March 11, German insurgents rain bombs on Berlin. March 15. President Wilson reaches Paris on second visit. March 19, England is won over to Wilson plan of including League of Nations pact in the peace treaty. March 20, Peace Conference agrees to amend League of Nations plan along the lines of more fuller recognition of the Monroe doctrine. March 21, Many outbreaks in Egypt against British supremacy. March 22, Italy thr-eatens to quit the Peace Conference if refused seaport of Fiume. March 24, Hungary joins hands with Bolshe- vists of Russia. March 30, the Peace Conference Committee on Responsibility for the War reports in favor of trial of the German Kaiser and others. April 2, Street riots in Frankfort. Eleven killed. April 5, Allies rush troops to aid of those in South Russia. April 8, President Wilson hints that he may quit conference. Steamer George Washington ordered to Brest. April 14, President Wilson sees Premier Or- lando of Italy in regard to Italy's claims in the Adriatic. April 15, the Rhine frontier fixed by Peace Con- ference. April 16, Premier Lloyd George addresses the House of Commons, outlining progress of the Peace Conference. April 19, Adriatic claims of Italy heard by the conference. April 23, President Wilson issues statement in- dicating that city of Fiume sliould h-t given to the Jugo-Slavs. April 25, Premier Orlando ciuits Paris and the Peace Conference. April 28, text of the revised League of Nations published. Amendments indicated along lines of ample protection for the Monroe Doctrine. May 1, Japan gets economic concessions in Sliantung, China. May 4, Peace Conference decides to make Fium-e free port for five years, after which it reverts to Italy. May 5, Belgium agrees to sign peace treaty. May 7, terms of peace treaty presented to (ierman delegates at V-ersailles. May 13, President Ebert protests that treaty does not conform to President Wilson's Fourteen Points. May 15, Iron Division, of Pennsylvania troops, parades in city amidst scenes of the wildest enthusiasm. May 16, Allies arrange truce between Ukrain- ians and Poles. May 21, German Ministry denounces the peace treaty. May 22, Workmen's Council of Berlin demands that the treaty be signed. May 28, Germans make claim of $1,285,000,000 for losses sustained by Allies' blockade. May 29, Germans submit other counter-pro- posals to Allies. May 31, Allies reject Germany's counter- proposals. June 2, Conditions of peace delivered to Austria. June 6, Allies reject proposal for discussion of treaty. Allies signed at Versailles. June 13, Allies virtually rewrite peace treaty. June 16, Germany gets revised treaty. June 20, German Cabinet auirs. June 23, Germany agrees to sign treaty. June 28, Peace treaty signed. BIOGRAPHIES 354 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA HON. WILLIAM C. SPROUL pHYSICALLY, morally and intellectually, William Cameron Sproul is a big man, and when, on January 21 of this year of grace, 1919, he was sworn in as governor of the great state of Pennsylvania, the Commonwealth secured an executive head of which it has had ample reason to be justly and legitimately proud. "A man of action and achievement ; the man of the hour in the civic life of Pennsylvania," he has been aptly called, and that the tenure of his exalted office will be ])roductive of notable work alone: the lines of well-considered innova- tion and material progress there is no reason whatever to doubt. "Ambitious as I am to be governor of this great state," said Mr. Sproul in a pre-election address, "and anxious as I am to work out some of the plans I have developed in a long study of the Commonw-ealth's affairs, I cannot and will not be a factional governor, nor would I be a candidate on such a platform. The governorship of Pennsylvania is a great office ; the opportunities for real service it offers should be an inspiration to any citizen." These were the sentiments of Senator Sproul THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 355 before the electors of the Keystone State stamped, by their votes, approval of his candi- dacy, and these, and other lofty sentiments akin to them, are the lode star and the aspira- tion of the Governor Sproul of today. Governor Sproul was born in Octararo, Lan- caster County, Pennsylvania, September 16, 1870, and is son of William Hall and Deborah Dickinson (Slokom) Sproul. ]lis g-randfather. Squire Samuel Slokom, was chairman of the Republican County Executive Committee for twelve years, so that he has the presentige of stalwart Republican ancestry. Mis' middle name was given him in honor of General Simon Cameron, for years the potential leader of the Republican organization and an important figure in national politics of Pennsylvania. Governor Sproul's father was an officer of the Iron Clififs Company, and eight years of the governor's early boyhood were spent in the busy little city of Negaunee, where the fur- naces and the general offices of the corporation were located. An uncle by marriage. Thomas J. Houston, also lived there and was a com- manding figure in the community. His energy and ability set a fine example for the lad, and Governor Sproul has often said that the patience of his father, of his grandfather and his Uncle Thomas in answering questions was l)eyond belief. After receiving instruction at private schools, part of which time was spent in the schools at Christiana, Lancaster County, young Sproul entered the high school at Chester in 1883. He could have been graduated from that institu- tion at sixteen, but preferred to stay with the old class and he qualified as a teacher in 1887. In that year he entered Swarthmore College — from which he graduated in 1891, with the Degree of Bachelor of Science — and was as- signed to room with an old friend with whom he had gone to school at Christiana, Maurice J. Brinton, now a leading business man of Lancaster County. Pretty soon, however, Brinton left college and two outstanding fig- ures in Pennsylvania politics today found themselves sharing the same room — William Cameron Sproul and Alexander Mitchell Palmer, the latter Democratic National Com- mitteeman from Pennsylvania and Custodian of Alien Property during the war between the United States and Germany. Governor Sproul married when he was twenty-one years old, wedding Miss' Elenora Wallace Roach, a daughter of John B. Roach, shipbuilder, and granddaughter of John Roach, founder of the shipl)uilding business in Chester and who has been reverently referred to bv many conspicuous officers in the service of Uncle Sam as "the father" of the United States Xavy. Mrs. Sproul's lineage, as' is the case with the governor, is distinguished. Her great-great-great-grandfather was John Pauld- ing, who was one of the captors of the un- fortunate Major Andre, of the English army, in the Revolutionary War. On her mother's side she is descended from a prominent Colonial family from Dutchess County, New York. She is a member of the Colonial Dames', the Daugh- ters of the Revolution and other such organiza- tions, but sets more store by what she, her husband and their children do than in the achievements of her ancestors, honorable as they were. Governor and i\Irs. Sproul have two chil- dren. John Roach Sproul was born January 30, 1895. He followed his father to Chester High School, finished his preparation at Mer- cersburg and then entered Swarthmore Col- lege, where he was not only a good student but came to the front in all college activities. He was a star in baseball and in basketball and was about to start upon his business career when the call of his country took him to the first Fort Niagara Camp, where he won a com- mission as second lieutenant and was chosen for the regular army. He was promoted to a first lieutenancy in October, 1917, and went to France that winter. There he was very active in the early fighting done by American forces, taking v>art in the second battle of the Marne, where he was signal officer. He was gassed later on, but on his recovery went again to the front where he distinguished himself and was cited for bravery. (lovernor Sproul's daughter, Dorothy, was 356 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA married October 7, 1914, to Henry J. Klaer, son of Judge Jacob Klaer. of Milford, Pike County, where his family is prominent. He prepared at Blairstown Academy and was graduated from the University of Pennsylvania, quickly winning distinction as a chemical engineer. Filling positions of a responsible kind in the steel industry he came to the front rapidly and at the time of his death in 1918 was' vice-presi- dent of the Penn Seaboard Steel Corporation, witli everv promise of a brilliant future. He was captain of Company 7, First Regiment Pennsylvania Reserve Militia, which paid him final honors in firing a salute over his grave. He took an active part in all public movements in Delaware County. The future Governor drifted into a practical newspaper life following his boyhood experi- ence in amateur journalism and his activities as a correspondent for metropolitan journals during his later college days. In March of 1892 an opportunity came to acquire a half interest in the Chester Times and thus began his ])art- nership with his old preceptor. John A. Wal- lace, which lasted until the latter's death. For several years Governor Sproul gave undivided attention to the newspaper, becoming familiar with every phase of the business, and devoting to it direct editorial and business care. The Times became very successful and is one of the best-looking and most prosperous dailies in the state. About ten years ago the Morning Republican, an old-established journal wdiich had become a daily, was purchased, and is pul)lished as a morning edition, with the Times appearing in the evening. Governor Sproul entered politics early in life and was elected in 1896 to the Senate of Pennsylvania by the Republicans of the Ninth Senatorial District. The trust thus reposed in him was renewed on the occasion of every elec- tion up to that preceding his election as gov- ernor, and in that time he was a member of the most important committees of the Senate, as well as of several state commissions. In entering the Legislature he simply followed in the footsteps of his ancestor, Nicholas Newlin, friend of William Penn, who was' a member of the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly, and in those of the great grandsons of this Newlin, who represented in the State Senate the same district that Mr. Sproul did. In 1893 he was elected president pro tem of the Senate, and he presided over that body in the session of 1905. He has ever since been a leader and has helped to shape all of the important legislation that has been enacted during that period. He has upon more than one occasion evinced a disposition to act independently of the wishes of recognized leaders and the impress of his personality upon the party organization is found not only in his home district l)ut in the state at large. Author of the Sproul Road Bill, passed by the Legislature in 1903. under which a compre- hensive system of road improvement has been inaugurated in Pennsylvania. His Legislative career has shown a consistent sympathy with all movements tending to improve conditions for farmers. A\ ith him the idea that the farmer is too heavily taxed amounts almost to an ob- session. He has worked long and earnestly to efl^ect what he considers just and proper changes in the way the farmer shall be taxed. He has been entirely sound on all farm legisla- tion, and he was largely instrumental in hav- ing established the Bureau of Markets in this state, which does such excellent practical work in making easier and more profitable the mar- keting of farm products. Some years ago Frederic W\ Fleitz. of Scranton. a Tioga County farm lad. former Deputy Attorney General, who lived at the Harrisburg Club with Senator Sproul. con- vinced the latter that the fruit industry in Pennsylvania should be developed and that not only w^ould a good object be served for the people of the state, but a good business could be built up in raising fruit. Fleitz had given the matter much study and had the plan thor- oughly mapped out, so three splendid farms on the shale hills back of Mechanicsburg, Cum- berland County, were acquired as a starter. The firm of Fleitz & Sproul, fruit growers, was' organized and operations began. Since that time a tract along: the north branch of the THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 357 Susquelianna at X'oshuri^, in WyDiniiiij;' County, has been acquired, and the John G. ArdTenry place, a s]:)lendid tract, at Benton, CoUnnbia County, has l)een added to the enterprise. All in all the firm has 2000 acres of the best of Pennsylvania lands and over 100,000 fruit trees have been planted, besides other small fruits and ordinary crops. For four generations the Sprouls have been iron masters and it logically followed that the present governor of Pennsylvania would be identified with these and kindred interests. In 1898 he was elected vice-president of Roach's Shipyard, and organized, in 1900, the Seaboard Steel Casting Company of Chester, of which he was the president. He also organized the Chester Shipping Company, of which he was president, in 1900. He became interested in coal and timber properties in West Virginia in 1901, and has since given much attention to these and railroad interests in that state. He was president of the Coal River Railway of W'est Virginia, the Camden Interstate Railway of West Virginia. Kentucky and Ohio ; Kana- wha Valley Traction Company, Charleston and Southside Bridge Company, and the Spruce River Coal Land Company ; treasurer of the Kanawha Bridge and Terminal Company ; di- rector of the Commercial Trust Company of Philadelphia, Delaware County Trust Com- pany of Chester, of the First National Bank, and of the Delaware County National Bank of Chester. In March. 1907, Governor Sproul gave Swarth- niore College funds for building and equipping an observatory to contain one of the largest telescopes in the world. In religion he is a member of the Religious Society of Friends. He was and in some cases still is a member of the Pennsylvania Historical Society ; trustee of Swarthmore College ; trustee of the Pennsyl- vania Training School for Feeble-Minded Chil- dren ; member of the Phi Kappa Psi fraternity, Book and Key Society, Masonic fraternity, Benevolent Protective Order of Elks and Pa- trons of Husbandry. His favorite recreations are shooting and fishing. He is a member of the Union League, Philadelphia, of which he was president ; University, Corinthian Yacht, and Pen and Pencil Clubs of Philadelphia ; Manhattan and Engineers' Clubs', of New York; Penn Cluli, of Chester; Harrisburg Club, Rose Tree Fox Hunting, and Spring- haven County Clubs. Lapidea Manor, the home of the Sprouls, is just outside Chester, in Nether Providence Township, Delaware County. It is one of the most interesting as well as one of the most 1)cautiful homesteads in the country. gFFINGHAM BUCKLEY MORRIS, law- yer and banker, Philadelphia, was l)orn in the Quaker City August 23, 1856, and is son of Israel Wister and Annie (Buckley) Morris". He graduated from the University of Pennsyl- vania, with the Degree of Bachelor or Arts, in 1875, and secured the Degree of Master of Arts in 1878, and that of Bachelor of Laws in the same year. Mr. ]\Iorris was general attorney of the Lehigh Valley Railroad Company from 1880 to 1887, and of the Girard Trust Company from 1883 to 1887. In the latter year he was elected president of that company, and still continues to hold office. He has been a director since 1896 of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company ; Philadelphia National Bank; Fourth Street National Bank; Franklin National Bank; Philadelphia Saving Fund Society ; Pennsyl- vania Fire Insurance Company ; chairman Pennsylvania Steel Company since 1901 ; chair- man Cambria Steel Company since 1901 ; di- rector Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroad and allied lines of Pennsylvania Railroad. He is also trustee for bond holders Philadelphia City Bonds secured on Gas Works', 1882-1887; trustee of the estate of Anthony J. Drexel (deceased) and other es- tates ; director in sundry other manufacturing corporations. Mr. ]\Iorris was married in Philadeli)hia, November 5, 1879, to Ellen Douglas Bur- roughs ; children, Mrs. George Clymer Brooke, Mrs. Stacy B. Lloyd, Mrs. John Frederic Byers, Ef^ngham B.. Jr. In politics he is an Indei)endent Re])ublican. 358 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA SAMUEL T. BODINE 'TTHE presidency of the United Gas improve- ment Company, one of the richest and most powerful corporations in the United States. whose interests and business activities are almost co-extensive with the principal outlines of the Republic, demands a rare combination of ability of a high order, sterling integrity. keen business insight, sound judgment and the faculty of reaching correct conclusions on serious and intricate problems within, approxi- matel}-, the shortest space of time. Such a combination Samuel Taylor Bodine, president of the great corporation, possesses to an eminent degree. Chosen its secretary THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 359 ?nd treasurer, when the company was organ- ized in 1882. he has devoted all his energies and life work to it since, and when, in March, 1912. he succeeded to the important office so long and ably held by Mr. Thomas Dolan, his elevation to the presidency was but the logical result and reward of faithful service and of ^vork well done. Mr. Bodine was born in Philadelphia. Au- gust 23, 1854. Son of Samuel Tucker Bodine, he is of French lineage, being descended in the male line from the Le Bandains wdio flourished in Cambray. France, from the twelfth to the seventeenth century. A member of this family emigrated to England in 1645, and in the early part of the eighteenth century an- other member, who bore the Anglicized name of Bodine, settled down in Staten Island, New York, and afterwards in Middlesex County, New Jersey, and became the founder of the American branch. His son, Francis, was the father of John Bodine, who was Samuel Taylor Bodine's grandfather, and who, during the American revolution, served for six years in the patriot ranks and winning the rank of captain. Samuel Tucker Bodine, father of the subject of this sketch, was of much prominence in the affairs of the Philadelphia of his day. He filled the office of Mayor of Kensington, anterior to its amalgamation with the city ; was a director of the Pennsylvania Railroad ; was manager of the Presbyterian Board of Publication and was esteemed as a man of sterling character and of public usefulness. He married Louisa Wyle -Milliken, a daughter of William Milliken and Marta Orr, both members of leading families of Philadelphia. Samuel Taylor Bodine's preparatory educa- tion was received at the Germantown Acad- emy. Later he entered the University and after a studious course graduated in 1873, in his nineteenth year. Three years later the Uni- versity conferred upon him the Degree of Master of Arts. Soon after his graduation Mr. Bodine began his business career as shipping clerk for the Royersford Iron Foundry Com- pany, at Royersford, Pennsylvania. Two years later he accepted a similar position with the Cohansey Glass' Company, Bridgeton, New Jersey. In 1876 Mr. Bodine entered the employ of Peter Wright and Sons, of Philadelphia, taking charge of the commercial side of the engineer- ing department and repair shops of the Ameri- can Red Star line of steamships. Here he con- tinued until June, 1882, when the United Gas Improvement Company was organized and he became its secretary and treasurer. This posi- tion afforded him a peculiar opportunity for the development of his' best energies and latent talent and so prominently were both identified with the success of the corporation that its management, in recognition of his services, appointed him, in 1888, general manager. In 1892 he was elected second vice-president, and two years later was promoted to the first vice-presidency. In both positions he still continued to discharge the duties of general manager, and to his initiative, as such, were largely due the surprising advance of the cor- poration as a business institution and the much better service which it was enabled to give to the public. His succession to the presidency, on the retirement of Mr. Dolan, became a fore- gone conclusion ; and he now occupies it with added credit to himself, with added benefit to the Corporation and with daily increasing ben- efit to the city and citizens of Philadelphia. With business capacity so large and busi- ness acumen so keen ^Ir. Bodine naturally has interests other than those of the great commer- cial organization of which he is the head. Pie is a director of the Franklin National Bank, of the Pennsylvania Company for Insurances on Lives and Granting Annuities and of the Fidel- ity Trust Company. He is also a trustee of the Academy of the Protestant Episcopal Church in Philadelphia; and his deep interest in the question of education has found sub- stantial evidence in the gift of the Bodine dor- mitory to the University of Pennsylvania. Mr. Bodine is a member of the Presbyterian Church, and is also a member of various soci- eties and social organizations. His clubs include the Sons of the Revolution, the Ritten- 360 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA house, the University. Phihidelphia ; the Uni- versity Club, New York the Germantown Cricket Club and the Merion Cricket Club, of which he is a member of the board of gov- ernors. Mr. Bodine was married November 15, 1883, to Eleanor Gray Warden, daughter of the late William G. Warden, and has three children — a son and two daughters. His domestic life, like his business career, has been signally success'- ful so far as the essentials of happiness and the esteem of a host of friends are concerned ; and he stands out prominently today as one of the most respected and beloved citizens of the Philadelphia of his birth, of his life work and of his great and monumental success. CHARLES STUART WOOD PACKARD PRESIDENT since 1899 of the Pennsylvania Company for Insurance of Lives and Granting Annuities, Charles Stuart Wood Packard stands a commanding figure in the financial world of Philadelphia. Nor is this position due to the accident of birth, or envi- ronment. While he comes of a prominent and highly esteemed family, and while all the asso- ciations of his youth and mature years were of the highest, the responsible office which he holds today and upon which he reflects the great- est credit, was achieved solely liy hard work, experience, high personal character and tal- ents of exceptional scope and more than ordi- nary ability. These have been his character- istics throughout a somewhat strenuous and ever useful life, and to these are due the re- spect and esteem attached to his personality and to his name today. Mr. Packard was born in Philadelphia, June 21, 18G0. His father was Dr. Hooker Packard, a distinguished physician and his mother, Elizabeth Wood, member of a prominent and most estimable family. His early education was acquired in Rugby Academy, from which he entered the Universitv of Pennsvlvania the class of 1880, and was graduated with the de- gree of Bachelor of Science. From 1878 to 1880 he was employed in the office of Peter Wright and Sons, shipping agents, where he gained a vast amount of experience, and in 1883 became secretary of the Philadelphia Warehouse Company and occupied this posi- tion for four years. By this time he had es- tablished such an excellent business reputation that in 1887 he was selected by the W^ashing- ton Manufacturing Company as its treasurer, and for five years discharged ably and well the duties incidental to that office. In 1892 Mr. Packard was appointed auditor of the Pennsylvania Company for Insurance on Lives and Granting Annuities. The follow- ing year he was chosen treasurer of the com- pany. This position he held until 1899, when his ability and worth won recognition by his election to the presidency of that great institu- tion. But his activities do not end with con- trol of that institution. He has been, besides, director of the Franklin National Bank, of the Fourth Street National Bank, of the Farmers' and Mechanics' Bank and of the Philadelphia Saving Fund Society. He is also a director of the Philadelphia Warehouse Company, of the Philadelphia Contributionship for the Insur- ance of Houses from Loss by Fire, of the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal Company, of the Westmoreland Coal Company, of the In- surance Company of North America, and is trustee of the Episcopal Hospital and of the Penn Mutual Life Insurance Company. He is a member of the Delta Psi fraternity and di- rector and formerly treasurer of the University Athletic Association. His clubs are the Rit- tenhouse, the Philadelphia Country, St. An- thony's and Racquet. ^Ir. Packard was married in 1882, in Phila- delphia, to Eliza Gilpin McLean, a daughter of Samuel McLean, who died in 1900, and has one son. John Hooker, 3rd., captain in the U. S. Army. His residence is 1830 South Ritten- house Square, Philadelphia, and his office ad- dress 517 Chestnut Street, Philadeli)hia. THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 361 ALBA B. JOHNSON TPIIE fame of the Baldwin Locomotive Works is world wide. Started in Philadelphia in 1831 by Matthias \\\ Baldwin, and with various chang-es from time to time in the firm name and personnel of its partners, the business con- tinued without interruption since, and now rep- resents the greatest and most complete indus- trial enterprise of its character in the world, with a steadily increasing trade with practi- cally every country on the globe. Its plant in the Fifteenth Ward of Philadel- phia covers over sixteen acres. Its foundries and shops at Eddystone, Pa., cover a tract of 225 acres, while in East Chicago. 111., 370 acres cover the extent of its future operations there. About forty-eight locomotives per week are its output, and to turn out these a regular army of workers is employed. As president of this great industrial con- cern. Alba B. Johnson's whole life career has been interesting and insi)!ring. and from the moment, }ears ago. w lien he registered at r.aldwin's in almost the humblest cai)acity, until his recent retirement as its head, indus- trv, zeal, faithfulness and ambition have been his incentive, his guide and his inspiration. Mr. Johnson was born in the home of indus- trv — Pittsburgh, Pa. — on Febuarv 8, 1858. His 362 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA father was Samuel Adams Johnson, and his mother Alma Sarah Kemp Johnson, and on both sides his ancestry was English. The family of Johnson, of which the subject of this sketch is the representative, was long identified with New England, being descend- ants of Lieutenant Timothy Johnson, a Colo- nial soldier of excellent record, who settled in Massachusetts in 1677. Mr. Johnson's father, Samuel A. Johnson, was one of the pioneers in the development of the oil fields of western Pennsylvania, but a destructive fire wrecked his properties and dis- pelled his well-grounded hope of wealth. After this disaster he came to Philadelphia, where he accepted a position as superintendent of a refinery owned and operated by Logan Broth- ers, and later on a foreman in the Baldwin Locomotive Works. His son, Alba B. Johnson, received his early education in the public schools of Philadelphia, and then entered the High School, from which he graduated in 1876 with the degree of A. B. Twenty-seven years later, that is, in 1909, this distinction was supplemented by the degree of LL. D., conferred upon him by Ursinus Col- lege, Pa. In May, 1877, Mr. Johnson began his life career by entering the employment of the Baldwin Locomotive Works, then owned by the firm of Burnham, Perry, Williams & Co., as a junior clerk. A year afterward he went to the Edgemoor Iron Works, at Wilmington, Del., where he acquired a valuable experience of two years. He then returned to the great plant in Philadelphia, with which he has been associated ever since. He was steadily advanced from one position of responsibility to another, and when, in 1896, the firm of Burnham, Williams & Co. suc- ceeded to the business he was admitted to part- nership. In 1909 the concern was incorporated as the Baldwin Locomotive Works, and in July of that year he was elected vice-president and treasurer. In 1911 he was made president of the mammoth industry, and as such now directs and controls it. But the field of his activities is not circum- scribed by the environments of the great plant. He is director of the Philadelphia Federal Reserve Bank, president of the Standard Steel Works, vice-president of the Philadelphia Chamber of Commerce, member of the New York Chamber of Commerce and trustee of the Jefiferson Medical College, Philadelphia. He is also active in the work of many sci- entific and social organizations, and is a mem- ber of the American Philosophical Society and the American Academy of Political and Social Science of Philadelphia. The interests of the Young Men's Christian Association also claim his attention, and of that well-known institution he is an active director. His clubs are the Union League, City and Manufacturers' clubs, of Philadelphia, and the Merion Cricket Club, of Haverford, Pa. ; the Gulf Mills Golf Club, and the Railroad, of New York. In politics Mr. Johnson is a Republican, and in religion a Presbyterian. In 1883 he was married to Elizabeth T. Reeves, who died in 1908, and in 1910 he was married to Miss Leah Gofif, of Philadelphia. His residence is at Rosemont, Philadelphia, his business address being the Baldwin Locomotive Works, Phila- delphia. TAMES RUTHERFORD McALLISTER, banker, was born in Philadelphia in 1863. He was educated in the public schools and at an early age entered the employ of the First National Bank of Philadelphia, and passed through various grades of promotion until ap- pointed paying teller. He resigned that posi- tion to enter the services of Corn Exchange National Bank as assistant cashier, later be- coming cashier. Upon organization of the Franklin National Bank in 1900 he became its cashier, and since 1904 has been its president. Director Commercial Trust Company, Guar- antee Company of North America, Philadel- phia P^lectric Company. Residence, Seminole and Hartwell Streets, Chestnut Hill. Office, b>anklin National Bank, Pliiladelphia. THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 363 JOHN ADAM RIGG "PRUM the comparatively humble position of street car conductor to the envial)le one of president, or director of over two-score rail- way companies represents the active career of John Adam Rigg. now one of the foremost residents of Philadelphia, as he is undoubtedly one of the most respected and esteemed. Son of Samuel Evan Rigg, a Lancaster County farmer, he was born in that county on h\'l)ruarv 14, 1834, and received his education in the i)ublic schools. .\t an early age he left the i)arental home to begin what was then, as it is now, a strenuous life. Settling down in Reading. Pa., he learned the trade of iron puddler and incidentally became interested in the street railway business of which in later years, he made a most remarkable success, and in which he was destined to receive high office 364 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA and correspondingly high honor and emoki- ment. Beginning at the very foot of the ladder, that is to sav as conductor, he became associated with the transit system in Reading and so quickly and so well did he master all its de- tails that in 1874 he was' appointed to the highly responsible and exacting position of superintendent. In that capacity he continued with the Reading City Passenger Railway Company until 1892, when he became general manager of the People's Passenger Railway Company of Philadelphia. While occupying this position Mr. Rigg had the development of the transit facilities that existed in Reading still in mind, and realizing the great future which lay ahead of a system based upon progress and all the modern re- quirements which true progress entails and demands, he organized the Reading Traction Company, which leased and consolidated the existing street railways of the city. He also organized the Metropolitan Electric Company, which manages the Reading Electric Light, Heat and Power Company, and the Neversink Electric Light, Heat and Power Company, controlling the electric lighting of Reading. Mr. Rigg was also one of the prime movers in the organization of the United Power and Transportation Company, which controls the street car railways of over a dozen cities in Pennsylvania, Delaware and New Jersey. The vast number of interests with which Mr. Rigg is actively connected and the amount of physical work and mental strain which such connection involves can be thoroughly appre- ciated by a glance at the almost astounding number of corporations that include his name either as president or director. To begin, he is both president and director of the Gordon Heights Railway Company, the Mercer County Traction, the Trenton, Hamil- ton and Ewing Traction, the Trenton, Penn- ington and Hopewell Street Railway, the Trenton Traction, the Union Railway Com- pany of Chester, the Wilmington City Elec- tric, the Wilmington City Railway, the Wil- mington and Chester Traction, the Wilkes- r>arre, Dallas and Harvey's Lake Railway, and the Wilkes-Barre and Wyoming Valley Trac- tion. Mr. Rigg is also president of the United Power and Transportation Company, of the Interstate Railway Company, of the Chester Traction, of the Philadelphia Electric, and of the Front and Union Streets Railway and the companies of which he is a director are the Real Estate Title and Trust Company of Philadelphia, the Lebanon Valley Street Rail- way, the Media, Glen Riddle and Rockdale Electric Street Railway, the Nanticoke Street Railway, the Pittston and Avoca Street Rail- way, the Pittston, Moosic and Pleasant Valley Street Railway, the Pittston Street Car Com- pany, the Plymouth Bridge Company, the Plymouth Street Railway, the Plymouth and Wilkes-Barre Turnpike, the Reading Traction, the Reading and Womelsdorf Electric Rail- way, the Roxboro, Chestnut Hill and Norris- town Railway, the Schuylkill Valley Traction, the Trappe and Limerick Electric Street Rail- way, the Wilmington and Edgemoor Electric Railway, the Wilmington and Great Valley Turnpike, the W>st Pittston and Wyoming Street Railway, the Wilkes-Barre and Kings- ton Passenger Railway, the Wilkes-Barre and Plains Street Railway, the Wilkes-Barre and Suburban Street Railway, and the Wilkes- Barre and West Side Railway. With such vast and varied interests demand- ing his attention Mr. Rigg is necessarily a busy man, in the broadest acceptation of that popular term, yet he finds time to interest him- self in a large measure with Alasonic and Odd Fellow societies of which he is a member. His only club is the Wyomissing, and auto- mobile riding his' chief relaxation. Mr. Rigg was married in December, 1872, to Sallie A. Baum, and is the father of Dr. Walter A. Rigg and Dr. Samuel B. Rigg. both noted phy- sicians. In politics he is a staunch Republican and in religion a Lutheran. His residence address is 220 South Fifth Street, Reading, Pa., and his business address 630 Widener Building, Phila- delphia. Tllli STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 3(k-> WILLIAM RAMSEY NICHOLSON W7ILLIAM RAMSEY NICHOLSON, presi- dent of the Land Title and Trust Company, is among-st the foremost financiers as well as the foremost citizens of his native Philadel- phia. Born in the Quaker City June 25, 1851, he represents the fourth generation of his fam- ily associated with it, and naturally feels a laudable pride in its progress and a deep and absorljing interest in its civic government and material well-being. Mr. Nicholson's father was Thomas Nicholson, also a prominent and highly esteemed citizen in his day, while his mother before her marriage was Ann McCon- nell. He received his' earlier education in the primary public schools, and later attended the Central High School, from which he graduated with honors. At the age of seventeen he entered the law office of William Nelson West, who was City Solicitor from 1879 to 1884. Here his natural ability, application to business and a faculty of mastering details soon became evident, and in a comparatively short time was recognized and (.mphasized by his being taken into partnership b\ Mr. West, whose practice, already firmly established, was steadily growing day after day. In ISSO Mr. Nicholson became associated with iM-ederick L. Michaelson and John M. I'.ricksdii in the real estate business. The oper- ations of this firm, especially in West Philadel- ])hia, were most extensive, and in the course of his activities he was brought into intimate relationship with P. A. B. Widcner, the great street railway magnate and financier, who considered him a man of exceptionally clear judgment and sound practical common sense. In 1885 Mr. Nicholson Avas elected a director of the l.and l^itle and Trust Company, which was established in that year. Five years later he was elected president of the West Philadel- l)hia Title and Trust Company. This position he held for a year, but resigned when, in 1891, he was elected president of the Land Title and Trust Company. Since his incumbency of this high and responsible position the business of the corporation has wonderfully increased, l^his is due, in a large measure, to two impor- tant factors or facts. The first and most essen- tial is that Mr. Nicholson brings to the dis- charge of his duties an agreeable personality and a wonderful business acumen, and the next is that he has surrounded himself and is sup- ported by a stafif of officials who represent effi- ciency to the last degree. Competence is the password to promotion with Mr. Nicholson, who invariably impresses upon even the least of the corporation's employees that the high- est positions at its disposal are the reward of efficiency, and of efficiency alone. Mr. Nicholson has always had a keen and ])ractical interest in civic government and municipal reform. In 1917, at much personal sacrifice, he decided to run on the reform ticket for city treasurer. In this case the office vir- tually sought the man. Mr. Nicholson was the unanimous choice of the reform leaders, who represented the Town ^Meeting party. They needed the strongest and most popular candi- 366 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA date available, and these necessary qualifica- tions being paramount in Mr. Nicholson, the eyes of the party chiefs instinctively turned towards him. A strict sense of public duty alone compelled Mr. Nicholson to accept the nomination thus tendered, which he did on the distinct under- standing that if elected he would turn over to the Y. M. C. A. War Council the fees and com- missions which all preceding city treasurers had regarded as their own. Mr. Nicholson and his colleagues on the ticket for municipal office received over 100,000 votes, and the vote they polled was so large and so close to the winning vote that the claim was made that a jugglery of the ballot-boxes was alone responsible for the apparent victory of their opponents, who rep- resented the dominant faction in the politics of Philadelphia. Mr. Nicholson is closely identified with reli- gious work. He was the manager and active leader in the campaign to raise $1,000,000 for the Philadelphia Young Men's Christian Asso- ciation. When it was proposed that William Sunday, the noted evangelist, conduct a series of revival meetings in the Quaker City Mr. Nicholson was one of the first prominent and influential men to carry the proposal into efifect. Not only did he do this, but he devoted him- self vigorously to the campaign, contributing most materially to its success and serving ac- tively and continuously as chairman of the finance committee. He was one of the City Club members who fought the sale of intoxicating liquors in that institution and succeeded in having it banished. Mr. Nicholson's business activities are by no means limited to the Land Title and Trust Company, of which he is president. He is also president and director of the Philadelphia Company for Guaranteeing Mortgages, and is a director of the West Philadelphia Title and Trust Company, the Fourth Street National Bank, the Girard Fire Insurance Company, the American Surety Company of New York, the Pittsburgh and West Virginia Railroad Com- pany, the Omaha Water Company and the Haverford Development Company. Furthermore, he is president and director of the Philadelphia Stock Exchange Building Company and member of the Clearing House Committee of the Philadelphia Clearing House. Mr. Nicholson's clubs are the City Club, of which he is vice-president, and the Union League. His residence address is 2415 Bryn Mawr Avenue, Philadelphia, and his office address, Land Title and Trust Building, Philadelphia. pEORGE KNOVE JOHNSON, president of the Penn Mutual Life Insurance Company, was born in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, De- cember 11, 1848, of Quaker parentage. He was educated in the Friends' Academy and at the Friends' Central School in Philadelphia, from which latter institution he was graduated in 1866. He began his business career as a clerk in a Philadelphia manufacturing house, and in 1880 started in business for himself as a mem- ber of the firm of Belknap, Johnson & Powell, manufacturers of umbrellas, which became the largest concern in that trade in the United States'. Mr. Johnson became a member of the Board of Trustees of The Penn Mutual Life Insurance Company, many years ago, was elected vice-president of the company in April, 1897, and continued in that office until the death of Mr. Harry F. West, when he suc- ceeded him in the presidency of that company, in which office he continues. Mr. Johnson is a director of the Camden (New Jersey) National Bank, and a trustee of many large estates. He is also a director of the Public Service Corporation and of the Electric Light Company. He is a Republican in politics, and in religion is a member of the Society of Friends. He also holds membership in the Union League, Philadelphia, the His- torical Society of Pennsylvania ; National Geo- graphic Society, American Academy of Po- litical and Social Science, Burd Industrial School, and other minor institutions. He was married in Camden, New Jersey, October 1, 1873, to Sarah Cooper, and has two children. Residence, Langhorne, Bucks County. Office, 921 Chestnut Street. Philadelphia. THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA T^bl DR. EDGAR FAHS SMITH T^HE place of first importance which the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania occupies among the great institutions of learning which are the pres'ent-day forces in the educational world has been won largely as the result of loyal devotion of and the wnde influence exerted by the suc- cession of men of strong personality and high scholarly attainments who have been the heads of its various departments. The Chemical Department of the University has for many years been in charge of Dr. Edgar Fahs Smith, under whose leadership it has become one of the country's most prominent schools in this branch of scientific learning. numbering among its graduates many men who have attained eminence as teachers of chemistry in the leading schools and colleges of the United States or as chemical experts" in various other fields of endeavor. Dr. Smith has developed many lines of research, but is best known for his work in the department of electro-chemistry, especially wnth the applica- tion of electricity to analytical chemistry. His first published article relative to this subject appeared in 1879, since which time his writings have been voluminous and far reaching in efi'ect. and include "Electro-Chemical Analy- sis." which, translated into German, French 368 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA and Chinese, is recognized throughout the world as an authoritative work on this branch of chemistry. The methods he has established for the determination of metals in an electrolytic way have been found to be uniformly accurate. He has made notable researches upon molybdenum and tungsten, and has published altogether about two hundred papers, embodying the results of his investigations in electro-chem- istry, in organic, inorganic and analytical chem- istry and the composition of minerals. Dr. Smith is one of the most highly esteemed men connected wnth the University of Pennsyl- vania, iiis duties as Provost bring him in close toacli with the members of the faculty and the administrative officers, and he makes it a practice to maintain an equally close per- sonal relationship with the whole student body. His office is always open to students seeking counsel, and it is his custom to attend many of the student meetings. Greatly interested in the athletics of the University, he has accom- plished much for the elevation of college sports. Pie is also very popular with the Alumni, and is often called upon to address Alumni gath- erings. Edgar Fahs Smith was born at York, Penn- sylvania, May 23, 1856. His preparatory edu- cation was obtained at the York County Acad- emy, in which he afterward taught. Entering the Pennsylvania College, Gettysburg, Penn- sylvania, in 1872, he was graduated therefrom in 1874 with the degree of B. S. He then went abroad and entered the University of Goettin- gen. Germany, where for two years he studied chemistry under Woehler and Huebner, and mineralogy under Von Waltershausen, receiv- ing his Doctor's degree in 1876. Returning to America in the autumn of the last-mentioned year, he accepted the position of Assistant in Analytical Chemistry to Pro- fessor F. A. Guenth, of the Towne Scientific School of the University of Pennsylvania. In this capacity he continued until 1881, when he became Asa Packer Professor of Chemistry at Muhlenberg College, Allentown, Pennsylvania. In 1883 he went to Springfield, Ohio, as Pro- fessor of Chemistry in Wittenburg College, and remained until 1888. in which year he returned to the University of Pennsylvania as Professor of Analytical Chemistry. In 1892 the Depart- ment of Organic and Industrial Chemistry was reorganized and placed in charge of Dr. Smith. He was chosen Vice-Provost of the University in 1899, but still retained the Chair of Chem- istry. In 1899 the honorary degree of Sc. D. was conferred upon him by the University of Penn- sylvania, and in 1906 that of LL. D. ; which degree was also conferred upon him in the same year by the Pennsylvania College, of Gettysburg. The honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by the University of ^^'isconsin in 1904; Franklin and Marshall in 1910; Rutgers College in 1911; University of Pittsburgh in 1912, and University of North Carolina in 1912. He received the honorary degree of L. H. D. from Muhlenburg College in 1911, and that of Sc. D. from the University of Dublin in 1912. Dr. Smith is a member of the National Acad- emy of Sciences, to which he was elected in 1898 ; the American Chemical Society, of which he was president in 1898; the American Asso- ciation for the Advancement of Science, of which he was the vice-president in 1898. and again in 1915, and the American Philosophical Society, of which he was president from 1902 to 1907. He served as a member of the Chemi- cal Jury of Awards at Columbia Exposition in 1893, and as a member of the United States Assay Commission in 1895, and again frorti 1901 to 1905. He is a member of the Robert Morris Club and of many of the University societies. He was one of the founders of the Pennsylvania Chapter of Phi Kappa Psi, and one of the organizers of the Pennsylvania Sigma XI honorary fraternity, and was founder of the fraternity magazine. "The Shield." Dr. Smith has contributed many important articles to scientific journals. For a number of years he was a member of the Committee on Papers and Publications issued by the Ameri- can Chemical Society. In addition to his great work, "Electro-Chemical Analysis," he has THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 369 published with Dr. John Marshall a book on "The Chemical Analysis of Urine," and with Dr. Harry F. Keller a work on "Experiments for Students in (jcneral Chemistry." He has translated a number of standard Ger- man works on chemistry, among which may be mcntit)ne(I Richtcr's "Inorganic Chemistry" and "( )rganic Chemistry," Classen's "Element- ary Quantitative Analysis" and Oettel's "Elec- tro-Chemical Experiments" and "Practical Exercises in Electro-Chemistry." L GUIS CHILDS AL\DEIRA, coal miner and shipper, Philadelphia, was born in the Quaker City, June 2, 1853, and is son of Louis Cephas Madeira and Adeline Laura (Powell) Madeira. He was educated in the Episcopal Academy of Philadelphia and graduated from the University of Pennsylvania as B. S. in the class of 1872. Mr. Madeira married in Phila- delphia, October 16, 1890, Marion Clark, and they have three children : Edward Walter, born Alarch 2Z, 1893 ; Crawford Clark, born Feb- ruary 23, 1894, and Elizabeth, born September 7, 1906. He was employed as civil engineer on the Wilmington and Northern Railroad, 1872- 1874, the Bound Brook Railroad from 1872 to 1874, and on the Bound Brook Railroad from 1874 to 1877. In the latter year he entered the firm of Louis C. Madeira & Sons, insurance agents and became an officer of Madeira, Hill and Company, miners and shippers of anthra- cite and bituminous coal, in 1902, and is now its secretary. Mr. Madeira is also secretary and director of George B. Newton & Company, Inc.; secretary and treasurer of the Saltsburg Coal and Mining Company; the Madeira-Hill-Clark Coal Com- pany; Thomas Colliery Company; Black Creek Coal Company ; Ashman Coal Company ; Brookwood Coal Company ; Colonial Collieries Company; director Standard Ice Manufactur- ing Company ; Union Insurance Company of Pennsylvania ; General Accident Company and Insurance Company of State of Pennsylvania. In addition he is manager of the Savings So- ciety of Germantown, member of the School Board of the 21st section; trustee Episcopal Academy since 1899, and was elected a trustee of the University of Pennsylvania, on nomina- tions of the Central Committee of the Alumni, in 1910. In politics he is a Repul)lican. He has been a member of the Committee of Seventy since 1905; member of the School Board 21st sec- tion, and in his church relations he is an I^pis- copalian. He has been a trustee of the l<'pis- copal Academy since 1899. His favorite recreations are golf, rowing, riding, cricket and tennis, and he has been active in all outdoor sports ; was vice-commodore, 1886-1888, and commodore, 1890-1891, of the Schuylkill Navy; a director of the Athletic Association of the University of Pennsylvania, 1891-1905. He is a member of the Rittenhouse, University, Philadelphia Country, Corinthian Yacht, Ger- mantown Cricket, and Philadelphia Barge Clubs. Residence, West School House Lane, Germantown. Address, 900 North American Building, Philadelphia. ^SA SHOVE WING, president of the Provi- dent Life and Trust Company of Philadel- phia, was born in Sandwich, Massachusetts, January 29, 1850, and is son of vStephen R. and Elizabeth C. (Shove) Wing. He was educated in the Moses Brown School at Providence, Rhode Island, and in 1867 entered the service of the Provident Life and Trust Company. In 1873 he was appointed assistant actuary, and in 1881 was elected vice-president, while re- taining the office of assistant actuary. In 1883 he was made actuary and served until 1899. In January, 1906, he was appointed president of the company. He was married in Philadel- phia, April 30, 1873, to Sophia Rhoads, and has one son. In politics he is an Independent Re- publican, and in religion a member of the Society of Friends. He is a trustee of Haver- ford College, of Bryn Mawr College and of the William Penn Charter School. Residence, 4028 \\^ilnut Street. Office, 409 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. 370 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA MORRIS PEROT. JR. /\M(JNG many other distinctions, Philadel- phia may claim that of having within her civic limits the oldest business house in the United States. This was established in the Quaker Cit_\- so far back as 1689, and the eighth generation of the family which established it now controls its destin}-. The Inisiness which an enterj^rising j)ioneer in the industrial activ- ity of Philadeli)hia created while the town founded by William Penn was still in its infancy was that of malting, and the man who created it was a highly esteemed and well-con- nected citizen named Perot. From that day in 1689, in wdiich it was started along neces- sarilv modest and limited lines, his descend- ants have uninterruptedly carried it on ; and in this year of grace 1919 a Perot alone is its owner. This is a record without parallel in the history of any industrv or of any city in the United States, and one of wdiich the represent- ative of the old family and the old-time busi- ness should feel legitimatel}- proud. That representative is T. Morris Perot, Jr., who is, to repeat, eighth in direct succession to and descent from the Perot of early Colonial da}s. Pie was born in Philadelphia, which his ancestors did much to create and develop, -Mav 6, 1872, and is a son of T. Morris and THE STORY OF PHILADELPIUA 371 Rebecca C. (Sites') Perot. His education was received in the well-known De Lancey School, and subsequently at a business college ; and then he began his life career. That life, from a material business viewpoint, has been most successful, and along the lines of personal honor, commercial integrity and public useful- ness it has been equally so. Mr. Perot is among the most progressive, the most ener- getic and the most unselfish of the sons of Philadelphia. Every movement calculated to advance the interests of his city or confer material benefits upon her people has not alone his earnest and active sympathy but his generous' pecuniary support ; and he is gener- ally recognized as one of the most public-spir- ited and useful citizens of Philadelphia. He is a prominent and active member of the Com- mittee of Seventy, an organization created by the reform element of the city to see to the jiroper enforcement of its election laws and to work generally along the lines of much-needed municipal reforms. He is also treasurer of the City Municipal Association, is manager of the Friends'' Charity Euel Association and the Northern Soup Society and is an active mem- ber of the Sons of the American Revolution, the Union League of Philadelphia and the City Club. He was married in Philadelphia May 18, 1905, to Mary Gummey, and has one son, T. ^lorris Perot, 3d. His business address is Lafayette Building, Philadelphia. EDWARD T. STOTESBURY IJEAD of the world-famous banking house of Drexel Company, Philadelphia, in which he began his business career at the age of seventeen, Edward T. Stotesbury was born in Philadelphia in February, 1849. He received his education in the public school, and from private tutors and embarked on what has been a most signally successful life work at the early age indicated. His connections outside those of Drexel Company are as numerous and varied as they are important. He is a member of J. P. Morgan & Company, New York ; presi- dent and director of the Germantown Steam Heating Comi)any ; Overbrook Steam Heating Company ; Pennsylvania Traffic Company ; vice-president and director Keystone Watch Case Company ; New York Standard Watch Company ; director of the Philadelphia Rapid Transit Company ; Argo Mills Company , Cot- ton Yarns, Buffalo ; Thousand Islands & Port- land Railroad Company ; Cambria Iron Com- pany ; Cambria Steel Company; Coxe Brothers Company, Incorporated ; Crescent Watch Case Company ; Electrical Securities Corporation ; Delaware, Susquehanna & Schuylkill Railroad Company ; East Harvard Watch Company ; Franklin National Bank ; Highland Coal Com- pany ; Jeflferson Fire Insurance Company ; Jessup & Moore Paper Company ; Lehigh Val- ley Coal Company; Lehigh Valley Railroad Company of New Jersey ; Lehigh Valley Rail- road Company ; Lehigh & New York Railroad Company ; Maryland Steel Company ; Morris Canal and Banking Company ; National Stor- age Company ; Fidelity Trust Company ; Na- tional Umbrella Frame Company; New York & Middle Coal Field Railroad and Coal Com- pany ; Niagara Falls Power Company ; Penn- sylvania Fire Insurance Company; Pennsyl- vania Steel Company ; Philadelphia National Bank ; Philadelphia Trust, Safe Deposit and Insurance Company ; Philadelphia Watch Case Company ; Phoenix Iron Company ; Philadel- phia & Reading Railway Company ; Philadel- phia & Reading Coal and Iron Company; Philadelphia & Erie Railroad Company ; Pul- aski Land and Improvement Company ; Read- ing Company ; Red Jacket Consolidated Coal and Coke Company ; Riverside IMetal Com- pany ; Schuylkill & Lehigh Valley Railroad Company; Transportation Mutual Insurance Company ; United States Watch Company ; \\'yoming Valley Coal Company; manager (lirard Trust Company; Merchants' Fund of Philadelphia ; member of advisory committee of stockholders Germantown Trust Company ; trustee Penn Mutual Life Insurance Company. Member Philadelphia Stock Exchange. His Club is the Union League, Philadelphia, and his of^ce address Fifth and Chestnut Streets, Philadelphia. 372 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA JUDGE JOHN U. PATTERSON T^HERE is no member of the judiciary in Philadelphia, or for that matter in the state of Pennsylvania, who is better known or more deservedly popular than John M. Patterson, Judge of ComnKin Pleas Court No. 1. A bril- liant lawyer, an upright judge, a good citizen and a man whose physical bravery has' been attested in the army of the ETnited States, he possesses every attribute that demands public appreciation and public esteem and the meas- ure of the one accorded him is only equalled by the depth, earnestness and sincerity of the other. Judge Patterson was born in the Quaker City in 1874. His father, the late Richard Pat- terson, was one of the active political leaders of his day, and bore through life an unblem- ished reputation which won for him a host of life-long friends. John M. Patterson, his son, was educated in the public schools, after which he entered the Law School of the University of Pennsylvania, from which he graduated in due course. He was' admitted to the bar in 1896, the year of his graduation, and at once entered into prac- tice. In this he was so singularly successful that he was selected by City Solicitor Kinsey as Assistant City Solicitor, and in this capacity did excellent work, earning a widespread repu- tation for earnestness and zeal as well as for a high order of legal and forensic ability. Judge Patterson served for many years as Associate District Attorney under John C. Bell and had so mastered the details of ofBcial procedure as to render his services almost in- dispensable. In this light Samuel P. Rotan probal)ly regarded them, for when he came up for election for a full term he was elected by the overwhelming vote of 97,867. AX'hen the Spanish-American War was de- clared in 1896 Mr. Patterson quit the Temple of Justice for the Camp of Mars. He enlisted as Color-Sergeant in the First Infantry, Penn- sylvania Volunteers, and had risen to the rank of Captain when the regiment was mustered out at the close of the war. When the United States' declared war on Germany in 1917 he volunteered his services to Colonel Theodore Roosevelt, former President, who had asked the Washington Government for permission to raise an army division for service in France. "In a great crisis like this," he wrote, "I be- lieve that every American between 21 and 45, if sound of limb and body, whose family would not suffer financial privation thereby, should offer himself for military service. It will mean more to our country and to the enemies of our country than mass meetings and patriotic speechmaking. Deeds, not words, are what we want. Men, not meetings, must be the na- tion's safeguard." But Judge Patterson's patriotic ambitions were not gratified. The War Department re- fused Colonel Roosevelt permission to form the army division he had contemplated and many men throughout the country who had, like Judge Patterson, offered their services to the ex-President, and, through him to the Gov- ernment of the United States, were sadly dis- appointed. THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 37:] Judge Patterson is one of the representa- tive men of Philadelphia who believe in better housing conditions' for the poor. Living in certain homes, which sociologists have char- acterized as "death vaults," "Siberian cells" and "chambers of horrors," he believes lead to crime and he has gone on record in favor of the utter and immediate abolition of such dens and of such environments. He i.s' a member of many social and political organizations, including the Dickens Fellow- ship, of which he is president ; the American Bar Association, the State Bar Association, the Law Association, the Athletic Club of Phila- delphia, the Morrison Republican Club, the L^nion League, the Masonic Fraternity and the A'esper Boat, the Art, the Racquet and the City clubs. CHARLES CUSTIS HARRISON pORN in Philadelphia, May 3, 1844, Charles Custis Harrison is the son of George Leib and Sarah Anne (Waples) Harrison, and is a direct descendant of Thomas Harrison, of Car- lisle, England, who visited America before the Revolution and there espoused the cause of the Colonies at the cost of the sacrifice of his Eng- lish estate. A son of Thomas established the first chemical manufactory in America and this was carried on by his descendants (uncles of Charles Custis Harrison) under the firm name of Harrison Brothers. On his mother's side he is descended from the famous family of Custis, of A'irginia. Mr. Harrison was educated in the Episcopal Academy of Philadelphia and later entered the Lniversity of Pennsylvania, from which he graduated in 1862, with the Degree of Bachelor of Arts and securing the Greek salutatorian prize and his election to the Phi Betta Kappa Society. In the year of his graduation he, with two partners, entered the sugar refining busi- ness under the firm name of Harrison, New- hall & Welsh, which later became known as Harrison, Frazier & Company and later as the Franklin Sugar Refining Company. In 1892, when the refinery was sold, it was doing the largest business in value of i)roducts of any manufactory in Pennsylvania. Mr. Harrison became an active member of St. Luke's Epis- copal Church, and the Society for Protection of Children from Cruelty, of which he is the president. He was elected a trustee of the University of Pennsylvania in 1876, and on the death as John Welsh succeeded him as chair- man of the Committee on Ways and Mean.s'. In 1894, on the resignation of Provost Pepper, he was requested to accept this of^ce. He de- clined, but was finally induced to accept it for a brief interval and after a year's experience consented in June, 1895, to be installed as pro- vost, in which office continued for fifteen years, resigning in 1910, after a most successful ad- ministration in which the educational stand- ards and the material resources of the Univer- sity were advanced to an exceptional degree of efficiency. He established, in honor of his father, the George L. Harrison Foundation for the Encouragement of Liberal Studies and the Advancement of Knowledge, endowing it with $500,000, its purpose being to establish scholarships and fellowships for men of excep- tional ability, increase the library, and aid pro- fessors to devote themselves to special work. Mr. Harrison was married, February 22, 1870, to Ellen Nixon Wain, and has three sons and three daughters. He is a member of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, American Philosophical Society of Pennsyl- vania, and Phi Betta Kappa Society. Club, University. Address, 400 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. ^^J FREDERICK SNYDER, Philadelphia banker and president of the Northern Trust Company of Philadelphia, began his business career with John H. Weeks as con- veyancer. He then entered the real estate business in which he was engaged until 1879, when he was elected to the position of presi- dent of the company which he now represents. He is also a director of the Girard National Hank and of the Independence Trust Company. His Club is the Whitemarsh Valley, of which he was former president. His office address is 135 South Fifth Street, Philadelphia. 374 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA p. F. ROTHERMEL. jR. The Bar of riiiladflphia has h)ng l)een regarded as the living embodiment of legal acumen, resourcefulness and skill. 15}- com- mon consent it occupies the foremost rank of the legal profession in the United States in profound knowledge and forensic eloquence ; and to be regarded as an able lawyer in the Quaker City means emphatically that the man so regarded for himself a claim for leadership and ability which the rest of the country will- ingly accepts and recognizes without question. Of such legal lights there is a large array in Philadelphia, and conspicuous among them is the subject of this sketch, P. F. Rothermel, Jr. A broad and comprehensive knowledge of the law, a resourcefulness of remarkable extent and variety, a very high ability and the rare fac- ult\' of immediately recognizing the salient points and features of a case and of making provision to grapple with and dispose of them at the proper time and in the proper place, are his chief characteristics; but there are others of less importance that go to make up the clever lawyer and successful advocate. With such traits and qualifications his remarkable success in his profession has come in something of the nature of a mere matter of course. Prospective clients heard that he was a great lawyer ; put the popular and widespread impression to the test ; found that Mr. Rother- THE SrORY OF PH ILADRLri 1 1 .1 mei's abilities were not overrated and l^ecame liis client and his friend to the end of their relations. Mr. Rothermel is of Dutch descent, coming of that sturdy race which contributed some of the most daring, useful and progressive pio- neers of civilization on the great western conti- nent, as well as some of the earliest. A literal translation of his name means "Red Slieve," and the eighteenth century was only three years old when his immediate ancestors' landed in Pennsylvania, settled in the beautiful Wyo- ming Valley, the sceneland of Longfellow's poem of "Hiawatha," where, like the average Dutch immigrants of those days, they grew in prosperity and wealth. Here Mr. Rothermel's grandfather resided for a time, but coming to Philadelphia in 1820 he became proprietor of the Eagle Hotel, on Third Street near Arch. Of Mr. Rothermel's father, Peter F. Rothermel, little need be said to the Pennsylvania readers' of this sketch. He was one of the greatest artists that the Key- stone State ever produced, and the splendid painting, "The Battle of Gettysburg," which adorns the State Capitol at Harrisburg, will ever remain a monument to his genius. P. F. Rothermel, the subject of this sketch, was born September 27, 1850, in Philadelphia, where his illustrious father had established his studio. W^hen about seven years old he was taken to Europe by the elder Rothermel, who spent a long time abroad in painting historical pictures. During this time his son received his education in the schools of France, Italy and Germany, and on his return to Philadelphia completed a classical course in the Central High School, from w^hich he graduated with ' xceptionally high honors in 1867. After graduation he decided to adopt the legal profession as his life career, and became a student in the law office of Hon. James T. Mitchell, afterwards Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania. Here he worked earnestly and well. He had decided, even then, to make a name in the profession, and his zeal in the acquirement of legal knowl- edge and the more varied knowledge that expe- rience brings', kept pace with his ambition. He was a close anm the Ouaker City to the famine-stricken subjects of the Czar. In rec- ognition of his great services on that occasion the Russian Emperor, Alexander III. presented him with an exquisite and costly gold and THE STORY OF ri 1 1 LAnTLTIU A silver table service, in 1881 he was selected as chairman of the Committee of One Hundred Executive Committee, and for two years dis- charged its arduous and exacting duties with the greatest satisfaction. In 1888 he was appointed by the courts a member of the Board of Education of Philadelphia. -Mr. Reeves is an elder of the Presbyterian Church and trustee of the (ieneral Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in the United States. He is also superintendent of Wakefield Presbyterian Simday School, and is always actively and liberally associated with religious and pri^•ate charities. He is a member of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, of the Presbyterian Historical Society, of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, of the Fairmount Park Art Association and of the Philadelphia Academy of the Fine Arts. His clubs are the City Club, of Philadelphia, and the Science and Art, of Germantown. He was married in Philadelphia April 26, 1860, to Ellen Bernard Thompson, who died in 1901, and has four children — Mrs. George H. Dea- con, Mrs. Sidney Williams, Francis P., Jr.. and Mrs. Arthur Haines. His residence is McKean Avenue, German- town, Philadelphia, and his office address, Girard National Bank, 116 South Third Street. Philadelphia. QEORGE BURNHAM, JR., manufacturer, capitalist and banker, was born in Phila- delphia, November 30, 1849, and is son of George Burnham, one of the firm of proprietors of the Baldwin Locomotive Works, who suc- ceeded the originator of the w^orks, Matthias W. Baldwin, and his partner and successor, John Baird. He was educated in the Rens- selaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N. Y ., grad- uating as a civil engineer in 1872. He married in Philadelphia, April 14, 1881, Anna G. Lewis, He entered the Baldwin works, in which his father had become senior partner, and which had adopted the title of Burnham, Williams & Company, and managed its financial depart- ment until December 31, 1906, when he retired from the firm and from active business pur- suits. The Baldwin works have of recent years enormously developed in capacity and are decisively the foremost locomotive manu- factory in the world. Mr. Burnham is also president of the Key- stone Coal & Iron Company ; vice-president and director of the Union Trust Company ; C. H. Wheeler Manufacturing Company, and the Bartram Hotel Company, and a director of the Central National J'.ank, and the Trades League of Philadelphia. In political life, Mr. Burham became promi- nent as an active reformer in municipal afi'airs, and as president of the Municipal League of Philadeli)hia worked earnestly for the over- throw of the political machine in that city ; he resigned the presidency of this association a few years ago, but is still on its list of mem- bers and is the treasurer and a member of the executive committee of the National Municipal League, an out-growth of the Philadelphia association. He is an associate member of the American Society of Civil Engineers and a member of the University and Art Clubs of Philadelphia and the City Clubs of New York and Philadelphia. Residence, 214 North Thirty- fourth Street. r)fTfice, 1218 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. QEORGE \Y. CHILDS DREXEL was born in Philadelphia, in 1868, and is son of the late Anthony Drexel, the well-known banker and philanthropist. He was educated in private schools and by tutors and was married at V'in- centown, Burlington County, New Jersey, No- vember 18, 1891, to Mary S. Frick. Afr. Drexel became connected with the Philadelphia Led- ger in association with the late George W^ Childs. whom he succeeded as editor and pub- lisher of that paper, conducting it until 1903, when the paper was' sold and he retired. His town house is at Locust and lughteenth Streets, Philadelphia, and country homes are 'AVootton," Bryn Mawr, Pa., and North Isles- boro, Maine. Office, 608 Chestnut Street Philadeljihia. 378 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA HERMAN L. HOHLFELD i^NE of the most cons])ici.U)Us examples of the prominent men of our (hiy who have carved their fortunes out of the opjiortunitieS of which their industry availed, or created, and who stand the embodiment of business enter- prize, commercial integrity and the highest sense of personal honor, is Herman L. Hohl- feld, president and sole proprietor of the Hohl- feld Manufacturing Company, whose i)roduct of hammocks of all grades and styles has long since acquired a reputation co-extensive with their use, both in the United States and abroad. Born January 12, 1866. amidst the mountain passes of historic Saxony, which has given to the world at large so many men famous in commercial and manufacturing enterprises, he was but a lad of six when his parents left the land of their birth in pursuit of fortune in the United States. In Saxony the textile indus- try takes the lead, a vast number of persons lieing employed in the weaving of linen, cot- ton and woolen fabrics, and in the manufacture of knitted goods, embroidery and lace. In such environments it was but natural that Mr. Hohlfeld's father, Henry Hohlfeld, should be- come a weaver, and he did. After some years at the loom he was pro- moted by his employers to the responsible and THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 379 somewhat onerous position of salesman, and was still acting in this capacity when in 1871, accompanied by his wife, Caroline, and their son, the subject of this sketch, he emigrated to the United States. Arriving in New York, he got employment at this trade, and for two years continued in the Empire City. Adams, Massachusetts, was his next objective, and there he spent four years, moving after that period to Philadel- phia, where he got immediate employment as a weaver in the extensive plant of John and fames Dobson. With this firm he remained until 1886, wdien he died. Up to the age of twelve Herman L. Hohl- feld had attended the public school at Adams ; but on the arrival of the family at Philadel- phia he secured employment as creel boy in the plant in which his father worked. His connection with the firm of John and James Dobson was marked by diligence, industry and strict attention to the details of his w^ork. He had, in a comparatively short time, acquired the habit of doing the right thing in the right way, and almost invariably he did it well. To such a lad promotion was inevitable, and pro- moted he regularly was until he had attained the responsible position as assistant yarn boss. Later on, when he had mastered all the intrica- cies and details of this work, he took up weav- ing, and as weaver spent the rest of his time with the firm, with which in various capacities he was connected about seven years. Leaving the Dobson firm he became con- nected with that of McCallum & McCallum, as weaver, and continued in their employment for a year and a half. Working for a similar period for Ivins, Deitz & Magee, he became yarn boss with this latter firm, and held that position for two and a half years. At this period the management of John and James Dobson, mindful of his former record and serv- ices, offered him the position of overseer, which he accepted and held for five years, en- joying all that time the fullest confidence of his employers and the respect and esteem of all with whom his business relations brought him in contact. By this time his record for fidelity, efficiency and worth had become firmly established, and as a result he was offered the responsible posi- tion of general manager by the Van Deventer Carpet Company, an organization owning and operating two plants, one at Plainfield, N. J., and the other at Greensboro, N. C. Three years of a strenuous life was spent in this ca- pacity, and at the end of that time Mr. Ilohl- feld returned to Philadelphia to become the partner of Mr. Patterson, in the Patterson Manufacturing Company. With the name changed to Patterson and Hohlfeld, the firm continued the manufacture of hammocks until 1904, when Mr. Hohlfeld purchased the interest of his partner and be- came sole proprietor of what is now know^n far and wide as the Hohlfeld Manufacturing Company. The output of the firm includes a general line of hammocks, couches, Turkish towels and a particularly fine grade of linens. A fea- ture of their products also is the application of many new devices, such as adjustable head- rests, and the latest innovations in the proper adjustment and hanging of hammocks. As a result of the practical application of the good old motto that merit counts, and of the appreciation which such application invari- ably entails, the business of the firm is not only already established on a substantial basis, but is being steadily and systematically extended. "See and you will buy," is a guiding princi- ple with Mr. Hohlfeld. No one more thor- oughly realizes the value of publicity com- bined with superior workmanship than he ; and to attain it in a strictly practical way he main- tains, at 221 Fourth Avenue, in the American Woolen Ikiilding, New York City, a large and well appointed sample room for hammocks, and at 61 White Street, New York City, for the towel department, where the products of his looms may be inspected by the trade in general. The steady growth of his business in Phila- delphia has forced his removal to larger and more commodious premises, and upon the 380 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA large plot of ground on Sedgley Avenue, at Tenth Street, North of the Pennsylvania Rail- road Company's tracts and East of German- town Avenue, Mr. Hohlfeld has' erected one of the most up-to-date and elaborately equipped fire-proof factories in the city. This structure is built entirely of concrete, has its own electric light and power plant, is thoroughly ventilated and well lighted, and is, in a word, a workshop in wdiich all the re- quirements of sanitation and of hygiene, and all the needs of its army of toilers in the direc- tion of safety and of health, are adequately conserved. In politics Mr. Hohlfeld is a Republican, but he has never had any desire for political pre- ferment or office. He is a member of the Union League, the Manufacturers' Club, the Trades League, the Philadelphia and National Chamber of Commerce, Pen and Pencil Club, the American Civic Alliance, Atlantic Deeper Waterw^ays. He also holds high rank in the Masonic Order, being a member of Lodge No. 9, F. & A. M., of Philadelphia, Corinthian Chapter, R. A. M., the Scottish Rite, Corin- thian Commandery, and is also a member of Lu Lu Temple Nobles of the Mystic Shrine. His residence address is 6521 Lincoln Drive, Philadelphia. "DANDAL MORGAN, lawyer and capitalist, was born in Philadelphia, (October 18, 1862. and is son of Charles E. and Jane Potter (Buck) Morgan. He received his education in the Germantown Academy and later entered the University of Pennsylvania, from wdnich he graduated, in 1873, with the Degree of Bachelor of Arts, receiving later from the same university the Degree of Master of Arts. He studied law in the office of Morgan and Lewis and was admitted to the Bar of Philadelphia in 1877. He married Anna, daughter of Mar- shall Spring Shapleigh. In his practice he has attended specially to corporation law, and in 1882 was appointed general counsel for the United Gas Improve- ment Company. This position he still holds, and has been third vice-president of that com- pany since 1892. He is also vice-president of the Public Service Corporation of New Jersey, and of the Welsbach Company ; manager of Girard Trust Company, Western Saving Fund Society of Philadelphia ; director First National Bank, Philadelphia National Bank, Union Lighting and Heating Company (Philadel- phia), and Trust Company of America (New York City). He was elected a trustee of the University of Pennsylvania in 1897, and is a member of the Rittenhouse, ^Manufacturers' and University clubs of Philadelphia, and of the Lotus and University Clubs' of New York. Address, Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia. pRANCIS ENOCH BREWSTER, banker and lawyer, was born in Philadelphia, March 17, 1852, and is son of Honorable Fred- erick Carroll and Emma (Bartso) Brewster. He was educated in the public schools of Phila- delphia and later entered the University of Pennsylvania, from which he graduated, with the Degree of Bachelor of Arts, in 1870, and from which he received the Degree of Master of Arts three years later. He was admitted to the Bar of Philadelphia in March, 1873. and also to the Supreme Courts of Pennsylvania and the United States. He was married in Atlantic City, N. J., March 2, 1901, to Georgia Beaver, of Germantown, Philadelphia. Until January, 1899, he was assistant solicitor to the Board of City Trusts and was elected solicitor, a position he still holds. He was first vice- president and director of the Commonwealth Title Insurance and Trust Company of Phila- delphia ; is a Republican in politics and in re- ligion is an Episcopalian. His Clubs are the Germantown Cricket, Philadelphia Barge, Lawyers', Racquet (treasurer and member Board of Governors). Residence, Manheim Street, near Wissahickon Avenue, German- town. Office, 214 West Washington Square, Philadelphia. THE STORY OF I'l 1 1 1 .AniiLI'l i I A 3s I THOMAS DeWITT CUYLER /^NE of the foremost cor])oration lawyers and financiers in the United States, and one of the most active and successful, Colonel Thomas De A\'itt Cuyler stands a unique and command- ing figure in the Uar of Philadelphia. His wide knowledge and varied experience of this branch of legal work are well and widely known, and the constructive alnlity for which he is famous is largely availed of h}' corpora- tions all over the city. In addition to this, his l)usiness interests and affiliations are most extensive and widely di\ersified, with the result that, although a man of considerable wealth, he is generally as ])US}' as the proverbial bee and just as industrious. Colonel Cuyler was born in Thiladelphia September 2X, 1S54, and has been associated with the city all his life. Coming of good old Dutch ancestry, on both the paternal and maternal sides, his father was Theodore Cuy- ler, who was for many years one of the Quaker City's most prominent lawyers', and who was at one time counsel for the Pennsylvania Rail- road Company. His mother was Mary De \\ itt. of the well- known famil}- of that name, and ])oth ])arents were as much honored and esteemed in the citv as they were socially and otherwise promi- nent. Colonel Cuyler received his elementary education in the private schools of Philadel- 382 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA phia. and later entered Yale, from which, after a brilliant course, he graduated in 1874 with the degree of Bachelor of Arts, and since then has been made LL. D. Immediately after graduation he took up the study of the law in his father's office, and was admitted to the Bar June 2, 1876. From the start his professional life was a success. With the prestige of his father's name as a valuable asset, he began his career, but in a compara- tively short time he established a name and a reputation of his own, with the natural result that his law business grew steadily larger and wider in its scope. His practice was a general one, but later he made the study of corporation law a specialty, and shortly established a repu- tation and an influence that have long since been recognized and a|)preciated all over the country. He is now counsel for a large number of corporations in Pennsylvania and other states, among which may be mentioned the Adams Express Company, the Equitable Life Assur- ance Company, the Guarantee Company of North America and the Franklin National Bank. Colonel Cuyler's business connections are most extensive, also. He is president and director of the Commercial Trust Company, the Pennsylvania Company for Insurances' on Lives and Granting Annuities, the Philadelphia Savings Fund, the Guarantee Comjjany of North America, the Bankers' Trust Company, the Guarantee Trust Company, the I'nited States Mortgage and Trust Comj^any, the Equital)le Trust Company of New York and the Equita])le Life Insurance Society of the United States. He is also largely interested in many of the great transportation comjjanies. and is a direct- or of the Pennsylvania, the Atchison. Topeka and Santa h>, the New York, the Long Island and Maine Central railroads, the New Eng- land Navigation Company, etc. Colonel Cu}-ler has been for manv vears prominent in the National (iuard of Pennsyl- vania. In December, 1874. he enlisted in the First I'roop, Philadelphia Cavalry, and in Feb- ruary, 1883, was mustered out with the rank of Sergeant. On September 10, 1887, he was appointed Judge Advocate of the First Bri- gade, serving as such until appointed Division Judge Advocate. Subsequently, during the administration of Governor Pattison, he was appointed Judge Advocate General of the State National Guard, a position which carries with it the grade of Colonel. While Colonel Cuyler is a member of the Young Men's Democratic Association, he has never identified himself very closely or actively with either State or Municipal politics. He is a member of the Second Presbyterian Church, and for many years he has taken an active and prominent part in its afifairs, and is at present serving upon its Board of Trustees'. His clubs include the Philadelphia, the Rit- tenhouse, the Racquet and the Country, of Philadelphia, and the Century and University clubs, of New York. Colonel Cuyler was married in 1881 to Frances Levis, and has four daughters. His residence address is and his' office address, 701 Commercial Trust Building, Philadelphia. WILLIAM BARKLIE HENRY, banker, Philadelphia, was born in the Quaker City, December 5, 1867, the son of Morton Pearson and Annie (McKee) Henry. Edu- cated, in the first instance, in the public schools of Philadelphia he entered the University of Pennsylvania, from wdiich he graduated in 1889. Mr. Henry is senior partner of the bank- ing firm of Henry and West and is president of the American Girard Rail Fastner Company, and of the Standard Patent Appliance Com- pany and is director of the Netherlands Tram- way Company and of the Chestnut Street Realty Company. He is an Episcopalian and is a member of the Delta Psi Fraternity. His Clubs are the Philadelphia, Racquet, Corin- thian Yacht of Philadelphia, and the New York Yacht of New York City. He was married in Washington, D. C, to Alice, daughter of Gen- eral William A\'. Belknap, Secretary of \\'ar under President Grant THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 383 JOHN HOWARD McFADDEN r^OMING of a famih- long identitied with Philadelphia and among the leaders of its most exclusive social set. wealthy, ciTltured and dignified, John Howard McFadden is one of the Quaker City's most prominent men and among the most esteemed. Cosmopolitan in his habits, he has spent many years of his life abroad, and there are few capitals in Europe in Avhich he has not mixed, an honored guest, in the very highest circles. A patron of Art and the Sciences, his name is known throughout the world, and in the metropolis of England ^vhat is known as the "John Howard McFad- den Research Fund" is as familiar as a house- li')ld word. In commercial circles far apart throughout tlie globe he is also well known, and every- where to his credit. Xor is the full measure of his great ]:)opularity to be wondered at. It is, rather, the logical effect of a natural cause; and in his ])articular case the cause is an inher- ent urban It}-, a rare personal magnetism, a \\ ide and Aaried knowledge of men and things, a cultured mind, a charming manner and an almost inexhaustible fund of humor and that sense of humor so typical of the Irish race, from one of the most prominent northern septs of which Mr. McFadden is descended. Mr. Mcl'adden was born in Philadelphia December 3, 1S50. and is a son of ( jeorge Mc- 384 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA Fadden, founder of the extensive business, in wliich he and his brothers have an interest. He was educated at the Episcopal Academy, and was thoroughly prepared for a college course, but his father dying in 1868 he had to abandon his further studies, forego a course of univer- sity training and apply himself instead to mer- cantile pursuits. His brother, George H. Mc- Fadden, had previously been connected with the business, and three years after their father's death the firm of George H. McFadden & Brother was established, the subject of this sketch becoming a partner in what has long since become the greatest cotton corporation in the world, with a branch house in every great country and a trade coextensive with the boundary lines of civilization. In 1871 John Howard McFadden took up his residence in London as' senior member of the firm of Frederic Zerega & Co., a corpora- tion established to take charge of the foreign interests of George H. McFadden & Brother. From his schoolboy days Mr. McFadden had been keenly interested in science and art, and when he went to London had all the advan- tages of close and intimate association with the leading scientists of the world, as well as with the world's most prominent artists and patrons of art. That association was of incalculable benefit to him. It broadened his perspective, it stimu- lated faculties that in other circumstances might have continued dormant, and it gave further stability and the imprint of a superior authority to his views and opinions regarding matters within the scope of the fruitful field of research and of mental expansion which proved so attractive to him and which occupied so much of his time. At this period the alarming growth of cancer and other germ diseases forced itself upon his attention and study, and after long and pains- taking investigation he, establia'hed the Research Fund, to which reference has already been made. The habitat of the Fund is the Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine, at Chelsea Gardens, London, and of this Mr. IMcFadden is the sole and only patron. Here a corps of competent scientists' are continually investigating the causes of the terrible malady of cancer and similar germ diseases, and so far the work performed by these scientists has been of the most gratifying and encouraging character. In this' connection it is entirely proper to say that Mr. McFadden's noble efiforts on behalf of stricken humanity have been lavishly lauded by the entire medical press of Great Britain, and in almost equal degree by the medical press of the entire world. Such efiforts are the promptings of the truest and best phi- lanthropy ; and when in the future a cure for cancer shall inevitably have been discovered, no matter where, or no matter by whom, Mr. McFadden must be recognized as one of the first and one of the foremost pioneers in the grand and unselfish w^ork of discovering such a cure. This has bafiled and eluded science so far, but science must ultimately win ; and with the triumph of science will come personal tri- umph for John Howard McFadden. After an absence of twenty-one years s'pent principally in London, but interspersed and relieved by many tours in the European conti- nent, Mr. McFadden returned to his native Philadelphia in 1904 to look after his steadily growing and expanding interests in that city. Immediately on his return he purchased the magnificent residence of Alexander Brown, the noted banker, at Nineteenth and Walnut Streets. Here he has an almost priceless' col- lection of objects of art. Some thirty years ago he began a collection of Fighteenth-Cen- turv paintings by English old Masters, and his gallery of these is about one of the choicest and most extensive in the world. Manv curious and quaint miscellaneous objects are also included in 'Mr. ]\IcFadden's collection, among which is one he prizes highly. This is a globe representing the world, and at the North Pole is traced Admiral Peary's route to it, and also the signature of the intrepid explorer. At the South Pole the signature of Captain Roald Amundsen, its discoverer, is traced, while that of Sir Ernest Shackleton is afiixed to the Antarctic Magnetic Pole, which THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 3S5 he reached. The spot where Stefanson discov- ered the White Eskimo is marked by the sig- nature of that explorer. During Sir Ernest Shackleton's recent visit to the United States he was the guest of Mr. ]\IcFadden, to whom he presented a complete collection of rare specimens, the accumulation of his' several voyages to the Antarctic regions. ]\Iosses, grasses, flowers and shrubs, with spec- j imens of insect life, minerals and rock, are included in this superb collection, together with magnificent photographs of the giant glaciers and wide expanses of ice that mark the frozen deep arotmd the southern extremity of the world. All these specimens — the entire collection, in point of fact — Air. McFadden presented to the Philadelphia Museum and School of Industrial i Art, of which he is one of the trustees. Air. AIcFadden holds membership in some of the most exclusive scientific, art and social organizations in this country and abroad. I Among them are the Junior Carlton, of Lon- don ; the Metropolitan, the New York Yacht Club, the Players and New York clubs, of New \ York City ; the Union League, Art and Racquet clubs, of Philadelphia, and many others. He was president of the Art Club, Philadel- I phia, and is a trustee of Jefiferson Hospital and College, is a member of the Historical and Geographical Societies of Philadelphia and the National Geographical Society, of Washington, D. C. He is, in fact, a man of many parts', a man of affairs and of the world, a good citizen and a credit to Philadelphia. ^yiLLIAM POTTER, lawyer and diplomat, of Philadelphia, and president of the Jef- ferson Medical College and Hospital, was born in Philadelphia, April 7, 1852, and is son of Thomas and Adaline Coleman (Powxr) Potter. Me was educated in the public schools and en- tered the University of Pennsylvania in the class of 1874, but left the institution before graduation. Mr. Potter was formerly vice-president, and is now director, of Thomas Potter Sons & Company, Incorporated ; member of the Phila- delphia Bar, and of the Board of City Trusts, which has oversight of Girard College, Ben- jamin h>anklin Fund and all other trusts be- queathed to the City of Philadelphia, and trustee of Pennsylvania Institute for Deaf and Dumb. He was United States minister to Italy by appointment of President Harrison ; special Government commissioner to London, Paris and Berlin, to negotiate system of Marine Post Offices, 1890; delegate of the United States to the Universal Postal Union, Vienna, 1891 ; re- fused the tender of ambassador to Germany from President AIcKinley, Alarch, 1897 ; served on the National Relief Commission to Porto Rico during the Spanish-American War. He is a member of the Permanent Relief Com- mittee of Philadelphia ; was chairman of the Advisory Board of Citizens called to counsel Mayor Weaver during 1905 ; nominated on Uniform Primary by City and Democratic parties for Mayor of Philadelphia, and though defeated, secured 97,856 votes against the Republican organization. He was also sec- retary of the Union League of Philadelphia. In addition, Mr. Potter is member of Council of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania ; di- rector Pennsylvania Society, Sons of Revolu- tion ; honorary member New Jersey Society of the Cincinnati, and member Society War of 1812. During the w^ar between the L^nited States and Germany he was appointed fuel administrator of the State of Pennsylvania and discharged the incidental duties with efficiency and tact. He married, first, in Chestntit Hill, April 25, 1878, Jane Kennedy Vanuxem. who died January 17, 1897; married, second, Hetty Vanuxem, her sister, in 1899, who died August 12, 1901, and he had four children, Frederick Vanuxem (died April, 1885), Adaline Coleman, now Mrs. Joseph \\'alker Wear, T^lizabeth Vanuxem Potter, now Airs. A\'illiam E. Good- man, Jr., and Alice Vanuxem Potter. Resi- dence, Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia. Office ad- dress, 1001 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. 386 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA MORRIS WOOD IV/rORRIS WOOD, well known capitalist of Philadelphia, whose operations in real estate are as extensive as they are varied and important, is one of the remarkable men in the business activities and social life of the Quaker City. Young in years, but matured by training, instinct and experience, he is a business man of exceptionally high capacity and the success that has crowned his life ef- forts in the particular domain to which he has devoted his' talents is due to the exercise of sound judgment and a thorough appreciation of the possibilities of the future rather than to the fortuitous circumstances, or combination of circumstances, by which the fortunes of men are often determined and their whole lives shaped. Possibly this acute instinct is also a heritage from that ancestor, for in his day Wistar Mor- ris was regarded as one of the cleverest busi- ness men that ever controlled in Pennsylvania interests so vast or so complicated as those which under his able management were crowned with such signal or such abiding success. Of Wistar Morris, grandfather of Morris Wood, it is unnecessary to write to any extent because, in the first instance, his name is as THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 387 a household word in Pennsylvania, and in the next because any reference that would do but simple justice to his personality and life work would necessarily far exceed the limits of an ordinary life sketch. To those of another gen- eration, however, it may be said that Wistar Morris — more extensively and popularly known as Wistar Morris — was one of the most distinguished and most illustrious men that Philadelphia ever produced. Representative of a name associated with the Quaker City since the days of Anthony Morris, its second mayor, Wistar Morris was born in Philadel- phia in 1835. A thorough business training supplemented the liberal education he received and in his early manhood he became interested in the development of the anthracite coal re- gions of the State. His talents as an engineer of more than ordinary ability were devoted assiduously to this work, and the extraordi- nary development of the anthracite industry in Pennsylvania is due in the largest possible measure to his industry, his zeal, his patience in the most trying circumstances and his skill. He operated most extensively in Schuylkill County before the Civil War and diiring the progress of the struggle spent much of his time in Washington in connection with legis- lation bearing upon the development and pro- tection of the industry which his magnificent efforts had created. After the Civil War he was chosen president of the Locust Mountain Coal Company, the Coal Ridge Coal Com- pany and a number of other corporations con- nected with the operations of the Lehigh Val- ley Railroad. These, and other strenuous and exacting activities he continued until he had reached the age of seventy, when he retired from active business to devote his time to his- torical research and literary work. In this extensive field he was as earnest and as persistent as he w^as in the charitable and philanthropic works with which his name was associated. He had a wonderful knowledge of local affairs of interest to Philadelphia, and his collections of books, prints and data on this subject w^as both rare and extensive. He was one of the most prominent, and most ac- tive members of the Historical Society of I'cnnsylvania and of the American Philosophical Society and his association with a large num- ber of scientific and literary organizations was always active and in many instances acute. On the whole he was a most remarkable man, and one of whom the city of Philadelphia is very and justly proud. Mr. Wood's father, the Rev. Charles Wood, was one of the most popular and esteemed clergymen that ever held a pastorate in Phila- delphia. Born in Brooklyn, New York, June 3, 1851, and son of John T. and May (Lyon) Wood, he was educated at Haverford College and Princeton Theological Seminary. In the former institution he secured the degree of Bachelor of Arts in 1870, and three years later that of Master of Arts. He graduated from Princeton in 1873 and in 1885 was given the degree of Doctor of Divinity. After his graduation from Princeton he was ordained a minister of the Presbyterian Church and be- came pastor of the Central Church, Buffalo, N. Y., in which he remained until 1878. His next pastorate was the Fourth Church of Al- bany, N. Y., and from there he came to Ger- mantown. Pa., to accept the pastorate of the First Church. He remained in Germantown from 1886 to 1896, and in the latter year be- came pastor of the Second Presbyterian Church, Philadelphia, in which he continued his ministration until 1908. Since this latter date he has been pastor of the Church of the Covenant of Washington, D. C. He is known as an author of unquestionable repute, the chief of his works being "Saunterings In Europe," 1882; "Beginning Life," 1887; "Friends and Foes of Youth," 1898, and "Some Moral and Religious' Aspects of the War," 1915. These indicate a high standard of lit- erary ability, keen and well reasoned philoso- phy and a large acquaintance with the more serious problems and events of the day. Dur- ing his connection with Philadelphia, in the city proper as well as in its well-known suburb of Germantown, Rev. Mr. Wood's great abili- ties as a pulpit orator and as a lecturer were largely availed of and many audiences: through- 388 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA out the city have been thrilled and delighted at intervals by the magic and inspiration of his oratory. Morris Wood, son of one of these remark- able men and a grandson of the other, was born on Greehill Farm, Overbrook, Philadel- phia, November 19, 1885. He received a lib- eral education at Lawrenceville, New Jersey, and this was supplemented by private tuition, and has been further extended and amplified by deep reading and close contact with men of affairs. In his case, as in many others, heredity has laid its imprint and many of the sterlmg and remarkable qualities of sire and grandsire are paramount in him, although ostentation, or self-appreciation, is not even a remote fea- ture of his personality. His real estate trans- actions, which are mainly devoted to Over- brook and its neighborhood, where he is a large owner of real estate himself, occupy most of his time while finance, in which he is largely and substantially interested, comes also in for a large amount of his attention. Apart from business, shooting and fishing are his hobbies, and in this connection he is an active and prominent member of the Philadelphia Gun Club and the Overbrook Golf Club. He also holds membership in the Racquet Club, Phila- delphia, the Philadelphia Country Club and the San Antonio (Texas) Country Club. Mr. Wood was married in the First Presby- terian Church, Philadelphia, June 10, 1914, to Mildred Grice, whose father was the pioneer newspaper man of Texas, owner of the San Antonio Press, the leading and most conse- quential daily. His sister, Mrs. W. Logan McCoy, resides in the old Morris mansion at Overbrook, and Mr. Wood also lives in that exclusive suburb, his residence address being 6380 City Avenue. He is a Republican in politics, but has never aspired to public office, nor identified himself closely with any faction of the Republican party. He is keenly inter- ested in the welfare and advancement of Phila- delphia and is ever alert to give moral and material support to any movement in this direction. CHARLEMAGNE TOWER T AWYER, diplomat and capitalist, Charle- magne Tower w^as born in Philadelphia, April 17, 1848, and is son of Charlemagne Tower, eighth in descent from John Tower, who emigrated from Hingham, Norfolk, Eng- land, to Massachusetts. Mr. Tower received his preparatory education in the Military Academy, New Haven, Connecticut ; Phillips' Academy, Exeter, New Hampshire, and en- tered Harvard University, from which he was graduated as Bachelor of Arts, in 1872. He pursued graduate studies in history, foreign languages and literature in Europe, 1872-1876, and afterward studied law in the office of Will- iam Henry Rawle in Philadelphia. He received the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws from Lafayette College, the University of Chicago, and the Universities of Glasgow and St. An- drew's'. Mr. Tower was admitted to the Philadelphia Bar in 1878, and in 1882 removed to Duluth, Minnesota, where he was president of the Duluth & Iron Range Railroad and managing director of the Minnesota Iron Company. He returned to Philadelphia in 1887, and has since made his home there, owning large interests and being officer and director in various large corporations. He began his diplomatic career in 1897, upon his appointment by President McKinley as' envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Austria-FIungary. He was ambassador to Russia from 1899 to 1902, and to Germany from 1902 to 1908. He is director of the Fidelity Trust Company and the Com- mercial Trust Company of Philadelphia, is manager of the Western Saving Fund Society of Philadelphia and has many other corporate connections. He is author of a two-volume work on The Marquis de La Fayette in the American Revolution, 1895 (Lippincott). He received from the French Government the decoration of grand officer of the Legion d'Honneur, and was for several years a trustee of the University of Pennsylvania, and is a member of the American Philosophical Society of Philadelphia. His office address is 228 South Seventh Street, Philadelphia. THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 389 XJATHAN T. FOLWELL, president of the well-known firm of Fohvell Brothers and Company, dress goods merchants, Philadel- ])hia, was' born in that city, March 21, 1847. his father being Thomas J. Folwell and his mother Lydia C. (Hazelton) Folwell. He re- ceived his education in the public schools of his native city and also in Norristown, Pa. y\v. Folwell is also president of the Keystone Telephone Company, the Bank of Commerce, the Girard Life Insurance Company and the Manufacturers' Club, and is a director of the Fidelity Life Company and the Union National Bank. He is' also associated with the Mercy Hospital, and the clulxs in which he holds mem- bership are the ^Manufacturers' and the Fgypt ]\Iills, both of Philadelphia. He is of the good old Quaker stock, so long and so beneficently identified with Philadelphia, and has always been a stalwart Republican in politics. He was married to Sarah E. Harned, and has two sons' living. P. D. Folwell and \\'. H. Folwell, 2d. His residence address is 2008 Spring Gar- den Street, Philadelphia, and his business ad- dress 625 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. JOSEPH L DORAN ]V/f R. DORAN was born in Philadelphia Janu- ary 17, 1844. Receiving his elementary education in the private schools, he entered the University of Pennsylvania, where he took a ])artial course in the class of 1864, college (lci)artment. He then became a law student in the office of Hon. John C. Bullitt, and was admitted to the Bar in 1865. Two years later he was- admitted to the Supreme Court of Penn- sylvania. In 1909 he was admitted to the Supreme Court of the United States. In 18S0 Mr. Doran became identified with the coal and iron interests in Virginia and West X^irginia. He is now the general counsel of the Norfolk and Western Railway Company. He is author of a work upon "Our Fishing Rights," which disclosed exhaustive investiga- tion and careful analysis of the subject, and which at the date of its publication in 1888 elicited favorable comment from the leading newspapers. In 1876 he read before the American Social Science Convention an exhaustive paper on "Building Associations." His two historical addresses are an address on "Sir Walter Raleigh" and "Sir George Yeardley and His Voyage of 1609-1610 to Vir- ginia." He presented to the Medical Department of the University of Pennsylvania the Francis Kinloch Huger Medallion. He is connected with many legal and social organizations, including the Rittenhouse Club, the Philadelphia Country Club, Merion Cricket Club, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, So- ciety of Colonial Wars, Pennsylvania Society of Colonial Governors, Law Association of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Society of New York. His residence address is' 120 South Nine- teenth Street, Philadelphia, and his office address is 1201 Commercial Trust Building, Philadelphia. 390 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA FRANCIS WAYLAND AVER 'JpO BE head of the greatest advertising agency in the world is, in itself, a proud distinction, but far prouder the boast and far more substantial the claim that such an envi- able position has been attained by persistent effort, by unimpeachable integritv and bv hon- est toil. Such is the position of Francis Way- land Ayer, and such could be the well estab- lished claim and the laudable and legitimate boast of that gentleman if boasting, and even boasting of what any man in public life in the United States might well feel proud, were within the scope of his weaknesses, as it most unquestionably is not. The man who built up such a vast and ever- increasing business from what mav be re- garded as the absurd capital of $250, was born in Lee, Berkshire County, Mass., in 1848. His father, Nathan W. Ayer, was a graduate of P>rown University, who, after his graduation, Avith high honors, devoted his talents to teach- ing in a private school. Nathan's son Francis Wayland Ayer was educated in the schools of western New York and later took a partial course in the Univer- sity of Rochester, N. Y. Meanwhile, in 1867, Nathan Ayer, who was a native of Connecti- cut, sought a new field for his labors in Penn- sylvania, and the following year Francis Way- land Ayer followed him into the Keystone State, making Philadelphia his objective. A stranger in the Quaker City, without THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 391 friends and but with few acquaintances, he did not lind anytliing like remunerative employ- ment as readily as he liad anticipated and as a temporary exi)edient accepted an engagement as advertising solicitor for a religious weekly newspaper. His remuneration in this field was necessarily meager but he learned experience, and while engaged in it his mind ever alert to possibilities evolved the idea, which later re- duced to practice, and wdiich led to the crea- tion of the vast and ever increasing business that he now controls. About this time he w^as joined by his father in Philadelphia, and on April 1, 1869, the launching of the modest little hrm of N. W. Ayer and Son was announced. Pos'sibly some of his friends associating the venture with the day, deemed it an All Fools' day enterprise, but it turned out to be dia- metrically the reverse. The house in which the x\yers — father and son — began business was 530 Arch Street, and the capital at their disposal was exactly $250. But almost from the start success crowned their efforts' and success was secured only by hard work and steady, honest and persistent endeavor. In the fall of 1869 this increasing business justified removal to more spacious premises, at 7ZZ Sanson! Street. In 1873 the senior member of the firm, X. W. Ayer, died, and the following year George O. Wallace was taken into partnership by Francis' W. Ayer and con- tinued in the business until his death in 1887. In 1876 the Ayer business was removed to the Times Building, corner of Eighth and Chestnut Streets, wdiere it was conducted for twenty-seven years. In 1903 extensive prem- ises at the Mariner and Merchants' Building, at Third and Chestnut Streets, were secured, and this is now the location of the firm, wdiere it not only occujiies' several floors but where it even has been extended into adjoining buildings. Starting without any employees, the firm now has nearly 400. The Ayers' definition of advertising agent is "One who creates, develops, distributes and cares for advertising other than his own." Iheir famous "open contract" plan has com- pletely revolutionized methods of advertising, transferring as it does, the agent from a can- vasser wdiose chief concern was to get an order into the specially informed, alert and trust- worthy man who has something worth while to sell. In the first year of the firm the busi- ness was v$l 5,000. Now its yearly payments to publishers amounts' to the enormous sum of $5,oa),ooo. J^INCOLN KNIGHT PASSMORE, vice- president of the Penn Mutual Life Insur- ance Company, was born on a farm in Cecil County, Maryland, on September 2, 1850. His father was Ellis Pusey Passmore, and his mother, before marriage, Mary Lincoln. Mr. Passmore received his elementary edu- cation at home and in the public schools, and this was supplemented by a course in the State Normal School of Millersville, Pennsylvania, from which he graduated. In June, 1874, he came to Philadelphia and w-as engaged as clerk in the well-known firm of Peter Wright & Sons, 307 Walnut Street. After remaining with the firm over eight years, during w^hich time he was promoted to the responsil)le position of manager, Mr. Pass- more resigned in January, 1882, to engage in business, becoming a member of the firm of R. D. A\'ork & Co., afterwards Passmore & Co., and still later J. M. Parr & Son, general grain exporters, Philadelphia, New York and Balti- more. After a connection of some twenty-one years with this firm he retired in June, 1903, to become vice-president of the Penn ^^lutual. Mr. Passmore is also a director of the Bank of North America and of the Security Trust Company, and is vice president of the Philadel- phia Bourse. He is a member of the Union League of Philadelphia, and his clubs are the Germantown Cricket, the Philadelphia Cricket, the Huntingdon Valley Country and the Germantown Automobile. Mr. Passmore, whose recreations are walk- ing and golfing, has never had political am- 392 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA bitions nor the desire for public ofice, and is connected with no political or party organiza- tions, although he is a staunch Republican. The fact that he is a leading member of the Society of Friends may possibly account for this. In April, 1890, he married Ellen F. Faxon, of Quincy, Mass., by whom he has had two sons, John T. Faxon and Lincoln Alan Pass- more. His home address is 2815 Queen Street, Germantown, and his business address. Sixth and AValnut Streets. Philadelphia. TAMES F. SULLIVAN, the well-known Phil- adelphia financier and president of the Mar- ket Street National Bank, represents a family that was dominant in the County Cork, Ire- land, centuries before the battle of Hastings was fought. In the days when Brian Boru was Ard Righ, or High King of Ireland, the O'Sullivans Beare w'ere rulers of a large patrimony in Ireland's most southern county, and the history of that county shows them associated and identified with almost every great epoch in the province of Munster since the remotest dates. ]\Ir. Sul- livan is the son of John Curtin Sullivan and a grandson of John Upton Sipple, attorney-at- law. Mr. Sullivan, the representative of this fam- ily of Irish chiefs, was born at Grange, between the towns of Mallow and Butteram, in this County of Cork. He was educated in public schools, and also by private tutors, and came to America when very 3'Oung. Settling down in Philadelphia, he began what has' been an honored and successful life as clerk in a wholesale white goods and notions estab- lishment. Active, energetic, ambitious and alert, he succeeded almost from the start, and in 1866, in partnership with his brother, Jere- miah J. Sullivan, established the extensive white goods house of Sullivan & Brother, on Alarket Street, in the Quaker City. For forty- one years this was one of the leading houses in the city, but in 1907 Mr. Sullivan retired from it to devote his energies, his ability and his experience exclusively to finance. In this field of endeavor Mr. Sullivan was as successful as in that of commercialism. He has been largely and actively identified with various underwritings, reorganizations', pas- senger railway consolidations and other enter- l)rises, both in Philadelphia and other cities, and has made a reputation as widespread as it is deserved. Strict business principles' have been his standard, and his incentive throughout a long and useful life, and their application has l)rought him wealth, popularity and honor. Besides being president of the Market Street National Bank he was vice-president and director of the Midvale Steel Company for twenty-seven years ; director of the Real Estate Trust Company ; of the Tradesmen's National Bank ; of the Finance Company of Pennsylva- nia ; of the Green and Coates Streets Passenger Raihvay Company; of the Frankford and Southwark f'assenger Railway Company; of the Guarantee Trust Company ; of the Penn- sylvania Warehousing and Safe Deposit Com- 77//: STORY 01' PHILADELPHIA 393 pany, and of the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company. He is also a director of the Mercantile Library, a trustee of the Catholic High School, a member of the Historical Society of Pennsyl- \ania, a director of the Pennsylvania Museum and School of Industrial Art and the Appren- tices' Library. In 1906 he went to Rome and secured the first contract for armor plate given by the "Royal Italian Navy" to America. His clubs are the Contemporary, the Art, the Country and the Alerion Cricket, of Philadel- ]ihia, and the Radnor Hunt. Mr. Sullivan was married in 1886 to Lulu Romaine Nichols. His residence is southwest corner Twenty-first and Walnut Streets', Phil- adelphia, and Radnor, Pa, and his office address is ^larket Street National Bank. JOSEPH W. KENWORTHY, who ranks worthily at the Bar of Philadelphia, is one of the city's self-made lawyers of whom there are others of note. He was the business manager of a manu- facturing corporation when he started to study law, and he supported himself by his' skill as an expert accountant during the preparatory studies for the Bar. Mr. Kenworthy was ])orn in Delaware County, the descendant of an old English fam- ily. He made his own way early in life, and at the age of 21 was the superintendent of a business corporation in ]^Iaryland. Soon after he came to Philadelphia, beginning his law studies in the office of Reuben O. Moon. He was admitted to the Bar in 1889. Early in his career as a lawyer he became a firm adherent of the principles of good citi- zenship and has always been a conscientious supporter of its high standards. In the in- fancy of the Municipal League, which labored valiently in the cause of good government, he became one of its earnest and unselfish sup- porters. He was made chairman of the execu- tive committee of the organization in the Twenty-fourth Ward, in which he then lived, and gave his time and devotion to it without reward. It was during this period that his attention was attracted to Joseph Gilfillan, then a ship- l)ing clerk in a department store, and after- ward vSheriff of the county. Mr. Kenworthy was a lecturer on law in the business' classes of the Young Men's Christian Association which were attended by Mr. Gilfillan, who showed aptness for legal learning, was per- suaded to take up a course in law, and become a student in Mr. Kenworthy's office. It was in a similar way that D. Clarence (iibbony, secretary of the Law and Order Society, then an agent of the society, was in- duced to take up the study of law. Both of Mr. Kenworthy's proteges passed the Bar ex- amination with credit. Both were started on their careers in the same way and with the same encouraging influence of Mr. Kenworthy. It seemed curious that they should be op- posing candidates in later years in a contest awakened by a strong public sentiment to wrest the office of sheriff from the control of professional politicians. Mr. Kenworthy was an active influence in the recent organization of the Belmont Trust Company, on Baltimore Avenue, near Fiftieth Street. He resigned the vice-presidency of the company on account of the demands of his practice. Mr. Kenworthy is an active Mason, a mem- ber of Pennsylvania Lodge, F. & A. M., Past High Priest of University Chapter and Past Commander of Philadelphia Commandery of the Knights Templar. He is a member of St. Paul's Presbyterian Church. Among other members of the Philadelphia Bar who were admitted to practice from Mr. Kenworthy's office were Percy M. Chandler, now of the banking house of Chandler Broth- ers, and Thomas J. Norris, Es'q., and Freder- ick Martin. Esq., and P. Mowitz, Esq., and C. Bentley Allen. Mr. Kenworthy is associated in the practice of the law with his daughter, Caroline K. Ken- worthy, a graduate of the Law School of the University of Pennsylvania, and member of the Bar of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania and active in practice. They are assisted by another daughter of ^Ir. Kenworthy, Joan W. Kenworthy, who is about completing the study of the law in the Law School of Temple College. 394 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA MARTIN REA GANO PROMINENTLY identified with the prog- ress and development of the industries of Philadelphia is Martin Rea Gano, president and chairman of the Board of Directors of Gano, Aloore & Co., Inc., one of the leading coal corporations of the city. Born in New- port, Ohio, and the son of William Gano and Fanny Rea, Air. Gano received a sound edu- cation in the public schools of his state and acquired at an early age an ai)titude for busi- ness which was one of the chief factors in an eminently successful business career. The extent of that business and of the varied interests and enterprises with which he is con- nected is well illustrated and emphasized by his intimate association with at least a half- dozen Philadelphia companies, each a leader in its i)articular line. Besides being president of the (iano, Moore & Co., Inc., firm, he is presi- dent of the American S. S. Corporation, chair- man of the Board of Directors of the Philadel- phia and South American Shipping Company, senior partner in the Gano Bros. S. S. Com- pany, and sole owner of the Gano Export & Import Company. With such large and varied interests to at- tend to, Air. Gano is ordinarily known as a very busy man ; but this business is reduced THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 395 to the very minimum of effort by the excellent and comprehensive systems that prevail in each, and the existence of which is due to his early training and to the application and de- velopment of that training- in the school of liractical experience. But the routine of l)usi- ness, diversified though it may be, by no means limits the activities and efforts of Mr. Gano. Charitable, educational and other similar in- stitutions claim a good deal of his energies and a large measure of material support. He is a member of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, of the Philadelphia Chamber of Commerce, and of the Chamber of Commerce oi the United States. He is also vice-president of the Ohio Society of Philadelphia, and a member of the Philadelphia Consistory Thirty-second Degree Masons, and the Lu Lu Temple, and of the Lu Lu Temple Automobile Club. Mr. Gano is a Republican in politics and his religion is Episcopalian. He is a member of the Union League, and is also a member of the Manufacturers' and Art clubs. His recreations are motoring, golf and yachting, and in this connection he is a member of the Overbrook and Seaview golf clubs, of the Chelsea Yacht Club of Atlantic City, and of the Whitehall and Bankers clubs, New York. He was mar- ried in Marietta, Ohio, on September 16, 1903, to Ethel Pape, and has two children, Charles William, aged 12, and Jean, aged 10. His resi- dence address is Overbrook, Pa., and his busi- ness address Land Title Building, Phila- delphia. W1LLL\M MALCOLM BUNN was born in Philadelphia and came as' a New Year's gift. His father was Albert Gesner Bunn, a spinner in a cotton mill, and his mother, Re- becca Henry. The earlier part of his education was re- ceived in the public schools of the city, but at the age of eleven these studies were inter- rupted and he went to w^ork in the mill in which his father was employed. There he stayed three years, and then went to Havana, N. Y., where an vmcle, the Rev. Peter S. Ruth, an Episcopal clergyman, conducted an acad- emy. Under his tuition young Bunn acquired a thoroughly good education, and was noted for a remarkable faculty of quick acquirement. Leaving school at the age of sixteen, he en- tered the employment of John Frost, a wood engraver of Philadelphia, and shortly after established a wood engraving business for him- self. When the Civil War broke out the in- stincts of patriotism prompted him to enlist in the service of his country, although not nine- teen years of age. He joined Company F, Seventy-second Pennsylvania Volunteers and, distinguishing himself from the iirst, was shortly created a corporal. He was severely wounded at Savage Station, \'a., on June 29, 1862, and was subsequently taken prisoner and confined for some months in Richmond prison. When convalescent he was exchanged and returned to Philadelphia. Here he suf- fered a relapse of his illness and on his recov- ery was honorably discharged from the army. lUit a life of inactivity, while his country re- mained in the throes of a death struggle, was repugnant to him and he returned to the army as Sutler's clerk, in which capacity he did good and faithful service. In partnership with his brother Mr. Bunn, when he returned to civil life, entered the wood carving business, which prospered to a marked degree. Identifying himself with politics he was elected in 1866 a delegate from the Six- teenth Ward to the City Republican Conven- tion. The following year he was nominated to Common Council, but, to heal a party feud, withdrew. The next year he was elected to the State Legislature, and was re-elected the succeeding term. Mr. Bunn's next public ofiice was that of Register of Wills, to which he was elected by a large majority. In 1875 he was elected Guardian of the Poor and re-elected in 1878, but when the position became vacant again declined to be a candi- date. Meanwhile he had repeatedly served as delegate to National, State and County con- ventions and his standing and influence in the 396 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA party politics of the day were admittedly and deservedly high. In 1878 Mr. Bunn became editor and pro- prietor of the Sunday Transcript and did ex- cellent work in defense of popular rights. He remained at the editorial desk until appointed Governor of the Territory of Idaho, in 1886, by his personal representative and friend. His record in the gubernatorial chair was most creditable. Under his regime the Territory made giant strides toward prosperity, and among the acts which he induced the Legisla- ture to pass was one disfranchising polygam- ous Mormons, the hardest blow that Mormon- ism ever received. This act made the Terri- tory Republican and a State and gave the Re- publican party two United States Senators. Mr. Bunn was married in 1870 to Cathanne Myers, and has one son, Berton S. Bunn. He lives at 1420 Poplar Street, is a Republican in politics, and in religion a Protestant Episco- palian. £LIHU C. IRVIN, president of the Fire Association of Philadelphia, is one of the country's best known fire insurance authori- ties. Not only is he an expert in the business of insurance, but he is widely known for his intimate knowledge of fire-fighting facilities and fire prevention methods. Mr. Irvin is one of the staunchest "fire pre- ventionists" in America. For many years he has led national crusades against lax fire pre- vention facilities, and it is' largely due to Mr. Irvin's persistent campaigns against this lax- ity that many cities throughout the country have adopted safer and more efficient methods of fire prevention. As head of the National Association of Fire Underwriters Mr. Irvin has taken con- spicuous part in the elimination of fire haz- ards, and it is generally agreed among business men througout the country that the Associa- tion's activities in this direction have saved millions of dollars in fire losses. Mr. Irvin was born in Perry County, near Harrisburg, Pa., Alay 22, 1839. He received a liberal education in the public school and after- ward taught school himself at Duncannon, Pa. Resigning this appointment, he became associated, as manager, with the Duncannon Iron Works, with which he w^as connected many years. In 1869 he began a strenuous and successful career in the insurance business' by becoming special agent in Pennsylvania of the Germania Fire Insurance Company of New York. He held this responsible position, in which he gained a large and valuable experience, until 1874, when he became general agent for the well-known Phoenix Company of Hartford. With headquarters in Philadelphia, his ter- ritory extended from Pennsylvania to the Gulf of Mexico, and his incumbency of the office involved a large amount of travel, personal at- tention and long continued alertness'. The business grew and expanded year after year. By this time he had established a reputation recognized and appreciated all over the coun- try and as a result he was elected in January, 1884, vice-president of the Fire Association of Philadelphia. In 1891 he succeeded to the presidency. Mr. Irvin was instrumental in organizing the Middle Department, of which he was made first president, and served three terms. He was elected president of the National Board of Fire Underwriters and served two years. JOHN WHITE GEARY, banker and broker, Philadelphia, was born in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, February 22, 1869, and is the son of General John White Geary, at one time governor of Pennsylvania. He was educated in the public schools and later entered Haver- ford College, Pa., the University of Pennsyl- vania and Harvard University, from each of which he graduated. He married Mary de Forest Harris'on, daughter of Alfred Craven Harrison. After leaving college he engaged in the financial business in Philadelphia, and is now a member of the firm of William H. New- bold's Son & Company, bankers and brokers. He is a member of the Rittenhouse, Philadel- phia Cricket, Corinthian Yacht and Union Leagfue clubs THE STORY OF I'l 1 1 LADllLPIUA ?>% JOHN B. STETSON, Jr. npHE record made 1:)y Philadelphia soldiers in the great war in which Germany sought the domination of the world, and was defeated in her aspirations for universal su]:)remacy, was one of which the Quaker City felt justly and legitimately ])rond. While every man who rep- resented her in the blood-sodden fields of IHanders and of northern France was a hero in the broadest and most inspiring sense of the word, there were some who stood forth con- spicuously for personal liravery, for strict and absolute devotion to the great cause for which they fought, and for all the essential atributes that go to make up the ardent, the earnest and self-sacrificing patriot. The names of these brave and noble men stand emblazoned on the roll of fame, and generations yet to come will honor themselves by boasting of their deeds, glorying in their records and perpetuating their memories. Lieutenant John B. Stetson, Jr., is attached to the aviation branch of the United States ser\ice overseas, he has made a most enviable record for daring and initiative. All the details of aircraft, all the mechanism of these wonder- ful machines that have caused such a revolu- tion in warfare, were long familiar to him be- fore he put his knowledge into telling practical 398 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA effect on the battlefields of France, for before he had gone "over there" such knowledge was' recognized and appreciated by the War Depart- ment authorities by his appointment to the re- sponsible position of Instructor of Aviation. Mr. Stetson had volunteered for this service even before the United States declared war on Germany. With a perception justified and em- phasized by subsequent events, he had forseen that the entry of the United States into the world war would only be a question of time, and ambitious' of "doing his bit" for his coun- try, and being in that war from the start, he eagerly volunteered his services in that arm of the national defense where such services would be most useful, and these were gladly accepted and immediately availed of by the War Depart- ment. When the United States declared war, and for a long period afterwards, there was strictly speaking, no aviation service and the machines available for training were few and of some- what the crudes't type. This great disadvan- tage did not dampen the zeal or lessen the energy of Mr. Stetson. He went on training men for the service all the same, and in a com- paratively short time had a small but efficient corps of aviators initiated into all the mysteries of aircraft. The work was necessarily slow and tedious, and often discouraging, but Mr. Stetson's persistent efiforts ultimately spelled success. Having accomplished all this he volunteered for service abroad. His desires and ambitions in this respect were gratified and afterwards the work he did for his country and humanity, was done amidst the shell-torn and bullet-rent air of Northern France. That work, to repeat, was' excellent and admirable in every essential and soon gained for Mr. Stetson the imprint of popular approval and the fullest and Avarmest appreciation of his fellow citizens of Philadelphia. Mr. Stetson was born in Philadelphia, Oc- tober 14, 1884, and is the son of the late John B. Stetson, the well-known manufacturer and ])hilanthropist. and of Elizabeth (Shindler) Stetson. He was educated in the Penn Charter School, Philadelphia, and later entered Harvard Uni- versity, where he underwent a special course in anthropology, and from which he graduated with honors'. Since that period his life was uneventful until he joined the United States aviation corps, and did and saw such thrilling aviation service abroad. He is a director of the John B. Stetson Com- pany, with whose vast and continually growing interests he is intimately identified, and is also president of the Defiance Manufacturing Com- pany. He is' besides president of the Board of Trustees of John B. Stetson University, DeLand, Florida ; in a member of the Society of American Engineers, and is an active and prominent member of the Masonic Order. His recreations are many and various. All out-of-door sports strongly appeal to him, and all athletic exercises find in him a keen ad- mirer and a liberal patron. Mr. Stetson, who in religion is a Baptist, was' married in Wakefield, Massachusetts, in 1906, to Miss J. F. Carlisle, and has four chil- dren, John B. Stetson, 3d, Stuart Carlisle Stet- son, Thomazine Stetson and Jane Stetson. His residence address is Ashbourne, Pa. HON. JOHN C. BELL JOHN CROMWELL BELL, born October 3, 1861 ; graduated from Central High School, Philadelphia, in 1880, with degree of A. B., and from the University of Pennsylvania in 1864 with degree of LL. B. ; he also holds an hon- orary degree of LL. D. from Temple Univer- sity. Appointed District Attorney by the Judges of Philadelphia County in 1903, and elected to office ensuing year. Declined renom- ination. A\'as Attorney General of Pennsyl- vania by appointment of Governor Tener, 1911 to 1915 ; and in 1911 was also elected a Trustee of the University of Pennsylvania. THE STORY OF I'/IILADELPHIA 399 HENRY STETSON TT IS very seldom that sons of rich fathers' ever make a great success in business life, but an exception is made in the life of G. Henry Stetson, son of the late John B. Stetson and Elizabeth Shindler Stetson, who was lK)rn at Elkins Park. July 30, 1887. After receiving an elementary education in the Haverford Gram- mar School and Penn Charter School, Phila- delphia, he learned all the details of hat making in his father's' factory, which gave him a thorough business education, which enabled him to master not only the hat making indus- try, but gave him an insight into general com-" mercial activities. Pie has many financial interests and his oil interests are numerous and extensive. He is financially connected with the Niles Press Company, printing establishment at Ninth and Sansom Streets. He is a director of the De- fiance Manufacturing Company, and is on the 1)oard of directors of many other institutions. Mr. Stetson is likewise a trustee of the John 1). Stetson University, and a Mason of the thirty-second degree, associated with Philadel- phia Lodge No. 444. His recreation is chiefly fishing, and his clubs are the Huntingdon Valley, the Manu- facturers', the Rose Tree Hunt and the Edge- 400 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA wood Country. He is a member of the Egypt Mills Club, and is also connected with the Huntingdon Valley Hunting Club. In military affairs he is captain of the Albany Birgescsers, a well-known military organization of New York, and he devotes considerable of his time doing his bit in the world's war. To give an idea of Mr. Stetson's great busi- ness interests a review of the life of his father, the late John B. Stetson, follows: John B. Stetson was born in (Jrange, New Jersey, May 5, 1830. His father, Stephen Stetson, a man of sturdy English descent, was a hatter, and young Stetson also learned that trade. At this he continued in the New Jersey town until 1865, when he decided to begin his life career, afterwards so signally successful, in Philadel- phia. With no capital, but with plenty of grit and the set determination to make his way upward in the world, he began a modest business on his' own account. In a single room of an un- pretentious building he toiled daily at his trade. This trade moulded upon that strict honesty and directed by almost ceaseless en- deavor, grew apace and in less than a year Mr. Stetson removed to more commodious quar- ters on Eourth above Chestnut Street. The reputation of the Stetson-made hat had mean- while spread throughout the city, and far be- yond it, and the natural result was a steadily growing business. To meet this Mr. Stetson added another story to the building. Two years later the firm of John B. Stetson was organized, and within two years from that date the trade of the firm reached $80,000 a year. In 1869, traveling salesmen were put on the road, but beyond taking orders from a grow- ing army of dealers they had comparatively little to do. The Stetson hat sold itself and has' continued selling itself to this day. The growth of sales became simply enor- mous and the $80,000 per year output of the early seventies is dwarfed into almost utter significance by the $11,000,000 which repre- sents the annual value of the Stetson product in the year of 1917. Energy and enterprise were and are prime factors in the wonderful development of a trade begun so unauspicious, but the ever-abiding factor and incentive is' the value of the article itself. That invariably is the best advertisement, for in the last analysis that and that alone counts with the public. The workmen and their families are provided with all the benefits of loan building societies and various other beneficial societies, and there has also been established a social union modeled on the lines of the Young Men's Christian Association, a Sunday School, a kin- dergarten, a dispensary hospital, a militia bat- talion of several companies, under National Guard regulations, and various other institu- tions, all tending to the betterment, benefit and social pleasures of the workmen and their families. In 1872 the Stetson plant was removed to Fourth Street and Montgomery Avenue, Phila- delphia. There building after building was erected, and now the extensive site is one of the industrial wonders of the city. Thousands of contented workmen are engaged in the monster plant, which from every essential point of view stands foremost amongst the best regulated industrial establishments, if not in the world. John B. Stetson was the founder of the town of DeLand, Florida, and held a controlling in- terest in nearly every one of its industries. He also has a vast tract of real estate, includ- ing many orange groves, in which he took special interest and pride. In 1886 he heard of a school there needing assistance and his true and inate spirit of philanthropy and usefulness was appealed to. The result was that he aided the institution lavishly, and that later on it developed into the John B. Stetson University. This is today one of the mos't flourishing and best managed educational institutions of the south, with buildings that cost $500,000, with a very superior faculty and with an enrollment of students that compares favorably with that of any college or university below the Mason and Dixon line. Mr. G. Henry Stetson is a Republican in politics and in religion a Baptist. He was' mar- ried in New York, June 22, 1906, to Helen THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 401 Brook Lewis, and has two daughters, ICliza- beth and Ann. His residence address is Elkins Park, Penn- sylvania, and his office address, Land Title Builch'ng. Philadelphia. CHARLES EDWIN FOX r^XE of the best-known and much-esteemed members of the Philadelphia Bar, Charles Edwin Eox holds an enviable, if not an unique position in the profession. Slightly over thirty- six years of age he has already made a splendid record, of which the fact that he has been assistant district attorney of Philadelphia County for nine years is, in itself, a very palp- able and significant record. The onerous and exacting duties of that responsible office he discharges to the satisfaction alike of his imme- diate superior and of those of the ])ublic who have had, or have, business relations with him. His ability is undoubted and widely recognized, his energy simply unflagging and his courtesy and tact as universally known as it is generally and cheerfully appreciated. Mr. Fox was born in Meadville, Pennsyl- vania, August 22, 1882, his father being Ben- jamin Fox and his mother Fannie (Stain) Fox. After receiving his elementary education in the public schools he entered the Central High School, Philadelphia, from which he graduated with the Degree of Bachelor of Arts. Subse- quently he took a course in the Law School of the University of Pennsylvania, graduating with the envial)le Degree of Bachelor of Law. He immediately opened a practice in Philadel- phia and while engaged in law work became attached to the editorial staff of the Xorth American, with wdiich he was connected from 1900 to 1907. He was editor of the Philadel- phia "Merchants' Guide" from 1902 to 1906. In 1903, while still engaged in newspaper work, he was admitted to the Philadelphia Bar, but did not begin practice until 1907, when he es- tablished the firm of Fox and Rothschild, of which he is still the senior member. In 1908, Mr. Fox, who is a Republican in politics, was elected Common Councilman for the Thirty-second Ward of the City of Phila- delphia, but his appointment as assistant dis- trict attorney the following year obliged him to resign his seat. He is vice-president of Xeighborhood Center Scout Commissioner of the Philadelphia Boy Scouts, director of the Glen ]M ills' School for Boys and Girls, vice- president of the Pennsylvania Child Labor Association, director of the City Club, secretary of the Juvenile Court Committee of Philadel- phia, president of the Big Brother Association and president of the Philadelphia Conference of Boy Workers. He is exceedingly fond of active outdoor life and his recreations are golf, horseback riding and camping. Mr. Fox is a Jew in religion and is founder and director of Camp Kennebec, North Bel- grade, ]\Iaine. He was married in Philadel- phia, February 22, 1911, to Hortense Loeb Langsdorf, and has one child, Frances L. Fox. His residence address is 1506 North Sixteenth Street, Philadelphia, and his office address. Stock Exchange Building, Philadelphia. 402 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA ISAAC H. SILVERMAN PRESIDENT of four railway companies, vice-president of another and director of two more, Isaac H. Silverman is necessarily a busy man in the very broadest acceptation and application of the phrase. Nor is this sur- prising when it is borne in mind that he is a product of Pittsburgh, and that Pittsburgh may be termed the busiest hive of industry in the United States. Mr. Silverman was born in the year 1862, while the country was in the throes of the Civil War, and was the son of Henry Silver- man, a prominent and respected resident of the "Smoky City." His primary education was ac- quired in the public schools and this was rounded up by a studious course in the high school, from which he graduated. In 1886, then only twenty-four years old, he entered into active business in partnership with W. A. Stern. The firm, which speedily obtained a footing in the industrial world, and which sub- sequently achieved a widespread prominence, was known as Stern and Silverman, and as such exists today, although in different condi- tions and environments'. Electrical engineer- ing and the wider field of contracting were its business, and the works which stand me- morials to its enterprise and execution are many, various and widespread. Of these the Central Station at Pittsburgh is a striking example, while isolated stations, lighting plants, electric railway systems, and such works, are the product of their skill, labor and achievement. Eor six years the firm con- tinued to do business in Pittsburgh and then, in 1892, it was removed to a wider field of operations in Philadelphia, where it still con- tinues a business career of prominence and prosperity. Nor are its activities confined to the Quaker City. The name which it has acquired for strict integrity, honest methods and superior workmanship is practically nation-wide, and as illustrating this' fact it may be mentioned that the firm built the first high-speed electric lines between Detroit and Mount Clemen, Michigan, and between Dayton and Cincinnati, Ohio. It also built other lines in various cities and towns of West Virginia, Ohio and Pennsyl- vania and electrified the West Jersey and Sea- shore lines, from Camden to Atlantic City, N. J., and the Chester Short Line from Ches- ter to Philadelphia. All these stand as evidence of enterprise, skill and good work honestly done, and are the real practical advertisements upon which the firm depends for a continuance of public patronage. President of the original firm of Stern and Silverman, Mr. Silverman is also president of the Atlantic City and Shore Railroad ; the Cen- tral Passenger Railway Company ; the Phila- delphia Railway Company, and the Delaware Tunnel Railway Company. He is also vice- president of the Chester and Philadelphia Railway Company and director of the Atlantic City and Suburban Railway Company, and of the Atlantic City and Ocean City Railway Company. Despite the strenuous life which such im- portant connections with such important en- terprises involves, Mr. Silverman finds time to display an active interest in educational and benevolent institutions. A Jew in religion, he is a director of the Jewish Hospital of Phila- delphia and is' director and treasurer of the National Farm School, at Doylestown, Pa. In this connection, and in line with his benevo- lent work, it may be mentioned that two acts involving the well being of the public to a large extent and the cordial relationship that should exist between capital and labor stand out in bold relief to his credit. One was his settlement of the Rapid Transit railroad strike in Philadelphia in 1909, and the other his set- tlement, in the previous year, of strike troubles on the Delaware County Railroad, between Philadelphia and Wilmington. In each of these instances Mr. Silverman performed a public service of inestimable value to all con- cerned. Mr. Silverman is a well-known and promi- nent figure in clubland. The Manufacturers', the Alerchants and the City of Philadelphia clubs have him on their membership roll, and THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 403 he is also a director of the Phihnont Cricket Club. His chief recreation is golf, and in this connection served as chairman of the building committee for the erection of buildings and selection of grounds for golf. Mr. Silverman, who is a Republican in poli- tics, was married in 1892 to Ida Hirsch, of Chicago, and has four children, three boys and a girl. His business address is" 605 Land Title Building, Philadelphia. JAMES HULTON, SR., the well-known and much-esteemed dyer and finisher of textile goods, was born in England, August 30, 1864, and is the son of John H. and Alice (Walker) Hulton. After receiving a sovuid and liberal education in the public schools of his native town he began his life career at an early age, becoming a block printer in a dyeing establish- ment owned and controlled by his grandfather. After learning the essentials of his trade, and gaining considerable experience, he transferred his services to his uncle, who was extensively engaged in yarn dyeing. Here he remained until he was twenty-two years of age, when he decided to seek fame and fortune in the United States. Reaching America, he located in Providence, R. I., and secured employment in the National and Providence Worsted Mills'. After some time in this capacity he came to Philadelj)hia, where he became engaged with the Quaker City Dye Works Company as head and direc- tor of the dyeing department. In 1896 Mr. Hulton organized the firm of Burton and Hulton with extensive premises at He is a member of the Society of the Sons of St. George of Philadelphia ; of the St. John's Lodge, No. 115, Free and Accepted Masons, and of Siloam Lodge, Royal Arch Chapter. No. 226. He is honorary vice-president of Edward \'II Cricket Club of Germantown, and also honorary vice-president of the Rich- ard Baxter Boat and Cricket Club of Frank- ford, Philadelphia, and a member of the York Road Country Club. In politics Mr. Hulton is a Republican and in religion is attached to the Church of F.ng- iM-ankford, Philadelphia. .After three years the firm was dissolved and he then established, in Kensington, Philadelphia, the firm of James Hulton and Brothers. In 1901 this firm was incorporated under the laws' of the State of Delaware, as the liulton Dyeing and Finish- ing Company, and in 1916 was incorporated, under the Pennsylvania State laws, as the JAMES HULTON, SR. Hulton Dyeing Comi)an}-. From tlie very start the firm was a complete success, and now under the able and experienced management of Mr. Hulton has acquired a most enviable reputation and a position among the foremost of such establishments in the United States. Of the firm, James Hulton, Senior, the sub- ject of this sketch, is president, and James Hulton, Jr., vice-president. Mr. Hulton is a member of the Dyers' As- sociation of Philadelphia. He is also a director of the Textile National Bank of Kensington, and one of the Kensington Trust Company. 404 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA land. He was married in Manchester, Eng- land, in 1886, to Mary Ann Jones, and has four children : Alice, James, Lena and Walter. In summer he and his family occupy a resi- dence at Aberdeen Place, Atlantic City, N. J., but throughout the rest of the year his home address is 4710 D Street, Olney, Pa. His business address is 3819 Frankford Avenue, Philadelphia. D IMNER BERBER, lawyer, jurist and financier, was born in Muncy, Pennsyl- vania, March 8, 1854, the son of Peter D. and Mary Jane Beeber. He received his elemen- tary education in the Selinsgrove Academy and later graduated from Pennsylvania College at Gettysburg, Pa., bearing off the Degree of Bachelor of Arts. Later he received the honor- ary Degree of Master of Arts from Princeton University and that of Doctor of Laws from Pennsylvania College. In 1874 Mr. Beeber entered the law office of his brother, J. A. Beeber, at Williamsport, Pa., and two years later was admitted to the Bar. In the year of his' admission — 1876 — he re- moved to Philadelphia, where he engaged in the practice of his profession. In 1884 he became a partner in the law firm of Jones, Carson and Beeber, but upon the appoint- ment of Mr. Carson to be attorney general of Pennsylvania the firm was dissolved and Mr. Beeber practiced alone. In 1889 he was appointed by Governor Hastings to fill a va- cancy in the state Supreme court. He could have retained that position through a term cov- ering ten years but preferred to return to pri- vate practice. He is now president and director of the Commonwealth Title Insurance & Trust Com- pany of Philadelphia, and director Tradesmen's National Bank; Fire Association of Philadel- phia. Mr. Beeber was vice-president and later president of the Union League, Philadelphia, and is a member of the American Bar Associa- tion and the State Bar Association. He is an honorary member Phi Beta Kappa Society, GEORGE PEIRCE T AWYER; born in Philadelphia, (Jctober 6, 1847 ; son of Judge William Shannon Peirce, of the Court of Common Pleas' of Philadelphia County, and of Elizabeth Irwin (Baldwin) Peirce. His father was a descend- ant of early settlers of Delaware, holding grants from Sir Edmund Andros in 1680, and his mother was great granddaughter of An- drew Irwin, some time Royal Governor of the island of Grenada, West Indies. Mr. Peirce was educated at the Friends' Central School, Philadelphia, and at the United States' Naval Academy at Newport and Annapolis, 1862- 1866, and while in the service cruised as Mid- shipman in 1863 and 1865 in the Sloop of War Marion, the steamer Winnipeg and the frigate Macedonian. Following the wish of his father Mr. Peirce resigned from the Navy to read law. He studied in the ofiice of Edward Hop- per, Esq., at Philadelphia, and at the Law School of the University of Pennsylvania and was admitted to the Philadelphia Bar Novem- THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 405 l)er 14. 1868. Later he attended lectures at the Harvard Law School with the class of 1871 and after a tour abroad s'ettled down to the })ractice of his profession in September, 1871. He is one of the Board of Council of the Penn- sylvania Home for Blind Women, member of the Zeta Lsi Fraternity, the University liarge Club. Harvard Law School Association, Har- \ard Club of Philadelphia, the Law Associa- tion of Philadelphia, the x-Xmerican Bar Asso- ciation, the University Club, the Welsh So- ciety and the Historical Society of Pennsyl- vania. He married December 10. 1874, Lucy, daughter of the Rev. Dr. John B. Spots'wood and Sarah Peters (Willing) Spotswood. Mr. Peirce lives at New Castle. Delaware, l)ut con- tinues the practice of law at Philadelj)hia. npHOMAS MORGAN EYNON, president and treasurer of the Eynon-Iu-ans Manu- facturing Company, manufacturing engineer- ing specialties, was born in Norristown, Pa., on March 14. 1861. After the usual course of instruction in the public schools of liis native town he attended the High School, from which he graduated with honors. He then entered Lehigh University and after an exceptionally l)rilliant cours'e graduated frcm that institu- tion as mechanical engineer. This was in 1881, and four years later he was elected to the distinguished position of trustee of his alma mater, a position which he filled for seven years with much credit to him- self and much and lasting ])enefit to the University. After graduating Mr. Eynon ap])lic(l him- self to the active practice of his business in Philadelphia, and with marked success. In 1892 he organized the Eynon-Evans Company, which became flourishing from the start and which now employs as many as 150 men. Mr. Eynon was general manager of the firm from its' organization until 1907. He then became its president and continued such until 1914, when there was added to his duty and re- sponsibility as president that of treasurer also. He now owns a controlling interest in the company, which has long since attained ])romi- nence, as well as success, under the efficient supervision and the large experience which he unremittingly devoted to it. Mr. Eynon, who is a Christian Scientist, never held nor aspired to public office in Phila- delphia, nor is he affiliated with any political ])arty organization. He is simply a thorough Rei)ublican. who has implicit faith in the prin- ciples and the destiny of his party. He is a member of the Manufacturers' Clul) of Philadelphia and also holds membership in the American Society of Mechanical Engi- neers, the Institute of Mining Engineers and the Engineering Club of Philadelphia. Mr. Eynon was married September 25, 1885, to Clara \\ Schall. Lie has two children, a son who is also a graduate of Lehigh Uni- versity, and is superintendent of the Eynon- Evans Company, and a daughter. His residence address is' the Manufacturers' Club, Philadelphia, and his business address. Fifteenth and Clearfield Streets, Philadelphia. 405 IHE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA JOSEPH R. WILSON T AWYER, originator of "A Chapel in Every Home." "I practice law for a living, but the propoga- tion of the necessity for 'A Chapel in Every Home' is my life-work." This is how Mr. Wilson sums up his own life. Few men have shown greater fidelity to a lofty ideal, or more zeal in their efiforts to accomplish its realization than Joseph R. Wil- son, whose earnest plea for "A Chapel in Every Home" has enlisted the interest and support of thinkers throughout the world. His book, "A Chapel in Every Home," which he has dis- tributed free throughout the civilized world, contains many letters from distinguished lay- men and dignitaries of the church, of all de- nominations, expressive of their unqualified approval of the movement. The work is at- tracting wide attention in the religious world, and the author received endorsements from three cardinals, thirteen archbishops, one hun- dred and fifty-seven bishops, the presidents of twenty-eight of the prominent universities, colleges and seminaries of the United States, and from many of the leading churchmen of all denominations. Mr. Wilson's' book re- ceived the endorsement of the House of Bish- ops of the Protestant Episcopal Convention, THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 407 held at St. Louis in 1917. Writing in com- mendation of Mr. Wilson's proposition, the late Dr. George Dana Boardman says : "If pagan Rome had domestic shrines for household gods, surely Christian America ought to have domes- tic shrines for the only living God." The moral influence of such an ideal is incalculable, and its crystallization into an accepted practice or custom would mark a long step toward the realization of the dream which the Christian church has cherished through many centuries — the dream of Christianizing the whole world. A household chapel, specially dedicated and consecrated to the x\lmighty God, and dis- associated from eating, drinking and s'leeping, would afford that closet into which we could retire and pray in secret; it w^ould be the religious center around which the domestic life would revolve — a place where the human heart could pour out its supplications, and prayers of gladness. As the late Bishop Potter wrote Mr. Wilson, "A place for prayer implies a time for it." One of the most prophetic endorse- ments of the thought is by Dr. Edgar Fahs Smith, Provost of the University of Pennsyl- vania, who wrote Mr. Wilson, "There is more in your thought than the world dreams of." Mr. Wilson's appeal is to all who worship God, irrespective of creed or denomination. Mr. Joseph R. Wilson, the originator of this beautiful idea, and its enthusiastic propagand- ist, was born September 6, 1866, at Liverpool, England. His father was Joseph Wilson, senior partner in the firm of J. and R. Wilson, shipowners, and his mother was Mary Amanda Victoria (Hawkes) Wilson. His education was obtained at Allsops Preparatory School, Hoylake, Cheshire, England ; Strathallan Hall, Douglas, Isle of Alan ; and at the University of Sydney, New South Wales. Upon the death of his father in 1888, Mr. Wilson came to the United States and located in the city of Phila- delphia, where he was for some time engaged with his father-in-law, Thomas Shaw, of Shaw- mont, in engineering work, and in scientific re- search, in which he established a solid reputa- tion by his original work. In 1898 he became financial and railroad editor of the 'Thiladel- ])hia Evening Bulletin," in which capacity he remained until 1898, when he entered the law office of Hampton L. Carson as a student. In the following year he entered the Law School of the University of Pennsylvania, from which he was graduated with the Degree of LL.B., and was admitted to the Bar in 1902. He at once began the practice of his profession, and came into immediate prominence. During his student days at the university he was chosen president of his low class for three successive years, an unusual honor, and was president of the Miller Law Club of the uni- versity, and after his graduation was made chairman of its advisory board, serving from 1909 to 1913. He has frequently been chair- man of committees to receive distinguished guests of the university, and was chairman of the committee appointed by the provost to re- ceive and entertain the Eighth International Congress of Students from the Universities of the World. He was also chairman of the com- mittee of the Transatlantic Society of Amer- ica, which gave its notable farewell dinner to Ambassador Bryce. Mr. Wilson is a trustee of the American Oncologic Hospital and chairman of its finance committee ; member of the American Academy of Political and Social Science ; Trans-Atlantic Society of America (of which he has been one of the governors since 1909), Permanent Inter- national Association of Navigation Congresses, Atlantic Deeper Waterways Association, Na- tional Municipal League. Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Public Education Association, Geographical Society of Philadelphia, Ameri- can University Extension Society, Pennsyl- vania Arbitration and Peace Society, American Bar Association, Law Association. Law Acad- emy, Pennsylvania Bar Association, and So- ciety of the Law Alumni of the University of Pennsylvania, of which he has been one of the board of managers since 1908. As a member of the Atlantic Deeper Waterways Associa- tion he was a delegate to the National Con- gress of Harbors and Rivers' held in Washing- ton in 1909, 1910, 1912 and 1913. He is a thirty-second degree Mason, being a member 408 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA of University Lodge, Xo. 610, F. and A. M., and the Philadelphia Consistory. He has twice served as national president of the Acacia Fratenity, which draws its membership exclu- sively from college men who are Master Masons. He is an honorary member of the Harvard Chapter, of Harvard University, of Yale Chapter of Yale University, and of the Columbia Chapter of Columbia University, and is also a member of the Delta Upsilon Fra- ternity. Mr. Wilson's clubs are the University Club -of Philadelphia, University Club of Washing- ton, D. C, and Bankers' Club of America, New York. He is also a life member of the Cos- mopolitan Club of the University of Pennsyl- vania. ■ At the outbreak of the war, ^Ir. Wilson started to organize a regiment known as the "President's Guards of Pennsylvania," and opened six recruiting stations in Philadelphia. He would have had his full regiment recruited in another week, including a large number of veterans of the Philippines who were eager to go to France, had not the president vetoed the volunteer system. Mr. Wilson's plan was' that there should be one regiment in every state known as the "President's Guards,"*' and he planned to go to France as Colonel of the Pennsylvania Regiment, having held a com- mission as first lieutenant in the Fourth Regi- ment Xew South Wales Infantry. Later he became one of the original Four-Minute Men and chairman of the Legal Advisory Board for the 20th Division of the draft, Philadelphia. He was- married in 1890 to ^liss Cora Irene Shaw, daughter of the late Thomas Shaw, of Shawmont, Pennsylvania. Mrs. Wilson is now a director of the National Safety Council and chairman of the committee on Safety Educa- tion in the Public Schools of the nation. Mr. Wilson has four children — Mary Michelet, now Mrs. Johan W. Muntz, of Rotterdam, Holland, John Hawkes (Aviation Service, U. S. Army), Sidney Violet and Cora B. H. Wilson. His residence is "Shawmont," Philadelphia, and his summer residence, Seaside Park, N. J. His business address is Commonwealth Building, Philadelphia. CLAUDE F. BENNETT \\/'HEN the late George Boldt opened the Bellevue-Stratford Hotel in Philadelphia he was determined to surround himself with the very best available official force. It was his determination to make the big hotel known from one end of the country to the other as the very best hostelry of its kind. And he has succeeded. Among the official staft' directing the hotel management is Claude F. Bennett, assistant manager of the Bellevue-Stratford. Mr. Ben- nett is known to hotel patrons everywhere be- cause of his amiable disposition and his marked knowledge of the art of giving patrons what they want in the line of hotel service. To a majority of the Bellevue-Stratford guests Mr. Bennett is "Claude." And whenever there arises any "want" on the part of a guest, the first thing suggested is to "Ask Claude." How well Mr. Bennett and his official asso- - ciates have succeeded in conducting the hotel affairs may be gleaned from the fact that when . the New York courts recently looked into the financial affairs of the late Mr. Boldt, for pur- ' poses of taxation, it was discovered th'at the Bellevue-Stratford Hotel was among the few of Mr. Boldt's investments that really "made good." ^Ir. Bennett knows the "hotel game" from start to finish. He is just as familiar with the "bell hop's" job as he is his own. There were times in the old Bellevue when "Claude" ran upstairs to answer the wants of a patron of the hotel — all dressed in a brass-button uniform and with a pitcher of ice water in his hand. He was a persistent "attender" to details and no request was considered too trivial for him to try and meet. It was this part of his make- up, in the opinion of the hotel executives, that first attracted attention to Mr. Bennett, and one which now stands him in good stead in his official capacity as assistant manager of the Bellevue-Stratford Hotel. Newspapermen say he is the "best posted hotel man in the countr}-." And their judg- ment of a man is pretty keen! THE STORY OF PII ILADT.LPI UA 409 CONYERS BUTTON PONYERS BUTTON, a retired hosiery man- ufacturer, 221 West Upsal Street, German- town, was born July 2, 1836, in a house that stood at Alain Street (now Germantown Ave- nue) and Wahiut Lane. He is a son of John liutton and Ann (Wass) Button, who emi- grated to America from Leicestershire. Eng- land, in 1830. The elder Button may well be styled the father of manufacturing in Germantowai. He brought with him from England two of the first knitting machines placed on .\merican soil, and began the manufacture of hosiery. Business prospered, and in 1835 he purchased three acres of ground at Main Street and \\'al- nut Lane and erected thereon a large plant. Conyers Button was educated in private schools in Germantown. After reaching his eighteenth year he entered his father's mill. Here he applied himself to every branch of the Inisiness, and in 1858 was admitted as a partner with his father and brother Joseph, the latter having been made a member of the firm in 1851. The firm thus became John Button & Sons. In 1865 Conyers Button became sole proprietor, under the trade name of Conyers lUitton Company. John Button died February 8, 1882, at the age of 82, just one day following the death of his elder son, Joseph. Air. Button was married December 25, 1862, to Aliss Tane Dundas I^riestlev, of Xorthum- 410 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA berland, Pa. They had one child, John Priest- ley Button, who in 1892 became associated in business with his father. Mrs. Button died ten years ago. The Conyers Button Company continued in business until 1899, when the mill and machin- ery were sold, the buildings demolished and the ground cut up into building lots. Mr. Button is a member of the Union League, having joined that organization during the Civil War. He is also a member of the Uni- tarian Church of Germantown. His home is filled with many priceless works of art gathered in America and Europe, to which latter Mr. Button has made eighteen trips. The retired manufacturer always has been noted for his neatness and precision in dress and his close application to details. He attrib- utes to the latter much of his business success. DAVID S. B. PENNOCK PHILADELPHIA boasts of an Osteopathic Hospital that is among the most modern and best-equipped to be found anywdiere in the country. On its stafif are some of the best- known active and consultant osteopathic phy- sicians in America. Establishment of the hospital was aided materially by the activities of Dr. David S. B, Pennock, an official of the Osteopathic Asso- ciation and one of the leading osteopathic phy- sicians in Philadelphia. His suits of profes- sional offices in the Land Title Building are among the best appointed in the city. They are frequented daily by patients among whom are numbered some of the best-known social, financial, business and professional leaders in Philadelphia. Philadelphia is fast becoming the leading osteopathic center in the United States. And its doctors are among the best-equipped, men- tally. Just as the "City of Brotherly Love" has long been recognized among the big world centers in the surgical and alopathic fields, so it is attracting attention as the real home of osteopathy. Activities in the osteopathic field have increased materially in the last few years'. and in every movement designed to aid the profession Dr. Pennock has taken a forceful and active stand. He is considered one of the "deans" of the osteopathic profession in Phila- delphia, and frequently he is consulted by his fellow-physicians because of his high standing in the profession. J OHN CADWALADER, lawyer and capital- ist, was born in Philadelphia, with which his ancestors had been associated for centuries, on June 27, 1843. His father was the Hon. John Cadwalader, United States district judge of the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, from 1868 to 1879, and his mother, before her mar- riage, was Henrietta Marie Bancker. He is grandson of Major General Thomas Cadwal- ader of Pennsylvania troops, who served in the War of 1812, and great grandson of Brigadier General John Cadwalader of the Revolutionary Army, and friend of Washington. Mr. Cadwalader graduated in 1862 with the Degree of Master of Arts, from the University of Pennsylvania, of which his direct ancestors for three generations were also alumni. He was admitted to the Bar in 1864 and has since practiced law in Philadelphia. In politics he is a Democrat and was appointed by President Cleveland collector of the port of Philadelphia in 1885, which position he held until 1889. He is president New York and Baltimore Trans- portation Line, and of the Baltimore and Phila- delphia Steamboat Company ; director Trust Company of North America ; trustee Univer- sity of Pennsylvania ; president General So- ciety of the War of 1812. He is also member of the Pennsylvania Institution for the Blind ; member American Philosophical Society, Board of Council, Academy of Natural Scien- ces and jury commissioner of the United States Circuit Court. Mr. Cadwalader was married April 17, 1866, to Mary Helen, daughter of Joshua Francis Fisher, of Philadelphia. His Clubs are Uni- versity (president since 1896), Penn, Philadel- phia Country, Rittenhouse, Art (Philadelphia) ; Metropolitan (Washington). Address, 1519 Locust Street, Philadelphia. THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 411 HOWARD B. FRENCH n . TN THE year 1676 there was signed in the City of London a paper of most historic interest. It was termed "Concessions and Agreements of the Province of West New Jersey in America," and its purpose was the founding of a model commonwealth in which the largest measure of religion and personal liberty should exist. This document was signed by about 150 men, among whom were William Penn and Thomas French. Each of those was a leader in the great religious' move- ment started by George Fox, and to escape the persecutions to which their sect, the So- ciety of Friends, was then subjected. Each, later on, became associated with the new province to which the famous paper they had signed applied. Thomas French, with his wife and nine cliil- dren, arrived in Burlington, N. J., on the ship Kent on July 23, 1680. He settled on a large tract of valuable land along the Rancocas, about four miles' from Burlington, where he resided until his death. Like most of the lead- ers in this great religious movement with which he was associated, he was a man of forceful character and unblemished integrity, who detested oppression of any sort, whether religious, ])olitical or individual, and who prac- 412 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA ticed to the fullest extent the beautiful tenets of the brotherhood of man and the fatherhood of God which he believed in and practiced. He became, in a comparatively short time, one of the most influential men in the province and at his death was regarded as one of the wealth- iest. He passed away in 1699, leaving behind him something like 1200 acres of improved land in New Jersey, his proprietary share in unsurveyed lands, amounting to about 2000 acres, in the same province, besides a large estate in England. From this pioneer in America of the historic English family of French, Howard Barclay French, the subject of this sketch, is descended. Apart from his distinguished ancestry, Mr. French is a unique and imposing figure in the public and social life of Philadelphia. In the financial world he occupies' a most command- ing place, in which as a public-spirited citizen he has long since been conspicuous and active. As a financier his advice is largely sought and invariably acted upon by men of conserva- tive methods and views, while as a citizen he has ever been foremost and earnest in any and every public or private movement de- signed, or calculated, to advance the interests' or contribute in any way to the material bet- terment of the Quaker City. The question of pul)lic charities, of organized effort to ameli- orate the conditions of the poorer classes, as well as the question of education, has invari- ably found in him a warm advocate and gen- erous exponent. All his lifetime, in a word, has been spent in good works, and in works of public usefulness and utility, and while he has made many friends, and has a host of ad- mirers, there is not in Philadelphia a man or woman who does not regard him with sin- cere admiration and deep seated esteem. Howard B. French was born in Salem, Ohio, September 3, 1848, and is son of Samuel H. and Angelina (Dunseth) French. He was brought to Philadelphia in early childhood, and received his elementary education in the Friends' School. After he quit school he served an apprenticeship of three years and a half in the retail drug store of William r>. A\'ebb, and during that time attended the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, from which he graduated in 1871. In that year he entered the employment of his father's firm, French, Richards and Com- pany, wholesale druggists and paint manufac- turers, whose origin dated back to 1844. After he had thoroughly mastered all the details of the business he was transferred to the manu- facturing department. While engaged here he entered Jefferson Medical College, but the on- erous duties of his' business, combined with hard study, began to tell upon his constitution and put an end to his ambition to adopt medi- cine as the profession of his life. This he did on the understanding that at the expiration of the existing partnership agreement the manu- facturing department of the great and growing business should be entirely separated from the drug department. In 1883 Mr. French and his brother, \Villiam A., joined with their father and John L. Long- streth in forming the firm of Samuel H. French and Company, which succeeded the manufac- turing branch of the old firm. In 1886 A\'illiam A. French died, and in 1895 Samuel H. French passed away, after a most honorable, most successful and most useful life. In 1901 John L. Longstreth retired and Mr. French became sole owner of the business, retaining the firm name of Samuel H. French and Company. Under his vigorous direction and personal management it has' gone steadily ahead and today occupies a leading place amongst the foremost concerns of the kind in the United States. In the drug trade of America he is held in the highest esteem and for twenty- four years held the influential position of chair- man of the executive committee of the Phila- delphia Paint Manufacturers' Club, while in 1895 he was elected president of the National Paint, Oil and Varnish Association. Mr. French's position in the world of finance ranks very high. Upon the organization of the Equitable Trust Company of Philadelphia, in 1890, he became a director and two years later was elected president. Under his careful man- THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 413 agement and conservative gnidance the institu- tion has progressed steadily and now stands in the very forefront of banking organizations in the Quaker City. His other activities have been many and notable. He is a member of the Pennsylvania State Board of Charities, and for many years has' been one of the managers and trustees of the Philadelphia Southern Home for Destitute Children, and also a man- ager of the Home Missionary Society. For forty years he has been a trustee of the Phila- delphia College of Pharmacy, one of the oldest and largest institutions of its kind in the world, and was for ten years its president. He has made many munificent gifts to the institution, notably the presentation, in con- nection with the Smith, Kline and French Drug Company, of the Martindale Herbarium, which contains over 200,000 specimens from all over the globe. To his initiative and energy was also due the great additions made to the college building, the construction of which he personally superintended. Since its organization in 1890 as the Trades League of Philadelphia, Mr. French has been a director of the Chamber of Commerce, and in this connection has taken an active and zealous part in every movement organized by that institution to promote or conserve the business interests of Philadelphia. In fact, it was at his suggestion, and largely through his instrumentality, that the present recreation piers for the poor, and others, were erected along the Delaware River, and that the city established its high-pressure water system. In 1869, by appointment of the Governor of Penns3-lvania. he w^as a delegate to the con- vention at Tampa, Florida, to devise methods for the proper defense of the South Atlantic and Gulf ports of the United States. He was a member of the executive committee of the Tennessee Centennial Commission of Phila- delphia and was also secretary of the Union Committee on transportation, manufacturing and other commercial interests of the Quaker City. He also served as a member of the advisory board of the Commercial Museum, and is now a trustee of that institution. He has been for many years connected with tlie Franklin Institute and ^Manufacturers' Club of Philadelphia, was chairman of a joint commit- tee of the commercial organization of the city and was also of the sub-committee that se- lected the site for the United States Mint. Mr. French's attitude on all civic questions has always been as alert and active as it has been prominent. Every movement for the wel- fare of Philadelphia has his wholehearted sup- port, and that support, in its monetary aspect, has always been most generous. In 1895, for instance, he was chairman of the Citizens' Committee for Good Government, and during the administration of Mayor Weaver, from 1895 to 1899, he served as mem- ber of the Civil Service Commission of the city, which examined over 2000 applicants. In the presidential contest of 1896 he was vice-chairman of the McKinley and liobart Business' Men's National Campaign Commit- tee. So well did he discharge the duties of this responsible and exacting position that President McKinley, and the chairman of the Republican National Committee, ]\Iark Hanna, wrote in grateful recognition of his great services. In the Republican National Convention held in Philadelphia in 1900 he was chairman and member of several important committees, and during the Founders' Week celebration in Phil- adelphia in 1908 — a celebration of the two hun- dred and twenty-fifth anniversary of the foundation of the city — he was specially j)romi- nent and active. Mr. French has' devoted himself to literature to a certain extent, and is author of "The Genealogy of the Descendants of Thomas French, 1630-1903," which was published in two volumes. He is actively associated with manv associations and clubs of which a few may be mentioned. These are the Union League, of which he has been a member for nearly a score of years, of whicli he is also a director; the Colonial Society; the Historical Society of Pennsylvania ; the New Jersey So- ciety, of Philadelphia, of which he was the originator and a former president, and the 414 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA Ohio Society of Philadelphia. He also holds membership in the Merion Cricket Club. Mr. French was married in 1882 to Ida Col- ket, daughter of Coffin Colket, president of many transportation companies. They had two children, a son who died in infancy, and a daughter. His residence address is Alder- brook, near Radnor, Pa., and 2021 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, and his office addresses are York Avenue and Callowhill Street. Phila- delphia, and Broad Street and South Penn Square. WALTER F. BALLIXGER npHE firm of Ballinger & Perrot, architects and engineers, has designed and con- structed some of the most imposing commer- cial, institutional and industrial establish- ments in this section of the country. The name "Ballinger & Perrot" is to be found on some of the country's most important strvic- tures and is recognized by the profession gen- erally as typifying the best there is in their respective lines. Walter F. Ballinger is senior member of the firm. The other member is Emile G. Perrot. Mr. Ballinger was born in Petroleum Center, Pennsylvania, August 13, 1867, a son of the late Jacob H. and Sarah W. Ballinger. His father, who owned and operated a machine shop in the oil regions, died when young Bal- linger was two years old, leaving his mother and three children. After a brief interval the little family moved to Woodstown, N. J., where they lived for twelve years. At the age of thirteen years Walter Bal- linger left school to work on the farm of his cousin, and later in a factory. Promotion in the factory, due to his ability in certain prac- tical work involving computations, inspired him to continue his education. Fie attended night sessions at the local grammar schools, tchnical schools, Y. M. C. A. and Drexel Institute. Having saved money enough for his tuition fees, young Ballinger entered a business col- lege. Later he obtained positions in the offices of a manufacturing establishment, a lawyer and a coal dealer. In 1889 young Ballinger entered the office of Geissinger and Hales, at that time prominent architects and engineers in this city. At the same time he continued his studies, applying to daily practice the theoretical knowledge he ol^tained at night schools. Upon the retire- ment of Mr. Geissinger, a partnership under the firm name of Hales and Ballinger was formed in 1894. Six years later Mr. Hales retired and Emile G. Perrot, a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania and former head draftsman of the firm, was admitted into partnership. The firm then became Ballinger and Perrot. In 1897 Mr. Ballinger married Miss Bessie H. Connell. Their daughter, Grace Agnes Bal- linger, is a student at Swarthmore College, and an adopted son, Robert Irving Ballinger, is in the employ of the firm as superintendent of construction. Mr. Ballinger is affiliated with the German- THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 415 town and Cliestnut Hill Improvement Asso- ciation, the -Methodist Episcopal. Social Union, the Board of Temperance, Prohibition and Public ]\Iorals of the Methodist Episcopal Church and a trustee of the First Methodist Episco])al Church of Germantown. For a number of years he was superintendent of a Mission Sunday School. Mr. Ballinger is also a member of the City Club, Eng^ineers' Clul), Manufacturers' Club, Franklin Institute, American Society of Civil Engineers, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Philadelphia Chamber of Com- merce, Chamber of Commerce of the Borough of Queens, N. Y., and the Camden Board of Trade. In addition Air. Ballinger is a member of the Executive and Fire Resistive Committee of th.- National Fire Protective Association ; a man- ager of the Seamen's Friend Society, and is interested in numerous charitable organiza- tions. He is a member of the Independent Order of Americans, Melita Lodge, No. 295, F. and A. M.; Melita Chapter, No. 284, Royal Arch Chapter; Philadelphia Consistory, Thir- ty-second Degree, and Lulu Temple. Mr. Ballinger has always been a consistent exponent of civic improvement and has taken an active interest in civic reform movements. In politics he is an independent Republican and is a strong Prohibitionist. During the war the firm of Ballinger and Perrot devoted its attentions largely to gov- ernment projects, including Union Park Gar- dens, at Wilmington, Del., a "Garden City" to house shipworkers ; improvements and addi- tions to the U. S. Gas Defense plant, Long Island City, and building and equipment work for various war industries. The firm maintains offices in this city and in New York. Included in the list of institu- tions and commercial buildings designed and constructed by the firm of Ballinger and Per- rot are the following : Methodist Home for the Aged, Philadel- phia; St. Mary's Hospital, Philadelphia; Villa 3ilaria Academy, Frazer, Pa. ; St. Michael's Bovs' Industrial School, AMiitc's Ferrv, Pa. ; Western Theological Seminary, Pittsburgh; Victor Talking Machine Company, Camden ; Joseph Campbell Company, Camden ; Edward G. Budd Manufacturing Company, Philadel- phia; Strawbridge & Clothier Warehouse, Philadelphia; New York Consolidated Card Company, Long Island City, N. Y. ; National Casket Company, Long Island City, N. Y., and the John K. Stewart Company, Long Island City, N. Y. A \'ERY DE LANO ANDREWS, lawyer and capitalist, was born at Massena, New York, April 4, 1864, and is son of Hannibal and Harriet (De Lano) Harrison. He attended Williston Seminary, Easthampton, Massachu- setts, and graduated from the L'nited States Military Academy in 1886. He studied law at Columbian (now George Washington) Uni- versity Law School of Washington D. C, re- ceiving the degree of Bachelor of Laws in 1891, which was supplemented by a similar Degree from the New York Law School in 1892. He married, September 27, 1888, on Gov- ernors Island, New York, Mary C, daughter of Lieutenant-General John M. Schofield, and they have two sons, Schofield and De Lano. He served as lieutenant 5th United States Ar- tillery, 1886-1893 ; aide-de-camp to the major- general commanding the army, 1889-1902; major and engineer 1st Brigade, National Guard of the State of New York. 1898, and major commanding Squadron A, National (iuard State of New York, 1898; lieutenant- colonel United States Volunteers during Span- ish War; adjutant general State of New York, and chief of stafif to Governor Roosevelt, 1899; police commissioner of New York City, 1895- 1897. Mr. Andrews is vice-president and director of the General Asphalt Company, the Barber .Asphalt Paving Company. Colonel Andrews is Independent in politics, and an Episcopalian in religion. He is a member of the Associa- tion of the Bar of the City of New York, the American Academy of. Political and Social Science, Military Society of Foreign Wars, the Century, University and Church Clubs of New York, and the Army and Navy Club of Wash- ington. D. C. Ofiice address, Land Title Build- ing. Philadelphia. 416 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA GEORGE L. fVi ARKLAND. J: "pOREMOST among the self-made men of Philadelphia, whose number is as large as the business and enterprise which they repre- sent are extensive, must be included George Louis' Markland, Jr., president of the Phila- delphia Gear Works, which occupies the vast site from 1120 to 1128 Vine Street. Philadelphia was the city of Mr. Markland's birth and with Philadelphia his paternal an- cestors were closely identified since Colonial days. His great grandfather, Captain John Markland, served in the War of the Revolu- tion under General Lafayette, and subsequent- ly under General Washington, and was highly commended for bravery and devotion to the patriot's cause. Captain Markland & Son, the grandfather of the subject of this sketch, was also prominent in his natal city of Philadel- phia, when he conducted a large and active practice as a lawyer of state-wide repute. Mr. Markland's father, Henry Broome Markland, the son of this popular lawyer, was also a man of note and influence in the Quaker City. At the outbreak of the Civil War he joined the Seventy-second Pennsylvania Zouaves and served with much distinction, but died at the early age of 44. His' widow, Mr. Markland's mother, whose maiden name was Anna P. Smith, still survives him. The subject of this sketch was born July 20, THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 417 1S()S. lie attciulcil the public schools at I'raiikford until he was thirteen, and at that age embarked on his life career l)y l)cconiing' an apprentice to a machinist. Having served his time at this he started business' ior himself, Init failed. Nothing- daunted, he started again, but again failure was the result. By this time he had gained the wisdom that comes from ex- perience and he made the third, and. as it ])roved. the successful attempt to secure the living which he felt the world owed him, by becoming associated, on January 13. 1893, with the Philadelphia Gear Works. He entered the employment of the firm as machinist and con- tinued in this position until September, 1901, when he was appointed superintendent. Two years later he was made business manager and treasurer, and in 1907 was appointed to the responsible office of purchasing agent. In all these years his energy and ambition kept pace with his various promotions' and in 191 1 the reward came w'hen he became sole owner of the extensive and still-growing business wdiich he had in a large meastn-e created and de- \eloped. Air. Alarkland, besides being president of the Philadelphia Gear Works, is a member of the American Academy of Political and Social Science and of the Society of Auto luigineers. He is also a member of the Manufacturers' Club of Philadelphia, the Pen and Pencil Club. and the Engineers' Club, also of Philadelphia, and of the Machinery Club of New York. He served in the New York militia at Yonkers and is a member of the Sinking Fund Commission ijf Stone Harbor, N. J., and also Commodore i)f the Stone Harbor Yacht Club. Mr. Markland is a Republican in politics. but has never held or sought public office, and is in religion a Protestant. He was married in Alarch, 1893, to Ivy M. Quick, and has one daughter, Anna Broome Markland, and an adopted son. Robert Ivan Markland. His recreations are billiards, boating and s'wim- niing, at each of which he is an adept. His residence address is 6242 Carpenter Street, West Philadelphia, and his business address 1120-22-24-26-28 Vine Street, Philadelphia. A. AIWATICRKENT W /■plh^N it comes to a discussion (jf the matter of scientific ignition of automobiles, the Atwatcr Kent Manufacturing Works, of Phila- delphia, stands foremost among firms in this country paying exclusive attention to this branch of the automobile bus'iness. The president of the company is A. Atwater Kent, one of the foremost experts on ignition anywhere in the country. Mr. Kent has his manufacturing plant in Germantown. He re- sides at Rosemont. In the manufacture of the Atwater Kent scientific ignition system there is a certain en- vironment that is calculated distinctly to en- courage ideal production. Every mechanical operation in the manufacture of the ignition appartus is produced by automatic equipment of special design. There is that "spirit of quality" ideal in every move of the j^lant workers, who are among the most skilled auto workmen to be found any- where in the country. Philadelphia, by the way, employs more than 100,000 machinists in its various factories and it is an unciucstioned fact that nowdiere are the workers better equip- ped for their "jobs." It is a great co-operative s'pirit that underlies l)roduction at the Atwater Kent Manufacturing W^orks. Every executive appreciates his spe- cialized responsibility in the production of a perfected ignition system, the same as does every worker. The result : the Atwater Kent system has the unciualified guarantee of excellence of manufacture and perfection of performance. "There's an .Vtwater Kent system for every car, electrically equipped or not," Mr. Kent proudly announces. For simplicity of construction and unfailing- ness of performance, autoists generally com- mend the Atwater Kent system, now known nationally through the persistence of Mr. Kent in placing in the markets of the country what is considered "the perfect ignition system." 418 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA HENRY F. MICHELL "LJENRY F. MICHELL, president and treas- urer of the seed company that bears his name, was born in Switzerland. When he still was a child his parents moved to America. Thus he was enabled to have all the advan- tages of American development plus' the in- stincts of faithful and brave Swiss stock. :\Ir. Michell's first venture was inaugurated at 1018 Market Street, in 1890. The Inisiness was conducted in a small part of the tirst floor. His staff consisted of four employees'. The future head of a great concern began early to study his business from every angle. In a short while he laid out an elaborate plan lor development that today has resulted in one of the largest and most successful enterprises in his line. The present Michell establishment at 518 Market Street is an immense building devoted entirely to the i)urposes of the concern, and also includes two large warehouses. The old staff of four employees has increased to more than 150. ()ne of the best business strokes of the firm was the purchase in 1910 of land at Andalusia, liucks County, along the Penns3-lvania Rail- road. The nurseries cover about sixty acres. Mr. Michell's residence is at 3943 Chestnut Street. In addition to being president, treas- urer and a director in the Henrv F. ^lichell THE STORY OF PI 1 1 LADTLPIU A 419 Comjiany, he is alsci vice-president of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, treasurer of Market Street Merchants' .Association, di- rector of Central Trust Compaii}-, also Bene- ficial Savings Fund Society and Whitemarsh X'alley Country Club. Member of Union League, Philadelphia, Seaview and Torresdale golf clubs, Chamber of Commerce and Phila- delphia P>oard of Trade. His knowledge of seeds' and flowers is prac- tical and he is an authority on all matters per- taining to horticulttire, agriculture, etc. CHARLES T. ROBINSON TN connection^ with the huge textile industry of Philadelphia, an industry that is respon- sible for much of the city's wealth and also for placing it as the third largest manufacturing city in the country, there are many business men who have risen to prominent places. They have done so by sheer ability and hard work. These men are to be found not only asso- ciated with mills and factories where textiles are manufactured, but in many branches of associated enterprises. They occupy places of vast consequence and are as much a part of the great textile industry as it is its'elf. With- out them, Philadelphia would unquestionably not be reckoned the great textile center that it is today. The bag and bagging business is one of these allied industries that has helped to spread the fame of the city. Charles T. Robinson is one of the best known dealers in bags' and bagging. He was born in Philadelphia on September 28, 1863. Educated in the public schools of his own city, after his graduation he entered a business career. ]Mr. Robinson held several positions in all of which he distinguished himself by ef^cient management of whatever trust was imposed upon him. He received many promotions and was' rapidly forging ahead as one of the prom- ising younger business men of Philadelphia. During this time he kept more or less in touch with the bag and bagging enterprise founded by his father at 107-109 Walnut Street. After remaining with his last employer for some time he decided to af^liate with his father's business. Having a natural aptitude and inclination for the work, he soon was jdaced in charge of many of its' more important details. At the death of his father Mr. Robinson took over the control of the entire organization. The busi- ness only recently celebrated the fiftieth mile- stone of its founding by the elder Robinson. Charles T. Robinson attributes his success to hard work. Application to duty and the cour- teous treatment of all customers he believes is' the only way to successful accom])lishment. Mr. Robinson was married recently to Miss Claire M. Hackett, a daughter of Mrs. Emma M. Hackett. They have three children, a son and two daughters. The family always have taken an active in- terest in church affairs. Mr. Rol)inson is' a member of St. Philip's Episcopal Church. Much of the progress of the parish is due to his tire- less efforts in its behalf. He also is a devotee of outdcjor life. Golf is his favorite pastime. Many of his' spare hours are spent at the Seaview Golf Club, near Atlan- tic City. During the summer months he is daily on the links. He is considered to be one of the most expert golfers among the seashore colony. A participant in several tournaments in which also were engaged expert players, Mr. Robinson acquitted himself with credit. In proof of his' proficiency at the game he has several fine trophies. He also takes an active interest in golf club matters and is a liberal contributor to anything that will promote the spirit of amateur sport and healthy outdoor exercise. Mr. Robinson is a mem1:)cr of the Manufac- turers' Club of Philadelphia. In this organi- zation as well as others in which he is inter- ested he is' associated with every movement that tends to promote its welfare and progress. He also maintains an active part in the work in many civic bodies. He is connected with several military organizations. ]\Ir. Robinson belongs to the INIasonic fra- tcrnitv and is a member of Lodge No. 9. 420 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA FREDERICK J. MICHELL \/fICHELL'S seed, plant and \m\h emi)()rium at 518 Market Street, Thiladelphia, is one of the best known mercantile houses in the Quaker City. Its trade is enormous, its con- nections widespread and its reputation for fair dealing and the excellence of its products stands deservedly high. ( )f the Ilenry F. Michell Company, which owns and controls the popular estaldishment, Frederick J. Michell. the subject of this brief sketch, is vice- president and treasurer. Mr. Michell is a product of Switzerland, hav- ing been born in the historic mountain land of Wiliam Tell on Afarch 15, hS56. His father was loseph Michell and his mother, before her marriage, Marie Staehli, and each came of families well known and highly esteemed. Mr. Michell's earl}- education was begun in the public schools of his native town, l:)ut coming to the United States at an early age he spent some years in the schools of Philadelphia and the State before he l-JCgan his life work. He has now been associated with the seed busi- ness for many years' and has had an extended and varied experience of its every possible detail. In addition to his lousiness activities, which are necessarilv many and pressing, Mr. THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 421 Miclull is \icc-])rcsidcnt of the Xational liank t)f Kidli'y I'ark, Delaware County, where he resides, and is also direetor of the Ridley I'ark Huildini,'- Association. lie serxcd for seven }-ears as member of the Horoiigh C'onneil and as director of the Ridley Park Social did) identifies himself as keenly with its social life as with its more material interests. He is also an acti\e member of the White Haven Sana- torium and of the Knights of Columbus. Mr. Michell is a Republican in ptditics. and in religit)!! is a Roman Catholic. He w^as mar- ried in Philadelphia k>bruary 18, 1879, to Madeline I'eckman and has ten children, live sons and live daughters. ( )ne of his sons he lost in I*"rance during the war between the Cnited States' and (Germany. His residence address is, as has been said, Ridley Park, Delaware County, Pa., and his business ad- dress 518 Market Street, Philadelphia. RICHARD H. M. ROBINSON XyHEN Richard Hallet .Aleredith Robinson \\'as elected president of the Chester Ship- building Company, of Chester, Pennsylvania, merit alone was recognized and the right man, in every sense of the word, selected. In only too many instances the president of a public company, or other such corporation, is merely a figurehead, A\ho is absolutely ignorant of the practical working of the organization which he dominates and controls and whose knowd- edge of its technicalities is of a nature and character necessarily limited and, as' a direct consecpience, is necessarily imperfect, or de- fective. In Mr. Robinson's case the very op- posite of this anomalous condition of affairs exists, for it was solely to his intimate knowl- edge of shii)building in its' every possible de- tail, and to a long and varied experience in this essential respect that his appointment to the presidency of the great corjxjration was due. His cpuditications fcjr the responsible and exacting office were, and are. simply of the highest possible type and standard, and in recognition of the fact, and in this fact alone, he was given the appointment. I'.y birth Mr. Ro])inson is a ])roduct (jf the r.ueke}e State, having been bcjrn in Rcnenna, ( )hio, April 2, 1875. Son of George Foreman and Mary ((Jillis) Robinson, he received his elementary education in the pul)lic schools and later became a cadet at the United States Xaxal Academy at Anna])olis. Mere he studied hard, and in 1896 graduated with lirst honors. He then entered the University of (jlasgow, .Scotland, where he went through an exhaustive course in naval architecture and engineering and from which he graduated' in 1898. Mr. Robinson then entered the United States Navy, with which he was actively associated for many years. He served in all ranks from midshipman tcj and including lieutenant com- mander (na\al construction) until 1902, when he became attached to the Brooklyn Xa\}' Yard. Here he remained three years and in 1905 was api)ointed assistant naval constructor in the Navy Department at Washington, D. C, where he remained until 1913. In all these positions, within all these years of strenuous work, he acquired a large, thorough and varied experience of shii) construction in its every possible detail, and the vast knowledge so acquired he now puts into practical operation in the position of such great responsibility which he now so efificiently fills. Along with l)eing i)resident of the Chester Shipbuilding Company, Mr. Robinson is also l)resident of the Merchant Shipbuilding Cor- poration and managing director of the Lake Torpedo P>oat Company, of Bridgeport, Conn. He is a proiuinent member of the Markham Club of Philadelphia, of the Navy and Army Club of Washington, of the University Club of Bridgeport. Conn., of the luigineers' and Uni- versity clubs of New York, and of the Rock- away Hunting Club. He is also a member of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Iv.igineers, in which well-known organization he occupies the i)osi- tion of meml)er of Council. In jKilitics he is a Republican, and in re- ligion an ICpiscopalian. His residence address is 555 Park Avenue, New York City, and his business address, 165 P>roadway, New York Citv. 42: THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA lti.:nrv ri.:i.:d iiatfikld. uiu- of the most eminent and most highly esteemed memlDers of the Philadeljihia Bar, is the son of Dr. Xathan Lewis Hatfield, who was for close on to sixty years a leader in the medical pro- fession in the Quaker City. Graduatincr from Jefiferson College in 1826, Dr. Hatfield soon acquired distinction, and in 1875 became presi- dent of the Alumni Association. During the greater part of his life, in which he enjoyed a large and lucrative i)ractice, he was probahl\- the best known physician in rhiladeli)hia or Pennsylvania. Dr. Hatfield and his son, the subject of this sketch, came of families long and })rominently connected with the states of Pennsyhania and New Jersey. The paternal grandfather of Mr. Hatfield served in the ^^'ar of 1812, wliile his paternal great-grandfather was a brave and distinguished soldier in the l\e\"ohitionar_\- A\'ar. C )ne of Air. Hatfield's maternal ances- tors — Ccjlonel Plenr}' Pawling — an official in the ser\ice of the Pritish crown, receixed in 1682 a grant of many thousands of acres of land near Esopus, Ulster County, New^ York, while the names of others of such ancestors ai^pear in the list of those owning taxable properties in the Empire State at or about that date. The descendants of this Colonel Pawling — that is to say, Henry and John Pawling — were Justices of the Peace in Philadelphia, while another branch owmed and operated the old forge, known in American history as Val- ley Forge, and the famous headquarters of Gen- eral A\'ashington and the Patriot Army. In 17.U John Ilatfield. another ancestor, had an extensive plantation in Montgomery County. Pennsvlvania, and gave the name Hatfield Township to a well-known district in that county. Henry Reed Hatfield was educated in the puldic schools of Philadelphia, and later entered the University of Pennsylvania, from which he graduated in 1878. Intending to adoi)t the profession in which his father had attained such eminence, he entered Jefiferson Medical College, and in 1881 graduated with the degree of Medical Doctor. Shortly after- wards he was' appointed assistant surgeon in the United States Navy and served some time. While so engaged the predilection for the pro- fession of law asserted itself, and, abandoning what promised to be a brilliant and successful career in the medical profession, he began the study of law. x\fter his' admission to the Bar he engaged in practice in Philadelphia, and in a remarkably short time attained ])rominence in his new profession, due, in a large degree, to the medical-legal training he had undergone and which was of inestimal)le adxantage to him. Mr. Hatfield is ])rominently connected with several of the most exclusive social and other clubs of Philadel])hia, including the Ritten- house, the Penn, the University, the Radnor Hunt and St. Anthony's. He was treasurer of the Law Academy of Philadelphia from 1885 to 1912, and is also a member of tlie .Society of the War of 1812 and of the Delta Psi Frater- nity. He married Miss Alice Darling Craig, (laughter of Henry Craig, of Philadelphia, and THE SrORY OF PHILADELPHIA 42: resicU'S at 1725 Walnut Street, but duriui;- the sunimer months, when not on tours in luirojK', which he frequently makes, occupies a hand- some country home at Bar Harbor, Maine. His office address is 723 Walnut Street, Philadel- ])hia. rjR. NATHAN HATFIELD was the eldest son of Dr. Nathan Lewis Hatfield, both of whom were distinguished practitioners of medi- cine in Philadelphia, the former a noted sur- <^eon, while his father for over sixty years enjoved a large private practice in conjunction with obstetrics, in which he w^as pre-eminent for experience and success at a time when anti- •^eptics were unknown and anaesthetics unsafe. Both were graduated from the Jefferson Medical College, and both held positions in its association of Alumni, the father as president in 1875 and the son. secretary, and subse- (juently treasurer. Nathan Hatfield was born in Philadelphia May 6, 1844, and came of patriotic ancestry. 1 lis paternal grandfather and great-grandfather were officers in the W^ar of 1812 and in the Revolution, respectively. The family planta- tions in New York and New Jersey appear among the list of taxable estates as early as 1670. In 1682 one of his ancestors', Colonel Henry Pawling, who came to this country with (jovernor Nichols in the service of the English crown, was given a grant of several thousand acres of crown land in Ulster County near Esopus, in the State of New York, for meri- torious military service rendered in the Colo- nial W^ars and in amicable settlements with the Indians. Subsequently, John and Henry Pawling, his descendants, were justices of the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia Coun- ty, associated with Isaac Norris, Samuel Mif- flin, Thomas Willing and others, from Decem- ber .S, 1733, the date of one of the commissions, until 1761, when the "list of Gentlemen recom- mended for justices to the governor on Febru- ary 28th." of that year contained the name of Henry Pawling. In 1734 John Hatfield, one of Nathan Hatfield's ancestors, lived on a plan- tation wliich he owned in Hatfield Township, Montgomery C(nmty, which township took the name from the family, which, however, was more closely identified with the Perkiomen N'alley and with the I '.randy wine, in Chester County, where they operated by water power what are said to have been the first rolling mills in America, but now long since disman- tled and even the sites where they sttjod but a memory. The tomb of Nathaniel Hatfield is to be found in the old I'.randywine ^lanor Burying Ground ; and the manor house in which lived his son, Samuel Hatfield, one of the incorporators of the Girard liank of Phila- delphia, is still in possession of the family in the midst of a tract of three hundred and fifty acres beautifully situated on the west branch of the romantic Brandywine Creek. Another ancestor of the family at one time operated the Old Forge, now Valley Forge, Pa., where Washington had his headquarters during the winter of 1777-78. and which is memorable for the sufferings of his army there and the serv- ices of Baron Steuben in discii)lining and in- structing it. Nathan Hatfield received his preliminary education at the Classical School of Henry D. Gregory, 1108 Market Street, Philadelphia, which his younger brothers, Douglas and W' al- ter, and his youngest brother, Henry Reed Hatfield, also subsequently attended. He was prepared for the University of Pennsylvania, which he entered at the age of fifteen years ; and in the following year was the outbreak of the Civil War. He volunteered in the Union Army, but on account of his youth was attached to the Cadet Corps and assigned to the Medical Department and stationed at the .\rmy Hospitals of Race Street and at H addon- field, where he was under the celebrated sur- geon. Dr. R. J. Le\is, medical officer in charge. This enabled him to continue his studies at the University, and in due course he received his degree of Bachelor of .Vrts in June. 1863. In 1866 the degree of Master of Arts was con- ferred upon him. one year after his graduation in medicine, at the Jefferson Medical College, in 1865. 424 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA He began the practice of medicine as an assistant to his father, Dr. Nathan Lewis Hat- field, and soon became prominent among the younger members of the Alumni of Jefferson Medical College as a practitioner, operator and teacher. He developed a taste for surgery, and became assistant to the great Samuel D. Gross, one of the first Americans to receive the degree of Doctor of Laws of Oxford Uni- versity, England ; Professor of Surgery at the Jefferson Medical College and author of a sys- tem of surgery, a most comprehensive work. He was successful as a quiz master, being one of the most popular members of the famous Robley Dunglison Quiz, as it was called, in which he had the branch of surgery. He was a thorough anatomist and a skillful operator. He introduced antiseptic operating while con- sultant to the Philadelphia Hospital after returning from a visit abroad for the purpose of acquainting himself with the latest knowl- edge in his profession and when antiseptic was a. novelty and not generally understood. At that time the means employed was the car- bonic acid spray, known as the Lister System. Besides his prominence in the Alumni of Jefferson Medical College he was President of the Northern Medical Society, consulting sur- geon to the State Hospital at Norristown and an active member of the Pathological, County Medical and other societies of Philadelphia, and a frequent delegate to the State Medical conventions. He was a man of commanding presence and refined manners, beloved by a large circle of friends, pupils and patients. His death occurred wdien he was but little past forty years of age. Li the short space of about twenty years, however, he achieved success not only professionally but financially, having amassed at the time of his death a considerable fortune entirely from his practice, having pre- deceased his father. Dr. Hatfield never mar- ried, lie died in Philadelphia January 6, 1S87. The following testimonial, entirely in the handwriting of the author, Professor S. D. Cross, above referred to, the nestor of Ameri- can surgery, was found among his papers, and seems fitting to be reproduced here. It is as follows : "It affords me great pleasure to state that I have been personally acquainted with Dr. Hat- field for many years ; that he received a classi- cal education in the University of Pennsyl- vania ; that the degree of Doctor of Medicine was conferred upon him by the Jefferson Med- ical College in 1865 ; that he served for three years under my charge and that of Professor I'ancoast on the surgical staff of our College; that he acted for several years as assistant dem- onstrator of anatomy in our dissecting room ; that in 1879 and '80 he spent the winter in Lurope in quest of professional knowledge, and finally that he is now one of the surgeons of the Philadelphia Plospital and of the North- ern Dispensary and Charity Hospital of Phila- delphia. Dr. Hatfield's moral character is above all praise. His titles are certainly worthy of serious consideration. Few men have entered the profession during the last fifteen vears \vith so good a record. S. D. GROSS. "Jefferson Medical College, June 16, 1881." pDWARD \\\\LTER CLARK, banker, was born in Philadelphia, May 17, 1857, and is the son of Edward White and Mary Tod- hunter (Sill) Clark. He graduated from the University of Pennsylvania, with the Degree of Bachelor of Science, in 1877, and after leav- ing the I'niversity was a clerk for four years. Since 1881 he has I)een in lousiness as a banker, and is now head of the banking firm of E. W. Clark and Company. He is also vice-president of the First National flank of Philadelphia; manager Lehigh Coal and Navigation Com- pany ; director Fidelity Trust Company, Trust Comi)any of North America, Alliance Coal Mining Company, Lehigh & New England Railroad Company, Allentoun I'erminal Rail- road Company, Nesquehoning Valley Railroad Company, Wilkes-liarre & Scranton Railroad Conq)anv, Tresckow Railroad Company, Dela- ware Division Canal Company. He was mar- ried in Philadelphia to Lydia Jane, daughter of Th(jmas A. Newhall. His office address is .S21 Chestnut street, Philadelphia. THE STORY OP PHILADELPHIA 425 EARNEST T. TRIGG. President of the Phi!a(leli)hia ClKiml)er (jf Gonimerce, is ser\-ing- his third term in that position, ha\ing been first eleeted in January, 1917. He is \'ice President atid (ieneral Manas^er i»f John Lucas and Company, Inc., paint manu- facturers. Mr. Trigg' occu])ies a notaV)le place in commercial and industrial life in Philadel- phia, being recognized as one of the leaders of the younger generation in industrial activities. He was also Regional Adviser for the h^)urth Region Resources and Conversion section of the War Industries Board, llis headquarters in this position was in l^hiladel])liia, and the Region o\er which he had jurisdiction comoriscd I'.astern Pennsyhania, the State of New Jersey, south of Trenton, and the State of Delaware. In the organization of this Region l(jr el- tective co-operative \vork with the War Indus- tries Board at Washini'ton. Mr. Trigg demon- ■-trated that he possessed sterling (jualities of pt'rsexerance and a genius for detail. Despite the accumulation of activities which are engaging his time Mr. Trigg makes it a rule to devote a portion of his day to his labors as President of the Chamber of Commerce. ."^o uni\ ersal are his talents along these lines that he was appointed to the im])ortant posi- tion of Philadelphia member of the Commit- tee' on Resolutions at the War Conxention of the ("hamber of Commerce of the I'nited States of America, held at Atlantic City in the fall of 1917. At the annual meeting of the National Chamber of Commerce held in Chicago, in the spring of 1918, Mr. Trigg was Chairman of this Comiuittee and as a result of his work in this important position he was honcjred l)y be- ing elected to the Board of Directors of the Chamber of Commerce of the United States. Gl'LORCib: II. ICVRLb: T AWYER, banker and financier, George W. Earle was born in Philadelphia, July 6. 1856, and is son of George Hussey and Ella iM-ance (A^an Lohr) P^arle. He graduated from Harvard University in 1879, and in 1904 was awarded the honorary Degree of Master of Arts by his alma mater. He then studied law and was admitted to practice in the profession of which his father and grandfather had been notable members. He became a member of the legal firm of Earle & WHiite, which existed for twelve years, and conducted a large and lucrative practice. He was elected president of the Pennsylvania Warehousing and Safe Deposit Comi)any. and vice-president of the Guarantee Trust and Safe Deposit Company. 1 lis many duties in these positions obliged him to withdraw from the active practice of the law. Later he was elected president of the Tradesmen's National Bank, he resigning at the same time his vice-presidency in the Guar- antee Company. .Mr. I'.arle is ])resident Finance Company of Pemisxhania, Real Estate Tru^t Companv, .South 426 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA vania, Real Estate Trust Company, South Chester Tube Company, Pennsylvania Ware- housing and Safe Deposit Company, vice-presi- dent Tradesmen's National Bank, Market Street Elevated Passenger Railway Company. Electric Traction Company; voting trustee Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company. He has successfully filled other important finan- cial positions and in 1898 he was appointed receiver for the Chestnut Street National Bank, and associated with R. Y. Cook, was as- signee of the Chestnut Street Trust and Savine: Fund Company. He became also a member t)f the Board of the Philadelphia Record Pul^lisli- ing Company and a director of the Equital)lc' Trust Company and many others. Mr. Earle has taken a deep interest in po- litical afifairs and has been a strong element in the struggle for municipal reform. He was an active member of the Committee of One Hun- dred and has always taken great interest in the cause of honest administration. He is a lovci' of fine horses and has one of the largest stock farms in Pennsylvania, at his simimer country seat. Broad Acres', near the Radnor Hunt. He was married in Philadelphia, De- cember 12, 1881, to Catherine D. French. His home address is Devon, Pa. ANDREW C. McGOWIX, vice-president of the Philadelphia Chamber of Commerce, is an illustrious example of a man who has worked himself up to big things by close a])pli- cation to his work and a clear understanding of the details of his business. This method of doing things, developed highly in his own busi- ness, he also In'ought into requisition in jmblic afifairs, when he became interested in them, and a like success folh^wed him into his civic life. Born in Louisiana of that excellent admix- ture, the Scotch-Irish, which has given great leaders' to industrial and political America, his l^arcnts removed to Pittsburgh, Pa., while Andrew was yet an infant. He received a public school education in that city, and began his l)usiness career there. He entered the shoe business, and learned it from A to Z, with that thoroughness in every detail which made him an invaluable salesman in both wholesale and retail lines. Thirty-three years ago Mr. McGowin re- moved to Philadelphia, where he has since been engaged in the shoe business, b^or the last thirty-one years he has been associated with ]uhn A\^anamaker. A.\DR1A\' C. Mc(.()\\ IN He li\es in ( )verbrook, and there are few l)ranches of country life in whicli he is not interested. A born leader of men as he is, he has set a pact- tv the activities of every club in which he liecame interested. lie is the president of tlie Meadowbrook Club, and a member of the Seaview Coif Clul); a life mem- ber of the Manufacturers' Clul). and is on the membership committee of the Union League. He is also a member of the Philadelphia Country Clul). Mr. McCowin was one of the founders of Tim STORY OF PIIILADELPIUA 427 the National Shoe Retailers Association, of which he was the hrst president. He is still l)resident of it, as he retained that ofificc snc- cessivelv hy re-election until last year, wdien he was made presiclent emeritus 1)_\' the asso- ciation. h\)r xMr. McCJowin, where\er he is associated, is esteemed not only for his excei)ti(inal ability to handle business jjroblems facing the particu- lar organization in question, concerning whose details he is sure to have a knowledge of ex- ceptional fullness, but, no less, for his rare judgment. His associates have l)ecome accus- tomed to rely upon that judgment, one involv- ing men as well as matters, as upon a rock. And because of the geniality of his disposition his counsels are given in a manner and spirit which makes them doubly acceptable. There is none of that autocratic method of dealing with others so common to men accustomed to have their judgment regarded as of great moment. He makes it as pleasant to come to him for judgment as it is' profitable to accept it. Mr. McGownn is perhaps best known for the important services he has rendered Philadel- phia by his leadership in the movement to maintain Philadelphia's high position as a manufacturing centre, and to develop the re- sources of the port. In all civic projects he has taken a foremost part. He is perhaps hap- piest of all in a cjuality he has in abundance, that of making and keeping friends. lyALTER COX, manufacturer, Philadelphia, was born in Chester County, Pa., Septem- ber 17, 1857, and is the son of Hewson and Mary ( Ricketts Camac) Cox. He received his elementary education in the public schools of his native place and later entered the Univer- sity of Pennsylvania, from which he graduated with the degree of Bachelor and Master of Arts. He is now president of the Pennsylvania A\ ire Glass Company and director of the Al- dine Trust Company. He is also a member of WALTER COX the Franklin Institute, in the affairs of whioli he takes much active interest. Mr Cox belongs to the Republican party and is in religion an Episcopalian. He has never sought public office, and although interested, as a citizen, in all the political and social issues of the day he is affiliated with no political or- ganization, nor is he a member of any public institution. He is, however, a member of the Phi Kappa Sigma fraternity and is also a member of the Philadelphia Club, the Pine \'alley Golf Club, the Corinthian Yacht Club, the University Barge Club and the Cai)e May (;olf Club. Mr. Cox was married in May, 1SS2, to Han- nah Ashbridge, but has no children. I lis home address is 2029 Sansom street, and his business address 915 Pennsyhania Building. I'hiladel- nhia. 42,S THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA SIDNEY IV' AS ON P\'^:RY\\Jlh:RI^: in the United States where ilhnninating gas is used — and where is it not? — is faniiHar with the W'elsl^ach burner, l)ut everyl)0(ly does not know that the W'els- bach Company, which controls its prochiction. is one of the leading institutions in America. Incorporated in 1900, in New jersey, to acc^uire a controlling interest in the stocks of the W'els- bach Light Company and the AWlsl^ach Com- mercial Company, it is capitalized at millions, and from its extensive plant in Cdoucester City, N. J., sends its popular if not absolutely neces- sary, products in an unending stream to every point of the compas's throughout the United States and across the Seven Seas. At its head are such well-kiunvn financial magnates as Samuel T. Bodine, Randal Morgan, Morris L. Clothier and others of nation-wide reputation, while as its president stands Sidney Mason, the subject of this sketch. This fact — that is to say the fact that he is president of this great company, with such men as his associates on the board of directors, is,, of itself, ample proof of his ability, for with such men ability, and ability alone, is the sui)reme test of efficiency and fitness. It, therefore, goes without saying that Mr. Mason is, in every essential particular, fully qualified for the position he holds, else he would never have been selected by such keen and successful Inisincss men for it. THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 429 Mr. Masuii was Ixirii in riiihuUliihia. Jaiiu- ar\- IS. 1S()7, and is llu' smi of John .Mason, jr.. and .Marv Idight ( 1 I a/.clhurst ) .Mason. 11 is education was rc'Ci'i\c'd in llu- ])uldic schools ot his nati\r cit}- and at the carl}- ai^'c of eig-htcen hi' startc(l in what proxcd to be a most suc- cessful life career. Me first entered the eni- ])lo\nient of the Harrison brothers' C'onii)an}'. manufacturers of white lead, with an extensi\e plant in I'hiladeljihia. ilere he remained for two vi'ars. gaining a larg\' amount ot business training and experience, lie was then trans- ferred to the Western W hite Lead Works, at Kensington. i'hiladel])hia, where he remained about two years' more. .\t this period he ac- cei)ted an office position in Cramps' llrothers foundries, but failing to see in it the \ista of a brilliant future ahead. accepted a minor position in the Philadelphia city sales department of the Welsbach Company. I'^ven then he realized that the outlook for the company was an ex- ceptionally bright one. and in this respect his iudgment and his decision to identify himself with the corporation were not at faidt. He had not occitpied his initial position with the company very long until his ability, zeal and devotion to his w ork were recognized, and being recognized were rewarded. Promotion came as a result, and he was transferred to the general office of the company as chief clerk. This was but the ste])ping stone t(j steady if not rajud advancement, the culmination of wdiich is the ])residenc}- of the great corpora- tion, an office he has now held for man_\- }-ears. with ever-increasing credit to himself and ma- terial advantage to the large interests which it is his duty to conserve and to promote. Besides being president of the Welsbach Company, and of its many subsidiaries. Mr. -Mason is a director of the Lake Superior Cor- ])oration and the companies identihed with it and is also a director of the Macbeth i'.vans Company and of the Storrs -Mica I'ompany. He is a member of the historic In-anklin Insti- tute of Philadelphia, of the .American Gas -Xssociation and of the Ubuuinating I'higineer- ing Society. He is connected with no fraternal or beneficial associations, but is a prominent and acti\e member of many clubs, -including the Union League and .Markham Clubs of Philadel|>hia. the Lawyers' Club of Xew York. the Philadeli)hia C"ountry, the .Merion Cricket and the Sea\ iew (j(df clubs. .Mr. -Mason is a Re])nblican who has taken, and still takes, a keen and absoi-bing interest in the well being and (kwelopnient of his natix'c cit}-, but has never asi)ire(l to jiublic ohice. lb- was married in Philadi'liihia, lune .24, 1S')7. to i'dlen < )rtoii Sherrerd. His residence address is the .\ldine iiotel, Phila(lel])hia, and his busi- ness address ( lloncester Citv. X. j. LJAPRV Kh:XXlM)Y COP IKKilPr. one of the leading and most i)rominent wdioiesale coal merchants of Philadel])hia, is in that ])ar- ticular business from the force of heredit}', pure and simple. His grandfather was one of the original pioneers in the \ast anthracite regions of the Keystone State, throughout which he was widely known and highly esteemed. His son. father of the subject of 430 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA this sketch, was also prominent in the coal Ijusiness, so that it was entirely within the order of things that Harry Kennedy Cortright should devote his life work to the business. This he has done with eiTect. and among the A\hole coal disi)ensing fraternity of the (Juaker City there is no man who understands the busi- ness more thoroughly and few men to whom a greater measure of unqualified sviccess has come. Mr. Cortright's family, on the paternal side, was pure Dutch. The first member of it came to America in 1663, so that Mr. Cortright rep- resents the tenth generation of the Cortright family in the land of the free. ( )n the mother's side Mr. Cortright is of the sturdy and enter- prising Scotch-Irish stock, his maternal grand- father being John Kennedy, of Port Kennedy, Pennsylvania, a man extensively known and much respected in his day and generation. Mr. Cortright was born in Mauch Chunk, Pennsylvania, July 14, 1882, his father being Nathan Dodson Cortright and his mother, be- fore her marriage, Margaret Kennedy. From the public schools of his native town, where he received his' elementary education, he de- veloped into the Mauch Chimk high school, and from thence went to Mount IMeasant Academy, Ossining, New York, from which he graduated with honors. He next entered the University of Pennsylvania, graduating from that institution in the class of 19CM-. He then started his life work in the coal business, which he has' made an undoubted success. He is president of the Cortright Coal Company, vice-president of the Beaver Run Coal Com- pany, of the Boucher-Cortright Coal Company and of the Philadelphia Wholesale Coal Trade Association, and is a director of the National Coal Jobbers' Association. He is also a promi- nent member of the Philadelphia Chamber of Commerce and of the Phi Kappa Psi Fra- ternity. His recreations are golf, squash and tennis and the social and other clubs in which he holds membership are the Racquet of Phila- delphia, the Philadelphia Country, the Spring - haven Country and the Phi Kappa Psi. Mr. Cortright is a Repu])lican in politics, and in religion is a Presbyterian. He was mar- ried in Mauch Chunk, June 16, 1909, to Hazel Packer, and his children are Hazel Lockhart and Margaret Kennedy Cortright. STANLEY R. STAGER A CF\E for acre, or mile for mile, there is not in the world a larger or busier mill district than that of Kensington, the center of the woolen, carpet and lace industr}- of Phila- delphia. A veritable city in itself, its daily toilers number very many thousands, and the factories that give emj^loyment to these are as "thick as leaves in Vallambrosa." Notable among these factories is that of Jonathan Ring and Son, standing at the cor- ner of Hancock Street and Montgomery Ave- nue. It gives employment to hundreds of toil- ers, and its products in yarns are well known all over the United States. THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 431 The presitlcnt and manag'ing' dircctur of this hrni i)t Stanley R. Stager. Uorn in Sacgertown, I*enns_\ 1\ ania. in 1883, he is the son of Harlow A. Stager, and his wife, Ellen Stager, nee llausel, and both parents are living at Union I'itv. Pennsylvania. Mr. Stager received his early education at the ])ul)lic schools'. At the age of fifteen he went to C'hicago where he secured a position with the famous mail-order firm of Sears, Roe- buck and Company, as "search l)oy" in the complaint department. In this cajiacity his work was earnest and unremitting and recog- nition of it followed in less than one year w-hen he was i)romoted to the position of correspond- ent. Owing probably to too strict attention to business his health began to fail at this period, and to recuj)erate it he went to Northwestern Nebraska, as bookkeeper for the Bassett Hard- ware and Supply Company. After a year there he came to Philadelphia, in 1902, as clerk in the office of the Pure Oil Company. Here, as in Chicago, promotion quickly fol- lowed recognition of his al:)ility, and he was made auditor of the company, a position he held until 1910. when he accepted that of treas- urer of Jonathan Ring and Son, Incor])orated. Here, again, further advancement was meted him, as it was justly earned, and on January 1, 1914, he became president of the firm, an office he now fills with credit to himself and benefit to the firm. ^Ir. Stager is a member of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, and is also connected with the Pennsylvania Society of New York and with the Masonic Order. His recreation is golf, and the clubs in which he holds membership are the Whitemarsh Valley Country, the Manufacturers and the Rotary. He is a Republican in politics, and a Presby- terian in religion, is closely connected with and interested in the First Presbyterian Church of Germantown. In November, 1909, he married VAs'xc Lenorc Ring, l)y whom he has one son, Stanley R. Stager, Jr. His residence is 3227 A\'est Pcnn Street, Germantown, Philadelphia, and his business address Hanccjck Street and Montgomery Avenue, Philadelphia. GEORGh: 1). PORTER "TpHE. l)est police head Philadelphia ever had." This was the trilnite jjaid the lion. (Jeorge D. Porter at the conclusion tjf his term as Director of the Department of Pul)lic Safety in the Plankenburg administration. Mr. Porter's administration of that office was commended in virtually every part of the country. The department, under Director Por- ter, was conducted in a straight, business-like way, with no tinge of political favoritism and with disregard for every administrative fea- ture that did not spell efficiency. During his incumbency of the office Director Porter was the "right hand man" of Mayor Blankenburg. He was consulted by the late mayor on virtually all matters pertaining to civic development and soon he became known as the "power behind the throne" in the gov- ernment of Philadelphia. Mr. Porter is' forty-four years old. He is a son of George S. and ]\larie Del- horbe Porter, and is a Philadelphian l)v adop- tion, although he comes from a family of Penn- sylvanians. His forefathers first settled in Lancaster County in the eighteenth century. His father was a soldier in the Civil War, hav- ing enlisted with the 197th Pennsylvania \^ol- unteers. Later he engaged in business as a merchant, and then became superintendent of a large ranch in Iowa. George D. Porter attend-.d the public schools of Iowa for a time. His family then removed to Georgia and he continued his studies there. He remained in that State until 1894, when he came to Philadelphia to accept a clerical posi- tion in the law office of J. Sergeant Price and J. Willis Martin. He was later associated with l-di Kirk Price. He became vice-president of the First Mortgage Guarantee and Trust Com- l)any in 1911. 432 THE STORY OF PHlLADELPhUA It was as' the urganizeT of the Municii)al J.eague that Mr. Porter made his dehut into h.cal ])olitics in 1S97. 'I"he league developed into an actixe force in the polities of ( lerman- town, and when the City (jarty was formed Porter was al)le to turn into that organizatitin an energetic corjis of wtjrkers. h'or three years Mr. Porter was secretary of the C'itv Conunittec of the City party. 1 le was secretary of the reform conx'ention of 1905. ddie same rear he was elected to Common Council. During his hve years of service there he fought to have the Police Pension Jnmd ])laced on a permanent basis and he fought the transit agreement lietween the City and the Philadelphia Kai)i(l Transit C.impany. Director Porter, his wife and son, Koilman, live in (iermantown. lie is a mend)er of many social, civic and educational societies, lie was an organizer and charter member of the City Club, and is a mendter of the Voung Republi- can Clul) of (iermantown, the (iermantown and Chestnut Mill Improvement Association, the Pennsylvania Society of the Sons of the Revolution, the Historical Society of Pennsyl- \ania, the American ( ieographical Society, the Site and Relic Society of (iermantown. the City History Club. Philadelphia Cricket Cdub. He was. at one time, Scout Couuuissioner lor I'hiladelphia of the I'.oy Scouts of America, and is a member of several charitable and church organizations. pi'.RCY MLLTON CHANDLP:R. the well- known financier of Philadelphia, and senior meud)er of the banking firm of Chandler and (."ompany, is generally conceded to i)e amongst the most astute and well-informed men of this important line of business in the (Quaker City. Alert to everv factor or circumstance that is likely to directly or remotely influence the world of finance, he is regarded as a high au- thority in the Stock Exchange, where his views and o])inions are eagerly sought and en- joys a reputation second to that of no other financier in the city. His methods are based on the foundation of experience and those, and they are many, who rel\' uj)on and are guided or influenced by his judgment, seldom if ever, find that judgment at fault. Mr. Chandler was born in Philadel- ])hia h'ebruary 6, 1873, and came of that sturdy old (Quaker stock so long and so intimately associated with the Cit\' of William Penn. PERCY Al. CHANDL1:R lie recei\'e(l a liberal education in that old and well-known scholastic institution, the h'rieiids" (^'entral Scho(d, and upon his gradtia- tion entered the eniplo}inent of the Pennsyl- \-ania Railroad CcMupany. W bile thus engaged he devoted all his spare moments to the study of law. In this he was most i)ersistent and assiduous, and the result was that he was admitted to the Par of Phila- delphia in 1894. His ambition to become a lawyer thus gratified, the further practice of his profession seems to have had no attraction for him. He never engaged in such practice, but, instead became interested in finance. /•///: srok']' oi' riiiLAniii.rm, ■\. hi jaiuiary, 1899. he entered the I'hiladel- pliia l'"xchang"e, estal)lishing offices in associa- tion with his l)rother, L'rederick T. Chandler. In November of the s'ame year the hrni of Chandler Brothers and Company was organ- ized. This was successful from the start, and is now one of the leading hnancial institutions of the city. Mr. Chandler's reliable judgment and the conlidence which sucli judgment has created liaye been the chief factors in this success, and another not less potent has been his willing- ness to guide inyestors through the puzzling mazes of perpetual fluctuations. In this re- spect he is the investor's mentor and friend and the investor invariably finds that his guid- ance and advice contribute most materially to his financial advantage. In this' respect and in many others, ]Mr. Chandler has won a most enviable reputation and has made hosts of friends. In private life his many and sterling social qualities are fully recognized and the Art and other clubs of which he is a member, as well as the Masonic fraternity, regard him as one of their most lovable and most esteemed asso- ciates'. Although fully and keenly interested in local politics so far as they relate to all civic re- forms, he is not a politician, but has always been a stalwart member of the Republican party. He is a director of many corporations and is one of the most active and earnest trustees of Temple University. ^Ir. Chandler was married to Miss' Menden- hall. daughter of Mrs. Aaron Mendenhall, of the Afarlyn Apartments, Fortieth and Walnut Streets. Philadelphia. She died in July, 1916, and in Xovember, 1917, he married Miss Xancy Krebs, of \\'inchester. Va (^AJTAIN A. F. BROWN, the subject of this' sketch, is a most prominent figure in the transportation and lighterage business of Philadelphia and the firm of which he is presi- dent, director and controlling spirit, that is the Philadeli)hia Transportation and Lighterage Com])any, is one of the l)est e(piip])ed. the most enterprising, the most resourceful and the most successful in the United States. Nor could it well I)e (otherwise. Mr. T.rown, its head and brains, has made transportation the business of a strenuous, upright and honor- able b'fc, and iliere is no phase of the business of which he has not had large and varied ex- perience and no details of it that he is not A. F. P.ROWN absolute master of. l""(>r man}' }ears he has most successfully transported \arious com- modities, from piling, lumber and immense boilers, to all kinds ui machinery and all kinds of bridge and tunnel material, with a multi- ])licity of their necessary accessories — from North to South and from East to W'est. Everything that needs prompt and efficient transit from one point to another comes within the scope of his extensive and ever growing business and in everv single instance he af- 434 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA fords the utmost satisfaction to those whose work he undertakes to do. His word is as good as the ordinary man's bond, and once he makes a promise to per- form a contract that contract is absolutely sure of performance if no decidedly insuperable obstacles stand in the way. Mr. Brown, to repeat, knows the transporta- tion business thoroughly and with those on lines akin to it he is also familiar to a remark- able degree. He was, for instance, a pioneer in the original scheme of dredging, washing and screening bar sand and Jersey gravel and was also a pioneer in the establishment of the Atlantic Deeper AN'aterways Association, of which he is still a prominent and active member. Along the water front of Philadelphia he is a familiar figure and exceedingly jiopular with all classes. Mr. r.rown was l)orn in Philadelphia and is a son of James and Margaret (Patterson) Brown, each of whom came c;f families well known and highly esteemed. He received his education in the public schools of his native citv and afterwards at- tended a course of instruction in the Pierce Business College, Philadelphia, from which he graduated. He then began the active and hon- orable business career in which he has made a reputation that any man might envy. Besides being president of the Philadelphia Transportation and Lighterage Company he is also president of the Vessel Owners' and Captains' Association of Philadelphia and is director of the National Board of Steam Navi- gation. He is a prominent member of Rich- mond Lodge, No. 230, of Free and Accepted ^lasons; of Columbia Royal Arch Chapter, No. 91 ; of Philadelphia Commandery, No. 2, Knights l>mplar of Pennsylvania, and of Lulu Temple, A. A. O. N. M. S., of Philadelphia. Mr. Brown is also a member of the Traffic Club of Philadelphia, the Pen and Pencil Club, and the Philadelphia Chamber of Commerce. In politics he is a stalwart Republican, but has never held office, and in religion is an Episcopalian. He was married in Philadelphia, in 1S90, to Anita Hanar. and has two children, daughters. Plis residence is 1505 West Allegheny Ave- nue, Philadelphia, and his business address is 119 Walnut Street, Philadelphia. SAMUEL P. SADTLI^K, I'h.lJ.. LL.D. T^llE sul)ject of this sketch. Samuel P. Sadtler, whether as an author of standard books of reference, a lecturer, a professor of chemical science in both college and university or as a research worker in the laboratory, has demonstrated to the fullest extent both indus- try and ability of the highest order and has established a reputation which is not only nation-wide, so far as America is concerned, l)ut international. He holds degrees from the Pennsylvania Col- lege, at Gettysburg, Harvard University and the University of Gottingen. Germany, and in the course of his professional life has been pro- fessor of chemistry in Pennsylvania College, Gettysburg, Pa. ; professor of organic and in- THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 435 (lustrial chemistry in the L'ni\ ersity (if I't-nn- sylvania ; professor of chemistry in tlie i'hila- (lelphia College of Pharmacy, and for over thirt}--h\e years has l)een active as an expert in chemical patent litigation. Although re- tired from teaching he remains the head and controlling spirit of the firm of Samuel T. Sadtler and Son, consulting and analvtical chemists, of Philadelphia. I'rofessor Sadtler was born in Pine (irove, Schuylkill Count}-, Pennsylvania, July 18, 1847. His father, the Rev. Benjamin Sadtler, D.D.. was a Lutheran minister and for ten }ears was })resident of Muhlenberg College, at Allentown, Pennsylvania. His grandfather on the maternal side was the Rev. Dr. S. S. Schmucker, founder of the Lutheran Theolog- ical Seminary at Gettysburg, and for nearlv forty years chairman of the faculty of that well-known institution. As somewhat in the nature of a natural se- (pience Professor Sadtler's lines in life were cast in harmony A\ith those of his distin- guished ancestry and, as in the case of his father and grandfather, met with singular dis- tinction and success. The rudiments of his eflucation he received in the public schools of I"laston, I'ennsylvania, and later he entered the High School at Easton, from which he grad- uated with high honors. In the fall of 1862 he entered the I'ennsyl- vania College at Gettysburg. ( )vving to the encroachment of the Confederate army, result- ing in the battle of Gettysburg, the college was closed in 1863, and it was not until 1867 that he graduated with the Degree of liachelor or Arts. In the earlier part of his college career he devoted his attention to the classics, but later, at the suggestion of Professor Alfred M. Mayer, then professor of Chemistry and Phy- sics at the college, he turned his efforts to distinctly scientific subjects. \\\ the fall of 1867 he entered Lehigh L"ni^■ersity to begin his study of chemistry, physics and mineralogy. The following year he entered the Lawrence Scientific School of Harvard University as an advanced student under Dr. W'olcott Gibbs, then the most distinguished chemist in the Cnited States. J laving completed the research work re(|uired for a thesis in January, 1870, he passed his examination for the Degree of I'achelor of Science. In the same vear he sailed for luiropc to complete his studies in Gnttingen I'niversity, under Wohler, one of the m(.st distinguished scientists of the old world. In 1871, Professor Sadtler left G(">ttingen with the Degree of Doctor of Philosoi)hy, and after extended travel in luirope returned to America and became ])rofessor of chemistry in Tennsyhania College, his alma mater. Here he remained until 1874, when he came to Philadel- ])hia to beccjme professor of general and organic chemistr}- in the University of I'ennsylvania. In 1879 he was, in addition, selected to relieve Professor Rol)ert Bridges, then at an ad\anced age, in the 1 Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, and in the following year succeeded him in the professorshi]) of chemistr}' at that institution. He was elected a trustee of the college and served upon many important committees' dtir- in.g his active connection with the institution. In 1891 he resigned his professorship in the L^ii\ersity of I'ennsylvania and since that time has devoted himself activel}- tc; his profession of consulting chemical expert. In this connection he has been called to all parts of the L'nited States from coast to coast, and became intimatel}- accpiainted with the \'arious branches of industrial chemistr\- from personal contact. Professor Sadtler's published works cover an extensive field of chemical and pharmaceutical literature and have long since been regarded as standard books of reference. His first literary efi'ort in 1877 was a Handbook of Chemical Experimentation. Three years later he became associated with Dr. H. C. Wood and Professor loseph P. Remington, in a revision of the L'nited States Dis^ensatorv, a valuable refer- ence book, of which he was the chemical editor. This connection continued to the issue of the last edition within a year past. In 1891, he i)ublished his Industrial ( )rganic Chemistr\-, which has had mruu' editions and 436 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA has circulated extensively in authorized Ger- man and Russian translations. In 1895, in collaboration with Professor Henry Trimble he published Sadtler and Trimble's Pharmaceu- tical and Medical Chemistry, which has run through five editions and is regarded as a most valual^le and exhaustive work. In 1890, 1900 and 1910 he attended the na- tional conventions for the revision of the United States Pharmacopoeia, and at the con- vention of 1900 was elected member of the standing committee on revision, and still con- tinues in that connection. It goes without saying that Professor Sadt- ler is a prominent member of the many scien- tific societies. Pie is a member of the Ameri- can Philosophical Society, of which he was secretary for four years ; the American Asso- ciation for the Advancement of Science ; the American Chemical Society, on the council of which he ser\ed for }ears ; the .\merican Electro-Chemical Society, of which he was vice-president ; the Franklin Institute, the Society of Chemical Industry, and the Societe de Chimic Industrielle. He was a charter member and the first president of the Ameri- can Institute of Chemical Engineers. He is a trustee of the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, and is president of the Publication Board of the General Council of the Lutheran Church. He is also a member of the Univer- sity Club and the Engineers' Club of Phila- delphia, and the Chemists' Club of New York. Professor Sadtler is' an Independent Repub- lican in politics. He was married in P>alti- more, December 17, 1872, to Al. Julia Bridges, and his children, four in number, are Samuel S. Sadtler, born in 1873 ; Philip B. Sadtler, born in 1884; IHla, now Mrs. R. N. Riddle, born in 1878, and Alice H., born in 1888. His residence address is 4000 Baltimore Avenue, I^hiladelphia, and his office address is 210 South Thirteenth Street, Philadelphia. PATRICK )US McMANUS npH hL railroad has been one of the potential factors of civilizaztion in the United States. AMierever its iron tracks have pene- trated, or the panting of its locomotives are heard, there progress has made its imprint and there the process of evolution has already be- gun. And, if the railroad be such a factor in the development of the resources of a country and in the creation and expansion of every ma- terial good within it, it logically follows that the man who constructs such a pathway to progress is of more than average importance and is entitled to far more than average credit. ( )ne of these men — men who are just as much the benefactors of their race as he who makes two blades of grass' grow where one grew before — is Patricious McManus, the subject of this sketch. For over half a cen- tury Mr. McManus has been engaged in every branch of railroad construction, and the monu- ments of his skill, energy and constructive ability dot the great State of Pennsylvania and bear evidence of his superiority in this great and extensive field of human endeavor. But then heredity has probably something to do with his life work and successes, for he comes from families of contractors both on the paternal and maternal sides. His father was, during his lifetime, engaged in the construc- tion of important railroad work throughout the State, while his maternal grandfather was a well-known pioneer contractor in the eastern part of the United States, and had an impor- tant and conspicuous part in the construction of the Hudson River Railroad, the Erie Canal and the famous old Portage Road over the Alleghenies to Pittsburgh. Patricious McManus was born in Pottsville, Pa., November 22, 1847, and was the son of John and Anna (McGovern) McManus. He received a thoroughly good education in the public schools of Lancaster County and later attended the Macungie Institute, in Lehigh County. After his graduation he was em- ployed by his maternal grandfather, and while thus engaged become familiar with every de- tail of the business. As an illustration of the rapidity and com- pleteness with which he mastered these de- tails, and as an example also of his construc- tive and executive abilitv. it may be inci- THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 43; (lentally mentioned that when but nmeteeu years old he entered into a eontract to build a section of eleven miles of the Sunbury and Lewiston Railroad. Such an undertaking would have been difficult to a mature mind of vast experience, and the fact that he com[)leted the work within the prescribed time, and to the utmost satisfaction of those with whom he had made the contract was little short of a marvel, and naturally excited, at the time, both amaze- ment and the fullest measure of public appre- ciation. As a natural result of the interest aroused by and in his work jNIr. McManus was brought into much prominence, and equally as a logical outcome of his remarkable feat important work in Philadelphia was the erection of the stockyards in that city. He next constructed the entire track system at the exposition grounds during the Centennial celebration in 1876, and for this excellent work was highly commended. He also erected the station for the Pennsylvania Railroad at Thirty-second and Market Streets, and constructed the entire track system there. Later he double-tracked the line to Atlantic City, X. J., for the Phila- delphia and Reading Railroad Company and did this so well and so expeditiously as to gain further commendation, both from the company officials and from the general public. He also constructed the mason work of two bridges over the Schuylkill Rive*- and con- structed the waterways' and roadbed of South b^ork and Johnstown, Pa., after the terrible flood that had practically obliterated the latter city. Some of the most difficult and exacting work ever done on the Pennsylvania Railroad sys- tem was performed by Mr. Mc^Manus. He it was who designed and constructed the perfect system of tracks at Broad Street Station, l^hiladelphia. which even now are the admira- tion of railway men and the model held up for other similar works, and it was he who changed the line at Conewago, Hillsdale, Bix- ler, Bennington and Xew^ton-Hamilton. He also built for the Pennsylvania Company the tunnel for the Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington division, imder the main line in West Philadelphia, and the tunnel luider the \ew York division tracks at Thirty-tifth Street. Mr. McManus' more recent work includes the l)uilding of the track system of the Phila- delphia and Reading subway and the recon- struction of the old Dismal Swamp canal in Virginia and South Carolina and the making of a waterway from Chesapeake Bay to Albe- marle Sound. He also executed a large amount of macadam work in and around the vicinity of Philadelphia, and made all the excavations for and double-tracked the electric line from Camden to /Xtlantic City for the Pennsylvania Railroad, completing the section from New- held to the seashore, a distance of forty miles, in the almost incredibly short time of four months. From 1884 until 1894 he was in partnership with his half-brother, James B. Reilly. but in the latter year purchased Mr. Reilly's interest and ran the business himself until 1897, when he organized the McManus Construction Com- pany, of which he is the general manager and president. The latest work of more than ordinary im- portance executed by Mr. McManus was that upon two sections of the low^ grade division of the Pennsylvania Railroad — one at Downing- town. Pa., and the other at Quarryville, Pa. — and the construction of the cut-off for the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad between Park Summit and Milford, Pa. This latter was a work of immense difficulty, both on account of the rock formation and the high altitude of the road, some of the bridges lieing as many as 250 feet above the water level. Mr. McManus is the oldest contractor in Pennsylvania, the best known, the best equip- \)Q(\ in all details' of track laying and other such works, and the most successful. He is a member of the Engineers' Club, the Athletic Club and the Friendly Sons of St. Patrick, and is keenly active in the affairs of each. He was married in 1867 to ]\Iary Jane Swengle, by whom he had four children, Re- gina, John A., lulward J., and Josephine. In January, 1888, he was married to Eliza- beth McGovern, by whom he had six children, Herliert, Anna, Marie Joseph. Leo Patricious, h'lizabeth and Gertrude. 438 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA FREDERICK T. CHANDLER IN MEMORL'\^I December, 1863— Mav, 1918 W nil':N Frederick T. Chandler, the well- known I'hiladelphia financier, l)on vivant and sportsman, died in May, 191S, there j)assed awav one of the most poj)tdar, the most pic- tures(pie and best beloved |)ersonalities in the Quaker Citv. To know him was to love him, and the esteem with which he was regarded was felt outside the large and ever growing- circle of his immediate friends. His popularit}- was not confined to any par- ticular class, for ever}- one w-ho came within the general influence of his charming manners and attractive personality felt that influence to a remarkable extent. As a result Mr. I'handler became early in his business life a prominent figure in the ])ublic e}-e, and in po])ular esteem, and this enxiable rejnitation he held with increasing force until the day of his much lamented death. As a financier he was shrewd and al)le. While his methods were, as a rule, conserva- ti\-e and cautious, he lacked nothing whatever of the spirit ui enterprise, or innovation, and, as a rule success was the measure of his vari- ous' undertakings. 1'o his energy and judg- ment were largel\- due the creation (jf a splcn- THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 439 (lid hanking' business, and so thorouj^lilv and so uni\'crsally were liis l)usincss instincts and methods recognized and a])i)reciated that when foreign governments in the early part of the titanic \var between (lermany and l^'rance, with her other European allies, floated their loans the hrm of which Mr. Chandler was controlling >pirit and head was' entrusted \\ith a consider- able share of the transaction. It was through his firm. also, that the great and Avidespread corporation known as the American Stores was established. This corporation with its stock far up in the millions, was an amalgamation of the fi\'e largest chain stores' in the Eastern States of America, and the fact that its pro- motors, who were all business men of the hrst capacity, selected the Chandler firm as the hnancial engineer of their gigantic project proved beyond the semblance of a dcjubt their faith in the aliility and integrity of Mr. Chand- ler, as well as their al)Solute confidence in his methods and judgment. Frederick d\ Chandler was ])orn in the Friends' Settlement, near Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, Deceml)er 5, 1863, but five years later caiue with his parents to Philadelphia, where he resided all the years of his active and useful life. For ten years he attended the pub- lic schools' of Philadelphia and then, in 1878. at the age of fifteen, he began what turned out to be a strenuous, earnest and successful busi- ness career. In that year he entered the brok- erage firm of Thomas L. Lawson and Sons, where he remained some years. He then en- tered the employment of L. II. Taylor and Company, wdiere he gained a vast knowledge of financial affairs and actpiired a training that was of inestimable advantage to him in after life. His progress towards the goal of his ambition was rapid, but natural and deserved. Step \)\ step he was j)romoted by the firm, by whom his exceptional worth was fully recog- nized, and as largelv apjireciated, and in a com- ]iarativel}- short time he was admitted to mem- bership in the firm. In 1S93 Mr. Chandler was admitted to a seat in the Philadelphia Stock f-'-xchange and six years later, starting business on his own ac- count, established the firm of Chandler P.rothers and Comi)any, which, under his able direction and management, went ahead from the start and in time became one of the most reinitable and one of the largest financial in- stitutions in Philadelphia. .Mr. Chandler was also engaged in many business activities apart from his bank, lie w as director of the Quaker City National P.ank of Philadelphia, of the l-'irst Mortgage (Juarantee and Trust Com- pany and of the Peoples' National I'irc Insur- ance Comi)any. He served for many years on the l)oard of governors of the Philadelphia Stock h^xchange, and was always one of the most active and p,rogressive members of the institution, as he undoubtedly was one of the most highlv esteemed. As a result of the admiration in which he was held by his fellow members he was elected president for several terms and was one of the principal movers in the successful project of having the hlxchange removed from Third and Walnut Streets to its present (piarters at I'road and Walnut Streets. He was also a memljer of the Stock Exchanges of New York and Chicago, of the Cotton h'xchange. New York, and of the Chicago lioard of Trade. Mr. Chandler was a past master of C'orin- thian Lodge, Free and Accepted Masons; a mend)er of the Union League of Phila(lel])hia, and also the Kettle Club, the Athletic Clul), the Clover Club, the Philadelphia Yacht Club, the Racquet Club, the Rose Tree Hunt, the Bachelor and Barge clubs', all of Philadelphia, and of the Lamb's Club of New ^'ork. While he little cared for society as that word is usually employed, he did kne companionship of men who held a large part in the world's afTairs. He was an ardent member of the Clover Clul) when his booming bass voice could always be distinguished in the medley who felt called iq)on to "heckle" each si)caker. as the custom of the organization demands. It was Mr. Chandler's fate to die on the day following the spring dinner of this organiza- 440 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA tion, the first festivity of its kind that he had missed in many 3'ears. Mr. Chandler always took an active interest in sports, especially baseball, to which he was enthusiastically devoted. He was a frequent visitor at the games at both the Philadelphia l)arks and he was a "fan" in all that the word implies. \\'hen the chance came for Philadel- phia to purchase the National League team, when Charles P. Taft, brother of former President William H. Taft, sold out his inter- est, Mr. Chandler was one of the first subscrib- ers. It was an open secret, too, that he was the heaviest individual stockholder in the club. Mr. Chandler always took an active interest in the management of the clulx He was con- sulted by President Baker in every important move that was made. Up to this spring Mr. Chandler was a daily attendant at the games at the Philadelphia park, his box always being filled with his friends. Every spring Mr. Chandler invited a party of his intimate friends to accompany him to the rendezvous where the "Phillies" were training, and they usually remained there a fortnight. His widow and four children survive him. They are Frederick T. Chandler, Jr., now an ensign in the Navy ; Burton Chandler, who went to Camp ^vleade as a selected man ; Miss Eleanor Chandler, and Mrs. Frank H. Galey. GENERAL RUSSELL THAYER npHE living friends of Russell Thayer are legion and include the best and most cul- tured men of Philadelphia ; the friends of his who are dead w^ere, in their day and genera- tion, foremost in their respective lines of hu- man efi^ort. and, in many instances', of a nation- wide celebrity. General Grant, the victor in our Civil War, and afterward a President of the United States, was one, and of the others whose names were familiar in the mouths of Philadelphians as household words were: Hon. John Welsh, United States Minister to England ; Thomas A. Scott and George B. Roberts, each a rail- road magnate and each president of the great Pennsylvania system ; James McManus, once a political giant in Philadelphia, and head of the Gas Trust; Hon. William S. Stokely, once Mayor of Philadelphia; Hon. Morton Mc- Michael, also Mayor of Philadelphia, and former proprietor of the North American news- paper ; Theodore Cuyler, one of Philadelphia's \^^^^^^^^^^B \^^^^^^^^^^^H ^1 ^n ■1 ^^^H^B!SL* v,'^,»'-^r GENERAL RUSSELL THAYER most prominent lawyers ; Hon. George H. Bowd^:er; Hon. Eli K. Price, a distinguished lawyer; David M. Sellers, Gustavus Remak and Fred I\I. Molbert. These men, all promi- nent and all distinguished, were the friends and associates of General Thayer. Coming of a name and family long identified with Philadelphia, General Russell Thayer was born in that city December 24, 1852, his father being Hon. M. Russell Thayer and his mother Sophia Dallas (VVatmough) Thayer, also of a well-known and highly esteemed family. He was educated in the private schools of the THE STORY OF rillLADELPlllA 441 (.)u;iker City and then entfrcd the University of Pennsylvania. Securing the nominatii)n of United States Army Cadet, he next entered the Military Academy, at West Point, where his career was most distinguished, he being successively ap- pointed Color Corporal, h'irst Sergeant and h'irst Caj^tain of the Cori)S of Cadets. After graduating at West Point as assistant instruc- tor of artillery, he was' personally advised by (ieneral (irant, who ^\■as then President of the United States, to resign from the service, as there was no vacancies in the artillery arm in existence. This he did somewhat reluctantly and then secured a position as assistant engi- neer with the Pennsylvania Company, with which great corporation he was engaged for years', gaining added experience as a civil engi- neer. His ability received substantial and em- phatic recognition, wdiile still engaged on the Pennsylvania Railroad system, by his appoint- ment as chief engineer of Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, the largest municipal park in the world, and now, largely if not mainly, through his zeal, energy and initiative, amongst the most beautiful. Over a score of "golden years ago," wdien Mr. Thayer received his appointment, Fair- mount Park was in a condition extremely crude and, to a large extent, somewhat neg- lected. It rei^resented a case of "nature aban- doned,'' but after his appointment these adorn- ments came and, little by little, the vast pleas- ure ground of which Philadelphians are so justly proud, assumed all the aspect, as it pos- sessed all the environments of "a thing of beauty" which, according to the poet "is a joy forever." Roads', walks and drives were laid out, extensive plantings were resorted to and everything which Mr. Thayer's experience or his imagination could suggest was done to im- prove and to beautify the vast tract of which, to repeat, the average Philadelphian is so proud and so jealous. After twenty-three years' service with the Fairmount Park Commission Mr. Thayer re- signed to become connected with the United Gas Imjjrovement Company. A\'ith that great corporaticiu he was identified seventeen years, during wdiich time he was president of its many subordinate lighting companies, liaving invented the vtdatilization process for the re- covery of platinum metal from their sands and ores, to the develo])ment of which he has since applied himself. In 1876 Mr. Thayer was a])p> is MM Paring ."street, I'hiladel- phia. and his business address 454 Xorth Third Street, I Miiladelphia. WILLIAM 1'.. S. l-h:KCUS( ).\ r\V Scotch-Irish ancestry. William 1'-. S. Ferguson, a leading lawyer at the Par ot Philadelphia, was born in the Quaker City in 1885. His father is ])rominently connected with the insurance business, and his mother, who died June, 1907, was active in church work, especially that of the Harper :Memorial Church, of Twenty-ninth Street and Suscfue- hanna Avenue. Philadelphia. She was also an active worker in behalf of the Presbyterian Home and of the Ladies' Auxiliary of Mary Commandery, Knights' Templar. Mr. Ferguson received his early education in the public schools of Philadelphia and later entered the High School, where his career was an exceptionally l)rilliant one. After graduat- ing from the High School he entered the law office of lohn A. Ward, in 1901. For five years 448 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA he continued his hiw studies unremittingly and in 1906 was admitted to the Bar. He had qualified himself for such admission the A'car before, but decided to continue another wav at study before beginning what has turned out to be a highly successful general practice, which steadily grows with the growth of Mr. Ferguson's reputation as a lawyer of high ability, of infinite resource and unblemislu-d integrity. Mr. Ferguson's first practice was in associa- tion with Mr. Ward and continued until the death of the latter. He then continued it on his own account. Mr. Ferguson is a memlier of the Law As- sociation of Philadelphia and of the Law Academy. He also holds membershii) in the Haddon Assembly and the -Vrtisans and is an active member of St. Albans Lodge, No. 529, Free and Accepted Masons. In politics he is a stalwart Republican and takes an active inter- est in the civic afifairs and in point of fact in every i)ubHc or other movement designed for the improvement of his native city, or for the protection or conservation of her interest. He married Miss Lulu B. Good, daughter of Daniel Good, chief of the Western Union Tele- graph Company, and both he and his wife are devoted members of the Presljyterian Church. Mr. Ferguson resides at 6107 Columbia Ave- nue. Overbrook. His business address is Lincoln Ihulding, Philadelphia. ,\.ssociating himself with a financial career, Mr. Moore has had large experience of bank- ing, and filled many positions of resi)onsibility and trust. He recently resigned as vice-presi- dent of the Merchants' Trust Company, of Camden, N. j., which organization he helped to organize, and is now director of the First WILLIAM G. MUURF ^yiLLlAM (;. AKJORF, well-known banker and financier, is one of those products of New Jersey who have intimately associated their lives and futures with the City of Phila- delphia and reflected a large measure of credit upon it, as well as upon themselves. He was born in Haddonfield, across' the Delaware River, January iani as its sole director and head, it employs a staff of thoroughly qualified and well-known physicians and surgeons, and is patronized by nut only the Italian residents of the citv, but by others of different nationality. It is a strictly chartered institution and is the only one of its kind in the United States, ex- cepting a similar one in New \ ork. Dr. Fabiani's fame and ])c)pularity are none p-reater than the i)upularity and distinction of his wife, Aladame Adele Fabiani. ( )ne of the most distinguished musicians in the United States, she is a cultured singer and pianist, and this has repeatedly been borne testimony to by the large, critical and distinguished audiences which she has charmed by her skill and per- sonality, as well as l)y the musical editors of the press. In response to general, earnest and persis- tent ai)peal. ^ladame Fabiani has consented to receive a limited number of pupils, ddds she has done for purely artistic reasons, and from the great love of the art in which she is so pro- ficient. Her social position amongst the most exclusive set is well established, and well recognized, so that her work as teacher is a labor of hjve rather than the suggestion of necessity. C.\.MU1-:L FNGLANDER, attomey-at-law, was born in New York City on ( )ctol)er 13, 1875, and is the son of Bernard and Theresa Englander. He attended the public schools of New York City, Drifton, Pennsylvania, and Levin Handy Smith (irammar School, Phila- deljjhia, and later entered the Law Department Class of 1898 in the L^niversity. where he s:raduated with hisfh honors. Immediately after graduation, in 1898, he was admitted to the Ccjurts of Common FMeas of Philadelphia. ( )n September 23. 1899. he was admitted to practice l)efore the De])art- nient of the Interior, at Washington, and three (laws later was admitted to practice before the United ."^tates Pension l>ureau. SA^lUh:L ENGLANDhZR Admission to the Supreme Court of Penn- syh'ania followed on July 11, 1900, and on ."^eptemljcr 21 of th.'it }ear he was admitted to the Circuit Court of the United States, third district; to the District Court of the United States for the eastern district of Pennsylvania, and to the United States Circuit Court of Ap- peals for the third circuit. ( )n June 25, 1901, he was admitted to practice before the United States Patent Office, and on October 12, 1905, to the Superior Court of Pennsylvania. Mr. Fnglander is solicitor for the Lester Building and Loan Association, the Pannonia Beneficial Iktilding: and Loan Association of THE STORY OF I'll ILADELPIIIA 45: I'hihuk'lphia, and the P'-llwood Ihiildinjj^ Asso- ciation. He is a member of the Law Associa- tion of I^hiladelphia. the American I'ar Asso- ciation and the jewisli TuhHcation Society ot America. He is also a member of the execu- tive council of the Jewish Community of Phil- iif the term, its l)rains. In point of fact Mr. i'rizer is the William Mann L"omi)any, so far as the enormous' business of the lirm is con- cerned, and tlie hi^h rank it has securc(l in the commercial world, and the high reputation which it enjoys all over the globe is. in more adelphia, and a fourth director of the llel)rew than a merely figurative sense, a personal tri ^. )rphan Ht)me and of the luigleville .Sana- torium for Consumptives. The societies and fraternities with wliicli Mr. Englander is connected are \'aux Lodge. No. 393. F. & A. M.; Keystone Chai)ter, No. 175, R. A. M.; Myman Lodge. Xo. 751. O. P.. A.; Brith Sholom Lodge. No. 5. 1. O. W. S. ; Progressive Lodge, No. 6. ( ). B. A. ; Lannonia Beneficial Association and the Congregation ( )hev Ledek. Llis also chairman of the lioard of Governors of Pannonia Building. He was a candidate in 1913 for judge of the Municipal Court of Philadelphia on the parti- san ticket. He was defeated, but received at the primary election 7000 votes more than was recorded for any other candidate not backed by one of the political parties. He was married in 1904 to (lussie Schonfeld. l)y whom he has two children, Ellwood Li])- man and Lester Joseph. Mr. luiglander's resi- dence address is 1630 North Franklin Street. Philadelphia, and his business address 412 Crozer Building, Philadelphia. HARRY A. PRIZER 'TPHI". chief executive of sucli a \ast and im- portant commercial estal)lishment as that of the William ^lann Company, manufacturers of and dealers in Idank books, coi)ying books and pajjers and banking and commercial sta- tionery, with extensive premises at 529 Mar- ket Street. Philadelphia, must of al)solute ne- cessity, be a keen and alert business man. witli a thorough knowledge of every detail of the business, and with all the enterprise, commer- cial training and what ma}- be termed business intuition necessary to not only create success, but to develo]) and maintain it. Such a man is Harry .\. Prizer, president of the Concern and. in the strictest interpretation umjjh for him. and a proud and lasting trii)ute to his business acumen, business methods and uncpialilied integrity. HARin' A. imh/i-:p ()f sturdy (ierman and l^nglish stock, (ier- man on the ])aternal side and English on the distaff. Mr. Prizer was born in Philadeli)hia. in whicli his Teutonic grandsire many years ag(^ on May 5, 1S61. being the son of ICnos L. and Letitia H. Prizer. He received his ele- mentary education in the public schools and later graduated from the Central High School. Immediately after graduation he accepted a clerical position with the 1 looks Smelting Company and later entered the service t>f the 454 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA Philadelphia and Reading Railroad Company. Here he remained some time and then entered the employment of the Pennsylvania Com- pany. In each of these positions he acquired a knowledge of the details of railroad business and procedure which was of immense advan- tage to him in after life. From the Pennsylvania Railroad Company's employment Mr. Prizer went to that of the Mann Company, with wdiich he has since been associated, and of which he is now chief. Beginning at the bottom of the ladder, like many other successful men. he steadily ad- vanced from the humble and irresponsible posi- tion of clerk to higher positions, involving more responsibility, in other departments of the firm. In this progress upward he accjuired that experience which actual contact with work can alone afiford and gained that first- hand knowledge of the workings of every de- partment, which later qualified him for the executive position he now^ holds. In a word his business aptitude and business training were obtained in the school of experience, than which, after all, there is no better and few as good. The William Mann business of which Mr. Prizer is head was established in Philadelphia in 1848. Thirty-three years previously its founder was born in the Quaker City, where he learned the trade of house carpenter, which he followed for several years. He then became connected with the Government service at Washington, D. C, but quit this to resume his trade, which he followed up to 1848. In that year he returned to Philadelphia to introduce a portable binder, of his own invention, for filing letters. A wareroom and dwelling com- Inned was secured at 74 North Fourth Street, and in this unpretentious environment was established, on necessarily a modest scale, the business which later developed into such vast proportions, and w'hich still continues to grow. The steady increase of l)usiness, from the very start, rendered more commodiovis quar- ters and greater facilities an absolute necessit}' in several stages of its progress. Mr. Mann therefore removed to, successively, 25 South Sixth Street, to the Northeast corner of Third and Chestnut Streets and to 43 South Fourth street, where he remained until 1873, in which year he purchased the five-story building at 529 Market Street, devoting the three upper floors to the manufacture of copy books and the two lower floors to a retail department and executive offices. In 1882 a mill for the manu- facture of copying paper was established in Lambertville, N. J., and this is now one of the largest of its character in the United States. Mr. Mann died in 1881 and the business was then assumed by his sons, and in April, 1888, the William Mann Company was incorporated. Meanwhile, the manufacturing end of the business advanced so rapidly that even still larger cjuarters became necessary, and in 1893-4 an eight-story factory building was erected at the Northeast corner of Fifth and Commerce Streets', where every detail of the manufacture of copying books, blank books, loose-leaf ledgers and binders is in operation, as well as printing, lithographing, engraving, embossing and die-stamping. This building is thoroughly up-to-date and no detail in the direction of efficiency is lacking, while the ma- terial comfort and convenience of the army of employees have been almost rigidly provided for. In addition to this building the firm runs a branch house at 105 Chambers Street, New York, to facilitate the demands of its trade, W'hich embraces large shipments all over the United States, to overseas possessions of Uncle Sam, to England, and in point of fact to every quarter of the globe. Mr. Prizer, who controls this vast business, still finds time to devote attention to the af- fairs of the American Union Fire Insurance Company, of which he is a director, and to the Neutric Chemical Company, of which he is president. He is also a member of Union League, Philadelphia, of the Pennsylvania Society, and of Meridian Sun Lodge, No. 258, F. & A. M. In politics he is a staunch Repub- lican, while in religion he is a Baptist. In 1885 he was married to Ida Conly Mann, daughter of William Mann, founder of the firm. Thev have three children, \Villiam THE STORY OF PU ILAPHLPIIIA 455 Arann rri/.er. born Sfi)teinhi'r 22, 1886; H. Ardiiiorc. Jr., l)orn August 6, 18*'l, and How- ard Davis, horn September (), 1893. Air. l^-izer's residence is 4218 ]?ine Street, Phila- delphia, and his l)usiness address is Fifth and C'oninierce Streets, Philadel])hia. JOHN GRIBBEL "T AM an optimist and I delight in the knowl- edge that a new^ note is being heard in our public life and in our relations with each other, which is stimulating and encouraging." These words, spoken by John Gribbel in an address to the young men employed in the transportation department of the Pennsylvania Railroad, indicate, to a large extent, the char- acter of the speaker. Mr. Gribbel is an opti- mist in the strictest sense of the word. He be- lieves in the Leibnitz doctrine that this world is the best world possible and in all circum- stances and conditions takes the brightest view of things as they are. There may be little or no relation of this philosophy with business, yet it would be quite incorrect to say that it has not influenced Mr. (iribbel and l)rought to tlic pinnacle of success tlie business enterprises with which he is and has been associated and identified. .Mr. Gribbtd, president of the Union League ol Philadelphia, and one of the most prominent, popular and esteemed of its citizens, was born ill I ludson City, now^ part of Jersey City, N. J., March 29, 1859. Both his parents, James Grib- bel and Anna West (Simmons) Gribbel, were of the good old English stock for centuries identified with Cornwall, that county rich in historical associations, as in metals, which con- tributed the ducal title to the King of Eng- land. His father, who had come to the United .'States in 1855, was a manufacturer who had retired from active business after a life of well directed and earnest effort had made that busi- ness a success. His mother was a daughter of Captain Charles Simmons' and a niece of Captain Will- iam A\'est, and was also sister of Captain John Simmons, of the staff of the Duchy of Corn- wall. Mr. Gril)l)el, the subject of this sketch, re- ceived his early education in the public schools of New York and later at the College of the City of New York. His school days over, and the business instinct strong within him, he started his career in life by accepting a posi- tion with the Importers' and Treaders' Na- tional Bank of New York. This w^as in 1876. and the follow^ing year he accepted a more responsible position with the Leather Manu- facturers' Bank of the same city. In 1883 he gave up what promised to be a successful banking career to enter the New York office of Harris, Griffin & Co., manufacturers' of gas meters. Here he remained seven years, and in 1890 became junior partner in the firm of John J. Griffin Company, which had succeeded that of Harris & Griffin. Two years later Mr. Griffin died, and Mr. Gribbel, having pur- chased his interest, became sole proprietor and has continued so ever since, continuing the 456 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA business under the title name of John J. Grif- fin Company. In 1891 Mr. Gribbel transferred the field of his labor to Philadelphia, with the commercial and financial life of which he has since been prominently identified. His keen business instinct, created by herit- age and developed l)y experience, his almost ceaseless energy and his magnetic personality soon placed him in the forefront of the great industrial and commercial leaders' of this city and won for him widespread and general ad- miration arid esteem. His business activities are well illustrated by the fact that he be- came president of the Fairmount Trust Com- pany of Philadelphia, director of the Curtis Publishing Company, director of the Girard National Bank and of the Real Estate Trust Company, the success' of which was due, in a large measure, to his individual eft'ort. Pie was also president of the Corpus Christi Elec- tric Light & Railway Company of Texas, and of the Royal b^lectrotype Company of Phila- delphia, director of the Canadian Meter Com- pany of Hamilton, (3nt., vice-president of the P>rooklyn liorough Gas Company, director of the United (ias & Electric Company of New York and several other large corporations. He is also president of the Coatesville Gas Company, of Coatesville, Pa., and a director of the Mechanics' National Bank, Philadelphia. Notwithstanding the demands upon his time which these im])ortant interests involved, Mr. Gribbel took an active part in the afi^airs of the Methodist Episcopal Church and is a trus- tee of tile W'esleyan Lniversitw which con- ferred upon him the degree of Master of Arts, and of the Hackettstown Collegiate Institute, at Hackettstown, N. J. He is, besides, a member of the American Gas Institute and of the Association of Illumi- nating [engineers. . . Mr. Gribbel's interest in literature and art has won him a deser\edly high place in the intellectual world. Plis collection of American colonial histor- ical documents' and autograph letters are al- most priceless. While his luiglish and French engravings of the seventeen and eighteenth centuries, and his rare collection of books from the fifteenth to the eighteenth century not only represent years of effort but a splendid judgment of choice. In 1913 he created a furore in the literary world by presenting to Scotland the priceless Glenriddle manuscripts of Robert Burns, an act which received most lavish public com- mendation from the Earl of Roseberry and other distinguished Scotch and English lit- erary men. Mr. Gribbel is in politics a staunch Repub- lican. He has never largely identified himself with i)()litics, although overtures have been made to him to enter the political field. In 1S80 he was married to Elizabeth Bancker \\ ood, of New York, a member of a prominent Knickerbocker family. Their children are W . Griffin Gribbel, John I). Gribbel, Idella Louise Gribbel and Eliza- beth Gribbel. Mr. Gribbel's address is Wyncote. Phila- delphia. JAMES A. FLAHERTY npHE religious organization known as the Knights of Columbus is probably the larg- est in membership, the most widespread and the most influential of t)ie strictly Roman Catholic institutions of the United States. Alen in every walk of life and in every field of endeavor are included in its ranks, each ani- mated l)y the nol)le and self-sacrificing spirit of good fellowship and good will, each duly impressed with the obligations and duty of so comforting himself in the several relations of life in such a manner as to reflect credit upon himself and credit upon the ancient church of which he is a member. Such an organization, of wdiich so much is expected, must necessarily l)e both conserva- tive and cautious in the selection of its of- ficials, so that goes without saying that its su])reme chief must be a man of rare char- acter, a man of absolutelv unblemished life THE STORY OF I'l I ILADELPHIA 457 and a niaii, also, of kceu jiulginent, sound cmnnion sense and a high order of constructive and executi\'e al)ility. Such a man is James A. Flaherty, Sujjreme Knight of the great and growings orcU'r. Un- der his wise and conservative a(hninistration it has grown in numerical strength, and in prestige and now stands in the very foremost of tiie leading fraternal and henelicial societies of America. Mr. Flahert}- was horn in riiiladelpliia, Julv 0. 1S53. Both his parents were Irish, and hoth came from the historic County of Cjalway, where the ( )'I<'lahertys were once one of the leading sets of Connaught, and where the Uurkes (Catherine Burke being the maiden name of his mother) were also of a ])owerful and influential family. ]\Ir. Flaherty's father, Michael Flaherty, came to the United States when a young man and settled dow^n in Philadelphia, where he married, his wife arriving in the Quaker City from Ireland al^out the same time. The pub- lic and Catholic parochial schools of Philadel- phia afforded James A. Flaherty an excellent primary education, and later he entered the Northeast Grammar School, from which he graduated \\ith honors in the first senior class of 1870. After his graduation, Mr. Flaherty read law in the office of the late Colonel A\'illiam 1>. Mann, and subsequently took a law course in the University of Pennsylvania, in which in- stitutinn he acquired a reputation for earnest, diligent and conscientious study. He was ad- mitted to the Bar of Philadelphia in 1874 and at once started a general practice. By close application, absolute probity and a more than ordinary regard for the interests of his clients, he built this practice up to a re- markable degree in the years intervening since then, and now stands foremost among the leading lawyers' of Philadelphia with a repu- tation of which any single one of them should feel justly proud. W hiie his practice is general in scope and character, he has devoted particular care and attention to Orphans' Court cases and the set- tlement of estates, and in this particular line lias long been regarded as an exceptional authority. Throughout his whole professional career he has made absolute probity and integrity the incentive and asi)iration of his life work and no member of the Phi]a(leli)hia Har is more generally esteemed, both by his fellow jjrac- titioners and by all those outside of it who come into professional or other relations with him. Mr. Flaherty has also other spheres of ac- tivity and of usefulness. He is a director of the Equitable Trust Company of Philadeli)hia and is vice-president of the American Society for V^isiting Catholic Prisoners. He is a mem- l)er of the Law}-ers' Club and of tlie Philo- patrians' Literary Institute and also holds membershii) in the American Catholic His- torical Society. In politics he is a staunch Democrat, always adhering closely to the principles of his party and giving it his unqualified support. In 1914 he re-married — Mary J. Bradley — and four children — three boys and one girl. His father died December 27, 1898. and his mother on January 28, 1908. Of the family of nine children which Michael Flaherty and his wife had the survivors are: James A., the subject of this sketch; Joseph, wholesale flour merchant ; Catharine. T^Iother Superior of the Mother of Sorrows School, Philadeli)hia ; Ce- celia, wife of John O'Donnell, and Anne. ]\rother DeChantel of the House of tlie Good Shepherd. Flis office address' is the Penheld I'uilding. Juniper and Chestnut Streets. r^liEESM.VN ABI.XH HERRICK, president of C.irard College, Philadelphia, the famous institution founded by Stephen Girard, is one of the most prominent, most experienced and most successful educators in the United States, Now in his fifty-third year, he has spent the greater ])art of a strenuous and usefu.l life in teaching school and as a ])ul)lic lectm-er; and 458 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA his association with the scholastic estal)lish- ments of Philadelphia dates back nearly a quar- ter of a centiirv. CHEESMAN A. HERRICK Air. Elerrick was born in Redwood, New York, July 21, 1866, and is son of Delos and Sophronia ( Curtis) Herrick. After attending the high school of Theresa, N. Y., and Ives Seminary, Antwerp, N. Y.. until 1885, he taught country schools until 1887, when he entered Illinois State Normal University, at Normal, 111. Here he spent two years laying the foundation of his future life work, and then taught school in the Prairie State. In 1892 he entered the University of Pennsylvania, from which he graduated as Bachelor of Philosophy in 1894, receiving from the same institution the degree of Master uf Philosoplu' five years later. In 1894 he was appointed secretary of and lec- turer for the American Society for the Exten- sion of University Teaching, and occupied this responsil)le and exacting position for about a year. Erom 1895 to 1898 he was instructor of history in the Central High School, Philadel- phia, and in the latter year was made director of the School of Commerce of that institution, a ])osition he filled until 1909. He was then apjxjinted ])rincipal of the William Penn Eligh School, of Philadelphia, which institution he left in 1910 to accept the presidency of Girard College. Mr. Herrick was also a lecturer on com- mercial geography in Harvard University Summer School and member of the American Historical Association; of the American Eco- nomical Association, of which he was presi- dent of the Business Edvication Section, and of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. He was also a member of the eighth International Geographical Congress, and of the department of jury awards at the St. Louis Exposition. He is a life member of the Pennsylvania State Educational Commis- sion, of which he was president in 1910; is editor of the MacMillan series of business text- Ixxjks; is author of "The Meaning and Prac- tice (jf Commercial Education," and "Reclaim- ing a Commonwealth,"' and is a valued and exhaustive C(Mitributor to many magazines and reviews. Mr. Herrick is a Presl:)yterian in religion. He was married at West Chester, Pa., June 29, 1897, to Clara B. James. His address is (iirard College, Philadelphia. ISAAC HATHAWAY FRANCIS PHILADELPHIA engineers have been re- sponsible for a considerable part of the reputation enjoyed by this country for con- struction work that is admitted to excel any- thing comparable with it in any other part of the world. And among the consulting engineers in this cit}- who have added to America's top-notch rejiutation in this respect is Isaac Hathaway Erancis, with offices in the Commonwealth Building. He is considered by his i)r<)fessional associates to be among the foreiuost con- sultants in engineering problems doing busi- THE STORY OF T/! I L.lDlilJ'J I LI 459 ness any\\hcr(.' in Anu'iica. I lis fclluw asso- ciates in the l''ngineers' Club reecnred for liini the handwriting expert, his knowledge in these i)osition of solicitor for the coniniissi he received the ter. He served as president of the Business I'jlucators" Association and in recognition of the service rendered in the cause of education. Dickinson College made him a Doctor of I'hil- osophy. He was president of the Philadelphia Tract Society, a trustee of the Methodist h:pis- copal Hospital, treasurer of the Philadelphia Sabbath Association, a trustee of Temple Col- lege and a man...ger of the Home Missionary Society and the Evangelical Alliance of Amer- ica. He was a Democrat in politics and his marked oratorical ability led, on many occa- sions, to his selection for important campaign work in Ohio. Indiana and Maryland. Doctor Peirce married in lcS61, Miss luuma Louise Bisbing, who died in 1.S70, leaving three children. His second marriage was to Miss Ruth Strong. The children living at the time of Doctor Peirce's death were Mary B. Edna May. Ruth. Thomas May and Caleb C. Peirce. Doctor Peirce's comparatively brief life was filled with good deeds, and his death was de- plored by hundreds of individuals and by his associations in every charitable and church organization with which he was connected. JOSEPH S. MACLACCIILIX. Director of Supplies of the City of Philadelphia, is of that Scotch-Irish race the records of wdiich em- l)race some of the most daring and most re- sourceful pioneers of civilization of the western world. His i)arents. crossing the seas early in life, settled down in Philadelphia, and he was born in Bridgeton, New Jersey. April 30, 1872. He attended the public schools of the city and later the Central High School, froiu which he graduated with exce])tionally high luMiors. Having decided on the law as the held of his life effort, he entered the Paw l)e])artment of the Uni\-ersity of Pennsylvania, graduating in June. 1895. j< )S1-:P1I S. -MACLAUCiHLIX ap])(jintment as assistant city solicitor, under John L. Kinse}-. then city solicitor. Here he was afforded ample opportunit}- for the exer- cise of very superior talents and a\ailed of it to the greatest possible extent. In a C(jm- parati\ely short time he ac(|uired a reputation f(jr efficienc}- and executive abilit}'. and in recognition of these qualities the leaders of the Republican ])arty, of which Mr. Mac- Laughlin has always been a stalwart and ag- gressi\'e member, transferred to him the oner- ous and exacting office of assistant director of public works of the citv. 462 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA In 1907 Mr. MacLaughlin was appointed assistant director of the Department of Sup- plies and later on succeeded to the position of director, which he continues to fill with every possible credit to himself and every pos- sible advantage to the city. The work of the great department calls for almost ceaseless energy and application and demands the high- est order of constructive and executive abil- ity. All these things are embodied in Mr. MacLaughlin's "make-up" and the natural and logical result is that his administration is as near perfection as circumstances and condi- tions can permit. Mr. MacLaughlin has always been alert and active in the politics of Philadelphia, in which he occupies a foremost place. He has served as member of the Republican executive committee of the Forty-fourth Ward and also as president of the division associa- tion. Also counsel for the Republican City Campaign Committee preceding election of Mayor Smith. He is a fluent and ready speaker, and in a public debate in Federal Hall, on the question of annexation of the Philippines, spoke on the affirmative side, which easily secured the ver- dict of a very discriminating audience. He is also a superior jury lawyer, and at one time City Solicitor Kinsey paid him the high compliment of saying that nearly 90 per cent of the cases won by the city has been so won by his great and persuasive eloquence. Mr. MacLaughlin was chairman of the Pub- lic Employees Division of the War Chest Committee, and this division went well "over the top." There has not been a section of Philadelphia that Mr. MacLaughlin has not covered with his patriotic addresses prior to and during the war. He represented the City of Philadelphia at the Preparedness Convention held in St. Louis in 1916, and also represented the Mayor of this city at the Peace Congress in 1916. Mr. MacLaughlin was a delegate to the Food Con- ventions in New York City and Washington, D. C. THOMAS SHALLCROSS, JR. npHE thrift idea, developed generally through- out the country during the war, appealed to real estate men in Philadelphia as an at- tribute that could be developed along more extensive, practical lines. So, under the au- spices of the Real Estate Board of Philadel- phia there was recently conducted here a "Own Your Home" campaign, the object being to encourage householders generally to "save and buy" the homes in which they lived. At the forefront of the movement, which re- sulted in thousands of persons who heretofore had never owned any property securing a deed to their own homes, was Thomas Shallcross, Jr., president of the Real Estate Board of Phil- adelphia and a conspicuous national figure in the real estate world. Mr. Shallcross was un- tiring in his efiforts to stimulate the great thrift idea. He regarded financial saving as a pa- triotic duty of every citizen — particularly every householder. He worked hard to make the campaign a success and it went through with flying colors. Mr. Shallcross is one of Philadelphia's most prominent real estate representatives. His reputation extends to all parts of the country since it was largely through his persistent ef- forts on behalf of the National Association of Real Estate Exchanges that this organization has become the biggest asset of its kind in commercial America. Mr. Shallcross served as vice-president and as president of the national organization. He was elected its head at the association's meet- ing in Pittsburgh in 1904. He was always at the forefront of any movement that tended to elevate the real estate business, no matter in what part of the country its efifect was more directly felt. He has always maintained a firm grasp on the nation's commercial and business life and is conceded to be one of the best booked real estate men in the United States. Mr. Shallcross was born in Byberry, in the northern section of Philadelphia, in 1875. He got his education in public and private schools. THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 163 In 1900 he became associated with the firm of W. H. Quick and Brothers', Fortieth Street, below Market, as manager of the firm's vast real estate business. Later, when the firm was incorporated, Mr. Shallcross became vice-president of the cor- poration. During J\Ir. Shallcross' association with the corporation its business has grown extensively, imtil now it is one of the most important in the real estate field in Philadel- phia. Mr. Shallcross is a member of the Manufac- turers' Club, the City Club and the Old York Road Country Club. He has taken an active part in various city betterment campaigns and has always supported any movement that has had for its' object the development of a "Greater Philadelphia." During the war Mr. Shallcross was a con- spicuous figure in Philadelphia's Liberty Loan campaigns. He was actively behind the Real Estate Board's campaign, which broke all rec- ords as far as going over its allotments were concerned. In each of the loan campaigns the Real Estate Board was among the first of Philadelphia's' commercial organizations to go "over the top." GEORGE W. STULL U'ROM cashboy to general superintendent of the biggest and best known department store in the world. The achievement is a splendid one. It tells of zeal, or ability, of energy, of fidelity and of work recognized, appreciated and rewarded. Such a record is as unique as it is remarkable and stamps him to whose credit it stands' as a man in a thou- sand, a man whose life efifort has been a suc- cess, and a man of whom any community should feel justly and laudably proud. Such a magnificent record stands out in bold relief in the career of George W. Stull. It epitomizes a life of devotion to duty, a life of usefulness and achievement, a life along the pathway of honor and integrity and a life crowned by the inestimable jewel of private friendships and a large measure of public es- teem. Of the estimatitm in which .Mr. .Stull is held a remarkable gathering of his associates at the Union League, Philadelphia, on De- cember 27, 191S, attested to the fullest extent. The (Kcasion was the fiftieth anniversary of Mr. Stull's connection with the great Wana- maker store, wliich is one of the institutions of the Quaker City and one df the Phihidelpliia newspapers' describing it wrote : GEORGE W. STULL •"George W. Stull. general superintendent of the Wanamaker store, was tendered a dinner at the Union League l)y his associates last night in honor of his fifty years of service wnth the \\'anamaker organization. "Mr. Stull's fidelity and zeal, which char- acterized his career of half a century and re- sulted in his rise from a cashboy in Oak Hall, Mr. AV'anamaker's old establishment at Sixth and Market Streets, to his present position, were eulogized by the prominent guests. 464 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA "William L. Nevin, vice-president of the \\ anamaker corporation, was toastmaster. Addresses were made by Judge John M. Pat- terson, speaking for Mr. Wanamaker, wluj was unable to attend because of slight indisposi- tion, and by Preston P. Lynn, general man- ager of the Wanamaker New York store. "Mr. Stull's business associates, the senior of^cers of the store, presented him with a gold watch, and also sent to Mrs. Stull a silver, gold-lined vase and flowers, while Judge Pat- terson, on 1)ehalf of i\Ir. Wanamaker, i)re- sented to Mr. Stull a chest of silver of 222 pieces." j\Ir. Stull was born in Easton, Pennsylvania. Xovemljer 3, 1855, and is the son of G. Rose- burg and Mary (Lynch) Stull. He was edu- cated, for the greater part, in the public schools of Philadelphia, and at the early age of thirteen Ijegan his successful life career in the Wanamaker and Brown store, at Sixth and Market Streets'. To elaborate upon, or out- line the details of that career would be su- perfluous and unnecessary here. Suffice to say that from the start to the celel)ration of his golden jubilee of connection with the vast Wanamaker business and establishment it was a most decided and a most signal success. Promotion was the oft-repeated reward of in- dustry, fidelity and efficiency, and today Mr. Stull occupies a position in the great building fronting Chestnut and Market Streets, of which he should feel, and doul)tless does feel, justifi- ably ])roud. Me has the absolute confidence of John Wanamaker, the head and brains of the mammoth concern, possesses the esteem of his associates, is respected by every em- ploye in the estal)lishment, and outside of it. and has a host of friends in the quiet and un- ostentatious en\ironment of his private life. Mr. Stull resides at Ridley Park, Delaware County, Pennsylvania, of which township he is chief burgess, and with the interests of which he is closely associated, lie is a di- rector of the Ridley Park Bank, a director of the Taylor Hospital at Ridley Park, president of the school board, and its' director and treas- urer for thirty years. His attendance to busi- ness is ui)on the clock-work i)rinciple and he is invariably on duty before the daily opening of the \\'anamaker building. His record for promptitude in business is probably not ex- ceeded by any man in Philadelphia, with the single exception of John Wanamaker, who, following the practice of fifty-seven years, is almost invariably at his work in advance of business hours'. Mr. Stull is a member of the Chamber of Commerce, Philadelphia, and also of the pinion League. He is a prominent ^lason and also holds membership in the Elks, the Knights Templar and Mystic Shrine. In poli- tics he is a Republican and in religion a Pres- byterian. He was married in Philadelphia April 7, 1880, to Miss Edith S. Chant, and has' six children, four boys and two girls. These are: (ieorge R. Stull, Philadelphia, eastern sales manager of the Glidden Varnish Com- pany ; C. Rodman Stull, Kingston, N. Y., man- ager of the Kingston Gas and Electric Com- ])any ; Gideon AL Stull, manager of the Wana- maker Garage, Twenty-third and Walnut Streets; Clark D. Stull, surgeon. United States Navy; Mrs. l-Idith Stull Mitchell, Miss F. Miriam Stull, the two latter making their home at Ridley Park. pJARRY I'CBLICKl^R, the well known and much esteemed Philadelphia distiller, is essentially a self-made man, and takes laud- al)le and legitimate pride in the fact. From his early youth he has had to fight the battle of life with no special advantages, but energy, perse\erance and a superior will-power have been his allies, and today his position in the l)usines's community of the Quaker City is fully assured, and as fully and extensively recognized. Mr. Publicker was born in Russia, of Jew- ish parents, on April 15, 1877. He was taken to the United States when cjuite a small boy. His parents settling down in Philadelphia, and his youth was spent in that city. He received a sound and liberal education in the public schools and when comparatively young began his struggle for fame aud fortune. He makes THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 465 no ])retense to having attained the first of .Mr. I'uhlickcr is a stalwart Repuljlican in those two goals, but can proudly boast of hav- politics but has never held office, or aspired to ing attained the second, and by means strictly honest, al^solutely ])raise\\()rtliy, and entirely worthy of imitation. ■ '*^ ijy HARRY PUBLICKER Today, at the comparatively early age of forty-one, he is senior member and the direct- ing spirit in the well-known firm of Publicker and Ward, with extensive i)remises at Water Street and Snyder Avenue, Philadelphia. He is also director of the ^Manufacturers' Casualty Company and of the l^'levatcd and Subway Building and Loan Association. At the time of the Spanish-American W^ar he was a member of Company K, Pennsyhania National (iuards. and at the close of that l)rief but exciting and historic campaign, was hon- orably mustered out of service. He is a prominent Mason, being a member of Equity Lodge 591, F. and A. AL, and when not engaged in business is a keen sportsman, being especially interested in gunning. office. He was married in Philadelphia March 27, 1S92. to Rose Weinstein, by whom he has one child, a daughter, Helen. ilis residence address is 5210 Walton Ave- nue. Philadel])hia, and liis business address is Water Street and Snyder Avenue, Philadel- phia. W. W. ROBINSON npllb' Cermans laughed at America's entrance into the war. They little knew the char- acter of the men at the head of American peace industries. That we were great in industrial achievements they knew ; but as American plants were all tuned up to the "piping times of peace" and the American mind was" far from war, the greater and richer our industries, the greater and richer would be the booty America would have to deliver up to the Germans — so thought Germany. Little guessed she the re- sourcefulness of the American captains of in- dustry who. overnight as it were, showed a battlefront where all had been peace; and shaped these strong industrial j)lants into war weapons' vastly more powerful. In contemplating the career in i)eace and war of \Y. \V. Robinson, })resident of John H. Mathis Co., and Mathis Yacht Building Co., Camden, one is naturally and forcibly brought to a vivid realization of the above-mentioned facts; a situation which s;i\'ed the American people and the peoples of the world from a Cierman "world imperialism." Born in 1875 and educated in the puldic schools of \Vilmington, Delaware. Mr. Rob- inson early showed an aptitude for engineering and for designing vessels. At Cramps, one of the best practical "schools" for ship engineers in the world, he worked his way forward until he became assistant chief engineer. In 1908 he saw an exceptional (;])portunity to enter the John H. ]^lathis Co. and bought out half the interest of that concern. Two years later Mr. Robinson formed the yacht l)uilding company. Lender his management 466 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA both corporations rapidly advanced to a fore- most position in the building of yachts and houseboats. While these plants are second to none in the country in the building of yachts, they are commonly regarded as standing first in the country on houseboat designing and building. When America entered the great war, Mr. Robinson's enterprise rapidly turned his plant to the construction of submarine chasers and hydroplanes. The first 1917 submarine chaser used in the great war was built by Mr. Rob- inson. First in the field, the government's first order was "landed" by Mr. Robinson. His contribution to the American naval forces in the brief period during which we were at war was twenty-five chasers and one hundred and twenty-five hydroplanes. Since the war ended the plant has turned to commercial work again, and besides yachts and houseboats, is constructing for the Ship- ping Board and the United States Navy a smaller type of tugboat. W. W. Robinson is an active meml)L'r of the Art Club. Speaking of the success of his firm, Mr. Robinson said: "We were the low bidders in construction t)f aircraft. We succeed in keeping our figures as low as we do by reason of reducing our overhead expenses. The secret of this lies in keeping everybody working with us tht)r- oughly interested in our business. We manage this by being ourselves sincereh' interested in our workers. "As living expenses grew we raised wages, never was there a thought of a strike. ( )ur 600 workers were all satisfied. We recognise their union. We keep them with us for years, and naturally get better work in consequence. We respect them, and as a result stand high in their respect. This, I believe, is the chici secret of the success we have had." JULIUS A. GEBAUER, well-known manu- facturer of cloths, with an extensive plant in Frankford, Philadelphia, was born October 9, 1858. He was educated in the public schools of Europe and graduated from standard tex- tile schools well known on the Continent. He came to America in June, 1882, and began his lousiness career in Manchester, New Hamp- shire, starting in the designing department of the Amoskeag Manufacturing Company. Here he remained five years, when he accepted a position with the Middlesex Company of Lowell, ]\Iassachusetts, where he remained one year. JULIUS A. GEBAUER He next came to Philadelphia and for ten years occupied the important and responsible ])osition of designer in the extensive cloth fac- tory of Joseph (Ireer, of b^rankford. In 1897 he started business on his own account in Frankford. With the zeal, determination and energy which he brought to bear in the establishment and development of his business it grew and expanded from the start, and eighteen years afterward — that is to say in 1915 — this ex- pansion and growth rendered absolutely neces'- THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 46: sary a more extensive and better plant. Ihis Mr. Gehauer erected at 4100-4112 Frankford Avenue, Frankford, and on this site his pres- ent great and still rapidly li^'rowint;' trade is conducted. Mr. Gebauer furnished a vast (piantit}- of cloth to the American Army in the ])resent war against Germany, and in every instance the order of the War Department was fultilled with a promptness that was' officially recog- nized. He also supplied 100,000 yards of cloth to the Cuban Government, and even the (iov- ernment of llayti placed large and most im- portant contracts in his hands, all of which were filled to the utmost satisfaction of the respective governments. Mr. Gebauer has been long a member of the American Association of Wool and Worsted Manufacturers. He is' also a mem- ber of the Cloth Manufacturers' Association of Philadelphia and of the Pennsylvania Manufacturers' Association. Mr. Gebauer is a director of the Robert Blum Building Association, president of the Men's Society of Emanuel Lutheran Church and one of the elders of the church, lie is also a member of the Father's House Association of Frankford High School. He was married in 1895 and has a son and daughter, the former being manager of his factory and business, and the latter his bookkeeper. His residence address is 1141 Foulkrod Street, Frankford, Philadelphia, and his business address 4100-4112 Frankford Avenue, hVankford, Philadelphia. pREDERICK FAIRTHORXE TURNER is the efficient and energetic manager in Philadeli>hia of the Keasbey and Mattison Company, a corporation of chemists' and asbestos manufacturers, founded under the laws of Pennsylvania in 1892 and with its head offices in Ambler, Pa. This position came to Mr. Turner by well-deserved promotion in June, 1916. Mr. Turner was born in Philadelphia Au- gust 31, 1860, and is the son of George F. and Mary (Smith) Turner. He was educated in the public schools of Philahia and Alle- gheny City and also attended a course in the I'riends' School, at \\'ilmingt(jn, Delaware. lie has always been associated with com- mercial work and is widely recognized as a man of remarkal)le business training and enterprise and initiation as well as one of great executi\'e al)ilitv. fredI':rick f. tcrxi-.k He is a Republican in ])olitics. much al)- sorbed in the interests of his native city, and in religion is' a Presbyterian. The Manufacturers' Club of PhilacUdphia and the Sons of the American Revolution are the only organizations of which he is a mem- ber, for social or fraternal societies do not ap- ])eal to him. He was married in Pittsburgh, Pa., January I'l^, 1882, to \^irginia Short, and has two children : Irene Turner Lindsay and Elhvood Jackson Turner, Esq. His home address is 107 Poplar Street, Rid- ley Park, Pa., and his business address, 1927 -Market Street, Philadelphia. 468 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA Private, Eighteenth Regiment ( Duquesne Grays), 1876. Promoted to Corporal and Ser- geant in Company "A," during the Pittsburgh riots, 1877. Having removed to Wilkes-Barre, ['a., accepted a commission as Second Lieu- tenant for Company "B," Ninth Regiment In- fantry, National Guard of Pennsylvania, pro- moted to First Lieutenant, and was with this regiment in this capacity for ten years. Upon being transferred to Philadelphia, he was elected Captain of Company "L," Twen- tieth Infantry, National Guard of Pennsylvania, which was an emergency regiment organized and equipped l)y Pennsylvania during the Spanish-American war, in 1898. Upon the return of the National Guard of Pennsylvania from the service of the Spanish- American war. Company "L," of the Twen- tieth Infantry, was transferred as Company "B" of the Sixth Regiment of the National Guard, in their regular organization, and he served as Captain of that company until busi- ness demands were of such a character that it was impossible to continue in active service of the State, and so he very reluctantly resigned. At the outbreak of the world war the citi zens of Ridley Park, Pa., requested Mr. Tur- ner to take command of the Home Defense, which he did by organizing a company, which is fully uniformed and ec^uipped for home defense purposes, and will remain as an or- ganization until such time as the State of Pennsylvania recognizes its active force is able to cope with any serious trouble that mav arise. THOMAS WHY npO V>K the head and controlling spirit of the largest and oldest business of its kind in Philadelphia is a distinction which few men enjoy. Of these few is Thomas Why. the subject of this sketch, and the business of which he is the head and of which he was also to a certain extent, the founder, is that of the manufacture of fine knit gloves. This business was estab- lished as far back as 1880, so that for thirtv- eight years it has been a feature and a factor in the industrial life of the Quaker City, the birthplace and home of so many other indus- tries that have contributed to the greatness and prosperity of the United States. THOMAS WHY Mr. Why was l)()rn in the old town of Lei- cester, luigland. which was an important mu- nicipality even in the days of the Danish invasion, of which it bears many traces. He was the son of Joseph and ITiza ( Bristow) A\'hy. and the date of his birth was December 22, 1853. Brought to America in his infancy, he was educated in the public schools of Ger- mantown, in which his father had settled down. In 1880 he started business with his father, the style and title of the firm being Thomas WHiy and Company. This title was continued for ten years when, in 1890. Mr. Thomas Why withdrcAv from the firm, which was continued l\v his other three brothers. Then Mr. Why started for himself and con- tinued until 1912. He then returned to the old THE STORY OF PHILADELPHL4 A()') firm under the name of Why Brothers and C"(imi)any, the sole proprietors ])eing Harry Why and the subject of tliis sketch. This part- nership continued until 1917, when Henry Why died. Tlie following year the firm was incorporated under the present title of Why Brothers and Company, Incorporated, and is now widely and popularly known as such. Under Mr. Why's able and conservative management it was successful from the start and now enjoys a rei)Utation of which anv firm, in any lousiness, should feel justl}' and laudably proud. Mr. Why is connected with no fraternal or other such organizations, nor is he associated with any social clubs. His tastes and associations are purel\- and entirely business and domestic, and when he is not at "hard work," as he puts it, in busines.s to which he is keenly and earnestly devoted, he spends his time in reading, of which he is very fond. Nor have ])olitics any attraction for him. As a Republican he records his vote at the ballot box, but never identifies himself with any faction of his party. He is intenseh- interested in the welfare of the city with which he has been associated so long, and in which he is so well known and so highly esteemed, and any and every movement for the well- being of Philadelphia has his earnest and wholehearted support. In religion he is a Presbyterian and is an active member of the Board of Trustees of the Church of the Redeemer, Penn and' Chew Streets, Germantown, Philadelphia. Air. AX'hy was married in Germantown May 10, 1883, to Jennie Bramhall. His children are T. Foster, Harriet (Mrs. Malcom E. Trainer), Martha, Bessie E., Jennie F. and Stanley B. He has also a granddaughter, Jane Eyra Trainer. His residence address is 315 Church L.me, Germantown, I^hiladelphia, and his business address 5130 Wakefield Street, Germantown, Philadelphia. ROBERT B. LEHMAN TN THE economic life of a great city the wholesale produce dealer plays a large and important part. In I Miiladelphia this is espe- cially the case, and the number of tirnis that deal in products of the farm is amply com- mensurate with the needs of the city. Of these firms one of the most prcjuiinent is that of C^-awford and Lehman, which ior thirty-four years has done a successful busi- ness at 31 South Water Street. ROBERT B. LEHMAN Robert Lehman, the sole proprietor now, was' born in this city on June 17, 1855, the son of George Lehman and his wife, M. Jennie. He received a sound and liberal education in the public schools of Frankford, and in the year 1883, at the age of twenty-eight, he started in the butter, egg and poultry business as junior partner in the firm of Nichols, Craw- ford and Company. After he had been in the business sixteen years, Mr. Nichols retired in 1899, an event which rendered reconstruction of the firm necessarv. 470 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA The title was' then changed to Crawford and Lehman, and for six years the partnership con- stituting it continued. In the fall of 1905 Mr. Crawford died, and shortly afterward Mr. Leh- man bought the Crawford interest, becoming sole proprietor, but continuing the business under the title with which it had long been familiar to the public. As its sole head Mr. Lehman continued the policy of fair dealing with which the firm was associated from its inception, and the result is that he stands deservedly high in the estima- tion of all with wliom he has business or ordi- nary relations. Mr. Lehman is a director of the rhiladelphia Produce Exchange and vice-president of the National Poultry, Butter and Egg Association. He is also a member of the International Mo- tor Club and of the Fortnightly Club. His chief relaxation is motoring and in his Stutz car he almost daily takes a spin from Frankford, where he resides, to his business office. A Republican in politics, and in religion a Protestant Episcopalian, he is much interested in both, although he never aspired to political office. In July. 1885, he married Dora Heard, by whom he has three sons: Harold A. Lehman, Robert P.. Lehman, jr., and Warren L. Leh- man. "PDWARD A. SCHMIDT has the distinction of being i)rominently itlentified \\ith finance and manufacturing in Philadelphia and with being a recognized adept and authcjrity in each. As president of the well-known North- western National Uank his reinitation as a financier of the highest attainments is thor- oughly and widely established, while as i)resi- dent of the equally well and favorably known brewing firm of C. Schmidt and Sons is as well and as fully known. Mr. Schmidt is a native-born citizen of Phil- adelphia, with which his extensive and steadily growing business is associated. He was born in the Quaker City July 6, 1863. His father. Christian Schmidt, was a native of Germany who, in his youthful days, left the Fatherland to seek fortune and fame in the United States. His quest was not in vain, for the great brew- ery that stands on Edward Street, Philadel- phia, is a lasting monument to his industry, al)ility, zeal and perseverance. lulward A. Schmidt's mother was Anna Margaret (irubler. who was also born in Germany, l)Ut, like Christian Schmidt, her future husl)and, emi- srrated to .\merica in her \()uth. EDWARD A. SCHMIDT Mr. Sclimidt was educated in public and private schools of his native city. He then be- gan his business career in his father's brewery, associated with the office management of the business. This position he held until 1891, when he and his two brothers, Henry C. and Frederick W'. Schmidt, were admitted into partnership of the firm, which afterwards did business as that of C. Schmidt and Sons. The business' relationship thus created continued until the death of the senior member. Chris- tian Schmidt, in 1902, when the business was THE SroRV 01' I'IIILADRLPHIA 471 incorporated uiulcr the name (jf C. Schmidt and Sons Brewing Company, with lulward A. Schmidt as president and his l)rother, llenr\- C. Schmidt, as treasurer. Some fifteen years ago the firm purchased the Rol)ert Smith Brewery and incorporatetl under the name of Kohert Sniitli Ale lirewing Company. ( )f tliis corporation Mr. Schmidt was elected president and later on became a director of the Poth Brewing" Company, of which his father-in- law, the late Frederick .\. I'oth, A\as fomider and president. The annual product oi the jdants contrcdled by Mr. Schmidt now reaches vSOO.OOO barrels. and wdiile that of the C. vSchmidt firm i)roper is almost strict!}' local, that of the Rcjbert Smith Brewer}- is known all over the United States. Mr. Schmidt's ability as a financier was em- phaticall}' recognized when, in januar}-. 1903, he was elected to the presidency of the North- western National Bank, one of the most promi- nent and one of the most flourishing financial institutions of Philadelphia. For many years Mr. Schmidt has also been a director of the Commonwealth Title Insur- ance and Trust Company, a position wdiich of itself emphasizes the high regard in which his financial abilities are held. Mr. Schmidt is a prominent and active luem- ber of the Union League. Philadelphia, and also holds membership in the Manufacturers', the Philadelphia Country and the Merion Cricket clubs. He was married in Philadelphia April 29, 1886, to luiima B. Poth. and has one child, Helen M. Schmidt. His residence address is 1830 Rittenhouse Square and his l)usiness address is (.iirard and Ridge Avenues. PYRUS BORGNER, president of the ex- tensively known firm of Cyrus IJorgner Company, of Philadelphia, is the very embodi- ment of the successful business man and of the enteri)rizing and progressive manufacturer. I'.nergy. business acmnen, high character and a superior order of natural al)ility have been the essential factors in tlie l)uilding up of his l)usiness. and of liis reputation, and while tlu' former has reached a high plane of i)rosperity the latter is. with Mr. P.orgner at least, the more high]\- \ ahicd of the two. CYRUS BORCXI'.R A good reputation among one's fellow men is a thing above price, and a good reputation is what Mr. Borgner worked and toiled for a long and useful life; what he established in the early days of that life and what he now enjoys to the fullest possible extent. Mr. l>orgncr was born in Lebanon, Penns}d- \ania. July 10, 1849, his parents being Con- rad H. and Maria (Karmany) B>orgner. He received his education in the public schools of his native town and later entered the Miftlin Iligh School, of Lebanon, from which he grad- uated. At the age of twenty-eight he entered the business at wdiich he is at present engaged and which represents the manufacture of fire- l)ricks. tile and cla}- retorts, for heating and 472 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA melting furnaces. That business his energy, He then entered Lafayette College, from ability and good judgment resolved into a re- which he graduated in 1890, bearing off the markable success', and the extensive premises which it occupies, at Twenty-third Street, above Race, in the City of Philadelphia, and the widespread and growing trade associated with it, stand as a gigantic memorial of his enterprise, faultless methods and progressive ideas. Mr. Borgner's activities extend in other di- rections als'o. He is treasurer of the Frank- lin Institute, of Philadelphia ; is vice-president and treasurer of the Manufacturers' Club, and is a director of the Philadelphia P.ourse. He is a prominent member of the Masonic Order and is associated also with many social organizations of the Quaker City. A sturdy Republican in politics, he has never aspired to public office, but is always keenly alert to the interests of the city with which he is so closely identified, and of wdiich he is proud. He was married in Philadelphia September 26, 1877, to Emma Louise Gell)ach, and has three children : Sarah, Marie and George. His residence address is 6411 Overbrook Avenue, Philadelphia, and his business address Twenty-third Street, above Race, Philadel- phia. M' HARRY A. MACKEY ■R. MACKb2Y was born in Bangor, Penn- sylvania, June 26, 1869. His father, George W. Mackey, was a well-known cor- poration lawyer, with a large and lucrative private practice. He was the only lawyer in Northampton County in the days when the slate industry in that region was in its infancy. He bought up rights of way and other proper- ties and a great many deeds were executed in his office. Young Mackey received the elements' of his education in his native town. Later he at- tended the high school at Scranton, winning a prize in mathematics, and was graduated from the Keystone Academy, where he re- ceived a gold medal for the best examination in Latin grammar. degree of A.B. On his graduation his father wanted him to enter his office, but Mr. Mackey had a higher aml)ition than to become a lead- HARRY A. MACKEY ing lawyer in a third-rate town, so he came to Philadelphia and entered the Law School of the University, from which he graduated three years later with the much-prized degree of LL.D. While in college and university he was noted as a fine all-around athlete and won deserved reputation as a football star, being considered one of the best, if not actually the best linemen ever turned out by Lafayette, not even excepting the mighty Rhinehart. His popularity, both at Lafayette and at the Uni- versity, was immense, and this was due not only to the admiration for a great athlete wdiich is an invariable feature of college life, but in a greater measure perhaps to the per- sonal magnetism of the herculean young stu- THE STORY OF I'll [TADIiLI'l 1 1 A 473 (lent, who made lifcloiii;' friends of ev'cry one who came within the sphere of his influence. After graduating from the University of Pennsylvania in 1893 Mr. Mackey began the practice of the law in the ofifice of the lion. William A\'. Porter, one of the most eminent lawyers in Philadelphia. J lis ability as a law- yer and his personal worth as a man soon at- tracted the attention of Judge James (lay Gor- don, and when the latter cpiit the bench to re- sume his private i)ractice he offered a partner- ship to Mr. ^fackey. This was accepted and continued until 1902 when Mr. Mackey opened practice for himself. His success was assured from the first. His clientele was large and his practice remunerative. He studied each case that came before him with the utmost care, and from every stand- point, and took it up and prosecuted it to the end with every faculty keyed up to the win- ning of it, if the winning of it was by any means possible. His' client became, for the time, his partner, and no effort was lacking on his part to do both his client and himself every possible justice. From the moment be started practice he was a busy man all the time, for he had plenty of work and all the inclination to do it well. In 1908 Mr. Mackey entered Philadelphia City Council as representative of the Forty- sixth Ward. His record there was a repetition of his success at the bar. As illustrating the scope of his activities in the progress of West Philadelphia, with which he was identified politically, it may be pointed out that he was chairman of the Improvement Committee of the Cedar Avenue Improvement Association, chairman of the Municipal Com- mittee of West Philadelphia Business Men's Association, chairman of the Street Railway Committee of W^est Philadelphia Business League of Improvement Associations, chair- man of the Transportation Committee of Fifty- sixth and Market Streets Business Men's Association, member of the Sixtieth and Mar- ket Streets Business Men's Association and member of the Fortieth and Market Streets Business Men's Association and of the Had- dington Board of Trade. I\Ir. ?^lackey's ])r()gress in {xjlitics. as at the bar, has been steadily onward and u])ward. He has been Director of Health and Charities of Philadelphia. Director (jf Public Works, mem- ber of the highway, electrical and survey com- mittees of City Councils. In each of these he made his mark and in each ac(iuired added (|ualilTcations and added experience for the position of chairman of the Workmen's Com- pensation Board of Pennsylvania, to which he was appointed in 1916. Mr. Mackey is a member of the Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity and is also prominently identi- fied w^ith the Patriotic Sons of America and Moose orders, and with many others, and his clubs are the Harrisburg, the Lawyers', the West Philadelphia and the Whitemarsh. His l)olitical affiliations include membership in the West Philadelphia Republican Clul) and a host of others. His recreations are golf and auto- mobiling. He was married in February, 1900. to Ida B. Boner, l)y whom he has one child. His residence address is 5019 Pine Street, Philadelphia, and his businesss address is North American Building. Philadelphia. 1 hp: la I L SENATOR JAMES P. McNICHOL Born July 3, 1864 — Died November 14 1917 QLIVER COLDSMITH lays down the dic- tum that "the man who makes two blades of grass grow where only one had grown be- fore," is a benefactor of his country. This is a tribute alike to industry and to the creative instincts and impulses which are so highlv de- veloped in some men, which lead to results at once remarkable in themselves and beneficial to the community and which stamp their pos- sessor of a benefactor of this kind. Such a man was State Senator James P. McNichol, of Philadelphia, the study of whose useful, cheer- ful and unselfish life forms a salutary and interesting object lesson to the young Ameri- can whose ambition is success in the battle of life, and whose incentives to that success are strict integrity, a high and noble conception of public duty and the unalterable resolve to al- wa3'S do what is right, to place imi:)licit trust 474 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA in God and in conserving his own legitimate interests' and those of his family and friends, to regard with scrupulous exactness and con- sideration the interests of others. No higher, no nobler conception uf public or private duty could mould or determine the character or shape and guide the aspiration of any man, and every one of these, and in many tjthers, not so |)ronounced are essential, ]\lr. McNichol was a worthy exemplar and a per- petual example. Honor was his watchword and integritv his' motto, and with such inherent qualities as his mentor and guide it is scarcely to be wondered that — in fact it may be regarded as a natural sequence — that he was one of the most suc- cessful men, in business and in politics, that ] Philadelphia e\'er produced, and at the same time one of the most universally respected and esteemed. Senator McNichol was born Jul}' 3, 1864. in the old Tenth Ward of Philadelphia, with which his after life was so intimately asso- ciated. His early education was received in the public schools and later he attended the Northwest (irammer School, at Fifteenth and Race Streets, from which he graduated. Sul)- sequentlv he took a special course in one of the most noted Commercial Colleges of the city and there mastered those business details which were so essential in the life work he had maped out for himself. Both his father and his uncle were con- tractors in a modest and limited way. h-ach was a remarkable man, but to the forceful and earnest character of his uncle was mainly due the evolution of the sound and practical idea, as well as the early conception of immense possibilities ahead, that afterward formed the basis and ground work of young McNichol's business life, and led to the gigantic propor- tions to which that business was afterward ex- tended. Even then, at the early age of 18. the ambitions of the future contractor-magnate had taken shape and semblance and he started out on his career towards fame and fortune fully determined to achieve both, fully alive to the extent of his capacity to meet the task and surmount all the obstacles which it involved, and fully and absolutely confident of the future. With this, the goal of his ambition, he entered into partnership with his brother Dan- iel, under the firm name of D. J. AIcNichol and Company. "Dan and I talked it over," said the contractor-king in later years and we thought over it for quite a while and then we made the plunge. "I bought three horses and carts and when I got them I thought I was the biggest man in Philadeli)hia." The new firm w^as in- tended to compete for such munici])al con- tracts as the grading and paving of streets, then in a wretched condition, and the con- struction of sewers. At that time, -which was approximately marked by the change from the horse car system of pu!)lic jiassenger traffic to that of electric system, the streets of Phila- delphia were nearly all paved with cobble- stones and j)resented anything but an imposing or agreeable appearance. During the years 1893. 1894, 1895, AlcNichol began to forge steadily to the front as a contractor. He bid for and was successful in securing many large contracts for repaving the streets, and the total value of such contracts in the years indicated reached the remarkal)ly large figure uf $6,000,000. As a result of his enduring work in that ()ar- ticular branch of his now generally appreciated business, the City hia, and was for ten years HOWARD M. VAN COURT its president, lending his able and energetic management : the new institution made steady if not rapid progress, and when .Mr. \ an Court ceased connection with it it had Ijecome one of the firmly established and popular financial institutions of Philadelphia. .Mr. \an Court was also one of the founders of the Fidelity Mutual Life Insurance Company of Philadel- pliia and contributed in a marked degree to its unqualified success. Mr. \*an Court is a Republican in i)olitics, and in religion an Fpiscopalian. 1 le never held public office, nor did he seek it, and is con- 478 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA nected with no professional or technical asso- ciations. He is, however, a prominent and active meni- l)er of the Masonic (3rder, and also a promi- nent and active member of the Manufacturers' Club of Philadelphia. He was married in Philadelphia in 1870 to Sarah E. Richeert, and has a most interesting family of five children. His residence address is Wyncote, Pa., and his business address. Drexel Building, Philadelphia. IN MEMORIAM R( )f3i':KT 11. F( )1':ri)1':r|':r T HE Eatin motto which enjoins that no ill be said of the dead has no application in the case of Robert H. Foerdcrcr, to whom this memoriam sketch applies. Nothing ill was said of him when alive, for nothing ill could truthfully have been said, and now his memory is held too sacred to admit of criticism, even of the most trivial faults, even of which he was singularly and remarkably free. In lofty aspirations, in high and noble ideals and in all the attributes of a gentleman he excelled in a large measure, and wdien, at a comparatively early age death claimed him for its own the City of Philadelphia, of which he was' one of the most prominent, useful and esteemed residents, lost and mourned a man \\ho had accomplished much and gave promise of still greater achievement in the broad and fertile field of public usefulness and public trust. Mr. Foerderer was born in (lermany while his parents, then citizens of the United States, were on a visit to the land of their birth. His father, Edward Foerderer, was a tanner, who had left the l*\'itherland some years before to seek fame and fortune in a new land and who. settling down in Philadelphia, established a business in that city. Robert Foerderer was educated in the pub- lic schools and in a private academy. He de- sired an active life, and one in accord with his tastes, and bent upon mastering the trade in which his father excelled, became a registered a]iprentice in the tannery. Mere he found ample field and opportunity for the exercise of qualities that lead in the direction of originality, invention and achieve- ment. He showed a wonderful interest in his trade, mastered its every detail and before he \\as t\\'enty-one laid the foundation for that well ordered and methodical life for which, in later years, he became remarkable. In these early days thrift appealed to him as a potent factor in the pathway of life, and the narrower and more dif^cult pathway to success. He earned the modest stipend of $8 per week, yet out of this contrived to lay aside $4, that at the age of twenty-five he had amassed a small capital. With this he decided to establish a business' for himself and put into practical efTect certain theories in the direction of efficiency and improvement which in the days of his apprenticeship had suggested them- selves and which he only awaited the oppor- tunity to put to the test. THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 479 His business built upon the tirni foundation of practical knowledge and executive al)ilitv supplemented by his earlier habits of economy and thrift, was a success from the start. The theories which had evolved themselves in the (lays of his apprenticeshij) were found to work efifectively in practice, and his business ex- ])anded steadily as the years went by. At this j)eriod his attention was called to a new method of treating goat skins. This was then known as the "chrome-process," and ex- ])erimenting with it, in its application to the manufacture of morocco, many tanners had expended, without success, large sums of money. To Mr. Foerderer's matured mind the l)rocess was impractical in itself, but he saw in it the basic principles of one which properly evolved, would mean success. Bending all the energies of an alert and resourceful mind, he succeeded in discovering the "missing link" in the "Chrome Process," and in this com- pletely revolutionized the morocco leather business of the world. When he had completed this great and en- during work a name for the product suggested itself as a commercial necessity. Mr. Foederer had read "Caesar's Commen- taries" and the thought suggested itself that of the great Roman's" historic utterance, "Veni, V'idi, Vici," "I came, I saw, I conquered." The last word, "\'ici," I conquered," applied to a nicety to his invention. And now the term "\^ici kid" is known throughout the civilized world. The process by which "Vici" kid is pro- duced was never patented and is, therefore, a secret. As a direct result of the new process the business controlled by Mr. Foerderer increased enormously. Time and again his' extensive plant at Frankford, Philadelphia, was extended to meet every increasing demand. This plant, and an extensive plant at Bridesburg, Philadel- ])hia, where the finest hide glue in the world is made, employ over 2000 persons, and 50,000 goat skins are treated every day. The firm has purchasing agents in Japan, China. Russia, and throughout Asia, Africa and South America, and 1,000,000 goat skins are always on transit to the plant at Frankford. •Surely this represents a truly wonderful achievement and all due to the genius, energy, business capacity and enterprise of one man. I'^arly in life Mr. Foerderer had become prominent in the mercantile world (jf Phila- delphia. Strict honor, strict integrity, and a high sense of duty, both in its jjublic and pri- vate relations, were invariably his standard, and his incentive. And in recognition of this fact, and as evidence of the esteem in which he was generally held, he was nominated Con- gressman at Large, after the State had enacted a measure providing for the election of two such rei)resentatives in the national Legisla- ture. He was in no sense a politician. He accepted his election in the spirit in which it was of- fered, and regarded it a public duty, performed its essential obligations with fervor and zeal and with an eye single only to the best inter- ests of those who had so honored him. While in Congress he was always accessible to even the humblest member of the constitu- ency, and no rccpiest for his influence and aid in any good or meritorious ol)ject was ever rejjelled or ignored. \\'hile in Congress Mr. Foerderer was an active member of the Committee on Banking and Currency. To his interest in Philadel- phia affairs is due the organization of the Key- stone Telephone Company and his interest in labor was always sympathetic, emphatic and ])ractical. To his thousands of em]doyees he was most considerate, and once wdien a financial panic crippled business and disjointed things gen- erally he kept his full force at work in making stock for which there was little sale, and that practically at a loss. In every respect he was a good citizen, a good friend, and a good man, and when, on July 26, 1903, he passed to his eternal reward the City of Philadelphia, of wdiich he was so proud, sincerely mourned the loss of one of her most lamented sons. 480 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA E. E. AL-VRSHALL TN the forefront of organizers in this coun- try of one of the newest and l)ig-gest indus- tries — already very great, although only four years old — stands Edward E. Marshall, presi- dent of the American Manganese Manufactur- ing Company, Bullitt Building, Philadelphia. 'A\'hat bread is to yeast," said Mr. Marshall, when asked to make a statement concerning the important business which he was one of the first to introduce into the United States', "such is ferro-manganese to steel; steel simply cannot be made without it. Ferro-manganese enters into the ]:)roduction of all steel. "The ferro-manganese industry is one of the newest of our industries, and we were among the originators of it in the United States. At the beginning of the war the E'uited States found itself in a dangerous ])ositi(^n owing to the fact that we were entirely dependent upon ( Germany and England for our ferro-man- ganese. "England and Germany supplied the whole world with this indispensable article, indispen- sable, of course, not to the steel industry only, but to the structure and very existence of our modern civilization. For modern civilization runs both figuratively and literally upon steel. Civilization is run upon machinery and runs by machinery, the most essential parts of which, as is well known, need a high-grade steel. "But resourceful America found a way out of the great danger wath which we were menaced. England's embargo, as you remem- ber, cut ofif all possible supply from Germany. England herself had no ferro-manganese to spare for us as' she needed every ounce she was using herself, owing to the greatly in- creased demand of her war plants for steel. "At the time the war began we had for many years been large producers of pig iron. I saw the opportunity of a vast new industry as well as of supplying an imperative need of our coun- try. So I turned our Ijlast furnaces for pig iron towards the production of ferro-mangan- ese. As there are only a very few concerns manufacturing this article the demand upon us has been huge. We have greatly increased our facilities to produce several times since we entered the business, and now that we have won Germany's market away from her we in- tend to keep it, and are ready to meet all de- mands upon us for ferro-manganese not only from the United States but from other coun- tries."' lulward E. Marshall was born July 3. 1877. He was' educated at Penn Charter School, and entered Yale University, from which he graduated. He is a member of the Delta Phi Fraternity, the Union League of Philadelphia, the University Club, and the Yale Club, of New York. THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 481 (iE(jRGl-: L.,\\]{LLS i^XE of the largest and most prominent of the wholesale meat merchants of I'hiladel- phia is (ienrge L. A\'ells, and it is safe to say that he is .also one of the most popular and the most highly esteemed. liis lousiness is con- ducted on a large and imi)osing site at 402 North Second Street, and from here he con- ducts the largest strictl}' lu^tel and institutional supi)l\- trade of the Quaker City. 1 his enormous and still growing trade is the jjroduct Solely of his own energy and organ- ization, husiness a])titu(le. enterprise and init'ia- ti\'e. knowing instincti\xd\- e\ery detail of ♦^he packing and general meat industry, he started it scjuk- \ears ago on _the strict hasis of giving to the pul)lic the best possible \alue for the least ]M)Ssible cost. To this inflexible rule he lias adhered to resolutel_\- and steadfastly and the natural result is that he enjoys to the am])lest extent the contideuce of hi> ])atrons. just as his re])Utatiou for rectitude and in- tegrit}' has earned their respect. Mr. Wells was born in riiiladelphia. Jan- uary 23, 1.S73, and is the son of Jonath.an and •Mary K. (Lindsay) Wells, lie received his earl_\- education in the ])ublic schools and later attended some business colleges, fr(;m which he gradu.ated with honors. .Xbout thirtv \ ears ago he entered the meat business, with which he has been associated ever since, lie started in the em])loyment of Nelson Morris and Com- jiany, the Chicago i)ackers', and for about hve \ ears represented their interests in P)altimore. Me then transferred his services to Swift and ( om])any. with whom he was associated for fifteen years, during live of which he (occupied the high and resj)onsil)le position of their gen- eral manager in Philadelphia. lie then started business f(jr him.self and in a shcjrt time made it an uncpialified success. He is now president and treasurer of the (ieorge L. Wells Company, Incorporated, and to repeat, one of the foremost men in his busi- ness in Philadelphia. Mr. W'ells is a Republican in ])olitics and in religion an I'^piscopalian. Me has ne\'er aspired to ])ublic office and as a rule confines his ])ul)lic activities to the casting of his vote and also to the liberal su])])ort of everv move- ment calculated and designed to conserve or ])romote the interests of his native citw -Mr. W'ells, as chairman of the committee'. has sold Lil)ert}- Ponds in all four Pkuis tti every representati\e of the meat industry in Philadelphia and \icinit\-. Me has served as Chief t)f the Pureau of Meat of the State of Pennsyhania under the P'ederal Food Admin- istration. He is Connected with no S(jcial or other or- ganizations but is a prominent member of all .Masonic < )r(lers. exce|)t the COnsi.story. W ork. and work alone, forms his sole recreaticMi, and social functions ha\"e no attractions tor him. Me was married in Philadelphia. ( )ctober 4, IS^^S. to Sadie l\. lo}-, and has no children. Mis residence address is 103 City .\venite. Pala, Pa., ruid his l)usiness address 402 North Second .^treet. Phila(lel])hia. 482 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA CHARLES MACLELLAN TOWN ABOUT twenty years after the Mayflower reached America, the first members of the Town family came from Yarmouth, England, to the colonies and settled at Salem. Mass. That was in 1640. Forty years later the first members of the Eagle family came to the new Western country, too. and were among the original settlers of what is now Delaware County, Pennsylvania. Charles MacLellan Town, coal operator, is a descendant of both these families. For more than a century the Towns and the Eagles have lived in Philadelphia. Mr. Town's parents were Henry W. Town and Gertrude Eagle Town. Charles MacLellan Town was born in Phila- delphia on December 14, 1890. In 1907 he was graduated from St. Joseph's High School and entered St. Joseph's College with the class of 1911. He left St. Joseph's to enter the Whar- ton Evening School of Accounts and Finance of the University of Pennsylvania, from which he received a supplemental education. Later he won the degree of Bachelor of Science in I'xonomics at St. Joseph's College. Before he had finished his education, he be- gan his business career which has met with success at every turn. It was in September, 1907, that he entered the employ of the Bene- ficial Saving Fund Society of Philadelphia as a I)ookkeeper. From this modest beginning he rose steadily. W'hen he resigned, November 6. 1916, he was "new accounts teller," a posi- tion of responsibility. It was to become vice-president and general manager of the Bell Union Coal and Mining Company that he left the Beneficial Saving I^'und Society. The Bell Union Company op- erates mines at Curlew, Kentucky, and Mr. Town had control of large interests of the con- cern. In this position he had an opportunity to display his business and executive ability. His success with the aflt'airs of the company are proven by the broadening of the sphere of his activities later, and his first large venture for himself. This venture came on May 12, 1917, when he organized the Town Coal Company, wath mines near Kentucky. Of this concern he is owner and operator. His success was imme- diate, for he obtained contracts with the Gov- ernment to furnish bituminous coal to army training camps in several southern cities. His business has been growing steadily, a tribute to his ability as an organizer and promoter. In entering the coal business he followed in the footsteps of his grandfather, Theodore Nevling Town, who opened a large coal yard at the southeast corner of Broad and Fitzwater Streets in January, 1854. It was the most important concern of its kind in Philadelphia at that time, and later it became known as the Black Diamond coal yard. Mr. Town attends to the business of both his important interests from the one central point, Parkway, at Sixteenth Street. Mr. Town was married October 12, 1916, to Miss Julia Marie Coyle, of Philadelphia. Mrs. Town will be remembered as the daughter of THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 483 Senator and Mrs. John J. Coyle. Mr. and Mrs. Town have one child, a daughter, Mary Coyle Town. Aside from his coal business Mr. Town also is a director of the Pennsylvania Mutual In- surance Company and of the American Cath- olic Union. In addition he is' a member of the faculty of St. Joseph's College, teaching in the evenings. In the world of coal operators he is known as a member of the National Coal Association, the West Kentucky Coal (Operators' Associa- tion, the West Kentucky Conservation Society, Kentucky Mine Camps Association and Ken- tucky Mining Institute. Besides he is a mem- ber of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. Mr. Town is secretary and treasurer and a director of the St. Ignatius House for Home- less and Unemployed Men and is a director of the Catholic Alumni Sodality of Philadelphia. As deputy grand knight of the Knights of Columbus, De Soto Council, No. 315, and member of Archbishop Ryan General Assem- bly, the Fourth Degree of the Knights of Co- lumbus, he is widely known among fraternal societies. He also is a member of the Malta Boat Club. Mr. Town's home address is 911 Wynne- wood Road, Overbrook. WILLIAM H. S. BATEMAN T^HE vast and ever expanding iron and steel industry in Philadelphia has no figure asso- ciated with it of greater prominence, of larger connection, or of greater experience than Will- iam H. S. Bateman, the subject of this sketch. For over a quarter of a century he has been actively and intimately connected with it, and in that connection has traveled all over the United States, as well as over Canada, Cuba and Porto Rico. In all these countries his acquaintance with iron and steel manufactur- ers, dealers, and the mechanical heads of rail- roads is most extensive and his knowledge of the States and past and present conditions of the steel and iron in each is as necessarily elaborate and extensive. A traveler all his ac- tive and strenuous life, he has cultivated, in a marked degree, the faculty of observation, with the result that his general knowledge of conditions as they are in the countries named is l)ase(l U])()n intimate contact with them. WILLIAM H. S. BATEMAN In a word he is a man who not only uses' his eyesight to see things as they really are, but who also brings into play the faculties of acute reason and logical deduction. Not contented with merely seeing that certain conditions ex- ist, his inquiring mind seeks a reason for their existence, so that the natural law of cause and effect becomes quite apparent and quite con- vincing, leaving no element of uncertainty or doubt in the conclusions, about men antl things, to which he arrives. Mr. Bateman's acquaintance with the steel and iron business, both at home and within the environments of his periodical travels, does not represent the whole of his acquirements. His is an alumni of the Philadeli)hia College of 484 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA I I'hannacv. a keen and alert business man and a thtiroug'h man of the world. IJorn in Xew- field. New jersey, on June 3. 186,S, and son of the Rev. Thomas Uateman, 1). D.. a popular and esteemed member of the Methodist Epis- coi)al Church, and his wife (nee Jennie Piatt), he was educated in the public schools of Potts- ville. Girardville and Tamaqua, Schuylkill, Pennsylvania, in which respective towns his father held a pastorate and in each of which both he and his family were much esteemed. In 1883, while but fifteen years of age, he en- tered the drug business of Dr. I'homas Levi- son, of Mahanoy City, Pa. Mere he remained for over four years, gaining valuable experience and exhibiting in the discharge of his duties an ability, zeal and diligence that were much appreciated by his employer. In Sei)tember, 1887, he decided to come to Philadelphia, where he entered the drug busi- ness of Thomas J. Lightcap. Shortly after- ward he entered the College of Pharmacy, in Philadelphia, as a student, but continued mean- while in the drug business. In 1889 he grad- uated from the college, bearing off his degree, and continued in the drug Inisiness until 1893. In that year he decided to (juit it. The iron and steel business' appealed to him more, and in response to that apjieal he entered the em- ployment of the Lukens Iron and Steel Coni- pany. of Coates\ille, Pa. The same ability, zeal and earnestness that had marked his previous life were exhil)ited in even a more ])ositive degree in his latter under- taking, and as a natural result ])romotion fol- lowed, lie was ai)i)ointed to the onerous and responsible position t)f traveling sales agent and in this capacity served with the company until IW/, when he severed his connection with it. In 1908 he became connected with the Parksburg Iron Company and the Champion Rivet Company, as a sales agent, and con- tinued until the present time, when his position is that of district sales agent. P.esides holding these positions, Mr. I'.ate- man is sole proi)rietor and head of the firm ol W. 11. S. P.ateman and Company, and is di- rector of the Kockl)ridge Manganese and Iron L'ompanv. lie is a memljer of the American i '.oiler Manufacturers' Association and the Southern and .Southwestern Railway Club, at Atlanta. ( la. lie is director of the new Logan Building and Loan Association and is also a member of the Pittsburgh Railway Club, the Philadelphia Chamber of Commerce, and the Library Com- mittee of Logan Improvement League, of which he is chairman. He is a past master of Mount Lloreb Lodge, Xo. 528, Free and Ac- cepted Masons; of Jerusalem Chapter, R. A. Masons; of Kadosh Commandery, No. 29, Knights Temjdar ; of Philadelphia Consistory, S. P. R. C, and of Lulu Temple, A. A. ( ). N. M. S. P>esides being connected with these or- ganizations he is a member of the ^^lanufac- turers' Club of Philadelphia, the lingineers' Clul), of < )ld York Road Ccnmtry Club, and the Machinery Club of New York. Mr. Bateman is a Republican in politics, but has ne\-er aspired to public office, or emolu- ment. He served two years in the First Regi- ment, National (iuards of Pennsylvania, as act- ing hosi)ital steward. He also helped to or- ganize and was lieutenant and executive officer of Admiral Dewey's Chinese-American Naval Reserves in 1898. At present he is first lieu- tenant of "C" company. Home Defense Re- serves of Logan, Philadelphia. Mr. P.ateman was married in Philadeli)hia in 1897 to < )llie Logan ITmis, and has two sons: T. Houston and Stanley Logan. His residence is 513r) North Broad Street. Philadelphia, and his office. Commercial Trust I'.uilding. Phila- delphia. WILLIAM B. MARGl^.RUM i^ROM the stand])oint of the consumer, the Reading Terminal ?^Iarket has for years boasted of the reputation of being among the highest class retail establishments anywhere in Philadelphia. Whenever ^Irs. Philadelphia Housewife wants the l)est the market affords, she goes di recti v to the great market that covers almost an entire city block directly under the big THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 485 Reading- Kailway Statitui al Twrlftli ami Mar- ket Streets. She knows, throns^h lun^;- cxperit-nce, thai many of the l)est known and most conserva- tivel}' rehable dealers' conchict "stalls" in the Terminal Market and that w hatc\ er they have to offer to the public in the way of edibles can I)e relied upon strictl\- to be among the best to be had anywhere. Among the many dealers of un(|uestioned reputation who conduct "stalls" in the big mar- ket is William P>. Margerum. lie's known to ])atrons of the market as the "butter and egg- man." His "stall" is along the Twelfth Street side of the market. It is one of the most at- tractixe in the big establishment and a visit to the Margerum place of business is virtually an inxitation to buy, since one gets a "hunger" for Margerum butter and Margerum eggs the moment he or she wanders anywhere near the stand. Mr. Margerum is a great beliexer in cleanli- ness, lie's persistent in his l)elief that it is "next to Godliness," speciall}- when it comes to a matter of edibles. And his place of business is always immaculately clean and inxiting and stocked with the highest grade goods tlfftt the market affords. From another standpoint, the Margerum place of business is exceptional. Mr. Mar- gerum believes in the policy of "live and let live." lie was among the hrst Inisiness men in Philadelphia to credit his emjdoyes with a share of the firm's i)rofits. His workers ha\e for vears shared financially in the success of the business. They are made \ irtual p;i'.'tners with Mr. Margerum. /^ARL .\UGUST PENJAMIX C.RrBNAU. prominent wool dealer and imi)orter, of Philadelphia, is one of the sturdy German race which is so closely identified with the early history and material j)rogress of Pennsylvania. He w as born on January 8, 1847, in Danzig, (jermany, where his father. Dr. hVederick Dan- iel (irubnau, was rector of the Girls' High School, and where his mother was Helene Pannenberg before her marriage. I'.ducatrd in ihr ])ul)lic schools of l)an/.ig, .Mr. ( irubnau came to the I'nited States in bS73 and soon after idcntitied hinisrlf with tlu- wool trade of Philadelphia. In this he i)rospered in a marked degri'c. and the linn of Carl (Irubnau and Son, of which he is the senior partner and head, and which has an i'.\tensi\-e wool comb- CARL A. P.. (.KUBX.VU ing and scouring plant at Second Street and I'.rie Avenue, Philadelphia, is one of the best known and most reputable in the wool trade of the L'nited States. This firm is largely engaged in the importa- tion of w(K)l and has branches in New ^ ork and Boston, with direct communication all over the world. In 1902 Mr. Grubnau founded the North- eastern Warehouse Company, with stores at Sedgley Street and Erie Avenue, Philadelphia, and having tracks on both the Pennsylvania and Reading railroads. Of this company he is president and the guiding spirit. Mr. Grubnau is a charter mem- 486 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA ber of the Philadelphia Bourse, and is also a member of the Board of Trade and Chamber of Commerce of Philadelphia, and of the Chamber of Commerce of the United States and the Philadelphia Wool Trade Association. He is trustee of the Lankenau Hospital of Philadelphia, and is also a member of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, the Ger- man Society of Pennsylvania, and the Zoo- logical Society of Philadelphia. His clubs are the Union League, the Phila- delphia Downtown and the Economic, all of Philadelphia. In politics he is a Republican and in religion a Lutheran. Mr. Grubnau was married in 1880 to Vic- torina Malpass. He has four sons, of whom Henry Conrad and Frederick William are en- gaged with him in business, while Victor Carl is a metallurgist and a member of the firm of Grubnau, Bryant and Grubnau, Cerrillos, New Mexico, manufacturers of oxide of zinc, and of wdiich Mr. Carl Grubnau is senior partner. The youngest son, George Malpass, is a chemist in the laboratory of the same firm. Mr. Grubnau's home address is Wyncote, Pa., and his business address 114 Arch street, Philadelphia. WILLIAM E. COOPER "J^VERYBODY likes and respects self-made men." So wrote the genial author of "The Autocrat of the Breakfast Table," and the words are literally and absolutely true. Everybody respects a self-made man, for the simple reason that the qualities with which he carved fame, or fortune, from well-directed efifort are invariably such as command respect. This is especially so in the case of the man who admits that he is self-made and who takes a laudable and legitimate pride in the fact. Such a man is to be honored and envied, for such a man has proved that he possesses all the attributes that demand success and with suc- cess public recognition and public apprecia- tion. William E. Cooper, the well-known and de- servedly popular barrel manufacturer of Phila- delphia, is foremost in the ranks of those men who are entirely self-made and are proud of so being. Starting his business life with — as he him- self puts it — only the clothes in which he stood, he is today one of the wealthy industrial princes of the Quaker City and one of the most widely esteemed of his class. Wn.LIAM E. COOPER Energy, ability and enterprise, with absolute confidence in himself, were the factors that brought such a high measure of success to his strenuous life work, and today these qualities are just as keen as they were in the olden time when achievement was still undeveloped or developing by degrees, and prosperity was but a dream. Mr. Cooper was born in Philadelphia, No- vember 20, 1862, and is the son of William H. and Frances (Bromley) Cooper. He received his education in the public schools of his na- tive city and his course in each was marked by remarkable diligence and application. His THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 48i start in the business career in which he was afterward so signally successful was made un- der peculiar and unusual circumstances. A quarrel with his father led to his ejectment from the parental home and to the necessity of taking care of himself. His age was then eighteen and his sole assets "the clothes in which he stood." But even then he was as resourceful in his methods as he was deter- mined to go ahead and give practical evidence to his father and friends of the sterling stufif of whicii he was made. He did not act the Prodigal Son and plead for forgiveness and rehabilitation in the good graces of his parent. He simply went to a few friends ; represented to them his hopes and ambitions and expressed the deep and ever- abiding conviction that if given a fair chance he would willingly and earnestly begin the bat- tle of life, with every determination to win that battle and carve for himself a reputation and a name. These friends' were of the Good Samaritan type. They "staked" him to a horse and wagon, as he now puts it, and left to his energy and enterprise the task of doing the rest. Of his strict and uncompromising honesty they were absolutely assured, and if they enter- tained any misgivings at any time they were based on his youth and inexperience rather than upon anything reflecting on his strict in- tegrity. With this horse and wagon as prac- tically his whole asset, but courage, determina- tion and persistence, young Cooper began his life work by going about the city purchasing old barrels. After a short time his father re- lented and made overtures for a reconciliation and his return to the parental roof. These the son rejected and his father then had him ar- rested. The court proceedings that follow^ed were a complete reversal of the situation, the father being fined and the son released. Sub- sequently, his uncle, who evidently realized that young Cooper was bound to make his way in life, introduced him to a bank in which he had an account, with instructions that the young man be given advances up to a certain limited and modest amount. Today the young Coo})er of those strenucnis times can go into the same bank, or any other bank in the City of rhiladeli)hia, and have his personal check for say $100,000 cashed and honored with promptitude and pleasure. Mr. Cooper, like most business men, suc- cessful or otherwise, has had his ups and downs in life. But the spirit of enterprise which led him into the modest Cdmmercial undertaking of his youth remained as part of his "make-up" all the time, and coupled with energy, ability and good judgment, led to his ultimate success. Now he is the sole owner and general manager of the extensive cooper- age plants in Philadelphia, the one at Tasker Street wharf, on the Delaware River, and the other at the Northeast corner of Snyder Ave- nue and Delworth Street, and also the Union Cooperage Company, at Water and Jackson Streets'. The former is known as the South- wark Cooperage Company and the latter as the Enterprise Cooperage Company, and the Union Cooperage Company, of the City of Brotherly Love. The three are absolutely owned and controlled by Mr. Cooper and stand as an en- during and conspicuous monument to his suc- cessful life efifort. Besides these Mr. Cooper is intimately iden- tified with other activities and interests. He is connected with the Tusten, Olney and Rose Building and Loan Associations ; is a member of the Improved Order of Red Men, and is also associated with the Knights of the Golden Eagle and the Order of Elks. A staunch Republican in politics, but one who never aspired to public office, he is an active and alert member of the ^Manufacturers' Clul) of Philadelphia, the Mutual Republican Club, and the Kensington Republican Club. He also holds membership in the Pen and Pencil Club of Philadelphia. He is also a member of the Philadelphia Board of Trade, of the Vent- nor (Atlantic City) Board of Trade, and of the Philadelphia Chamber of Commerce. ^Ir. Cooper has a beautiful country residence at Doylestown Pike and Willow Grove, Pa., and spends a good deal of his time in extended automobile tours throughout the State. 488 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA Mr. Cuoper was married Decemljer 6. 1888, at Philadelphia, to Elizabeth Kriippenback and has two children, Elsie (now Mrs. Scott Thomas), and William Oscar Cooper, now in ( Government Marine Service, stationed at Washington, D. C, who has l)een associated Avith his father as the manager of tlie South- wark Cooperage, on Tasker Street. rjR. IKA WALTON DRI':W is one of the forenidSt osteopathic ])hysicians in the City of Phihidelphia. lie is ])rofessor of diseases of children in the Philadelphia College of (^steoi)athy and visiting physician to the ( )s- teo])athic Hosj)ital, and has made an en\iablc and widespread reputation l)y his treatment of feel)leminded children in connection Avitli the working of the Municipal Court of the Ouaker City. In this particular his system of treat- ment has been wonderfully successful and has elicited verv warm enconiums both from the members of the Iku" practicing in ihe court, the judges and the newspapers of the city. Doctor Drew is the product of A'ermont, having been ]>orn in the City of Uardwick, August 30, 1878. He is son of jcjhn H. and Eannie A. (Walton) Drew, and his earl\- edu- cation was acquired in the public schools of his natal city. Later he entered the .Vcadeni}- at Hardwick. from which he graduated with honors. He began his life-effort in the fields of journalism and did editorial work on a newspaper in I'.urlington, A'ermont, and on an- other in Boston, until 1900. Shortly afterwards lie decided to adopt medicine as his profession and selecting the field of osteopathy entered the College of Osteopathy in Philadelphia, from which he graduated in 1911. He then set- tled down in the (Quaker City, with which he has been identified every since and in which he has established a large practice and one w hich is steadily increasing. Doctor Drew is president of the Eastern Alumni Association, is a memlier of the Iota Tan .Sigma Eraternity, and is also a member of the American Osteopathic Association and a director of the Osteopathic Hospital ui Phil- a(lel])hia. He is, besides, a member of the I 'hiladelphia ( )steopathic Societ}' of the Penn- syhania ( )steo])athic Association, and of the l')ethe--(la Rescue Mission. lie is affiliated with I'.urlington Lodge, Eree and Accepted Mas(Mis: Avith the N'ermont Consistory of the -Scottish Rite Masons; with Purlington Lodge 916 I). P. O. E., with Philadelphia Eorest and with the Tall Cedars of Lebanon. His only Social club is the City, of Philadelphia. Doctor Drew is a staimch Republican in ])olitics. and in religiim an I'^piscopalian. He was married in Philadelphia, (October 28. 1911, to Margaret Spencer atul has two sons. He served for ten }ears in the N'ermont Na- tional ( ruard and his military record is a most admirable and excellent one. His residence address is 4610 Wa^ne Ave- nue, Germantown, I'hiladelphia. and his office address is 625 Land 4'itle Building, Philadel- ])hia, Pa. THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 489 AXi)Ri-:\\ w iii'.i-i.i'.k TP1II-. life story of Aiulrcw W hfolcr is a rvc- urd of achievement, luiterint;- the linn of Morris Wheeler and Company in 1SS5, at the age of nineteen, he is' now senior partner, and as such controls the business of one of the leading and most progressive iron and steel merchants in the City of Philadelphia, lie is widely known and highly esteemed and his position among the industrial magnates of the Quaker City is one of universally recognized progress. Years of careful training and association with the work of his firm has made him fa- miliar with the minutest details and to this extensi\e knowledge of the business he adds a cahii and deliberate judgment, a wide experi- ence of commercial life and a personality that has won for him many personal friends and a host of admirers. He is' essentially a business man in every par- ticular, and to this fact, coupled with zeal, energ}' and ability of a high order, may be attributed his standing in the business world and his reputation as a man of affairs. Air. Wheeler was l)orn in Philadelphia. January 2, 1866, and is the son of Andrew and Sarah ( Carpenter) Wheeler. .Vfter receiving the rudiments of his education in the public schools he attended St. Paul's Schocjl, at Con- cord, X. II. Later he attended Wharton School. Philadelphia, and then entered the Cniversity of Pennsylvania, from which he graduated in 1885. In that year he entered the firm of Morris Wheeler and Company, having decided that his iife career should be a business' one. Here he aijplied himself with ccmnnendable energy and zeal to a complete knowledge of the busi- ness and thorough mastery of its every techni- calit}- and its every detail. For seven years he Worked thus, and in 1892 was promoted to the po>ition of junior partner. In this ca- pacity he continued until 1903. when he was made senior partner, wdien the management of the great and steadily growing business de- volved almost entirely ui)on him. Subse- (|nciill}-. he became secretary of the I'ottstown I roll C(jm])any and afterwards its treasurer, and m I'M.i was elected to the office of its ])resi(lent. hVom l'^0.> to 1913 he was treasurer of the American Iron and .Steel Association, whicli finally merged into the iVmerican Iron and Steel Institute, of which he is a member. I le is also a director of the Cruse Kemper Com- l)any. Mr. W heeler is' a meml)er of the executive committee of the American Iron and Steel and Heavy Hardware Association and during the war was elected their representative at Wash- ington. At the request of j. Leonard Replogle, Director of Steel Supply of the War Industries Board, Mr. Wlieeler accepted the position of Chief of the Bureau of Steel Warehcnise Dis- tribution and served as a "dollar a year man" until the conclusion of the war. Mr. Wheeler's' activities in iields outside the sphere of his business arc as acute as they are varied. He is a member of the council of the Swedish Colonial Society and is a life niend)er of the Navy League, in which he takes spe- cial interest, and holds menibershi]) in the Xa- ti'inal Geographical Society, and the Zeta Psi I'raternity. He is also a member of the Rittenhouse, Racquet, Ra]:)bit, Philadelphia Country. Mer- ion Cricket, Metropolitan Club of Washington, and Musical Art clubs, and is chairman of the music committee of St. Mark's Protestant Lpiscopal Church, of which he is also an active vestryman. Mr. Wheeler is an excellent musician and has been at times organist in various churches. He is' an authority on matters musical, and for a quarter of a century has been intimately identified with most of the musical events in the City of Philadelphia, lie has been asso- ciated with the Philadelidiia Orchestra Asso- ciation from its inception, and since 1903 has been secretary of the board, lie has always taken a keen and active personal interest in the opera, upon which subject he is' probably at his best, and has been for many years in intimate association with it. 490 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA He served as secretary of the committee which backed Gustav Heinrich's venture in 1895-96 and afterward supported Damrosch and Ellis, Maurice Grau and Hammerstein. In point of fact, he has given most invaluable aid to every effort to secure high class music for the people of Philadelphia, and being a skilled musician his efforts in this direction were l)ased on absolute knowledge of all the require- ments of a superior musical organization. As a result Philadelphia has been provided in all these years with the very best in grand opera and has been thoroughly appreciative of it and of the fact that their musical tastes have been so able and generously catered to and provided for by a small group of public spirited citizens, of whom Mr. Wheeler w^as one of the foremost, as he undoubtedly was one of the best posted in musical matters and the most energetic. Mr. Wheeler, to repeat, is an excellent mu- sician. He studied the piano and organ, the latter with the late Dr. David D. Wood, and has played considerably in public as an ama- teur. Mr. Wheeler was twice married. His first wife was Mary Wilcox Watson, whom he mar- ried in 1887, and who died in 1892, and his sec- ond, Jennie Pearce, whom he married in April, 1907. His children by his first marriage are Mrs. Robert L. Wood and Andrew Wheeler, Jr., U. S. N., and by his second John Pearce Wheeler and Alexander Bowman Wheeler. Mr. Wheeler is a Republican in politics and in religion an Episcopalian. His residence address is 2137 Locust Street, Philadelphia, and his business address Thirtieth and Locust Streets, Philadelphia. pRANK P. FIFER, hardware merchant, with extensive premises at Lehigh Ave- nue and Front Street, Philadelphia, was born in the Quaker City April 26, 1881, and edu- cated in the public schools. His father was Edward A. Fifer and his mother, before her marriage, was Mary Elizabeth Taylor, and each come of a family well known and much respected. Mr. I^^ifer l:)egan what afterwards turned out to be a most successful business life at the early age of fourteen. In 1895 he became an emi)lovee in the hardware business and con- tinued with the firm until 1904, when he de- FRANK P. FIFER cided to establish a business on his own ac- count. For this he was fully equipped, so far as vast and varied experience and an intimate knowledge of details were concerned, and entering into partnership with Henry Beatty, he began the second and most important phase of his life career. The work of the two part- ners was reduced to a system from the start, Mr. Fifer taking charge of the store, and also applying himself to soliciting factories in the Kensington district of Philadelphia, while Mr. Beatty devoted himself to the office manage- ment. The venture was a decided success from the start and was steadily growing each year until 1913, in July of which year Mr. Beatty died. Purchasing the interest of his deceased THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 491 partner, Mr. Fifer became sole owner of the business, which is today, although the original firm name of Fifer and Reatty remains intact. After the death of Mr. Batty, Mr. Fifer ap- plied all his time, energies and resources to the development of the business. He built, in addition to the original store, an extensive warehouse and garage, and, by dint of hard work and by supplying goods that are abso- lutely trustworthy, so extended his business throughout the State of Pennsylvania that he now has a ready market for them in every part of it. These goods are strictly and emphat- ically of the highest grade, and include a va- ried and complete assortment of factory sup- plies and mechanics' tools. Mr. Fifer is a member of the Philadelphia Hardware Association and is prominent in Masonic circles, being a member of William C. Hamilton Lodge, No. 500, and also a mem- ber of Tristram B. Freeman Royal Arch Chap- ter, No. 243. An independent in politics, he is an active member of the Baptist denomination and is treasurer of Alpha Church. He is also a prominent and active member of several loan and building associations. His recreations are automobiling and golf. Mr. Fifer was married in Philadelphia Sep- tember 9, 1903, to Clara V. Bernard, and has one child, Virginia Bernard Fifer. His resi- dence address is 929 Foulkrod Street, Phila- delphia, and his business address Lehigh Ave- nue and Front Street, Philadelphia. VJAURICE O'BRIEN HALLOWELL, president of the Leeland Surgical Com- pany of Conshohocken, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, and one of the leading suburbs of Philadelphia, is a remarkable man in many respects. Only a little over thirty-five years old, he has already made his mark in a sig- nally successful business career, and to his energy, enterprise and progressive ideas are due the establishment and success of at least three notable enterprises, of each of which he is the guiding spirit and in each of which he is activelv associated and identified. Mr. llallowell was born in Conshohocken March 31. 1883. His father was Horace llal- lowell, a well-known and highly respected resident of the thriving little town, while his mother, who before her marriage was Annie O'Brien, came of an Irish family equally well known and equally respected. He received a MAURICE O'B. HALLOWELL sound education in the ])ul)lic schools of his native town and in 1899 graduated from its high school with signal honors. The question of his future career then presented itself and after mature deliberation he entered the em- ployment of the Ellwood Lee Company, surgi- cal supplies, in a necessarily minor capacity. He made good from the very start. All the energy and ambition of his young life were brought into play and as a result of the firm's appreciation of his labors he reached a most important position within it. Gaining exper- ience every year, and every year cultivating his inherent business instincts, he remained 492 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA with tlu- tinii until 191(). when he urt^anized the firm, or corporation of the Leeland Surgi- cal Company, in C Onshohocken. h^^om the \'ery first this enter])rise, l)ase<:l as it was on strictly business metlnxls. on a foundation of e(|uity. was a marked sticcess and one year later Mr. ilallowell organized the firm of I'hesterman and Streeter, and the Leeland Surgical Company, of which he is now ])resi- dent. In consequence of the immense strides made l)y the com])any more commodious ])remises were absolutel}' necessary, and in 1918 renn)val was made to 902 Mcmtgcmiery Avenue, Philadelphia, where a large number of operatives are employed to handle an al- ready large and still steadily growing trade. Mr. Hallowell is connected with no ])rofes- sional associations or other fraternities. Hi:, recreations are golf and tennis, and he is a ])rominent and acti\e member of the Merion Cricket Club, lie is also associated with the Plymouth Cotmtry Club and the ( )ld Colonv Club. Me is a Re])ublican in politics and in religion is a Roman Catholic. lie was mar- ried at PaAonne, New jersew ( )ctober 8, 1910. to Gertrude A. Jouette. His residence address is 925 Fayette Street. Conshohocken. Pa., and his business address <*02 .Montgomer\- A\-enue, Philadelphia. £l)\\l.\ KbHTIl .\b:LS( ).\. manufacturer of textiles and \ice-president of the l'',dd\- stone Print Works, ,-it l-'ddystone. Penn^^-l- \-ania. is a Scnitherner by birth and a .Xorth- erner b_\- the accident of circumstances. lie was born in \A'ilmington, North Carolina, in 1859, on the eve of the Civil War, and his child- hood days were jjassed amidst the disasters and vicissitudes of its environments. His lather lost his life while in command of a Con- federate blockade runner, and his mother (h'ing shortly after he was left i)ractically alone in the world. His youth was spent under the care and supervision of a guardian apjxiinted by the courts and after securing a sound edu- cation in a special private course he drifted -North at an earlv age. luitering the employment of the luldystone Manufacturing Company, as telegraph oper- ator and clerk, so far l)ack as the year 1875, he has remained with the firm ever since, and mav now be regarded as, to a large extent, its guid- ing spirit. Through energy and devotion to duty he soon won the friendship of the various members of the Simpson family, who advanced I':d\\in k. Nb:LS( )N him rapidly in recognition of his business aljil- ity and industr}'. As an illustration of these pronounced faculties in .Mr. Nelson's career it may be incidentall}' noted that the bridge spanning the Ridley l\i\er, at I^'ourth Street, Chester, Pa., is one of the creations of his energy and zeal. Acting on his suggestion as t(j the pressing need of such a structure, the project was placed in his hands, and with the aid of the columns of the Chester Times for publicity purposes was brought to a successful issue in 1892 when the bridge was built. Shortly following this, the compan}- placed on THE STORY OF J'HILADELFHIA 4S;3 Mr. Xi'lson the rcsponsihility ot creating- a ijurchasins;' dcpartnu'iil. which he acc( >ni])lishc'(l alon.i^ scicntil'ic hues. As ihv rcsuh of an intense and prolmi^c'd trade warfare, the textiU' printinj;- Imsincss readied a crisis in P'O.v Some inii)ortant con- cerns collapsed while the luld_\-stonc Trint Works, thoui^di financially sound, had to close its plant. At thi> juncture Mr. W. W Simpson houj^ht a controllint;- interest, hecoming i)resident and treasurer. Air. Nelstju was elected \ice-i>resi- dent. which office he now holds. The works immediately resumed oi)erations and the l)usi- ness w-as thoroughly reorganised. The char- acter of service rendered hy Mr. Nelson in this crisis ma\- he judged hy the fact that he was presented outright with one of the finest i)rop- erties in Ridley i*ark, where he has resided since 1905. In 1910 the American Cotton Manufactur- ers' Association selected ]Mr. Xelson as one ot a committee of experts to frame a salesnote to control transactions involving man}- millions of dollars annually. Since then he has heen frequently called into consultation with husi- ness leaders with a view toward improving trade customs and conditions. Me ])Ossesses the friendship of many of the foremost hank- ers, manufacturers and merchants in the L'nitcd States, and is a mend)er (.)f \-arious na- tional and international organizations sjjccial- izing on such suhjects. Air. Xelson was one (jf the founders of Rid- lev Park National Baid<, of which he is lirst vice-president. lie is also a mend)er of the Citv Cluh of IMiiladelphia, Pen and Pencil Cluh. Philadelphia Yacht Clul), Philadelphia l"hand)er of Commerce, .\ational Association of Cotton Manufacturers, American ( ieograph- ical Societv, Sachems Head (Connecticut) ^'acht Cluh. and \-arious other organizations and chd)S. CHARLES S. SCHELL r^NlC of the most prominent and widely known cotton varn tuerchants ot Philadel- phia is Charles Saunders Schell. nuMuher of till' wfU-known firm of Schell. Langstrtth and ("ompanw Porn in Philadelphia, juni- .">, 1885, and son of Harrison P.. and I'ertha l\. < Levin I Schell, he rect'i\-e(l his elenientar)- e(lucation in ihe puhlic scho<)I^ and later attended a gram- mar school and the Central Nigh School of the (Juaker City, from which he graduated with cn \rlp:s s. sc hi-.ll honors. He then t(X)k up a l)usiness ccjurse in one of the Philadel])hia institutions, and thus jirepared for the hattle of life, hegan what has turned out to he a signally successtul career, at the age of seventeen. In that }-ear — that is to sav in 1902 — he hecame associated with the firm of which he is now a memher. l"\)r lifteen \ears he ap])lied himself to the complete mas- tering of everv detail of the husiness and when this was achieved, in 1917 he was admitted into i)artnership. Mr. Schell is essentially and emidiatically a husiness man and as such professional, fra- ternal, or technical association have few. if 494 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA anv, attractions for him. The greater part of quently in its high school, he began his life his active, strenuous and successful life is de- career at an early age, selecting the coal busi- voted to the interests of business, yet when ness as the field of his endeavor. After filling this is disposed of he finds time to enjoy a some minor positions with the greatest credit, game of tennis, or golf, which forms his chief he was appointed superintendent of the coal recreations, and in each of which he is said to piers of the Lehigh and W'ilkes-P.arre Coal €xcel. His clubs are the Manufacturers' of Philadelphia, the City and the Stenton Coun- try, and in each of these he takes a keen and decided interest. In politics a Republican and in religion an Episcopalian, Mr. Schell has never aspired to public office, but is a liberal advocate and sup- porter of all social or civic reforms in his na- tive Philadelphia. He was married in German- town, Philadelphia, October 21, 1908, to Vida J. Binns and has two children. His residence address is 360 West Duval Street, German- town, Philadelphia, and his business address is 230 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. ROBERT BARCLAY BEAHM T^OREMOST amongst the wholesale coal dealers of Philadelphia stands the firm of Beahm and Company, Incorporated. It deals extensively with the anthracite and bituminous products of Pennsylvania, and its reputation for probity, enterprise and initiative is coex- tensive with its great and still steadily grow- ing trade. Of this company Robert Barclay Beahm is the president and guiding spirit. Many years of intimate association with the coal industry and a necessarily thorough expe- rience have qualified him for the position he so efficiently fills, and in the vast industry of which Pennsylvania is so justly proud, and which is one of the main sources of her eco- nomic wealth and prosperity, there is probably no other man with more extensive or more intimate knowledge of his business. Mr. Beahm was born in Mauch Chunk, chief town of Carbon County, and the very heart of the coal-mining regions of Pennsyl- vania. His birth occurred on February 23, 1853, and he was the son of Israel and Mahala (Dodson) Beahm. Educated in the elemen- tary schools of his native town, and subse- i ■^H A s -A ^^^ ;, ■ ; ' i.v.,. ROBERT BARCLAY BKAHM Company at Port Johnson. This position he left to become salesmaster of Weston, Dodson and Company, Incorporated, and for twenty- five years he discharged the exacting duties incidental to the position to the utmost satis- faction of the company. He was for ten years president of the Mount Hope Coal Company, which then became merged with Beahm and Company, the corporation of which he is the well-known and widely esteemed head. He is also director of the Garrett County Coal and Mining Company, of Dodson, Md. Mr. Beahm is' a member of the Society of Mining Engineers, and also member of the Pennsylvania Society of New York. When THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 495 not engaged in business, he spends a good deal John Ashurst and William (ioodell, and such of his time in active outdoor exercises, his close association with a group of men so emi- recreations being fishing, hunting, horseback nent in the medical ])r()fessi()n was of incal- riding, automobiling and golf. His only club culable advantage to him. It instilled in his is the Union League of Philadelphia. In poli- mind an enthusiasm for and love of his work tics Mr. Beahm is a staunch Republican, and which largely influenced his later life and con- in religion a Methodist. He was married in trihuted in a marked degree to his success. Sharon Hill, Ta., in 1889, to Eleanor E. McCon- nill, and has one son, Hugh Arthur l>eahm. This son enlisted in the United States Navy in July, 1917, during the war with Germany, and was commissioned assistant paymaster, with the rank of ensign, and assigned to the battle- ship Yorktown, on which he saw much service in foreign waters, the ship's station being (jib- raltar. Mr. Beahm's residence address is Sharon Hill, Pa., and his business address Harrison Building, Philadelphia. £)R. HENRY BEATES, Jr., one of the lead- ing and most eminent physicians in Phila- delphia, was born in that city December 20, 1857, and is a son of Henry and Emily A. (Baker) Beates. He received his elementary education in the public schools, and supple- mented this by a course in the Eastburn Acad- emy, where he received a broad and liberal classical education. This was further extended by a course of study in the Classical Institute of Philadelphia and in West Philadelphia Academy, where he pursued a special course until his graduation in 1876. Dr. Beates next entered the Medical School of the University of Pennsylvania, where he soon made a most enviable record. Under the preceptorship of Dr. Charles T. Hunter, he attained first rank in his class in scholarship, and was also prominent and active in estab- lishing in the great institution certain rules and conditions designed for the material ad- vantage of the great army of medical and other students. His career at the University was a most meritorious, if not an actually brilliant, one, and he graduated in 1879 with the degree of Medical Doctor. Previously to his graduation he acted as clinical assistant to Professors D. Hayes Agnew, William Pepper, HENRY BEATES, JR., M. D. Immediately after graduation he established a practice, and so raj)idly gained reputation and fame that in January, 1894, when he was only thirty-seven years old, (Governor Pattison appointed him member of the state board of medical examiners, a position he has since con- tinuously held, having been reappointed by every succeeding Governor of Pennsylvania. These reappointments have invariably been made against the opposition of certain proprie- tary schools and colleges, interested in passing as many medical students as possible, regard- less entirely of their fitness or ability. To this wholesale endorsement and approval of inef- 496 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA ticients. Dr. I'.eates has been steadily and in- nioxcd to Ahin^^ton, I 'a., where young Ambler flexil)!}- ()i)i)used. Avith the natural result that receixed his education, and where, as one of the l>est interests of the medical ])rofes-;i( 111 are its most ])rominent and most esteemed citi- conserved and the health of the i)ublic-at-larg-e zens. he now resides. safeguarded and ])rotected. Dr. Beates is a member of the r'hiladeli)hia Medical Club, in which he has always taken an active interest. He also holds membership in the State ^Medical Society, the Thiladrlphia County Medical Society, the Northern Medi- cal Society and the Pathological Society, and is a Fellow of the College of Physicians. Ik- is also a member of the Academy of Natural Sciences, the .Vmerican Academ_\- of IVditical and Social Science, the ( leological Societ_\- of America, the American Association for the Adxancement of Science and the Archeolog- ical Association of America. In recognitiim oi his high attainments in his profession. \\'ashington and Jefferson Ccdlege honored him with the degree of Master of Science in 1905. and in l''ll awarded him the further degree of Doctor of Science. Dr. Beates is a meml)er of the I'nion League of Philadel])hia and of the Ctjutempo- rarv Club, and is most prominent in the social life of the city. He was married Se]>teml)er 3, 1896, to Agnes TreA-ette Harrington. Mis residence address is 1504 Walnut Street, I'liila this exceptional honor Charles A. Ambler can lay claim, and he can also point to the record of a public life of distinction and usefulness in the ])olitics of his natixe Key- stone .State. Mr. Ambler was born in jenkin- town. -Montgomery County, on Januar\- 5. 18/4. -Shortly after his birth his parents re- After graduating frtmi the Abingt(_)n school. Mr. Aiiil>ler assisted his father cjn the farm. W hen twent\' Aears of age he decided to liegin life on his own account, and. with this object in \iew. jmrchased a general store at .\bing- ton. and has continued in that business, both at .\bington and W yncote. e\'er since. In 18''7 he was appointed i)ostinaster of .Xbing- te)n. and two Aears later l)egan his ])olitical career by l)eing elected meml)er of the Mont- gomer\- Count\' l\e])ublican COmmittee. This position he resigned, together with the ])ost- mastership. in 1902. when he was elected to the House of l\epresentati\es. Two years later he w.'is re-elected, and was also re-elected in 1906 and 190S. In PUO he dro])ped out. but in 1912 he again ))resented himself for elec- I'llE STORY OP PHILADELPHIA 49: tion, and was ai^'ain trmniphant. 1 -' mj;- before this he had ac(|uired an eiuiable reputation for political honesty, lie was generally recog- nized as both a useful and a prominent mem- ber of the State Legislature, and had earned the confidence and esteem not only of his con- stituents in Montgomery County, but of all outside it who were familiar with his public career. While in the Legislature he was one of the Republican leaders who supported such measures as the workman's compensation law, the child labor law, women's hours of lalxn- and other bills designed for the material and moral welfare of the toilers of the state. Mr. Ambler was the unanimous choice of the House of Representatives as Speaker. During the period he wielded the gavel his regime w'as one of strict impartiality, and both political parties bore testimony to his strict sense of fair play. In September, 1917, he was appointed State Insurance Commis- sioner by Governor Brumbaugh. Immediate- ly upon his appointment he declared war on all fake concerns in Pennsylvania. Mr. Ambler has been a lifelong and con- sistent Republican. In social life he is de- servedly esteemed and is connected with many clubs, among which are the Manufac- turers' Club of Philadelphia and the Philadel- phia Yacht Club. He is also connected with the Masonic Fraternity and the Order of Elks. miLLIAM JOSEPH HAGMAN, general manager of the well-known Bement-Miles Works, at 21st and Callowhill Streets, Phila- delphia, has earned widespread and deserved reputation as a designer of heavy ordnance and armor plate machinery, as well as an ex- pert in the designing and manufacture of machinists' tools and as a mechanical engineer. Born in Philadelphia, of Lancaster County parentswho settled there during the CivilWar, and w^ho came of mixed German and English stock, he received his elementary education in the public schools in the city, and later on became a pupil of the high school, establish- ing there a reputation for aptitude and appli- cation to the studies which the curriculum l)ro\ided. When he left the high school, Mr. Ilagnian entered l.ehigli I'niversity. l)ut after a time discontinued the course for more prac- tical ])ri\ate instruction in engineering and niachine too] desi^'ninir. ^^^^^^^^K|7 ^ ■ ^J H ^^^pFi ^ ^1 Ir 1 \ 1 B 1k„ jB W ILLIAM J. HAGMAN Having thoroughly mastered these subjects, uniting a practical training with an elaborate technical education, he became chief designer for the firm with which he is now employed. In 1900 he became general manager, and seven years later became associated, also as manager, with the Ridgway ^Machine Com- pany, at Ridgway, Pa. Mr. Hagman's designing career started at a time when the United States Government and large corporations began to seek special large ordnance and armor plate machinery of Amer- ican manufacture. These have, to a very large extent, been designed by Mr. Hagman or under his supervision, in addition to the mod- ern machine tools used in ship and locomotive 498 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA construction and their allied lines of work. In all these departments Mr. Hagman has had a large and varied practical experience, and has acquired the large fund of technical knowl- edge which experience alone teaches. (Jf the varied lines of design with which he has been associated, that of heavy ordnance and armor plate machinery he regards as his specialty. Mr. Hagman is a Republican in politics, but never held or sought public office. He is affiliated with no strictly political societies, and the only professional association with which he is connected is the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. He is also a mem- ber of the Union League, Philadelphia, and of the Art Club, the Engineers' Club and the Pen and Pencil Club, all of the Quaker City. Mr. Hagman was married in 1897 to a woman of English birth and has one daughter. JOHN LOVE SCOTT TINGLEY npHE American Railways Company is one of the foremost and most prominent public utility corporations in the United States. In- corporated in July, 1900, under the laws of the State of New Jersey, and reincorporated in February, 1913. under those of Delaware, it has an authorized capital stock of $25,000,000, its operations and control cover a most ex- tensive field and to it are subsidiary at least twenty-five companies. Of such an important and powerful corporation John Love Scott Tingley, the subject of this sketch, is the es- timable, the efficient and the widely popular second vice-president. Mr. Tingley was born in Philadelphia June 8, 1865, and is son of Clement and Louisa H. (Scott) Tingley, both of whom came of fami- lies well known and highly esteemed. He was educated first in the public schools of Phila- delphia and later at the Episcopal Academy in the Quaker City, which he attended from 1877 until 1881. Shortly after his graduation, in which he secured signal honors, he began his life work, selecting a commercial career. He started as clerk in the employment of the Girard Point Storage Company and in this capacity obtained a thorough business training and absorbed many of the progressive ideas which he put into efficient practice later in life. Next he secured a position as accountant and cashier in the well known shipping firm of Peter Wrieht and Sons, where he further JOHN LOVE SCOTT TINGLEY added to his business experience and commer- cial training. The newly chartered American Railways Company next attracted him. He saw in it a wide and fertile field of efifort and of possibilities and, therefore, accepted the position of secretary and assistant treasurer. In that capacity he made an enviable record from the start and on the foundation of that record came his promotion to the exacting, onerous and highly responsible office of sec- ond vice-president. In addition to this office, which he so worth- ily and efficiently fills, Mr. Tingley is vice- president and director of twenty-five compan- ies subsidiary to the American Railways Com- THE STORY Of PHILADELPHIA 499 ])anv and is also a . Dickinson was a candidate also. His friends say he is the logical candidate, and if elected to the bench he would have health, c.xi)erience and learning in his favnr. and would l)ring to that high office dignit\- and eminent cpialitica- tions. H AR\n^Y BlRCllARD TAVLoR is vice president of the Crami)S Shi])i)uilding Company, which up to the war with ( lermany. in 1918, was the largest i)lant of its kind in the United States, and still continues one of the leading shii)l)uilding cor])orations of the world. Mr. Taylor was born in rhiladeljjhia No- vember 17, 1882, and is son of Charles Tracy and Sophie ( Cramp » Taylor. After his pre- liminary education in the ])u])lic schools, he entered the University of l\Minsylvania, from which he graduated with honors in 1905. His career in the University was an exceptionally brilliant one. He was president of his class in the senior year and also ])resident of the Hous- ton Club, and in 190.> distinguished himself as centre of the X'arsity football team, which scored many important victories. After his graduation, in 1905, .Mr. Taylor began his life career by entering, as draughts- 504 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA man, the hydraulic dei)artmt'nt of the I. P. Alorris Company, a subsidiary of the Cramps Shipbuilding Company. He retained this posi- tion for about three years, and in 1908 became assistant hydraulic engineer and in 1911 hy- draulic engineer. He had charge of design, testing and the sale of machinery for hydraulic institutions, and in this connection did a large amount of work of exceptional character, in- cluding the designing of turbines aggregating over one million horsepower and embracing the largest turbines in the world. In the four years in which he discharged the duties of hydraulic engineer his reputation grew apace, until he came to be regarded as one of the fore- most men in his profession and an authority upon anything and everything appertaining thereto. In 1915 he became assistant to the president of the Cramps Company, and in the same year was appointed vice president and director. He is also vice president and direct- or of the Federal Steel Casting Company, and vice president and trustee of the De La Vergne Machine Company. Mr. Taylor is a member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and also of the Society of Xaval Architects and Marine Engineers. He is an active member of the Beta Theta Pi (Phi Chapter) of the Univer- sity of Pennsylvania, and his clubs are the Corinthian Yacht of Philadelphia, the Phila- delphia Cricket and the University, and the Metro])()litan, of Washington, and the Engi- neers, of New York. A Repu])lican in politics, he never held, or aspired to hold, public office, yet is keenly and practically concerned in atiy and exery movement calculated to advance the interests of his native city. In religion he is a Presl)yterian. Mr. Taylor was married in Philadelphia, December 3, 1908, to Florence Bodine. His children are Helen Louis Taylor and Charles Tracy Taylor, 2d. His residence address is v308 Pelham Road, Germantown, Philadelphia, and his Inisiness' address, c/o Cramps' Ship- building Comi)any, Philadelphia. LIONEL FRIEDAIANN /^NE of the most extensively known and highl}' popular real estate brokers of Phil- adelphia, with offices in the Land Title Build- ing, Lionel Eriedmann was born in the Quaker City December 25, 1884, and is son of Max and Eva (Aarons') Eriedmann, each of prominent and much respected Jewish families in Phila- delphia. He was educated in the public schools of the city and later attended the Jef- ferson Grammar School, from which he grad- uated with high honors, and then entered the Central High School, where his record was equally brilliant. Beginning his business ca- reer at an early age, he was for ten years asso- ciated with the real estate firm of Mastbaum Brothers and Eleisher. Here he devoted him- self assiduously, mastering all the details of the real estate business and when, at the end of a decade, he quit the firm to establish for himself what has l^ecome a highly successful business he brought to bear in the undertaking a vast and varied amount of sotmd, solid and practical experience. Mr. Eriedmann is president of the Jewish Seaside Home at Atlantic City, New Jersey, in which institution he takes a keen and an active interest and the marked success of which is due in a large measure to his judicious super- vision, his resourcefulness and his ability. He is also an active director of the Jewish ]\Ia- ternity Plospital and is, in addition, director u( the Walnut, the Regis, the Middle City and the Loganian lluilding and Loan .Vssociations. He is an actixe member of Skekinah Lodge, No. 246, Eree and Accepted Masons, and also holds meml)ershi]) in the Mercantile Clul) of Philadelphia and in the Young Men's Hebrew Association. Motoring and golf are his chief relaxations and in the latter he is regarded as an expert. Jle is an Independent Republican in ])olitics, l)Ut never held political office. -Mr. Iriedniann was married in New York, June 7, 1910, to Natalie Schuldenfrai. and has three children : Maxine, Jeanne Elis'e and Bab- l)ette Natalie. His residence address is 4845 Pulaski Avenue, (rermantown, Philadelphia, and his business address 832 Land Title Bitild- ing, Philadel])hia. rilli STORY 01' rniLAni-LFHIA 5(15 HON. MAYER SULZBERGER Ex-Judge of Philadelphia Court of Common Pleas 506 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA HON. CHARLES GUMiMEY r\ESCb:NDEI) directly from a Welsh family which settled in X'irginia in 1635. Charles Francis ( iummey, the erudite and much-es- teemed Judge of the < )rphans' Court of Phila- delphia, was born in the Quaker City Decem- ber 22. 1S62. His father was Charles V. (ium- mey, and his mother, before her marriage, was Mary Emma Schaffer, and both socially ])r()m- inent and thoroughly respected in their day and generation. After the usual course of study at the (ier- mantown iVcademy, Mr. (iummey, the sul)ject of this sketch, entered the University of Penn- sylvania, taking a scientific course, and grad- uated from that institution in 1884, with the degree of P.achelor of Science. Turning his attention to the bar, he read law under the tuition of John ( i. Johnson, then and until his death the leading lawyer in Philadelphia, and, entering the Law School of the University of Pennsylvania, graduated in 1888 with the enviable degree of I'achelor of Law. ( )n June 16 of that year he was admitted to the bar of I^hiladelphia, and, in association with Lion. ]\L Hampton Todd, continued in active practice of his profession until ( )ctober ?)\. 1910, when he was appointed by (Governor .Stuart to the posi- tion of Judge of the ( )r])hans' Court. At the bar Mr. (iummey's career was a most brilliant and successful one, and u])on the THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 507 bench it is eciiially brilliant. Possessini^ to the fullest extent the conlidence of the lawyers ^Yho practice in his court, as well as that of litigants and public alike, he is held in the Jaighest esteem l)y all classes, and is generally regarded as amongst the ablest, most i)ains- taking and most scrupulously ccjinscientious jurists in the city of Philadelphia. He is a member of the Central Committee of the Alumni Association of the University of Penn- sylvania ; is ])resident of the Society of Ahunni ; a member of the Law Association of Philadel- phia, of the Sons of American Revolution and of the Historical Society of IVmnsylvania, and of several patriotic and other societies and clubs. He was married June 7, 1900, to Flor- ence Catherwood, daughter of John H. Cather- wood, and resides at 2126 Locust Street, Phila- delphia, with a beautiful country residence at Gwynedd, I'a. T IRWIN JACKSON was born in the City of New York November 23, 1S76, and is the son of Wendell Jackson and Rebecca Harschberg. One year of his elementary edu- cation was secured in his native city and the night schools of Philadelphia, to which his parents had moved, provided the remainder. At the age of fourteen he entered his father's clothing store, where he remained until 1900. He then entered the law office of Thomas Diahl, and after close and diligent application to study was admitted to the Bar in 1906. He then began an active law practice in the Betz Building, a practice which was, and is, most successful, and in the course of which he was associated with the late Senator John C. (Irady, once director of wharves, docks and ferries in Philadelphia. Mr. Jackson is a Republican in politics, and in religion is connected with the Society of Ethical Culture. He has held no political office, but during the administration of Mayor Reyburn was appointed by the civic executive a member of the Business Men's Committee to further and conserve the interests of Philadel- phia. He represents a large number of build- ing and loan ass(jciations and his clientele is large and representative of various im])ortant interests. I. IRWIN JACKSON Mr. lackson is a member of the Law Asso- ciation of Philadelphia and also IkjUIs member- ship in Rising Star Lodge, V . and A. M.; No. 126 Lodge, Loyal Order of Moose; Paconta Tribe, No. 31, I. O. R. M., and lMiila(leli)hia Aerie, No. 42, F. O. of \\. In January, 1906, he was married to Lena Loeor. His business address is Real I^:state Trust I'.uilding. Phila- delphia. ALBERT LODOR WANAMAKl-.R is one of the best known lawyers in Philadelphia and one of the most highly esteemed. F.orn in the Quaker City September 4, 1873, he is son of F. Marion Wanamaker and Ira M. (Lodor) W'anamaker. After securing the rudiments of his education in the public schools of Phila- delphia he attended the Central High School, 508 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA from which he graduated with honors, bear- ing oft the degree of IJachelor of Arts. He then entered the Law School of the University of Pennsylvania and after a brilliant course graduated with the degree of Bachelor of Laws'. After his graduation Mr. W'ananiaker ct)n- tinued his study of practice of the law in the office of P. F. Rothermel. Jr., where he gained an extensive and varied experience. He then went into an office himself on his own account and now has a practice that is ample evidence of his legal ability and of the many other indis- pensable qualities that go to make up the bril- liant and successful lawyer. To this ])ractice he has steadily devoted his life and for him the fertile held of politics has had no attraction. A stalwart Republican he is, and always has been keenly interested in the civic welfare of Philadelphia and cordially and earnest!}' s}-m- pathizes with and supports every noteworthy })ublic moxement towards her material benefit. Mr. \\'anamaker is a Mason, associated with Rising Sun Lodge, No. 126. He is also a 'rhirty-sec(jnd Degree Mystic Shriner, a mem- ber of Lulu Temple, and also a meml)er of the Fraternal < )rder of Lagles. He was married in Philadelphia March 19, 1902, to Amerie ( lar- land. His business address is Real Instate Trust lUiilding. IMiiladelphia. A GNb:W T. DICE, president of the Phila- del])hia and Reading Railway Company, was born at Scotland, Pa., November 2, 1862. He attended the little red school house of tra- (Htional t\ pe, and accepted his first railroad job, that of a flagman, in 1882. From flagman to railroad i)resident properly describes the career of .Mr. Dice; the man who dominates the at'fairs of this tremendous corporation, under wli^se jurisdiction so many thousands of men are employed, and to whom credit was given foi- much of the success achieved by the great concern, is' one of the most modest men in public b'fe in this State. He is modest and courteous, but geniality is not counted as among his most noticeable qualities. He is not the smiling, rough and good-natured type to which liis ])redecessor, (ieorge F. Baer, belonged. When he ascended to the presi- dency of the company, a railroad brakeman re- marked : 'It was inside inill that did it." "No," res])cnded the fellow employee who had known Dice ahncjst all his life, "It was outside push."' AG NEW T. DICE Mr. Dice, at an early age, quit school to be- come a flagman for a civil engineer. Before he was 19 years old he accepted a job with the Pennsylvania Ivailroad. That was in the days when a youth could ])ecome an engineer with- out formal academic training, and because of his remarkable mechanical and mathematical ability Dice had little difficulty in attaining high rank in that profession. He had been a rodman and traveled over rough roads with gangs of laborers, many of them of foreign birth. He enjoyed not only an opportunity to learn engineering in "i)ractical" w^ay, but to observe human nature, an opportunity proved in later vears to have been a most valuable THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 509 one. In ISS/ lie was sent \)\ the Tennsxlvania Railroad to Altoona to i)erfect a new signal system. He accomplished that task in a man- ner that won the appreciation of his superiors and was regarded thereafter as a signal ex- ])ert of high standing. If there is any one fact more than another that earns for Mr. Dice the respect of the railroad employees it is because he has been a "practical man." He is not only a financier, nor did he rise to his important office by virtue of any social connections or family influence. He knew the parts of a loco- motive ; he understood how steel tracks were made, and he was an expert in signalling. He was none the less capable, however, as' an ad- ministrative factor, because of his knowledge of the railroad's technical side. On New Year's day, 1892, the New York Central Railroad wrote to him and offered him a position as superintendent of signals. A year later he became head of the Hudson Di- vision of that railroad, one of the most im- portant branches of the Vanderbilt system. Mr. Dice's first job with the Reading system was as superintendent of the Atlantic City Railroad. He undertook this in 1894 when the popularity of the resort was rising, and the faculties of the road had to be increased. His next promotion brought him to the superin- tendency of the Philadelphia freight termi- nals, and he later became the head of the Shamokin Division. General superintendent, general manager, vice-president and president were the next successive steps in his career. As president he succeeded the late Theodore Voorhees. "No place was good enough while there was another place ahead," was the way in which a friend of his explained his success. His son, a graduate of Princeton, is in the employ of the Reading. When he left college Mr. Dice hesitated about permitting his son to work for the Reading. But he urged that it would be unfair to handicap the boy by re- fusing to allow him to enter a career of his own choice. Upon the outbreak of the war he served his country, but upon its conclusion he became identified with the Aluminum Com- pany of America. The elder Dice's wife was fdrmerly Miss Margaret I'.oone, of St. Clair. Ta. Their children are .\gnew T. Dice, Jr., Mrs. Randolph Stauffer, wife of a prominent Reading law^yer, and Mrs. William Mann Prizer. of Wynne wood. Hie Dice home has for many years been at Reading. Both Mr. and Mrs. Dice have hehtnged to the Christ Protestant h'piscopal Church of Reading for many years. Although they have a cottage in Atlantic City, they spend a part of the summer in Reading. Mr. Dice never absents himself from his office for trifling ill- nesses. When he suffered a lireakdown his secretary said, "You kno^v men of Mr. Trice's type never give up unless they hayc to." One feature of Mr. Dice's career is specially inter- esting. It is the fact that almost all his early comrades in the railroad business attained un- usual success. Although they, of course, are less prominent that he, they, too, managed to rise above the ranks and several of them are still rising. Mr. Dice is of Scotch descent. His odd name often causes acquaintances to inquire his nationality and from ]\Ir. Dice him- self comes the information that his maternal ancesters were natives of Scotland. Mr. Dice seems proud of the fact, too. He is a mem- ber of the Union League, Rittenhousc Club, and the Hunting Valley and Sea \'iew Golf clubs. M' EMIL VEIT ■R. VEIT is the son of Carl Veit and his wife Louise. He was born in Germany on January 31, 1867. He received a liberal edu- cation in the schools of his native land, and after attaining his majority in 1888 decided to try what fate had in store for him in the great and younger land across the Atlantic. Set- tling down in Philadelphia as a dyer he pro- gressed with the times and filling many posi- tions involving trust, responsibility and energy, ultimately gained the position which he now holds and the duties of which he dis- charges with credit to himself and growing profit to the company. The firm's business is entirely controlled b\' Mr. Emil \'eit, who holds the dual ])osition of 510 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA president and treasurer, and whose business judgment can invariably be relied upon. Like many other Germans who have made the United States the land of their adoption, Mr. Veit became a naturalized citizen after the statutory period and joined the ranks of the Republican party, of which he has ever since been an earnest, if not an active, member. He married Katie Luithlen in 18%. Mr. Veit is a prominent member of the Philadel- phia Turngemeinde, the German Society of Philadelphia, the Philadelphia Schuetzen, the Canstatter Volksfest V'erein and the Masonic Order. He is also connected with the Manufactur- ers' Club of Philadelphia. His residence ad- dress is Southwest corner Twelfth and Chelten Avenue, Frankford, Philadelphia, and his lousi- ness address, J and Estaugh Streets, Phila- delphia. IN MEMORIAM JOSEPH T. JACKSON WHEN, in the year 1918, death claimed Joseph Taylor Jackson, there passed away to his eternal reward one of the most widely and popularly known, as well as one of the most highly esteemed citizens of Philadelphia. Living two years beyond the Biblical span of human life, his career through that life was a record of unblemished integrity, of a high sense of honor, of noble ideals, of strict un- selfishness and of a usefulness that was as freely recognized as it was generally and gen- erously appreciated. He was, in point of fact, a man in a thousand — a man of energy, of enterprise and of initiative — and when he passed away, at an honored and honorable old age, his passing was sincerely and deeply re- gretted by a host of friends, both in the Quaker City and beyond its limits. Coming of the good and sturdy Quaker stock, so intimately associated with the city of Philadelphia and the State of Pennsylvania, Mr. Jackson w^as born in West Grove, Penn- sylvania, March 30, 1846, and was the son of Israel and Jane (Taylor) Jackson. He re- ceived his early education in the public school of his native town and later attended the New London Academy, the Kenneth Academy and the Normal School at Millersville, Pa. He be- gan his life career in the Chester County Bank, where he remained until he had attained the J(JSI<:PH T. JACKSON position of teller. He then came to Philadel- phia, where he entered a real estate office. With this firm he continued until 1876, when he started in the real estate business on his own account with an office at Seventh and Walnut Streets. In 1910 he chartered the J. T. Jack- son Company, of which he was president, with a branch at Oak Lane. He was also president and director of the Kali-Inla Coal Company and secretary, treasurer and director of the Physicians' and Dentists' Building Company. In addition he was a director of the Real Es- tate Title and Trust Company, of the Chamber of Commerce of Philadelphia, of the Real Es- tate Brokers' Association and of many other THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 511 corporations. He was a life nuMiil)er of the L'nion League of Philadelphia, and also an active member of the Historical Society of rennsylvania, of the Franklin Institute. Phila- delphia, of the Philadelphia Country Club, of the Old Colony Club and of Kenneth Lodge, No. 475, Free and Accepted Masons. He was married in Philadelphia to Elizabeth Maybin and had one daughter, the wife of Professor Frederick L. Paxson. Mr. Jackson w^as a stalwart Republican in ])olitics, but never aspired to the holding of public office, devoting most of the time to the business which his methods, prestige and reputation had made so signally successful. GEORGE ALLEN LIPPLXCOTT PHILADELPHIA leads the other great cit- ies of the United States in so many things, especially within the sphere of manufactures, that her status in this respect is so established and recognized as to admit of no controversy whatever. ]\Iany of the great and varied in- dustries that have sprung up or been de- veloped throughout the country since colonial days are peculiarly her own, and although competition, keen and aggressive, has nat- urally existed outside her boundaries' the motto, or trade-mark, of "Made in Philadel- phia" has lost nothing of its potency in the markets of the United States, or of the world. Take, for instance, the manufacture of Ocean Pearl buttons. These, as a matter of course. are made elsewhere in x^merica, but the cradle (jf the industry is emphatically Philadelphia and the products of two Philadelphia factories are far larger, and have a far wider area of sale, than those of any other such plants in the United States. These two factories are that at 236-238 Ionic Street, and 237-239 Dock Street, in the Quaker City, and their products of genuine ^Mother of Pearl buttons adorn the fronts of almost every good shirt made, or Avorn in America today. These factories and the immense business associated with them — a business which shows an uj)ward and a wideawake tendency year after year — are the creation of (ieorge Alk-ii Lippincott, the sul)ject of this sketch. The development of an infant industry to the pro- portions of a giant within relatively a short time, is, of itself, an index of the character of the man who evolved it. and gives i)ractical evidence of good business judgment, vast energy and a large amount oi enterjjrise. J>ut when it is added that the man who created this mammoth business out of virtually little and whose master-mind moulded the edifice which his industry and perseverance erected is even now little past the age of thirty, the greater must be the credit to which he is entitled, and the greater the admiraticjn with which the fruition of his labors must be regarded. George Allen Lippincott is a product of New Jersey. He was born in Salem County, in that State, March 6, 18S7. His parents were George and Rachel (Wallace ) Lippincott, and each came of old, well known and highly re- spected families. Mr. Lippincott received his education in the public schools of Philadelphia, to wdiich city he was brought in his early youth, and also in the well known and higliiy successful Friends' School of the Quaker City. At the age of twenty he began the battle of life, starting in the manufacture of Ocean Pearl buttons. The start was a modest one and quite in harmony with the modest and limited ambitions of the young manufacturer and merchant. But business grew apace. Even at that early age Mr. Lippincott realized the force and potency of the adage that, after all, honesty is the best policy. The goods which he manufactured were strictly what he represented them to be— nothing more and nothing less. Of their quality the public were allowed to judge and the judgment of the public, within a short tihie. was that the but- tons turned out by young Lippincott were superior to others on the market and being so superior should be purchased in preference. Where the unerring judgment of the public led the interests of retail dealers responded. The Rainbow^ Ocean Pearl buttons became a household word and, as a result, their sale enormouslv increased. New and more com- 512 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA modious i)remises became an absolute neces- sity and with the ever-increasing demand the facihties for a corresponding increase in the supply were provided. The plants at Ionic and Dock Street, Philadelphia, are most ex- tensive and are thoroughly ccpiipped and uj)- to-date. Besides being the largest importer of Ocean Pearl buttons in the United States, Mr. Lippincott is also a large importer of Oriental Mother of Pearl shells, and other foreign prod- ucts along this line. He has also started a national advertising campaign on a new prod- uct known as "Plant Health," which is a food and tonic for plants, flowers', lawns and gar- dens. uK^nufacturcd from Oriental Alother of Pearl. This new industry is but in its infancy now, but Mr. Lippincott has absolute faith in the jjroduct and anticipates that its use will spread not only throughout the United States but in every civilized country abroad. Mr. Lippincott is affiliated with no social or other clubs, or with secret or benevolent societies or religious organizations. Neither is he a party man in politics. While the ma- terial interests of the city with which he is so closely and largely identified are always of paramount importance to him he confines his activities', as a rule, to the mere exercise of his rights and prerogatives as a private citizen. His home address is 7726 Norwood Avenue, Chestnut Hill, Pa., and his business address, 238 Ionic Street, Philadelphia. IN MEMORIAM WILLIAM M. LONGSTRETH npHERE is probably no .other city in the United States in which the work of mu- nicipal reform has been carried to such an extent as in Philadelphia. During the incum- bency of almost every Mayor since the con- solidation period, reform of the city govern- ment, and of municipal methods in general, has been the watchword of the hour, and in this patriotic work scores of the best-known and most highly esteemed men in Philadelphia have been engaged. Year after year, almost day after day, they have toiled and planned, unselfishly and persistently, to mould the civic government of the Quaker City into some- thing in harmony with the progressive spirit of the age, and to obliterate, as much as pos- sible, the stigma and reproach of systematic corruption which only too frequently attached to it. Of the little band of these ardent and un- selfish reformers, William M. Longstreth was one of the most active, the most unselfish and the most distinguished, and when he died on December 8, 1918, there passed away an ardent and sincere friend of Philadelphia, and one of the most willing and persistent workers in the cause of good civic government and much-needed municipal reform. For many years he was closely identified with every pub- lic or other movement for the welfare of Phila- delphia and was one of the most active mem- bers of the Committee of Seventy, an organ- ization created for the express purpose of se- curing a thorough system of municipal re- formation, and including in its membership some of the best known and most influential citizens of Philadelphia. Besides being noted as a reformer, Mr. Longstreth was prominent in business and financial circles. He was a member of the cot- ton yarn firm of Schell and Longstreth and bore a high reputation for personal honor and business integrity. He was born in Philadel- phia July 7, 1855, and was the son of \\ illiam Collins Longstreth, who in his day and gen- eration was extensively known and much re- spected. Mr. Longstreth was a director of the Germantown Trust Company and was also prominently and actively identified with other financial institutions in Philadelphia and the State. He was also active in church work and was an elder of the First Presl>yterian Church and superintendent of the ."-Sunday School. He was married to Elizabeth Church. daughter of the late William C. Church, for- mer treasurer of the Reading Railroad, and is survived by his widow and three daughters : Mrs. Henry K. Kurtz, Mrs. Carl Dodge, and Airs. Stanley Pearson, and by a son. First Lieutenant William Church Longstreth, of the United States Armv. THE STORY OF PJl ILADELFIUA 513 J. HARRY MULL President of the Wm. Cramps and Sons Ship and Engine Building Company 514 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA L1-:\VIS LILL11-: r\¥ THE really great public utility corpora- tions that stand out in bold relief in the United States, the United Gas Improvement Company is undoubtedly one of the foremost. \\'ith a capital stock that soars far n\) into the millions, it is interested in and identified with the gas plants of half a hundred cities through- out the United States, and the companies that are subsidiary to it are as far between as they are many. Some of the leading financial mag- nates of Philadelphia are associated with this great enterprise, and among the number no other man has contributed more to its success than Lewis Lillie, the subject of this sketch, who is both third vice president and treasurer of the great corporation. Mr. Lillie, who was born in Troy, New York, October 13, 1863, and is the son of Lewis Converse Lillie, comes of an ancestry long and honorably identified with the United States, as with the British Colonies in Amer- icc). Among his ancestors were Lieutenant luhvard Morris, one of the pioneers and an ex- tensive landowner in Roxbury, Mass., in the middle of the seventeenth century, and Isaac Morris, of Philadelphia, who participated in the battle of Germantown and subsecpiently endured all the privations of the patriot army of Washington at Valley Forge. Samuel Lillie, his great-grandfather, an extensive landowner and merchant, who was Brigadier General of the \'ermont Militia, represented the town of Bethel in the General Assembly of Vermont from 1815 to 1819, while his grandfather, Lewis Lillie, was a large manu- facturer of Lillie Chilled Iron Safes, in which Inisiness the father of the subject of this sketch w^as also associated. Up to forty years ago the firm was amongst the most prominent in the State of Pennsylvania, and was distin- guished alike for its upright dealing and the excellence of its products, wdiich commanded a large and extensive sale. Mr. Lillie began his successful business career at the early age of sixteen, wdien he accepted the position of clerk in the legal de- partment of the Northern Pacific Railroad, in New York City. Here he remained for eight years, and in 1887 he removed to Philadelphia to take up the position of auditor with the United Gas Improvement Company. After six years' service with the corporation his first promotion came. He was made assistant treasurer, a position he occupied for about a vear, when further promotion came in his ele- vation to the responsible office of comptroller. For six years he held this position, and then, in 19C0, was made secretary and treasurer of the company. In 1905 he was elected fourth vice president, and seven years later, in 1912, was made third vice president, the position he now holds. Mr. Lillie devotes himself exclusively to the business of the U. G. I., but is actively asso- ciated with many social and other clubs. In these are included the Merion Cricket, the Racquet, the Barge and the Whitemarsh Country, while he is also a member of the New England Society, the Pennsylvania So- ciety of the Order of Founders', the Patriots of America and many others. He was mar- ried in 1890 to Emily Murray, of Philadelphia, and has two children, daughters, the only son, Lewis, having died in 1909. His home is in Haverford, Pa. CLAIR P. BURTNER "LJARD w^ork, which he enjoys, a large meas- ure of enterprise and initiative and an almost endless fund of energy, pluck and per- severance have been the essential features in the life career of Clair P. Burtner. and the de- ciding factors in securing for him not only an enviable reputation but substantial fortune. No environments of wealth characterized his birth or boyhood, and no golden opportunities presented themselves to ride to or acquire wealth. This was secured neither by birth, accident nor any other circumstance beyond his immediate control. It was due entirely to the prudence which he exercised in his younger days and to the habit of saving which he had acquired and to these two factors towards his remarkable success in life may be added a fore- sight which enabled him to divine the future, THE STORY OF PI I J LADE LP HL4 515 to a large extent, and i)r()ve how even a mod- est capital, judiciously invested, often leads to the pathway of material fortune. Mr. Burtner is the son of George and Mary (Poinles) Burtner, and was born in Norfolk. Virginia, A])ril 6, 18S6. He was educated, for the greater part, in the ])ul)lic schools of Al- toona. Pennsylvania, and at the early age of sixteen began the life work that has led to such remarkably good results. At that age he entered the employment of the Pennsyl- vania Railroad Company at Altoona as stenographer and remained with the great cor- poration for nine years. In that time he ac- quired a thorough business training and also that keen business instinct and perception which were of such material advantage to him in after years. Living economically, but at the same time well, he accumulated a little money and with this he purchased a small bituminous mine property at Ashville, Pa. This he conducted alone until 1913 when, in partnership with H. D. Bowers, he formed a company, the mines controlled by which being located at Punxsutawney. While conducting his initial mining venture ^Ir. Burtner was confronted with many obstacles that woidd have deterred and discouraged a man of less pluck, energy and perseverance. But he lit- erally "stuck to the job." overcame all ob- stacles and placed the mine on a well-paying basis. In 1914 the company he had formed in association with Mr. Bowers was incorporated with a large capital and now stands amongst the foremost mining properties in Pennsyl- vania. When incorporation was effected Mr. Burtner was appointed general sales agent in Philadelphia, where he has a large and ready market for the products of his mines, which by the way, have a remarkably large capacity. Mr. Burtner is a member of the Manufac- turers' Club of Philadelphia, which is the only association, social or otherwise, with which he has any connection. In ])olitics he is a staunch Republican, and in religion a Lutheran. He was married in Philadeli)hia April 2, 1915, to Harriett B. Leister. His residence address is 4701 Wavne Avenue, Germantown. Philadel- phia, and his business address, b'inance lUiild- ing. I 'hiladel]iliia. JOHN JOSEPH M'DEVITT, JR., well- known member of the Philadelphia Bar. was born in Philadelphia on August 9, 1879. He is a son of John J. McDevitt, and his mother, before her marriage, was Amelia M. Gardell. Mr. M'Devitt was educated in pri- vate and public schools of his native city and subsequently attended the Law School class of the University of Pennsylvania, from which he graduated in 19U) with the degree of Bachelor of Law. Immediately after graduation he was admitted to the Bar and is now regarded as one of the most active trial lawyers' in the city and is frequently engaged in the most important negligent trials in the State. In April, 1903, Mr. M'Devitt married Lillian M. Pfeiffer, by whom he has two children, John J. M'Devitt, 3rd, and Sterling G. ^I'Devitt. :\Ir. :\rDevitt is a Republican in politics, and in religion a Roman Catholic. 516 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA EARL MEXDENHALL \\n^i'^X one is admitted into the partnershij) of a firm amongst the very highest of its chiss at the comijaratively early age of twenty- nine it may generally be taken for granted that he possesses all the essential qnalifications for the i)osition. This is especially trne where hanks and banking are concerned. By the very nature of their business they are conserva- tive and cautious. Merit, pure and simple, and that product of merit, aljsolute efficiency, is the ordinary passport to promotion and wdienever l)r(jmt daunt the aspiring young manufacturer for a moment. ( )n the contrary it seemed to have stimuhited his zeal to make a name and a place in the world, for he immediately secured a new and a much better plant on the site in Kensington which he now occupies. This latter i)lant, to repeat, he runs along all the lines of the most mod- ern progress and can boast that he is the youngest man in the East, and probably in the United States, who controls and operates a plant of its size, style and character. Mr. Humphreys is essentially a man of purely domestic tastes and belongs to no fra- ternal or other associations or social or other clubs. He owns a cosy and attractive house in the country and here, in the bosom of a de- voted family, he spends and enjoys all his spare time. His wife, wdio was Chrissie M. Brown, is a daughter of F. M. Brown, one of the leading and most prominent real estate men in the Northeast section of Philadelphia. They were married in Philadelphia October 21, 1908, and have one child, Virginia, aged seven. Mr. Humphreys is a Republican in politics, which never had any attractions for him, and in religion is a Baptist. He was for many years an officer in the Philadelphia Boys' Brigade, and this constitutes the only position in public or semi-public life that he has ever occupied. His residence address is Somerton, Pa., and his business address, Front and Tus- culum Streets, Philadelphia. LORRAINE JAMES SCHUMACKER DEGINNING his life work as a school teacher, and later abandoning that profes- sion for the more alluring one of a business career, Lorraine James Schumacker, the sub- ject of this brief sketch, has developed into a prosperous manufacturer and today is presi- dent of the xA.merican Pretzel Company, one of the foremost of its kind in the L'nited States. ^Ir. Schumacker was born in Oakland, Pennsylvania, December 22, 1878, and is son of Lebbens J. and Emma J. Schumacker, both connected with well-known and much es- teemed families in the Keystone State. He received his earlier educatidii in the public schools and later attended the State Normal School at Clarion, I 'a., from which he entered LORRAINE JAMES SCHUMACKh:R Bucknell University, at Lewisburg, I'a. Here he became noted for stead}' ap])licati(jn to his studies, with the result that at his graduation he was awarded exceptionally high honors. After graduation he taught school, from 1898 to 1900, in lUitler County. Pa. This somewhat monotonous life did not appeal to him very forcibly and he decided to quit it. He then became salesman for the oil refinery at Cleve- land, Ohio, and kept that position for some years. In 1905 he became director of sales for the Oakdale Bakery Company, of Philadelphia, and later was elected its" president. In this connection he acquired a vast and valuable experience of the baking- business and in recog- nition of it, and of the further and equally 528 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA essential fact that his ideas and methods were of the most progressive character, he was se- lected as president of the American Pretzel Company, when that corporation was estab- lished in 1916. To Mr. Schumacker's wise and conservative management the present success of the cor- poration is mainly, if not entirely due, and as president also of the Alayers-Mallory Coal Company, with extensive yards at Tenth Street, near Susquehanna Avenue, Philadel- ])hia. he has also made his mark. Mr. Schu- macker is a Republican in politics, and in re- ligion is a Baptist. He is keenly interested in all church work and is at present director of the Baptist Union. He is a member of the Phi Gamma Delta fraternity and is also a member of No. 69, Concordia Lodge. F. and A. M., and of Lulu Temple, of the Mystic Shrine. His clubs are the Manufacturers', the Citv and Kiwanis, all of Philadelphia. He was married, (Jctober 23, 1907, to Dora May Tur- ner, and has three children. His residence address is 6606 North Twelfth Street, Oak Lane, Philadelphia, and his office address A-2(^ W'idener Building, Philadelphia. CTAXLh:Y MILLER MARTIN stands fore- most in the ranks of those coal operators who control one of the greatest industries in Pennsylvania, which means control of the largest industry of its kind in the world. He is president of the Beccaria Coal and Coke Company, with offices in the Pennsylvania Building, Philadelphia, and the trade of which he has absolute control verges closely upon the enormous. Mr. Martin is a native Philadelphian, having been born in the Quaker City August 22, 1877. His father was Harrison M. Martin, and his mother, before marriage. Miss Anna I'^dton. His education was received solely in the pub- lic schools of Philadelphia, with wdiich he has for many years been identified commerciall}'. He is associated with nc; learned or technical organizations, but is an active and interested member of the Pennsvlvania Societv of Sons of the American Re\(jlution. He is also a member of the Pennsvlvania Society of New^ York, of Harmony Lodge, No. 52, Free and Accei)ted Masons, of Philadelphia, and of Philadelphia Consistory, No. 32. His recrea- tion is golf, in which he is keenly interested, and he is an active member of the City Club of Philadelphia. STANLEY MILLER MARTIN Mr. Martin is a stalwart Republican wdio has ne\'er held office, and is in religion a Pres- byterian. He was married in Philadelphia. April 22, 1911, to Laura \'. Peterson, and has no family. His residence address is 5250 Wakefield Street, (jermantown, Philadelphia, and his business address, Pennsylvania Build- ing, Philadelphia. W TLLIAM H. LEES was born in Philadel- phia July 4, 1856. Son of John and Ellen Lees, he received his elementary education in the public schools, and later graduated, with THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 529 honors, from Uryant and Stratton Collci^c. Jn October. 1S7S, he was married to I'.sther T. Laryclene, hy whom lie liad four chil(h'en, two sons and two (hiui^hters, of whom the sons onlv. W arren and Rnssel. are alive. .Mr. Lees THE LATE WILLL-\M 11. LEh:S was an extensive dealer in yarns and had l)uilt up a substantial business at 2426-242(S North Hancock street, Philadelphia. Republican in politics, he was in religion a Baptist, and was an active meml^er of Grace Baptist Church. Mr. Lees was much interested in building and loan associations, and was director of two, the Germantown Avenue and the Popular. He was also in active membership of the Artisans' Order of Mutual Protection. His residence address was 1740 Diamond Street, Philadel- phia. FREDERICK L. BAILY T^HAT heredity and environment have a marked influence in the determination of character there can be no doubt. Biologists are agreed upon the one thing and sociologists upon the other, and experience has almost in- varialdy proved the correctness of both. In these circumstances it comes almost as a mat- ter of course that the son of one of the late foremost residents of Philadelphia should in- herit, to a large extent, the business instincts and general characteristics of his esteemed fatlier. For over half a century the name of Joshua L. Baily was one to conjure with in the (Juaker City. Successful merchant, tireless civic reformer, sterling advocate of temper- ance and sincere and unselfish friend of the working man, he was unquestionably a man of whom his natal city, Philadelphia, should feel justly proud, as justly proud she decid- edly is. Frederick L. Baily, son of Joshua L., is now the controlling influence of the firm, and in business aptitude and acumen, as well as in the strictest integrity, he followed in the path blazed by his respected father. In 1856 his father had married Theodate Lang, daughter of John D. Lang, and on October 30 of the following year Frederick L. Baily, the subject of this sketch, was born, his natal place being Philadelphia. After receiving the rudiments of his education in the primary and intermedi- ate schools of the city he entered Haverford College, at Haverford, Pa., the famous educa- tional institution founded and maintained by the Quakers. Mr. Baily's college career predicated the energy and application which he brought to bear in the business and other transactions of his later and more strenuous life, and in 1S77 he graduated with honors, acquiring the de- gree of Bachelor of Arts. Realizing that there lay in the Southern States of the Union a fertile field for develop- ment of a great industrial future, Mr. Baily l)ecame closely identified with them and was, in point of fact, a pioneer in the establishment and progress of the cotton mill business in Dixie which has since made a large develop- ment. 530 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA Besides l^eing a menil)er of the firm of Joshua L. Baily & Co., Frederick L. Daily is a Director of the Franklin National Bank and is an authority on all financial matters. A staunch Repulilican, he takes nothing like ac- tive interest in the politics of Philadelphia, and has never been an aspirant for office. The societies with which he is associated are, for the most part, scientific or sociological, and in- clude the Society of Political and Social Science, the New England Society of Penn- sylvania, and the Geographical Society. Golf and hunting are his favorite relaxations and the clubs with which he is connected are the University, the Merion Cricket, the Radnor Hunt, the Bryn Mawr Polo, the Merion Golf and the Orpheus. Air. Baily, who in religion is an Episco- palian, was married April, 1884, to Caroline A. Corlies, and has four children, three daughters and a son. His residence address is Ardmore. Pa., and his business address 1508 Walnut Street, Philadelphia. CA^NIUEL N. LEWIS, retired commission merchant, is one of the most interesting personalities in Philadelphia, and one of the most deservedly esteemed. The family of which he comes has been associated with the progress and development of the Quaker City since the days of its very infancy. One of his ancestors, William Lewis, a W^lsh Quaker, of the House of "Lewis of the Van," in Glanmor- ganshire, South Wales, followed William Penn in 1686 to his estate in America given to Penn by the King of England, and ever since that date members of the Lewis family have been closely and intimately identified with all that stands out brightest and best in the an- nals of Philadelphia. The great grandson of this W^elsh pioneer was Mordecai Lewis, Ijorn in Philadelphia in 1748. He became one of the merchant princes of the city, an extensive ship owner and a man ever prominent in the public afifairs of Phila- delphia, as well as in the general public aft'airs of the colony. He was succeeded in l;)usiness by his sons, Samuel and Mordecai, under the firm name of M. and S. N. Lewis', wdio vastly enlarged the sphere of their father's commercial operations and became most prominent among the ship owners, importers and commission merchants of their day and generation. Their father having been a large importer of white lead, the members of the new firm de- cided to embark in the manufacture of the ma- terial and acquired a factory at Fifteenth and Pine Streets, Philadelphia. In a short time this was so enlarged as to include a whole block, and in 1848 it had become so much too valuable for mere manufacturing purposes that the firm removed its plant to Port Rich- mond, in the northeast of Philadelphia. Here the firm achieved a most signal suc- cess, not only in the production of white lead, Init also of the collateral materials of the paint trade, so that "Lewis lead" became almost a household word not only in Philadelphia, but throughout the United States. From 1780 until 1899 Mr. Lewis' great grandfather was treasurer of the Pennsylvania Hospital, founded by Franklin. His son, Joseph, succeeded him and was succeeded, in 1826, by Samuel N. Lewis, grandfather of the subject of this sketch. Mr. Lewis' uncle, John T. Lewis, was the next occupant of the treas- urership, so that that important office remained in the Lewis family for over a century. Mr. Lewis' father, George T. Lewis, was one of the leading merchants of Philadelphia in his day. His business activities in the Quaker City embraced a period of sixty-three years, and he died January 17, 1900, in his eighty-fourth year. Outside his connection with the firm of John T. Lewis & Brothers Company, his business record embraced the regeneration of the old Lehigh Zinc Company, the founding and financing of the Pennsyl- vania Salt Manufacturing Company and the financing and development of many other ini- ])ortant corporations. Of such a noted family as this came Sam- uel N. Lewis, the subject of this sketch, and THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 531 his record is (|uitc tm ;i par with that of any of his ancestors. GEORGE T. LEWIS Born in Philadelphia, April 10, 1844, he was, as has been said, the son of George T. Lewis, and the maiden name of his mother was Sally F. Fisher. He received his education entirely in Phila- delphia, and for the most part, by private tutors. When the Civil War l^roke out he decided, although still a youth, to do his' part for the maintenance of the Union. He was elected an associate meml^er of Company A, First Regiment (Gray) Reserve Brigade Alilitia of Pennsylvania in 1861, and in ^lay, 1862, served as a private when companies A and C were in service suppressing riots in Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania. In the summer of 1862, at the age of eight- een, he recruited Company E, 1 18th Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers, at the Girard House, Ninth and Chestnut Streets, i'hiladelphia, and bore all the expenses of raising the company, lie was mustered in as Second Lieutenant on .\ugust 20, 1862, and was inunediately sent to the front, h'xactly one month later, that is to say on September 20, he was severely wounded in the thigh, at the battle of Shepherdstown, W. \'a. In recognition of his bravery on that occasion he received a ccjmmission as b'irst Lieutenant in Company F, but was not mus- tered in under that rank until March 9, 1863. Later he was detailed as acting aide-de-camp on the staff of General Joseph Hayes, of the First Brigade, First Division. I^fl^i Corps of the Army of the Potomac. His recent wounds and general ill health began to tell upon his constitution at this time and after a brief serv- ice on General Hayes' staff he was reluctantly oliliged to resign his commission. As soon as his strength permitted he went to Europe in search of health and returned in 1865. much improved. The war was then over, and there being no fields for the application of his military zeal and enthusiasm he entered the office of John T. Lewis & Brothers, where he subsequently became a partner in the firm and continued so until 1890. He served on the staffs of Generals Charles M. Prevost and John P. Bankson, commanding First Division of the National Guard of Pennsylvania, as aide-de- camp with the rank of Major, from January, 1868. until July 27. 1876, when he resigned and was honorably discharged. In 1890 he l)ecame a partner in the firm of George T. Lewis & Sons and continued so un- til 1900. when the firm was dissolved on the death of the senior meml)er of it. He was executor and trustee of his father's and mother's estates until their closing in 1914, since which time he has devoted himself ex- clusivelv to his strictly personal affairs, be- loved and esteemed by all who know him. Mr. Lewis is a staunch Republican in poli- tics and in religion is an Episcopalian. 1 le is a member of the Loyal Legion of the United States and also a member of the Phila- delphia Club and the Racquet Club. In 1876 532 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA he married Ida C. P. Lewis, now deceased, daughter of Dr. E. J. Lewis, of Philadelphia. His office address is 260 Drexel Building, Fifth and Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. HARRY D. REESE A Al()N(iST the leading provision merchants of Philadelphia Harry D. Reese occupies a deservedly high place. Conducting an exten- sive and highly successful business at 1203 Fil- bert Street, at about the junction where the Farmers' Market and the Twelfth Street Mar- ket met in the olden days, he is almost as well known as the Reading Terminal itself, and his patrons are legion. Mr. Reese is a product of Chester County, Pennsylvania, where he was 1)orn December 5, 1861. His father, also well known and highly esteemed, was Frank Reese, and his mother, before her marriage, Lydia Pyle. He w^as educated in the public schools of his native city and in early life started the business ca- reer in which he has been so signallv success- ful. He is a member of the Manufacturers' Club of Philadel])hia, and also holds member- ship in the Philadelphia Country Club and in the Seaview Golf Club. In politics he is a Re- publican who is keenly interested in all that affects the welfare of his adopted city, and in religion is a Protestant Episcopalian. He is a Thirty-second Degree Alason and holds mem- l)ership in the lUue Lodge Chapter of Phila- deli)hia, in the Knights Templar Order and in the Order of Lulu Shrine. Mr. Reese w'as married in Philadelphia to Carrie E. Kitt and has one son, Frank K. Reese. His residence address is Lenox i\part- ments, Thirteenth and Spruce Streets, Phila- delphia, and his business address, 1203 Filbert Street, IMiiladelphia. DUBY ROSS VALE is one of the foremost lawyers in the City of Philadelphia, and of his singular ability his standard books on legal topics bear an imperishable imprint and afford indisputable evidence. As an author he is widely known in professional circles in the city and state, and as a practicing lawyer of much experience and acumen he has won a reputation exceptionally high and exception- ally widespread. Mr. Vale's grandfather, father, uncle, brother, and many paternal and maternal rela- tives were members of the legal profession. His father, Joseph Griffith Vale, who died in 1902, at the age of sixty-five, was a distin- guished author and orator. Of Quaker ances- try, he was born in York County, Pennsylva- nia, read law at Harrisburg. and for thirty years was the leading lawyer in Cumberland County. He was the author of many books describing the Army of the Cumberland during the Civil War, and as a most eloquent and convincing speaker was selected to deliver the dedicatory address at the unveiling of the monument to Mollie Pitcher, at Carlisle, Penn- sylvania, and also^the State oration at the dedi- cation of the Chickamauga battlefield when it was converted into a National Cemetery. THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA )33 He served in titty-two engagements in the Civil War was wonnded three times. anm he has two chil- dren, Emilie P. and T. 11. Wilson .\bl)ott. His residence address is 70achelor of Arts. Mr. Page has been long and prominently associated with the coal trade and since 1890 has been engaged in the development of coal mines in the Pocahontas region of the Norfolk and Western Railroad. Besides being presi- dent of the Page Coal and Coke Comi)any, he is vice-president of the Crozer Coal and Coke Comi)any, ])resi(lent of the Upland Coal and Coke (."ompany, president of the C"rozer-Poca- hontas Company and a director of the West- moreland Coal ( ompany. He is a director of LOUIS R. P.AGE the Maternity Hospital, J'hila(lel])]iia, of tlie Corn Exchange National liank. Philadelphia, and of the Delaware Count}- National Bank. He holds meml)ership in the Historical Society of Penns} Ivania, the Sons of the American Revo- lution and the Society of Colonial A\'ars, and his clulis are the Union League, the Kitten- house, the Philadelphia Countr_\' and the Mer- ion Cricket. In politics ^Ir. Page is a Republican, and in religion an l^^piscopalian. He was married in Upland, Pennsylvania, April 10, 1887, to Mary Crozer, and his children are Mrs. Caspar A\"istar Hacker, Mrs. J. M. r>rown. Jr., Major L. Rodman Page, Jr., and Captain Edward C. Page, the latter two serving with distinction in the American Arm\- during the war with 546 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA Germany. Mr. Page lives at Bryn Mawr, Pa., and his business address is 1510 North Ameri- can Building. Philadelphia. GEORCtE SCHMIDT T^HE Girard Iron Works, occupying ex- tensive premises at Twenty-second and Master Streets. Philadelphia, is a well-known factor in the industrial life of the Quaker City. Its trade is large and is steadily increasing, and this outcome of the enterprise is due in a very large measure to the energy, ability and initiative of its general manager, George Schmidt, the sul)ject of this sketch. For thirteen years Mr. Schmidt has been connected with the corporation. He entered its employment as a boy of seventeen in 1905 and today, at thirty, he occupies one of the most responsible and exacting jjositions and is, besides, its secretary. Philadelphia is the place of Mr. Schmidt's birth and that event occurred August 30, 1888. His father was John Schmidt and his mother Elizabeth (Hertel) Schmidt, and he received his education in the public schools of Philadel- phia, later taking a course of instruction in the Central Manual Training School of the Quaker City. _\t the age of seventeen, as has been said, he entered the employment of the Girard Iron \\orks. This was in May, 1905, and for nine years, or until 1914. he remained in the ship- ping department. In the latter year his ability and faithfulness were recognized and appre- ciated in his promotion for full charge of the office, and in 1915 the company still further gave evidence of full appreciation of his work 1)V promotion to the responsible position of general manager and secretary. In addition to this he fills the position of secretary to the Aetna Foundry Company, a large and success- ful corporation doing business at Twenty- second Street and Allegheny Avenue, I'hila- delphia. Mr. Schmidt is a prominent member of the Masonic Order, being a member of Philadel- phia Consistory, No. 32. He is also an active member of Lulu Shrine, and is connected with no other societies or social organizations. He was married in A\'ilmington, Delaware, November 14. 1911, to Frances iNIills. In politics he is a Republican and in religion a Lutheran. His residence address is 232 North Fiftieth Street, Philadelphia, and his business address Twenty-second and Master .Streets, Philadelphia. JOSEPH H. PARVIN ]y/|R. PARVIN was born in Philadelphia and received his education in private and pub- lic schools. His father was Albert Parvin and his mother Jane (Barber) Parvin. and each was of a family w^ell known, well connected and widely esteemed. Mr. Parvin began his successful career in life as a boy in the office of Isaac H. Hobbs and Company, well-known architects' of Philadel- phia. Here he remained for four years, but finding the employment too sedentary and THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 547 liki'l\- to allect his lu'allh. lu- rrsigiK-d lu lmiui the cMuplo}'nient ui \\uWvX. j. Walker, promi- nent tinisher of cotton goocLs, with an extensive phmt in the (Juaker City. Jlere he ac([uired a large and xaluahle experience and devoted himself so earnestly and so efficiently to his duties that in a short time he was made man- ager of the works. After abont four gears' connection with the firm he resigned to enter into the manufacture of cotton dress goods. Associated with him in this initial venture to do business on his own account was his cousin, and the name of the firm started l)y both was F. W. and J. H. Parvin. After making this business a great and sig- nal success Mr. Parvin sold his interest in it to his ]iartner and accepted a position with the old and well-known firm of David S. Brown and Conipau}'. owners of the great mills at Gloucester, Xew Jersey. After two years" association with this firm he left it to become connected with that of W. M. and F. W. Sharpless, Philadelphia, with which he remained ten years, during wdiich he added to his steadily growing and extended ex- perience of commercial life in some of its most valuable and most interesting phases. Seven years more of an alert and promising business life were spent as a member of the firm of Charles J. Webb and Company, and then ^Ir. Parvin decided to start a business entirely on his own account, under his own direction and management. \A'ith Mr. John Dobson as a special partner the firm was' launched under the title of Joseph H. Parvin and Company and continued for five years, along progressive lines, wdien the partnership was dissolved. The business so successfully established was. how- ever, continued under the name of J. TF Par- vin until 1915, when Mr. Parvin retired. But while ]\lr. Parvin retired from the spe- cial yarn commission business, he still retained ownership of extensive cotton mills, and is largely interested in the real estate business, residential properties being his specialty. Besides these activities he is a director of the Corn Exchange National Bank of Phila- (kl|>liia, and has al^o extensive intere>ts in mining properties and coal lands. Mr. Farxin is a prominent member of the Masonic Fraternity and also holds niend)er- ship in the Fnion League of Pliiladelphia, the Manufacturers' Chd) of Fhiladelphia, and the ( )verbrook Club. lie is a l\epu])lican in ])olilic>, and is in re- ligion a Fresbyterian. lb' was married in Fhiladelphia in 1886 to May L. Cornell, and has one daughter, Mrs. \'an Court Carwithen. His residence a(loard of h'ducation there began an era of progress in Philadelphia's educational life which has "worked wonders" with the pub- lic school system in this city. For more than seventeen years he had been a member of the board previous to his unani- 548 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA mous selection to succeed IJenry K. l^dinunds. During most of that time he had been chair- man of tlie Finance Committee, the most im- ])ortant committee associated with the board, lie hach since boyhood, l:)een particularly inter- ested in school matters, lie knew the i)rac- tical side of the educational system of Phila- delphia and consequently l)ecame at once the champion of the teachers and the pupils. President Wolf has injected business meth- ods into the workings of the Ijoard. He has been instrumental in having abolished many of the unnecessary features concerning its work- ings. The gathering of elaborate statistics covering various technical features of school conduct doesn't interest Mr. Wolf nearly so much as does the establishment of i)roper school facilities for the thousands of new pu- pils that each year enroll in the schools. Almost the iirst line of attack President Wolf engineered w hen he became president of the board in 1917 was a campaign to do away with extravagance in educational expenditures and to facilitate the workings of the board through abolition of "w^asteless energy" in the statistical field. He figured the teachers should have a larger "say" in the curriculum of the schools, inas- much as they are in direct touch with the chil- dren and their needs. He favored the merger of high schools rather than the construction of separate buildings for l)oys and girls, with in- dependent principals. President Wolf would drop two associate superintendents and would cond)ine the school of pedagogy with the nor- mal school. His agitation for "more progress" in school matters has brought about radical changes in the board's method of operation and has re- sulted in the saving of man}- thousands of dol- lars in school expense. Mr. AYolf was born in ( )hio, on March 11. 1(S55. He came to Philadelphia and entered the public schools. Later he attended private institutions. After leaving school he traveled for a. year in Europe. On his return he en- gaged wMth his brothers in the paper and en- velope manufacturing business. in IS'^iy Mr. Wolf, with his foin* vounger l:)rothers, established the Ijanking and brokei- age business of Wolf Brothers and Company. The office of the firm is now in the Empire Building, Thirteenth and Chestnut Streets. Recentl}' the firm estaldished branch ofiices in New York City and in Atlantic City. Mr. Wolf is president of the National Metal lulge Box Company ; treasurer of the Standard Machine Company and a director in the Betz- wood Film Company. He has for years been interested in Jewish literature and has served as director and presi- dent of the Je\\ish Publication Society. He is a member of the board of governors of Dropsie College and is active in aft'airs of the < )hio Societv. AV. P. BARBA npllHvTY-SiN years' continuous service with any one lousiness organization is a record (jf which to feel proud. It is a record of abso- lute efticiency on the one hand and of com- plete confidence on the other, and is rendered the greater and the more striking by the fact that the organization involved in the relation- ship is the Midvale Steel Company, which has reduced efticienc}- to a fine art, and which de- mands the very perfection of competence in even the most minor detail of its wonderfully adjusted system. ( )f this powerful industrial organization W. P. Barl)a was \'ice-president when, in (October, 19b), he voluntarily resigned to apply his train- ing and talent to another line of business. Born in Philadelphia in the year 1865, and son of William and Anna (Millar), Mr. Barba receixed the elements of what subse- cpientlv became a thorough education in the i)ublic schools of Philadelphia. Entering the emi)loyment of the Midvale Steel Company while vet a boy. he applied himself to a mas- tery of the details of his' work with such as- siduitv and zeal that in the remarkably short l)eriod of nine years he was made chief chem- ist, then department sui)erintendent. general sui)erintendent of Avorks. and finally general THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 549 inanasj^cr of sales. In each of these iniiiorlant l)Ositions lie developed and displayed talents that a])pealed to and diMnandecl both recog- nition and reward and both came when, in a comparatively few years, he was elex'ated from the i)osition of general sales manager to the more important, more exacting, and more re- sponsible one of general manager ot the en- tire s^•stem. This position he held nntil he was made \ ice-})resident on the taking o\er of the ]dant by the Corey interests. Mr. llarba has a wide knowdedge of ordnance matters, guns, armor, projectiles, and all hne steel products, and has alwa}-s been identified with the most expert and enlightened prog- ress of the manufacture and marketing of these l)roducts of the Midvale Steel Company. His resignation from the active work w^as jn-ompted simply by his need of rest and was acce])ted In' the president and directorate of the company with reluctance and regret, as Mr. Rarba had become so thoroughly identified with it as to be regarded as almost a necessary unit in the working of its system. Almost at the same time that the directorate of the Midvale Steel Corporation accepted his resignation the Northern Trust Company was electing him to its directorate. He is also a director of Harrison lirothers and Company, manufacturing chemists, and of the ( lirard National Bank. Mr. Barba resides at 3107 North Coulter Street, Germantown. ^ORTON H. WEBER, vice-president of the Pure Oil Company. Philadelphia, was born in Dempseytown, Pennsylvania, on Oc- tober 6. 1871, and is the son of George K. and Elizabeth (Homan) Weber. After the regular course in the public schools' of A^enango Countv he started w hat subse(|uently proved a strenuous and success life as extra clerk in the freight office of the W. N. Y. and P. Railroad, at Titusville. Pa., in 1890. As an instance of his earnestness and deter- mination at this period to master all the essen- tial details of his prospective work it may be noted here that he worked for one month and nineteen days without pay. For this rather unusual act of self-abnes^ation he was rewarded by the consciousness that he had acquired NORTON 11. W l-.lii:R a perfect knowledge of the company's methods, within his sphere of operati(tns. 'Jdiis his em- ])]overs soon realized, and within the compara- ti\'elv short jicriod of three _\-ears from the date of his emi)loyment he was promoted to the re- sponsible and exacting position of chief clerk and cashier. This position Mr. Weber held until March, 1899, wdien he left the railway comi)any to take a position with the Producers and Refiners' Oil Company, a subsidiary of the Pure Oil Company, at ( ^il City. .After a short time the company removed to Pittsburgh and after about three months in that city Mr. Weber came to Philadelphia as bookkeeper of the Pure Oil Company. This was in fulv. 1901, and in May of the following 550 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA year he was elected secretary, 'i liis position he held until February 28, 1912, when he was elected treasurer. On February 23, 1916, he was made a director of the company and on August 6, 1917, was elected vice-president. Along with being a director and vice-presi- dent of the Pure Oil Company, Mr. A\ eber is a director and general manager of the United States Pipe Line and vice-president and direc- tor of the Producers and Refiners' Oil Com- pany, the Pure Oil Steamship Company, the Pure Oil Pipe Line Company, the Pure Oil Producing Company and the Pure Oil Operat- ing Company, and of the Ohio Cities Gas Com- l^any. He is also a memlier of LTniversity Lodge, F. and A. M. ; of Quaker City Lodge, 310. L O. O. -F. ; of the ^Manufacturers' Clul) and of the Bon Air Country Clul). In politics he is a Republican, but has never sought or accepted office. His residence address is 6115 Columbia Ave- nue, Philadelphia, and his business address Lafayette Building, Philadelphia. JOHN J. TURNEY 'T^HE firm of William J. Grandfield is one of the oldest general ship brokerage and steamship agencies in Philadelidiia. Started in 1886, it became almost immediately an un- qualified success, and as years passed de- veloped along the lines of most progressive thought and the most modern and progressive ideas. This was due solely and emj)hatically to con- servative management, good business tact and sound judgment, and today these features stand out in bold relief in the general man- agement of the large and still steadily grow- ing business of the firm. In 1898 John J. Turney, the sul)ject of this sketch, became identified w^ith the firm. He began in the comparatively humble capacity of clerk, but so well and earnestly did he dis- charge the duties of his position that in 1913 he was admitted to partnership. In Septem- ber of that year William J. Grandfield, founder of the business, died, and in 1914 Mr. Turney l^ecame its sole owner. JOHN J. TURNEY From that event the process of greater ex- pansion of the firm's business, and even its more progressive ideas, may be dated. To ef- fect this work Mr. Turney labored unceas- ingly and well, bringing to bear in the de- velopment of his plans a ripe experience, a cool, calm and deliberate judgment and a spirit of initiative and of enterprise which efifected wonderful and far-reaching results. He organized the harbor transportation and lighterage business of the Eastern Lighterage Company and took over the lighterage and steam towage business of Harry W. White- man, which is now efficiently operated by the Turney Transportation Company. He also organized the Philadelphia Barge Company, which now controls and operates a large fleet of barges engaged in coastwise movements. THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 5S1 To own and operate a large and i,n-o\ving fleet in l)oats was one thing: to keep these boats in repair cpiite another. To meet and solve the economic prol)lem thus involved, Mr. Turney, with characteristic forethought and enterprise, organized the Delaware Shii)l)uild- ing and Repair Compau}- and estahlislied an extensive yard at Cooper's Point, Camden, N. T. This i)lant is thoroughly e(pupi)ed to repair steamships, l)arges and towbuats and also possesses facilities for the complete con- struction of steel or wooden barges. Apart from the activities which all these establishments involve and which necessarily rec|uire the utmost attention and energy, Mr. Turney has established an import, export and purchasing department in Philadelphia. This department, which is an innovation in a new and original direction, is engaged in facilitat- ing and building up commercial relations be- tween American manufacturers' and the luu-o- pean, Central and South American and West Indies trade. Its clientele is now most ex- tensive and embraces some of the largest firms both in the United States and abroad. Vast though Mr. Turney's business activi- ties are, and great as has been their develop- ment and progress, he looks ahead with confi- dence to the successful consummation of even greater projects. Still a young man in his thirties, a brighter and even more progressive future looms within the vista of his life work and ambition and, with him. greater under- takings are in the making. Apart from any- thing which the future may develop and also outside the sphere of his strictly personal and direct interests and activities, he acts as presi- dent of the Woodoleum Manufacturing Com- pany, a Philadelphia concern specializing on composition flooring especially adapted for use on ships. He is' an active member of the Board of Trade of Philadelphia, of the Philadelphia Chamber of Commerce, of the ^Maritime Ex- change, of the Commercial Museum, of the Manufacturers' Club, of the Vessel Owners and Captains' Association, and of many other business and social organizations and also acts as honorary consul of the Government of X'enezuela. [A^IES A. M()()XI-A'. prominently con- nected with the cold storage and ware- housing business in Philadeli)hia, was born in Ansonia, Connecticut, on February 23. 1881, his father being James F. Mooney and his mother Cecelia Mooney. nee McGaftigan. While yet a boy Mr. Mooney came to Pliila- delphia and received his education in the i)ul)- lic schools of that city. At the age of twelve that is. in 1893 — he began a business career in which energy, ability, and success have been factors. l)y entering the employment of the Quaker City Cold Storage and \\"areh( .using Company. With this firm he gained an experience of twelve years, and then, in 1905. became con- nected with the Industrial Cold Storage and Warehousing Company. Nine years later his abilities were formally recognized by this ap- pointment, in 1914, to the responsible position 552 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA of general manager, whicli he still continues to hold. In 1904 he was married, in Atlantic City, N. j.. to Henrietta L. Horn, by whom he has had hve children. In politics Mr. Mooney is a Republican, and the only fraternal associations with which he is connected is the Michael Arnold Lodge, No. 636, F. and A. Masons. His residence address is 407 Franklin Ave- nue, Cheltenham, Pa., and his business address American and Berks Streets, Philadelphia UFRBERT D. ALLMAN, merchant, manu- facturer and decorator, was' born in Phila- delphia January 30, 1S63, and is the son of David and Pauline (Kayser) Allman. He re- ceived his elementary education in the public schools of his native city and later graditated from the Northeast Grammer School. When twenty-one years old he became junior partner in the well-known firm of Kayser and Allman and five years later became its senior member. He continued as head and controlling spirit of the firm until 1909, when he retired from active business, after having succeeded in es- tablishing for the enterprise a repvitation for business methods and integrity which has placed it in the front rank of such industries in Pennsylvania, or as a matter of fact in the United States. ]\lr. Allman was president of the Columbia Wall Paper Company and also president of the Lewis Chase Wall Paper Company, of Bristol, Pa., both large and widely known manufacturing concerns. He is on the advis- or}' board of the Pennsylvania Museum and School of Industrial Art, the National Farm Schodl. a director of the Hebrew Charities, and a member of the Philadelphia Chamber of Commerce, in which he serves upon four im- |)ortant committees, and a director of the Va- cant Lot Association. The fraternal and other societies with which he is connected are Shekinah, F. and A. M.; Keystone Chapter, F. A. M. ; Fairmount Park Art Association and Walnut Street Business Association. He is also president of the Cen- tury Dining Club and a member of the Terra- pin Club, the Manufacturers' Club, the City Ch\h and the Economic Club. Mr. Allman has traveled extensively in Europe, is much interested in music and is a well-known art collector, this collection, unique in its way, including paintings of the Barbazon school, Corot, Daubiny, Diaz, Dupre, Harpinies, Piss'arro, Rosseau and many others. Mr. Allman is independent in politics and a staunch and steady advocate of civic reforms. He was chairman of the George D. Porter morality campaign, and is also a prominent member of the Committee of One Hundred and the Committee of Seventy. His religion is reform Jewish. Mr. Allman was married in September, 1891, to Alildred Cavalho Numez, and they have three children, Druard Numez, born in 1894; A. Paul, born in 1896, and Constance Burnelle, born in 1901. Mr. Allman's residence address is 3819 Wz\- nut Street, Philadelphia. WILLARD AI. WHITNEY /^NE of the prominent and successful leaders of Philadelphia's commercial life is ^^^ill- ard M. \Vhitney, coal operator. Although he has been in Philadelphia only ten years' and is still a young man, his business and executive ability has lifted him steadily to a command- ing position in the mining Avorld. With a grade and high school education to prepare him, he started on his business career when still little more than a boy. Since then he has risen rapidly, and even in his youth displayed the qualities which today character- ize his handling of the afi^airs of the Whitney Coal and Mining Company, of which he is president. None of the opportunities which young men are. so prone to ignore was overlooked by Mr. Whitney in his fight for a place where his ability woidd win recognition. AX'hen he learned that he could accomplish most in coal mining he left the railroad business for the new field. THE STORY OF ''IIILADELPIU A 1 53 Willard M. Whitney was born in Athens, X. Y.. Sci)tenil)C'r 23, 18X2, wlu-rc he atten(U'(l the grade schools and the high schot)L After leaving school he entered the offices' of the lersev Central Railroad there, because he thought the railroad offered him the best 0]i- portunitv to advance. Mr. Whitney rose ra])idly in the raid- he sought to put his name in a place of promi- nence. As this realization came to him. he became interested in coal mining and studied it care- fulh" while still employed by the railroad. In 1908 he reached the decision that it was tinu for him to start if he wished to make progress in the coal business. So he came to I'hiladel- phia. Here he devoted his best efforts to the business in which he was to succeed or fail. His success here was the same as with the railroad. He advanced rapidly through several positions until he came to a place where he believed he could go into business for himself. His venture was successful, and in Decem- ber. 1917, he put his' name in a place of honor in the business world by organizing the A\'hit- ney Coal and ^Mining Company. His concern is incorporated under the laws of Pennsylvania, and ^Ir. Whitney has his offices as president and general manager at 2230 Land Title Build- ing. Afr. Whitney was married before he came to Philadelphia. In 1905, Miss Hester L. Cress became his wife. They had one child, Helen Cr. Whitney, and make their home at 1522 Rus- comb Street, Philadelphia. In politics, Mr. Whitney is a Rei)iddican. He is a Shriner, l^eing a member of Lu Lu Temple and other Masonic l)odies. p^AROLD P,. LARZELERE, who has es- tablished a largfe l)usiness in the manufac- ture ol motor trucks, was born in 1 'hiladeljjhia June 23. 187'>. the son of James II. Parzelere and Anna .M . I.arzelere, nee better. HAROLD B. l.\kzi-:li-.ri-: He recei^•ed a scnmd and liberal education in tlie Clieltenham .Mibtary .\ca(lem_\- and in 1905 entered the employment of the Chadwick iui- gineering \\'orks, as sales manager. This im- portant and res'])onsible position he held for five }ears. when he became connected with the \'im Motor Truck Com])any. a business \-enture which owes its organization entirely to him. Mr. Larzelcre dex'otes much of his time to fraternal societies and is an active member of the Society of Automobile Engineers, the Philadelphia Automobile Trade Association, the Pennsylvania Motor Federations and the American Automobile Association. He is a member of the I'nion League of Philadeli)hia and also of the Huntingdon X'alley Country Club. 554 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA He was married in May, 1905, to Annie Har- ron Schively, and has one son, Harold B., Jr. j\Ir. Larzelere, who is a Republican in poli- tics, served with distinction in the Spanish- American ^\'ar. His residence is Wyncote Road, Germantown, and his business address is Twenty-third and Market Streets', Philadel- phia. RUDOLPH MELVILLE HUNTER AS mechanical and electrical engineer, in- ventor and scientist of deep original re- search. Rudolph Melville Hunter, of Philadel- phia, is internationally prominent. He was born in New York City, June 20. 1856. and is of Scotch ancestry dating back to the Hunters of Hunterston in the time of Alexander H of Scotland. He was educated at Edmonton, England ; Ecole des Professionale, Monteville, France ; Upper Canada College, Toronto, Can- ada, and Polytechnic College, of the State of Pennsylvania, graduating in 1878 with the highest honors in mechanical and electrical engineering. Being in business seven years before obtaining his college degree, he con- tinued business while attending college. Throughout his forty-seven years of engineer- ing he has combined with it a patent practice. As inventor and patentee, he stands third or fourth in the whole world. His patents are fundamental, covering the electric railway art (trolley, conduit and accumulator systems) ; also the transformer system of electrical trans- mission (both method and means for transmis- sion with reduction of potential as w-ell as the combined "step-up" and "step-down" system) ; also electric point welding system. He in- vented and constructed the first modern mov- ing-picture machine (1894) and had the first moving-picture exhibition hall in the country. In and following 1874, he was engaged in building iron and steel plants in Ohio, Ken- tucky and West Virginia, and was engineer to Olive Foundry and Machine Works of fronton, Ohio; consulting engineer in Chicago in 1876; organized the Atlantic and Pacific Electric Mfg. Co., 1879 (secretary and director) ; Globe ^Ifg. Co., 1885 (director) ; Hunter Electric Co., 1886-1887 (director) ; Electric Car Co. of America, 1887 (president) ; General Electric Automobile Co., 1898 (director) ; Tractor Truck Co., 1899 (director) ; The Mirabile Cor- poration, 1902 (president) ; U. S. Assay and { Bullion Co., 1903 (president). He was also ■ director in Acetylene Light, Heat & Power Co., 1902; Electric Vehicle Equipment Co., 1902 ; Herr Automatic Press Co., 1906, and ■ others. He organized Hunter Pressed Steel \ Co., 1914 (owner). ' In expert capacity Mr. Hunter has been re- tained by many corporations, among them General Electric Co. (twenty-one years) ; \'ic- ! tor Talking Machine Co. (seventeen years) ; ■ also the Continental Conduit and Cable Co. ; ' AVestinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. ; National Cable Railway Co. ; United Gas Improvement Co. ; Thomson-Houston Electric Co., and nu- merous others. In 1879-1881, he developed a ' submarine vessel, in 1882 published an illus- trated pamphlet on it, and in 1883 submitted the in\ention to the British Government. He ; developed a smokeless' powder and made tests ' for the French Government in 1883-1884; placed before the British Parliament, in May, 1883, his electric railway plans for use in pro- posed Dover and Calais tunnel ; gave demon- strations of his submarine to the Chief of the Torpedo Service of Great Britain in 1884. and to members of the United States Congress in 1885. His inventions have been controlled by many corporations, among which are Thom- son-Houston Elec. Co., General Elec. Co., and. the Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., which owaied, controlled, or were licensed under about 300 patents ; Electric Car. Co. of Amer- ica, about 150 patents; General Electric Auto- mobile Co.. about 70 patents ; Tractor Truck Co., 8 patents ; International Power Co., about 72 patents ; and very many other companies and individuals, who have used and are using his patents in many and varied industries. His earliest invention was a machine for making tambour lace in 1868. He regards' as the great- est of all his work, that in original research carried on since 1903, relative to the breaking THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA n.T5 down and reconstruction of atomic matter, in- cluding the transmutation of the elements. His work in this direction has been extensively re- ferred to by the press. He describes the re- sults of his work, which have enabled him to transmute one character of atom into another, thus: "This may be done as an instantaneous process, or it may l)e caused to take place slowly as a 'growing' process. The precious metals are more easily produced by transmuta- tion than the baser ones. For example, pure gold may be made commercially at a cost not exceeding about 10 per cent of the values pro- duced. The process does not set the electrons of the atoms free, but so modifies the control of the electrons within the confines of their J ; atomic structure, that combining of a plurality of atoms to form an atom of a greater atomic weight is possible. This process is rapid when conditions are right. In case of 'growing.' the process is relatively slow, but is in elTect the creation of life to a mineral, which gives to it a place analagous to plant and animal life. In other words — I may treat a silver dollar to a process which impresses upon it certain phy- sical conditions, and thereafter, within its mass', gold will 'grow' in such cpiantity that it may be separated by any refining process. At the beginning of the 'growing' phenomena there was no gold, but after a year or so, the richness in gold is very pronounced, and this growing of the atom, gold, when no gold was before present, may continue until 10 to 20 per cent of the mass has been changed." England's greatest chemist, the late Sir \\'illiam Ramsay, was in touch with Mr. Hun- ter in this work, had many samples of the growing gold and made corroborative analyses in respect to some of the tests for Mr. Hunter. Mr. Hunter is a member of the Manufactur- ers' Club of Philadelphia, the American Insti- tute of Electrical Engineers (since 1884), the Societie Internationale des Elcctriciens, Paris ! j (foundation member), and the American Asso- ciation for the Advancement of Science. T GUIS P. CLARK in 1908 was appointed eastern manager of the Detroit Insulated W ire Company, the duties of which position he still discharges with the utmost efficiencv and with most decided advantage to the concern. He is also secretary of the Consolidated l*".lec- trical Manufacturing Company of Philadc]])hia. LOUIS P. CLARK Air. Clark was born in West Point. New York, April 30, 1870, and is son of Joseph and Mary E. (Goodell) Clark. He was educated in private schools of Philadelphia and later at- tended a course at Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania, from which he graduated in the class of 1891, bearing off the degree of Bachelor of Sciences. Mr. Clark is not connected with any scien- tific or technical organizations, but is a mem- ber of the Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity of his Alma Mater, in the affairs of which he is much interested. He is also an active member of the Manu- facturers' Club of Philadelphia and is keenly 556 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA interested in all out-door sports, his particular recreation being auto riding, in which he in- dulges to a large extent. He is a Republican in politics and in religion is a Protestant PLpiscopalian. lie was married in Chicago, April 30, 1895, to Leila A. Deacon, and has three children : ]\larv Clark, ClitTord K. Clark and Louis P. Clark, Jr. J lis residence address is' Ridley Park. Pa., and his business address is 249 North Twelfth Street, Philadelphia. C. C. DAVLS Y\/HAT nerves' are to a man, electricity is to industr}'. Therefore, it is ])lain that Chester C. Davis, president of the C. C. Davis Electric Company, which furnishes the greatest industrial plants of I'hiladelphia and vicinity with electrical su])])lies and equipment is performing a most imjxirtant function in the industrial life of the country. Philadel])hia and \'icinity, be it re- membered, forms the greatest industrial region in the Ignited States. Mention of a few of the concerns which, electrically, depend upon Chester C. Davis for their existence, liriefly, yet significantly, indi- cates the extent of the service which this enter- ])rising "captain of industry" gives to this and neighboring states. During the war the C. C. Davis Llectric Comijany furnished war material to the Emer- gency Elect Corporation, the Department of Commerce Lighthouse Service, the Erankford Arsenal, and Philadeljjhia Navy Yard. It sup- pliefl electrical material and electrical eciuip- ment for the repair of vessels; marine ecjuip- ment for lights and motors; the fittings of motors to connect them with tin-l)ines ; material f(,-r the maintenance of motors — in fact, every- thing electrical. Mefore. during and since the war, this com- pany furnished wholesale supplies to the Bald- win Locomotive Works, the du Ponts and other great industrial plants. Eurthermore, it furnished dealers and contractors with supplies for electrical installation and repair with con- duit and wiring equipment. While the Davis company does a great busi- ness in supplies, it does not do actual installa- tion, but furnishes' material for installation. Asked to describe conditions that make for the phenomenal success of his business, Mr. Davis volunteered the following information : "My great endeavor is always to give prompt and good service. To this chiefly I attribute our success. In oiir particular line it is, above all things, necessary that we give careful atten- tion to all orders and analyze them before attempting to fill them. By doing so, we are usually able to make valuable suggestions to our customers which give them a far better service than they thought possible. Our in- quiries are usually inadequately answered by customers, and we often have to supply infor- mation as well as equipment. But our cus- tomers quicklv learn to appreciate this' feature of our work, and we find them, as a rule, very grateful for suggestions that extend their knowledge and their service. "Another great element in our success is the bonus system I have established fo» our em- ployes. A\'e divide, at the end of the year, our profits with our employes. I'his makes' them feel they are a part of the business, which in fact they are. and a most important part. They give us the best there is in them. This system also has a great tendency to hold them to us because after the second week of the new year they are already looking forward to the bonus, which annu;jlly amounts' to considerable money for them. I inaugurated this method two years ago and have found it well worth while." Mr. Davis was born in Coatesville, Pennsyl- vania. Septemljcr 24. 1885. He was educated in the jniblic and high schools of that city and in the Peirce Business College. He formed the C. C. Davis Electric Comi)an}' in 1908. Mr. Davis is a member of the Chamber of Commerce, of the Jovian Electric Order, the Masonic Eastern Star, the Eastern Travelers of Wes't Philadelphia, and the Electrical Credit Association. THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 557 VyALTlUv P. BRUW'X. president uf the one of the most higliK e.>teenied ot' the Charles B. Norton Coal Company, began his business career with that organization dur- ing the latter ])art of 1902. At the time of his affiliation with the concern he occupii'd a posi- tion to which, at that time, little imjxM-tance was attached. Api)lying' himself assiduously to w hate\er duties were assigned to him, he rose rung by rung in the ladder of success, occupying since his association with the coal company various positions, including that of secretary and treas- urer. Upon the death of Charles B. Norton in 1916, ^Ir. Brown became acting head of the business. Mr. Brown's father, j. Henry Brown, a cele- brated miniature artist, included in his large circle of friends two former presidents of the United States, Abraham Lincoln and James Buchanan. \\'alter P. Brown is a native born Philadel- ])hian. He received his edtication at the Cen- tral High School and began his bttsiness ca- reer shortly after lea\ing that institution. He is unmarried and resides at the Hotel Nor- mandie. Chestnut and Thirty-sixth streets. His business office is in the Stephen Girard Build- in 2". FRANCIS j. MANEELY AX EXTb:XSI\'E general practice at the P>ar is not always the fruition of superior legal talent, nor is it always associated with industry and perseverance. Sometimes it is due to the merest accident and sometimes to a combination of circumstances. But as far as bVancis J. Alaneely is concerned neither of these factors aided or controlled the establish- ment of the large ])ractice which has come to him. This was purely founded upon all those at- tributes that go to make up the successful law- }er, as well as the lawyer who enjoys the con- fidence of his clients and the respect of the public. All these (pialities, or attributes, Mr. Ataneely has to a marked degree, and the natural consequence is that he stands today most numbers of the legal profession in el]ihia. lore- 'hila- ERAXCIS J. MAXEICEY Air. Maneely was bcM'n in Philadel])hia. ( )ctober 18, 1S7,\ and was educated in Ea S;dle College, in the Ouaker City, from which he graduated with the degree of Bachelor of Arts, which his Alma Mater bestowed upon him in recognition of his great and \-aried abilities. After leaving Ea Salle College he entered the Ea\v School of the E^niversity of Pennsyl- vania, from which he graduated with high hon- ors in E^95. He was immediatelv admitted to the liar of Philadelphia and started that prac- tice which, in a remarkal)l\' short time, he made so successful. Afr. Maneely is a prominent member of the Knights of Columbus, of the Philopatrian So- ciety of Philadelphia, of the Societe Francaise de Bienfaisance and of the Scheutzen Verein. 558 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA He is also a member of the Philadelphia Club and of the Merion Cricket Clul). His residence is in Germantown, I^hiladel- phia, and his law offices in the Pennsylvania Building, Philadelphia. CHARLES H. C(JLLINS pilVSlCAL CULTURIv, or more properly physical education, has in these days at- tained the dignit}' and importance of an exact science and forms an imi)ortant feature of stu- dent life in many of the schools, colleges and universities (jf the Cnited States". ( )f the teachers or prdfesscjrs of this science in Philadel])hia Charles N. Collins holds, ad- mittedly, the foremost place. Son of Richard I'd well Collins and his wife, nee Ida Taylor, he was l)orn in Dwight, Illinois, on August 6, 1(S84. Securing a liberal education in the pri- mary schools and in the high school of his native town, he began his life career in Chi- cago, where he conducted a physical culture school from 1905, when he was just twenty- one, until 1911. Philadelphia was his next ob- jective point, and in 1911 he began there what subsequently developed into the most success- ful Imsiness enterprise in the field of physical culture. After three years, during which he and his system and establishment attained a large measure of distinction and considerable patron- age, the business was incorporated under the laws of Pennsylvania as' the Collins System of Physical Culture, and he became its president. In 1916 he incorporated the Collins System of Physical Culture for Women under the laws of the State of Delaware and became the I)resident and controlling spirit of this new organization also. Both these important posi- tions he still retains and his interest in the business to which his life has been devoted, and wdiich he has made such a prominent suc- cess, is as keen today as it was in the olden days when Chicago claimed him as her citizen. The Collins System of Physical Culture oc- cupies the extensive fourth and fifth floors of the Collins Building, Fifteentli and Walnut Streets, Philadelphia, while the Collins System of Physical Culture for Women occupies the fifth floor of the Bellevue Court Building, both in the ver}- center of the Quaker City. Mr. Collins is a member of the Sons of Veterans of America, of the Philadelphia Chamber of Commerce, of the \Valnut Street Business Men's Association, and of the Poor Richard, City and Khonas clubs. He is keenly devoted to baseball, motoring, bowling and golf, and is a prominent member of the Quaker City Motor Club and the Phila- delphia Motor Speedway Association. Mr. Collins was married in May, 1907, to Harriet E. Mallady, Chenoa, 111., and has two daughters, Helen L. and Harriet R. His residence address is 108 Nippon Street, Mt. Airy, Pa., and his' business address Collins Building, Fifteenth and A\'alnut Streets. Phila- delphia. JA^IES CARSTAIRS is one of the younger generation of the stock brokers of Phila- del])hia who have made their mark in the finan- THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 559 cial world of the (Juakfr L'ity aiul wli.. arc amongst the foremost of its most proniiiuMit, most energetic citizens. Young in }ears. lie is old in experience, and there are few men in the honored ranks of his profession who com])ine more in their person sound ])u^iness tact, cool and accurate judgment and clear perce])ti()ns than does he. Mr. Carstairs was born in the City of Thihi- deli)hia January 2, 18l} associated with honor, commercial probit\- and absolute truthfulness and gained the confi- dence of the public, a confidence which is even more pronounced at the present dav. In the creation and evolution of such a gi- gantic business the factors of sound judgment, progressive ideas and pure and simple enter- jjrise were the ever present incentives, and ex- ercising these Mr. Burpee had the proud satis- faction of seeing his theories bear fruit and tlie undertaking wdiich he so modestly floated de- velop into a veritable monument to his genius. energy, enterprise and skill. W ith such a si)lendid edifice erected, with all his hopes and aspirations fulfilled, and with the conscious- ness that he had done his dut}' al)ly and well Mr. Burpee })assed to his eternal reward mourned by all wdio knew him and regarded by all as one of the most remarkal)le as well as one of the most successful men ever asso- ciated with the City of Philadelphia. Mr. Burpee was active in other associations also. He was at one time president of the .\nierican Seed Trade Association and was also president of tlu- American .Sweet I'ea Scjciety. He was vice-president of the National Sweet Pea Society of Creat Britain, and was a di- rector of the Wholesale .Seedmen's League. These \arious institutions were connected with the trade in wliich he was engaged, and he was also a director of the .Market Street National I'.ank and of the .\orthern Trust Comi)an\' of I *hiladel])hia. Hi' was ;in es- teemed mend)er of the I 'hih'idel])hia Clianiber of Commerce and of the I ']iila(lel]diia Board of Trade; was a trustee of the Howard Hospital, the .Sanatariuni Association and tlie \ati(jnal Farm Schcjol, and was an acti\c member in many social clubs (tf Philadel])]iia and New York. JOSHUA T. ROBEY IN Till-: early days of the eighteenth century a colony of immigrants from Holland and Central lun'ope came to this country and set- tled in ( lermantown. then a "neighboring vil- 562 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA lage" of Philadelphia — now one of its most important suburbs. Some of these skillful and energetic work- men set up looms in their homes and the product turned out by the community gained a wide reputation. From this humble begin- ning the Philadelphia woolen goods industry has grown to be the greatest of any city in the country. As early as 1868, approximately one-fifth of the wool consumed in the United States was made up into worsted and woolen dress goods in Philadelphia. This advance in the indus- try has continued until this city's position in the textile industry has' become the center of the trade in America. To the aggressiveness and ability of the Kensington mill owners and the "go ahead" instinct of merchants representing various branches of the industry is due in large meas- ure the great reputation of this city as a tex- tile center. Among the worsted yarn merchants in Philadelphia there is' probably none of higher standing in the trade than Joshua Thomas Robey, of 232 Chestnut Street. Mr. Robey virtually "grew up" with the trade and is well known, not only in Philadeli)hia, Init through- out the country. Mr. Robey is a native New Yorker, but the greater part of his active life was spent in Philadel})hia. He was born in the metropolis in 1870. His father was Joshua Thomas Rol^ey and his mother Rel^ecca Adler. The career of Air. Robey in the textile trade began early in his life. He mastered virtually every branch of the l)ig industry and soon was known as one of the most expert men in his line of business in this city. Mr. Robey's education was obtained in the public schools and he delights always to tell of the value of the "little school house" as the "bulwark of the nation," from an educational standpoint. Mr. Robey was married in this city in 1898 to ?\Tiss Katie M. Koons. They have one child — a daughter. A\'hile Mr. Robey has been a staunch Republican most of his active life, he has never taken a conspicuous part in politics. He was for three years a member of the old First Regiment, which recently carried off all sorts of high honors because of its great fight- ing abilities overseas. ■ Mr. Robey is a member of the Manufactur- ers' Club and the Spring Haven Golf Club. Golf is his chief recreation. He is active in Episcopal church circles and lives at 231 West \\'yoming Avenue, Germantown. I^RANK 11. TAYLOR, president of S. S. White Dental Manufacturing Company, Philadelijhia. is a striking example of the strenuous life to which a large measure of suc- cess has come. For over thirty-eight years his career has l)een an active one. Most of that time has been associated with Philadelphia, and during all of it l)e sustained, as he still sustains, the char- acter of a man of the loftiest ideals, of un- blemished integrity and of the highest sense of public and i)rivate duty. Such a man has invariably many friends and a host of admirers, and in this respect the case THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 563 of Mr. 'J'aylur forms' tlie pure and simple ruU'S and not an isolated exception. In business matters he is keen and alert, strictly honorable in the broadest sense of the word, and abso- lutely without reproach in his prixate or scjcial relations. Mr. Taylor is a ])roduct of the lUickeye State, having l)een bcjrn in Cincinnati, Novem- ber 20, 1855. lie received his early educatic^n in the public schools and later attended 1 laver- ford College, Pennsylvania, from which he graduated in 1876, l)earing off the degree of lUichelor of Arts'. He then entered Harvard Universit}-, where he secured a similar degree. After graduation he spent time at the work bench learning a trade and then started his business career as sui)erintendent of the starch works of George Fox Starch Company, in Cin- cinnati. He remained about a year and then, in 1882, came to Philadelphia as principal owner and manager of the Belmont Iron Com- pany, engaged in ornamental iron and struc- tural steel work. For six years he was ac- tively engaged in this l)usiness, and had built up a large trade when, in 1888, the plant was destroyed. From 1888 to 1890 Mr. Ta^'lor was engaged in liquidation of the ccjmpany, and also in the ex])loiting of a patented machine in the print- ing held. In 1890 he became manager of the Philadelphia l)ranch house of the Yale and Town Manufacturing Company, at 1120 Mar- ket Street. He continued here for nine }ears and then, that is to say in 1899, became asso- ciated with the AW^stinghouse Electrical and Manufacturing Company, at Pittsburgh. Three of the nine years he spent with the corporation were devoted to the exacting du- ties of sales manager; during the following three years he occupied the position of foin"tli vice-president and in the last three }'ears of his connection Avith the great hrm he was senior vice-president. He was also a director of the company until 1^H)8. In 1906 Mr. l^aylor l)ecame \-ice-])resident of the Yale and Towne Manufacturing Com- pany, in Xew York, and retained this respons- ible position for two years. l-"rom 1909 until 1915 he was general man- ager of the Linotype and Machinery Company, Limited, of London, and in the latter year ac- cepted the position with the S. S. White 1 )ental .Ahmufaeturing ( oni])any. which he still retains and the duties of whicii he discharges with all the remarkable efficiency and success that ha\'e hitherto crow ne(l his arduous and exacting life eftorts. -Mr. Taylor was maiTied .XLarch ol. bSSO, to kebecca M. Nicholson, and his residence ad- dress is 80U) Seminole .\ venue. Philadelphia. 1. I A' AN T.WLOR Service estab- npllb: story of the Investor^ lished in Philadeli)hia in 1910. under the name of LI. l-A'an Taxlor. incorporated in 19LS 564 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA and conil)inecl with the only other concern in the workl selling securities in the same way — The In\estnient Registry, Limited, of London — is hard to write. It started with an idea and $250. The latter belong to Mr. Tay- lor ; the former was the emanation of his brain, and both combined formed the founda- tion stone upon which the Investment Regis- try of America. Incorporated, is so substan- tially built. The methods of the Investment Registry of America are unicjue and original, and are in point of fact, simplicity reduced to a science. To this fact, perhaps, more than to any other, is due the splendid success of the corporation and incidentally the deservedly high estima- tion in which it is held by investors. The firm buys, s'ells and trades in bonds of all kinds on the customer's order only. It in- vestigates any and all issues of bonds desired, and this investigation is rendered the more marked and the more trustworthy by the fact that it does not own any of these bonds'. The great element and factor of strict impartiality is thus disclosed and the confidence of invest- ors strengthened. The firm also arranges trades, builds up and scientifically groups in- vestors' lists of holdings and acts in the ca- pacity of financial secretary and adviser. Impartiality is the keynote of the corporation's l)olicy and this impartiality is accentuated by the fact that it does not own bonds. Investigation before purchase is another of its strong points, and these two alone suffice to afford to the prospective investor not only all the information and details that he needs, but all the protection which he requires or can expect. H. Evan Taylor, the originator of the idea and its practical proponent, is a Georgian by l)irth, having been born in the city of Sa- vannah, October 2c), 1879. His father was Henry J. Taylor, and before her marriage his mother was ]\Iiss Leontine C. Bosdevex. He received a private education in the city of his birth but later pursued a course in Electrical Engineering in the Spring Garden Institute, Philadelphia. This did not. however, ajjpeal to him as a life work, so he began a financial career at seventeen and has been at it ever since. He is now president of the flourishing and highlv esteemed institution which his original idea and his' $250 called into being, and also president of the Philadelphia h^oundation and vice-president of the American Chemical Paint Company. Mr. Taylor is trustee of the Rush Hospital of Philadelphia but is not connected with any other such organization. His chief recreation is field shooting, and his clubs are the Racquet and Country, both of Philadelphia. He is a Republican in politics and in religion is an Episcopalian. He was married in Phila- delphia, December 3, 1907, to Catherine Mur- ray Spencer, and has one daughter. His' residence address is 2211 St. James Place, Philadelphia, and his office address Morris Building, Philadelphia. THE LATE CHARLES H. KERSHAW TN SPEAKING of the late Charles H. Ker- shaw one is struck by the fact that probably not one in a thousand of the tens of thousands of American soldiers who owed their lives to their gas masks, know that the indispensable article inside that mask, the cloth for the respi- rator, was made by the late Charles H. Kershaw. The John ^^^ Kershaw Company, manufac- turers of Turkish towels, supidied all the gas masks used by Uncle Sam with these neces- sarv cloths. At the beginning of the war this firm ol)tained the contract for the making of the respirator material from the government. It was the character of Charles H. Kershaw which was mainly responsible for the firm's high position in their chosen field. Although only thirty years old when he died he dis- played the zeal and attention to business which is commonly seen in men only when they have passed their prime. THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 565 After leaving public school he joined his are. as a matter of general knnwiedge, the ft)re- father in business, lie was then seventeen. most in their line anywhere in the world. Though not of a robust constitution he, not- withstanding occasional spells of sickness, re- fused to leave his business for a day, so that not for one day in his business career was he away from his office thrciughout the years of his life as a manufacturer. ( )f an extremeh- amial)le character he was greatlv lamented by a multitude of friends, both social and lousiness, when he died of pneu- monia, after an illness of ten days, on ( )ctober 6. 1918. He left a widow. ^Irs. Margaret Saylor Ker- shaw. He was', to ({uote her own A\ords. "a wtmderful husl)and and an intensely devoted father." His children are Robert Arnold, born .\u- gust 20. 1918, and Charles William, born Ma\ 17, 1914. GEORGE H. KOCHERSBKRGER POR many years' the words "shipbuilding" and "Cramps" have been synonymous. Whenever there has been any reference to the building of shii)S. whether for the line of bat- tle or for the merchant marine, the William Cramp & Sons Ship & Engine lUiilding Com- panv, of Philadelphia, has always come in for its share of attention. The reason? The Cramp concern is the old- est shipbuilding company in America and probably the best-known organization of its sort in the world. Its great yards' along the Delaware River have been the center for more than half a century of the shipbuilding ]iro- gram of America. And many of the navies ot the world have been constructed entirely at the Cram]) yards. It was the Cramp company that led to the reference to the Delaware River as the "Clyde of America." There have been more ships turned out in the Cramp yards than in any other establishment in the world. And l)v the same token, the officers and workmen who have made this record possible (\v.( )R(;i': 11. K( )Ciii':Rsr.i-:K(,i-'.k Among those to whom a large share of credit is given for the great success of the Cramp yards is Ceorge 11. Kochersberger. as- sistant superintendent of the yards. Mr. Kt)chersl)erger knows ships from stem to stern, lie is one of the best informed ship construc- tionists in America. His knowledge of ships has been attained not only through technical channels, but by years of actual experience in and about the big Cramp yards. it has for years' been the policy of the Cramp companv to lit into important positions at the yards capable men who have risen from the ranks of the workers rather than those tech- nically trained in ship construction. And in Mr. Kochersberger- the corporation has in its service an expert who is familiar with every branch of the industry through a knowledge obtained I)v hard work and persis- 566 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA tent application to the "job" in virtually every branch of the shipbuilding industry. He's been in every dei)artment of the great yards, where he started as a shipworker, and like dad, "he knows." WILLIAM ELY BATES AMONG the many notable men identified with the insurance business in Philadel- ])hia, William Ely Bates holds a deservedly high and deservedly prominent place. An association of thirty-three years with such business has rendered him complete master of its every detail, and there is no man of his busi- ness colleagues in the Quaker City whose judgment is sui)erior to his all in all matters relating to the important life work in which he is engaged. Nor is his poi>ularity on a lesser plane than his judgment. He and the institution of which he is the representative are known to a wide and ever increasing num- ber of patrons, l)y each of whom he is much respected and sincerely esteemed. ^Ir. Bates was born in Cape May, N. J., July 17, 1868, and is the son of Joseph William and Elizabeth (Smith) Bates. He received his l)rimary education in the Rugby Academy and the Penn Charter School, from which latter in- stitution he graduated with honors. In 1885, at the age of seventeen, he entered the insurance office of his grandfather, Atwood Smith, then general agent of the world-known Liverpool. London and Globe Insurance Com- pany. After mastering the business in all its essen- tial and minute details, his promotion naturally followed and ultimately he was appointed local manager of the corporation, a position he now holds. He is also president of the Eire Insurance Patrol. Eor some }'ears he was associated with the Eirst Troop of Philadelphia City Cavalry. He joined as a private in 1888 and was promoted to Eirst Lieutenant in 1910. Mr. Bates' clul)s are the Raccpiet, the Phila- delphia Barge and the Downtown, all of Phila- delphia, and he is also a memlier of the Fire Insurance Society of Philadelphia. His business address is 331-37 Walnut Street, Philadelphia. DA\TD L. SHORT "pLECTRICITY as a public servant made its initial bow in Philadeli)hia during the Cen- tennial Exhibition, in 1876. Philadelphia firms have figured extensively in its development in the last half-century. Today Philadelphia manufacturers of electrical appliances are known in virtually every corner of the globe. The Electric Curling Iron Company manu- factures a specialized electric appliance that is conceded to be one of the most effective as well as one of the most servicable instruments of electrical equipment that is a virtual neces- sity today in the homes of women who con- sider an efficient labor-saving device as a necessary part of their boudoir equipment. This company, headed by David L. Short, one of the best known electrical equipment ex- THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 567 j)crts in this city, specializes in the manufac- ture of an electric curlin_<;- iron \\hich is con- ceded to l)e the "last word" in its line. I'opu- laritv of the ])roduct is so widespread that its plant is kej)t running continuously to kei'p up with the demand for the iron. Women re- gard it as one ol the "indispensables" in tlie make-uj) of their toilet e(pn[)ment and sales of the ajjparatus ha\e kept pace Avith the marked growth now ap[)arcnt in the use of things electrical. "The American woman," said Mr. .Sliort in discussing the product of his plant, "is con- sidered the best dressed as well as the l^est- toiletted of any ct)untr}' in the A\orld. And, in consequence, they demand the very best there is in the way of ec|uipment necessary to main- tain this reputation. T'dectrically speaking, it is an undisputed fact that, aside from the big dynamos that whirl the wheels of industrial progress, there is on the boudoir of the average American woman more electrical labor-saving and efficient devices than anywhere outside the l)ig industrial plants. "The electric curling iron is an excellent ex- ample of the fact that American women appre- ciate what's best in the matter of l)Oudoir equipment. Our plant is kept continuously at work meeting the demand for this new prod- uct. Jt has a ready sale everywhere. The fact that it is manufactured in Philadelphia is evi- dence of this city's popularity as an electrical supply center. "It is common knowledge that the hrst elec- trical exposition in America was held here under the co-operation of the Franklin Insti- tute and the federal government. .A teacher in the University of Pennsylvania made the first arc light a success, commercially, and he saw the dynamo he perfected light the streets and large buildings of almost every city in America. The first electric trolley car was built here and in all the development of elec- trical countrivances throughout the country Philadelphia capital and Philadelphia men have been the leaders." The plant of the company is located at Han- cock Street and Columbia Avenue. I.\ M [•:.M( )klAM JOHN THOMAS DYER "Uh: C.AR\'Er) a fortune from honest toil and enshrined his name in honest en- deavor," might well form an appropriate epi- taph for the late John Thomas Dyer. Xo fa- vorite of fortune and with no enxinmnients of wealth, he started what was destined to be a strenuous and a useful life in his native State of P^ennsylvania a few years after the Civil W^v, and having done his duty worthily and well, departed this life esteemed by all who knew him and lea\-ing behind a name and a reputation of wdiich any citizen of the common- wealth might well fee! justly proud. Mr. Dyer was born in Lehigh County, Penn- svhania, on .\pril H>. 1S4(S. His ancestors were luiglish and some were of that quaint and sturdy stock of Quakers identified with Pennsyhania since the days of ^^'illiam Penn. His parents were Richard H. Dyer and Caroline (Hoffman) Dyer and 568 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA each came uf a family long known and highly esteemed in the country and district. Born on a farm, Mr. Dyer's education was rather in the school of experience than in the red brick schoolhouse, yet he received an education in the latter sound enough and extensive enough to meet all the needs and recjuirements of his future life. Mr. Dyer l^egan his battle of life at an earl}' age. His initial step was as clerk in a store at Slatington. This comparatively uneventful and inactive life did not appeal to him. He cra\'ed for physical action and in quest of this resigned his' clerkship and \\ent to work in a quarry. Here he had i)lent}' of work that called into l)lay his muscular energies, but he was not quite satisfied. His ambition was apjK'aled to and excited. He felt that the limited en\-ironments of a stone quarr}- were not the proper held for his energies. He longed for something higher, something that promised more immediate and better results and animated by this' spirit, and b}- the resolution evolved from it, he entered the sphere of "railroading," tirst as foreman of a gang and next as contractor on a necessarily limited scale. Those were the days of "ups and downs," as he was wont to term them in after life. ( )cca- sionally his men "went back on him," and often reverses that might have daunted a less brave and determined man were the sole prod- uct of his plans and his toil. He was his o\\n blacksmith, sharj^ened all the tools used b}' his men and generally superintended their work. His hrst large piece of work was the Iniilding of the West Shore Railroad, and afterward he constructed part of the Schuylkill X'alley l)ranch of the Pennsyhania Railroad. He also constructed sections at West Laurel Hill, Spring Mills, Conshohocken, Landing- ville, Howellville, h'ort A\'ashington and many other places, and had the contract for the con- struction of the lines from Rambo station to Bluebell, including the elevation of the liridge over the Schuvlkill River. Mr. Dyer was inspector of the Montgomery County prison, president of the Borough ITec- tric Light Compan\-, and president of the John 1\ Dyer Company, the Merchant Ice Company, the Wyoming Spinning Company, the Mont- gomery subway, the Block and Tile Paving Company, and the J. H. Brenlinger Dry (ioods Com])any. The latter of which he resigned. He was also a director of Ramo and Regar Stocking Company, R. S. Newbold Sons and Company, the Montgomery County National liank, (Gloucester Paper Mills, Chelsea Land Lnprovement Company, Banker Mining and Tunnel Company of Colorado, and of other large cori)orations. His quarries now operate three great plants: the Trap-Rock at Birdsboro, Clenyon, above Burcksen. and one at Locksley, near West Chester. Mr. Dyer was married on Decemlier IL 1879, to the daughter of Dr. Cornelius S. Baker, of Xorristown. lie had six children, five of wdiom are liv- ing, Elsie B., Caroline H., Frederick E., Will- iam (iordon, John V.. and Marion B. JOHX FISLER l^(_)R many }ears, if anybody wanted to know anything about the Manufacturers' Club, the stock reply to most any cjuestion vou might ask would be, "Ask John Fisler." Mr. Eisler is one of the "fathers" of this internationally known institution of Philadel- phia's most prominent business men. He is a member of the Board of Directors and was chairman of the House Committee for seven years;. He resigned the latter position about two weeks after the 1918 annual election. Mr. Eisler presided over the destinies of the Manufacturers' Club when it w'as housed in its original Iniilding in AX'alnut Street, west of of Broad Street. He directed its operation during its temporary occupation of a house in AValnut Street while the great new building at the corner of Broad and W^alnut Streets was under construction, and it was largely through THE STORY OF Til ILADELPHIA 569 his i»orsistcnt actixitics in hchalf of llu- organ- ization that it s^ot its start in its ])rc'scnl (|uar- ters. And the clul) is one of the most ])ros- perous institutions in tlie citw Mr. I'isler is \ice-])resi(lent of the Alannfae turers' Cluh. h\)r tlie last eii;ht years and a lialf he has' l)een connected with the manufac- turing comniunit}" as a member of one tif tlie largest incorporated lirms in the L'nited States engaged in the worsted industr\ . Mr. Fislcr is treasurer of the \'e\\(Udl- |ones Company, whose spinning mills in the old lUockley section of West Phila(lel])hia form one of the city's landmarks. Ilefore entering the Yewdell-Jones corporation Mr. h'isler was tor many years a representative lousiness man in the wholesale wool district of lower Chest- nut Street. He was a member of the firm of b'isler, Keyser & Co. Uorn in the old neighborhood of I'road and Race Streets he was educated in the public schools' of the city and started life in the whole- sale wool trade, with which he was identified uj) to the date of his entering the worsted manufacturing industry, lie has l)een a resi- dent of West Philadelphia for thirt\-fi\e years and is widely known in the residential com- munity here. The Yewdell-Jones plant is unicpie in the re- spect that its location is so far removed from the district in wdiich all the other great spin- ning industries are situated. The mills were fotmded in lUockley more than sixty _\-ears ago by Samtiel, John and William Yewdell. three brothers from Bradford. England, then, as now, the world's center for the manufacture of worsteds. The introduction of French combs and the large use today of American manufac- ture has placed the worsted spinning industr_\- in the United States on a i)lane of uncjues- tioned equalitv with the ])roducts of foreign manufacture. As a manufacturer Mr. iMsler is secretar}- of the W^orsted Spinners' .Association of Philadel- phia, a body which represents the largest ter- ritory of worsted manufacttire in the United States. Ill' i> a mnnlirr of the (\{\ Plub and the lamilton W hi>t Clul). JOHN W. I'.MSLI'A' Y^IRTCAPIA' e\-ery t\pe of manufactured jiroduct made in the Cnited States is manufacttnu'd in riiiladclphia — to some extent at least. Most of the industries that have grown to national importance were fostered and de- \elo])ed in Philadcdphia. many of these indus- tries dating from the \ ery beginning of this citx's histor}'. Among these the textile industry possibly stands out more ])rominently than most any other. .\nd among the textiles, yarns — woolen, worsted and cotton — ln)ld a conspicu- ous place, the industry representing here an investment of many millions of dollars. Chief among the yarn manufacturers who ha\e made for this cit\- a name in the textiU' 570 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA field wliich stand pre-eminently at the fore- front of the industry in this country is John W. Emsley. ]\Ir. Emsley is a Phila(leli)hian and a "tex- tile man." The combination spells success. He was born in this city back in 18/2 and he's been here virtually all of his life. In Ken- sington, the heart of the textile industry, he's referred to affectionately by manufacturers and workers alike. It is doubtful if there ever was a time when Mr. lunslev was not in the textile business. He started in "the game" when a youngster and has been at it consistently for years. His mills at Emerald and Adams' Streets, are known to virtually every textile worker wdio regards working conditions in the plant as among the most attractive in the great textile district. Mr. Emsley got his early education in the pul)lic schools of this city. Erom them he graduated into textiles. His father was Will- iam Emslev, also well known in the northeast section of the city. He married Miss' Mary A. Morgan. For years ^Slr. lunsley has been always a consistent Republican, and has been active in support of protective measures designed to help b(jth manufacturers and textile workers. He is a prominent Mason. T (J ISADORh: STE.RN, former member of the Pennsylvania Eegislature, belongs the credit for having exposed unhealthy political conditions in the Eifth Ward which has since resulted in a comjdete overthrow^ of police con- ditions in the southern section of the city. Mr. Stern is one of Philadelphia's most con- spicuous fighters for civic decency. While in the State Legislature he was the author of numerous measures designed to uplift Phila- delphia's moral and civic conditions. He has been for years a persistent fighter for the "square deal" in politics. Mr. Stern is a lawyer and was mentioned prominently for a place on the ^Municipal Court bench. He was practicing law in this city before he was twenty-one years old and has argued and won important cases in virt- ually every court in Pennsylvania — from the magistrate's courts in Philadeli)hia to the State Supreme Court. He has a record for having won numerous cases involving constitutional questions. ISADoRb: STb:RN Mr. Stern was born in Philadelphia in 1881, the son of AX'illiam Stern and Rose Hartmann. He was educated in the public schools in this city and received his LL.B. from the Univer- sity of Pennsylvania in 1902. He was also granted a "special certificate" by the Wharton School. He was admitted to the Bar in this city in 1902 and has since been in active prac- tice here, being associated with Harry A. Mackey, head of the Workmen's Compensation Board in this State. Mr. Stern is' vitally interested in Jewish welfare work and is a member of virtually all of the Jewish benevolent and philanthropic societies of importance. He is also a Knight THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 571 of I'ytliias, a Alasou aiul is a iiU'iuhtT of llu- Moose organization, tin- I 'en and IV-ncil Clnb and the Foresters of Anu-rica. Mr. Stern is also a member of the Hoard of Law I'"xaminers in this cit}'. ]n 1905 Air. Stern married Sarah hdlis. 'Jdie\' have two eln'ldren. JOHN FREDERICK LEWIS is one of the ablest men at the Philadelphia Uar, and pr()])abl}- the most \'ersatile. lie is associated with a multiplicity of interests and enter])rises as diversihed in their scope and character as they are numerous, and is as entirely familiar Avith the details and ramifications of each as if that alone were his sole business in life. As an admiralty lawyer he is unexcelled in the United States and in other vocations of his truly stren- uous life he has few peers for energy, ability, mastery of detail or general information. He is, in fact, a man in a thousand and Philadel- phia is proud of the fact, and of him. Mr. Lewis was born in Philadelj)hia, Sep- tember 10, 1860, the son of S. Wan and Caro- line A. (Kalbfus) Lewis. He graduated from the Central High School of Philadelphia with the highest honors, securing the degree of Bachelor of Arts in 1879 and that of Master of Arts' in 1884. After leaving the high school he studied law in the office of Hon. George M. Dallas, then one of the foremost and best known lawyers at the Philadelphia Bar. He was admitted to the Bar of Philadelphia in 1882, and practiced with Hon. Charles Gibbon and Son in the courts of admiralty and more recentlv in the common law courts as Lewis, Adler and Laws, establishing a rejnUation nation-wide in its extent. Of ]\lr. Lewis' versatility ruul grasp of things in general an indication is given by the num- ber of associations and institutions with which he is intimately and actively connected. He is a United States Commissioner, an office which, in itself, demands his time and attention to a large extent. Then he is director of the h^arm- ers' and [Mechanics' National ]>ank of Phila- delphia ; solicitor of the Philadelphia Bourse and the Philadelphia Maritime Exchange; member of the Law .\ssociati(jn of Philadel- phia and of tile American F.ar Association; president of the Pennsylvania Academy of the iMne Arts and a collector of prints and early American portraits; president of the Mercan- tile Library Company of Philadelphia, of the Young American Humane Union, of the Hu- mane Society and (jf the Skating Club; vice- president and member of the Council of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania; vice-presi- dent of the (ienealogical S(jciety of Pennsyl- vania; director of the Metropolitan Opera House Company of Philadeljjhia ; lecturer on admiralty law at the Law School of the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania; solicitor of the North- ern Home for Friendless Children ; secretary of the Pennsylvania Instituticjii for the Deaf and Dumb; member of the Philadeli)hia Board of Trade and of the Commercial Exchange of Philadel])hia ; meml)er of tlie American Philo- sophical Society; member of the Art Jury of Philadelphia; member of the Comprehensive Plans Committee of Philadelphia; president of the Pennsylvania Library Club ; member of the Franklin Institute ; member of the Numis- matic and Anticpiarian Society of Pennsyl- vania; vice-president of the Philol)iblon Club; member of the Farmers' Club of Chester County, Pa., and owner and manager of one of the largest dairy farms in Chester County. He is also an active member of the Philadel- phia Country Club and of the Merion Cricket Clul). During the war with Germany Air. Lewis offered his services to the government and he was appointed chief of Section No. 2 of the United States Shipping Board Recruiting Service, in charge of all of its navigation and marine engineering schools from Connecticut River to Cape Charles. He was also a lecturer for the government on the merchant marine, on which subject he was considered one of the highest authorities. Despite the pressure of his law business and the numerous other ac- tivities that occupied his attention, Mr. Lewis devoted much time and energy to the govern- ment work and his almost unceasing elTorts in 572 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA this direction placed the recruiting district over which he had control in the lead in sup- plying officers and men for the new merchant marine and won for him the unqualified ap- proval of the authorities in Washington. He was married in Philadelphia May 23. 1895, to Anne H. Rush liaker, daughter of Alfred G and Henrietta Rush ( Fales ) Haker. His resi- dence in winter is 1914 Spruce Street, Phila- del})hia. and in summer Morstein, Chester Countw I 'a. His office address is 108 South h'ciurth Street, Philadelphia. GEORCP D. VAN SCIVER T.\ THl*'. l)uilding material business prtjhably no one stands higher, or is better known than (ieorge D. \'an Sciver, who, after years of hard work, honest dealing, and fair treatment, oi)erates three of the largest plants for produc- ing and distributing building materials in this section of the country. During ^Ir. Van Sciver's business career it has alwavs been his sole aim to render the best serx'ice and maintain a standard qualit}' which would, beyond an}' doubt, warrant patronage. W ith these two oljjects always in mind, and the executive ability to surround himself with competent and loyal workers, he is today ])resident of the Hainesport Mining and Trans- portation Company, the De Frain Sand Com- pan\' and the Knickerbocker Lime Company. .Mr. \ an Sciver, originally a native of Hainesport, New Jersey, now resides at Chest- nut Hill, IMiiladelphia, closely located to the Stenton Country Club, where he enjoys his principal recreation, that of i)laying golf. He is also a member of the ]vlanufacturers' Club, i'^ngineers' Clul), City Club and an active mem- ber of the Central Trust Company, Camden, New Ierse\-. HON. REUPEN O. ^[0( )N **T HAVE just signed the bill making law the new judicial code. This is a most impor- tant measure. It is the result of the hardest work on the part of yourself and your col- leagues of the joint committee for the revision of the law. lA'ery lawyer, every judge and e\er}- citizen ought to feel deeply grateful to \-ou and t(j them for this reform. But for your patience, persistence and parliamentary ex- perience and knowledge of the law \^ would ha\e been impossible. Accept ni}- gratitude and congratulations." This letter of public appreciation and of per- sonal gratitude was written by William How- ard Taft, then President of the United States, to Hon. Reuben Osborn Moon, then Repre- sentative of the Fourth District of Pennsyl- vania in the Congress of the United States. The measure to which it referred was the judiciary bill, which lawyers regard as the most important piece of legislation enacted within fifty years. Nor were the terms of that luiique testimony to the ability, skill and per- severance of Mr. Moon overdrawn in the slightest particular. ( )n the contrary, lauda- tory and appreciative as they were, they failed to sum up the extent or character of Mr. Moon's efforts, or measure the extent to which THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA n / .s the jiulici;ir\', the Ici^al prok'ssion and the pub- lic arc undiT dljlii'ation lo liini. l-dr ncarh' HON. REUBEN O. MOON two years Mr. Moon had given the closest pos- sible attention to the bill. His intimate and exhaustive knowledge of law, his i)eculiar fac- ulty of research and condensation and his ap- titude in eliminating from consideration all statutes that had no direct or little indirect bearing in the process of review and of adaj)- tation, helped most materially in the gigantic undertaking upon which he had entered and led to its successful consummation even in the face of many difficulties, many discourage- ments and obstacles as irritating a s they were innumerable. For ten consecutive days Mr. Moon occu- pied the floor of the house, while the bill was being discussed. Efiforts were made to intro- duce labor injunction provisions; provision to legalize the secondary boycott, and many oth- ers, but all were defeated, owing to Mr. Moon's alertness and skill in debate, and the measure so highly hauled by f(jrmer I'l-esident Taft. linally ])assed. That measure made important and necessar}- reforms in the old judicial act of 178<^^ and established a system which has the absolute approxal of the most eminent jurists in the United States as well as the unciualilied endorsement of the members of tlie Bar. .Mr. .Moon was also the author of the new U. .S. I'enal Uode which was passed in 1909 and which, for the first time, gave to the U. S. a complete code of laws 1)\- which offenses against the U. .S. could be punished without relying u])on the laws of the various States, which were entirely inadequate for that pur- l)ose. In the condtict of this bill through the House Mr. Moon occupied the time of the House for fifteen consecutive days and pro- tected the Legislature from many amendments which would have destroyed its efficiency. The distincti\e feature of the new judicial Code which was adopted in 1911 was the elimi- nation of the Circuit Court — this court was the central feature of the old judicial system btit in the ra|)id development of the Federal law and of the business of the courts had outli\ed its usefulness and had become an (jbstruction. This change was bitterly oj^posed by many ])rominent lawyers and by the American Bar Association, but was carried into the new law and has since received the uncitialified appro- bation of the Bench and Bar of the country. In presenting the bill to the House of Repre- sentatives from the joint committee on re- \ision of the laws, !\lr. Moon delivered an address, which was a most remarkable com- bination of forensic eloquence, legal erudition and historic research. Tracing the evolution of civil law from the Mosaic code and the days of the ancient civil- ization to the present time, he dwelt ujKjn each l^hase of the great moral structure upon which the fabric of social order rests in such a man- ner as to divest his subject of all legal ter- minologies and made it not only most decid- edlv interesting but most attractively instruc- tive. 574 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA This address, which in itself stamped Mr. j\Ioon as an orator of signal persuasiveness and consummate rhetorical skill, was received by the House with frequent outbursts of ap- ])Iause and under the caption of ''A Brilliant Treatment of a Dry Subject" the New York- Sun devoted nearly a column of space to pure and simple laudation of it. Such testimony of editorial appreciation of the matter of Mr. Moon's address and the man- ner in which it was delivered was both un- usual and remarkable, but it was more than justified in every respect. It was a capital effort in its every feature, and contributed to overcome much of the op- position that had developed against the meas- ure and convert some of its most pronounced opponents into its warmest and most earnest supporters. Mr. Moon, the author of these bills, was l)orn in Burlington County, New Jersey, July 22, 1847, and is representative of one of the oldest families in the State of Pennsylvania. The first American ancestors of the family came over with William Penn and settled in l^enn Manor, in the Keystone State. The de- scendants of those pioneers in the infant col- ony occupied many important positions and were always recognized among the foremost, l)est trusted, and most highly esteemed leaders. ( )ne of the earliest judges of the State for in- stance was' John Moon, direct aiicester of the subject of this sketch, while Reul^en O. Moon's father. Aaron ^loon. A\as one of the most suc- cessful teachers in the State of New Jersey. ]\Ir. Moon was educated under his father's instruction and later attended a college in Penns}-lvania. from which he graduated with high honors in 1874. Later he taught school and subsequentl}- Ijecame professor in the Na- tional School of Elocution and Oratory in Philadelphia. Here he l)ecame widely known as an eloquent pul^lic lecturer, and his repu- tation in this respect spread all over the United States. Applying himself closely and zeal- ouslv to the study of law. he was admitted to the Bar in 1884. In a comparatively short time he was recog- nized as one of the most brilliant and success- ful lawyers in the Quaker City, and with the growth and extent of a high reputation came the corresponding increase in his practice. In 1886 he was admitted to practice in the Su- ])reme Courts of the State and four years later to the United States Courts. In 1903 Mr. Moon, who is a Republican in politics, was elected Representative to Con- gress from the Fourth District of Pennsyl- vania, and was re-elected to the Fifty-ninth and Sixtieth Congresses, when he retired. During his Congressional career, which was an active one from the start, Mr. Moon was made chairman of the important committee on the Revision of Laws and a leading member of the Judiciary Committee and was author of more constructive legal legislation than any other man within fifty years. Mr. Moon is attorney for many large cor- porations and his fame as a lawyer, lecturer and after-dinner speaker is nation-wide. He was, at one time, president of the well-known Columbia Club, and is a prominent member of the Union League of Philadelphia, of the Lawyer's Club, of the Penn Club, of the His- torical Society and of several other organiza- tions. He was married in 1876 to Mary Predmore, of Barnegat. N. J., and has two children, a son, Harold P., a graduate of the Law School of the University of Pennsylvania, and a well known member of the Junior Bar of the city, and a daughter. Mallei M., who is the wife of Clar- ence A. Musselman, a i)r()minent l)usiness man of Philadelphia. Mr. Moon's residence address is the Belle- vue-Stratford Hotel, Philadelphia, and his office address 405 Pennsylvania Building, Philadelphia. ^HEODORE F. MILLER, of the firm of Stead-Miller, manufacturer of upholstery fabrics, was born in Philadelphia, September 15, 1849. and is the son of George W. Miller and Hester Miller, nee Brown. Ele was edu- cated in the public schools of the city and in 1875 began his active business career by creat- THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA TtiT) ing- the hrm of wliich he is now secretary and the puljlic schools of his native citv and at the treasurer. He is also connected, as its presi- I"-piscoi)al Academy, dent, with the Star and Crescent Company, manufacturers of Turkish towels and bath mats, and is a director of the Eighth National Bank and of the Central Trust and Savings C()mi)any. A Repul)lican in politics and in re- ligion a Methodist. Mr. Miller is a member of the Union League, Philadelphia, and of the Manufacturers' Club, and is also associated with St. Christopher's Hospital for Children and the Children's Homeopathic Hospital. He was married to TTla F. Davis, l)ut has no chil- dren. Mr. Miller's town residence is 5128 North Broad Street and his business address Foin-th and Cambria Streets. CVMUEL FREDERICK HOUSTON, bank- er, Philadelphia, was born in Germantown. Philadelphia, August 30, 1866, and is son of Henry H. and Sallic S. (PxmneH) Houston. He was educated in the public schools and in 1887 graduated from the University of Penn- sylvania with the Degree of Bachelor of Phil- osophy. He is vice-president and director Real Estate Trust Company ; treasurer and director Railway Motor Car Corjjoration ; Midland Pennsylvania Railroad Company ; director Third National Bank ; Trust Company of North America ; Nelson Valve Company ; Sus- quehanna Railway, Light and Power Com- pany, and Literstate Railwavs. lie is also a member of the American Academv of Political and Social Science ; trustee University of Pennsylvania, and member Standing Commit- tee of Diocese of Pennsylvania. His Clubs are the Rittenhouse, University, Philadelphia Cricket, Corinthian Yacht of Philadelphia, New York Yacht, Cumlx-rland. of Portland, Maine. Residence, "Druim Moir." Chestnut Hill. Office. Real Estate Trust Company, Philadelphia. ^HOMAS K. OBER, JR., was born in Phila- delphia, May 7, 1876, and was the son of Thomas K. Ober and Margaretta Ober, nee Collins. He received his primary education in THOMAS K. OBER, JR. Later he entered the Unixcrsit}' of Pennsyl- \ania from which he graduated with honors. Air. Ober was formerly president of the di- rectors of -Vbington School District and is ncnv [^resident and director of the Nassau .Mills Corporation, and of the Independence Fire In- surance Security Company. He is \icc-presi(lent and director of the United Firemen's Insurance Comi)anv. and director of the Peoi)les' National h^ire Insur- ance Company, and of the St. Lam-ence Securi- ties Com])any. A Rei>ublican in politics, he ran for Congress in 1912, on the Washington party ticket in the I'.ighth District. l)ut was defeated. He belongs to no political associations and holds member- shi]) in no professional, technical or other societies. 576 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA lie is, however, an acti\e nieinljer of the Masonic fraternit}-. l)eing affiliated with Friendship Lodge, Xo. 400, of Jenkintown, and also of the Dickens h'ellowshi]). J I is onlv clubs are tlie Union League and the Uni- versity, both of Philadelphia. Mr. ( )ber was married in 1903 to l^lla Grier liansell. l)y whom he has' two children. His home address is Noble, Pa., and his l)usiness address 1730 Land Title Puilding. Philadel- ])hia. p^AKKY U API^RLh:, widely known hosiery manufacturer and general manager and vice-i:)resident of llarr}- C. A1)erle and Ccnu- pany, also treasurer and general manager of the Fidelity Knitting Mills, was born in Phila- del])hia, Ai)ril 7, 1S76. Young Aberle was educated in the public schools and later graduated from Peirce Col- lege, where he took a course in bookkeeping. and from the Philadelphia Textile School, where he took a course in chemistry. At fifteen years of age he l)egan his start in life and in the business which his energy, zeal and industrial enterprise have placed in the forefront of the industrial enterprises of Phila- delphia, ddiis start was made with the Brown Aberle Company, in \\hich his father was partner. Mr. Aberle served energetically and well in every dejiartment of the business, but at the age of twenty-four severed his connec- tion with the tirm. His father and he then started the Harry C. Aberle and Company, which is today probably the finest and most modern hosiery plant in the country. \\\ June, 1915, Mr. Aberle was urged to ac- cept the management of the Brown Aberle Company, which he did. In February, 1916, the name of the IJrown Aberle Company was changed to the Fidelity Knitting Mills, but it remained and continued to remain under the efficient management of Mr. Aberle, wdio is also its treasurer. Mr. Aberle is also secretary and a director in the Angola Dyeing Company, and is treasurer of the Philadelphia Full Fash- ioned Hosier}' Manufacturers' Association. He is a Ke]jublican in i)olitics, but he has never held jjolitical or other iniblic office, but is an honorary major of the ( )ld Guard of Philadelphia. He is also a member of the Friendship Lodge, F. and A. AI., of Jenkintown, where he resides, and he holds memberships in the Academy of the Fine Arts and the Philadel- ])hia Textile .Schocd .Alunuii, aufl is a director of the Ninth National IJank. He is a life member of the Manufacturers' Club and his other clubs are the White Marsh Valley Country Club and ,the Old York Road Country Club. His home address is 'AVhite Hall," Lenox Road, Jenkintown, Pa., and his business ad- dress Clearfield and A Streets. THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 511 pREDERlCK C. AP.ERLE, pioneer among tlie full-fashioned hosiery manufacturers in the United States, was ]:)orn August 4, 1846, in the Black Forest region of Germany. He came to the United States in 1866 and became a citi- zen of this Country in 1868. In 1888 he fur- nished the capital to start in the hosiery busi- ness with Thomas E. llrown, William jirown and llenr_\- l')ro\\-n. under the lirm nanif of r>rt»wn Iirothers' and Aberle. This I'lrm was later incorporated under the title of The l-irown Aberle Comi)any. and in 1916 the title was chansTcd to Eidelitx" Knitting Mills. FRb:DERICK C. ABERLE In 1900 Mr. F. C. Aberle and his son. Harry C, started the Harry C. Aberle and Company, also manufacturing hosiery. Mr. F. C. Aberle is president of this company and they own and operate the plant at Clearfield, Lippincott and A Streets, which is the most wonderfully built and equipped plant in the country. Mr. E. C. Aberle, in addition to being presi- dent of the Harry C. Aberle and Company, is vice-president of the Angola Dyeing Company and a director in the Hancock Knitting Mills and the Tioga Paper Rox Company and all of these companies have emanated from the orig- inal I'rown Abcrlf C"ompany. At the age of s'e\enty-two he is daily actixely engaged in his business. With him are associated his three sons, Harry C. Aberle, vice-president and general manager; Gustave C. Aberle, treasurer, and ( leorge V. Aberle, secretary. Mr. Al)erle senior is proud to acknowledge that the latter two junior members of the con- cern are at present serving the colors in h^rance. Gustave C. Aberle is a corporal in the 104th Ammunition Train. Twenty-ninth Di- \ision, and (ieorge F. Aberle is a First Lieu- tenant in Company F of the 313th Regiment Infantry. Se\enty-ninth Division, and came through the gruelling tight of the Seventy- ninth at ]^Iont Faucon unscathed. Mr F. Aberle resides at 261 High Street, Liermantown. YYIFLIA^I H. KREID1-:R, member of the Civil Service Commission of Philadelphia, is one of the best known and most prominent mcml)ers of the Quaker City Bar. Admitted to practice at that Bar in 1899 he went rapidly ahead from the start and shortly after becaine associated with John C. Grady in an extensi\-e and lucrative practice. During the adminis- tration of ^layor Weaver he was that gentle- man's private counsel and then and since then held many important civic offices. \\ hile his law business, as a rule was along the line of general practice, he devoted his attention and abilities largely to civil and corporation cases and was general counsel for the Birmingham, Columbus and St. Andrew's railroad and sub- sequently counsel to the receiver appointed by the courts to take charge of the property of tliat corporation. In every case with which he was identified he exhibited remarkable legal ability and resourcefulness and today he is 578 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA generally regarded as one of the foremost of the legal profession in Philadelphia, a profes- sion that enjoys a special reputation and an unique distinction throughout the United States. Mr. Kreider was born in Annville, Pennsyl- vania, August 19. 1874. and is the son of Henry H. and Mary A. (Hoverter) Kreider. After re- ceiving his elementary education in the public schools, he entered Lebanon College from which, after a brilliant course, he graduated in 1894. with the degree of Bachelor of Arts. The following year he was given the degree of Master or Arts by this institution and then entered Yale University. His course there was' a repetition and elaboration of the excel- lent work he had done at Lebanon College. He was chairman of his class and chairman of the i)icture committee and when, in 1896, he graduated with the enviable degree of Bach- elor of Laws to his credit, there left the great and historic universit}- one of the ablest and at the same time one of the most popular men which that institution has produced, in its lat- ter day annals, at least. After his graduation proper he completed a post graduate course and was awarded the degree of Master of Law^s. This was in 1897, and immediately after he was admitted to the Bar of Connecticut. But home influences appealed to him strongly and changed the current of his life. He left the Nutmeg State for the Keystone, and being admitted to the Bar of Philadelphia settled down to practice in that city. That practice, to repeat, was a singular success from the first. Apart from his legal knowledge, which is ex- tensive and erudite, and of his experience in the varied and often complicated cases with which he has had to deal, and the more com- plicate and intricate they were the more wel- come they were to him, he possessed, and still possesses, the charm of a magnetic per- sonality. As a result he made hosts of friends, and as a natural consequence also, his clients grew^ apace. In politics, to wdiich he devoted him- self with the utmost earnestness', he soon be- came a leading figure and sincere admirer and friend of the late Senator Matthew Stanley Quay, and he followed the fortunes of that vet- eran warhorse of Republicanism with fidelity and devotion, and was one of the most trusted and esteemed leaders of the party which ''the man from Beaver" controlled. Mr. Kreider's Republicanism, like Quay's, was of the pro- nounced and stalwart type, which admitted no compromise with principle, and which saw in the G. O. P. only the elements of political progress and all the essentials thereof. From 1905 to 1907 Mr. Kreider w^as a mem- ber of the Common Council of Philadelphia. He was a member of the finance committee and was also chairman of the Fourth of July celebration committee. While in Councils he was identified with many projects of public importance and was invariably an earnest ad- vocate of anything designed for the material benefit of the city or calculated to conserve or promote her interests. In 1907 he was ap- pointed Civil Service Commissioner and Sec- retary of the Commission by Mayor Weaver and held the position until December 6, 1911, when he resigned. He then applied himself solely to his law practice, but on January 8, 1916, Mayor Smith insisted that he resume his position on the Commission, as both a member and as Secretary, wdiich he did. It goes without saying that Mr. Kreider's life is a busy one, yet he actively and promi- nently identifies himself with many societies and clubs. He is a member of University Lodge, No. 610, Free and Accepted Masons ; of University Chapter, No. 256, R. A. M. ; of Philadelphia Commandery, No. 2, Knights of Pythias; of Lu Lu Temple, A. A. O. N. M. S.; of Loyal Order of Moose, Lodge No. 3 ; of Moosheart Legion of the World, Legion No. 3, and of the Book and Gavel Society of Yale University. His clubs are the Union Repub- lican Club, of Philadelphia, and the Old Guard of the Young Republicans. Philadelphia. His residence address is 5003 Walnut Street, Phila- delphia, and his office address 416 Pennsyl- vania Building and 875 City Hall. Philadel- phia. THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 579 yyiLLlAiM J. AIULllOLLAXD, steel and iron broker. Philadelphia, was born in .\ll)any. New York, his jiarents beint;;- James and JIannah (Sullivan) ]\Iulholland. lie was educated in the ])ublic schools of All)an}- and later g-raduated. with honors, from the Iliij'h School in that city. His first start in his life career was made in 1902 when, as junior eng-ineer he became em- ployed in the erection of the Capitol building, his particular work being- supervision of the building of the roofs and stairways of that imposing- structure. ]\Ir. Mulholland, apart from his business of broker, was the purchasing agent in Philadel- phia of the American Railways Company, a position of large responsibilities and one de- manding a large share of tact, judgment, busi- ness knowledge and ability and initiative. In each of these attributes he excels to a high degree and his work is much and justly appreciated by those with whom he is asso- ciated. In addition to this he is an extensive dealer in railway equipment and supplies, and is di- rect representative of many large concerns producing steel work and castings. Some of these had extensive government contracts dur- ing the war with Germany and in each in- stance afiforded the highest satisfaction. Mr. Mulholland is president of the Com- mercial Equipment Company of Philadelphia. He belongs to no scientific or other organiza- tions or fraternities, and the Overbrook Golf Club is the only social organization with which he is connected. In politics" he is an Independent and in re- ligion a Roman Catholic. He was married in Philadelphia April 1, 1901, to ]\Iary Allen Corson, and has one daughter. His recreations are golfing and gardening, and to each he devotes a good deal of his leis- ure time. His residence address is Narberth, Pa., and his business address 515 Commercial Trust Building, Philadelphia. JOHN HKNRY MAURER TT may be laid down as a general rule that to become a successful lawyer one needs training, ambition, ability, a love of his pro- fession and the confidence (jf his clients. All these essentials to such success are represented in John Henry Maurer, one of the best known and popular and most esteemed members of the Philadelphia bar. Born in Philadelphia on October 1, 1870, he was the son of Adam Maurer and Mrs. Sophia Frederika ]\Iaurer, nee Kratz. His earlier education was acquired in the elementary schools of his native city, and later he had the benefit of tuition of wider scope in the schools of Frankfort-on-the-Main, Germany. Return- ing to Philadelphia he resumed his studies at Lauderback's Academy, 10 Chestnut Street, and then entered the University of Pennsyl- vania, in the college class of 1891. Two years later he joined the law class, and in 1893 grad- uated with the highest honors, having to his credit the enviable degree of Bachelor of Law. 580 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA Immediately after graduation he was ad- mitted to the County of Philadelphia bar and started his law practice. Later he was ad- mitted member of the bar of the Superior Court of Pennsylvania, and on January 3, 1898, was' admitted to practice in the State Supreme Court. With his reputation as a sound and conscientious lawyer extending, and with it his practice, he was admitted in 1903 to practice in the District Court. Circuit Court of Appeal of the United States for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, and in Deceml)er, 1915, received the distinction of admission to the bar of the Supreme Court at Washington. Mr. Maurer held many offices of public trust, and in each discharged the incidental duties with credit to himself and advantage to the public. He is now Assistant District Attor- ney, to Avhich position he was appointed in 1907, and as such is doing excellent work in the conservation of law and order. Previous to his appointment he served as Assistant City Solicitor from January, 1899, to December, 1906, and prior to the incumbency of that important office was school director for four years in the Fifth Ward of Philadelphia. Mr. Maurer has also an enviable military record. As a member of Company C, First Regiment of the National Guard of Pennsyl- vania, he served in the Spanish-American Ws-v of 1898, did duty in the state coal strike of 1902 and resigned later as Captain of his company. ]\Ir. Maurer, who is a Republican in poli- tics, and in religion a Lutheran, is a member of the Dickens Fellowship and the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. He is a life member of Lodge 444, Free and Accepted Masons, of Philadelphia, No. 169, and the St. Albans Com- mandery No. 47, Knights Templar of Penn- sylvania, and is now a Thirty-second Degree F. & A. M. He is also a member of Lu Lu Temple, A. A. O. N. M. S. His only clubs are the Union League and the Thomas D. Fin- letter Republican Club of the Fifth Ward. Mr. -Maurer was married in 1916 to Agnes R. Moore. His residence is 320 South Fourth Street, Philadelphia, and his business address 526-529 Stephen Cjirard Building, Philadelphia. WILLIAM S. DULIN(; ASSOCIATED with Philadelphia for close (in to fift}- years, the tirm o( Laird. Scho- l^er and Comi)any stands prominently forth amongst the leading commercial and industrial institutions of the city. ]^\)unded in 1869 it has kept pace with all the progress and de- velopment of j)erfected shoemaking in Phila- delphia, or for that matter in the entire United States, and has long since established a repu- tation that is nation-wide in its scope. One of the active members of this firm is William S. Duling. Born in Philadelphia, November 28, 1854, he was educated in the j)ublic schools. At an early age he began his life career as clerk in a dry goods jobbing house but in a short time quit this employment to associate himself and his fortunes with the more promising field of manufacturing inter- ests. He became designer for the shoe manu- THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 581 facturing lirni of Laird, Schobcr and Mitchell in 1875. and from that date his association with thr firm and business never ceased. When Mr. Dulin^ entered the firm it had just oro-an- ized for actixe entr\- into the manufacture of high-grade shoes for women. in this direc- tion there was ample field for the exercise of the young designer's best efforts and for the development of his latent ability. Both re- sponded to the call. For nineteen long and strenuous years he "did his l)it" efficiently, persistently and well, and the result was a large increase in the business of the firm. But in all that time Mr. Duling was not con- fined to the duties of designer. As the years glided by he was promoted to other and higher positions — each one of more responsibility and of greater trust — until, at length, the culmina- ting reward, in the shape of a partnership, came in 1894. As a result of this partnership, the name of the firm was changed to Laird, Schober and Company, the other members of the firm being Samuel S. Laird, founder of the business; John L. Laird, and (leorge P. Schober. Previous to the organization of the firm as Laird, Schober and Mitchell in 1875, the trade established by Samuel S. Laird was confined almost exclusively to the State of Pennsyl- vania and the nearby western territory. After reorganization, however, the concern began the manufacture of a superior grade of women's hand-sewn welt shoes and hand-sewn turns. The excellence of the products of the firm now brought a largely increased trade in which all sections of the United States were covered and included. After Mr. IXiling's en- trance into partnership the outi)Ut of the Inisi- ness still further increased and ex])anded, so much so, in fact, that more spacious factory premises became imperative and as a result extensive buildings at Nineteenth and Button- wood Streets, Philadelphia, were secured. Here the old and well recognized policy of the firm in producing only goods of the highest possible standard and type w^as continued, and today the trade of the firm of Laird, Schober and Company is world-wide. Mr. Duling, to whom the expansion and maintenance of such an enormous business is largely due, and who has been connected with the business for practically all his life, is a meml)er of the Cnion League of Philadelphia, of the Executive Committee of the National Boot and Shoe Manufacturers' Association of the L^nited States, and of the I-^xecutive Com- mittee of the Philadelphia Boot and Shoe Manufacturers' Association. Lie is keenly interested in the civic life and material prog- ress of his native city and is always an earnest and lil)eral su]iporter of any and every move- ment designed for the progress and advance- ment of the Quaker Citw of which he is so justly proud. T ST. C, l':()l\CiE jr)YCE was born Januar\^ .\ 1846. His father was Patrick Joyce, son of James Joyce, Esq., of Drimharsna Castle, Countv (ialway, Ireland, and his mother, Isa- bella \L St. ( ieorge, daughter of Arthur French St. George, J. P.. and I). L., of 'JArone House, County Galway. and of the Lady Harriet Emily St. Lawrence, daughter of the Earl of Howth. Sir Robert St. Lawrence, fifteenth baron, who was Lord Chancellor of Ireland, in 148.\ mar- ried Joan, second daughter of the Duke of Som- erset, and by this marriage. Lord Howth's de- scendants derived direct descent from King lulward 111 of England, and thus are inheritors of the blood royal. The Joyce family settled in the west of Ireland in the Thirteenth Cen- tury and acciuired a vast tract of country, known as "Joyce Country." on the borders of the Counties of Galway and Mayo. The JM-enches, Mr. Joyce's maternal ancestors, trace their origin in Ireland to Sir Maximilian l*"french. who came over with the Norman in- vaders in the Twelfth Century. In the latter l)art of the l-:igliteenth Century the representa- tive of the family at Tyrtme House married the daughter of Lord St. George and adopted the name of St. (ieorge. Mr. lovce was educated in private schools and in the National School of his home town of 582 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA Kinvara, County Galway, and later graduated from the grammar school of Erasmus Smith, Galway. He acquired a great part of his news- paper training in Ireland, his experience car- rying him through many history-making events in that country. A personal friend of the noted leaders in the agitation for Home Rule Avhen the movement was in its infancy, he was one of its most vigorous champions. Mr. Joyce joined the Gahvay Express, a weekly newspaper, in Galway, Ireland, as re- porter, in 1867. After a short time he became attached, as sub-editor and reporter to the Galway Vindicator, then one of the oldest newspapers in Ireland. After many years with the Vindicator he established the Galivay Press, the first Home Rule paper founded in Ireland. Owing to the fact that the present-day enthusiasm for Home Rule was lacking in those days, the Press was a financial failure. Mr. Joyce then iK'came editor of the Glare Journal. During his period in this office there occurred the famous elec- tion in the borough of luinis, when Charles Stewart Parnell's first candidacy for Parlia- ment was returned l)y the narrow majority of six. Mr. Joyce contributed largely to this re- sult, as he was then, and until the death of Parnell, the latter's intimate friend. From the Glare Journal Mr. Joyce went to Birr, King's County, to start and edit the Mid- land Tribune, the first, and then the only, na- tionalist organ in the midlands of Ireland. Mr. Joyce subsequently became editor of th.e Lcinstcr Leader, but left after a few years, when the ownership of the paper changed hands. He then came to Philadeli)hia, where he became attached to the Times, and contin- ued on its stafif as reporter, assistant city editor, news editor, foreign editor, and editorial writer until the i)aper ceased, when he joined the Ledger staff. Then, after a few years as foreign editor of The North Ajuerican, he re- turned to the Public Ledger, on which paper he still remains. Mr. Joyce is an authority upon the subject of European, and especially Irish and English, politics and economics. He has been a prolific writer upon these and kindred subjects, and has acquired an enviable reputation as a writer of contemporary Irish verse. He is also author of "Ireland's Story," a "History of King's County" (Ireland), and other works on Irish topics. ERANlv 11. \\i(,T( )N DITUMINOUS coal mining is one of the greatest industries of the State of Pennsyl- vania. Its yearly output is far above 82,- 000,000 tons, and the value of such output is something like $200,000,000. As a conse- quence, some of the leading men of the state are associated with it, for the field of enter- prise and energy which it has opened up, and which is continuously expanding, is as large as it is important. Among the prominent men identified with this vast industry is Frank Hines Wigton, the subject of this sketch. Ever since 1878 he has been engaged in bituminous coal mining in Central Pennsylvania, and today has had more THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA :)83 experience of the l)iisiness and more intimate knowledge of its every detail than prohably any other man in Philadelphia, where his tirm represents one of the largest, one of the best kiujwn and one of the most progressive, in its line, in the city. Coal mining came to ^Nlr. \\ igton l)y inheritance and in the natural order of things, llis father, Richard llenscjn Wigton, wlio was born in Chester C'ounty, Pennsylvania, in 1818, was one of the pioneers in the mining of bituminous coal in the central regions of his native state. This was in 18()1, and he continued prominently and actively associated with the industry until his death in 1895. In early life he was engaged in the manufacture of iron, but quit this business to devote all his time and energies to coal min- ing, in wdiich he was as successful as he was prominent. Richard Benson \\'igton's wife, mother of the subject of this sketch, was, before her mar- riage, Aliss Eleanor Hamil. Her family was once most prominent and most popular in Maryland, l)Ut her immediate ancestors re- moved to Pluntingdon County, Pa., where they settled upon an extensive tract of land west of the Susquehanna River. Here they built the first blast furnace ever seen in the United States, and it was here, by a rather strange coincidence, that Richard P.enson \\'igton located his blast factory in 1855. Frank Hines Wigton was born in tlunting- don County, Pennsylvania, March 17, 1857. He received the elements of his education in the i)ublic schools of his natal town, and later attended Lauderbach's Academy, then one of the leading and best-known scholastic institu- tions in Philadelphia. After the usual course here he entered Princeton University, from wdiich. after a most creditable course, he grad- uated in 1877, with the degree of Bachelor of Arts. The following year, as already indi- cated, he entered the coal business, in wdiich he has ever since been, and in wdiich he has attained a reputation for fair dealing, enter- prise, resourcefulness and a high order of gen- eral ability. He is, in every sense of the w^ord. a thorough business man, and the various in- terests with which he is associated bear, in their standing, reputation and progress, the l)est possible evidence of his judgment, enter- prise and zeal. Mr. \\'igt(-)n is now president of the Morans- dale Coal Company, of the Moransdale Supply Company and of the Aurora Coal Company, is vice president of the Miller Coal Company and is a director of the Carbon Transportation Company. He is an active member of St. Andrew's Society and the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, and also holds membership in the Pennsylvania Society of New York. He is a member of the Union League of Philadel- phia, the Merion Cricket Club of Philadelphia, the Undine Barge Club of Philadelphia and the Princeton Club. ~Slr. Wigton is a Republican in politics, and in religion is a Lutheran. He never aspired to political office, but is regarded as a good and useful citizen, to whom the best interests of the City of Philadelphia are most dear. He was married in Philadelphia, in 1888, to Mary Louisa Wilson, and has two sons, Robert Wil- son and Edward Newton Wigton. His resi- dence address is School Lane, Germantow-n, Philadelphia, and his of^ce address. Broad and Chestnut Streets', Philadel])hia. pHARLES MORTON CHh:SNUT, well- known luml)er merchant and president and general manager of the Yellow Pine Company of Philadelphia, enjoys the distinction of hav- ing made the corporation of wdiich he is now the head, and with wdiich he has been asso- ciated since its establishment, one of the most prosperous' and successful of its kind both in the Quaker City and in the Eastern States of America. This achievement was attained, in the first instance, by complete knowdedge of every possible detail of the lumber business, and in the next by strict attention to business, absolute probity and the ever present desire and incentive to supply the best material, and under conditions the most advantageous to the patrons of his company. Such a program, well 584 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA and faithfully adhered to, was a guarantee and a promise of inevitable success, and such suc- cess is now and has long been the fruition of J\Ir. Chesnut's persistent endeavors. CHARLES MORTON CHESNUT j\Ir. Chesnut was born in Rensselaer, Indi- ana, April 5, 1867. His father was Ca|)tain Thomas ( ). Chesnut, and his mother, who hailed from New England, was, before her marriage, Martha Briggs. He received his primary education in the })ul)lic schools of his native town, and later attended Columbia City high school, in the Hoosier State, from which he graduated with honors. After leaving the high school he de- cided to learn the trade of carjienter. and spent his apprenticeship at this trade in his native State. In 1888, just after he had reached his ma- jority, he removed to Wilmington, Delaware, entering the employ of the George W. Bush and Son's Company, which then operated the largest wholesale yellow pine lumber yard in the east. Here he remained for six years, familiarizing himself with every detail of the business and accjuiring the broad knowledge and varied experience so useful to him in after life. He made a special study of the grading and inspection of yellow pine and when the company ceased to do business in 1894 and he was forced to seek employment elsewhere, he had learned all about the business in its every essential. Such a valuable man as Mr. Chesnut was then reputed to be, and in point of fact was, could not possibly have been long unemployed, so his services were immediately sought by the AA'illiam M. Lloyd Company, of Philadelphia, with which firm he became connected in a clerical capacity. After a short time at this work, in which he supplemented his practical experience by equally valuable experience in another direction, he was given the onerous and responsible position of superintendent of the company's extensive yellow pine wharves. In 1900 he left the employment of the Lloyd firm and became associated with Emlen Hewes. Shortly after this association the Yel- low Line Company of Philadelphia was estab- lished, with George Warner president and Em- len Hewes vice-president and general man- ager. Later Mr. Chesnut succeeded Mr. Hewes in that i)osition and, when Mr. Warner died in 1916, he succeeded to the presidency of the firm, also undertaking the exacting duties of general manager. These positions he now holds, and to the admirable and energetic dis- charge of their incidental duties is due the present success of the undertaking and the promise of even greater and more substantial prosperity in the future. Besides being president of the Yellow Pine Company, Mr. Chesnut is also a director of the Tenth National Bank of Philadelphia. He is a former president of the Lumbermen's Ex- change of Philadelphia and also a director of the Retail Lumber Dealers' Association. He is a past master of Colonial Lodge, F. and A. M., and the only clubs with which he is con- nected are the City Club and the Engineers' THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA n.s.-i Club of Philadelphia. While residing in Sharon Hill, Pa., he was president of the Board of Education from 1910 until 1914, and is now- Senior Warden of Christ Episcopal Church, Ridley Park, where he now lives, and represen- tative to the general convention of the Diocese of Pennsylvania. He was married in ( )ld Swedes Church. Wilmington, Del., June 1, 1897, to Sara Far- rington Jones, member of a well known and highly esteemed family in ^Maryland, and has four children : Dorothy Farrington, Thomas Frederick, Myra Francis and Cecilia Morton. Mr. Chesnut, who is a stalwart Republican, lives in Ridley F^ark, Delaware County. I'a., and his business address is Pennsylvania Building, Philadelphia. TA^IES STARR, president of the Collieries' Supply and EquiiMuent Company, of Phila- delphia, and intimately associated with other in- dustrial and commercial enterprises, was l)orn in Philadelphia April 5, 1870, and is the son of lames and Mary (lunlrn) Starr. Me received his elementary education in the public schools and later attended the Germantown .\cademy. Grad- uating from this institution, he was sent to com- ])lete his education to St. Paul's School, at Con- cord. New Hampshire, and later entered the Uni- Ncrsity of Pennsylvania, whence he graduated with the degree of Bachelor of Science In 1892 Mr. Starr began his successful business career as managing clerk to the Landon Iron Company. Here he remained for about three years, gaining a vast amount of experience, and in 1895 became associated as salesman with Ma- deira, Hill and Comjxany. For about three years he discharged the duties incidental to a resi)on- sible and exacting position with faithfulness, energy and aliilitv and to the entire satisfaction of the firm. In 1908, however, he resigned the position to accept the more lucrative one of secretary to the Collieries' Sui)ply and ]M|uii)ment Company, of which he is now the honored and responsible head. After six years' service as secretary of this corporation he was elected its president and director, a fact which sjieaks trumpet-tongued of his ability, as it proclaims in e(|ually emphatic terms the estimation in which he was held, and which esteem and confidence l)ecome the more accentuated as his management of a most important and a steadily growing cor- poration develops itself. Since his election to the commanding position of president. ^Ir. Starr has devoted all the resources of his exceptional ability and vast and varied business experience to the development of the firm along the most modern and most progressive lines, and in this direction his success has been as marked and emphatic as it has been gratifying to the interests he has undertaken to conserve and promote. I besides being president and director of the Collieries' Su]ij:)ly and Equipment Company, Mr. Starr is secretary and director of the Hygrade I'owder Company and vice president and director of the Quaker Leatherette Company, so that he is essentially a busy man, along with being a most successful one. Mr. Starr has also a notable military record to his credit. He was a private in Companv D. First Infantry, National Guard of Pennsvlvania. from 1893 to 1896. in which 586 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA latter year he became a private in the historic First Troop of Philadelphia City Cavalry. In 1903 he was promoted to corporal and the year following was appointed sergeant. He continued with the Troop, at this rank, until 1898, when, in the war with Spain, he enlisted in the First Troop, United States Volunteers, and saw serv- ice in Porto Rico. In May, 1918, he was appoint- ed captain of Troop A, Pennsylvania Reserve Militia, and in December of that year was pro- moted to major and brigade adjutant, a position which he still holds. Mr. Starr is a Repul)lican in politics and in religion is an Episcopalian. He is keenly and sympathetically interested in every movement for the advancement of his native city, but has never held or aspired to political office. He is a member of the Zoological Society of Philadelphia and of the Phi Kappa Sigma Fraternity, and his clubs are the Philadelphia, the University, the Germantown Cricket, the Mask and Wig. He is also a member of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion. Fishing and rifle shooting are his chief recreations, and in each he is regarded as an expert. Mr. Starr was married in Germantown on r)ctober 15, 1901, to Sarah Logan Wister, and they have one child, Sarah Logan Starr, born June 13, 1903. Mr. Starr's residence address is Olney avenue, below Wister, Germantown, Phila- delphia, and his Inisiness address is 14 North bifth street, Philadelphia. S. DAVIS PAGE THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 58, FRANCIS T. CHAMBERS A CKNOWLEDGED as one of the best au- thorities on patent law in the United States, Francis T. Chambers, one of the leading law- yers of Philadelphia, enjoys a national reputa- tion in this fertile field of legal application and endeavor. Patent law has been ahke a study and attraction for him ever since his admission to the l)ar; he is absolutely expert in all its ramifica- tions and as a consecjuence has been conspicu- ously associated with some of the most impor- tant cases on record in which the ownership of patent rights in this country were involved. Mr. Chambers was born in Cincinnati, ( )hio, March 3, 1S55, and is the son of Francis 1". and Elizabeth Lea ( Febiger) Oiambers. He was edu- cated in the West Chester Academy. West Ches- ter, Pennsylvania, from which he entered Yale University. Here he remained the full course and graduated with the degree of Bachelor of Science. He next entered the Law School of the Universitv of Pennsylvania, and after a bril- liant course graduated with the enviable degree of Doctor of Laws. While in the University of Pennsylvania he also studied law in the office of William Henry Kawle, where he readily be- came thoroughly coiiversant with all the practical details of the jjrofession. After his graduation he became associated in i)ractice of the i)atent L'lw with the late (ieorge Harding, the partner- shi]) lasting for ten years, or until LSHS. Since then Mr. Chamljers practices in all the Federal Courts throughout the United States, where his reputation and fame as a i)atent law expert are unquestionably recognized :uid as widely sought lor and appreciated. Mr. Chambers holds menilicrship in the riiila- (lelphia. Rittenhouse, Racquet, Philadelphia Country, Automobile and City Clubs of Phila- delphia and also in the Huntingdon Valley Coun- try and Penllyn Clubs. He is a Progressive Re- publican in politics, in which he is not actively interested, and his religion is Protestant F.pis- copal. He was married in West Cliester. Pa., June 12, 1890, to Nanette Schuyler Bolton and has three children: Francis T., junior; Katherine and Christine Febiger. His residence address in 1530 Pine street, Philadelphia, and in summer, Penllyn, Pa., and his office address, 712 Walnut street, Philadelphia. PRANK A. HOPPE, manufacturer of rifle cleaning compounds, was born in Philadel- phia, May 15. 1869. He attended the public schools of this city and, in 1882. while still a boy, began his business career with William Waterall. paint manufacturer, with whom he remained for five years. He then became asso- ciated with Achenbach & Miller, taking charge of their jiaint department, in which position he remained for twenty years. During this time Mr. Hoppe was a member of the National Cuard of Pennsylvania. When there arose a difficulty over cleaning a new type of high-power rifle the Covernment had adopted. Mr. Hoppe became interested in the prol)lem and after much experimenting discovered a chemical compound which thoroughly cleaned and pre- served firearms of every kind, and he called his discovery Nitro Powder Solvent, No. 9. It is the 588 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA first compound of its character that has been endorsed by nearly every miHtary authority and is the only one that satisfactorily removes burnt FRANK A. HOPPE powder from high-powered rifles. Mr. Hoppe started in business for himself, putting his clean- ing compound on the market. There was a great demand for it and the business grew until the l)roduct became universally known and used. Mr. Ho|)pe is a life member of Melita Lodge No. 295, F. and A. M. ; Kadosh Commandery, Knights Templar; Lu Lu Temple. A. A. (J. M. N. S., and also of Lu Lu Patrol. He is alsO' a mem- ber of the Philadelijhia Cbainber of Commerce : the Philadelphia Rifle Club ; the New Jersey State Rifle Association ; the Philadelphia Tall Cedar of Lebanon. Forest No. 10, and the Pen and Pencil Club. He is treasurer of the Penn- sylvania State Rifle Association and of the Harry Davis Republican Club of the Thirty-eighth Ward. In 1901 Mr. Hoppe married Mary A. Bell, of Philadelphia. They had two children, only one of whom is now living, Frank C. Hoppe. Mr. Hoppe's military record dates back to his youth. He enlisted as a private in Company D, .Second Regiment, National Guard of Pennsyl- \ania. June 28, 1887. He re-enlisted in Company E, November 10. 1896, and was promoted to the rank of sergeant June 26 the following year. He served in the Spanish-American War and received his honorable discharge at the end of that conflict, being mustered out October 17. 1898. He then enlisted again as a private in Com- pany E, Second Regiment, and was promoted to the rank of sergeant in October. 1899. In 1900 he was elected Second Lieutenant and September 25 of the same year was elected First Lieutenant and July 11. 1903, he was elected Captain. He retired as Captain. N. G. P.. in 1916. He served as Battalion Adjutant. Sixth Regiment, from December 15. 1903 to 1910. Mr. Hoppe was also a memljer of the Executive Committee of the Home Defense Reserve and was Captain, com- manding Company E. Fourth division. Mr. Hoppe resides at 1917 Somerset Street. Phila- delphia, and his business address is 2314 North Eighth Street. THOMAS KEDWARD A NNOUNCEMENT recently of the retire- ment from active business of Thomas Ked- ward. president of the W'illiam Kedward Dye- ing Company, and sale of the big plant at Cedar and Caml)ria Streets, where the business has been conducted for many years, influenced genuine regret in textile circles, where Mr. Kedward was well known. The Ijusiness is being continued at the old location, however, under its original firm name. It was established in 1872. 11iomas Kedward is the son of W'illiam Ked- ward, founder of the firm. The original plant of the firm was a small one and was opened on the same site on which the present building is located. Lender W'illinm Kedward's direction the busi- ness jirospered from the start. Mr. Kedward became a prominent figure in Kensington textile circles. Many of tlie most prominent mill owners in the district were among the firm's customers. Its high quality of dyeing, bleaching and beam- THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 589 iiig. especially of cotton warps and skein yarns, attracted general attention and the business grew rapidly. THOMAS KEDWARD Several times additions had to be made to the plant to take care of increased business and soon the firm becan.e one of the best known in the P^hiladel]:)hia mill district. Thomas Kedward followed the footsteps of his father at the plant, which he entered when a boy. He quickly developed a thorough knowl- edge of every branch of the business and when the elder Mr. Kedward died the son succeeded him, becoming head of the firm. Under his supervision the business prospered materially, and until his recent retirement from active asso- ciation with the company and the subsequent sale of the plant he was continually at the helm di- recting the Ijusiness. During the war with Germany this firm was awarded some large orders from important Gov- ernment ccjntractors, each of which was executed to the fullest satisfaction of those who placed the contracts. In fact, the ])atriolism of the com- ])any and its dcNotion to all the material interests of riiiladelphia were a feature of its manage- ment in this trying period, when there were many incenti\es to profiteer. .\11 their dealings with the \arious Govern- ment contractors from whom they had orders were based on the same fair, square and e(|uit- al)le ]:)rinci])les U])on which their business with other firms and the general trade is conducted. (irowth of the plant followed extension of its business to various lines of trade. Mr. Thomas Kedward early became known to virturdly every textile manufacturer in this section and the Com- pany's business extended to virtually all branches of the textile industry. While Mr. Kedward has given up active par- ticipation in the Company's business he has re- tained many of his outside business interests and still maintains an office in the center of the city. His son William, named for his grandfather, is associated with a large lumber manufacturing coni|)any here. HON. WILLIAM I. SCHAFFIiR np( ) Attorney General W illiam I. Schafi'er, of the State of Pennsyhania, there fell, during the brief si)ace of about two months, the most conspicuous honors the practitioner of law can receive. He was elected president of the Tenn- svlvania State Bar Association v.-ithin a short time before (iovernor Sproul had announced that Mr. Schaffer was to be Attorney General in the new gubernatorial cabinet. It is significant, despite these unusual honors, that Mr. Schafi'er never took a course in a law school nor was he included even in the roster of any high school graduation list. Financial neces- sity forced him to quit school before his time and earn a living. The story of his climb from the bottom of the ranks to success, in si)ite of these handicaps, is unusually interesting. Attorney (ieneral Schafifer is a "people's man." He likes to say he's just a plain country lawyer. His law office is in Chester — a typical country 590 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA lawyer's sanctum — bright and well-ordered. l)ut plain and businesslike. HON. WILLIAM L SCHAFFER Mr. Schaffer was born in Clermantown. fifty- two years ago. His parents soon after moved to Chester, and he's been there ever since. He went through the public schools of Chester, selling newspapers outside of school hours to i)rocur the money it was necessary for him to earn. He served the newspapers which (iovernor Sproul was later to own. He was fifteen years old and in his second year in high school when financial necessity won the battle against education and he had to gel out and earn his daily bread. He got a job as office boy in the office of Judge Dickinson, of the L^nited States District Court. Later he became a clerk in a Chester store. A few months after this he obtained a position in the office of Judge William E. Broomall, which seemed to ofifer an opportunity for advancement. This was in 1882, when he was sixteen years old. Ever since he left high school he had been devoting his evenings to hard study. For two years Mr. ."^chafir'er went to the home of the principal of the .school and studied with him. principally Latin and mathematics. Stenography then came into general use and Mr. Schafifer saw a chance to increase his income. He studied it at night and soon became an expert. Later he became judge Broomall's stenographer and did consider- able court work. Mr. Schafi'er wanted to be a doctor. But he could not find the opportunity to get the neces- sary course in a medical school. He was also on the point of going to Minneapolis to take a steno- graphical expert's position with a big railroad. But several of the friends of his own age announced that they were going to take their preliminary examinations for the bar. This con- sists ]-)rincipally of subjects in the English l)ranches. Schafi'er wondered whether he could make a good showing alongside the boys who bad finished their high school courses. He got the sample examination papers. "I believe I could pass that examination," he told Judge Broomall. "Cio ahead," advised his employer. So he did. and it made him a lawyer. He w^as then seventeen years old. He w^as admitted to the bar as soon as the law allowed, which was on his twenty-first birthday. After becoming a lawyer he was made Judge Broomall's first assistant and stayed in the office about ten years. During this time he made his first venture into politics, during the biggest political fight ever staged in Delaware County. He took up the cause of "Jack" Robinson, who was running for State Senator in opposition to the dominant Cooper machine, whose candidate was Jesse M. Baker. Robinson was elected. This was in 1880 As a result of the showing he made in that cam- paign the young lawyer was elected a delegate from Delaware to the gubernatorial convention of 1890. Here he made a speech seconding Hast- ings, who received the nomination. Robinson got control of the Delaware Comity organization and Mr. SchafTer was elected chair- THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA b')\ man of the Couniy Coinniitlcc. in which tjl'tlcc \vj served two terms. This was a period of con- stant political hattk's. Robinson made a si)ec- tacular and successful li^ht for Congress, and it was proposed that Mr. Schaffer succeed him in the State Senate. Captain I'.aker. the opposition candidate, offered to withdraw if Mr. Schaffer were made the candidate of the Robinson forces. But Mr. Schaffer took thought and added a cubit to his stature. He decided that he wanted to be a lawyer and not an offfcer-holder. He at that time decided on the policy he has always since adhered to. not to engage in any political activity that would divorce him from the prac- tice of the law. He announced that he would not be a candidate for Senator, but would next year be a candidate for District Attorney of the county. He was elected to that office in 1893 and served two terms. At the end of that time he declined renomination. The same year he was married. Mrs. Schaff'er was from Towanda, so that the family is 100 per cent. Pennsylvanian. During his six years as District Attorney he tried 4000 criminal cases. He had no Assistant District Attorney and it was a matter of standing up in court and trying one case after another until he was finished. Among the luost notable cases his name was associated with during that time were the Short- lidge homicide and the Brown and Delaney murder cases. After his terms as District Attorney, he settled down to a general law practice in Delaware County. By that time he had made his reputa- tion and since then he has been on one side or the other of every big case in the county for twenty years. He has actually spent the largest part of his working life at the trial table. His debut in this capacity was made about 1890 in the famous Chester firebug case. Three prominent men of Chester, two of them descendants of signers of the Declaration of Independence, were accused of having set fire to fourteen buildings for the excitement it would cause. He was of counsel for defense and made the closing argutnent. The men were acquitted. .Xnother well-known case was the Robinson will case, which involved a contest of the will of Congressman Robini^ion's mother involving half a million. Schaffer represented the interests of his former political associate. He also de- fended the Sun Oil Comjjany in a series of nuisance cases brought against it, the trial devel- oping precedents important to industrial litiga- tion. He was of the defense in the Capitol graft prosecutions and took an imi)ortant part in the trial. He was counsel for the defendant in the famous Bullitt lunacy case, which attracted State- wide notice because of the prominence of the parties involved, and counsel for the defense in the Bituminous Coal Trust cases. He has had many important lawyers as clients, an index of a man's standing in his own profes- sion. |ohn (i. Johnson was one of these and justice Simpson another. He also is correspond- ent for the law firm of Justice Simpson and the present Attorney General. Francis Shunk Brown. He and Brown are old friends, the first inti- macy having sjjrung up during yachting days on the Delaware. During the present stupendous growth of the Delaware County district dtie to war enterprises, the new Attorney Ceneral has represented every important war industry in the field. C. HARRY JOHNSON miLLIAM PITT (son (^f the greater Will- iam Pitt, Earl of Chatham), who became premier of England when only twenty-four years of age, was once twitted upon his youth in the British House of Commons. To this he made reply that he was not responsible for his age and, furthermore, that if there were any objections to it that objection would most as- suredly become the lesser every day. In point of fact, he pleaded guilty to the somewhat il- logical charge of being a young man, but urged that he \vould get over the defect, if it were such, as he grew older. There are hundreds of men to whom the same absurd objection applies, and whose de- fense can be precisely that of the famous Eng- 592 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA lish statesman, who emphasized that defense by becoming the recognized head of a world- wide empire and government at an age when the great majority of men are but u])on the threshold of life. C. HARRY JOHNSON C. Harry Johnson is among the men who, like Pitt, can plead guilty to the charge of youth and claim success with it. Mr. Johnson, who is a real estate broker doing business at 1420 Chestnut Street, Philadeli)hia, was born m that city on December 17, 1892. His father, Edward S. Johnson, was a leading member of the medical profession, while his mother, nee Mary R. Goess, was of a family well known and as highly esteemed in the city. Mr. Johnson was educated in the pul^lic schools and entered the business in which he is now so sviccessfully engaged on September 27, 1911. Every detail of that business was rendered familiar to and mastered by him in the school of practical experience and what he does not know of the intricacies and all the many-sided aspects of real estate brokerage is simply not worth knowing. There is always a close affinity between real estate and the Ruilding and Loan Associations of which Philadelphia is so justly proud and with many such associations Mr. Johnson is prominently and intimately connected. He is secretary of three — the Popular, the Prepared- ness and the Seventh Street and Columbia Avenue — while towards two — the Hunting Park and the Clearfield — his relationship is that of conveyancer. In each of these his per- sonal integrity, his invarial)le square dealing and his thorough knowledge of business are well known, and highly appreciated Mr. Johnson is affiliated with no professional or technical societies, but is a member of Richard Vaux Lodge, No. 384, F. and A. M. His clubs are the Pitman Masonic and the Associated Alumni of the Central High School of Philadelphia, and he is also a member of the Philadelphia Real Estate Board. He is an active member of the Bethlehem Presbyterian Church Broad and Diamond Streets, Phila- d-.dphia ; is assistant superintendent of the Sab- bath School, and is also an active member of the Usher's Association connected with the church. Mr. Johnson was married in 1914 to Made- line Evelyn Quick, and has one daughter, Mary \\\ Johnson. His private address is 3639 North Twenty-first Street, Tioga. Philadelphia, and his business address 1420 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. CHARLES J. WEBB npH AT the wool trade of Philadelphia is one of its foremost industries and represents todav one of the most important resources of its vast wealth is due largely to the efforts and t^ie l)rogressiveness of such men as Charles J. Webb, head of the firm of Charles J. Webb & Company. This company is one of the largest wool houses in this country and is known wherever wool is used. Charles J. Webb is one of the most conspicu- ous fissures in the wool trade in America. His THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 593 business is one of the most successful and enter- prising in riiiladelphia. It was due in i:;reat measure to Air. Wel)l)'s efforts that the nation- wide "more sheep more wool" eampaij^ni was started and is flourishing- with the object of increasin,^" maleriallv this country's wool pro- duction. CHARLES J. WEBB Although a native of Delaware — Mr. Webb was born in W'ilmington, July 31, 18'.^8 — he has spent most of his life in Pennsylvania, having come to Philadelphia in 1873. He is the son of James L. Webb, who was a prominent tanner and leather merchant of his day in England, and Susan R. Webb. Following attendance at public schools in Wil- mington, Burlington and Beverly, N. J., Mr. Webb took his first job in Burlington, where he became a grocery clerk. Burlington was "too small" for the energetic young Webb and he came to Philadelphia for conquest in broader business fields. He took a job with the wool house of James G. Kitchen. Young Webb was quick to learn the business, which he mastered from the bottom rung upwards, lie rapidly advanced to a sales- manship and later, through hard work and un- usual persistence, became a member of the firm. Then he decided to branch out for himself. Mis in(k])endenl venture was an instant suc- cess. As head of the firm of Charles J. Webb & Company, he handled an extensive business and soon won for himself a rejuitation tor rare dis- cernment and a strict integrity that commanded attention in the business world. Today the tirm is one of the largest in the world devoted to the handling of wool. Recently it purchased ground for a big warehouse in Dela- ware Avenue that is estimated will cost nearly $1,0CX),000 for construction. Associated with Mr. \\'el)b in this enterprise are Edwin Webb and Andrew S. Webb, his sons, and John S. Whill- den. Mr. Webl) is thoroughly imlnied with the idea that Philadelphia is destined to attain a remark- able growth as a trade center, particularly in the wool industry. Tn consequence, he is continually active in promoting the city's best interests, in- dustrially and otherwise, and figures prominently not alone as one of Philadelphia's leading mer- chants, but as one of its most progressive and enter])rising citizens. He is a member of the Union League and other prominent clul)S of Philadelphia and for years has been an ardent yachtsman. Lie was one of the most active workers in the Liberty Loan campaigns, and during the war aided the govern- ment materially in conserving its great wool sup- plies. In a word. Mr. Webb is TIIF. wool man of Philadelphia. He was married in 1883 to Miss Katie S. Spangler. They have three children— all boys. VjICHAEL ERANCIS DOYLE enjoys, or at least should enjoy and appreciate, the dis- tinction of being one of the best known members of the junior bar of Philadelphia, and of having the largest practice. Progressive in even/thing, and a leader rather than a follower in every movement with which he associates himself, 594 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA aggression seems to be his natural, or perhaps racial, characteristic, and in this respect he is as unique and picturesque as he is generally suc- cessful. His fighting qualities, whether within the sphere of his profession or in the mad whijl of politics, are fully recognized by the public, and their unlimited exercise, whenever they are called into play, has, no doubt, contributed in a large measure to his great success as a lawyer. Clients, as well as the public at large, like a lawyer who will fight, and Michael Francis Doyle is just the man to do this. Mr. Doyle was born in Philadelphia and edu- cated in her public schools. When nineteen years of age he entered the Law School of the Univer- sity of Pennsylvania, winning the prize scholar- ship. After an exceptionally brilliant course he graduated in 1897, bearing off the enviable degree of Doctor of Laws, and also securing a special scholarship. For two years after his graduation he pursued a post-graduate course in law and then became a law student in the office of the late Honorable William F. Harrity, Secretary of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania under the gov- ernorship of Hon. Robert E. Pattison. At the age of tv>'enty-three Mr. Doyle's aggres- sive qualities and remarkable ability were already publicly recognized, and as a tribute to them he was nominated to Congress by the Democrats of the First Congressional District, and was. perhaps, the youngest man that ever ran for the lower house of the national Legislature. His defeat by General Bingham, the Congressional incumljcnt and a veteran in politics, was a fore- gone conclusion, yet notwithstanding his inevi- table defeat he was renominated in 1900. His fight in this campaign was a memorably aggres- sive one, but victory could not possibly have been secured. Mr. Doyle was again oft'ered the nomination in 1902, l)ut declined. While yet in his teens, Mr. Doyle was closely and actively identified with politics. At eighteen he was named as representative on the Citizens' Permanent Relief Committee, and a year later was secretary of the awardal of Gray's Ferry bridge movement. He has been a delegate to the city. State and national conventions of the Democratic party, and has been closely and ac- tively associated with every public or other move- ment for the improvement of South Philadelphia. He was a member of the committee that secured the dry dock for League Island Navy Yard ; drew up ordinances for the Broad Street Boulevard and was for a time president of the South Phila- phia Business Men's Association. One of his most notable achievements was his winning the fight for the Arsenal seamstresses against the contractors, in which he secured the intervention of President Roosevelt and a nation-wide celeb- rity. He also secured for the employes of the navy yards of the United States their Saturday half-holiday and was active in obtaining the pass- j.ge of the Employers' Liability Act in Congress. Mr. Doyle was selected as special American counsel for Sir Roger Casement, the L-ish agi- tator who was convifcted in England of partici- pation in a plot to effect a landing of German troops in Ireland in 1916. In this connection he worked almost incessantly to secure a pardon foi Casement, but his efforts were fruitless. He has been for many years active in Catholic aff'airs and was well known to and highly esteemed Ijy the late Archbishops Ryan and Prendergast, as well as l)y the Cardinal Archbishop of Baltimore and other leading members of the Catholic hierarchy. F. A. TAYLOR PHILADELPHIA is one of the greatest coal markets in the country. It is probably the most important distributing points for shipments to the New England and Southern States. It is a conspicuous figure also in exports to the lead- ing foreign countries doing an import coal trade. Conspicuous among the miners and shippers of bituminous and gas coal is F. A. Taylor, sec- retary and director of the Maryland Coal & Coke Company, with offices in the Stephen Girard Building. His company is among the most promi- nent in the soft-coal business in Pennsylvania. It makes a specialty of bunkering over all piers. In addition, it operates mines in Clearfield County, Pennsylvania ; Mineral County, West Virginia ; Fayette County, West Virginia, and Wyoming Countv. West A^irginia. THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 595 Mr. Taylor is one of the most conspicuous fij,^- ures in the industry, and operates branch offices in New York, Baltimore, Osceola Mills, Pa., and Newport News, Va. Twenty-five counties in Pennsylvania alone produce hituminous coal. Of the 450,000,000 tons l)roduced each year in the United States, 175,- 000.000 tons are taken from Pennsylvania mines. Hie greater part of the remaining- tonnage is pro- duced in West \^irginia. SAMUEL K. FELTON, Jr. Vice PrRvSident QUAKER CITY MOROCCO COMPANY 596 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA THOMAS DEVLIN President THOMAS DEVLIN MFG. CO. THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 597 HARRY W. CHAMPION President NEWTON MACHINE TOOL WORKS, Inc. 598 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA L. H. SWIND THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 599 CORNELIUS HAGGARTY, Jr. Attorney 600 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA THEODORE C. SEARCH THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 601 W. T. GAILEY Jr. Secretary and General Manager ABHRFOYLK MFG. COMPANY CF^ESTKR, PA. 602 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA CHARLES P. VAUGHAN Vice President CHAMBER OF COMMERCE THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 603 ARTHUR JUDSON Philadelphia Orchestra 604 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA EDMOND B. ROBERTS Vice President HENRY DISSTON & SONS, Inc. Keystone Saw, Tool, Steel and File Works PHILADELPHIA, U. S. A. THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 605 FRANK B. BLACK 606 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA E. J. LAVINO THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 607 E. A. GILLINDER 608 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA SAMUEL BELL Jr. THE STORY OT PHILADELPHIA 609 GEORGE F. HARVEY President THE NATIONAL DRUG COMPANY 610 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA WILLIAM I^. FRAY, Deceased FORMERLY FiRST ViCE PRESIDENT JOHN B. STETSON CO. THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 611 JOSEPH PICKARD 612 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA F. A. TRAVASCIO THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 613 JOHN MAWSON MAWSON HAIRCLOTH COMPANY 614 THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA I'ERRY E. 1-5EAM pi<:RRY E. lUilAM, well known in motor traffic circles, was born in the State of Kan- sas. January 21, l.SSO. His father was Charles A. Beam and his mother, Ijefore her marria.«^e, was Sarah A. Shields, both of whom were mem- bers of families well known in the Sunflower State. Mr. Beam during his boyhood attended the public schools of his natal town and gradu- ated from high school at Onamosa, Iowa. It was his aml)ition to have a successful business career, so he entered business college at Quincy, 111., from which he graduated with honors. Mr. Beam's first venture in commerce was in the produce business, in which he engaged in 1901. when he was twenty-one years old. remain- ing in this business for four years. On leaving the produce business Mr. Beam became asso- ciated with Swift & Co. and for two years was manager of a branch of this organization at Waterloo. Icwa. lie later l)ecame president and manager of a corporation engaged in a similar business to that of Swift & Co.. located at Water- loo. The next scene of Mr. Beam's business operations was at Seattle, Wash., where he became j)resident and manager of the Cocheco Eumber Company, one of the largest companies in the lumber industry in the Northwest. In 1909 he moved again, this time going to Portland. (Jre.. where he acquired his first experience in the motor transportation business as general manager of the Auto Delivery Company. He went to San Erancisco in 1911 and again engaged in transportation, this time as president and general manager of the Motor Truck Haul- ing Company, which operated in San Francisco. Los Angeles and Southern California, and which was poj^ularly known as the Auto Delivery Com- pany. Under Mr. Beam's management this com- pany was successful from the beginning and, through his tireless efi:'orts and well-directed enterprise, secured and fulfilled' many important contracts in construction work across the Mojave Desert and in the mountain regions of California. Mr. Beam next transferred the scene of his labors to the East. He came to Philadelphia, where he engaged in the motor truck business as jjresident and general manager of the Beam- Eletcher Corporation in 1916, remaining with this corporation until its dissolution. He subse- quently organized Beam's Own Freight Service, which is doing a prosperous business in Phila- delphia. Mr. Beam is a member of the Engineers' Club as well as the traffic clubs of Philadelphia. He is an ardent lover of golf and is a member of the North Hills Golf Club. He was married in Rock Island, 111., in 1901, to Eliza A. Kinner, and has one child, Marjorie J. He lives at Wood Norton Apartments, Germantown, Philadelphia, and his business address is Thirty-first and Master Streets. DELAWARE RIVER DISCHARGING COMPANY PHILADELPHIA is fast becoming one of the greatest commercial ports of the world. Following the great war there l)egan at once a big re\ival destined to place this port in the front rank of American cities controlling the foreign and domestic commerce of the Atlantic seaboard. There are in the port of Philadelphia greater facilities for the handling of freight and cargo shipments than those of any port in the coun- try except, possibly, New York. The advan- tage Philadelphia has over New York is' the absence here of lighterage necessities. Freight from all parts of the country destined for for- eign or coastwise shipment is loaded directly from the piers to the vessel destined to carr}- it overseas. There is no cartage from the docks down-stream to the big cargo-carrying vessels. Handling methcjds here have been adopted in various parts of the world l^ecause of their efficiency. Among the firms in this section that make a specialty of loading and unload- ing vessels is the Delaware River Discharging Company, with headquarters along the Cam- den side of the Delaware River. The operat- ing head of the firm is Philip R. Wilson, a brother of Rear Admiral W^ilson, who made an enviable reputation during the war while in THE STORY OF PHILADELPHIA 615 Mrectiiig tlie movement of transports en and munitions' to the war zone, (jf the compan_\- covers an ex- tc eas^'e along- the ri\er front. It is weh ..ipped with cargo-handling apj)aratus and its volume ui business is such, during the big revival of the after-the-war trade, that its facilities have been taxed to take care of the increasing cargo arrivals and departures. Location of the plant in Camden eliminates the possibilities of congestion, so apparent along the Philadelphia side of the Delaware River because of the great mass of freight piled up on the wharves awaiting shipment abroad and awaiting unloading from vessels. The Delaware River Discharging Company is well equipped to handle incoming and outbound cargoes. Its equipment comprises the very latest apparatus, among which are floating der- ricks and hoists that pick up the cargoes from the docks or vessels and transfer them elec- trically. Identitied with the firm are some of the best known freight handling experts in this section and under their personal direction the firm has been successfully engaged in an extensive business which has since become one of the big commercial assets of the "Greater Cam- den" area. CHAMBERS BROTHERS /^Xh] of the well known manufacturing [)lants that contributed largely to the success of the United States in its prosecution of the war against Germany was the Chambers Brothers' Company, manufacturers of paper folding and feeding, and clay working machinery, at Fifty- second and Media Streets, Philadelphia. This organization, which never has been out of the hands of the Chambers family, was founded in 1858 by Edwin and Cyrus Cham- bers, brothers. The first plant was located on the top floors of a building at Seventh and Cherry Streets, now occupied by the Sherman Printing House. The success of the business seemed to be forecast from its start for, w'ith the growth of trade, the partners soon were obliged to seek larger quarters. These were found at Thirty-second and Chestnut Streets. The expansion of their service still continued, and in 1870 it again became necessary to find another location for the puri)ose of enlarging the plant. Grcnmd was purchased and plans drawn for the erection of the buildings in which the conq)any is at present located. At the commencement of business at Sev- enth and Cherry Streets the concern for sev- eral years devoted its efi'orts' exclusively to the manufacture of i)apcr folding machinery. In 1864 the manufacture of brick machinery was added. Since that time the construction of those two classes of work has been the firm's specialty. Following the declaration of war, almost 80 per cent of the company's output was ordnance for the go\-ernment through sub- contracts. The plant employs 1()0 men. In 1888 the business was incorporated under the laws of Pennsylvania, and Cyrus Cham- bers, the founder, was elected president. All of the stock is held by members of the Chain- I)ers family. Cyrus Chambers died in 1911 and J. H. Chambers, a nephew, became head of the busi- ness. S. B. Chaml)ers is treasurer. In addition to their machine shop, the com- ])any also operates its own iron foundrv and |)atternmaking (le])artment. pERCIVAL W. R0]]1-:RTS was born in Philadelphia, September 15, 1857. and is son of Percival and Eleanor (\\'illiamson") Roberts. He graduated from lla\erford Col- lege, with the Degree of Bachelor of Arts, in 1876, and took a post graduate course in the University of Pennsylvania. He is a former president of A. & P. Roberts & Company; a member of the I-'.xecutive Committee of the United States Steel Cor]-)oration, and a director Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Philadelphia National I'lank. Land Title & Trust Company, and Union Improvement Company. He is also a member American Society of Civil Engineers, American Institute of Mining Engineers, and American Society of Mechanical Engineers. He was married Novemljer 11, 1885, to Gess}e A\'olcott Forthingham. Residence, Narberth, Pa. Olifice, 717 Arcade Building, Philadelphia. 616 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX PAGE Abbott, Edwin M 536 Aberle, Frederick C 577 Aberle, Harry C 576 Allman, Herbert D 552 Altemus, Lemuel C 519 Ambler, Charles A 496 Andrews, Avery De Lano 415 Ayer, Francis Wayland 390 Baily, Frederick L 529 Baker, Franklin, Jr 444 Ballinger, Walter F 414 Barba, W. P 548 Barnes, F. Ellis 539 Bateman, William H. S 483 Bates, William Ely 566 Beahm, Robert B 494 Beam, Perry E 614 Beates, Dr. Henry, Jr 495 Beeber, Dimner 404 Bell, John C 398 Bell, Samuel, Jr 567 Bennett, Claude F 408 Black, Frank B 605 BocHMANN, Charles F 537 Bodine, Samuel T 358 Bongaardt, John H 518 Borden, John Bean 525 Borgner, Cyrus 471 Brewster, Francis Enoch 380 Brown, A. F 433 Brown, Walter P 557 Bunn, William M 395 Burnham, George, Jr Zll Burpee, Washington A 560 Burtner, Clair P 514 B utton, Con yers 409 Cadwalader, John 410 Carstairs, James 558 Cattell, Charles E 559 Chambers Brothers 615 Chambers, Francis T 587 Champion. Harry \V 597 Chandler, Frederick T 438 Chandler, Percy M 432 Chesnut, Charles M 583 Clark, Edward W 424 Clark, Louis P 555 Collins, Charles H 558 Cooper, William E 486 Cortright, Henry K 429 Cox, Walter 427 CuYLER, Thomas De Witt 381 Davis. C. C 556 Delaware River Discharging Co 614 Devereux, Washington 500 Devlin, Thomas 596 Dice, Agnew T 508 Doran, Joseph 1 389 Doyle, Michavl Francis 593 Drew, Dr. Ira Walton 488 Drexel, George W. Childs 7)11 Driscoll, James C 522 Duling, William S 580 Dyer, John Thomas 567 Earle, George H 425 Emsley, John W 569 Englander, Samuel 452 Etherington, Burton 534 Eynon, Thomas M 405 Fabiani, Dr. Vincent J 451 Felton, Samuel K., Jr 595 Ferguson, William B. S 447 Fifer, Frank P 490 FisLER, John 568 Flaherty, James A 456 foekderer, robert h 478 Imiley, John 521 l'"oLWELL, Nathan T 389 Fox, Charles Edwin 401 Francis, Isaac H 458 Fray, William F 610 French, Howard B 411 Friedman N, Lionel 504 Friedrichs, Auguste H 519 Gailey. W. T., Jr 601 Gang, Martin Rea 394 Geary, John W 396 Gebauer, Julius A 466 GiLLINIlER, E. A 607 Gribbel, John 455 Grubnau, C.\rl a. B 485 Gum mey, Hon. Charles 506 Haggerty, Cornelius, Jr 599 Hagman, William, J 497 Hallowell, Maurice O'B 491 Ham mond, Andrew F 538 Harrison, Charles Custis ilTt Harvey, George F 609 H.A.TFIELD, Henry Reed 422 Hatfield, Dr. Nathan 423 Henry, William B 382 Herrick, Cheesman a 457 HoHLFELD, Herman L 378 HoppE, Frank A 587 Houston, Samuel F 575 HuLTON, James, Sr 403 Humphreys, Clarence C 526 Hunter, Rudolph M 554 Irvin, Elihu C 396 J.^cKsoN, I. Irvix 507 Jackson, Joseph T 510 Jenkins, E. W 545 Johnson, Alba B 361 Johnson, Geor(;e Knowles 366 Johnson, C. Harry 591 Jones, Dr. Charles J 540 Joyce, J. St. George • . . 581 JUDSON, Arthl'r 603 Kedward, Thom.\s 588 Kent, A. Atwater ■ . . . 417 Kent, William C 501 Kenworthy, Joseph W 393 Kershaw, Charles H 564 Kniskern, Lewis T 541 KOCHERSBERGER, GeORGE H 565 Kreider, William H 577 Larzelere, Harold B 553 Lavino, E. J 606 Lees, William H 528 Lehman, Robert B 469 Lewis, John F 571 Lewis, Samuel N 530 LiLLiE, Lewis 514 Ltppincott, George A 511 /;/( x'.RAPiiiCAL /A'n/-:x r.l7 PAGE Lii'PixcGTT, William A., Jr 544 LoNC.STKhTIl, WlLLLVM Al 512 MacDade. Albert D 502 M AcnoNALn, Francis J 559 ]\1ackev, Harry A 472 MacLaughlix, Joseph 461 Madeira, i.ouis C '^'y Maneelv. Fraxcis J 557 MaRCLRUM, WlLI.LVM 1' 484 Marklanu, George 1... JR 416 Martin, Stanley M 528 ^Marshall, E. E 480 Mason, Sidney ■^-'^ Mather, Charles E 44.? Mati ACK, Samuel R "'21 Maur''R, John H 579 Mawson, John 61-5 McAllistir, James R ^62 McFadden, John Howakd 383 McGowiN, Andrew C 426 McManus, Patricious 435 McNichol, James P 473 M'Devitt, John J., Jr 515 Mendenhall, Earl 516 Michell, Frederic k J 420 Michell, Henry F 418 Miller, Theodore F 574 Moon, Reuben O ^^^2 Mconey, James A 5ol AIooRE, William G 448' M( rgan, Ranpali 3'^0 JvloRRis, Effingham B ^1^7 MuLHoi LAND, W. J ■;;79 Mull, J. Harry -"'13 Nelson, Edwin K 492 Nicholson, William R 365 Ncrmoyle, Daniel J 499 Ober, Thomas K., Jr 57d Packard, Charles Stuart W 360 Page, Louis K 54S Page, S. Davis 5C6 Parvin, Joseph H 545 Passmore, Lincoln K 391 Patterson, Judge John M ^''J^ Pearson. Enoch W "^17 Peirce, George 404 Peirce, Thomas May 459 Pennock, David S 410 Perot, T. Morris, Jr 370 Pickard, Joseph 61 1 Porter, Charles A., Jr Sll Pofter, George D 431 Pott: R, William 38o Prizi r LL\rry a 453 PuBi icker Harry 464 Radfcrd. Robert 44-i Reese, Harry D 532 Reeves, Francis Brewster 376 Remak, Gustavus, Jr 476 Richards, J. F"rnest 450 Ric-G, John Adam 363 Roberts, Edmond B 545 Roberts, Pfrcival W 615 Robey, Joshua T 551 Robinson, Charles T 419 Robinson. Richard 11. M 421 Robinson, \\ . W 455 PACE Rom b: rgi r, 11. .A 442 RoTiiiRMLL, p. F., Jr 374 I."^ADTLhR, Sam ULL 1' 434 Search, Theodore 600 Schaffer, Hon. W. 1 589 ScHELL, Charles S 493 Schmidt, Edward A 470 ScH M IDT, George 545 SCHUMACKER, LORRAINE, J 527 Schumaker, L. J 543 fiH iRLEY, Harold R 539 Short. David L 565 SiLVi RM AN, Isaac H 402 Simons, Laird H 446 SiNE.x, John Henry 523 Shallcrgss, Thomas, Jr 462 Smith, Dr. Edgar F 367 Snowden, John W 449 Snyder, W. Frederick 2i7i Sproul, Hon. Wili.ia.m C 354 Stager, St.\.nley R 430 Starr, I a m ks 585 Stfrn, Isadore 570 Stetson, G. Henry 399 Stetson, John B., Jr 397 Stctesbury, Edward T 371 Stull, George W 463 Sullivan, James F 392 Sulzeerger. Hon. MA^•IR 505 SwiND, L. H 598 Swope, Frederick E., Jr 519 Taylor, Frank H 562 Taylor. F. A 594 Tayi cr, H. Evan 563 Taylor, Harvey B 503 Thayer, Ri'ssfll Gexerai 440 Thomas, F. Foster 523 Tingley, John L. S 498 Tcrrence, John Macox 524 Tower, Charlemagxe 3&8 Town, Charles MacClellan 482 Travascio. F. a 612 Trigg, Ernest T 425 TuRNEY, John J 550 Turner, Frederick F 467 Yale, Ruby Ross 532 \'an Court, Howard M 477 Van Scivir, George D 572 Vaughax, Charles P 602 Veit, Emu 509 Wanamaker, Albert L 507 Wfbb, Charles J {;92 Wfber, Norton H 549 Wells, George L 481 W HEELER, Andrew 489 Whetstone, Walter 533 White, Edward. Jr 525 Whitney, Willard M 552 Why, Thomas 458 WiGTON, Fra.xk H 582 Wilson, Joseph R 406 WiL.sox. Thomas H., 1r 525 Wing, Asa Shove 369 ^^'oLF, Fdwi X 547 Wood, Morris 386 Wyxxe. Clarexce P -235 ^■|RKES, William C ^-^ H 94 80 PRESS OF REX PRINTING HOUSE 321-23 CHERRY ST.. PHILA. '0^ ■>. "> V t ^^^ ■0^ ^'::^^.\ : 'Nv.. '^^ t"^ C^ . '^ ^^ ^^•\-?.^ % *-»' A,0- '^ > ^ -^^^v V ■ « * • , ■'■*>-. r^v' , '^0^ ,0 ' .^ 5^^. <^'^, ,^^ .0^ r-'-'^ ^o ,0" "V. -0* •■ J^lik ^^^v ■ 0, • • ^. c '.^■^'^^^y °* • • • f ,/' 9 • > ' ■'/^■.. " " ■» -5, - ^^ V. , . *'■ -^ --j^js?.- /%. "-y/w" ^^' ^^ '-.m^,' j''"\ /% -.^».' /\ l^p; ,*^\ o " o -^ K^ 0"^*^ ^-^B^ /^o ^^>^^/ 0""%. 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