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GEORGIA: 
 
 A GUIDE TO 
 
 ITS CITIES, TOWNS, SCENERY, AND 
 RESOURCES. 
 
 WITH TABLES CONTAINING VALUABLE INFORMA- 
 TION FOR PERSONS DESIRING TO SETTLE 
 OR TO MAKE INVESTMENTS WITHIN 
 THE LIMITS OF THE STATE. 
 
 j! T. DERRY, 
 
 PROFESSOR OF ANCIENT LANGUAGES IN ACADEMY OF RICH- 
 MOND COUNTY, AND AUTHOR OF "A HISTORY 
 OF THE UNITED STATES." 
 
 WITH ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Nr. K/5 
 
 PHILADELPHIA: 
 
 J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO. 
 
 1878. 
 
r^'^i 
 
 Copyright, 1878, by J. B. LiPPiNCOTT & Co. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 FAGB 
 
 [ntroduction ■ 5 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 Historical Sketch of Georgia . . . • 
 
 CHAPTER IL 
 
 Atlanta and Northwest Georgia— The Western and Atlantic Road, 
 or the Kenesaw Route — Places of Historic Interest — Battles of 
 Atlanta, Kenesaw Mountain, Resaca, Ringgold, AUatoona, Rome, 
 and Chickamauga 3^ 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 The Air-Line Road and Northeast Georgia— Toccoa Falls— Tal- 
 lulah Falls— Nacoochee Valley 5^ 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 Augusta and Middle Georgia— The Georgia Railroad and Branches 
 — Revolutionary History of Augusta, etc 58 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 Macon, Columbus, and Western Georgia— Central Railroad and 
 Branches— Atlanta and West Point Railroad— Places of Interest 
 —Battles of Jonesborough, Griswoldville, Newnan— Affair at 
 West Point 73 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Savannah and the Georgia Coast— Incidents connected with Colo- 
 nial and Revolutionary History— Fort McAllister ... 87 
 
 3 
 
4 CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Southern Georgia — Atlantic and Gulf Railroad and Connections . loo 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 Education in Georgia 105 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 Religious Denominations in Georgia 113 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 Water- Power of Georgia 120 
 
 CHAPTER XL 
 
 Manufactures — Mineral Region — Iron-Furnaces — Character of the 
 Minerals — Height of Mountains 14S 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 Productions of Georgia 153 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 Climate and Health of Georgia 171 
 
INTRODUCTION, 
 
 Georgia, one of the original thirteen States of the 
 American Union, extends in latitude from 30° 21' to 35° 
 north, and in longitude from 80° 48' to 85° 40' west 
 (reckoning from Greenwich). Its extreme length from 
 north to south is three hundred and twenty miles, and its 
 greatest breadth from east to west is two hundred and 
 fifty-four miles. Its area is fifty-eight thousand square 
 miles, equal in size to England and Wales combined. 
 The surface is low and level on the coast, hilly in the 
 centre, and mountainous in the north and northwest. 
 Owing to the diversity of climate and soil, the produc- 
 tions are wonderful in variety. The famous Sea Island 
 cotton is raised on the islands along the coast, and cotton 
 is also the great staple of the central and southern por- 
 tions of the State. The rice-fields along the coast give a 
 bountiful yield, and in the south a considerable amount 
 of sugar is made. In all sections of Georgia corn is cul- 
 tivated with the greatest success, and through the central 
 and more northern sections all the grains common to the 
 more Northern States of the Union are produced. The 
 fruits embrace not only those usually found in the tem- 
 perate zone, but also many of those that belong to the 
 tropics. No country in the world can offer greater in- 
 ducements to the industrious immigrant seeking a pleasant 
 home where he may enjoy the privileges of churches, ex- 
 cellent schools, and good society. All these advantages 
 
6 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 may be enjoyed in all sections of the State, and are not 
 confined, as some writers of limited knowledge would 
 lead their readers to suppose, to the cities and the large 
 towns. 
 
 Agriculture has always been the chief employment of 
 the citizens of Georgia, and her magnificent railway 
 system affords ready access to the markets for the produce 
 of the planters. For many years past great attention has 
 been paid to manufactures, especially of coarse cotton 
 fabrics. It is the custom of many writers to represent 
 the people of the South as just beginning to wake up to 
 the necessity of diversified industry, while the truth is 
 that long before the War of Secession the people of the 
 South were engaging in manufacturing enterprises and in 
 the construction of extensive lines of railway. In these 
 things Georgia was, and is yet, the foremost of the 
 Southern States, and in many of her towns and villages 
 one may hear the busy hum of spindles and mark the 
 evidences of progressive industry. Manufactures are 
 encouraged by an act of the Legislature exempting all 
 enterprises of this sort from taxation for a period of ten 
 years. The lands in most parts of the State are good, 
 and even the so-called *^ worn-out lands" are, by proper 
 cultivation, made to produce abundant crops. The soil 
 is particularly rich in the valleys, in the lowlands, on the 
 coast, and on the adjacent islands. In the eastern part 
 of the State, and a little below the central portion, are 
 extensive forests, from which the best of lumber is ob- 
 tained. It is estimated that one-fifth of the lumber trade 
 of the Union is carried on through Savannah and the 
 other ports along the coast of Georgia. The sea-coast is 
 about one hundred miles in length. The ports are 
 Savannah, Darien, Brunswick, and St. Mary's. The 
 three latter are small towns, and are chiefly engaged in 
 
INTRODUCTION. y 
 
 the lumber trade. Savannah, though a city of only about 
 thirty thousand inhabitants, is, in the value of its ex- 
 ports, the third city of the Union. Augusta, on the 
 eastern side of the State, and Columbus, on the western 
 side, are great manufacturing centres. The manufactures 
 of Georgia are destined at no distant day to add greatly 
 to the prosperity and wealth of the State. Probably no 
 State possesses a greater number of splendid sites for mills 
 and factories, and the policy of the State government is, 
 as has already been mentioned, such as to foster in every 
 way enterprises of this sort. No State of the Union is 
 blessed with a greater variety of soil, climate, and pro- 
 ductions. Dr. George Little, the State Geologist, in his 
 report for 1875, says: ''Every fruit and cereal and 
 textile fibre useful to man can be cultivated in one por- 
 tion or another of the State. Every variety of climate 
 is afforded, as illustrated in my own experience during 
 the present month, when leaving one party on the southern 
 border sleeping in the open air on the islands of the Oke- 
 finokee, with oranges and bananas hanging in the gardens 
 on its borders, I joined in the same week another party 
 on the Cohutta mountains covered with snow; while in 
 passing through Atlanta, balmy breezes were blowing as 
 if it were spring-time." 
 
 Georgia is rich in minerals, metals, and building-stones. 
 
 The value of improved lands in Georgia varies from 
 fifty-one cents to fourteen dollars and forty-two cents per 
 acre, while the value of wild lands varies from eleven 
 cents to one dollar and seventeen cents per acre. 
 
GEORGIA: 
 
 ITS CITIES, TOWNS, SCENERY, AND 
 RESOURCES. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Historical Sketch of Georgia. 
 
 A CHARTER for the establishment of the colony of 
 Georgia was obtained from George II., King of England, 
 in June, 1732. At first it embraced a territory between 
 the Savannah and the Altamaha rivers, but its limits were 
 afterwards extended to the Mississippi River, so that 
 within its bounds were included not only the present 
 State of Georgia, but also most of what now constitutes 
 the States of Alabama and Mississippi. 
 
 The object of the founders of Georgia was to estab- 
 lish a barrier against the hostile encroachments of the 
 Spaniards on the Province of South Carolina, and at the 
 same time to provide a home for the poor of Great Britain, 
 and also to furnish a place of refuge for the Salzburgers, 
 and other persecuted sects on the Continent of Europe. 
 
 James Edward Oglethorpe was selected by the trustees 
 to take charge of the affairs of the new colony, and in 
 November, 1732, he set sail from England with one hun- 
 dred and sixteen emigrants. In January, 1733, after a 
 voyage of nearly two months, they arrived in the harbor 
 of Charleston, where they were received with the greatest 
 A* 9 
 
lo GEORGIA. 
 
 generosity by the Carolinians' and their governor, Robert 
 Johnson. The Carolinians furnished them with pro- 
 visions and stock, and also with vessels to convey addi- 
 tional supplies to the Savannah River. They also sent 
 along a company of soldiers to protect them against the 
 Indians until they could build houses and fortifications. 
 
 After leaving Charleston the new settlers went to Beau- 
 fort, in South Carolina. Here Oglethorpe left the party 
 and ascended the Savannah until he came to Yamacraw 
 Bluff, which spot he selected for his settlement. On the 
 ist of February the colonists arrived, and the first house 
 was commenced on the 9th. Oglethorpe called the new 
 town Savannah, from the name of the river on whose 
 banks it was situated. Tomochichi, chief of the Yama- 
 craws, a tribe of Indians who lived near by, immediately 
 sought an alliance with Oglethorpe, who made a treaty 
 with him. Oglethorpe also made treaties with the Creeks, 
 the Muscogees, and even with the Cherokees of the moun- 
 tains and the Choctaws on the borders of the Gulf of 
 Mexico. 
 
 In March, 1734, the colony was strengthened by the 
 arrival of seventy-eight Salzburgers from Germany, who 
 had been driven from their homes by the most terrible 
 persecutions (for in that day religious toleration was 
 almost unknown). They settled in a portion of Georgia 
 now known as Effingham County, at a place which they 
 called Ebenezer, or the " Stone of Help," in gratitude to 
 God for their final deliverance from all their enemies. 
 
 Oglethorpe also established settlements in other por- 
 tions of Georgia. A company of Scotch Highlanders 
 was located at Darien, a company of immigrants was 
 settled at Frederica, on St. Simon's Island, arid trading- 
 posts were established at Augusta. In February, 1736, 
 two hundred and twenty-seven immigrants came over to 
 
HISTORICAL SKETCH. II 
 
 Georgia, among whom were the celebrated founders of 
 Methodism, John and Charles Wesley, who came to 
 preach the gospel to the Indians, and also to the settlers. 
 In 1738 there came to Georgia another eminent minister, 
 afterwards celebrated in the great Methodist movement, 
 the Rev. George Whitefield, who resided in the colony- 
 several years, and during his stay founded the Orphan 
 House at Bethesda, a few miles from Savannah. 
 
 The Spaniards, who had established settlements in 
 Florida in 15 12, nearly one hundred years before the 
 first permanent English settlement at Jamestown, in Vir- 
 ginia, claimed the territory of Georgia as their own, and 
 regarded its colonization by the English as an intrusion 
 upon their rights. They, therefore, resolved to expel 
 the English from Georgia. In 1737, Oglethorpe, antici- 
 pating a war with Spain, went to England, where he 
 raised a regiment of six hundred men for the defence of 
 the colony. He was now appointed commander-in-chief 
 of all the militia forces of Georgia and South Carolina. 
 On the breaking out of the anticipated war in 1 739, Ogle- 
 thorpe invaded Florida, at that time a Spanish province, 
 at the head of two thousand men, consisting of his own 
 regiment and the rest Carolinians and friendly Indians. 
 The expedition, however, was a failure, and in 1742 the 
 Spaniards invaded Georgia with a land and naval force 
 of three thousand men. In this emergency Oglethorpe 
 was obliged to rely upon his own resources, for the Caro- 
 linians, provoked at his former failure, would give him 
 no assistance. Accordingly he prepared to make the 
 best possible defence with the forces at his command, 
 numbering barely eight hundred men. No general en- 
 gagement occurred, however, though a force of three 
 hundred Spaniards was attacked on St. Simon's Island by 
 a far inferior force of English troops and routed, with a 
 
12 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 loss of two-thirds of their number. This affair is known 
 as the battle of the Bloody Marsh. The Spaniards, being 
 discouraged by this affair and deceived by the move- 
 ments and stratagems of Oglethorpe, abandoned the in- 
 vasion as hopeless and returned to Florida. In 1743 
 General Oglethorpe returned to England, and a civil 
 government was substituted for the military government 
 which "had previously prevailed. 
 
 In 1747 the laws against the introduction of negroes 
 into Georgia were repealed. In the latter part of the 
 same year the colony was threatened with great danger. 
 A man named Bosomworth, who had been a chaplain in 
 Oglethorpe's regiment, set up a claim in behalf of his 
 wife Mary (who was an Indian squaw, and claimed to be 
 queen of the Creeks) to all of the islands and lands re- 
 served by the Indians in their first treaty with Oglethorpe. 
 In support of this claim Bosomworth and Mary marched 
 at the head of a large Indian force upon Savannah, and 
 threatened to exterminate the colonists unless their de- 
 mands were complied with. The firmness of the authori- 
 ties, however, saved the colony, and the Indians, after 
 being deprived of their leaders, were forced into submis- 
 sion. In 1752 the trustees, to whom the charter for the 
 establishment of the colony of Georgia had been granted, 
 surrendered their rights under it to the crown, and in 1754 
 Captain John Reynolds, of the royal navy, was appointed 
 Governor. The government of the colony was conferred 
 on a legislature, in conjunction with the Governor and 
 his council. The legislature consisted of delegates elected 
 by the people, but the Governor and his council were ap- 
 pointed by the king. Under the royal government which 
 thus supplanted that of the trustees, Georgia began to 
 flourish and to increase rapidly in population and import- 
 ance. During the French and Indian war, which broke 
 
HISTORICAL SKETCH. 1 3 
 
 out in 1754 (though hostilities were not formally declared 
 until 1756), the upper portions of the colony suffered 
 considerably from the attacks of the Cherokees ; but these 
 Indians, after several defeats, sued for peace and obtained 
 it. In 1763 a treaty of peace was made between France 
 and Great Britain, by which the latter power obtained 
 all the French possessions in Nojth America east of the 
 Mississippi River. Spain, which had joined France in the 
 war against Great Britain and her colonies, ceded to the 
 British government, by the same treaty, her possessions of 
 East and West Florida. At the same time the boundaries 
 of Georgia were extended to the Mississippi River on the 
 west, and on the south to latitude 31° and the St. Mary's 
 River. The Governor of Georgia at this time was Sir 
 James Wright, who had been appointed in the latter part 
 of 1760. Under his able and energetic administration 
 the colony prospered greatly, and for several years nothing 
 of any marked interest interfered with its progress. Emi- 
 grants flocked into the country, and four additional 
 parishes were laid off between the Altamaha and St. 
 Mary's Rivers. In ten years from 1763 the exports of the 
 province increased from 27,000 to 121,600 pounds sterling. 
 At the outbreak of the Revolution, in 1775, just forty-two 
 years after the first settlement by Oglethorpe, the popula- 
 tion of the colony was not far from seventy thousand. 
 
 Georgia shared with the other colonies in the indigna- 
 tion excited by the stamp-act of 1765, and in 1768 Dr. 
 Franklin, of Pennsylvania, was recognized as the agent of 
 Georgia in England. In February, 1770, the legislature 
 issued a declaration of rights. Every influence that could 
 be brought to bear was used to induce the people of 
 Georgia to remain true to their allegiance to Great 
 Britain. Many of the most wealthy inhabitants foresaw 
 that their adherence to the cause of the other colonies 
 
14 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 would inevitably result in their pecuniary ruin, and many 
 of the poorer classes, who had little or nothing to risk, 
 perceived plainly their advantage in adhering to the royal 
 government. On the northwest were the Cherokee In- 
 dians, on the west the Creeks, on the south a refugee ban- 
 ditti in Florida, and on the east was Governor Wright, 
 backed by the king's ships and soldiers. But notwith- 
 standing the inauspicious outlook for the friends of 
 freedom, the vast majority of the people were favorable 
 to the cause of the colonies. Yet, from the dangers which 
 surrounded them on every side, they were obliged to take 
 their measures with the utmost caution. 
 
 On the night of the nth of May, 1775, a quantity of 
 powder stored in the magazine at Savannah was seized by 
 ■the patriots, and in July a British vessel, which had 
 arrived at Tybee with thirteen thousand pounds of powder 
 for the use of the British troops, was seized by thirty 
 volunteers, under the lead of Commodore Brown and 
 Colonel Joseph Habersham. The powder was carried to 
 Savannah and secured in the magazine. Five thousand 
 pounds of it were sent to the Continental army at Boston. 
 On the 28th of January, 1776, Sir James Wright, the 
 royal Governor, was made a prisoner, but on the nth of 
 February he succeeded in making his escape to a British 
 man-of-war lying in the mouth of the Savannah River. 
 In February, Archibald Bullock, John Houstoun, Lyman 
 Hall, Button Gwinnett, and George Walton were elected 
 to represent the province in Congress, of whom the last 
 three signed in behalf of Georgia the memorable Declara- 
 tion of Independence of July 4, 1776, the first two having 
 been prevented, by important business of the State, from 
 taking their seats in Congress. 
 
 During the first two years of the war for independence 
 Georgia escaped any serious invasion. In November, 
 
HISTORICAL SKETCH. 
 
 IS 
 
 1778, Sir Henry Clinton sent two thousand men, under 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Campbell, and a fleet under Admiral 
 Hyde Parker, against Savannah. On the 29th of Decem- 
 ber the British occupied Savannah, after defeating the 
 Americans. Colonel Campbell soon after marched to the 
 northward, and occupied Augusta on the ist of February, 
 
 1779. On the i4t?i of the same month Colonel Boyd, 
 who, at the head of a large body of Tories, was on his way 
 to unite with the main British army, was attacked by 
 Colonels Pickens and Clarke, at the head of some Caro- 
 lina and Georgia militia, and totally defeated. Boyd him- 
 self was mortally wounded, and died on the battle-field. In 
 consequence of this battle Colonel Campbell was ordered 
 by General Prevost, the commander of the British forces 
 in Georgia, to abandon Augusta, which he did, continuing 
 his retreat to Hudson's Ferry, fift^ miles above Savannah. 
 Encouraged by these successes, General Lincoln sent 
 General Ashe to take position at Brier Creek, with about 
 two thousand men under his direct command, and two 
 thousand more within supporting distance. On the 3d 
 of March General Ashe was surprised and utterly defeated 
 by General Prevost, and thus the plans of General Lincoln 
 for the recovery of Georgia were completely thwarted. 
 \\\ September of the same year General Lincoln was 
 joined by a French land and naval force under Count 
 D'Estaing. The combined armies now laid siege to 
 Savannah, and on the 9th of October made an assault, in 
 which tlfcy were repulsed with the loss of nearly one 
 thousand men. After this repulse the siege was aban- 
 doned, the French fleet sailing to the West Indies, and 
 General Lincoln retiring to Charleston, in South Carolina. 
 While the allied armies were before Savannah, Colonel 
 John White, of the Georgia line, by a skilful stratagem, 
 captured five British vessels, one hundred and thirtv 
 
1 6 GEORGIA. 
 
 Stands of arms, and one hundred and eleven British 
 soldiers. 
 
 In April, 1780, Sir Henry Clinton captured Charleston, 
 South Carolina, and with it the American army of nearly 
 five thousand men, commanded by General Lincoln. 
 Large bodies of British troops were now sent out, which 
 occupied Camden and Ninety-Six in South Carolina and 
 Augusta in Georgia. It now seemed as though both 
 South Carolina and Georgia were completely subjugated ; 
 but the people were soon roused to resistance, and rally- 
 ing to the standards of such men as Sumter, Marion, and 
 Pickens, in South Carolina, and Clarke, Dooley, Jones, 
 and Few, of Georgia, they waged an active partisan 
 warfare, never relaxing their efforts until the final great 
 triumph of the American arms. In July the struggling 
 patriots were encouraged by the news that Gates, the 
 victor of Saratoga, was advancing with an army to their 
 assistance; but their hopes were destined to bitter disap- 
 pointment, and the almost utter annihilation of the army 
 of relief at Camden brought them once more to the verge 
 of ruin. In the midst of disasters, gathering thick on 
 every side. Colonel Elijah Clarke was bold enough to 
 attempt the capture of Augusta, in which he came very 
 near success, but was obliged to retreat on the approach 
 of a large British force. The defeat of the British, at 
 King's Mountain, on the borders of North and South 
 Carolina, and the advance of General Greene into South 
 Carolina, in 1781, enabled the partisan bands of the 
 Georgia leaders to assume once more the offensive. After 
 Greene had cleared the upper portions of South Carolina 
 of the enemy he sent Colonel Lee to assist Pickens and 
 Clarke, who had already commenced a siege of Augusta. 
 On the 5th of June, 1781, the British garrison at Augusta 
 surrendered, and in September, by the important battle 
 
HISTORICAL SKETCH. 
 
 17 
 
 of Eutaw Springs, Greene rescued Carolina and Georgia 
 from the grasp of the invader. On the 19th of October 
 the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown, Virginia, com- 
 pletely broke the British power in America, and secured 
 the independence of the colonies. 
 
 Yorktown was the last great battle of the war. Hence- 
 forth there were no important movements of the armies, 
 but there did occur several skirmishes between detach- 
 ments of British and Americans. After the surrender of 
 Cornwallis, Washington sent General St. Clair, with the 
 brigades of Gist and Wayne, to the support of General 
 Greene in South Carolina. General Wayne was immedi- 
 ately ordered to Georgia, which State he entered early in 
 January, 1782. He immediately determined to keep the 
 British within their lines at Savannah. The activity of 
 Wayne's dragoons and of the Georgia Legion, com- 
 manded by Colonel James Jackson, drove the enemy 
 within their lines, but not until after they had destroyed 
 all the provisions within the neighborhood of Savannah 
 which they were unable to carry with them into the city. 
 The British commandant of Savannah, Brigadier-General 
 Clarke, sent expresses to the Creek and Cherokee Indians 
 urging them to come to his assistance ; but the defeats in- 
 flicted on them by General Pickens and by Colonels Lee 
 and Elijah Clarke had in a great measure discouraged 
 them, and caused the greater part of them to remain neu- 
 tral. On the night of the 23d of June, however, three 
 hundred Creek Indians, under the lead of a chief named 
 Guristersigo, surprised the camp of Wayne, but were 
 routed after a short and spirited conflict, leaving their 
 chief and seventeen warriors dead on the field. One 
 hundred and seventeen pack-horses loaded with booty 
 also fell into the hands of the Americans. The loss of 
 the Americans in this affair was four killed and twelve 
 
 2* 
 
1 8 GEORGIA. 
 
 wounded. This was the last fight that occurred in 
 Georgia during the American Revolution. Soon after 
 this the British general in Savannah opened negotiations 
 with General Wayne, looking to the protection of the 
 persons and property of such loyalists as might wish to 
 remain in the city after its evacuation by the British 
 troops. Major Habersham, of the Georgia line, was em- 
 ployed by General Wayne in the conduct of these nego- 
 tiations. On the nth of July, 1782, Savannah was evac- 
 uated by the enemy. On this occasion Colonel James 
 Jackson, of the Georgia Legion, who had been selected by 
 General Wayne to receive the formal surrender of the 
 town, was met at the principal gate by a committee of 
 British officers, from whose hands he received the keys 
 of the city. 
 
 On the 30th of November, 1782, a provisional treaty 
 of peace was signed at Paris, in France, between five com- 
 missioners on the part of Great Britain and four on the 
 part of the United States. The final treaty was signed at 
 the same place, September 3, 1 783. The first article of 
 the treaty was in these words : ** His Britannic Majesty 
 acknowledges the said United States, viz.. New Hamp- 
 shire, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island and Providence 
 Plantations, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Penn-. 
 sylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, 
 South Carolina, and Georgia, to be free, sovereign, and 
 independent States." At the same time England made 
 peace with France, Spain, and Holland, ceding to Spain 
 her possessions in East and West Florida. 
 
 During the war of the Revolution the bond of Union 
 between the States was the '* Articles of Confederation," 
 which had been proposed by Congress eight days after 
 the Declaration of Independence, and adopted by most 
 of the States as early as 1777, though Maryland did not 
 
HISTORICAL SKETCH. lO 
 
 accede to them until near the close of the war, in 1781. 
 Soon after the close of the Revolution it became evident 
 that if the Union was to be permanent there must be a 
 stronger bond of union than the Articles of Confederation. 
 During the war the struggle for independence was in 
 itself sufficient to bind the States together, but after the 
 war it became necessary to define more clearly the powers 
 of the States and of the general government. On the 
 14th of May, 1787, a convention of delegates from all 
 the States, except Rhode Island, met in Philadelphia, 
 and after mature deliberation formed the Constitution of 
 the United States, and recommended it to the several 
 States for their adoption. 
 
 On the 2d of January, 1788, the Constitution was 
 adopted in behalf of Georgia by a convention of delegates 
 from the different counties of the State, assembled in the 
 town of Augusta, at that time the capital. The following 
 is a list of the delegates of the ratifying convention, in 
 the order in which -their names were signed : 
 
 John Wereat, President, and delegate from the county 
 of Richmond. 
 
 William Stephens, Joseph Habersham, Chatham 
 County. 
 
 Jenkin Davis, N. Brownson, Effingham County. 
 
 Edward Telfair, H. Todd, Burke County. 
 
 William Few, James McNeil, Richmond County. 
 
 George Matthews, Florence Sullivan, John King, 
 Wilkes County. 
 
 James Powell, John Elliott, James Maxwell, Liberty 
 County. 
 
 George Handley, Christopher Hillary, J. Milton, 
 Glynn County. 
 
 Henry Osborne, James Seagrove, Jacob Weed, Cam- 
 den County. 
 
20 GEORGIA. 
 
 Jared Irwin, John Rutherford, Washington County. 
 
 Robert Christmas, Thomas Daniell, R. Middleton, 
 Greene County. 
 
 No sooner had t;he government of the United States 
 under the new Constitution been established than Georgia, 
 in common with the other States, began to increase rap- 
 idly in wealth and population. It is beyond the scope 
 of this brief sketch to go into a full account of the various 
 difficulties and negotiations with the Creek and Cherokee 
 Indians from the establishment of independence to the 
 time of the final removal of the Indian tribes to the 
 territory allotted them beyond the Mississippi. Suffice 
 it to say that, notwithstanding all her troubles with the 
 Indians, Georgia's growth in population, wealth, and 
 power, was rapid. 
 
 Between the years 1791 and 1795 most of the public 
 lands possessed by the different States had been disposed 
 of and had become individual property. Land specula- 
 tors now turned their attention to Georgia. In 1794 and 
 1795 the legislature passed an act known as the ''Yazoo 
 Land Act," conveying to four associations thirty-five 
 million acres of land for five hundred thousand dollars, 
 lying between the Mississippi, Tennessee, Coosa, Alabama, 
 and Mobile Rivers. The sale of this land produced 
 great excitement throughout Georgia, for it was known 
 that all in the State legislature who voted for the bill, 
 with one or two exceptions, were directly or indirectly 
 bribed. 
 
 General James Jackson, of Georgia, then United States 
 Senator, used every effort to prevent its ratification by 
 Congress ; but all his efforts failed, and the bill ratifying 
 the sale of these lands passed both houses of Congress, — 
 the House of Representatives by a majority of J:en, and 
 the Senate by a majority of two. In 1795 Senator 
 
HISTORICAL SKETCH. 21 
 
 Jackson resigned his seat, and, returning home, was 
 elected to the legislature, by whom he was appointed a 
 member of the committee to investigate the conduct of 
 the previous, legislature. The whole corruption was ex- 
 posed ; the Yazoo Land Act was repealed ; and it was 
 resolved by the legislature to express their abhorrence 
 of it by committing the records of the act to the flames. 
 Accordingly, they were burned in the presence of the 
 two houses of the legislature. An act was also passed 
 ordering the purchase-money for the Yazoo lands to be 
 restored to those from whom it came, or to whom it might 
 belong. This solemn repudiation of the sale, however, 
 by no means tended to settle the question, and nearly 
 twenty years elapsed before the matter was brought to a 
 final settlement. In 1803 Georgia ceded to the control 
 of the general government all her lands west of the 
 Chattahoochee, embracing nearly one hundred thousand 
 square miles of territory, out of which the States of 
 Alabama and Mississippi were afterwards formed. 
 
 Soon after Thomas Jefferson's inauguration as Presi- 
 dent, in 1 80 1, the new administration began to turn its 
 attention to efforts to secure from Spain the free naviga- 
 tion of the Mississippi River. The President was informed, 
 however, that Spain had, by a secret treaty in 1800, ceded 
 Louisiana to France. Mr. Jefferson accordingly deter- 
 mined to treat upon the subject with Napoleon Bonaparte, 
 then first consul of France. 
 
 On the 30th of April, 1803, a treaty was made by 
 which France ceded to the United States, for the sum of 
 fifteen million dollars, the territory of Louisiana, at that 
 time embracing all the vast extent of country between the 
 Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains. The acqui- 
 sition of this territory by the United States was of great 
 benefit to Georgia, for during the Spanish occupation of 
 
22 GEORGIA. 
 
 Louisiana the Indians on the western border of Georgia 
 were often incited to hostile acts by Spanish agents. No 
 longer suffering to any extent from the incursions of the 
 Indians, new counties were laid off and towns and villages 
 sprang up in the wilderness. In 1807 the new town of 
 Milledgeville became the seat of government. 
 
 In 181 2 war broke out between the United States and 
 Great Britain. The war was of short duration, and 
 Georgia escaped invasion, though on her western border 
 the Indians were aroused to deeds of hostility by the in- 
 fluence of the Northwestern Indians, who had themselves 
 been incited by British agents. On the 30th of August, 
 1813, the Creek Indians surprised Fort Mims, on the 
 Chattahoochee River, and massacred nearly three hun- 
 dred men, women, and children. The militia of Georgia 
 and Tennessee were called out to oppose the Indians, — 
 the Georgia troops being commanded by General John 
 Floyd, those of Tennessee by General Coffee, the whole 
 force being under the direction of Major-General Andrew 
 Jackson, of Tennessee. The brigade of Floyd defeated 
 the Indians at Autossee and Callebee, and General Coffee 
 gained a victory over them at Tallashatchee. Finally the 
 Indians were completely crushed by the three great vic- 
 tories gained over them by the Americans, under General 
 Jackson, at Talladega, Emuckfau, and Tohopeka, or the 
 '' Horseshoe Bend," in Alabama. After these defeats the 
 savages sued for peace and obtained it. On the 24th of 
 December, 181 4, a treaty of peace between the United 
 States and Great Britain was signed at Ghent, in Bel- 
 gium. Before the news reached America General An- 
 drew Jackson won the brilliant victory of New Orleans. 
 After the close of this war nothing occurred to interrupt 
 the prosperity of Georgia for several years. In February, 
 1 82 1, Florida passed out of the hands of Spain, the an- 
 
HISTORICAL SKETCH. 23 
 
 cient enemy of Georgia, being at that time ceded by- 
 treaty to the United States. 
 
 Soon after the accession of John Quincy Adams to the 
 presidency, which occurred in 1825, there arose a con- 
 troversy between the State of Georgia and the Federal 
 government, which produced considerable excitement 
 throughout the Union. On the 12th of February, 1825, 
 Duncan G. Campbell and James Meriwether, United 
 States commissioners, made a treaty with the principal 
 Creek chiefs, by which the Indian title to a large extent 
 of territory within the limits of Georgia was extinguished. 
 This treaty was in accordance with the agreement be- 
 tween the Federal government and Georgia in 1803, 
 when Georgia ceded to the general government her lands 
 west of the Chattahoochee, and had been ratified by the 
 United States Senate just before the close of Monroe's 
 administration. A few factious chiefs of the tribe, insti- 
 gated by certain white men, opposed the treaty, and as- 
 sassinated Mackintosh, the principal chief, who had signed 
 it. They then called upon the Federal government to 
 repudiate the treaty. With this request the government 
 complied, and made a new treaty with the Indians on the 
 24th of January, 1826, Meanwhile, George M. Troup, 
 Governor of Georgia, proceeded to take possession of the 
 lands under the first or old treaty. The President ordered 
 the arrest of the commissioners of Governor Troup, who 
 were already engaged in a survey of the lands thus claimed 
 by Georgia. Governor Troup retaliated by ordering the 
 arrest of any parties that might interfere with the com- 
 missioners, and declared that, if the Georgians could ob- 
 tain their rights in no other way, they would repel force 
 by force. This bold opposition had its effect. The sur- 
 veyors were not interrupted, and the entire domain cov- 
 vered by the old treaty was organized and disposed of 
 
24 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 by lottery in 1827. In this controversy the authorities of 
 Georgia were clearly in the right, and in all probability 
 the President would not have been sustained by Congress 
 had he persisted in his course. 
 
 On the 31st of May, 1830, an act was passed by Con- 
 gress, which received the approval of President Jackson, 
 providing for the removal of the Indian tribes that lived 
 east of the Mississippi River to a portion of country lying 
 west of that river. Under this act the Cherokee Indians, 
 who occupied some of the finest lands in northern 
 Georgia, were removed to the Indian Territory, where 
 new homes were assigned them. The Seminole Indians 
 of Florida refused to leave their homes, and in 1835 began 
 a war which lasted until 1842, when they were brought to 
 terms by the capture of their chief, Osceola, and their 
 crushing defeat by General Zachary Taylor at the head 
 of Lake Okeechobee. The Georgia volunteers bore a 
 prominent part in this harassing war, where the miasma 
 of the Everglades was more destructive to life than the 
 weapons of the Seminoles. 
 
 In the Mexican war, which broke out May 8, 1846, and 
 ended May 30, 1848, the sons of Georgia were among 
 the foremost in responding to the call of their country, 
 and were distinguished for the fidelity with which they 
 performed the various duties assigned to them. Some 
 of the most distinguished of the officers in the regular 
 army of the United States during that war were from 
 Georgia. 
 
 In the lamentable war which arose between the North- 
 ern and Southern States of the Union in 1861, Georgia 
 took a very prominent part. An Ordinance of Secession 
 was adopted on the 19th of January, 1861, by a conven- 
 tion of delegates, representing every part of the State, 
 which met in the capitol at Milledgeville. During the 
 
HISTORICAL SKETCH. 
 
 25 
 
 course of the war which followed Georgia furnished not 
 less than eighty thousand soldiers to the Confederate 
 armies, and her sons were distinguished for their intrepid 
 valor on every battle-field from Pennsylvania to Florida, 
 and from Kentucky to the Gulf of Mexico. Georgia 
 escaped invasion until the spring of 1864. Then for 
 months her northern counties were the scene of a mighty 
 struggle between the Federal army of the West, under 
 General Sherman, and the Confederate army, at first 
 under General Joseph E. Johnston and afterwards under 
 General John B. Hood. In the fall of 1864, when Gen- 
 eral Hood set out with his army on his ill-starred expedi- 
 tion into Tennessee, Georgia was left defenceless, her 
 soldiers being (with the exception of a small militia force) 
 all away from her borders in the armies of Tennessee 
 and Virginia. The way was thus open for Sherman, and 
 he marched unopposed from Atlanta to Savannah, leaving 
 desolation and ruin in the track of his armies. The war 
 virtually closed on the 26th of April, 1865, when the 
 articles of capitulation were signed at Durham's Station, 
 in North Carolina, by Generals Sherman and Johnston. 
 There is no need to go into a detailed account here of 
 the dark days of reconstruction. Suffice it to say that 
 Georgia came forth from the fiery ordeal. with her honor 
 untarnished and her courage unabated, and after a des- 
 perate struggle vj'ith adverse fate is once more on the road 
 to prosperity, wealth, and power. 
 
 The decennial increase of Georgia in population from 
 1790 to 1870, as exhibited by the United States census, 
 is shown by the following table : 
 
 179 
 
 1800 
 
 1810 
 
 1820 
 
 1830 
 
 1840 
 
 1850 
 
 i860 
 
 82,548 
 
 162,686 
 
 252,433 
 
 340,985 
 
 516,823 
 
 691,392 
 
 ■ 
 
 906,185 
 
 1,057,286 
 
 1,184,109 
 
26 GEORGIA, 
 
 The increase from i860 to 1870, though far below the 
 percentage of other years, is very satisfactory, when we 
 consider that during the greater part of that time the 
 prosperity of the State was checked by the four years of 
 war, and the still darker days of reconstruction which 
 followed. 
 
 The wealth of Georgia in i860 was $672,322,777. Of 
 course a large part of this wealth consisted in slaves. In 
 1868, four years after the close of the war, the aggregate 
 wealth of the State was $191,235,520. In 1870 it was 
 $268,169,000. During the seven years ending with 1875, 
 the wealth of Georgia has increased fifty-two per cent., 
 while that of Ohio increased during the same time only 
 thirty-nine per cent. While Georgia is poor compared 
 with States not injured by the war, she has taken the lead 
 of those that did suffer serious loss, and is contesting 
 closely the ratio of progress with those of the North which 
 not only did not suffer, but even prospered during all the 
 years of strife and gloom. 
 
 The Governors of Georgia, from its first settlement, in 
 1733, to the present time, are as follows: 
 
 James Edward Oglethorpe, the civil and military 
 Governor under the Trustees, from July 15, 1732 (eight 
 months before the actual settlement), to June 9, 1752, 
 when the "Trustees resigned their charter. 
 
 William Stephens, President of the Couiicil and Acting- 
 Governor in the absence of General Oglethorpe from July 
 II, 1743, to April 8, 1751. 
 
 Henry Parker, President of Council and Acting- 
 Governor from April 8, 1751, to October i, 1754. 
 
 John Reynolds, Governor under the crown of Great 
 Britain from October i, 1754, to February 15, 1757. 
 
 Henry Ellis, Governor from February 16, 1757, to 
 October 31, 1760. 
 
HIS TO RICA L SKE TCH. 
 
 27 
 
 James Wright, Governor from October 31, 1760, to 
 July II, 1782. 
 
 James Habersham, President of Council and Acting- 
 Governor from July 2, 1771, to February 11, 1773. 
 
 William Evven, President of Council of Safety under 
 the American government from June 22, 1775, to Janu- 
 ary 20, 1776. 
 
 Archibald Bullock, President of the Provincial Council 
 and Commander-in-Chief from January 20, 1776, to 
 February 22, 1777. 
 
 Button Gwinnett, President of Council and Com- 
 mander-in-Chief from February 22, 1777, to May 8, 1777. 
 
 John Adam Treutlen, Governor under the new Con- 
 stitution of Georgia from May 8, 1777, to January 8, 
 1778. 
 
 John Houston, Governor from January 8, 1778, to 
 December 29, 1778. 
 
 John Wereat, President of the Executive Council and 
 Acting-Governor from December 29, 1778, to November 
 
 4, 1779- 
 
 George Walton, Governor from November 4, 1779, to 
 January 7, 1780. 
 
 Richard Howley, Governor from January 7, 1780, to 
 January 7, 1781. 
 
 Stephen Heard, President of the Executive Council and 
 Acting-Governor from January, 1781, to August 15, 1781. 
 
 Nathan Brownson, Governor from August 16, 1781, to 
 January 8, 1782. 
 
 John Martin, Governor from January 8, 1782, to 
 January 9, 1783. 
 
 Lyman Hall, Governor from January 9, 1783, to 
 January 9, 1784. 
 
 John Houston, Governor from January 9, 1784, to 
 January 14, 1785. 
 
28 GEORGIA, 
 
 Samuel Elbert, Governor from January 14, 1785, to 
 January 9, 1786. 
 
 Edward Telfair, Governor from January 9, 1786, to 
 January 9, 1787. 
 
 George Matthews, Governor from January 9, 1787, to 
 January 25, 1788. 
 
 George Handley, Governor from January 25, 1788, to 
 January 9, 1789. 
 
 George Walton, Governor from January 9, 1789, to 
 November 9, 1790. 
 
 Edward Telfair, Governor from November 9, 1790, to 
 November 7, 1793. 
 
 George Matthews, Governor from November 7, 1793, 
 to January 15, 1796. 
 
 Jared Irwin, Governor from January 17, 1796, to Janu- 
 ary II, 1798. 
 
 James Jackson, Governor from January 12, 1798, to 
 March 3, 1801. 
 
 David Emanuel, President of the Senate and Acting- 
 Governor from March 3, 1801, to November 7, 1801. 
 
 Josiah Tatnall, Governor from November 7, 1 801, to 
 November 4, 1802. 
 
 John Mi Hedge, Governor from November 4, 1802, to 
 September 23, 1806. 
 
 Jared Irwin, President of the Senate and Acting- 
 Governor from September 23, 1806, to November 7, 
 1806. 
 
 Jared Irwin, Governor from November 7, 1806, to 
 November 9, 1809. 
 
 David B. Mitchell, Governor from November 9, 1809, 
 to November 9, 181 3. 
 
 Peter Early, Governor from November 9, 181 3, to 
 November 9, 1815. 
 
 David B. Mitchell, Governor from November 9, 1815, 
 
HISTORICAL SKETCH. 29 
 
 to March 4, 181 7, when he resigned, and William Rabun, 
 President of the Senate, acted as Governor until Novem- 
 ber, 1817. 
 
 William Rabun, Governor from November, 181 7, to 
 October 25, 181 9, when he died, and was succeeded by 
 Matthew Talbot, President of the Senate, who acted as 
 Governor until November 13, 1819. 
 
 John Clark, Governor from November, 1819, to No- 
 vember, 1823. 
 
 George M. Troup, Governor from November, 1823, to 
 November, 1827. 
 
 John Forsyth, Governor from November, 1827, to 
 November, 1829. 
 
 George R. Gilmer, Governor from November, 1829, 
 to November, 1831. 
 
 Wilson Lumpkin, Governor from November, 1831, to 
 November, 1835. 
 
 William Schley, Governor from November, 1835, to 
 November, 1837. 
 
 George R. Gilmer, Governor from November, 1837, 
 to November, 1839. 
 
 Charles J. McDonald, Governor from November, 1839, 
 to November, 1843. 
 
 George W. Crawford, Governor from November, 1843, 
 to November, 1847. 
 
 George W. Towns, Governor from November, 1847, 
 to November, 1851. 
 
 Howell Cobb, Governor from November, 1851, to 
 November, 1853. 
 
 Herschel V. Johnson, Governor from November, 1853, 
 to November, 1857. 
 
 Joseph E. Brown, Governor from November, 1857, to 
 July, 1865. 
 
 James Johnson, Provisional Governor (appointed by 
 3* 
 
30 GEORGIA. 
 
 President Andrew Johnson) from July, 1865, to Decem- 
 ber, 1865, serving until an election could be held by the 
 people. 
 
 Charles J. Jenkins, Governor from December, 1865, to 
 January, 1868, when he was deposed by General Meade, 
 acting under the reconstruction measures of Congress, 
 and Brigadier-General Thomas H. Ruger, of the United 
 States army, was appointed to act as military Governor 
 until July, 1868, at which time Rufus B. Bullock, elected 
 under the reconstruction measures, became Governor. 
 
 When Governor Jenkins was deposed, he took with him 
 the Great Seal of Georgia, and refused to give it up until 
 a Governor should be elected by the free and untram- 
 melled voice of the people. 
 
 On the 30th of October, 1871, Rufus B. Bullock left 
 the State, at the same time resigning the executive office. 
 Benjamin Conley, President of the Senate, then became 
 Governor, and acted as such until January 12, 1872, at 
 which time was inaugurated James M. Smith, who had 
 been chosen at a special election held December 19, 1871, 
 to fill out Governor Bullock's unexpired term. At the 
 election for Governor, held in October, 1872, James M. 
 Smith was re-elected by more than 60,000 majority, which 
 office he held until January, 1877. 
 
 When James M. Smith became Governor, ex-Governor 
 Jenkins turned over to him, as the first rightful Governor 
 since January, 1868, the Great Seal of the State. Ex- 
 Governor Jenkins on that occasion received the thanks 
 of the Legislature, and a handsome medal was voted to 
 him for his fidelity to the interests and honor of Georgia. 
 At the election held in October, 1876, General Alfred 
 H. Colquitt, the present incumbent, was elected Gover- 
 nor of Georgia by a majority of more than 80,000. He 
 was inaugurated January, 1877. 
 
CHAPTER 11. 
 
 Atlanta and Northwest Georgia — The Western and Atlantic Road, or 
 the Kenesaw Route — Places of Historic Interest — Battles of Atlanta, 
 Kenesaw Mountain, Resaca, Ringgold, AUatoona, Rome, and Chick- 
 amauga. 
 
 PASSENGER DEPOT AND ENVIRONS, ATLANTA. 
 
 No part of Georgia has, of late years, increased more 
 rapidly in wealth and population than the northern sec- 
 tion of the State. To this part of Georgia belongs At- 
 lanta, the capital, a city remarkable for its rapid growth 
 as well as for the enterprise and public spirit of its people. 
 In 1837 the southeastern terminus of the Western and At- 
 lantic Railroad was established near the location of the 
 
 31 
 
32 GEORGIA. 
 
 present General Passenger Depot. It was selected as 
 being the most eligible point for " the running of branch 
 roads to Athens, Madison, Milledgeville, Forsyth, and 
 Columbus." For many years the site thus chosen was 
 known as Terminus. In 1842 there were not more than 
 a half-dozen dwellings. In 1843 ^^''^ population had in- 
 creased somewhat, and the village was incorporated with 
 the name of Marthasville, in compliment to the daughter 
 of Ex-Governor Lumpkin, who had been distinguished by 
 his deep interest in the development of railroad enterprise 
 in Georgia. In 1846 Atlanta, derived from the word At- 
 lantic, was suggested as an appropriate name for the em- 
 bryo city by J. Edgar Thomson, chief-engineer of the 
 Georgia Railroad, in a letter to Mr. Richard Peters, also 
 an engineer of the road. On the 29th of December, 1847, 
 the Georgia Legislature passed an act incorporating as the 
 *' City of Atlanta" the town, which was beginning to give 
 evidence of rapid growth. The population at this time 
 numbered about five hundred. By the year 1854 Atlanta 
 had a population of six thousand, and by the census of 
 i860 the city contained ten thousand inhabitants. In 
 1864 its population was about fourteen thousand. In the 
 fall of 1864 Atlanta was almost totally destroyed by Gen- 
 eral Sherman ; yet ere the close of the war, in the spring 
 of 1865, the old citizens began to return and to rebuild 
 their ruined homes, and Atlanta arose phoenix-like from 
 her ashes, and, with renewed youth and vigor, started for- 
 ward on the road to prosperity and wealth. The United 
 States census of 1870 showed a population of twenty-two 
 thousand, and a census taken by the city authorities in 
 1876 showed the number of inhabitants to be in round 
 numbers thirty-five thousand. Far the greater part of 
 capital invested in Atlanta is Southern, and the wonderful 
 recuperation is due, in the main, to native Southerners, 
 
34 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 who have made this city their home, although some of 
 the leading merchants and business men are from the 
 
 CORNER OF PEACHTREE AND LINE STREETS, ATLANTA. 
 
 Northern States. To the eye of the visitor Atlanta pre- 
 sents the appearance of a young, fresh, and vigorous city. 
 Some of the buildings are of grand proportions, and will 
 compare favorably with those of any city in the Union. 
 The city is well supplied with good hotels, of which the 
 largest are the Kimball House and the Markham House, 
 both in close proximity to the Union Depot, from whence 
 depart all the passenger trains of the different railroads 
 centring in the city. There are a great many very hand- 
 some residences in Atlanta, and many of them have beau- 
 tifully-terraced lawns in front. Atlanta is well supplied 
 with elegant churches, representing all religious denomi- 
 nations. The school system is excellent, ranging from 
 I)rimary to high school, and is regarded with great pride 
 
ATLANTA AND NORTHWEST GEORGIA. 
 
 35 
 
 igplil!iiiai!lj|iiyi!iiiii|^ 
 
 i i ii 
 
 «ife^..,^ 'f 
 
 ill 
 
 '' "^'' ■iillillillilliliifillB^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
36 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 by the citizens. Atlanta has an admirable system of street 
 railroads, traversing the city in every direction. Manu- 
 
 MARKHAM HOUSE. 
 
 facturing establishments are numerous, and include found- 
 ries, machine-shops, agricultural- and terra cotta-works, 
 ice factories, tobacco- factories, two paper-mills, candy- 
 and cracker-factories, a rolling-mill, and a cotton-factory. 
 The Atlanta Rolling-Mill employs about three hundred 
 hands. The annual sales of its products exceed a half- 
 million dollars. One of the largest cotton-factories in 
 the South has recently been built, with ten thousand spin- 
 dles and all necessary machinery. The factory is run by 
 steam. There is a shoal on the Chattahoochee, within a 
 few miles of the city, where it is contemplated to build a 
 dam and construct a canal, which the citizens claim will 
 give Atlanta a water-power almost, if not fully, equal to 
 that of Augusta or Columbus. Atlanta claims, however, 
 
ATLANTA AND NORTHWEST GEORGIA. 37 
 
38 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 to be independent of water-power, on account of its ex- 
 haustless coal supply, brought from two Georgia mines,- 
 the Dade and Castle Rock, which belong to Georgia com- 
 panies, who have displayed great liberality in sale of coal 
 and in contributions to manufacturing enterprises, having 
 subscribed five thousand dollars to the Atlanta Cotton- 
 
 STATE CAPITOL AT ATLANTA. 
 
 Factory alone. The officers of these companies are gen- 
 tlemen, all of whose interests are centred in Atlanta, and 
 
ATLANTA AND NORTHWEST GEORGIA. 39 
 
 who, of course, will do all that they can to promote the 
 interests of that city. It is estimated that the manufac- 
 tured products of Atlanta amount annually to five million 
 dollars, and give employment to several thousand hands. 
 During the year 1877 Atlanta received ninety thousand 
 bales of cotton, and the receipts for 1878 will go beyond 
 that figure. 
 
 A stranger visiting Atlanta would do well to go to the 
 Geological Bureau in the capitol and view the specimens 
 here collected of minerals, metals, and building stones 
 from all sections of Georgia. 
 
 The remark has often been made by visitors from all 
 sections of the Union and by foreigners that more can be 
 learned here of what is in Georgia, in one day, than by 
 weeks of travel, and that this is the only State capitol, 
 except that of New York, in which they have been able 
 to obtain all the information which they desire. Mr, F. 
 W, Werlitz, the agent of a delegation of Germans look- 
 ing for lands to which inmiigrants may come, has made a 
 close examination of the soils, minerals, and maps of the 
 collection. Copies of the maps have been solicited by 
 iron men, and forwarded to the Iron and Steel Association 
 of England, the Geographical Society of Berlin, and other 
 like corporations. The headquarters of the State Agri- 
 cultural Department are also in Atlanta. This depart- 
 ment, though only established within the last few years, 
 has already been of great service to the State. The Com- 
 missioner of Agriculture is Dr. Thomas P. Janes, to whose 
 work, the *' Hand-Book of Georgia," I am indebted for 
 important information. 
 
 During the summer of 1864, in the vicinity of Atlanta, 
 were fought some of the most desperate battles of the 
 war between the States. On the 20th of July, General 
 Hood attacked the Federals on Peach -Tree Creek, and at 
 
40 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 first drove them back and seemed on the point of break- 
 ing their lines, but at length was forced to give up the as- 
 sault, having suffered great loss. Two days later General 
 
 VIEW ON PRYOR STREET, ATLANTA, DURING A FLAG 
 PRESENTATION. 
 
 Hood, leaving a force at Atlanta, marched with his main 
 army around to Decatur, and fell upon the P'ederal left 
 and rear, driving them from their works and capturing 
 twenty-two cannon, eighteen stands of colors, and fifteen 
 hundred prisoners ; but General Sherman, bringing for- 
 ward fresh troops, checked the victorious onset of the 
 Confederates, recovering nine of his captured guns and 
 making some captures of prisoners himself. Both sides 
 claimed the victory in that day's bloody work ; the Fed- 
 
ATLANTA AND NORTHWEST GEORGIA. 
 
 41 
 
 erals, because they had at last succeeded in checking the 
 Confederate advance, and the Confederates, because they 
 had driven the Federals from some of their works and had 
 carried off as trophies thirteen cannon and eighteen stand- 
 ards, and for the additional reason that Sherman made no 
 more attempts to flank Atlanta on the east, and waited 
 several days before he began to try on the other side of 
 the city. From the 28th of July, when the fighting was 
 renewed, until the ist of September, there were constant 
 struggles between portions of the two armies, in some of 
 which the Confederates were successful, and in others, the 
 Federals. On the 2d of September, in consequence of 
 Sherman's successful flank movement on the Macon Road, 
 the city was abandoned by the Confederates. After Sher- 
 man left it in ruins on his march to the sea, some Confed- 
 erate cavalry reoccupied it. No traces of those sad days 
 are now to be seen in the bustling, busy city ; and the pa- 
 triot will pray that no such scenes may ever occur again. 
 Extensive lines of railway reach out from Atlanta in 
 every direction, bringing into the city a large amount of 
 trade from all sections of Georgia. On the Georgia 
 Railroad (the oldest in the State), sixteen miles from At- 
 lanta, in De Kalb County, stands the celebrated Stone 
 Mountain, — a peak of solid granite nearly two thousand 
 feet in height and six or seven miles in circumference. 
 The Stone Mountain granite is highly esteemed for build- 
 ing purposes, and is extensively used, not only in Atlanta, 
 but also in Augusta, Macon, and other cities and towns of 
 the State. At Kirkwood and Decatur, on the Georgia 
 Railroad, many of the business men of Atlanta have their 
 homes. The Western and Atlantic, or State Road (adver- 
 tised as the Kenesaw Route), from Atlanta to Chatta- 
 nooga, passes through a beautiful and well-cultivated 
 country, and the towns and stations along the route pre- 
 
 4* 
 
42 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 sent a neat appearance. The first station reached after 
 leaving Atlanta is Marietta, a pretty little town of about 
 two thousand inhabitants. The climate is delightful, and 
 many of the citizens of the southern portion of the State 
 spend their summers here. The town has two flour-mills, 
 a sash- and blind-factory, and also one for chairs and 
 barrels. Its educational and religious advantages are ex- 
 cellent. In Marietta there is a National Cemetery, beau- 
 tifully laid out and well kept. In it lie buried ten thou- 
 
 STONE MOUNTAIN. 
 
 sand Federal soldiers who lost their lives south of the 
 Etowah in the campaign between Sherman and Johnston. 
 In full view of Marietta, and about two miles and a half 
 ifovci the centre of the town, stands Kenesaw Mountain 
 with its double peak. One may stand upon its summit 
 and see, spread out before him like a grand panorama, 
 the country over which for nearly two months the armies 
 of Johnston and Sherman marched and countermarched, 
 and bitterly fought and struggled with each other, never 
 
44 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 once losing their grapple, all their movements being at- 
 tended by bloody engagements between portions of each 
 army and by constant daily skirmishes, in which the roar 
 of musketry on the skirmish line, often accompanied by 
 
 PONCE DE LEON SPRING. 
 
 the thunder of artillery, could scarcely be distinguished \ 
 from the sound of a general engagement. On the 27th j 
 of June, 1864, Kenesaw Mountain was itself the scene of 
 a bloody battle, in which, after a furious cannonade, the 
 Federal army made a general assault upon the Con fed- ! 
 erate position, meeting with a bloody repulse and losing 
 more than three thousand men, while the Confederate 
 loss was only five hundred and twenty-two. 
 
 But where twelve years ago such dreadful scenes were 
 enacted all is peaceful now. On the hill-sides and in the 
 valleys may be seen in their proper season fields of rust- \ 
 ling corn or snowy cotton, and to the ear are borne the J 
 
ATLANTA AND NORTHWEST GEORGIA. 45 
 
 voices of the laborers hallooing to each oilier, and the 
 shouts of children sporting in the sunshine. Running due 
 north from Marietta is the Marietta and North Georgia 
 Railroad, which is fast approaching completion. 
 
 The most thriving town between Atlanta and Chatta- 
 nooga is Cartersville, in Bartow County, surrounded by a 
 fertile and thickly-settled country. The town has about 
 eighty stores, three hotels, a printing-office, several good 
 schools, and is well supplied with churches. It has a 
 car-factory" and two cabinetmakers' shops. The popula- 
 tion is about three thousand. 
 
 Bartow is one of the best counties in the State. There 
 are in the county four iron-furnaces, which turn out daily 
 many tons of pig-iron. The largest town between Car- 
 tersville and Chattanooga is Dalton, in Whitefield County. 
 It is beautifully situated, and, like the other towns of this 
 part of the State, seems to be improving. Its population 
 is about two thousand. At the North Georgia Manufac- 
 turing Company's shops various kinds of household furni- 
 ture are manufactured. The schools are excellent, and 
 the town is well provided with churches. Not far from 
 Dalton, in the adjoining county of Walker, are the Co- 
 toosa Springs, quite a noted place of resort for the people 
 of this section. Surrounded by hills, and in full view of 
 the Cohutta Mountains, the summer climate of Dalton is 
 delightful. The town has two good hotels. The place 
 is the terminus of the Selma, Rome and Dalton Railway. 
 
 The whole section of country through which the State 
 Road passes is historic ground. Allatoona is the scene 
 of General Corse's gallant defence of the supplies which 
 were so necessary to Sherman's army ; at Resaca was 
 fought a desperate but indecisive battle ; at Ringgold, 
 after Bragg's disastrous defeat at Missionary Ridge, the 
 heroic Cleburne, with his brave division, selecting a strong 
 
46 GEORGIA. 
 
 position, checked the pursuing Federals under Hooker, 
 and saved the Confederate army from destruction. At 
 Chickamauga Creek the Confederates, under Bragg, ob- 
 tained a victory, which, if properly followed up, would 
 have been the most brilliant of any in the war, and would 
 have prevented the subsequent defeat at Missionary Ridge 
 and have saved Georgia from Sherman's invasion. 
 
 All this beautiful section of country was for years the 
 home of the Cherokees, a powerful tribe of Indians, and 
 it was not until during the early part of Jackson's admin- 
 istration that the last remnants of the tribe were removed 
 from their loved homes to the territory provided for 
 them west of the Mississippi River by the government of 
 the United States. This was by many thought to be a 
 harsh measure, but it has resulted in great good, not only 
 to the people of Georgia but also to the Cherokees them- 
 selves, and time has proved the wisdom of President 
 Jackson's policy. 
 
 The most flourishing town of North Georgia above At- 
 lanta is Rome, in Floyd County, reached from Dalton by 
 the railway which extends to Selma, in Alabama, and 
 connected also by a short railroad of twenty miles with 
 Kingston, a small town on the State Road, south of Dal- 
 ton. Rome is an enterprising little city of between 
 three and four thousand inhabitants. Among the evi- 
 dences of thrift is the large rolling-mill of the Nobles 
 Brothers, which gives employment to many hands. One 
 seldom sees prettier scenery than that which meets the 
 eye from the top of Myrtle Hill. Just at its base the 
 Etowah and Oostenaula unite their streams, and under 
 the name of the Coosa roll their mingled waters toward 
 the sea. At the junction of these rivers lies the pretty 
 city, which, together with the beautiful country surround- 
 ing it, flanked on the one side by the Etowah and on the 
 
NOTED VALLEYS. 
 
 47 
 
 other by the Oostenaula, presents to the eye a charming 
 picture. Rome is a growing town, and has two good 
 hotels, many first-class stores, some beautiful residences, 
 and is well provided with churches and excellent schools. 
 In the southern part of Floyd County, not far from the 
 Alabama line, is the town of Cave Spring. Here is 
 located the Georgia Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, es- 
 tablished by act of the Legislature in 1847. Rome, too, 
 has its memories of the war ; for not far from there, in 
 April, 1863, General Forrest captured Colonel Streight 
 and nearly two thousand Federal cavalry. During Sher- 
 man's campaign the city suffered greatly, but the scars 
 inflicted by the war are now healed, and a bright future, 
 we trust, awaits this thriving little city. The following 
 extracts from a pamphlet published by the Rome Cham- 
 ber of Commerce will give some idea of the advantages 
 of this part of Georgia. 
 
 NOTED VALLEYS. 
 
 ''vann's valley. 
 
 "This charming valley begins at the city of Rome and 
 runs in a southwest direction along the line of the Selma, 
 Rome and Dalton Railroad a distance of eighteen miles, 
 and seems to be suddenly stopped by a cluster of large 
 and beautiful hills, which check its advance at the most 
 delightful little village of Cave Spring. This valley is as 
 lovely and attractive as nature could well make it. There are 
 ranges of high hills on either side, covered with hard woods, 
 interspersed with just pine sufficient to furnish light-wood 
 for fire purposes; and in the autumn season, when the 
 leaves of the other trees have assumed their golden hues, 
 these evergreen pines produce, by their contrast, a most 
 splendid and effective panorama. This noted charming 
 
48 GEORGIA. 
 
 valley is from one to three miles in width, and is dotted 
 with substantial farm-houses, located near some gurgling 
 spring of pure, cold water, which runs through the farms, 
 and furnishes sufficient water for the stock at all seasons of 
 the year. The soil is of a dark and red mulatto color, 
 and produces equal to the river-bottoms on the Coosa or 
 Oostenaula Rivers, and is filled on the hill-sides with 
 splendid iron ore and marble. A ride through this valley 
 in the evening during Indian summer, and a night so- 
 journ at the beautiful village of Cave Spring, is a treat a 
 stranger should enjoy. 
 
 " Cave Spring takes its name from a cave, and a large 
 bold spring that gushes out at the base of one of her com- 
 manding hills, some fifty yards distant from the cave. Cave 
 Spring — lovely spot ! — a village of churches and schools, 
 surrounded by commanding hills, and filled with springs 
 and lovely streams of pure water, running over pebbly 
 bottoms, seems better suited for a little paradise, or for 
 the home of the good and pure, than anything else. 
 Here the State has erected large and commodious build- 
 ings for the Asylum of Deaf and Dumb. The Baptists 
 and Methodists have in successful operation here large 
 schools, male and female. The lands around this charm- 
 ing, lovely little village are not inferior to the blue-grass 
 lands of the State of Kentucky. This place has improved 
 rapidly since the war, and is destined to be a great centre 
 for education in the future. No intoxicating liquors 
 have been permitted to be sold in this village for many 
 long years. Many of the farmers in this productive val- 
 ley are anxious to reduce the size of their farms, and here 
 is a grand opening for a colony of fifteen or twenty 
 families from the Eastern States who want to settle in a 
 section where peace, order, and quiet predominate, and 
 where religion and education reign supreme. Let the 
 
NOTED VALLEYS. 49 
 
 New England man, who is seeking a home in Florida, 
 visit this lovely and beautiful valley before he settles else- 
 where. The health of this valley comes as near perfection 
 as can be on this sin-cursed earth. Send out some prac- 
 tical man to represent you, and examine this most lovely 
 valley, and we feel that we shall show you most desirable 
 locations for quiet, health, and charming homes. 
 
 *' CEDAR VALLEY. 
 
 *' This celebrated valley is separated from Vann's Valley 
 by a range of hills, near Cave Spring, two miles in width. 
 The lands on these hills are very rich, and grow cotton, 
 clover, and the cereals equal to the valley lands. This 
 valley is much wider than Vann's Valley, and has the 
 appearance, in many places, of a river-bottom. The 
 lands in this valley are equal to the celebrated blue-grass 
 lands of Kentucky. Cedar Creek runs through the 
 valley near Cedar Town, the county site, upon the banks 
 uf which have been erected large establishments for the 
 manufacture of pig-metal and other articles of merchan- 
 dise. Mr. A. G. West, of New York city, is the pro- 
 prietor of this immense establishment. The citizens in 
 this valley are free-hearted, open, hospitable, and liberal, 
 and are extremely anxious for settlers, — men of enterprise 
 and thrift. Many of the largest farmers are anxious to 
 sell off and divide up their plantations. Visit, by all 
 means, this charming valley in Polk County. 
 
 ** TEXAS VALLEY. 
 
 ** This is another productive valley, in Floyd County, 
 about twelve miles northwest from Rome. Lands lie 
 very much like Vann's Valley, but the soil is a gray 
 sandy loam, has fine timber, splendidly watered by living 
 streams, and capable of settling a colony of fifteen or 
 c 5 
 
50 GEORGIA. 
 
 twenty families. Good society, good churches, public 
 schools, and exceedingly healthy. It is about two and a 
 half miles wide, and from twelve to fifteen miles long. 
 By all means the stranger should examine this valley. 
 
 " BROOM TOWN VALLEY. 
 
 ** In Chattooga County, about twenty miles from Rome, 
 is one of the loveliest valleys in all North Georgia, and 
 it is in some respects superior to all the valleys mentioned. 
 This valley, to be appreciated, must be visited ; its attrac- 
 tions are great, and the soil, timber, water, and health 
 are all that the heart of man can desire. People are 
 quiet, orderly, church-going, and hospitable to strangers. 
 Here is room for a large colony to settle. Then come 
 Chattooga and Armuchee Valleys, both fertile and charm- 
 ing. We invite most cordially our friends in the Eastern 
 States, as well as the Middle States, who feel desirous of 
 moving southward, to visit this beautiful section of the 
 South, and make Rome their headquarters, and they will 
 receive that attention they may need to see a land full of 
 resources, lying dormant for the want of bone and muscle 
 to make it blossom like the rose. 
 
 *^We have only mentioned some of the most prominent 
 valleys, whilst there are many smaller ones equally as 
 inviting, as well timbered and watered. Sugar Valley, in 
 Gordon County, some twenty miles northwest of Rome, 
 also Ridge Valley, some five miles above Rome, are both 
 v/orthy of mention, and should be seen to be appreciated. 
 In the latter valley there is a large iron-furnace, called after 
 the name of Ridge Valley. Come, and let us show you 
 the prettiest part of the whole South." 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 The Air-Line Road and Northeast Georgia — Toccoa Falls— Tallulah 
 Falls — Nacoochee Valley. 
 
 Some of the grandest and most beautiful scenery of 
 Georgia is found along the Air-Line Railroad and the 
 portion of country tributary to it. Up to the time of the 
 completion of this railway, all this section enjoyed but 
 few commercial advantages. The railroad has proved to 
 be a wonderful developer, and all along the route little 
 towns have sprung up, as if by magic. The most im- 
 portant town on this route is Gainesville, situjited in Hall 
 County, about fifty-three miles from Atlanta. The up- 
 ward progress of this town is quite remarkable. Since 
 the advent of the iron horse the value of town property 
 has increased from ^86,000 to ^880,000. The trade of the 
 town, which formerly amounted to ^30,000 annually, is 
 now estimated at ^600,000. The assessment of the county 
 has risen from ^750,000 to ^2,100,000. The town also 
 carries on an extensive trade in chickens, eggs, and butter. 
 The population of Gainesville has increased from four 
 hundred and seventy-two, in 1870, to twenty-five hundred. 
 The distinguished Confederate General Longstreet now 
 lives in Gainesville. 
 
 Gainesville has tvv'o first-class hotels, the Richmond 
 House and the Piedmont Hotel. The proprietors of the 
 Piedmont Hotel are also proprietors of the Porter Springs, 
 which are delightfully situated among the mountains, 
 
 51 
 
52 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 twenty-eight miles north of Gainesville, and reached by 
 a good stage-road. Two miles east of Gainesville, on the 
 Air-Line Railroad, are the New Holland Springs, also 
 well fitted up for the accommodation of visitors. Within 
 one mile of the court-house at Gainesville is the Gower 
 Springs Hotel, to the door of which the street-cars run. 
 
 The other towns of the Air-Line Road are Norcross, 
 Buford, Mount Airy, Belton, and Toccoa, which, though 
 but a few years ago without any existence, now contain 
 stores, hotels, churches, schools, printing-offices, and 
 livery-stables. At Mount Airy tourists take the hack for 
 Clarkesville, in Habersham County, formerly a great 
 place of resort during the summer months for the wealthy 
 citizens of the lower sections of the State. Clarkesville 
 was generally the stopping-place of those who designed 
 visiting the Falls of Tallulah and Toccoa, or the valley 
 of Nacoochee ; but the railroad has produced a change, 
 and many prefer to make their headquarters at Toccoa 
 City, and from thence visit these various places of interest. 
 Lulu City is the present terminus of a new road which 
 has been constructed to connect the Air-Line with Athens, 
 and, by the branch road which extends from this city to 
 the Georgia Railroad, with the middle portion of the 
 State.* Next to Gainesville, the most important town 
 of this section is 'Toccoa City, which is also the terminus 
 of the Elberton Air-Line. In 1870 there was no such 
 town. Now it contains a population of about one thou- 
 sand, and has about twenty-five stores, two hotels, and 
 livery-stables where one can obtain good teams for a trip 
 to the Falls. About two and a half miles from this town 
 are the Falls of Toccoa, on a creek of the same name. 
 
 ■* It is intended to continue this road to Knoxville, Tenn., by way of 
 Rabun Gap. 
 
TOCCOA FALLS. 
 
54 GEORGIA. 
 
 The water falls one hundred and eighty-five feet perpen- 
 dicular over a ledge of sandstone. No description can 
 give an idea of the beauty of this silvery cascade, descend- 
 ing so gently from the lofty rock, whose sides are plainly 
 seen as if behind a thin veil. 
 
 " Toccoa ! or The Beautiful ! this name 
 
 To thee was given by tawny Indian girls, 
 When, with the summer's sultry noon, they came 
 To bathe their bosoms where the water curls 
 Around the mossy rocks in countless pearls ; 
 Or when, in autumn, seeking o'er the hills. 
 From which thy eddying current lightly whirls, 
 Brown nuts, their baskets of light reed to fill, 
 They loved to pause and gaze upon thy beauties still." * 
 
 This is a favorite spot for picnics for the people of 
 Toccoa City and the surrounding country. A few feet 
 from the foot of the fall is a little refreshment saloon, with 
 a platform in front for dancing. As you near the Falls 
 there stands back from the road, on a little hill, a small 
 hotel for the accommodation of those who desire to spend 
 a few days in the neighborhood of this pretty cascade. 
 
 About fifteen miles from Toccoa City are the celebrated 
 Falls of Tallulah, on the river of the same name. This 
 river is the western branch of the Tugaloo, which is 
 formed by the union of the Tallulah and Chattooga 
 Rivers. The falls are about ten miles above the junction 
 of the rivers. There are four perpendicular pitches of 
 water, of from fifty to eighty feet, and a great many 
 smaller cataracts. The four principal falls are Lodore, 
 Tempesta, Hurricane, and Oceana. Just at the head 
 and also at the foot of the series of falls and rapids the 
 banks of the river are not more than the ordinary height. 
 In the intermediate distance the height of the banks varies 
 
 * From a poem by General Henry R. Jackson, of Savannah, 
 
A VIEW AT TALLULAH FALLS. 
 
56 GEORGIA. 
 
 from two hundred to about eight hundred feet perpendic- 
 ular. At the Grand Chasm one can look down into an 
 awful gulf and see the narrow stream of the river rushing 
 along eight hundred and sixty feet below him. Between 
 Lodore and Tempesta Falls is a beautiful basin of water 
 called Hawthorne's Pool, so named from a Presbyterian 
 minister who ventured into it for a bath and from some 
 cause unknown sank to rise no more. One should spend 
 several days at these Falls if he wishes to see everything 
 of interest connected with them. The time can be spent 
 both pleasantly and comfortably, for there is a well-kept 
 though rustic hotel, situated just above the head of the 
 rapids, commanding a fine view of the beautiful river. 
 This hotel has been built since the opening of the rail- 
 road, and every summer is filled with guests. 
 
 Within fifteen miles of the railroad is the lovely val- 
 ley of Nacoochee, or the *' Evening Star," so called, 
 says tradition, from the daughter of a noted Cherokee 
 chief. This maiden possessed wonderful beauty. She 
 was wooed and won by Sautee, a brave young warrior of 
 the Choctaw nation, — a people who were the bitter foes 
 of the Cherokees. One dark night Nacoochee eloped 
 with her lover. The enraged father summoned a hun- 
 dred warriors to go in search of his daughter. After 
 days and nights of ceaseless search the lovers were found 
 in their hiding-place among the rocky fastnesses of Mount 
 Yonah. Sautee was condemned by the old chief to be 
 thrown from the highest precipice of Mount Yonah. The 
 terrible sentence was put into immediate execution in the 
 presence of Nacoochee ; but, to the horror of the aged 
 chief, the maiden broke from his strong embrace, and, 
 leaping over the precipice, shared her lover's fate. Na- 
 coochee and Sautee were buried on the banks of the 
 Chattahoochee in one grave, and a mound raised over 
 
NACOOCHEE VALLEY. 57 
 
 them to mark the spot. Two adjoining valleys now bear 
 the names of the young Cherokee girl and her Choctaw 
 lover. 
 
 The valley of Nacoochee is under a high state of cul- 
 tivation. The handsomest place in the valley is the fine 
 mansion of Captain James Nichols, surrounded by beau- 
 tiful grounds with flower-gardens, summer-houses, and 
 fountains, artificial lakes, parks for deer, and pools for 
 fishes. 
 
 George W. Williams, Esq., a leading merchant of 
 Charleston, S. C, also has a summer residence in this 
 valley. Writing of this couijtry, he says, ''The living 
 is good and wholesome. The beef, lambs, kids, and veal 
 are as fat and nice as you could desire. The country 
 abounds in the choicest fruits and vegetables, honey, 
 butter, eggs, and chickens, at reasonable prices. Here 
 you find gushing springs of sweet freestone water, and 
 the mountain air is pure and invigorating. You have 
 neither extremes of heat or cold. They need in all the 
 upper districts hardy, industrious immigrants from the 
 North and Europe ; the beautiful streams should be lined 
 with cotton, wool, and other manufactories. The forests 
 are filled with the best timber, such as pine, walnut, 
 chestnut, locust, and maple. Saw-mills are busily em- 
 ployed in preparing lumber for the Atlanta, Augusta, and 
 other markets." 
 
 One cannot pass through Northeast Georgia, and notice 
 its natural advantages and beautiful scenery, without be- 
 lieving that a bright future awaits this delightful region. 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Augusta and Middle Georgia — The Georgia Railroad and Branches — 
 Revolutionary History of Augusta, etc. 
 
 Of all the towns of Georgia, Augusta and Columbus 
 take the lead in manufacturing enterprises. In 1847 the 
 Augusta Canal was completed, affording water communi- 
 cation between the city and the country lying along the 
 Savannah River, communication by the river being im- 
 possible on account of the rocks and rapids which impede 
 its navigation above the city. The canal also gives to 
 the city a magnificent water-power, and affords splendid 
 sites for factories and mills. The citizens of Augusta 
 have not been slow to avail themselves of these advan- 
 tages, as any one may see who visits the excellent flour- 
 mills along the banks of the canal, or the *' Augusta 
 Cotton Factory," so highly complimented by Senator 
 Sprague, of Rhode Island, as being the best arranged 
 cotton-mill in the United States. 
 
 Few cities of the Union present a more attractive ap- 
 pearance than Augusta! Broad Street, the principal 
 thoroughfare, has a length of about two miles, the part 
 between the Upper and Lower Markets being occupied 
 chiefly by commodious stores (over many of which are 
 comfortable residences), and by banks, hotels, and public 
 halls, while the upper and lower portions of the street are 
 mostly given up to private dwellings, the comfort of 
 whose owners is greatly enhanced, not only by the large 
 trees which line the sidewalks, but also by the pleasant 
 58 
 
AUGUSTA. 
 
 59 
 
 promenade in front of each man's door, afforded by the 
 beautifully shaded avenue, which extends down the centre 
 of the street, with spacious carriage-ways on either side. 
 The streets leading from Broad are well kept and prettily 
 
 ■ l^^'S g'^^j^fe^^^^^E"^! 
 
 i*4i?: f t "s^E^F ;#^i ill 
 
 
 ~ ^. . '" ""^.ij^ s_jin ~-''.~~ ' _ J ''-'^=— — '-j — i7 iiJT — Bg— 
 
 
 M sg^^jE^^^^alHfcrs -i-:^^ 
 
 ^^^^£2^fc^l&^^ 
 
 
 
 VIEW OF MONUMENT STREET FROM THE NORTH SIDE OF BROAD, 
 AUGUSTA. 
 
 shaded. But the most beautiful thoroughfare of the city 
 is Greene Street, named in honor of General Nathaniel 
 Greene, the gallant son of Rhode Island, who delivered 
 
6o 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 the Carolinas and Georgia from the British invaders, and 
 whose body sleeps in Georgia soil near the city of Savan- 
 nah. Greene Street is almost entirely given up to resi- 
 
 PLANTERS' HOTEL. 
 
 dences and churches, and a superb avenue, like those in 
 the upper and lower portions of Broad Street, extends 
 through its whole length. Many of the houses stand 
 back from the street, having in front neat gardens of 
 shrubs and flowers, ornamented in many instances with 
 sparkling fountains. 
 
 In front of the City Hall, which faces this street, stands 
 a granite shaft, erected to the memory of Lyman Hall, 
 Button Gwinnett, and George Walton, the signers of the 
 Declaration of Independence in behalf of Georgia. Far- 
 ther down the street is a neat monument of Italian mar- 
 ble reared to the memory of the Confederate dead of 
 Augusta and Richmond County. The Augusta Cemetery 
 is one of the attractions of the city. The grounds are 
 handsomely laid off, and the carriage-ways and walks are 
 
AUGUSTA. 
 
 6i 
 
 densely shaded, except in the new portion, where the 
 trees are of a more recent growth. Most of these new 
 trees are magnolias, which are arrayed in beautiful green 
 throughout the year. The soldiers' section, in which sleep 
 the remains of many Confederate dead, is carefully tended. 
 At each grave is a marble headstone, and in the centre of 
 
 
 CONFEDERATE CENOTAPH ON GREENE STREET. 
 
 the section is a fountain. This portion of the cemetery 
 is under the care of the Ladies' Memorial Association. 
 The ladies of this association are preparing to erect a 
 handsome Confederate monument on Broad Street in the 
 business portion of the city. 
 
 The churches of Augusta are neat and substantial build- 
 6 
 
62 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 ings, and are numerous, almost every Christian sect being 
 represented. The Jews also have a pretty synagogue on 
 Telfair Street. 
 
 Augusta enjoys excellent educational advantages, being 
 
 AUGUSTA ORPHAN ASYLUM. 
 
 well supplied with good schools. The medical college on 
 Telfair Street is a branch of the State University, and is 
 presided over by an able faculty. 
 
 We have already spoken of the Augusta Cotton-Factory. 
 
AUGUSTA. 63 
 
 This was first operated in 1847. It started with a capital 
 of one hundred and forty thousand dollars, which has in- 
 creased to six hundred thousand dollars, and pays its stock- 
 holders handsome dividends annually. At first there were 
 two mills; but the space between them has since been 
 built up and the two united into one. The factory is 
 five stories high, about four hundred and eighty-eight feet 
 
 THE AUGUSTA FACTORY. 
 
 in length, and fifty-two feet in width. It has twenty-three' 
 thousand four hundred and twenty-four spindles and seven 
 hundred and seventy looms, and employs six hundred and 
 twenty-two hands. The number of yards of cotton-cloth 
 turned out from this factory in four weeks is one million 
 one hundred and fifty-eight thousand six hundred and eight. 
 The houses built for the operatives, with the exception of 
 a few frame buildings that were first put up, are of brick, 
 and are neat, substantial, and comfortable buildings. This 
 is one of the best managed mills of the United States, as 
 is shown by the fact that during the great financial press- 
 ure of the past few years the factory was run on full time, 
 its full number of hands employed, and good dividends 
 
64 GEORGIA. 
 
 paid to its stockholders. It has never paid less than eight 
 per cent, annual dividend, and sometimes as high as twenty 
 per cent. About three hundred yards from the Augusta 
 Factory a new mill has just been completed, under the 
 auspices of the ^'Enterprise Manufacturing Company." 
 It is three stories high, two hundred and thirty-six feet in 
 length, seventy-five feet in width, and runs at present 
 seventy-three hundred spindles, which number the man- 
 agers propose to increase shortly to twenty thousand. This 
 factory manufactures sheetings and drills. At least a 
 dozen more large mills could be furnished with water- 
 power by the Augusta Canal. An effort is being made 
 now to erect a much larger mill than either of those 
 already mentioned, along that part of the canal once oc- 
 cupied by the Confederate Powder-Mills. Besides the 
 two factories just described, there is the Globe Cotton- 
 Mill, two stories in height, eighty feet long by fifty wide, 
 having one thousand four hundred and forty spindles, and 
 employing forty hands. It manufactures carpet and other 
 warps, twine, thread, etc. Another building on the canal 
 is to be remodelled into a factory, styled the Dublin Mill, 
 the building to be three and one-half stories high, and one 
 hundred feet long by fifty broad. It is expected to con- 
 tain three thousand spindles and one hundred looms. 
 The charter is one of the best ever granted. The capital 
 stock is one hundred and fifty thousand dollars, with the 
 privilege of increasing to one million dollars. It is in- 
 tended to manufacture in this mill colored checks. Nearly 
 all the stock has been subscribed in Augusta. Besides the 
 cotton-mills there are along the canal three large flouring- 
 mills, a tobacco-factory, and a rope-factory, the works of 
 the Dixon Fertilizer Company, and the foundry of Pen- 
 dleton & Brothers, all of which are thriving and pros- 
 perous. On the other side of the city, fronting the river, 
 
AUGUSTA. 
 
 6S 
 
 is Simmon s's Waste-Factory, a handsome two-story brick 
 building, affording employment to many hands. 
 
 There are three large planing-mills in Augusta, where 
 
 PLANING-MILL OF THOMPSON & HEINDEL. 
 
 doors, sashes, and blinds are manufactured. At the ma- 
 chine-shop of Neblitt & Goodrich cotton-gins and cotton- 
 presses are also manufactured. There are besides three 
 large iron-foundries, which are prepared to manufacture 
 portable, stationary, and steamboat engines and boilers, 
 sugar- and grist-mills, mining-machinery, gas-works, iron 
 railings, and threshing-machines. At the Georgia Rail- 
 road shops excellent freight cars and handsome passenger 
 coaches are made. There is also on Mcintosh Street an 
 ice-factory which turns out daily twenty thousand pounds. 
 In the southern limits of the city the Patapsco Fertilizing 
 Company have a large guano manufactory. The popu- 
 lation of Augusta was fifteen thousand three hundred and 
 
 6* 
 
66 GEORGIA. 
 
 eighty-nine in 1870, and increased by 1873 to nineteen 
 thousand eight hundred and ninety-one. A company, 
 styled the ''Augusta Land Company," has recently pur- 
 chased a large tract of land on the western borders of the 
 city, which has been laid out in streets and divided into 
 lots. It is hoped by the gentlemen engaged in the enter- 
 prise that in a few years this will be one of the hand- 
 somest parts of the city. According to a census taken 
 for the City Directory of 1877, the population of Augusta 
 is twenty-three thousand seven hundred and sixty-eight. 
 Augusta is an important railroad centre, and has also some 
 river commerce. It is connected with Atlanta, Athens, 
 and Macon by rail, with Savannah both by rail and water, 
 and by rail with Columbia, Charleston, and Port Royal, 
 in South Carolina. Augusta receives somewhere in the 
 neighborhood of two hundred thousand bales of cotton 
 yearly. During the summer season the watermelon crop 
 of Richmond County forms an important element of trade. 
 Some of the melons are very large, weighing as high as 
 fifty and sixty pounds. Thpusands of them are shipped 
 to New York and other cities. The shipments have in 
 some seasons run as high as two hundred and forty 
 thousand. 
 
 Augusta is one of the oldest places in Georgia, having 
 been laid out by General Oglethorpe in 1735. During 
 the War of the Revolution the town changed hands fre- 
 quently. Early in 1779, and soon after the fall of Savan- 
 nah, it was occupied by the British, but was reoccupied 
 by the Americans after their victory at Kettle Creek, in 
 Wilkes County. After the defeat of the Americans at 
 Brier Creek, their failure in the assault on Savannah, and 
 the fall of Charleston, Augusta was again taken by the 
 British, under Colonel Brown, who continued to hold it 
 until near the close of the war, repulsing on one occasion 
 
AUGUSTA. 67 
 
 a vigorous attack by Colonel Elijah Clarke, the Marion 
 of Georgia. On the 5th of June, 1781, Colonel Brown 
 was forced to surrender Augusta and the British garrison 
 to the combined forces of Pickens, Clarke, and ''Light 
 Horse Harry Lee." St. Paul's Episcopal Church now 
 stands where stood Fort Cornwallis, and not far from the 
 Upper Market, on Broad Street, stood Fort Grierson, 
 whose commander was slain after his surrender by an 
 unknown marksman in revenge for the many cruelties 
 practised by him upon American prisoners in the day 
 of his power. 
 
 During the disastrous war between the North and 
 South, Augusta escaped unscathed, although here were 
 situated the great Confederate Powder-Mills, the most 
 extensive work of the kind ever constructed in America, 
 and at Summerville, on the sand hills, stood the large 
 armory built by the Confederate government. The only 
 effort made to capture the city was by the cavalry of Gen- 
 eral Kilpatrick; but that officer was defeated at Aiken, in 
 South Carolina, by General Wheeler, and thus Augusta 
 escaped the fate of Atlanta and Columbia. 
 
 The suburban villages of Augusta are delightful, and 
 are connected with the city by pleasant drives. In Wood- 
 lawn, Harrisonville, and Summerville many of the well- 
 to-do business men of the city have their residences. 
 Nowhere can there be found a pleasanter place for a 
 summer residence, or for a winter resort for Northern 
 invalids, than Summerville on the Sand Hills, which is 
 connected with the city by a continuation of the street 
 railroad. Many celebrated men of Georgia have had 
 their homes in Augusta. Among her distinguished "citi- 
 zens she numbers ex-Governor Charles J. Jenkins and 
 Judge John P. King. This city was for many years the 
 residence of Richard Henry Wilde, the author of *' My 
 
68 GEORGIA. 
 
 Life is like the Summer Rose/' and several other pretty 
 poems. 
 
 The most important towns on the Georgia Railroad 
 between Augusta and Atlanta are Greensboro', Madison, 
 Covington, and Conyers, all flourishing and pretty 
 places. At Oxford, near Covington, is Emory College, 
 under the control of the Southern Methodist Episcopal 
 Church, one of the best institutions of learning in the 
 South. There are female colleges at Greensboro', Madi- 
 son, and Covington. Crawfordsville is the home of 
 Georgia's great statesman, Alexander H. Stephens. At 
 Decatur, a pleasant little village six miles from Atlanta, is 
 the residence of another distinguished son of Georgia,— 
 General John B. Gordon, United States Senator. 
 
 The middle section of Georgia is the most thickly 
 settled portion of the State, and is inhabited by a refined 
 and cultivated population. The towns and villages are 
 neat and pretty, and present a thrifty appearance. The 
 lands along the creeks and rivers are exceedingly fertile, 
 and produce the most abundant crops of corn and cotton, 
 or of any of the grains that can be raised in any part of 
 the United States. Some of the lands, as may be seen 
 by travellers on the railroads, have been worn out by im- 
 proper cultivation, but with suitable care these can be 
 easily restored to their original productiveness. To show 
 what may be done even on the worn-out lands, we insert 
 the following extract from a letter of Mr. Samuel Baily, a 
 Northern gentleman, who has been living in the South 
 since 1853. He says: 
 
 " I came from Athens, Georgia, to Maxey's (in Ogle- 
 thorpe County), where I now reside, in 1856. I was a 
 mechanic by trade, and superintended the Oglethorpe 
 Fertilizing Works at this place. In 1868 I purchased a 
 small place which every one considered almost worthless 
 
MIDDLE GEORGIA. 69 
 
 for farming purposes. When I commenced farming my 
 means were quite limited. The first year I took up six- 
 teen acres, commenced ploughing deep and subsoiling, 
 getting all washes levelled as near as possible. I sowed 
 one acre in wheat and fifteen in cotton. The yield from 
 those sixteen acres was fifty-seven bushels of wheat and 
 eleven bales of cotton, weighing four hundred and sixty- 
 five pounds each. I will state here that the wheat which 
 I raised that year took the premium at the first State 
 Fair in Macon, and my cotton brought the highest market 
 price. I have always advocated deep culture and thorough 
 preparation of the lands before planting, more especially 
 when manuring highly either with barn-yard or commer- 
 cial manure. I have given special attention to drainage 
 of land, stopping all washes. I have used the manures 
 manufactured at our fertilizing works, but consider barn- 
 yard and cotton-seed and such to be more lasting and 
 permanent. By saving all the manures accumulated on 
 my place I have brought my lands up to what is consid- 
 ered in Middle Georgia a high state of cultivation, and 
 now will make in an ordinary crop year from thirty-iive 
 to forty bushels of wheat and one bale of cotton per acre 
 on an average, without the aid of any manuring. Besides 
 field-crops, I have met with the best results in all kinds of 
 fruits grown in Georgia, such as peaches, pears, apples, 
 strawberries, etc. I have also grown all kinds of vegeta- 
 bles in abundance for family use, and have sold annually 
 Irish potatoes, onions, and watermelons. Last year I 
 gathered and sold from one-eighth of an acre twenty- 
 eight bushels of strawberries, which were of a superb 
 variety (the Wilson Albany). I have always found the 
 people in this part of the State hospitable and obliging, 
 and consider this country of superior advantage to any 
 other. I have worked each year on an average two full 
 
yo GEORGIA. 
 
 hands, and I consider my net gains about one thousand 
 dollars per annum since I commenced farming." 
 
 It must be remembered that the above results were ob- 
 tained from so-called worn-out land that was considered 
 worthless. If so much can be accomplished in soil of 
 that kind, what can be done on the rich and fertile lands 
 of the State ? 
 
 Mr. J. H. Echols, formerly of Oglethorpe County, but 
 now a commission merchant of Augusta, was the first to 
 introduce a variety of the improved ''Long Staple," 
 called Moina Cotton. It is a hybrid from the best "Sea- 
 Island" and "Upland Prolific," and was brought to its 
 present perfection by a South Carolina planter on the 
 coast of Texas. It is one of the most wonderful results 
 of hybridism that has ever been produced by agricultural 
 experiment, and after ten years of cultivation is the best 
 Upland Long Staple in the country. This cotton has 
 been sold as high as forty cents, in gold, per pound, and 
 the seed for ten dollars per bushel, in the Augusta market. 
 
 Good lands are to be found in all sections of Georgia, 
 and- in any portion of the State one can find cultivated 
 society and excellent schools, and enjoy religious advan- 
 tages equal to those of any part of the Union. 
 
 On the Macon and Augusta Railroad, the principal 
 places are Warrenton and Sparta, both pretty towns, and 
 Milledgeville, the former capital, an interesting little city 
 of three thousand inhabitants. The old State-House is a 
 neat building in the gothic style of architecture. At 
 Milledgeville is located the Georgia Penitentiary. About 
 one and a half miles from the city, at Midway, is the 
 Georgia Asylum for the Insane. Milledgeville is con- 
 nected with the Central Railroad by a branch road, whose 
 northern terminus is Eatonton, one of the pleasantest 
 towns of Middle Georgia. Both Milledgeville and 
 
ATHENS. 71 
 
 Eatonton are situated in the midst of a rich cotton 
 country. Near Sparta is the home of Bishop George F. 
 Pierce, one of the foremost ministers of the gospel in 
 America. Here also dwells the venerable Dr. Lovick 
 Pierce, the father of the bishop, a man remarkable for 
 his eloquence, piety, and zeal. 
 
 At the terminus of one of the branch roads of the 
 Georgia Railway is the beautiful town of Washington, in 
 Wilkes County, with a population of about fifteen hun- 
 dred. This place was known during the War of the 
 Revolution as Heard's Fort, and here the Legislature met 
 when the British were in possession of Augusta. Wash- 
 ington is the home of Hon. Robert Toombs, formerly 
 United States Senator from Georgia. 
 
 Union Point, on the Georgia Railroad, is the junction 
 of the Athens Branch, a road whose terminus is Athens, 
 the seat of the State University, a charming little city of 
 nearly five thousand inhabitants, beautifully situated upon 
 the banks of the Oconee. Besides the State University, 
 Athens boasts an excellent female college, the Lucy Cobb 
 Listitute, a beautiful building in a lovely portion of the 
 city. The society of Athens is elegant and refined. Here 
 some of the most distinguished sons of Georgia have had 
 their homes, men renowned as statesmen, as jurists, as 
 ministers of the gospel, and last, though not least, as edu- 
 cators of the young. Among her distinguished men, 
 Athens can point with pride to Judge Joseph Henry 
 Lumpkin, Rev. Hope Hull, Rev. Moses Waddel, Hon. 
 Howell Cobb, General Thomas R. R. Cobb, Hon. Ben- 
 jamin Hill, Rev. Dr. Lipscomb, and many others. No 
 place of its size in the United States can excel Athens 
 in the advantages which it offers, both social, educational, 
 and religious. Athens is also a town of considerable 
 trade, and there are located here two flourishing cotton- 
 
72 GEORGIA. 
 
 factories and one foundry. In the county (Clarke) are 
 two other cotton-factories and one woollen. In all of 
 these mills combined there are thirteen thousand four 
 hundred and fifty spindles and three hundred and fifty- 
 three looms. Athens is connected with Lula City on the 
 Air-Line by the Northeastern Railroad, which traverses a 
 fine section of the State. 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 
 Macon, Columbus, and Western Georgia — Central Railroad and 
 Branches— Atlanta and West Point Railroad— Places of Interest- 
 Battles of Jonesborough, Griswoldville, Newnan— Affair at West 
 Point. 
 
 Macon, the fourth city of Georgia, is situated on both 
 sides of the Ocmulgee River, at the head of steam- 
 boat navigation, and is also in the middle section of the 
 State. It is surrounded by a productive country, and is 
 connected by rail with the cities of Atlanta, Columbus, 
 Augusta, Savannah, Albany, and Brunswick. The first 
 
 WESLEYAN FEMALE COLLEGE. 
 
 lots were sold in 1823. It is now a thriving and beauti- 
 ful city of eleven thousand inhabitants. It has an exten- 
 sive trade, two large foundries, a cotton-factory, flouring- 
 
74 
 
 MACON. 
 
 mills and planing-mills. Its yearly receipts of cbtton are 
 seventy-five thousand bales. 
 
 Macon might appropriately be called "the city of col- 
 leges." The Wesleyan Female College, belonging to the 
 Southern Methodist Church, ranks among the best insti- 
 tutions of the kind in the Union. It has the honor of 
 being the first college in the United States to confer 
 
 MERCER UNIVERSITY. 
 
 diplomas upon females. Another excellent institution of 
 learning is the Mercer University, under the control of 
 the Baptist denomination, which was formerly located at 
 Penfield, in Greene County, but, since the War of Seces- 
 sion, has been removed to Macon. The Pio Nono Col- 
 lege, a large and handsome building, has been lately 
 erected under the auspices of the Roman Catholic Church 
 of Georgia. 
 
GEORGIA. 
 
 75 
 
 At Macon is also located the Georgia Academy for the 
 Blind. In addition to these seminaries of learning, 
 
 COURT-HOUSE AT MACON. 
 
 Macon is provided with an excellent system of public 
 schools. The city has some handsome public buildings 
 and many beautiful residences. A favorite place of resort 
 is the Central City Park, handsomely laid out along the 
 banks of the Ocmulgee. Here the State Fair is held every 
 second year, on which occasions the beautiful walks and 
 drives present a gay appearance. Vineville, one mile 
 
i 
 
MACON. 
 
 77 
 
 from the city, is a pleasant retreat, with beautiful homes, 
 surrounded by pretty lawns and gardens. About half a 
 mile from the city, on the banks of the river, is situated 
 the Rose Hill Cemetery, much admired by all visitors. 
 
 Macon escaped the ravages of the war. In 1864 it was 
 threatened by General Stoneman, in command of a large 
 cavalry force, but Stoneman was driven off, pursued and 
 captured, with one thousand of his men. In the spring 
 
 VIEW ON SECOND STREET, MACON. 
 
 of 1865 it was taken by General Wilson's cavalry expedi- 
 tion, but the Federal troops were immediately withdrawn 
 upon the news of the capitulation of Johnston's army in 
 North Carolina. At Griswoldville, on the Central Rail- 
 road, not far from Macon, during Sherman's march to 
 the sea, occurred a desperate fight between a division of 
 
 7* 
 
78 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 the Federals and a body of State troops, in which the 
 latter were worsted. 
 
 ENTRANCE TO ROSE HILL CEMETERY, MACON. 
 
 On the Central Railroad, between Macon and Savan- 
 nah, there are no large towns ; but there are several thriv- 
 ing towns on the Macon and Western and Southwestern 
 Railroads, both of which important highways of commerce 
 are under the control of the" Central, of which they are 
 the two most important branches. On the Ocmulgee 
 River, below Macon, is Hawkinsville, a town of con- 
 siderable trade, connected by a short railway with the 
 Macon and Brunswick Railroad. At Eastman, in Dodge 
 County, on the last-named road, some Northern gentle- 
 men have recently erected the Uplands Hotel, a first-class 
 house for the accommodation of persons seeking a pleasant 
 winter resort, free alike from the malaria of the low 
 swamp-lands along the coast and from the cold winds of 
 
COLUMBUS. 
 
 79 
 
 Upper Georgia. The village of Eastman is some six 
 hundred or seven hundred feet above tide-water^ and the 
 air of these pine uplands is recommended by prominent 
 physicians as having a healing virtue in bronchial and 
 pulmonary complaints. 
 
 Connected with Macon by the Southwestern Railroad 
 is Columbus, the fifth city of the State, at the head of 
 steamboat navigation on the Chattahoochee, the greatest 
 manufacturing centre in the South. Together with its 
 immediate suburbs, Columbus embraces a population of 
 about fifteen thousand, but the city proper contained, by 
 
 COLUMBUS FEMALE COLLEGE. 
 
 the census of 1870, only about eight thousand inhabitants. 
 Just before the close of the late war it was captured by 
 Wilson's cavalry, and its mills destroyed ; but these have 
 been rebuilt and greatly enlarged. There are six cotton- 
 factories, four running by water and two by steam, viz., 
 Eagle and Phoenix Mills, Nos. i and 2, Muscogee Mills, 
 and Columbus Factory Mills, all being of large capacity; 
 one steam cotton-mill for yarns only, and another steam 
 factory for stripes and checks only. Besides these there 
 
8o 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 is a steam bagging-factory, which daily turns out an 
 excellent article of bagging. The Eagle and Phoenix 
 
 PERRY HOUSE. 
 
 Manufacturing Company have lately purchased what is 
 known as the Palace Mills ground and water-lot, and 
 have erected thereon a new mill, which makes their mill 
 the largest ever erected in the South. The Eagle and 
 
 SPRINGER OPERA-HOUSE. 
 
 Phoenix Mills manufacture a superior article of woollen 
 goods, and also the celebrated cotton blanket. There 
 
COLUMBUS. 
 
 8i 
 
 are also in tlie city two large flour-mills, four smaller 
 grist-mills, one kerosene oil factory, two saw-mills, one 
 
 MUSCOGEE MILLS. 
 
 wagon-factory, making an article that competes with those 
 of Northern and Western build, one extensive plough- 
 factory, two iron-foundries (one of them the most exten- 
 
 EAGLE AND PHCENIX MILLS. 
 
 sive south of Richmond, Virginia), three large machine- 
 shops, three planing-mills, one carriage-factory, one fur- 
 niture-factory, one sasli- and blind-factory, one tub- and 
 spoke-factory, and three brick-yards. 
 
82 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 At the Columbus Boat-Yard steamboats are built and 
 repaired. 
 
 gilbert's printing establishment, COLUMBUS. 
 
 There are four railroads terminating at Columbus, with 
 their shops, at one of which (the Central) are manufac- 
 tured superior locomotive-engines and passenger-cars. 
 
 Besides its railroad connections in Georgia and Ala- 
 bama, Columbus carries on an extensive river trade with 
 Eufaula and Fort Gaines, on the Chattahoochee, and with 
 Appalachicola, on the Gulf of Mexico. Columbus re- 
 ceives yearly about seventy-five thousand bales of cotton. 
 This city, in its general appearance, resembles Augusta. 
 
COLUMBUS. 
 
 83 
 
 Near it are the pretty suburban villages of Winnton, Lin- 
 wood, and Bealwood. Just across the river, in Alabama, 
 is the town of Girard. All the religious denominations 
 are represented in Columbus, and some of the church 
 edifices are quite tasty in appearance. The city has an 
 excellent school system, equal to that of any place of its 
 size in the Union. There are five large cotton-warehouses 
 besides the one owned by the Eagle & Phoenix Company 
 and used exclusively for their own storage. 
 
 GEORGIA HOME INSURANCE COMPANY'S BUILDING. 
 
 The building of the Georgia Home Insurance Company, 
 made entirely of iron, is one of the most imposing in the 
 South. Columbus is an attractive place, and the great 
 manufacturing facilities afforded by its immense water- 
 power are destined at some future day to make it a large 
 and prosperous city. It was laid out in 1828, and when 
 the late war began was a rapidly-growing town. The de- 
 struction of its mills towards the close of the war gave it 
 a temporary check, but the city is once more on the road 
 to prosperity, as may be known from the fact that its ruined 
 mills were almost immediately rebuilt, and by Southern 
 capital alone. Wlisre such enterprise is shown, success is 
 sure to follow. 
 
84 GEORGIA. 
 
 The largest town between Columbus and Macon is 
 Fort Valley, in one of the healthiest and pleasantest local- 
 ities in Georgia. This place has a population of four- 
 teen hundred, has superior educational advantages, and 
 churches of the leading Protestant denominations. It is 
 a very pretty town, and is situated in a community not 
 surpassed by any in the State for intelligence, refinement, 
 and general morality. Butler, in Taylor County, is a 
 thriving little town. At Talbotton, in Talbot County, 
 about twelve miles from the railroad, is the Collingsworth 
 Institute, a college for young ladies. 
 
 On the railroad between Macon and Atlanta are several 
 growing towns. At Forsyth is an excellent collegiate in- 
 stitute for young ladies. Forsyth is the county seat of 
 Monroe. In this county are the Falls of the Towaliga. 
 The river in its descent is divided by a ledge of rock and 
 forms two precipitous falls for a distance of fifty feet. 
 
 Barnesville, in Pike County, is a flourishing town of 
 nearly one thousand inhabitants. It has considerable 
 trade, and is connected by a branch railroad with Thom- 
 aston, the county seat of Upson, a place of about seven 
 hundred inhabitants. 
 
 Griffin, in Spalding County, is a thriving and hand- 
 some little city of nearly four thousand inhabitants, sur- 
 rounded by a prosperous agricultural country. This place 
 enjoys excellent educational and religious advantages, and 
 the society is of the very best. Jonesborough, a thriving 
 town in Clayton County, is noted for being the scene of 
 two desperate battles in the summer of 1864. On the 25th 
 of August of that year. General Sherman, tired of the dead- 
 lock around Atlanta, and having resolved to make an at- 
 tempt to flank Hood out of that city, commenced a move- 
 ment which ended in placing his £#my along the line 
 of the Macon Road, near Jonesborough. General Hood, 
 
WEST POINT. 85 
 
 feeling the necessity of checking this movement, marched 
 out from Atlanta with the corps of Hardee and S. D. Lee, 
 and on the 31st of August assaulted the Federal position, 
 but was at last repulsed. After this repulse. General Hood, 
 thinking no other course was left him, moved back to 
 Atlanta, leaving Hardee with only one corps to hold the 
 works at Jonesborough, while he made preparations to 
 abandon the city and concentrate his army at some point 
 nearer Macon. 
 
 On the I St of September, General Hardee, with his 
 single corps, resisted six corps of the Federal army from 
 noon until dark, and, although his line was at one time 
 pierced and eight of his cannon captured, he succeeded 
 in holding his position until night ended the contest. By 
 this gallant stand General Hardee secured the safe with- 
 drawal of the Confederate army from Atlanta. 
 
 The other important towns of this section of Georgia 
 not previously mentioned are Newnan, La Grange, and 
 West Point, on the Atlanta and West Point Railroad. 
 Newnan and La Grange have each a population of two 
 thousand, and West Point numbers about fifteen hundred 
 inhabitants. The schools of La Grange have for many 
 years been highly celebrated. West Point is on both sides 
 of the Chattahoochee. The two parts of the town are 
 united by a bridge five hundred and fifty feet long. It 
 is also connected by rail with the city of Montgomery, 
 in Alabama. Near West Point is a flourishing cotton- 
 factory. 
 
 At Newnan, in the summer of 1864, occurred a fierce 
 cavalry battle, in which the Federal General McCook, 
 with a force of five thousand strong, was defeated with 
 great loss. 
 
 West Point was- also the scene of a gallant but unsuc- 
 cessful fight in the spring of 1865, in which General R. C. 
 
 8 
 
S6 GEORGIA. 
 
 Tyler, with a small body of citizens, aided by a few troops, 
 vainly attempted to stay the advance of General Wilson's 
 large body of cavalry. 
 
 AH this section of country suffered heavily by the war, 
 but the people have labored zealously to repair their losses, 
 and already there are to be seen the evidences of in- 
 creasing prosperity. 
 
CHAPTER VL 
 
 Savannah and the Georgia Coast — Incidents connected with Colonial 
 and Revolutionary History — Fort McAllister. 
 
 Savannah is like no other city in the Union. Few 
 cities are more attractive, and the oftener one visits the 
 place the better will he like it. With its many beautiful 
 little parks and neat residences, it has an air of elegant 
 comfort and refinement, of peace and quiet, well calcu- 
 lated to charm the stranger and make him feel, ''surely 
 this must be a delightful retreat from the din and con- 
 fusion of larger and more bustling cities." 
 
 The favorite promenade of the citizens is out Bull 
 Street to Forsyth Park. Starting from the Pulaski Hotel, 
 one passes through five little parks or squares, each 
 adorned with either a monument, a fountain, or a mound. 
 In Johnston Square, facing on one side tlie Pulaski House 
 and on the other the Scriven House, stands a neat 
 marble obelisk to the memory of General Nathaniel 
 Greene. In Monterey Square stands another and very 
 elegant monument in honor of Count Pulaski, who gave 
 up his life in defence of American liberty on the 9th of 
 October, 1779, when the combined French and American 
 armies made their desperate assault upon the British forti- 
 fications at Savannah in a gallant but fruitless effort to 
 rescue the city from the grasp of the invader. 
 
 Forsyth Park, with its beautifiil fountain, its shell walks 
 bordering grassy lawns and shaded by trees, whose foliage 
 is ever green, thronged on pleasant afternoons by troops 
 
 87 
 
SA VANNAH. 
 
 89 
 
 of frolicsome children, is a delightful resort. In the new 
 portion of the park stands a noble Confederate monu- 
 
 PULASKI MONUMENT. 
 
 ment, a most beautiful tribute to the valiant and heroic 
 dead. 
 
 The promenade up Bull Street is not the only delight- 
 ful walk in Savannah. Most of the streets leading out 
 from Bay are adorned with handsome residences and 
 pretty parks. There are twenty-four of these little parks 
 or squares in Savannah, and they constitute the favorite 
 play-grounds for the children. Savannah has of late 
 years become quite a favorite winter resort for tourists 
 
 8* 
 
go GEORGIA. 
 
 from the North. Many of them prefer it to Florida, and, 
 staying but a short while in the Land of Flowers, return 
 
 FOUNTAIN IN FORSYTH I'ARK. 
 
 to the lovely Forest City to spend the remainder of the 
 winter. Some of the parks in Savannah are ornamented 
 with banana-trees, and several of the gardens with orange- 
 trees. Among the flowers the most beautiful is the 
 Camellia Japonica, which here blooms in midwinter in 
 
SA VANNAH. 
 
 91 
 
 the open air. But its beauty is not all that Savannah 
 boasts. It is the chief commercial emporium of Georgia, 
 and one of the most important cities of the South. In 
 
 CONFEDERATE MONUMENT IN PARK EXTENSION, SAVANNAH. 
 
 i86o the population was twenty-two thousand; by 1870 
 it had increased to twenty-eight thousand. During the 
 same period its export trade had increased from seventeen 
 million dollars to fifty-eight million dollars. Its yearly 
 receipts of cotton average between six and seven hundred 
 thousand bales. It has railroad communication with all 
 parts of the country, and has an extensive foreign and 
 domestic commerce, ranking as the second cotton port 
 in the United States. In the value of its exports it stands 
 
92 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 third in the Union. It has steamship lines to New York, 
 Philadelphia, Baltimore, Boston, Providence, Charleston, 
 Florida, and also to Nassau, in the Bahamas. During 
 the cotton season, steamships from England, Germany, 
 and Spain visit the port and carry off vast loads of the 
 fleecy staple. Besides the steamships the port is crowded 
 with all manner of sailing-vessels from all parts of the 
 world. During the summer vast quantities of melons are 
 shipped here for New York and other Northern markets. 
 The best steamships plying between this city and New 
 York are owned in Savannah, by the Ocean Steamship 
 Company, of which William Wadley is president. It 
 was from Savannah that the first steamship sailed that 
 ever crossed the Atlantic. This steamer was called the 
 ''Savannah," and, though built in New York, was owned 
 in Savannah. It made a successful voyoge to Liverpool, 
 and afterwards to St. Petersburg, in Russia, and was 
 everywhere an object of great curiosity. 
 
 The business streets of Savannah are lined with sub- 
 stantial buildings, some of them imposing in appearance. 
 Among the public buildings of note are the Exchange, 
 Custom-House (built of granite), United States Barracks, 
 Police Barracks, Chatham Academy, and the new hall of 
 the Georgia Historical Society. This latter building is 
 on the corner of Whitaker and Gaston Streets, facing For- 
 syth Park. Some of the church buildings are models of 
 architectural beauty. 
 
 The school system of Savannah is unsurpassed by that 
 of any city in the United States. The literary, edu- 
 cational, and benevolent institutions of the city are nu- 
 merous and well sustained. The Union Society for the 
 benefit of orphans, and the Female Asylum, are among the 
 oldest institutions in this country, having been founded 
 in 1750. Among other benevolent institutions are the 
 
SA VANNAH. 
 
 93 
 
 Abrams' Home for Poor Widows, the Home for Old and 
 Indigent Colored People, the Savannah Poor-House and 
 "Hospital, and the Marine Hospital. About nine miles 
 
 CUSTOM-HOUSE, ON BAY STREET. 
 
 from Savannah, at Bethesda, is the Orphan House, estab- 
 lished in the early days of the colony by the Rev. George 
 Whitefield, the companion of those distinguished divines, 
 John and Charles Wesley. 
 
 We should not, in mentioning the public buildings of 
 Savannah, fail to notice the market-house, which is one 
 of the handsomest in the Union, and cannot be excelled 
 for comfort and convenience. There are in Savannah 
 two foundries, several planing-mills, one cotton-factory, 
 two large rice-mills, and three grist- and flour-mills. Both 
 the Central and Gulf Railroad companies have extensive 
 machine-shops, at which cars are built. At the Central 
 Railroad shops locomotive engines are also manufactured. 
 
94 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 Both of these railroad companies have wharves of their 
 own, down to which their freight-cars run and unload 
 their burdens directly into the ships. On Hutchinson's 
 Island, opposite the city, there is a marine railway, and 
 also a dry-dock. 
 
 Savannah is well supplied with suburban retreats. 
 Thunderbolt, Greenwich, White Bluff, Isle of Hope, 
 Montgomery, and Beaulieu are all pleasant places of re- 
 sort, and are brought within convenient reach of the 
 citizens by lines of railway connecting with the cars of 
 the street railroads. 
 
 On Tybee Island, at the mouth of the Savannah River, 
 a new hotel has been erected which adds to the comfgrt 
 of this favorite summer resort. Between three and four 
 miles from the city is Boiiaventure Cemetery, which is 
 reached either by a pleasant drive on the Shell Road or 
 by a few minutes' ride on the Coast-Line Railway. The 
 avenue of great live-oaks, festooned with gray moss, 
 gives to this place an air of solemn grandeur well befitting 
 the final resting-place of the dead. This cemetery de- 
 rives its name from the original tract of which it formed 
 a part, and which was first settled about the year 1760 by 
 Colonel John Mulryne, an Englishman. By the mar- 
 riage of his daughter Mary, in 1761, to Josiah Tatnall, of 
 Charleston, it came into possession of the latter family, 
 and here Governor Tatnall, of Georgia, was born, in 
 1765. This marriage is said to have been the occasion of 
 planting the great oaks which now constitute the chief 
 ornament of the spot. In 1847 t:he estate passed into the 
 hands of Captain P. Wiltberger, and was by him adapted 
 to its present use. 
 
 Nearer the city is Laurel Grove Cemetery, the prin- 
 cipal burying-place for the citizens of Savannah. This 
 cemetery contains some handsome monuments and vaults. 
 
SA VANNAH. 
 
 95 
 
 About two miles from Savannah is the Jasper Spring, the 
 scene of one of the daring exploits of the heroic Sergeant 
 
 AVENUE IN BONAVENTURE CEMETERY. 
 
 Jasper, of Revolutionary fame. Here the brave sergeant, 
 assisted by another gallant soldier, Sergeant Newton, res- 
 cued from a British guard an American prisoner who was 
 being carried to Savannah for execution. On the same 
 day on which the noble Count Pulaski yielded up his life 
 in the cause of American freedom. Sergeant Jasper re- 
 ceived his mortal wound. To Major Horry, who called 
 to see him, as he lay dying, he said (referring to his ex- 
 ploit at the spring), ''Should you ever see Jones, his wife 
 
c,6 GEORGIA. 
 
 and son, tell them that Jasper is gone, but that the remem- 
 brance of that battle which he fought for them brought 
 a secret joy into his heart when it was about to stop its 
 motion forever." 
 
 Savannah has always been one of the most patriotic of 
 American cities. She bore her full share of the disasters 
 and glories of the War of Independence, and during the 
 late war between the States her sons were among the fore- 
 most to respond to the call of their native State, and 
 ranked among the bravest and the best. Fort Pulaski, on 
 Cockspur Island, was, during the War of Secession, the 
 scene of a brave but vain defence by a Savannah garrison, 
 commanded by Colonel Olmstead. About sixteen miles 
 below Savannah, on the Ogeechee River, stands Fort 
 McAllister, which, during the same great struggle, re- 
 pulsed several attacks of the Federal fleet. When Sher- 
 man appeared before the city in December, 1864, this 
 fort was held by a garrison of only one hundred and fifty 
 men, commanded by Major George W. Anderson. The 
 second division of the Fifteenth Army Corps, consisting 
 of seventeen regiments, under the command of Brigadier- 
 General Hazen, was, on the morning of the 13th of De- 
 cember, ordered to capture the fort. This was done after 
 a sharp fight, in which the assaulting column of nine regi- 
 ments, numbering between three and four thousand men, 
 suffered a loss of one hundred and thirty-four officers and 
 men killed and wounded, while the total loss of the de- 
 fenders w3s forty-eight. The greatest compliment that 
 could be paid the brave garrison is contained in the words 
 of the Federal general who made the assault : ** We fought 
 the garrison through the fort to their bomb-proofs, from 
 which they still fought, and only succumbed as each man 
 was individually overpowered." 
 
 On the banks of the Ogeechee River are situated some 
 
BRUNSWICK. 
 
 97 
 
 of the largest rice plantations in Georgia. This is one of 
 the great staples of the State, in the production of which 
 Georgia is second only to South Carolina. According to 
 the census of 1870, the production of rice in Georgia 
 amounted to twenty-two million two hundred and seventy- 
 seven thousand three hundred and eighty pounds. A 
 canal connects the Ogeechee River with Savannah. 
 
 At Sunbury, farther down the coast, is an excellent 
 harbor. Here we may see the old Sunbury Fort, and have 
 a fine view of St. Catherine's Sound. 
 
 At the mouth of the Altamaha, one of the largest rivers 
 of Georgia, is situated the town of Darien, which carries 
 on a large trade in lumber and timber. Some distance 
 from the town the' Atlantic and Gulf Railroad crosses the 
 Altamaha upon a substantial lattice-bridge of four spans, 
 formed upon brick pieces slifticiently high for steamers to 
 pass below. The swamp near by abounds in cypress and 
 oak. The cypress is manufactured into shingles, and 
 shipped to Savannah, Macon, and Northern ports; and 
 large quantities of oak staves are exported to France and 
 Spain. In Darien and vicinity are several large saw- 
 mills. 
 
 Brunswick, the capital of Glynn County, situated on 
 the east bank of the Turtle River, is a growing little 
 city of about twenty-five hundred inhabitants. It stands 
 upon a beautiful bluff of ..white sand, elevated from eight 
 to twelve feet above high water, and extending up and 
 down the river for upwards of two miles. Brunswick is 
 connected by rail with both Savannah and Macon. Along 
 the coast of Glynn County are several islands, of which St. 
 Simon's is the most celebrated. On this island are the 
 ruins of the old town of Frederica, laid out by General 
 Oglethorpe and settled in 1739. It was named in honor 
 of Frederick, Prince of Wales, and only son of George 
 E 9 
 
98 GEORGIA. 
 
 II. It was laid out with wide streets crossing one 
 another at right angles and planted with rows of orange- 
 trees. This place was the favorite residence of General 
 Oglethorpe, and figures considerably in the early history 
 of Georgia. In 1 742 the Spaniards landed on this island 
 a force of about three thousand men. Oglethorpe had 
 only about eight hundred men with whom to oppose the 
 invaders, but by a skilful stratagem he alarmed the Span- 
 iards and caused them to take to their ships. While the 
 enemy were on the island there occurred an engage- 
 ment between a large body of their troops and a por- 
 tion of Oglethorpe's regiment, in which the Spaniards 
 were defeated with such slaughter that the scene of 
 the conflict has ever since been known as the *' Bloody 
 Marsh." 
 
 The most southern town on the coast of Georgia is St. 
 Mary's, beautifully situated on the north side of the river 
 of the same name, nine miles from the ocean. Its harbor 
 is accessible to the largest vessels, and the town has con- 
 siderable trade. The saw-mills are kept busy all the time, 
 and give to the place quite an air of thrift. In the winter 
 season the town is thronged with Northern visitors, who 
 find comfortable quarters at the Spencer House and at 
 Orange Hall. The latter place is embowered with orange- 
 trees laden in their season with golden fruit, and also 
 with sycamore and wild olive-irees, clad in a foliage of 
 perpetual green. In full view of St. Mary's, on Cumber- 
 land Island, is Dungeness, formerly the home of the 
 Revolutionary hero. General Nathaniel Greene. Here 
 repose the remains of "Light-Horse H^rry Lee," the 
 gallant commander of Greene's cavalry during the cam- 
 paigns in the Carolinas, and the father of General Robert 
 E. Lee, the illustrious commander of the Southern armies 
 in Virginia in the war between the States. 
 
CUMBERLAND ISLAND. 
 
 Cumberland is the most southern of the numerous 
 islands that skirt the Georgia coast. All of these islands 
 produce the celebrated ^'sea-island cotton," which is so 
 highly valued for its superior quality. 
 
CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Southern Georgia — Atlantic and Gulf Railroad and Connections. 
 
 One of the most important railroads of Georgia is the 
 Atlantic and Gulf, extending from Savannah to Bain- 
 bridge, in the extreme southwestern portion of the State. 
 On this road is the finest lumber region of the State. 
 Through this section are many large saw-mills, and the 
 lumber interest, which is constantly increasing in impor- 
 tance, adds greatly to the revenues of the road. The 
 shipments of lumber over the road increased, from 1866 
 to 1872, from eight million to forty-six million feet. There 
 'are several flourishing towns on the road. Blackshear, in 
 Pierce County, eighty-six miles from Savannah, has about 
 one thousand inhabitants. It has good churches and 
 schools. Situated in the great pine belt of Georgia, the 
 climate is delightful for eight months of the year. The 
 citizens claim that it surpasses either Aiken or Eastman 
 as a resort for invalids. Lands can be bought for twenty- 
 five cents per acre within five miles of the town. The 
 largest town on the road between Savannah and Thomas- 
 ville is Valdosta, the county-seat of Lowndes, a thriving 
 and growing place of nearly two thousand inhabitants. 
 It contains several mills, two good hotels, five white and 
 two negro churches, and has considerable trade, shipping 
 yearly about six thousand bales of cotton. West of Val- 
 dosta there is a great natural curiosity, a small river, the 
 Withlacoochee, which enters a cave and disappears. At 
 Ocean Pond and Long Pond (from three to five miles in ex- 
 tent) one may enjoy the best fresh-water fishing in Georgia. 
 
QUITMAN. lOi 
 
 From a small guide to Florida, published in 1874 by 
 Catlin & Lydecker, New York, I have taken the liberty 
 of making the following extract : 
 
 ** From Valdosta westward to Thomas ville the road 
 passes through a region which perhaps offers more induce- 
 ments to immigration than any other part of Southern 
 Georgia. It is a rolling country, well watered and thickly 
 wooded with yellow pine and other timber. There are 
 many thrifty farmers engaged in planting cotton, corn, 
 and sugar-cane, and in raising stock for the Savannah 
 market. In summer, the southerly winds are cooled in 
 passing over the Gulf of Mexico, and the nights are always 
 pleasant. Cases of malarial disease are rare, and mosqui- 
 toes are almost unknown. In short, there is no other 
 part of the Southern country possessing the same advan- 
 tages of climate, soil, and productions, of health, prox- 
 imity to schools, churches, and centres of trade, where 
 land can be purchased at as small a price as in this 
 vicinity." 
 
 The next town of importance is Quitman, with a popu- 
 lation of about fifteen hundred. This town is the county- 
 seat of Brooks, a fertile county, which contains ten water 
 and six steam saw-mills. In Quitman there are a cotton and 
 wool factory, with a capital of seventy-five thousand dollars, 
 two carriage-manufactories, five churches, thirty stores, 
 mostly of brick, and three large schools, the Lovick Pierce 
 College, Quitman Academy, and the Howard Institute, 
 the latter being for the education of negroes. This town 
 was laid out in i860. Four miles from the town are some 
 sulphur springs. In this county is a cave called the Devil's 
 Hopper. Near Dixie Station is a large sheet of water 
 called Dry Lake, into which three streams empty and 
 show no outlet again. 
 
 At Boston, a flourishing little village, are several steam 
 
 9* 
 
" I02 GEORGIA. 
 
 saw-mills. This place is the proposed terminus of a rail- 
 road tjo St. Mary's, and another to Greenfield. 
 
 Thomasville, two hundred miles from Savannah, the 
 county-seat of Thomas County, is the centre of a thriv- 
 ing trade, and one of the most important towns of South- 
 ern Georgia. From this point there were shipped, in 1876, 
 more than twelve thousand bales of cotton. There are 
 in Thomasville five saw-mills, a foundry, and a tannery. 
 There are Methodist, Presbyterian, Baptist, Episcopal, 
 and Roman Catholic churches. Two newspapers are 
 published here, the Southern Enterprise and Thomasville 
 Times. Here every year the South Georgia Agricultural 
 and Mechanical Association holds its fair, continuing five 
 days. The country around Thomasville is well settled, 
 and cultivated with cotton and sugar. Near the town, 
 a Swiss colony is successfully engaged in the grape-cul- 
 ture. Thomasville is quite a favorite resort for Northern 
 invalids on account of its dry and healthy climate. The 
 streets are wide, and shaded with evergreens. The popu- 
 lation numbers between two and three thousand. There 
 are two collegiate institutions. Young Female College, 
 and Fletcher Institute, a high-grade male school. 
 
 Whigham, about half-way between Thomasville and 
 Bainbridge, is pleasantly situated on high, rolling ground, 
 and remarkably free from the malarial diseases which 
 infest many localities in the Southern country. A never- 
 failing spring, equal in its character to the water of the 
 hill country, is near the depot, discharging daily ten 
 thousand gallons of pure, cold, freestone water. The 
 land around is well adapted to agricultural purposes, and 
 is unsurpassed as a fruit-growing section. Not far from 
 Whigham is a great natural curiosity, called the " Blowing 
 Cave." Through an opening in the earth, having a 
 diameter of nearly twelve inches, there is always passing 
 
ALBANY. 103 
 
 a Strong current of air. During the first part of the day 
 the air escapes from the opening, but in the afternoon 
 the direction of the current is reversed, and the air is 
 drawn into the opening with such force as to take in with 
 it a handkerchief, or any h'ght body. 
 
 Bainbridge, the chief town of Decatur County, the 
 western terminus of the road, is two hundred and thirty- 
 six miles from Savannah, on the Flint River. This is a 
 growing town of fifteen hundred inhabitants, and con- 
 tains a cotton-factory, two steam saw-mills, and two 
 newspapers. The Southern Sun 2XiA The Argus. Steamboats 
 make semi-weekly trips to Columbus, Georgia, on the Chat- 
 tahoochee, and to Appalachicola, Florida, on the Gulf of 
 Mexico. The annual shipments of cotton are eleven thou- 
 sand bales. The steamers bring here about sixteen thou- 
 sand bales per annum, to be shipped by rail to Savannah. 
 Bainbridge is also the proposed terminus of a narrow- 
 gauge railroad to Cuthbert and Columbus. On the 
 Albany branch of the Atlantic and Gulf Railroad, which 
 extends from Thomasville to Albany, is Camilla, a new 
 town of about four hundred inhabitants. In this place 
 are several steam saw-mills and two corn-mills. From 
 thence to Albany the road runs near the east bank of the 
 Flint River, passing through some of the largest and most 
 fertile cotton plantations of the State. 
 
 Albany is the terminus of four railroads, — the Albany 
 branch of the Atlantic and Gulf, the Brunswick and Al- 
 bany, the Southwestern from Macon, and a new road to 
 Blakely, in Early County. Albany is the county-seat of 
 Dougherty, and is a prosperous and growing place of 
 twenty-five hundred inhabitants. It boasts a number of 
 mills and foundries, seven churches, two newspapers, and 
 two hotels. From this town were shipped in 1876 thir- 
 teen thousand bales of cotton. 
 
I04 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 On the railroad from Albany to Macon is situated, in 
 Sumter County, the prosperous little city of Americus, 
 having a population of thirty-five hundred, and surrounded 
 by a fertile country. This is a pretty city, with a refined 
 and intelligent population. In Sumter County there are 
 eight grain-mills and four saw-mills. 
 
 On a branch of the Southwestern Railroad are the 
 towns of Dawson and Cuthbert, the former having a popu- 
 lation of eleven hundred, and the latter of about twenty- 
 five hundred. From Cuthbert there are two short rail- 
 roads, one to Georgetown, the other to Fort Gaines, each 
 of which places is situated on the Chattahoochee River. 
 Georgetown is opposite the flourishing little city of Eu- 
 faula, in Alabama. Twelve miles northwest of Fort 
 Gaines are Pataula Falls. Factories to any extent could 
 be established at these falls. 
 
 All this section of country offers to the immigrant, in 
 addition to its soil and climate, every advantage, social, 
 educational, and religious. 
 
CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 Education in Georgia. 
 
 From the earliest history of Georgia her people have 
 been alive to the educational interests of the State. 
 
 Previous to the war there was no system of public 
 schools in the State ; but they were not needed. Private 
 schools and academies were numerous, and the greater 
 part of the people were able to educate their children, 
 while the instruction of the children of the poor was pro- 
 vided for by appropriations made by the State Legislature. 
 Just before the war, steps were taken for the establishment 
 of a system of public schools. In some of the cities 
 there were flourishing free schools many years before the 
 war. 
 
 Immediately after the War of the Revolution the Legis- 
 lature of Georgia took measures for establishing a State 
 university. In November, 1801, the site of the Univer- 
 sity of Georgia was selected, and seven hundred acres of 
 land, on which the flourishing city of Athens is now prin- 
 cipally located, were sold off" in lots for the benefit of the 
 college. The first commencement took place in May, 
 1804, on the present college campus, under an arbor 
 formed of the branches of trees. 
 
 The university has now five departments, thirteen pro- 
 fessors, and two hundred students. These are exclusive 
 of the medical department, located at Augusta, having 
 sixty students, and the North Georgia Agricultural Col- 
 lege, at Dahlonegah, with nearly two hundred and fifty 
 E* 105 
 
iq6 GEORGIA. 
 
 pupils. In the last-named institution tuition is entirely 
 free. 
 
 The college proper at Athens (Franklin College) ad- 
 mits '* fifty meritorious young men of limited means" 
 without charge, and also young men studying for the min- 
 istry of any denomination who stand in need of such aid. 
 
 The total value of the property of the university is 
 two hundred and twenty-eight thousand dollars. There 
 are over thirteen thousand volumes in the college library \ 
 also about one thousand volumes in the Gilmer Library, 
 bequeathed by Hon. George R. Gilmer, for four years 
 governor of the State. The two literary societies of the 
 college have also fine libraries, each containing over three 
 thousand volumes. 
 
 The university has an endowment of one hundred 
 and twenty-eight thousand three hundred and fifty dol- 
 lars, besides the special endowment of the State Col- 
 lege of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, which has an 
 endowment derived from the sale of the agricultural land 
 scrip, donated to the State by Congress. This donation 
 amounts to two hundred and forty-two thousand two 
 hundred and two dollars. Including this, the total en- 
 dowment of the university is three hundred and seventy 
 thousand five hundred and fifty-two dollars. The State 
 College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts has provided 
 for the free education of as many young men, residents 
 of the State, as there are members of the Georgia Legis- 
 lature. There are three departments of study in this 
 agricultural college, viz., agricultural, engineering, and 
 applied chemistry. There is also a law school at Athens 
 connected with the University. 
 
 Mercer University, a college of the Baptist denomina- 
 tion, is located at Macon, Georgia. It was opened for 
 the admission of students in 1838, and until 1870 was 
 
EDUCATION IN GEORGIA. 107 
 
 located at the village of Penfield, in Greene County. 
 The present building and grounds cost one hundred and 
 fifty thousand dollars. Two other large buildings are yet 
 to be constructed. The university has an endowment 
 of one hundred and sixty thousand dollars. There are 
 about six thousand volumes in the college library, and 
 about the same number in the libraries of the two literary 
 societies. Besides the regular college course there are 
 connected with this institution a law and a theological 
 school. The number of students at present is about one 
 hundred and thirty-five. Since the establishment of the 
 college, in 1838, about three hundred and ninety have 
 graduated. Connected with the university are Mercer 
 High School, at Penfield, with one hundred and twenty 
 students, and Crawford High School, at Dalton, having 
 one hundred and twenty-five students. Both of these are 
 schools of high order. 
 
 Emory College, at Oxford, in Newton County, which 
 is the joint property of the North Georgia, South Georgia, 
 and Florida Conferences of the Methodist Episcopal 
 Church South, was chartered December 29, 1836. The 
 first class graduated in 1841. The college buildings are 
 neat and commodious. This institution has an able fac- 
 ulty. It has a valuable college apparatus, and several 
 thousand volumes in the library. The literary societies 
 have also valuable libraries, containing in all between five 
 and six thousand volumes. There is also a first-class pre- 
 paratory school connected with the college. The present 
 number of students in the college is one hundred and 
 fifty-six. Up to this time five hundred and ninety have 
 graduated, many of whom hold prominent positions both 
 in church and state. Vigorous efforts are being made to 
 give to this college an endowment worthy of its past and 
 present services in the cause of education and religion. 
 
io8 GEORGIA. 
 
 The Wesleyan Female College, at Macon, claims for 
 itself the honor of being the first female college in the 
 world. It is the property of the Methodist denomina- 
 tion. It is well supplied with all the necessary buildings 
 and apparatus. It has a president and seven professors, 
 besides several other teachers and assistants. It has in 
 the college and preparatory classes two hundred and four 
 students, and is undoubtedly one of the finest institutions 
 in the Union. It was chartered December lo, 1836. 
 The college was built by general subscription, — Methodist 
 ministers acting as agents for the collection of necessary 
 funds. In 1845 ^ mortgage of ten thousand dollars against 
 the college was paid off by James A. Everett, of Houston 
 County, who presented the college to the Georgia Con- 
 ference of the Methodist Episcopal Church South. The 
 first class graduated in 1840, since which time the degree 
 of A.B. has been conferred on six hundred and seventy- 
 eight, and that of A.M. on four hundred and two of its 
 graduates. 
 
 The Southern Masonic Female College, at Covington, 
 was first erected for a female school of high grade by the 
 citizens of the place in 185 1. It became the property of 
 the Grand Lodge of the Masonic fraternity in Georgia, 
 in 1852, and was procured for the purpose of educating 
 the female orphans of Masons. It has about ninety stu- 
 dents, and has graduated up to this time three hundred 
 and fifty. 
 
 The Pio Nono College, located at Macon, is a Catholic 
 institution, established mainly by the efforts of Right Rev. 
 William H. Gross, Bishop of Savannah. The college 
 building is of brick, and cost fifty thousand dollars. 
 During the term ending June, 1876, there were eighty-six 
 scholars. 
 
 The Atlanta University, for the education of negroes 
 
EDUCATION IN GEORGIA. 109 
 
 in Georgia and the adjoining States, was established by 
 the Freedmen's Bureau and various Northern aid societies, 
 the chief of which was the American Missionary Associa- 
 tion. 
 
 The Georgia Legislature donates to this institution eight 
 thousand dollars per annum. During the last year there 
 were in attendance two hundred and forty pupils. 
 
 In addition to the colleges already mentioned there are 
 in Georgia the following institutions of learning, viz. : 
 Rome Female College, at Rome ; Cherokee Baptist Fe- 
 male College, at Rome ; Houston Female College, at 
 Perry ; Martin Institute, at Jefferson ; Conyers Female 
 College, at Conyers ; Collingsworth Institute ; also the 
 Levert Female College, at Talbotton ; Young Female 
 College, at Thomasville ; Southern Female College, at 
 La Grange ; La Grange Female College, at La Grange ; 
 West Point Female College, at West Point ; Dalton Fe- 
 male College, at Dalton. 
 
 The Georgia Academy for the Blind, at Macon, was 
 opened in July, 1851. Since then one hundred and forty- 
 five pupils have been admitted. The Georgia Institute for 
 the Education of the Deaf and Dumb was founded at 
 Cave Spring, not far from Rome, in May, 1846. The 
 whole number of pupils received up to this time is two 
 hundred and fifty-three. Both of these last-named insti- 
 tutions are in a flourishing condition. 
 
 In regard to the common schools of Georgia, we cannot 
 do better than to give the following extract from the mes- 
 sage of Governor Smith to the Legislature in January, 
 1877: 
 
 "A brief resume of the history of popular education 
 since my entry on the duties of the executive office, may 
 not be out of place in this, my last annual communication 
 to the general assembly. Our system of common schools, 
 
no GEORGIA. 
 
 although organized at an earlier day, did not really go 
 into effect until the year 1873. ^^ ^^^ ^ common 
 school commissioner, and a tax for the support of schools 
 had been levied and collected. Schools had been put 
 into operation in some of the counties, and teachers em- 
 ployed ; but at the close of the year 1871 there existed 
 a school debt in various counties of the State amounting 
 to more than three hundred thousand dollars. This debt 
 was due to school officers and teachers, for services ren- 
 dered by them to that date. The school fund, which 
 amounted October i, 1871, to ^^327,083.09, had been, in 
 violation of the Constitution of the State, diverted from 
 its lawful object, and appropriated to the payment of legis- 
 lative and other expenses of the government. While 
 teachers and school officers clamored for their pay, there 
 was nothing to the credit of the school fund in the treas- 
 ury. Almost universal distrust of the system itself pre- 
 vailed, and it was feared that it had received a fatal blow 
 in the very first years of its existence. 
 
 " From the lack of means to pay the teachers, no 
 schools were taught in the year 1872, and the commis- 
 sioner devoted his attention to systematizing the work 
 under the law passed in August that year. Not only the ac- 
 cumulated debts had to be paid, but it was also necessary to 
 raise funds to revive and re-establish schools. The legis- 
 lature of 1872 provided that a tax should be levied to raise 
 money to pay the claims of teachers and school officials. 
 Under the operation -of this law one hundred and sev- 
 enty-four thousand dollars was raised and paid to claim- 
 ants, and by other legislation, since adopted, these local 
 debts have been almost entirely extinguished. In the 
 year 1873 schools were again put in operation, and have 
 increased in number until every county of the State has 
 its school organization. Means for the support of schools 
 
EDUCATION IN GEORGIA. m 
 
 are regularly and punctually supplied, and no well-founded 
 claim upon the school fund, in any county in the State, 
 remains unsatisfied. 
 
 *' While these facts are most gratifying, the increased 
 interest and confidence in the system are forcibly exhib- 
 ited by the following figures, taken from the Commis- 
 sioner's Report : 
 
 School aUendance in 1871 was, whites 42,914 
 
 " " " colored 6,664 
 
 Total 49.578 
 
 The attendance in 1873 was, whites 63,922 
 
 " " " " colored 19.755 
 
 Total 83,677 
 
 Attendance in 1874 was, whites 93.167 
 
 " *' " colored 42,374 
 
 Total 145.541 
 
 Attendance in 1875 was, whites 105,990 
 
 " " " colored 50.359 
 
 Total 156,349 
 
 Attendance in 1876 was, whites 121,418 
 
 " " " colored 57.987 
 
 Total 179,405 
 
 Increase of attendance over that of 1875 • . 23,011 
 
 '^The amount of money raised for the support of the 
 school system, since my induction to office, is as follows : 
 
 Am't raised under Act of 1872, for paym't of school debts 
 
 of 1871 . ^174,000 
 
 Amount apportioned for support of schools in 1873 • 
 
 " " 1874 . 
 
 Am't apport'n'd and p'd for ' " 1875 • 
 
 ' " 1876 . 
 
 Total 
 
 250,000 
 
 265,000 
 
 . 291,319 
 
 291,319 
 
 $1,271,638 
 
1 1 2 GEORGIA. 
 
 ''It is but due to certain communities in this State to 
 add that, with a public spirit most praiseworthy, the above 
 sum has been supplemented by annual local city and county 
 appropriations, to the amount of between one hundred 
 and forty thousand and one hundred and fifty thousand 
 dollars." 
 
 During the year just closed, Professor Orr, the State 
 School Commissioner, reports the attendance on the public 
 schools to be in round numbers two hundred thousand. 
 
CHAPTER IX. 
 
 Religious Denominations in Georgia. 
 
 When Oglethorpe and the first settlers, on the ist of 
 February, 1733, landed at the bluff where now stands the 
 city of Savannah, they were accompanied by Dr. Henry 
 Herbert, an Episcopal clergyman. In March, 1734, a 
 body of Salzburgers (Lutherans), from Germany, landed 
 at Savannah. They settled at Ebenezer, in Effingham 
 County, and there built the first Lutheran church in 
 Georgia. The first pastor of this church was the Rev. 
 John Martin Bolzius. 
 
 Rev. Henry Herbert, at Savannah, was followed by 
 Rev. Samuel Quincy, who was followed by John Wesley, 
 in 1736, and George Whitefield, in 1738. Charles Wes- 
 ley accompanied his brother John to Georgia. The two 
 Wesleys and Whitefield are renowned as the founders of 
 the powerful and influential body of Christians known as 
 Methodists. In 1755 the trustees surrendered the control 
 of the colony to the crown, and the Church of England 
 (Episcopal) became the established church. Parishes 
 were formed, in three of which were churches, one in 
 Savannah, one in Augusta, and one in Burke County, 
 then known as the Parish of St. George. Outside of 
 Savannah the churches were supplied with missionaries 
 sent out by the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel 
 in Foreign Parts. When the Revolution broke out, the 
 field was entirely abandoned by the Church of England, 
 and for nearly twenty years after its close there seems to 
 have been no organized Episcopal church in Georgia. 
 
 10* 113 
 
114 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 The first bishop of this church who visited Georgia was 
 Bishop Dehon, of South Carolina, who came, in 1815, to 
 consecrate the new building for Christ Church, in Savan- 
 nah, where he confirmed a class of sixty. This was the 
 first confirmation ever held in Georgia. In 1840 the 
 Rev. Stephen Elliott was elected the first bishop of the 
 diocese, which office he held until his death, in 1866. 
 He was succeeded by Rev. John W. Beckwith, the present 
 bishop, in 1867. 
 
 The Lutheran Church, of which we have already made 
 mention, had three churches in 1786, — one at Ebenezer, 
 one at Goshen, and one in Savannah. 
 
 As early as 1735 a colony of Scotch Presbyterians 
 settled at New Inverness, now Darien, in Mcintosh 
 County, at the mouth of the Altamaha River. Their 
 pastor was Rev. John McLeod. The Independent Pres- 
 byterian Church of Savannah was organized about the 
 year 1765. The first Presbytery was held in Wilkes 
 County, at Liberty Church, March 16, 1797. The 
 names of the ministers constituting it were John New- 
 ton, John Springer, Robert M. Cunningham, Moses 
 Waddell, and William Montgomery. The Synod of 
 Georgia now embraces five Presbyteries, extending all 
 over the State. 
 
 We have already mentioned that John Wesley, the 
 founder of Methodism, came to Georgia, accompanied 
 by his brother Charles, as early as 1736, and that he was 
 followed by George Whitefield in 1738. This may prop- 
 erly be regarded as the introduction of Methodism into 
 America, though the church of that name was not for- 
 mally established on the Western Continent until many 
 years afterwards. Mr. Wesley was himself in the habit of 
 referring to this as the '* second rise of Methodism." 
 Georgia, in her infancy, had the ministry of John and 
 
REL IGIO US DENOMINA TIONS. 
 
 "5 
 
 Charles Wesley, Benjamin Ingham, George Whitefield, 
 Delamotte and Cornelius Winter, men whose names are 
 familiar as instruments in the establishment of Method- 
 ism. The Methodist Church in America was organized 
 in Baltimore, in 1784, on account of the separation of 
 the colonies from Great Britain. Mr. Wesley, acting in 
 accordance with his views of church polity, decided to 
 ordain Dr. Thomas Coke as bishop, who came to America 
 and set apart Rev. Francis Asbury as superintendent or 
 bishop of the Methodist societies in this country. In 
 1785 Methodist ministers entered Georgia at Augusta, 
 coming from North Carolina and Virginia, and soon after 
 Georgia was included in the South Carolina Conference. 
 The first circuit extended from Savannah to Wilkes 
 County. Conspicuous among the pioneer preachers of 
 Methodism were James Foster, Thomas Humphries, and 
 John Major. Among the early active ministers of this 
 denomination in Georgia were Hope Hull, John Garvin, 
 Stith Mead, and Levi Garretson. As early as 1805 the 
 now venerable Dr. Lovick Pierce was an active travelling 
 preacher in Georgia. In 1830 the Georgia Conference 
 was formed, and in 1866 this was divided into the North 
 Georgia Conference and the South Georgia Conference. 
 
 The first Baptist in Georgia, of whom there is any 
 account, was Nicholas Begewood, in 1757. This gentle- 
 man was an agent of Whitefield's Orphan House, near 
 Savannah. The first Baptist church organized in Georgia 
 was in 1772, at Kiokee Meeting-House, where Appling, 
 in Columbia County, now stands, under the ministry of 
 Rev. Daniel Marshall, at that time the only ordained 
 Baptist minister in Georgia. The Baptist Convention of 
 the State was organized in 1822, at Powelton, Hancock 
 County. Rev. Jesse Mercer was moderator of the first 
 meeting of the convention. Other prominent ministers 
 
Il6 GEORGIA. 
 
 of this denomination of the early period were Edmund 
 Bottsford and Silas Mercer. 
 
 In addition to the above-mentioned Protestant denomi- 
 nations, there is another whose members, like the Baptists, 
 hold to immersion as the only method of Christian baptism, 
 but who refuse to be called by any other name than that 
 of Christians. One of the founders of this sect was the 
 pious and learned Alexander Campbell, of Kentucky. 
 As this denomination has no synod in Georgia, we have 
 not been able to learn its statistics in full, nor do we 
 know when or by whom it was first introduced into 
 Georgia. 
 
 The first Cjatholic church established in Georgia was at 
 Locust Grove, in Taliaferro County, seven miles from 
 Crawfordville, by a colony of Catholics from Maryland, 
 in 1 794. Soon after, a number of Catholics, who were 
 refugees from the terrible massacres of St. Domingo, 
 settled in Savannah and Augusta, and a priest, who came 
 with them, went to Locust Grove, and was the first 
 Catholic clergyman that ever officiated in Georgia. 
 Georgia and the two Carolinas were subject to the see 
 of Baltimore until July 11, 1820, when they were raised 
 to a distinct diocese by the appointment of Dr. John 
 England, who was the first bishop of Charleston, with 
 these three States as his field of operations. There was 
 then but one church in Georgia, the one in Augusta, — 
 those at Locust Grove and Savannah being without 
 pastors. Georgia was made a distinct diocese November 
 10, 1850, and Rev. Dr. Gartland was appointed the first 
 bishop of Savannah. He was succeeded, after his death, 
 by Bishops Barry, Verot, and Persico. The present 
 bishop, Rev. William H. Gross, was appointed on April 
 27, 1873. 
 
 The following statistical table of the different Chris- 
 
RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 
 
 117 
 
 tian denominations in Georgia will prove interesting and 
 instructive : 
 
 BAPTIST CHURCH, 
 
 Church 
 
 Membership. 
 
 Sunday- 
 Schools. 
 
 Sunday-School 
 Scholars. 
 
 Educational 
 
 Buildings. 
 
 White. 
 
 Colored. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Institutions. 
 
 2300 
 
 112,662 
 
 81,000 
 
 193.662 
 
 702 
 
 31,389 
 
 I College and 3 
 High Schools. 
 
 METHODIST CHURCH. 
 
 
 i 
 
 is 
 1 
 
 X. 
 t 
 
 Preachers. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 c: 
 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 Church South. 
 
 % 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1.2 
 3 ■" 
 
 s 
 
 North Georgia Con- 
 
 643 
 
 406 
 
 168 
 123 
 
 425 
 
 221 
 
 53,754 
 29,304 
 
 about 
 240 
 
 27,171 
 12,332 
 
 6 Colleges 
 and 2 Or- 
 phan Homes 
 
 South Georgia Con- 
 
 
 Total 
 
 1049 
 * 
 
 291 
 
 * 
 
 646 
 * 
 
 83,058 
 
 13,752 
 
 ti5,ooo 
 40,153 
 
 2,500 
 
 767 
 * 
 
 194 
 * 
 
 * 
 
 39,503 
 
 * 
 
 8,378 
 
 * 
 
 
 Colored M. E. Ch'ch 
 
 
 Set off from the M.E. 
 
 
 M. E. Church North 
 
 African M. E. Ch'ch 
 
 Protestant Method't 
 Church 
 
 193 
 * 
 
 * 
 
 101 
 * 
 
 294 
 * 
 
 • * 
 
 I College and 
 
 6 Schools. 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 1242 
 
 392 
 
 940 
 
 154,463 
 
 961 
 
 47,881 
 
 
 
 
 * Not ascertained. 
 
 f Twelve thousand of these members are colored. 
 
ii8 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. 
 
 1l 
 
 5| 
 
 1 
 '(h 
 
 P. 
 
 Members. 
 
 ll 
 
 11 
 
 White. 
 
 Colored. 
 
 Total. 
 
 it 
 
 146 
 
 56,000 
 
 86 
 
 8403 
 
 1000 
 
 9403 
 
 88 
 
 5085 
 
 PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH. 
 
 Stations. ^'"'"g=- ^'ergymen. Members. g^j^^^j^^ 
 
 Scholars. 
 
 29 iijooo 39 4500 25 
 
 2613 
 
 THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH.* 
 
 
 Church Buildings. Sittings. Preachers. 
 
 Members. 
 
 50 20,000 40 
 
 5000 
 
 CATHOLIC CHURCH. 
 
 Churches. Chapels. Priests. Convents. Orphan Asylums. Members. Colleges. 
 
 about 
 25 35 24 6 3 25,000 I 
 
 
 LUTHERANS. 
 
 Church Organizations. 
 
 Church Buildings. 
 
 u 
 
 10 
 
 
 CONGREGATIONALISTS. 
 
 Churches. Sittings. 
 
 
 10 2800 
 
 
 UNIVERSALISTS. 
 
 Church Organizations. 
 
 Church Edifices. 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 Sittings. 
 3000 
 
 Sittings. 
 900 
 
 * This Church in Kentucky and the West is often called Campbellite, though 
 its members repudiate the name. 
 
REL IGIO US DE NOMINA TIONS. 
 
 119 
 
 Besides the different Christian denominations in 
 Georgia, there are 2620 Israelites, and only three Hebrew 
 ministers. 
 
 The Catholic Church includes all its people in the 
 census of its members; Protestant denominations only 
 their communicants. Counting the Protestant population 
 of Georgia in the same way in which the Catholics esti- 
 mate their membership, we would have in round num- 
 bers, of 
 
 Baptists .... 
 
 . 570,000 
 
 members 
 
 Methodists .... 
 
 . 450,000 
 
 
 Presbyterians 
 
 28,000 
 
 
 Episcopalians 
 
 13,000 
 
 
 Christian 
 
 15,000 
 
 
 Total Protestants 
 
 1 ,076,000 
 
 
 This would leave still a large number claiming no par- 
 ticular denomination as their own. 
 
CHAPTER X. 
 
 Water- Power of Georgia. 
 
 No State in the Union has superior water-power to 
 Georgia. The State is well supplied with rivers and in- 
 numerable smaller water-courses. The Savannah, Ogee- 
 chee, Altamaha, Satilla, and St. Mary's, which flow into 
 the Atlantic Ocean, are all navigable for steamboats and 
 vessels of light draught for distances of from one hundred 
 to four hundred miles. The Oconee and Ocmulgee, 
 which by their junction form the Altamaha, are each 
 navigable for two hundred miles or more. The Flint 
 and Chattahoochee, on the western side of the State, 
 unite in the southwest and form the Appalachicola, which 
 flows through Florida into the Gulf of Mexico. Each 
 of these rivers is navigable for two hundred miles. The 
 Etowah and Oostenaula, in the northwestern portion of 
 the State, unite at the thriving city of Rome and form 
 the Coosa, which flows westward into Alabama and forms 
 one of the chief branches of the Alabama River. Steam- 
 boats can ascend the Coosa as far as Rome. The cities 
 which have been most energetic in using the fine water- 
 power in their vicinity are Augusta and Columbus. The 
 Chattahoochee River, from the top of Clapp's Dam to 
 the boat-landing at Columbus, has about thirty thousand 
 horse-powers, even at low water. Above this point to 
 Harris County there are probably twelve thousand horse- 
 powers. Besides the Chattahoochee River, there are in 
 Muscogee County several small streams which can be 
 1 20 
 
WATER-POWER OF GEORGIA. 121 
 
 used to advantage for running light machinery requiring 
 not more than eighteen horse-power. The available 
 horse-power of this county is estimated at between forty 
 thousand and fifty thousand. The people of Columbus 
 have not been slow to improve the great natural advan- 
 tages offered them by the magnificent water-power which 
 they possess, as may be seen by referring to the chapter 
 on Macon and Columbus. The city of Augusta, in Rich- 
 mond County, on the other side of the State and to the 
 northeast of Columbus, is furnished by its canal with a 
 magnificent water-power, which the citizens confidently 
 believe will at some future day make their city the Lowell 
 of the South. The following sketch of the canal is taken 
 from a pamphlet published, in 1875, under the direction 
 of the Board of Managers : 
 
 **The Augusta Canal was projected by a few public- 
 spirited citizens of Augusta, prominent among whom may 
 be- mentioned the late Colonel H. H. Cumming, the late 
 W. M. D'Antignac, and the Hon. John P. King. These 
 gentlemen, with six others, were elected by the City 
 Council of Augusta a Board of Commissioners for the 
 purpose of constructing a canal from a point in the 
 Savannah River, about seven miles above, to the city of 
 Augusta, for manufacturing purposes and for the better 
 securing an abundant supply of water to the city. The 
 work was commenced in 1845 ^"^ completed in the early 
 part of 1847. The dimensions were forty feet surface 
 width, twenty feet bottom, and five feet deep, affording 
 a total mechanical effect of about six hundred horse- 
 powers. It soon became evident that the canal was too 
 small to supply the demand for power, and the increasing 
 demand for fire, domestic, and other purposes consequent 
 upon the growth of the city. Temporary expedients were 
 devised and carried into effect from time to time in order 
 
WATER-POWER OF GEORGIA. 123 
 
 to increase the supply, and after the banks of the canal 
 had been raised so as to furnish seven feet depth of water, 
 its ultimate capacity was reached, and yet the quantity 
 furnished was entirely inadequate to supply the demand. 
 Under these circumstances the enlargement of the canal 
 to its present dimensions was decided upon, and in 
 March, 1872, the work was commenced, and is now 
 completed. Its dimensions and capacity are as follows : 
 Length of main canal, or fiist levels seven miles ; and 
 including second and third levels, nine miles. Minimum 
 water-way, one hundred and fifty feet at surface, one 
 hundred and six feet at bottom, and eleven feet deep, 
 making an area of cross-section of fourteen hundred 
 and eight square feet. The bulkhead, locks, dam, and 
 other structures are composed of stone-masonry formed 
 of granite rock laid up in hydraulic cement mortar, and 
 are of the most substantial character. The area of open- 
 ings for the supply of the canal amounts to fourteen hun- 
 dred and sixty-three square feet, and the entire waters 
 of the Savannah River are made available for maintaining 
 the supply. There are about two hundred and seventy- 
 five acres of reservoirs, exclusive of the canal proper 
 and the pond above the bulkhead dam. There is a 
 bottom grade or descent in the main canal of one hun- 
 dredth of a foot in one hundred feet, giving a theoretical 
 mean velocity of 2^-^ feet per second, or a mechanical 
 effect under the minimum fall, between X^lvq first and third 
 levels, or between the first level and the Savannah River 
 below Rae's Creek, of upwards of fourteen thousand horse- 
 powers, not including available supply from the surface of 
 the reservoirs. Of this immense power but nineteen hun- 
 dred horse-powers are contracted for, leaving at least 
 twelve thousand horse-powers to be disposed of. . . . 
 The company propose to lease water only from the first 
 
124 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 level to Hawk's Gully and the river. On the first level 
 the company own a distance of nearly a mile. This tract 
 has been divided into two tiers of water lots, most eligi- 
 bly located for using water. Parallel with the canal, and 
 adjacent thereto, is a street seventy feet wide, including 
 the towing-path of the canal. Four hundred feet from 
 this it is proposed to lay out another street parallel 
 thereto, between which and the river there will be a tier 
 of lots, upon which water can be used and discharged 
 with very little cost directly into the river. The com- 
 pany also own on the opposite side of the canal a tract 
 of land extending from the Washington Road nearly to 
 Rae's Creek, containing ninety acres, exceedingly well 
 located for the erection of dwellings for the use of opera- 
 tives. This land will be sold to lessees of water-power at 
 very low rates. * ' 
 
 By an examination of the table at the end of this 
 chapter, containing a partial list of water-powers in 
 Georgia, it will be seen that very many of the counties 
 of Georgia, besides Muscogee and Richmond, are blessed 
 with a splendid water-powder. 
 
 In 1872 the Legislature of Georgia passed an act to en- 
 courage the manufacture of cotton and woollen fabrics in 
 the State of Georgia \ by which act it was declared that 
 "Any mill or mills within said State for the manufacture 
 of fabrics out of cotton or wool, or both, whether such in- 
 vestment be applied in the establishment of a new factory, 
 or in the extension or enlargement of a now-existing fac- 
 tory, shall be exempt from taxation for State, county, 
 and municipal purposes on the capital so invested, and on 
 any property purchased or erected therewith, intended 
 for and necessary to such manufacture, for the term of 
 ten years from and after the laying of the foundation of 
 the mills so to be erected." 
 
WATER-POWER OF GEORGIA. 125 
 
 The annexed "Partial List of Water -Powers in Georgia" 
 was prepared by Dr. George Little, the State Geologist, 
 for the "Hand-Bookof Georgia," published under the 
 auspices of Dr. Thomas P. Janes, the State Commissioner 
 of Agriculture. 
 
126 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 i 
 
 K 
 
 Pi 
 
 
 Water very low. 
 
 Water very low ; 
 
 largest spring 
 
 in county. 
 Water very low. 
 
 Estimated. 
 "Very low. 
 
 :: 
 
 
 •paXaAans luoqAV Xg 
 
 Barrow 
 and Locke 
 
 Locke. 
 
 •lUBaais JO uo!Jipuo3 
 
 Low water 
 or more. 
 
 Minimum 
 low water. 
 
 -Abp qDB3 JO sjnoq 
 \'z Sui^JOM pBaq 
 siqj qi'Av uib3j:)s 
 
 JO J3Avdd SiqBJlBAV 
 
 eg g vS ^ ^^ 88 cSSS^Sa 
 
 ■<»■ di oo' 00 4 t^ 4oo' (S 6^^ ci ro 
 N xnvo fOMroo-<l- 
 
 t. Sa,uun/'S ^- 2 cS 8 ^q 28 88.8^5. 
 
 JO J3Avod iBoijaJOsqx 
 
 •?33J OI JO 
 
 pB3q pauinssB ub 
 JO pB3q a^Buiixojddy 
 
 lO.OO 
 
 lO.OO 
 lO.OO 
 
 6.00 
 6.00 
 
 lO.OO 
 
 18.00 
 12.00 
 
 20.00 
 15.00 
 20.00 
 20.00 
 20.00 
 
 •pB3q 
 
 100J-3U0 JO J3A\.0d 
 
 -asjoq sjqBjiBAY 
 
 N lA vd M ■ ■ • • M M M M Cj 
 
 •pB3q 
 
 500J-3UO JO JSAVOd 
 
 -asjoq iBonajoaqj, 
 
 2 "^ % ^ ^% ^.c8 s-v8?r?;s 
 
 fO t^ 00' M N m' fj M pi 
 
 .„„„ S v8 ^ 8 88 S>8 8 8 888 
 
 -D3S aad ,33j D.qno JT v^ [i 1? ^"^ "°° 'SltgS^ 
 
 O 2 
 
 si 
 
 o w 
 
 pI|C/2 
 
 Habersham Line 
 
 Homer and Mt. 
 
 Airy Road 
 
 Homer and Mt. 
 
 Airy Road 
 
 Gordon Line 
 
 Adairsville 
 
 NearAdairsville. 
 
 Martello's Mill... 
 
 Gordon Line 
 
 McCanless and 
 
 Parrott Mill.... 
 
 Johnson's Mill.... 
 
 i 
 
 
 <: 
 
 HI 
 
 « 
 
 H 
 
 (I. 
 O 
 W 
 % 
 
 i 
 
 \ 
 fi <A > 
 
 «2 S 
 pq 
 
 Hudson River 
 
 Bartow County. 
 Oothcaloga Creek 
 
 : k 
 
 i 
 
 Fork of Pine Log 
 
 C 
 p 
 s 
 
 ^ 
 
WATER-POWER OF GEORGIA. 
 
 127 
 
 > 
 
 > 
 
 V-« o 
 
 v-—- - o- - 
 
 5- vg 3- 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 888 
 
 88 
 
 % 
 
 8 
 
 vS 
 
 .8 
 
 ^^g. 
 
 S.vS 
 
 8^^ 
 
 eg 
 
 vg 
 
 a 
 
 % 
 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 in 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 10 
 
 
 in 
 
 Tt- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 t;^" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 888 
 
 88 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 ^88 
 
 88 
 
 88 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 »n 
 
 10 invo 
 
 00 
 
 t^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 N 
 
 roo 
 
 (N 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 N 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 VO 
 
 ro 
 
 Tt- 
 
 MOO 
 
 ■«- ■* 
 
 
 
 „ 
 
 m 
 
 „ 
 
 8^:?^ 
 
 N 00 
 
 vo M 
 
 N 
 
 -4- 
 
 -<i- 
 
 vo 
 
 -*- 
 
 
 vo 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 vo 
 
 CO 
 
 
 IT) ONOO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 N 0) 
 
 
 
 
 ev) 
 
 
 
 LO 
 
 ovo 
 
 -*-o 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 c 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t^oo -^ in 10 
 
 80800 m 
 
 ; 3 
 o 
 
 - •5' 
 
 O o. 
 
 *"^ ° 
 
 2 E 
 
 S ='p 5 6 5 
 
 -? o =S 
 
 o 6 o "^ 
 
 S t^ iz;' 
 
 -^(V flj IJ O ^ O 
 U « > O c«— 3 rt 
 
 (i,;ziHueq< d^ P< 
 
 ffis 
 
 
 
 .2^ : :i 
 
 >-. U 4) 
 
 2 o;^ Si Si; 
 
 '-' !!!i :i «. t" 1) 
 P5 5^ ^ 2 o ^JJ 
 
 U 
 
 u 
 
 M Cl, 
 
 « o 
 
128 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 i 
 
 < 
 u 
 
 Pi 
 
 
 Measurement 
 unsatisfactory. 
 
 Estimated. 
 
 
 Estimated. 
 Very sandy and 
 
 •paXaAjns uioqAv Xg 
 
 Jj j 1 
 
 •IUB34?S JO UOIJipuOO 
 
 •c : : : : s o . -c: : : : 
 
 & II & 1 i 
 
 'Avp xpva JO sanoq 
 Vz SuiJjJOAV pBaq 
 siqj qiiiW. uiB3j;s 
 JO J3Avod ajqcjiBAy 
 
 eg 8 eg ^2. ^^ ^?s.: 8. 
 
 •sjnoq 
 fz Suiuuru peaq 
 sjqi qJiA^^ U1E3J1S 
 JO J3Mod [BOijajoaqx 
 
 8 § 8 82 3^S v83-;?i S 
 
 i g^ vd ^00 tirj. 2?ir^: «J 
 
 •J33J or JO 
 pB3q pauinssB ub 
 JO peaq ajEuiixoaddy 
 
 8 
 
 8 8 88 88 8888 8 
 
 d d d d 6 6 oo 06 ^ d d 
 
 - 
 
 -peaq 
 jooj-auo JO J3Mod 
 -asjoq aiq^iiBAV 
 
 fo m ' onm ■ n d h d : d 
 
 •pBaq 
 
 JOOJ-3UO JO J3AVOd 
 
 -asjoq iBopaJoaqx 
 
 ««• ci ■ t^ M cJ d ci d : d 
 
 : 
 
 •puo 
 -03S jsd J33J OJqn^ 
 
 8 ^ S,?v8 8S> 888ja 
 
 c) «n «t-M'\d !>.•<*■ \dMM:«n 
 ««■ N o M N N : 
 
 o w 
 
 1 
 
 <- 
 
 Above Watkins's 
 Mill 
 
 Old Cherokee 
 and Carroll 
 Line 
 
 Above mouth of 
 Buck Creek 
 
 South'of "'fallal 
 poosa and near 
 Bonner's 
 
 Dorris Mill 
 
 Bagley's Mill 
 
 Romney's Mill... 
 Woolfolk's 
 
 Near mouth 
 
 H 
 
 a 
 
 1- 
 
 .> 
 pi 
 
 & 
 
 4 
 
 
 Whooping Creek 
 
 Chattahoochee Co. 
 Oswitchee Creek 
 
 Woolfolk's Branch.... 
 
 Upatoi 
 
 Chattooga County. 
 Little Turtle Creek... 
 
WATER- POWER OF GEORGIA. 
 
 129 
 
 a« 
 
 Barrow. 
 
 Locke. 
 
 Col. Rob- 
 inson, 
 R.M.Co. 
 
 Locke. 
 
 
 
 
 bfl 
 
 c . 
 
 Minimum 
 low water. 
 Low water. 
 
 Low spring. 
 
 
 Low water. 
 
 Low spring. 
 Low spring. 
 
 " " or more 
 Low spring. 
 
 Low water. 
 
 8 8^^ ?. ^S eg a ^^^ \\ \^ '^'^ %^ % .§fj.o8 
 
 c 
 
 8 
 ^2 
 
 ? 
 
 ^ 8 g 
 
 601.92 
 
 79-50 
 
 268.10 
 
 502.80 
 
 234.60 
 
 5.10 
 
 ?^ 8cg 5- 8^vg8 
 
 O O t^ 
 ro ro d 
 
 fa ^ 
 
 S ^ 
 
 M\ 
 
 25, X 
 
 jife 
 
 2 2§ 
 
 U O [. 
 
 rt rt r" -O -c 
 
 o Ot3 £"« 
 = c S 8 ^ 
 
 O o <« U 3 
 
 
 pa< 03<; 
 
 cJ5 >> 
 -as 
 
 o 
 
 .- ; >, bo « 
 
 ^ >>o---a 
 
 gfa j:-a-«, 
 
 E o o ^ >> 
 
 
 ■.u 
 
 rt o E g- > 
 
 4) . 
 
 ri «« i) > ^ ^- 
 .c rt z 2 a o 
 
 m 
 
 - iz;. 
 
 : ffi:^; 
 
 ahooc 
 tary 
 ter.... 
 n Woe 
 
 - ^ 
 
 halt 
 ribu 
 Wa 
 otte 
 
 a, 
 
 CJH Pi 
 
 O) 
 
 bO . 
 
 •c si 
 
IJO 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 •paXaAjns uioqAv Ag 
 
 in in 
 
 
 CJ fa w 
 
 •uiBai^s JO uopipuo3 
 
 1% 
 
 •Xbp qoBa jo sjnoq 
 \z Sui^iaoM pB3l{ 
 
 Sjm xi^lAV IUB341S 
 
 JO aaMoid aiqBiJBAV 
 
 U-) Tf t^ t^ 
 
 oovS 
 
 sjnoq 
 ^z Suiuunj pBaq 
 Sim M'!^ tuBaais 
 JO 43Avod iBDijaaoaqx 
 
 •J33J OI JO 
 pE3l{ paUinSSB UB 
 
 JO pBSii gjBUiixoaddv 
 
 O O t^ O CI in N 
 
 •pB3q 
 
 ;OOJ-3UO JO J3AVOd 
 
 moo 
 
 0\ •<♦• lO N *0 P) 00 
 
 O VO ■»• t^ M 00 fO 
 « MOO C) M\d 
 
 •peaq 
 jooj-auo JO j3A\od 
 -asjoq lEDnaJoaqx 
 
 e» t^^o O a> ro 
 rj- 00 t^ oo 'o fj 
 
 O tn ON 
 
 N d d 
 
 •puo 
 -D3S jsd 133J oiqn^ 
 
 8 J? 8 v8 88 8 
 
 O [I] 
 
 ;S « o ^ 
 
 S S^ S a!g o 
 
 E>> 
 
 "rt o rt' 
 
 CO J- hJ 
 
 'L Si 
 
 « O rt 
 
 fa(i5 
 
 
 g o 5 o og 
 
WATER-POWER OF GEORGIA. 
 
 13 
 
 
 i: = 
 
 'A 
 
 
 3 ^ 0.0 S, 
 
 " - - «— o o o ^ 
 S J hJ fe 
 
 o « o. 
 
 — O" 
 
 fa J 
 
 ro 0\ t^oo MO inTfcooOMM ni \6 o><6 
 t^ M lii fOo'ds4 uiiii t^\do\r^ M «o N vo 
 N N in -^ « rovo Nin "Iihn-"*- ■* ■* 
 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 ** 
 
 
 
 
 fJ> 
 
 8 8 8 8888 88 8 §8 8 8 8 8 8 
 
 0' 0' «o d 00 oo' 0' M- 0' 0' d t^oo' in 6^6 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 00 
 
 00 t>. q> 
 vd N fi 
 
 
 
 ►^H H :z; 
 
 •iJ E is 
 
 |EHCJ< :•< 
 
 I'-'UU 
 
 a S »^ u c iJ <^ 
 
 fa 
 
 3-j: 
 2 o. 
 Ec« 
 
 c5 > 
 
 3:5 C — S 
 
 |o2§^ 
 
 U :U 
 
 I'D 
 
 
 
 -3 S S « 3 
 
 M O 3 
 
 
 M ►^■y}U H-1 
 
 .5P^ S3 
 fa 
 
 
 rt <2 O 
 
 < o 
 O 
 
132 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 < 
 
 u 
 
 11* 
 
 •£^2- 
 
 •paXsAJns uionAV Xg 
 
 •XJUB3J?s JO uoijipuo^ 
 
 •X^p i{DE3 JO sjnon 
 ts SuijjiOAV p^aq 
 
 Siqi HJIAV U1E3J1S 
 
 JO J3AVod aiq^iiBAy 
 
 mOvOOOOOO 
 
 coo lo IT) \o (N q 
 fovd \d -"j-oo t>. t^ o\ 
 
 o o o O I 
 
 O -^ fO M ■ 
 
 M in ro ro ' 
 
 •sjnoq 
 I'z Sujuunj pB3q 
 siqi qiiAV UIB3J1S 
 JO J3Avod jEonaJoaqx 
 
 o o o o o o o 
 
 0\vO Ti-^o VO ro • 
 
 •J33J OI JO 
 
 pB3i{ pauinssE UE 
 JO pBaq siEuiTxojddv 
 
 •pB3q 
 
 100J-3U0 JO J3MOd 
 
 -asjoq 3jqE|iBAv 
 
 O\0N0O00000000 
 
 VO 00 ■'f lOVO vo N O N -* ro H • 
 ro in d o" d^ 0\ 0* d M o' M d ' 
 
 •peaq 
 
 JOOJ-3UO JO J3MOd 
 
 -asaoq lEopaJoaqx 
 
 •puo 
 03S jad 133J oiqno 
 
 ro q q q q q^ q ^ "^ q t^ > 
 
 ■<1- O ■O" O MM M 
 
 '2 s 
 
 \0 T) '^ " 
 
 iim^^^l^n^ 
 
 5^ li 
 
 o :<5 
 
 CfiS 
 
 2 o 
 
 
WATER-POWER OF GEORGIA. 
 
 33 
 
 
 
 Ab. low wat. 
 
 Low water. 
 
 Ab. low wat. 
 
 Flush. 
 Low spring. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : 
 
 f) O ^"^ 
 
 ro OS O •* •* > 
 
 Q ^ O 
 ro ui •«- 
 
 OOS^OOOOOQOQQOt^ VOVO 
 rJ-MOvOOOO>000\OOt^OOO\0 t^N 
 
 ti •^00 >c v6 d t>- N t^ •<*• lA •<*• d ro ro ro d 
 
 GO GOO 
 . ro f) 00 N Tt- 
 
 H M uiod M 
 
 0000 00OnQ000O00GG000O\ no go lOO'l- GOG 
 
 t^oo 00 ooo\t^M\ot^OOP)vooo moo 0i-i(^ mo oot^ m on"0 <o m w 
 
 OOiH cqo\<sGf^Nooooooo-* -"i-vo voinp) i-iTh tj-m nno tj-tj-m 
 
 H w d fJ d d i-' w d d ro M cJ d d m i-< ro d d d d d d d d d m d 
 
 •*0 ro 0'*'*«^f»'^G>OoovOOf^OOO\-^ t>H ON N t^oo CO N -"I- 
 
 fOc^N vOt>.rONNr<^ot^N t-«vo invo Or<l<^ mio von roroo moo m 
 
 « « o ro rn d w N d H M N fo d d -^ N ■^ d d d d d 6 6 6 d >-• d 
 
 .^8 8 
 
 M N N 
 
 <^S8S.f?58<X>8 8Kg8?cgS,8 
 
 M 4 moo d\ rooo' m6 r*) ui iri H \d od ro 
 
 M Tj- lA N N ro d >Avd H 
 
 Lawrenceville 
 
 and Buford Rd. 
 Strickland's Mill 
 Hamilton's Mill. 
 
 Clarksville and 
 1 Gainesville Rd. 
 
 Clarksville 
 
 Crow's Mill 
 
 Above Falls 
 
 Weaver's Mill.... 
 Jackson's Mill... 
 
 Near mouth 
 
 % mile Hall Line 
 
 Jarrett's Mill 
 
 Toccoa Falls 
 
 Willbank's Store 
 
 Hill's Mill 
 
 Near Clarksville 
 
 Near mouth 
 
 Near Batesville.. 
 
 I 
 
 Walker's Mill.... 
 
 At mouth of 
 
 Cox's Creek.... 
 
 Near mouth 
 
 Above Stack's 
 
 Hulsey's Mill.... 
 Hickery's Mill... 
 Jarrett's Bridge 
 Road 
 
 c 
 B 
 
 < 
 
 O 
 S 
 
 115 
 
 O 
 
 xo 
 
 
 ^ ^ li. i> u 
 
 T3U ' 
 
 
 •.(JO 
 
 a'o= 5 !=!|.5M|y i-|gS'^^U- " 
 
 
 
 •.S 
 ^.2 
 
 
»34 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 •paXaAjns uioqM Xg 
 
 •mB3ijs JO uop!puo3 
 
 •Xbp qDB3 JO sjnoq 
 
 iZ 3u!>JiOAV pB3l{ 
 
 JO aaAvod aiqBjiBAy 
 
 sanoq 
 tc Sumuru peaq 
 
 Siql mi^^ UIB3JJS 
 
 JO j3Avod iBDijaaoaqx 
 
 2 8vS v8 
 
 •J33J 
 
 CI JO 
 
 8 
 
 88 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 88 
 
 88 
 
 8 8 
 
 pcaq pauinssB ub 
 
 o 
 
 28 
 
 d 
 
 o 
 
 do go 
 
 d d 
 
 JO pBaq ajBUJixojddv 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 J, 
 
 
 
 
 
 •p^aq 
 
 00 
 
 ^VO 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 JOOJ-3UO JO J3AVOd 
 
 ^ ^° 
 
 " 
 
 « 
 
 M M 
 
 0?'* 
 
 N 
 
 -asaoq aiqen^AV 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •p^aq 
 
 M 
 
 8<? 
 
 s 
 
 f» 
 
 1:S; 8S 
 
 ?} 2 
 
 500J-3UO JO J3AVOd 
 
 \o 
 
 roo 
 
 '-' 
 
 « 
 
 M M 
 
 ^« 
 
 m M 
 
 -9SJoq jBDijajoaqx 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 en ooo 
 
 t^ 
 
 1^ 
 
 -1-O0 
 
 85^ 
 
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IVATER-POWER OF GEORGIA. 
 
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142 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
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MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 U3 
 
 There is a great abundance of chalybeate or iron waters 
 in the State in different geological formations. Lime- 
 stone springs in the northwestern portion are numerous. 
 Sulphur springs do not occur in great numbers. 
 
 The circumstances of the preparation of this outline do 
 not allow more than an enumeration of those springs 
 which have for years been resorted to for their medicinal 
 properties : 
 
 Catoosa Springs, Catoosa County. 
 
 Gordon Springs, Whitefield County. 
 
 Cohutta Springs, Murray County. 
 
 Rowland Springs, Bartow County. 
 
 Dougherty's Spring, Polk County. 
 
 Camp's Spring, Fulton County. 
 
 Ponce de Leon Spring, Fulton County. 
 
 Atlanta Mineral Spring, Fulton County. 
 
 New Holland Spring, Hall County. 
 
 Sulphur Spring, Hall County. 
 
 Porter's Springs, Lumpkin County. 
 
 Madison Springs, Madison County. 
 
 Helicon Springs, Clarke County. 
 
 Indian Springs, Butts County. 
 
 Mineral Spring, Coweta County. 
 
 Newnan Spring, Coweta County. 
 
 Sulphur Spring, Meriwether County. 
 
 Warm Spring, Meriwether County. 
 
 Chalybeate Spring, Meriwether County. 
 
 Glenn's Spring, Early County. 
 
 Springfield Spring, Effingham County. 
 
 Heard's Spring, Wilkes County, 
 
 Franklin Springs, Franklin County. 
 
144 GEORGIA. 
 
 Analysis of Camp's Mineral Spring at West Endy 2% 
 miles from Union Depot, in Atlanta. 
 
 Grains. 
 
 Sulphuretted hydrogen gas 0.1720 
 
 Protocarbonate of iron 2.0320 
 
 Sesquicarbonate of iron 3520 
 
 Protocarbonate of manganese 0050 
 
 . Carbonate of manganese 0520 
 
 Carbonate of hme 3020 
 
 Chloride of calcium 1190 
 
 Chloride of sodium 1320 
 
 Silicate of soda and lime 4300 
 
 Crenic and apocrenic acids ...... .0180 
 
 Free carbonic acid 1.0370 
 
 4.8660 
 Total solid matter dried at 212° F. == 3.5324. 
 
 Analyzed by W. J. LAND, Chemist. 
 
CHAPTER XL 
 
 Manufactures — Mineral Region — Iron-Furnaces — Character of the Min- 
 erals — Height of Mountains. 
 
 • The following interesting information is obtained from 
 tables prepared by Dr. Thomas P. Janes, the Commis- 
 sioner of Agriculture. 
 
 There are in Georgia 36 cotton-factories, with 123,233 
 spindles and 2125 looms; there are 14 woollen-factories, 
 with 4200 spindles and 135 looms. Nearly all of these 
 50 factories are run by water-power. There are 1375 
 grain-mills, of which 1262 are run by water. In these 
 mills are 1453 run of stones for corn, and 556 for wheat. 
 There are 734 saw-mills, of which 539 use water-power. 
 There are also 77 wagon- and carriage-factories, 6 iron- 
 furnaces, 7 iron-foundries, 11 lime-kilns, 4 potteries, 
 6S tanneries, 6 turpentine-distilleries, 2 rolling-mills, 5 
 paper-mills, 12 furniture-manufactories, 6 sash-, blind-, 
 and door-manufactories, 3 rice-mills, i shoe-manufactory, 
 I broom-manufactory, 2 manufactories of farm -imple- 
 ments, 2 rope- and twine-factories, i stove-manufactory. 
 
 Since the publication of the tables containing the above 
 information, one large cotton-factory has been completed 
 in Columbus and one in Augusta. 
 
 THE MINERAL REGION OF GEORGIA. 
 This region embraces, in the main, Northwest or Chero- 
 kee Georgia. That portion containing the coal and fossilif- 
 erous iron-ore runs northeast and southwest from Tennessee 
 into Alabama, and embraces a series of ridges named Sand 
 Mountain, Lookout Mountain, Taylor's Ridge, John's 
 Mountain, and Chattoogata Ridge. The Cohutta Moun- 
 o 13 145 
 
146 GEORGIA. 
 
 tains, which are a continuation of the Unaka Range of 
 Tennessee, run north and south, and contain copper-ore, 
 with some lead- and silver-ore. On the western border 
 of this range are found beds of iron-ore and slate, baryta, 
 manganese, and brown hematite. To the east, between 
 the Cohutta Mountains and the Blue Ridge, is one belt 
 of marble, and adjacent to it are the gold-bearing schists, 
 extending from North Carolina to Alabama, which reap- 
 pear on the south side of the Blue Ridge. The rich gold 
 region of Georgia is in the counties of Habersham, White, 
 Lumpkin, Forsyth, and Hall. The following list of iron- 
 furnaces in Georgia was also prepared by.Dr. Janes. 
 
 LIST OF IRON-FURNACES IN GEORGIA. 
 
 I. Bartow Furnace, 
 
 Bartow Station 
 
 Capacity. 
 Tons per Day. 
 
 Bartow Co, 20 
 
 2. Charcoal " 
 
 3. Rogers " Rogers " 
 
 4. Pool's " Stamp Creek 
 
 5. Brown and Thomas 
 
 •• 
 
 •• 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 4 
 
 Out of blast. 
 
 Furnace, 
 6. Cherokee Furnace, 
 
 
 Polk 
 
 « 
 
 4 
 40? 
 
 (1 II 
 Not in blast. 
 
 7. -^tna 
 
 8. Ridge Valley Furnace, 
 
 9. Rising Fawn 
 
 10. Ward's Diamond 
 Furnace, 
 
 Floyd " 
 Dade " 
 
 Bartow Co 
 
 10 
 12 
 
 SO 
 
 • 4 
 
 II <i 
 
 11. Stamp Creek Furnace, 
 
 12. Etowah Furnace, 
 
 « 
 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 Not in use. 
 
 13. Allatoona " 
 
 14. Phoenix " 
 
 15. Cherokee " 
 
 
 Dade 
 
 
 4 
 40 
 40 
 
 Not completed 
 
 250 
 
 The following table of minerals found in Georgia, and 
 their physical characters, was prepared by Dr. George 
 Little, the State Geologist, for the Hand-Book published 
 under the auspices of the Commissioner of Agriculture. 
 
PHYSICAL CHARACTERS OF MINERALS. 
 
 147 
 
 
 
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148 
 
 GEORGIA, 
 
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PHYSICAL CHARACTERS OF MINERALS. 
 
 149 
 
 w < 
 
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 13^ 
 
I go GEORGIA. 
 
 CRYSTALLINE ROCKS. '\ 
 
 1. Dolerite consists of labradorite, augite, and magnetic iron. \ 
 
 2. Diabase " " " " clilorite. ^ i 
 
 3. Hypersthenite consists of labradorite and liypersthene. I 
 
 4. Diorite " hornblende and albite. \ 
 
 5. Syenite " " " orthoclase. i 
 
 6. Granite " quartz, mica, and feldspar. -\ 
 
 7. Gneiss " " " " " banded. \ 
 
 8. Granulite " " and granular feldspar. \ 
 
 9. Mica slate " " mica, which is varied by addition of 
 
 other minerals. 
 
 Hydromica slate or schist, quartz, and hydrous mica, and called tal- j 
 
 cose when it consists of quartz, mica, and talc. ; 
 
 Chloritic slate consists of quartz, mica, and chlorite. i 
 
 Hornblendic slate consists of quartz, mica, and hornblende. 1 
 
 Graphitic slate " " " '" graphite. \ 
 10. Itacolumite " " and talc. 
 
 1 
 
 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS ARE i 
 
 Clayey, as shales, slates. \ 
 Marly, as beds of sand and clay with shells. . \ 
 
 Calcareous, as limestone, dolomites. \ 
 
 Siliceous, as laminated sandstones, sand-beds, etc. \ 
 
 Conglomerate, as granite conglomerate of Augusta, ferruginous conglom- ) 
 
 erate of the drift. ; 
 
 Carbonaceous, as coal-seams, lignite-beds, graphitic slates. ; 
 
 SYMBOLS OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS IN MINERALS. '\ 
 
 For the sake of brevity, chemists have adopted the fol- 
 lowing symbols to represent the different elements and 
 their combinations : 
 
 Oxygen = O. Tellurium = Te. ; 
 
 Hydrogen = H. Arsenic == As. J 
 
 Carbon = C. Molybdenum = Mo. ' 1 
 
 Sulphur = S. Zinc = Zn. i 
 
 Silicon = Si. . Chromium = Cr. 1 
 Titanium = Ti Nickel -= Ni. 
 . Chlorine = CI. Silica or sand = Si02 = Si4-20. 
 
NEWSPAPERS IN GEORGIA. 151 
 
 Sodium or natrium = Na. Alumina =Al203 = 2AI+3O. 
 
 Potassium or kalium = K. Ferric oxide = Fe203 ^^ 2Fe+30. 
 
 Calcium or lime metal = Ca. Ferrous oxide = FeO. 
 
 Magnesium = Mg. Manganic oxide = Mn-iOa. 
 
 Barium := Ba. Manganous oxide = MnO. 
 
 Clay metal or aluminum ^ Al. Calcic oxide (lime) = CaO. 
 
 Iron or ferrum =^ Fe, Magnesia = MgO. 
 
 Manganese = Mn. Water = H2O = 2H+0. 
 
 Cuprum or copper = Cu.' Soda = NaO. 
 
 Plumbum or lead = Pb. Potash = KO. 
 
 Aurum or gold = Au. Baryta = BaO. 
 
 Bismuth = Bi. Boracic acid = BO3. 
 
 According to measurements made by the United States 
 Coast Survey, the elevations of the principal mountains 
 in North Georgia are as follows : 
 
 Enota, in Towns County, 4796 feet high. 
 
 Rabun Bald, in Rabun County, 4718 feet high. 
 
 Blood, in Union County, 4468 feet high. . 
 
 Tray, in Habersham County, 4435 feet high. 
 
 Cohutta, in Fannin County, 4155 feet high. 
 
 Yonah, in White County, 3168 feet high. 
 
 Grassy, in Pickens County, 3090 feet high. 
 
 Walker's, in Lumpkin County, 2614 feet high. 
 
 Pine Log, in Bartow County, 2347 feet high. 
 
 Sawnee, in Forsyth County, 1968 feet high. 
 
 Kennesaw, in Cobb County, 1809 feet high. 
 
 Stone Mountain, in De Kalb County, 1686 feet high. 
 
 I am indebted to Dr. Thomas P. Janes for the following 
 list of newspapers in Georgia : 
 
 There are 9 daily, 91 weekly, and 4 monthly news- 
 papers and periodicals in Georgia, having an aggregate 
 circulation of about 150,000 copies, classified as follows: 
 
 Daily. — 9 news and political ; aggregate circulation, 
 35,900. (This includes the daily, tri-weekly, and weekly 
 editions of these papers ; and these weeklies are not 
 counted with the other weeklies of the State.) 
 
152 GEORGIA. 
 
 Weekly. — 84 news and political ; aggregate circula- 
 tion, 74,500- 
 
 Weekly. — 4 religious; aggregate circulation, 19,500. 
 Weekly. — 2 literary; aggregate circulation, 11,500. 
 Weekly. — i agricultural ; aggregate circulation, 4500. 
 Monthly. — 2 medical; aggregate circulation, 1550. 
 Monthly. — 2 agricultural ; aggregate circulation, 2850. 
 
CHAPTER XII. 
 
 Productions of Georgia. 
 
 I HAVE permission to make the following extract of 
 almost an entire chapter of Dr. Janes' Hand-Book. It 
 will be found interesting and instructive ; for it is full of 
 the most valuable information to persons who may desire 
 homes in the Empire State of the South : 
 
 "VARIETY OF PRODUCTS, AGRICULTURAL 
 AND HORTICULTURAL. 
 
 '^ There is no single State in the Union with such variety 
 of climate and production as Georgia possesses. There 
 is nothing grown in any of the States except Florida 
 which cannot be profitably grown in Georgia. A few 
 tropical fruits grow in Southern Florida which cannot be 
 raised in Georgia. 
 
 " The following products grow successfully in the State, 
 viz. : 
 
 '' Cereals. — Corn, wheat, oats, rye, barley, and rice — 
 all the cereals — are grown on a large scale, except rye and 
 barley, which are grown principally for winter and early 
 spring pasturage. 
 
 ** The Textiles. — Cotton, wool, flax, hemp, jute, ramie, 
 and silk all'grow well in Georgia, but the culture of cot- 
 ton has largely overshadowed the others. 
 
 ^^ Sugar, syrup, and molasses are made on a consider- 
 able scale in the southern part of this State from tropical 
 cane, and sorghum syrup in the middle and northern 
 sections. 
 
 G* 153 
 
154 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 '' Tobacco of very fine quality is grown in any portion 
 of the State where proper attention is given to it, but it 
 is not extensively cultivated for market, though many 
 farms produce a home supply. 
 
 ''^ Peas and beans of every description are grown with 
 little difficulty in every county in the State, and what is 
 known as the cow- or field-pea is a crop of great im- 
 portance in all the cotton belt of the State, both as a 
 source of forage and soil fertilization. 
 
 " The Ground-Nuts. — Pindars, goobers, and chufas are 
 grown very cheaply, yielding largely, principally to be 
 gathered by hogs. 
 
 ^^ Roots and tubers of every kind grow finely,, and are 
 receiving more attention each succeeding year. Among 
 those principally raised are sweet and Irish potatoes, 
 turnips, carrots, parsnips, and mangel-wurzel. 
 
 *'An excellent article of tea has been grown in the 
 southeastern part of the State, and succeeds well in other 
 portions. 
 
 ^^ Indigo grows wild in the lower part of the State, and 
 was at one time cultivated to some extent, but has been 
 overshadowed by cotton-culture. 
 
 ^^ Fruits. — :Every variety of fruit known to the tem- 
 perate zone succeeds in Georgia except the cranberry 
 and sweet cherry. 
 
 '' Vegetables. — Every variety of vegetables is cultivated 
 successfully. In the larger portion of the State, fresh 
 vegetables in great variety may be gathered from the 
 garden throughout the winter. 
 
 *' Stock. — There has been but little attention to stock- 
 raising, except in individual instances, in consequence of 
 the absorbing interest felt in cotton-culture, which has 
 left little time or area for successful stock-raising. The 
 results attained by those who have given attention to it 
 
PRODUCTIONS OF GEORGIA. 155 
 
 show that Georgia is admirably adapted to stock of every 
 kind, — especially so to sheep. 
 
 ^^ Poultry. — Poultry of every kind are raised with per- 
 fect success, — the turkey and duck being found wild in 
 our forests and streams. 
 
 ''Forest Products. — In the older parts of the State 
 much of the finest forests have been destroyed to make 
 room for cultivation, but in portions of Middle and 
 Northern Georgia there is still an abundant supply of 
 hard-wood lumber, suitable for manufacturing railroad- 
 cars, wagons, and agricultural implements, besides a great 
 variety suitable for manufacturing furniture ; also forests 
 of soft yellow pine in Northwest Georgia; while in 
 Southern Georgia there are millions of acres of magnifi- 
 cent yellow-pine forests suitable for general building 
 purposes, ship-building, etc. Within the last few years 
 turpentine-plantations have been opened in these forests 
 for the purpose of manufacturing naval stores. Large 
 quantities of timber and lumber are being annually shipped 
 from Brunswick and Darien to Northern, European, and 
 South American ports. In the southeastern portion of 
 the State the live-oak, a valuable wood for ship-building, 
 abounds. 
 
 '' Grasses. — There are grasses adapted to every section 
 of the State, both for pasturage and hay, surpassing in 
 annual production, under careful culture, the heaviest 
 yield per acre of those portions of the United States in 
 which hay is a staple crop, as will be shown under the 
 results of improved culture, which are to follow. 
 
 "AREAS OF PRODUCTION OF STAPLE CROPS. 
 
 '' While there are general outlines of the production of 
 the various crops, each sometimes crosses the general line 
 under favorable circumstances of soil and altitude. 
 
156 GEORGIA. 
 
 *'Corn and oats are cultivated in every county in the 
 State. 
 
 ''The wheat area proper extends from the northern 
 border of the State to the general line of division between 
 the Primary and Tertiary and Primary and Cretaceous for- 
 mations, which conforms roughly to the falls of the rivers, 
 reaching from the Savannah River above Augusta, follow- 
 ing generally the line of the Georgia Railroad to Warren- 
 ton, the Macon and Augusta Railroad to Macon, thence 
 north of the line of the Southwestern Railroad to Butler, 
 and thence to the falls of the Chattahoochee, at Columbus. 
 By rather a strange coincidence, the area of sugar-cane cul- 
 ture extends from the southern boundary of the State to 
 the above general limit of the wheat area, each seeming to 
 be generally controlled by the combination of elevation and 
 soil, — the wheat selecting greater elevation and stiffer soils, 
 the cane the lower elevation and siliceous soils, — each oc- 
 casionally passing over the general line when the above 
 conditions are favorable, — wheat being successfully grown 
 even to the southern boundary in localities of unusual 
 elevation and on soils having a considerable admixture of 
 clay, or with a clay subsoil. Sorghum covers the same 
 general area as wheat, but encroaches more uniformly 
 upon the cane area than does wheat. 
 
 ''The area of upland cotton-culture proper reaches from 
 a line on the north, extending from the Savannah River 
 through Athens and Atlanta to the Alabama line, to the 
 Florida line on the south, and to the head of tidewater 
 on the southeast. This area has been practically extended 
 fifty miles farther north by the use of stimulating fertil- 
 izers. 
 
 " The most productive part of the cotton area is Middle 
 'Georgia proper and Southwest Georgia. 
 
 " The area of sea island or long staple cotton proper 
 
PRODUCTIONS OF GEORGIA. 157 
 
 extends from the head of tidewater to the ocean, and in- 
 cludes the islands^ being the same as that of lowland rice. 
 The latter has been very successfully cultivated, however, 
 as far into the interior as Pike County, more than one 
 hundred miles from the ocean, under favorable circum- 
 stances of alluvial soil susceptible of irrigation, from 
 which it appears that the essential conditions of its suc- 
 cessful growth are rather alluvial soil and irrigation than 
 proximity to the sea or a very low elevation. 
 
 " Upland rice is grown on a small scale in all the cot- 
 ton belt proper, and would be grown more extensively if 
 the process of hulling it could be rendered less tedious by 
 the invention of some simple and cheap machine for that 
 purpose. 
 
 "Clover grows well on any fertile clay or clay-loam 
 soil in the wheat belt proper. Lucerne succeeds well on 
 any soil in any locality in the State, if it is made rich and 
 properly prepared. 
 
 **The field-pea is grown in every section of the State, 
 but is cultivated principally in Middle and Lower Georgia 
 as a field crop. The usual manner of its culture is between 
 the rows of corn, — the peas being planted at the second 
 working of the corn, and ploughed once when the corn 
 is cultivated the last time. The peas usually make but 
 little growth until the corn has nearly reached maturity, 
 when they take possession of the soil and make a very 
 rapid growth. It is a very cheap and valuable crop, being 
 valuable as food for man and beast, as well as a fertilizer 
 of the soil, — nearly equal in value, as such, to clover or 
 lucerne. 
 
 " Sweet potatoes are grown in nearly every county in 
 the State (a small portion of Northeast Georgia being the 
 exception), and turnips in all parts, — the former succeed- 
 ing best on sandy soil, the latter on rich sandy loam. 
 
 14 
 
158 GEORGIA. 
 
 '*The Irish potato produces well in every section of the 
 State, but the first crop matures too early in Middle and 
 Lower Georgia to be easily preserved through the follow- 
 ing winter. A second crop may be raised in these sections 
 by planting the product of the spring crop in July or 
 August, and properly mulching them to retain sufficient 
 moisture to cause them to germinate. The second crop, 
 from reproduction, is, in favorable seasons, often as good 
 as the first, and keeps well through the winter. The 
 mountain region of North Georgia is the best adapted to 
 the production of the Irish potato for market, since, at 
 that elevation, the crop does not mature so early that it 
 may not be easily kept through the winter. They are 
 profitably cultivated on the coast for an early supply of 
 northern markets. 
 
 '^Fruits. — The apple succeeds well in every portion 
 of the State where there is an elevation of four hundred 
 or five hundred feet, and a clay soil or subsoil, both of 
 which are generally found combined in Upper-Middle 
 and Northern Georgia. The trees do not attain such size 
 in Lower-Middle and Southwest Georgia as in the moun- 
 tain regions, nor do they live so long ; but the coloring 
 and flavor of the fruit in the cotton belt are superior to 
 that grown in the more elevated regions of the northern 
 part of the State. Near the coast, and in many other 
 parts of Southern Georgia, the soil is too sandy and the 
 elevation insufficient to sustain healthy trees. 
 
 ^^T\\^ pear grows well in every section of the State 
 where proper attention is given to the preparation and 
 fertilization of the soil,-^the only difficulty being in the 
 prevalence of the blight of the trees. Thomas County, 
 Georgia, has, thus far, almost escaped this scourge. With 
 the exception of a few localities, its culture is confined 
 to Northern and Middle Georgia. The latter section, 
 
PRODUCTIONS OF GEORGIA. 159 
 
 though producing smaller trees, far surpasses the former 
 in quality of fruit. 
 
 *' One reason for the short duration of the life of apple- 
 and pear-trees in Middle and Southern Georgia is found 
 in the fact that, owing to the long growing season, the trees 
 make a second growth in August and September, in which 
 the tendency is more to the production of fruit-buds than 
 wood-buds, — the spring growth being devoted mainly, in 
 a thrifty tree, to the production of wood-buds for the next 
 year's growth. This being the case, trees not unfrequently 
 produce crops of fruit annually for ten years in Middle 
 and Southern Georgia, while biennial production is the 
 rule farther north. The annual fruitage produces an un- 
 usual drain upon the vital power of the tree, which requires 
 extraordinary fertilization. Tiie necessity of this has not 
 been recognized generally by fruit-growers, and the neces- 
 sary food has not been supplied. Trees grown in prox- 
 imity to dwellings or horse-lots where they receive an 
 accidental supply of manure are found to possess unusual 
 longevity. 
 
 *' Middle Georgia and the elevated plateaus of the 
 southwestern portion of the State seem to be the home 
 of \}i\^ peach, which fact needs only to be sufficiently ap- 
 preciated by the people of those sections to induce them 
 to embark in its culture on a large scale to make it a 
 prominent source of revenue. Some parties who have 
 cultivated on a sufficient scale to ship by the car-load 
 have found it a lucrative business. By cultivating the 
 early varieties we have a monopoly of the markets of 
 the Northern cities for a month while prices are ranging 
 highest. The same may be said of pears. Our whole 
 crop of Bartlett and Duchess pears could be sold in New 
 York before those of Virginia even are ripe. 
 
 " Grapes grow well in every section of the State, and in 
 
l6o GEORGIA. 
 
 sufficient variety for every purpose, though but little atten- 
 tion has thus far been paid to wine-making. The Scup- 
 pernong is peculiarly adapted to Middle and Southern 
 Georgia, seldom failing to produce a good crop, never 
 killed by frost, and entirely free from all diseases and in- 
 sect pests. All that it needs is room enough in which to 
 * spread itself.' 
 
 '^ Figs and pomegranates grow admirably in Middle 
 and Southern Georgia, needing no protection in winter 
 except in the upper part of the middle belt. 
 
 "The olive succeeds well on the coast, and was for- 
 merly cultivated, but is now quite abandoned. 
 
 "The/^f«« and English walnut succeed well, and are 
 being planted to some extent. 
 
 ''Raspberries, strawberries, mulberries, cherries, and 
 plums are grown in profusion in every part of the State. 
 
 ''The semi-tropical fruits — oranges, lemons, and ba- 
 nanas — are successfully grown in the southern and coast 
 tiers of counties. 
 
 " The ivatermelons and cantelonpes of portions of Mid- 
 dle Georgia are quite celebrated for their quality, and are 
 becoming a source of considerable revenue. Within a 
 i^w years the watermelon crop of Richmond County 
 has grown to considerable commercial importance. In 
 1874 three hundred and sixteen thousand four hundred 
 and fifty melons were sold in or shipped from Augusta. 
 The soil of Richmond and several adjoining counties 
 seems to be peculiarly adapted to the production of water- 
 melons and canteloupes ; though they grow to great per- 
 fection on sandy soils in many parts of the State. 
 
 " In Thomas County may be seen, in addition to all the 
 agricultural productions of the temperate and semi-tropical 
 zones, the apple, pear, peach, plum, pomegranate, fig, 
 quince, cherry, grape, raspberry, blackberry, strawberry, 
 
PRODUCTIONS OF GEORGIA. i6i 
 
 mulberry, orange, lemon, and banana all growing within 
 the same orchard. There are few countries thus favored 
 by such a combination of soil and climate. 
 
 *' In less than a score of years the fruit-crop of Georgia 
 will be second only to cotton in commercial importance, 
 if proper attention is given in aid of natural advantages. 
 
 "RESULTS SHOWING THE CAPACITY OF GEOR- 
 GIA SOIL UNDER IMPROVED CULTURE. 
 
 *' In order to illustrate the capacity of the soil of Georgia 
 under proper preparation and fertilization, such as is given 
 in the more densely settled portions of the world, a few 
 results are taken from the transactions of the State and 
 county fairs during the last few years, — all on affidavit of 
 disinterested parties : 
 
 "In 1873, ^^'- ^- H- Hardaway, in Thomas County, 
 produced on upland 119 bushels of corn on i acre, which 
 yielded a net profit of $77.17. 
 
 "This year (1876) Mr. G. J. Drake, of Spalding 
 County, produced 74 bushels of corn on i acre of upland. 
 
 "In 1873, Mr- S. W. Leak, of Spalding County, pro- 
 duced on I acre 40^ bushels of wheat, worth ;^8o.5o; 
 cost, ^14.50; net profit, ^66.00. 
 
 "To illustrate the fertilizing effects of a Bermuda 
 grass sod of long standing, the following results, obtained 
 by Colonel A. J. Lane, in Hancock County, are given : 
 
 " The first year after the Bermuda sod was broken he 
 harvested 1800 pounds of seed-cotton per acre; the sec- 
 ond year, 2800 pounds per acre. The third crop was 
 corn, manured with cotton-seed in the usual way and 
 quantity; yield, 65 bushels per acre. The fourth year 
 he harvested 42 bushels of wheat per acre. Neither the 
 cotton nor wheat was fertilized. 
 
 14* 
 
1 62 GEORGIA. 
 
 " Mr. J. F. Madden, this year (1876), produced on i 
 acre, in Spalding County, 137 bushels of oats. 
 
 ** Captain E. T. Davis, of Thomas County, produced 
 in 1873 9^% bushels of rust-proof oats per acre. After 
 the oats were harvested he planted the same land in cot- 
 ton, and gathered 800 pounds of seed-cotton per acre. 
 
 " Mr. T. C. Warthen, of Washington County, pro- 
 duced in 1873, o^ 1-1125 acres, 6917 pounds of seed- 
 cotton, equivalent to 5 bales of 461 pounds each, worth 
 at the average price that year — 17^ cents — $403.37, 
 which, less the cost, — $148.58, — gives a net profit of 
 $254.79 for the above area — a very small fraction over i 
 acre. 
 
 **Mr. R. M. Brooks, of Pike County, produced in 
 1873, o^ 5 acres of bottom-land, 500 bushels of rice, at 
 a total cost of $75, giving a net income of $300 on 5 
 acres. 
 
 **Mr. John J. Parker, of Thomas County, produced 
 in 1874, on I acre, 694}^ gallons of cane syrup, worth, 
 at 75 cents per gallon, $520.87 ; total cost of production, 
 $77.50; net profit, $443-37- 
 
 "Mr. J. R. Winters, of Cobb County, produced in 
 1873, o" 1-15 acres, 6575 pounds of dry clover hay at 
 the first cutting of second year's crop. 
 
 "Mr. R. B. Baxter, of Hancock County, harvested at 
 the first cutting, first year's crop, 1872, from land which 
 had been covered with a complete sod of Bermuda grass 
 for many years until a few years of seeding to clover, 
 4862 pounds of dry clover hay per acre. 
 
 "Dr. T. P. Janes, of Greene County, produced in 
 187 1 5 tons of clover hay per acre in one season, — two 
 cuttings. 
 
 "Mr. Patrick Long, of Bibb County, harvested- in 
 August, 1873, on an acre of land from which he had 
 
PRODUCTIONS OF GEORGIA. 163 
 
 gathered a crop of cabbages in June of the same year, 
 8646 pounds of native crab-grass hay. 
 
 ''Mr. S. W. Leak, of Spalding County, gathered in 
 the fall of 1873, on an acre of land from which he had 
 harvested, in June, 40 bushels of wheat, 10,726 pounds 
 of pea-vine hay. This acre yielded in wheat a net profit 
 of $(i(i in June, and the following fall in pea-vine hay 
 $233.08, making in one year a net profit from i acre of 
 $299.08. 
 
 "Mr. L. B. Willis, of Greene County, harvested in 
 June, 1873, f^o"^^ i/^ ^cres of land, 20 bushels of wheat, 
 and the following October, 27,130 pounds of corn-forage. 
 From the forage he received a net profit per acre of 
 $159.22. 
 
 "Mr. R. Peters, Jr., of Gordon County, harvested in 
 1874, from 3 acres of lucerne, four years old, 14 tons 
 and 200 pounds of hay, or 9400 pounds per acre. This 
 land was mowed four times, — viz., May 17, July 6, August 
 3, and September 30. 
 
 " Dr. W. Moody, of Greene County, harvested at one 
 cutting, from an acre of Oconee River bottom, in 1874, 
 13,953 pounds of Bermuda grass hay, at a total cost of 
 $12.87, worth, at 1^ cents per pound, $209.29, a net 
 profit per acre of $196.42. 
 
 " Captain C. W. Howard produced on Lookout Moun- 
 tain, Walker County, in 1874, on fresh land which cost 
 him 25 cents per acre, 108^ bushels of very fine Irish 
 potatoes, with one hoeing and one ploughing, the whole 
 cost of production per acre being $11.25; net proceeds 
 of 108)^ bushels sold in Atlanta for $97.25. While this 
 was not a large yield under favorable circumstances, it 
 was a very fine yield for freshly-cleared, unmanured land, 
 and the expense incurred in their production, and illus- 
 trates the feasibility of Northern Georgia (a large portion 
 
1 64 GEORGIA, 
 
 of which equals Lake County, Ohio, for the production 
 of the Irish potato, without the risks of the northern sec- 
 tion) producing potatoes enough to supply all of our 
 markets during the winter. The mountains and valleys 
 of Northern Georgia are admirably adapted to the pro- 
 duction of Irish potatoes and cabbages, with which our 
 cities have generally been supplied from States north of us. 
 
 ''Mr. John Dyer, of Bibb County, produced in 1873, 
 on I acre, at a cost of ^8, 398.7 bushels of sweet pota- 
 toes, which, at 75 cents per bushel, gave a net profit per 
 acre of $290.92. 
 
 " Dr. J. S. Lavender, of Pike County, in 1873, V^^' 
 duced on i acre 1552 bushels of turnips. 
 
 '' The following illustrates what may be made by diver- 
 sified farming properly conducted : 
 
 "At the Fair of the Georgia State Agricultural Society 
 in 1874, a premium of $50 was awarded to Mr. Wiley 
 W. Groover, of Brooks County, for best results from a 
 two-horse farm. His farm consisted of 126^ acres, on 
 which crops to the value of $3,258.25 were produced that 
 year. Total cost of production, $1045; net proceeds, 
 $2,213.25. No guano or other commercial fertilizers 
 were used on this farm that year, or for five years pre- 
 ceding. The crops cultivated were oats, corn, peas, 
 ground-peas, sweet potatoes, sugar-cane, and cotton. The 
 stock reared on the farm that year was not included in 
 the schedule of products. 
 
 ''While the foregoing are exceptional cases, far exceed- 
 ing the usual results, they serve to illustrate the capacity 
 of Georgia soil when fertilized and properly cultivated, 
 with brains applied under the guidance of science. 
 
 " Agriculture was formerly regarded as a mere art, 
 empiric in all its branches. Now it is generally recog- 
 nized in Georgia as an applied science. The old prejudice 
 
PRODUCTIONS OF GEORGIA. 165 
 
 against * book-farming,' as that to which science has 
 been applied is called, is rapidly giving way to en- 
 lightened progress. The truths eliminated by scientific 
 research are now eagerly appropriated by the advanced 
 agriculturists. Our agriculture is on the ascending scale, 
 and the time is not far distant when such results as those 
 given will be common occurrences. 
 
 "STOCK-RAISING IN GEORGIA. 
 
 '' The same obstacle which has been in the way of every 
 other diversified interest in Georgia — viz., cotton-culture 
 — has seriously militated against the bestowal of proper 
 attention upon raising stock. It is true stock has been, 
 all things considered, successfully raised in every section 
 of Georgia, — not because proper attention has been be- 
 stowed upon them, but because the climate and vegetation 
 have so favored their growth as to make them profitable 
 in spite of gross neglect. 
 
 **The results given under the head of * Improved Cul- 
 ture' demonstrate the fact that in all sections of the 
 State abundant forage crops can be raised for every de- 
 scription of stock. 
 
 " Horses and Mules. — The results of inquiry made of 
 the farmers in 1875 demonstrate the fact that horses and 
 mules can be raised in Georgia at half what they cost when 
 purchased from the West. Not only this, but those raised 
 in Georgia are notoriously more hardy and serviceable 
 than- those bred further North. 
 
 " But little attention has been given to breeding horses 
 and mules, because of the absorbing influence of cotton- 
 culture, which prevented attention to pasture-lands ; in- 
 deed, Georgia, with the exception of the northern portion, 
 has always been essentially ^phuifing region. The difficul- 
 ties of the labor problem are now compelling land-owners 
 
1 66 GEORGIA. 
 
 to look to stock as a solution to this knotty question, 
 since less hired labor is required, and consequently less 
 expense and vexation attend it than planting. 
 
 ** Cattle. — There has been but little attention given 
 to the improvement of the breed of cattle in the State, 
 and insufficient care given even to the common stock. 
 The whole available force of the larger portion of the 
 'State has been engaged in the destruction of grass for the 
 last century, and yet it still grows. One tithe of the effort 
 that has been bestowed upon the destruction of grass 
 would clothe our fields with such a carpet of verdure as 
 would render Georgia the finest stock-region on the 
 globe. 
 
 ''The very large breeds of cattle are not adapted to 
 the Middle and Southern portions of Georgia, but the 
 smaller breeds — Jersey, Ayrshire, and Devon — are ad- 
 mirably adapted to all sections of the State. The cross 
 of the short horn on the native stock does well where 
 sufficient pasturage is afforded ; but the above breeds all 
 succeed well, either pure or as grades resulting from their 
 cross upon the native. 
 
 *'In much the larger portion of the State, cattle may 
 subsist upon green food throughout the year. In many 
 sections there are cane swamps which afford excellent 
 natural pasture all winter. Small grain sown early in the 
 fall affords abundant pasturage through the winter, and is 
 not materially injured by being grazed during moderately 
 dry weather. Oats, rye, and barley may be thus pastured, 
 if sown in August or September, and yet produce abun- 
 dant harvests the following summer. They may be pas- 
 tured until the middle of February or first of March, 
 according to the latitude and elevation. The heaviest 
 crops of oats that have been made have generally suc- 
 ceeded winter-grazing. Any farm, by proper manage- 
 
PRODUCTIONS OF GEORGIA. 167 
 
 ment, may afford green pasturage for stock during the 
 larger portion of winter. 
 
 ''Besides the pasturage which small grain crops afford, 
 there is no difficulty in securing abundant crops of cul- 
 tivated or natural grass for hay or pasture. The field- 
 pea, which grows so luxuriantly on all of the sandy soils 
 of the primary, cretaceous, and tertiary formations, sup- 
 plies the place of clover which thrives on the more elevated 
 clay and clay-loams of Middle and Northern Georgia. 
 
 "The most valuable and reliable grass, and one which 
 is destined to aid largely in revolutionizing the system of 
 agriculture in the cotton belt of Georgia, as well as to 
 renovate the worn hills, is the Bermuda, — perhaps the most 
 valuable pasture grass in the world, surpassing, in nutritive 
 properties and compactness of sod, the famous Blue Grass 
 of Kentucky, having, according to the analysis of Dr. 
 Ravenel, 14 per cent, of the albuminoids. A Bermuda 
 grass sod, properly managed, will afford excellent pasture 
 for cattle for nine months and for sheep the entire year. 
 There will be but little demand for dry forage in Middle 
 and Lower Georgia, such is the mildness of the climate 
 and the character of the spontaneous growth ; but there 
 is no difficulty in supplying excellent dry forage in any 
 desired quantity and at very small cost. 
 
 ''Lucerne, being perennial, is perhaps the most econom- 
 ical for green soiling or for hay, since it can be cut so early 
 in the spring, and so frequently, and ranks so high in nutri- 
 tion and in soil improvement ; but corn forage, the various 
 millets, clover, native grasses, and pea-vine hay, as well 
 as Bermuda grass hay, can all be saved, of excellent quality 
 and in large quantity, for winter use, when necessary. 
 
 " Cotton-seed, steamed or boiled, and mixed with cut 
 hay and turnips, affords a cheap and excellent food for 
 milch-cows. 
 
1 68 GEORGIA, 
 
 "There is no market, as yet, for milk, except for that 
 produced in the vicinity of cities ; but the manufacture 
 of butter is very profitable to the extent of supplying the 
 demand of non-producers in the State. What is known 
 as wire -grass affords fine spring pasture in the pine forests 
 of Southern Georgia, where the largest herds of cattle 
 and sheep are kept, little more care being taken than to 
 gather them up once a year for marking. 
 
 " Sheep. — There are few sections of the world in which 
 sheep can be raised more profitably than in Georgia. 
 When the value of Bermuda grass is appreciated by the 
 farmers, and the thin and rolling portions of their farms 
 are clothed with it, which seems to have been intended 
 especially for sheep, Georgia will sustain a sheep for every 
 acre of territory ; and thirty-seven million of sheep would 
 be worth to their owners, in the aggregate, thirty-seven 
 million dollars net per annum, nearly double the present 
 gross value of the cotton-crop of the State. 
 
 " Like other stock, sheep have, thus far, received very 
 little attention, but have been so favored by climate and 
 vegetation as to pay, even under our neglectful sys- 
 tem, an average of dT, per cent, per annum net profit on 
 the investment, the average cost of raising a pound 
 of wool in the State being only six cents, and the net 
 profit on each pound being twenty-seven and one-third 
 cents. 
 
 " Mr. David Ayres, with thirty-five hundred sheep, of 
 common stock, which range on the wire-grass of Southern 
 Georgia without a shepherd, makes an annual profit of 
 90 per cent, on his investment and labor, the latter con- 
 sisting only in marking and shearing. 
 
 " Mr. Robert C. Humber, with the cross of the merino 
 on the common stock, makes a clear profit per annum of 
 100 per cent, on his investment and labor. His sheep 
 
PRODUCTIONS OF GEORGIA. 169 
 
 have a Bermuda grass pasture, and receive no attention, 
 except regular salting, 
 
 ** The sources of pasturage mentioned under the head 
 of cattle are equally available for sheep. 
 
 ** Only a i^^^ experiments have been made with soiling 
 sheep on turnips. Mr. David Dickson herded his sheep 
 on several acres of turnips, and gathered the next year 
 four thousand pounds of seed-cotton per acre, an increase 
 of three thousand pounds per acre as the effect of folding. 
 
 " There has never been a fair experiment in sheep- 
 raising in Southern Georgia, combining proper attention 
 to the flock, a judicious selection and crossing, with a 
 reasonable provision for the best development of frame 
 and fleece. There has been but one in North Georgia. 
 Mr. R. Peters has given stock-raising, generally, very 
 thorough attention, with satisfactory results both as to the 
 stock and the incidental improvement of the soil, the 
 capacity of which for pasturing purposes has increased 
 tenfold in twenty years. Mr. Peters is now breeding with 
 most satisfactory results the pure Angora goat, which will, 
 when properly understood and appreciated, be extensively 
 bred in all the mountain and hill country of the State. 
 
 ** Hogs. — The peculiar adaptation of our climate and 
 soil for the production of roots, tubers, and other crops 
 that may be harvested by the hog, renders the raising of 
 this important food-animal both easy and cheap. The 
 only difiiculties in the way of the production of an abun- 
 dant supply of pork in Georgia are found in the ravages 
 of cholera and thieves, and the indisposition of the farm- 
 ers to plant crops for the especial benefit of the hog, 
 and to give other proper attention. The removal of the 
 last two obstacles would to a large extent, if not entirely, 
 remove the first two. With proper attention to the pro- 
 duction of such crops as the field-pea, ground-pea, chufa, 
 
 H IS 
 
lyo GEORGIA. 
 
 sweet potato, and small grain, with the addition of clover 
 on soils suited to its growth, pork can be raised in Georgia 
 as cheaply as in any part of the United States, and almost 
 without consumption of corn, except to harden the flesh 
 for a short time before killing. 
 
 " Poultry. — There are no obstacles to successful poul- 
 try-raising in Georgia, except the indisposition of the 
 people to give proper attention to food and range. With 
 Bermuda grass for summer and small grain pasture for 
 winter, they can have the necessary green food throughout 
 the year. The field-pea and chufa, with a small admix- 
 ture of the varieties of small grain, will afford ample sup- 
 ply of grain, while there is, with the exception of a few 
 months, an abundant supply of animal food gathered from 
 the range in the form of bugs and worms. There has been 
 some cholera, but this has been generally prevented by 
 equalizing the supply of animal and vegetable food con- 
 sumed by the fowls throughout the year. This is easily 
 done by supplying grain in spring and summer to neutral- 
 ize the effects of a surplus of animal food, and meat in 
 winter to supply its deficiency. 
 
 *' Nature has liberally supplied everything that climate 
 and soil can contribute to successful stock, or poultry- 
 raising in Georgia. The difficulties to be overcome do 
 not arise from the country^ but from the habits of the 
 people:' 
 
CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 Climate and Health of Georgia. 
 
 Persons seeking homes in Georgia can select any 
 climate which they may prefer. If they prefer a cool, 
 bracing atmosphere, they can find it in the lovely valleys 
 that nestle at the foot of the mountain ridges of Northern 
 Georgia. If a climate yet milder is preferred, it can be 
 had amid the hills of Middle Georgia ; or in the southern 
 section of the State one can find a region where winter 
 scarcely comes ere it is gone again. 
 
 The following letter from Dr. Wm. H. White, formerly 
 surgeon of the First and Twenty-Second Iowa Volunteers, 
 but for many years since the war a resident of Atlanta, 
 will be found interesting. It speaks particularly of the 
 climate of North Georgia, and is certified to by several 
 leading physicians : 
 
 Atlanta, 
 
 " Gentlemen, — North Georgia is about eleven hundred 
 feet above the ocean, as recently demonstrated by Cap- 
 tain Bautwell, of the United States Coast Survey. The 
 atmosphere is invigorating, and not subject to marked 
 unexpected changes, as will be seen by the following me- 
 teorological table, taken from the official records of the 
 military post at this place : 
 
 171 
 
172 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 From 'July. '873, 
 December, 1875, 
 elusive. 
 
 1873- 
 
 July 
 
 August 
 
 September.. 
 
 October 
 
 November.. 
 December.. 
 
 1874 
 
 January 
 
 February... 
 
 March 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 June 
 
 July 
 
 August 
 
 September . 
 
 October 
 
 November.. 
 December.. 
 
 1875 
 January... . 
 February... 
 
 March , 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 June 
 
 July 
 
 August 
 
 September. 
 
 October 
 
 November . 
 December.. 
 
 Highest and Low- 
 est 'I'emperaiure 
 each month. 
 
 93 
 97 
 96 
 86 
 75 
 73 
 
 74 
 78 
 79 
 95 
 95 
 94 
 98 
 91 
 87 
 79 
 74 
 
 69 
 
 77 
 81 
 
 94 
 99 
 99 
 91 
 97 
 82 
 80 
 75 
 
 63 
 
 52 
 21 
 20 
 15 
 
 27 
 
 34 
 46 
 
 59 
 64 
 58 
 47 
 25 
 23 
 23 
 
 7 
 24 
 27 
 40 
 
 55 
 66 
 60 
 
 44 
 28 
 24 
 66 
 
 Monthly Aver- 
 
 
 age each 24 
 
 
 hours 
 
 Rainfall in 
 
 
 inches. 
 
 MEAN. 
 
 
 
 
 
 78.78 
 
 .87 
 
 77.70 
 
 .08 
 
 72.38 
 
 S40 
 
 59.12 
 
 T.23 
 
 47.30 
 
 3.15 
 
 42.20 
 
 2.41 
 
 42.70 
 
 3.14 
 
 44.80 
 
 6.86 
 
 52.06 
 
 7.38 
 
 57.78 
 
 10.42 
 
 70.10 
 
 3.00 
 
 77.50 
 
 7.00 
 
 77.70 
 
 4.70 
 
 76.88 
 
 10.00 
 
 7200 
 
 •47 
 
 61.40 
 
 .80 
 
 53-11 
 
 3.19 
 
 45.02 
 
 3.00 
 
 38.56 
 
 5.60 
 
 42.18 
 
 6.92 
 
 55.51 
 
 10.27 
 
 57.96 
 
 4-79 
 
 69.50 
 
 1.77 
 
 77.05 
 
 3.98 
 
 81.22 
 
 4.04 
 
 75.19 
 
 3.02 
 
 70.18 
 
 4.24 
 
 57.10 
 
 2.08 
 
 53.71 
 
 3.76 
 
 4986 
 
 3-75 
 
 Humidity. 
 
 85.50 
 76.00 
 73.00 
 78.00 
 68.00 
 70.00 
 
 78.00 
 77.00 
 73.00 
 70.00 
 58.00 
 69.00 
 75.00 
 71.06 
 67.22 
 56.46 
 50.5s 
 43.83 
 
 38.82 
 39.36 
 48.47 
 53.28 
 63.24 
 71.03 
 
 75.65 
 71.41 
 6556 
 53.48 
 51. II 
 48.14 
 
 *'It will be observed that our coldest day in 1873 ^^s 
 15° above zero, in 1874, 12° above, and in 1875, 4°> 
 making our mean winter weather about 45° above zero; 
 the mean heat of summer about 75° above, which is an 
 average of from ten to fourteen degrees less than that of the 
 Middle and Western States; while our atmospheric changes 
 
CLIMATE AND HEALTH OF GEORGIA. 
 
 173 
 
 at all seasons are more gradual and less extreme, and, as a 
 rule, a quilt or a blanket is required summer nights. 
 
 '^Weare not subject to epidemic diseases. Not even 
 in Atlanta, with a population of thirty-six thousand, with 
 daily arrivals from all sections, has yellow fever or cholera 
 ever prevailed, and but few cases of dysentery or small- 
 pox have been developed. As to chills and fever, when 
 they have occurred (as a rule), the cause could be traced to 
 a visit to, or former residence in, some miasmatic district. 
 This bracing atmosphere oxygenates the blood without 
 oppressing the breathing apparatus, and is, therefore, pe- 
 culiarly adapted to persons from a northern or more 
 rigorous climate — especially those suffering with chronic 
 weakness of the lungs. In the winter months we have 
 some rainy weather, requiring the usual precautions against 
 these atmospheric changes. 
 
 ** Having passed my early life in New York, practising 
 my profession in the Northwest for fourteen years, and 
 being stationed in and having passed over most of the 
 South during the war, I have had opportunities of expe- 
 riencing and observing the climatic effects of the several 
 portions of the United States, rarely enjoyed. My con- 
 clusion is that the climate of North Georgia, taking all 
 seasons together, is the finest in America; and this is 
 the opinion of all intelligent travellers I have ever met. 
 
 "I have found that pleurisy, pneumonia, catarrh, and 
 all affections of the respiratory organs are rare here, as 
 compared with those generally met with in the North and 
 West : so with epidemic and typhoid forms of fevers. I 
 have also found that persons coming from those sections 
 suffering from any weakness of the lungs, or catarrh, or 
 a tendency to consumption, or suffering general nervous 
 prostration, be the cause what it may, are almost certain 
 to be benefited — yes, get well — by coming to this region 
 
 15* 
 
174 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 of country. As illustrative of this fact, there are hun- 
 dreds of old citizens and old persons in North Georgia 
 enjoying, and who have enjoyed, good health, who came 
 here years ago as a last resort, and they were believed by 
 their friends to be consumptive. I can but think that 
 these marvellously pleasant results are owing, in part, to 
 the vast number of mineral springs which are everywhere 
 to be found in Upper Georgia. 
 
 "We have long been satisfied, and we believe results 
 warrant us in saying, this section of country is far better for 
 invalids than that of Florida, as it is less liable to sudden 
 changes, free from unpleasant, depressing ocean- and gulf- 
 breezes, loaded, as they are, with the chloride of sodium 
 absorbed from the salt waters, and miasm of its vast 
 swampy bottoms and marshes; and, above all, there is 
 constant want of a bracing strength-giving atmosphere. I 
 also say, without intending to detract from the reputation 
 of Aiken as a noted and fine winter home for Northern 
 invalids, that I can but think, and that others must, when 
 the fact is considered that we are five hundred and fifty 
 feet higher than that city, and free from its fine white 
 sand, which fills the nose and air-passages every time the 
 wind stirs it, that ours is decidedly the safest and best for 
 this class of persons. For years past, Atlanta, Marietta, 
 Stone Mountain, Athens, etc., have been the summer re- 
 sort of many persons from the southern portion of this 
 State, Alabama, Florida, and Louisiana, and, during the 
 last season, of many Northern persons. Lassitude and 
 languor are not experienced here, even as much so as in 
 many portions of the North. 
 
 "I am not practising, but shall be glad to extend any 
 courtesy to Northern visitors. 
 
 "Wm. H. White, M.D., 
 *'Late Surgeon First and Twenty-Second 
 Iowa Volunteer Infantry." 
 
CLIMATE AND HEALTH OF GEORGIA. 
 
 ^75 
 
 *' We fully concur with Dr. White as to what he has 
 stated in the above letter, as to epidemics, chills and 
 fevers, as to our climate and its effects generally on per- 
 sons coming from the North. 
 "H. V. M. Miller, M.D. 
 '*W. G. Owens, M.D. 
 *'R. B. Ridley, M.D. 
 *^A. M. Calhoun, M.D., 
 
 ''Professor Atlanta Medical College. 
 *'J. T. Todd, M.D., 
 
 ** Vice-President Atlanta Academy of Medicine. 
 *'Wm. Abram Love, M.D., 
 
 " Professor Atlanta Medical College. 
 "W. F. Westmoreland, M.D., 
 
 '' Professor Atlanta Medical College. 
 "G. G. Crawford, M.D. 
 ''Charles Pinckney, M.D. 
 "H. B. Lee, M.D." 
 
 The Sand Hills, two and a half miles from Augusta, in 
 the extreme eastern part of Middle Georgia, on whose 
 summit stands the pretty town of Summerville, are a con- 
 tinuation of the same ridge on which Aiken, in South 
 Carolina, is situated ; hence the same causes which make 
 Aiken such an excellent resort for invalids from the North, 
 render Summerville an equally healthy abode for such 
 persons. Summerville possesses one great advantage over 
 Aiken in its proximity to Augusta, which city the invalid 
 can reach by a short ride on the street railway, and there 
 he can procure many comforts that cannot be obtained in 
 the town of Aiken. Summerville was originally only a 
 summer resort of the wealthy citizens of Augusta; but 
 many of them, pleased with its healthful and bracing win- 
 ter air, have made it their permanent abode. It is regu- 
 
176 GRORGIA. 
 
 larly laid out with broad streets shaded by ehns and other 
 trees, and contains many handsome residences surrounded 
 by lovely gardens. The population of the town is about 
 one thousand. The views from the various prominent 
 points in the town are very fine ; that from the plateau, 
 on which stands the residence of Colonel Milledge, is 
 especially so, and this spot would be a splendid site for a 
 first-class hotel. There can be no doubt that an enter- 
 prise of this character would pay well, for during the 
 winter and spring months there have been hundreds of 
 unsuccessful applicants for accommodation at the few 
 houses open for the reception of boarders. Such a hotel 
 would attract to Summerville many of those who now 
 resort to Aiken to avoid the bleak climate of the North. 
 With regard to the healthfulness of these Sand Hills and the 
 country adjacent, including the city of Augusta, I cannot 
 do better than give several extracts from a little pamphlet, 
 by Dr. S. E. Habersham, on the '' Hilly Pine Region of 
 Georgia and South Carolina," published in Augusta, in 
 1869. Speaking of the Sand Hills, he says, *' This plateau 
 is, properly speaking, the true summit of the hills in this 
 State, being the highest point attained by it, and on its 
 eastern terminus is situated a portion of the village, in- 
 cluding the United States Arsenal and grounds. The 
 gradual slope of this plateau to the south and east, the 
 sandy nature of the soil, with the pine and oak growth 
 (blackjack), make it extremely dry and well adapted for 
 those pulmonary sufferers who require a very dry climate 
 and low dew-point ; while the sidesof the ridge being nearer 
 the valley are better adapted to those for whom a semi- 
 humid atmosphere is necessary. This condition can be 
 increased or diminished by approaching to or receding 
 from the valley, which fact makes the village of Summer- 
 ville more suitable as a residence for the j^ulmonary suf- 
 
CLIMATE AND HEALTH OE GEORGIA. 
 
 177 
 
 ferer than any locality I am aware of, since it is well known 
 that though the great proportion of phthisical patients 
 require a dry climate, yet there are occasionally those 
 who are benefited by a comparatively humid atmosphere. 
 This is particularly the case with asthmatic patients, who, 
 in the great majority of cases, are benefited by residing 
 here. As this peculiarity of constitution can only be 
 determined by actual experiment, we have, in the close 
 proximity of these two hygrometrical conditions, an easy 
 and convenient means of determining the fact." 
 
 In the pamphlet from which I have just quoted, I also 
 find the following letter from Dr. L. A. Dugas, one of the 
 most prominent physicians of Georgia. The letter is ad- 
 dressed to Dr. Habersham, and dated January 2, 1869: 
 
 "Dear Sir, — In a note recently received from you, I 
 find the following request : ' Will you do me the favor 
 to give me the results of your experience and observation 
 as to the influence exerted by this climate upon tubercular 
 consumption and kindred diseases?' I will endeavor to 
 make my reply as brief as possible. 
 
 " Having commenced the practice of my profession in 
 1 83 1, after spending several years in preparing myself for 
 it in the colder sections of our country and in Europe, 
 where tubercular affections and typhoid fever constitute a 
 great majority of the cases treated in hospitals, I was very 
 soon forcibly impressed with the rarity of those diseases 
 in this section, in comparison with what I had seen else- 
 where. Indeed, some six or seven years elapsed before I 
 saw the first case of genuine typhoid fever, when this 
 form of fever first began to show itself here. I need 
 scarcely add that since that time typhoid fever has grad- 
 ually invaded and extended over all the Southern States. 
 Tuberculosis, in its various forms, and especially phthisis 
 pulmonalis, was scarcely ever seen, except in those who 
 
 H* 
 
178 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 fled from the North in order to escape it, and among the 
 negroes imported from Maryland and Virginia, where they 
 had inherited the tendency. Such a radical change in 
 the field of my observation could not fail to attract my 
 attention, and to impress me as before stated. 
 
 ** In 1836 I had occasion to examine the mortuary 
 records of the city sexton as far back as they could be 
 found, for the purpose of preparing an article on the 
 subject for the Southern Medical and Surgical Journal^ 
 published in this city. The result of this, as well as of 
 subsequent researches, furnishes a striking confirmation 
 of the correctness of my impressions. 
 
 " It seems to me that the best test of the influence of 
 climate upon the development of tuberculosis must be 
 found in the relative frequency of such cases among the 
 natives of this and of other sections who remain at home. 
 Judged by this standard, it will be readily ascertained 
 that, while phthisis pulmonalis is very common in our 
 Northern States among the natives, it is quite rare here 
 among our own people, I know of very few native fami- 
 lies in Augusta who have ever suffered from consumption, 
 and these have only lost one or two members by it. I 
 doubt that there are exceeding ten families who have been 
 thus even partially affected within my recollection. 
 
 ** Again, if we confine our observation alone to those 
 who have emigrated from the north of the United States 
 and from Europe, it will be found that, although many 
 bear with them the hereditary taint, comparatively few 
 will experience its fatal development. The conclusion is, 
 therefore, irresistibly forced upon us that this climate 
 does exert a most beneficial influence over this class of 
 affections. 
 
 '''Is there any difference in the several sections of 
 Georgia with regard to this comparative immunity from 
 
% 
 
 CLIMATE AND HEALTH OF GEORGIA. 179 
 
 phthisis?' There is a marked difference. I find that in 
 1852 I made the following remarks in an editorial article 
 of the journal above alluded to (p. (>2i^) : 
 
 '* The value of removal to the South of persons af- 
 fected in the Northern States with consumption, has 
 been heretofore very generally admitted ; but it is now 
 asked whether much, if any, advantage is to be derived 
 from spending merely the winter months at the South, and 
 returning to the North in the spring; and it is added that 
 if a temperate atmosphere be all that is needed, this may 
 be obtained in New England by means of a well-regulated 
 system of artificial heat. We believe it to be an error to 
 suppose that the Southern States owe their immunity from 
 phthisis alone to the mildness of their winters. If such 
 were the fact, all mild climates ought to be equally exempt, 
 and all cold latitudes alike unfavorable. Yet phthisis is 
 much more common upon the seaboard and in the moun- 
 tainous districts of the Southern States than at interme- 
 diate points, and it is comparatively rare in the northern 
 portions of Canada and Russia, whilst it makes frightful 
 havoc in milder England, France, and our Northern 
 States. 
 
 " That a temporary sojourn in the Southern States is 
 advantageous, we doubt not ; but that a permanent resi- 
 dence is still more so, we feel quite certain. Every prac- 
 titioner of experience, and who is acquainted with the 
 means of accurately determining the state of the lungs, 
 must have often observed how wonderfully large abscesses 
 will heal here, which would have certainly proved fatal 
 in a less genial climate. The writer knows persons in 
 this State who had tubercular abscesses as long as twenty 
 years ago, which healed kindly, and have left them ever 
 since in the enjoyment of apparently good health. That 
 all are not equally fortunate, is too true ; yet we feel as- 
 
l8o GEORGIA. 
 
 sured that it is only by remaining in the South, both sum- 
 mer and winter, sufficiently long to acquire the peculiarities 
 of a Southern constitution, that lasting benefit may be ex- 
 pected. The best locations are obviously those in which 
 the disease originates most rarely, and these are unques- 
 tionably to be found midway between the mountains and 
 seaboard. 
 
 ''This favored belt commences at the termination of 
 the primitive region, where the rivers of the Atlantic slope 
 tumble over the last ledges of granite rocks, — that is to say, 
 at Augusta, Milledgeville, Macon, and Columbus, — and 
 varies from thirty to sixty miles in width below the shoals. 
 
 ''The so-called Sand Hills, with pine forests which 
 characterize this belt, are only a few hundred feet above 
 the sea ; are supplied with pure water, and have a healthy 
 atmosphere, peculiarly adapted to those threatened with 
 or suffering from pulmonary disease. I must .say, how- 
 ever, that some cases do better in the valley of Augusta 
 than upon the adjacent heights, and vice versa. Why this 
 is so I cannot determine. 
 
 "Yours, very truly, L. A. Dugas." 
 
 This testimony of Dr. Dugas is fully corroborated by 
 that of other prominent physicians of Augusta. 
 
 The meteorological register, kept by the officers of 
 the medical staff at the United States Arsenal in Sum- 
 merville, contains a series of uninterrupted daily ther- 
 mometrical observations, made at sunrise, at nine o'clock 
 A.M., three o'clock p.m., and nine o'clock p.m., for more 
 than twenty years, including three of the coldest winters 
 and hottest summers within the memory of the oldest in- 
 habitants. These observations show the mean average 
 temperature of the year to be 64° Fahr., and the mean 
 monthly temperature to be as follows : 
 
% 
 
 CLIMATE AND HEALTH OF GEORGIA. i8i 
 
 For January, 46° 7' Fahr. 
 
 For February, 50° 7' Fahr. 
 
 For March, 58° 8' Fahr. 
 
 For April, 65° i' Fahr. 
 
 For May, 72° 2' Fahr. 
 
 For June, 79° Fahr. 
 
 For July, 80° 9' Fahr. 
 
 For August, 79° i Fahr. 
 
 For September, 72° 8' Fahr. 
 
 For October, df 5' Fahr. 
 
 For November, 53° 8' Fahr. 
 
 For December, 46° 3' Fahr. 
 
 The mean temperature for the four seasons is shown to 
 be — for the spring, 65° 3' Fahr. ; for the summer, 79° 9'; 
 autumn, 63° 4'; winter, 47° 9'. The rainfall for the four 
 seasons is — for the spring, 10.16 inches; summer, 14.14 
 inches; autumn, 6.95 inches; winter, 5.92 inches. The 
 mean number of fair days during the year is 238 ; cloudy 
 days, 127; rainy days, 70; snow about two days in three 
 years. 
 
 The following I also get from Dr. Habersham's pam- 
 phlet : 
 
 "Dr. Joseph Jones, in his topographical description 
 of the country around Americus, in Sumter County, 
 Georgia, published in the medical report of the United 
 States Sanitary Commission, 1867, thus describes the sand 
 hills of that part of the State : 
 
 " Andersonville (near Americus), with the surrounding 
 hills, including the Confederate military prison, is ele- 
 vated from three hundred and fifty to four hundred and 
 thirty-five feet above the level of the ocean, and is sit- 
 uated in Sumter County, Georgia, between the Flint and 
 Chattahoochee Rivers, seven miles due west of the former, 
 and forty-two miles east of the latter, in about 32° 10' 
 
 16 
 
i82 GEORGIA. 
 
 north latitude, and 38° 26' west longitude, near the com- 
 mencement of the western slope of the dividing ridge 
 between the streams flowing southwesterly into the Gulf of 
 Mexico and those flowing southeasterly into the Atlantic 
 Ocean. 
 
 '' Fort Valley, twenty miles northeast of Anderson ville, 
 at an elevation of five hundred and thirty feet, lies upon 
 the west of the ridge running between the Ocmulgee and 
 Flint Rivers; the former, uniting with the Oconee and 
 forming the Altamaha, empties into the Atlantic Ocean, 
 and the latter, uniting with the Chattahoochee and forming 
 the Apalachicola River, pours its waters into the Gulf of 
 Mexico. From this dividing ridge the country slopes 
 towards the Atlantic on the southeast, and towards the 
 Gulf of Mexico on the southwest- 
 
 '*The summit of the hill at Andersonville, upon which 
 the Confederate States General Hospital has been located, 
 is four hundred and thirty-five feet above the level of the 
 sea, and, according to the railroad survey, is next to the 
 highest point on the railroad between Oglethorpe and 
 Albany, — the highest point between them being about 
 four hundred and eighty and six-tenths feet. High table- 
 land, with an average elevation of about four hundred 
 and sixty feet, lies between Andersonville and Americus, 
 the highest being four hundred and eighty and six-tenths 
 feet. 
 
 '*The following are the elevations above the level of 
 the sea at several points above Andersonville : railroad 
 depot, three hundred and ninety-nine feet ; hill opposite 
 depot, four hundred and eighty feet, etc. The hills of 
 this rolling country in and around Andersonville vary in 
 height from forty to one hundred and eighty feet above 
 the level of the water-courses. 
 
 "This region, as above described by Dr. Jones, ter- 
 
% 
 
 CLIMATE AND HEALTH OF GEORGIA. 183 
 
 minates the Sand Hill region in Georgia on its western 
 boundary." 
 
 From a small guide to South Georgia and Florida, 
 published by the Gulf Railroad, I iiaye been granted the 
 liberty of making the following extract on the induce- 
 ments to tourists, health-seekers, and immigrants : 
 
 "GEORGIA. 
 
 *'For home comfort and abundance, no country is 
 better suited, if one will but make them a prime object. 
 Germans and other foreigners have frequently remarked 
 on the advantage of winter crops, and the ground working 
 for them all the time, and not being ice-bound in winter. 
 
 '' Increased population would rapidly lead to diversifi- 
 cation of pursuits, which again would rapidly develop 
 the needed capital from within, if not from abroad ; and 
 we do not hesitate to say, as the result of observation and 
 experience, that the best immigration is the immigration 
 from the Northern States, or domestic, rather than from 
 abroad, or foreign. These are soonest assimilated. The 
 best means of harmonizing the sections is by the mutual 
 acquaintance to which such immigration will give rise. 
 Sectional antipathies are based on mutual ignorance, and 
 disappear before knowledge. 
 
 *' Come and see for yourselves. Do not expect fairy- 
 land, or exemption from labor and care, but come and 
 compare climate, productions, and the general conditions 
 of comfort with those to be had elsewhere, and you will 
 find them to compare favorably. You will quickly see 
 that we have not improved our natural advantages ade- 
 quately, but you will find that nature has done her part 
 well; and if you but bring with you good habits of pains- 
 taking and economy, you will soon build up a delightful 
 home. You will find good sense and good feeling, and. 
 
1 84 GEORGIA. 
 
 in any considerable community, men of culture and refine- 
 ment: still, generally, they do not show so well at first 
 as on longer acquaintance. 
 
 ''You should visit the country, and see the capacities 
 of the soil and climate. Do not regard the present agri- 
 culturists as knowing everything, nor yet fall into the 
 contrary error of supposing they know nothing : in fact, 
 they know much ; yet the present is but a transition state, 
 and they have not fully solved the problem of conformity 
 to the new conditions of life and labor. The young men 
 and the new men are now on an equal experience-level 
 with the old, so you will have a fair start. 
 
 "The inducements generally referred to are agricul- 
 tural. Those for manufacturers are equally great. For 
 success in these, nothing is needed but capital and good 
 management ; and where will they thrive without both ? 
 All the needful conditions are here for the development 
 of the most profitable manufacturing industry in the 
 whole country. Climate, material, and power all exist 
 together in an unsurpassed condition. 
 
 ''Professional men we do not need so much as men of 
 science and skill. Our people have, themselves, devoted 
 much more of their time to other subjects than to science 
 or to expertness in labor. 
 
 " We think South Georgia and Florida, all things con- 
 sidered, the most desirable of all the sections open for 
 immigration, and still inadequately populated. In all 
 lands there are sickness and death, hard times, evil days 
 and evil people, mixed with the blessings and the good 
 things of life. Trouble and discipline, labor and sorrow, 
 are incident to all climes ; yet nature has been provident 
 in her gifts to us, and man needs only an average care and 
 skill to make here as happy homes as the world has ever 
 known. The earth, with its range of productions, the 
 
CLIMATE AND HEALTH OF GEORGIA. 185 
 
 sun and air and conditions of climate, the abundant wood 
 and water and water-power, the present settled state of 
 the country and degree of development, and the future 
 promise for one's children of a still higher development, 
 all point to the South as admirably suited for immigra- 
 tion, and to no part of the South more than to South 
 Georgia and Florida. 
 
 "CLIMATE. 
 
 '* ADVANTAGES OF OUR CLIMATE. 
 
 *'Dr. C. H. Hall, Macon, Ga. : 
 
 ^^ Dear Doctor, — Your letter in reference to 'catarrh' 
 and the advantages of this climate in that disease and 
 phthisis has been received. I am glad that inquiry in 
 reference to the prevalence of ' catarrh in the pine belt' 
 has been made. It is a disease so seldom seen or heard 
 of here, that no special reference has been made to it by 
 those who have written or spoken of the advantages of 
 our climate in pulmonary disease. In my report, read 
 before the Medical Association of Georgia on the adapta- 
 bility of the climate of the pine forests of South Georgia 
 to the consumptive, I gave it as my opinion that no re- 
 gion of country on the continent was more exempt from 
 all diseases of the respiratory organs, among which I in- 
 cluded 'catarrh.' I located here in January, 1864, and 
 have been engaged in practice ever since. During this 
 period of thirteen years I have been called upon to treat 
 but two cases of nasal catarrh. The Hon. James L. 
 Seward, whom you know to be a close observer, not only 
 in matters of law, but in everything concerning the health 
 and general welfare of the people with whom he has long 
 mingled, informs me that he has been a resident of this 
 place forty-nine years, and during that time he has rarely 
 
 16* 
 
1 86 GEORGIA. 
 
 heard of nasal catarrh, the disease to which you refer in 
 your letter. If there is a disease from which we are more 
 than any other exempt in the pine belt, it is nasal catarrh. 
 We have now located here several gentlemen from the 
 Eastern and Western States, who have been entirely cured 
 of that disease by a change of residence. Among these 
 is Dr. A. Frost, of Seymour, Indiana. He had suffered for 
 years, and on removing here was speedily cured. These 
 cases have evidently been cured by our equability of tem- 
 perature and the inhalation of the pine aroma. This 
 would indicate the therapeutic influence of the oil of tur- 
 pentine by atomization in that troublesome and often in- 
 tractable complaint. Our exemption here is in striking 
 contrast with its prevalence in the elevated lands of Col- 
 orado, Minnesota, Nebraska, and New Mexico. If we 
 are to believe the published reports of eminent physicians 
 in these regions, catarrhs — bronchial, nasal, and aural — are 
 exceedingly common. In these regions of great altitude 
 the highly rarefied condition of the air is productive of 
 very sudden and very great vicissitudes in temperature, — 
 the mercury falling in a few hours from thirty to forty de- 
 grees. This seems to account for the frequency of catarrhs. 
 Where changes are so sudden and extreme, it is next to 
 impossible for one to protect himself from the imme- 
 diate impulse of the change from heat to cold, cutaneous 
 transpiration is suppressed, and catarrhs result, — first gen- 
 eral, affecting the mucous membrane of the nasal pas- 
 sages, antrums, and bronchia, and often ending in chronic 
 nasal catarrh. Here we have none of these causes to con- 
 tend with. Our altitude is three hundred and thirty feet 
 above sea-level ; we have no extreme vicissitudes of tem- 
 perature ; our mean temperature in winter is about 53°, 
 and in summer about 83°, with the barometer at about 
 29>^°, and we have the healing influence of the pine 
 
CLIMATE AND HEALTH OF GEORGIA. 
 
 187 
 
 forests. I apprehend that the word catarrh is not fully '• 
 understood by all invalids. I have examined cases coming 
 here for the cure of ' catarrh' whose voices entered my : 
 ear upon the chest through cavities which sealed their j 
 doom. \ 
 
 "In reference to the advantages of the piney woods 
 climate in pulmonary diseases, I have expressed my opin- 
 ion very fully in the report mentioned, but it may not be 
 amiss, at your request, for me to refer to it in this place 
 by way of comparison. ' Winter homes for invalids' have 
 been a subject of discussion for hundreds of years, and 
 you are aware how the profession have differed on the 
 subject. I believe some points in this discussion have 
 been definitely settled by the results of experiment and 
 experience. These are — ist, that the consumptive should 
 studiously avoid the dampness and irritating winds of the 
 sea- coast; 2d, that they should seek localities showing 
 the greatest equability of temperature ; and 3d, the cli- 
 mate affording the greatest number of fair days, during 
 which the invalid may enjoy out-door exercise. In this 
 locality we are secure against the first, with a close approx- 
 imation to the second, and with very decided compara- 
 tive advantage in the last. We are two hundred miles 
 from the Atlantic, and sixty from the Gulf. Our mean 
 temperature, as I have before stated, in winter is about 
 53°, and in summer about 83°. I made a careful note of 
 the weather from ist January last to the 17th May inclu- 
 sive, with the following result : Total number of days, 
 one hundred and thirty-seven ; during that time it rained 
 twenty-five times, there were eleven cloudy days, and one 
 hundred and one fair days. You will see from this that 
 the invalid here would have had, out of the one hun- 
 dred and thirty-seven days, one hundred and twelve 
 days during which he might have been all day out of 
 
1 88 GEORGIA. 
 
 doors. I have before me the report of the thermometer 
 for Thomasville and Santa Barbara, California, for the 
 month of January, 1875, ^^ follows : 
 
 ''At Thomasville the monthly mean temperature was 
 55° 50'; highest temperature, 72°; lowest temperature, 
 38°. Santa Barbara, monthly mean temperature, 53° 
 50' ; highest temperature, 70° ; lowest temperature, 38°. 
 In temperature, you will perceive, we have the advantage 
 of Santa Barbara ; while in the number of fair days, so 
 important to the welfare of the consumptive, we know 
 of no region of country that can report more favorably. 
 Santa Barbara has quite a reputation as a winter resort 
 for invalids. Distance sometimes lends enchantment to 
 the view. For some years past some of our brethren, con- 
 ceiving the idea that altitude was the great desideratum 
 in consumption, have sent their patients into the elevated 
 regions of Minnesota, Colorado, Nebraska, and New 
 Mexico. While I do not question the purity of their 
 motives, I must say that in many instances they have 
 been inconsiderate, if not derelict in their duty to their 
 patients. None of us, however, are infallible in diagno- 
 sis, and we are willing to put a charitable construction 
 upon their motives. I am aware that some, perhaps many, 
 may differ with me, but I am not willing, in a matter of 
 such vital importance, to withhold from the public an 
 honest opinion through fear of opposition or criticism. 
 I am prepared with irrefutable evidence from the various 
 localities named to establish the correctness of the views 
 expressed. 
 
 '' Persons of phthisical diathesis — predisposed to phthisis 
 — rnayh^ sent into those regions of great altitude with ad- 
 vantage. There the diminished barometric pressure will 
 increase the number of respirations, and may thus de- 
 velop the vital capacity and functions of the lungs. But 
 
CLIMATE AND HEALTH OE GEORGIA. 189 
 
 after the development of tubercular or caseous deposit, 
 and particularly after the occurrence of vomicae, it must 
 be decidedly injurious, if not eminently fatal. Why? 
 Because the vital capacity of the lung is already seriously 
 impaired, and the more frequent the respiratory acts the 
 less chance is there for healing the lesions. You are aware 
 that there are no more prolific causes of pulmonary hem- 
 orrhage than sudden and extreme vicissitudes of temper- 
 ature and diminished barometric pressure. The first class 
 of cases may be benefited by altitude, but for the second 
 class it is full of danger. The lungs of the first may re- 
 quire exercise, those of the second 7nust have rest. To 
 find rest they must avoid high altitudes ; they must avoid 
 the sea-shore, with its bleak and irritating winds and ex- 
 cessive humidity. And to do this there is no safer place 
 for them than in the interior pine forests of Southern 
 Georgia, where they can inhale freely the aroma of the 
 pine, with the barometer at 29° 30' instead of 23°, and 
 where eighteen respirations per minute, instead of thirty- 
 six, will be adequate for the supply of oxygen to the blood 
 and tissues. The proportions of nitrogen and oxygen in 
 the air we breathe are constant throughout the world in 
 all latitudes and altitudes. Notwithstanding this immu- 
 tability in the constituents of the air, there is avery de- 
 cided and essential difference in that breathed in low and 
 high altitudes. In high altitudes, on account of its rare- 
 fied condition, the atoms composing it are separated in 
 proportion to its rarefaction, and hence a much greater^ 
 volume must be inhaled to give the same weight and attain 
 the same end. If we take a consumptive from a locality 
 with an elevation of three hundred feet and a barometric 
 range of twenty-nine or thirty inches into one with an 
 altitude of five or six thousand feet and a barometric 
 range of twenty-three inches, we subject him to the pain- 
 
ipo GEORGIA. 
 
 fill alternative of either respiring thirty-six times per 
 minute, or with each inspiration to take in forty cubic 
 inches of air instead of twenty, which is the normal 
 amount with lungs of healthy vital capacity at the sea- 
 level. His first effort would result in hemorrhage and 
 death ; his second would be impossible. We might just 
 as well expect the blacksmith to keep up a proper heat in 
 his forge with a leaky bellows. 
 
 '* Last year the following item appeared in a Colorado 
 newspaper: 'Six human bodies in metallic caskets were 
 shipped yesterday on the Kansas Pacific Railroad. To 
 offset this, nine invalids arrived last night. ' Here is a com- 
 mentary upon ' high altitudes* for consumptives. I trust 
 you will not accuse me of keeping up the climate of the 
 * pine belt' as a * cure-all' for phthisis. Such is not my 
 intention. Such a climate has never yet been discovered, 
 and he who shall be so fortunate as to find it will be as 
 much, if not more, entitled to the gratitude of the human 
 race and the monumental shaft to perpetuate his memory 
 as the discoverers of ether and vaccine. I have simply 
 endeavored to set forth the advantages of the climate 
 in what I conscientiously believe to be its true light. 
 Comparisons are said to be odious, but in this connection 
 I do not so consider them. Now let me say that, of all the 
 resorts for invalids known to me from observation or read- 
 ing, I know of none which can be more honestly and 
 strongly recommended than the 'pine forests' of Southern 
 Georgia. In candor I must say that, whilst the consump- 
 tive is often materially benefited by a winter sojourn here, 
 a change of residence, judging from observation of quite 
 a number of cases, seems necessary for permanent relief. 
 I do not wish to weary your patience, but I feel that I 
 should conclude this letter with the following extract from 
 'Winter Homes for Invalids,' by Dr. Joseph W. Howe, 
 
CLIMATE AND HEALTH OF GEORGIA. 191 
 
 Professor of Clinical Surgery in the University of New 
 York, in reference to the *pine forests' of Southern 
 Georgia : 
 
 "'Pine-grove localities have the reputation of being 
 very healthy. There is usually complete freedom from 
 malarial and pulmonary diseases. The atmosphere, im- 
 pregnated as it is with the peculiar volatile principle of 
 the trees, has a soothing effect on inflamed throats and 
 irritable lungs. The air agrees with everybody. Invalids 
 with troublesome coughs and shortness of breath rapidly 
 improve after a short residence, and some far advanced in 
 tubercular disease recover their health completely. The 
 dryness and mildness of the atmosphere have, of course, 
 something to do with the beneficial effects experienced, 
 but there is no doubt whatever that much of the benefit 
 arises from the air being impregnated with the piney 
 odor.' 
 
 "Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 
 
 "T. S. Hopkins, M.D." 
 
 No more healthy or delightful region can be found 
 than the northern and middle sections of Georgia, and 
 though there are some sickly localities in Southern Georgia, 
 the greater portion of that section is healthy also. Even 
 the southeastern part of the State, which is in many places 
 hot and sickly, has large districts in which the people 
 enjoy as good health as in any other part of the Union. 
 Though Savannah was so terribly scourged in 1876, yet that 
 was the first severe epidemic of yellow fever since 1854. 
 Generally, Savannah is one of the healthiest of American 
 cities. The interior of Georgia is entirely free from epi- 
 demics of yellow fever or cholera, and can be excelled by 
 no section of the Union for salubrity of climate. 
 
192 GEORGIA. 
 
 CONCLUDING REMARKS. 
 
 In conclusion, we would say that refinement and hos- 
 pitality are confined to no section of the State. In the 
 mountains and smiling valleys of Northern Georgia, amid 
 the red hills of the middle belt, in the level and fertile 
 region of Southwestern Georgia, from the seaboard to the 
 Chattahoochee, in the rural districts, and in the citieSjtowns, 
 and villages, may be found people whose homes are the 
 abode of refinement and culture, and who, in virtue, in- 
 telligence, and unbounded hospitality, will compare favor- 
 ably with any people anywhere in the world. To the 
 industrious and hardy emigrants of the Old World they 
 extend an invitation to come and help them build up 
 a great and powerful commonwealth. To their fellow- 
 countrymen of the North and West, who desire to find 
 homes in a genial and healthy climate, they extend a 
 hearty and cordial greeting. They offer them as good 
 educational and religious privileges as can be found in 
 any portion of the great republic, and as perfect security 
 to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. 
 
POPULATION OF COUNTIES, ETC. 
 
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ADVERTISER. 
 
 
 /C'inAf ^<"-'eitaJ \ 
 
 ,CAarIe3tbn 
 
 4v^\Aev'^*'' ^yirGlaae Spr 
 
 THE KENNESAW ROUTE 
 
 IS THE 
 
 GRAND TRUNK LINE 
 
 BETWEEN THE 
 
 GREAT LAKE STATES OF THE NORTHWEST, AND FLORIDA 
 
 AND THE SOUTH ATLANTIC STATES, AND ALSO 
 
 BETWEEN THE NORTH AND SOUTH, 
 
 AND RUNS THE 
 
 LONGEST mmm lihe or mmum ik the mm 
 
 NEW ORLEANS TO WASHINGTON. 
 
 All the most valuable Remedial Springs in Virginia, Tennessee, and 
 
 Georgia lie immediately on the Great Kennesaw Route, or 
 
 very near it, or are easily reached by some of 
 
 the many closely connecting lines. 
 
 No line in the Union excels it in the Smoothness and Superior Condition of its 
 Track, the Perfect Safety of its Machinery, the Luxurious Appointments of its 
 Passenger Coaches, and the Painstaking Attentiveness of all in any way con- 
 nected with its business. 
 
 B. ^V. WRENN, 
 
 General Passenger Agent. 
 ATLANTA, OA. 
 i 
 
 WM. MacRAE, 
 
 General Manager. 
 
ADVERTISER. 
 
 The Georgia Railroad. 
 
 BREAT FAST M AND PASSEH&EK IWL 
 
 BETWEEN" 
 
 New York and .New Orleans, 
 
 VIA. 
 
 AND 
 
 Macon c& Augusta Railroads. 
 
 PASSENGERS HAVE THE CHOICE OF TWO ROUTES 
 
 FROM 
 
 ^"agiasta, via Atlanta or nVTacon. 
 
 TO POINTS SOUTH AND SOUTHWEST. 
 
 CLOSE CONNECTIONS AT ATLANTA 
 TO ALL POINTS WEST. 
 
 SLEEPING-CARS ON ALL NIGHT TRAINS. 
 
 EATIETO-HOUNESS «° "suiiaLed! 
 
 Od the Ijine are Not 
 
 a-003D ItO-A.lDS -A.1TID STJI2»E C03ST3^ECTI03iTS. 
 
 J. A. ROBERT, S. K. JOHNSON, 
 
 General Ticket Agent. Superintendent. 
 
ADVERTISER. 
 
 JAMES A. GRAY & CO., 
 
 WHOLESALE AND RETAIL 
 
 Dry Goods Merchants, 
 
 194 and 196 Broad Street, 
 
 KEEP ALWAYS ON HAND THE VERY BEST GOODS AT THE LOWEST PRICES. 
 
 PORT ROYAL R. R. 
 
 Ft*om Augusta and the Great West 
 
 REACHING THREE PORTS, VIZ., 
 
 CHARLESTON, SAVANNAH, and POET EOTAL, 
 
 FORMING A PART OF 
 
 The Magnolia Passenger Route to Florida. 
 
 PORT ROYAL, the terminus, only 112 miles from Augusta. 
 
 Freight is transferred directly from vessels into cars and 
 forwarded to destination -with no extra handling. 
 
 D. C. WILSOff , Keceirer. R. G. FLSMINQ, pen. Supt. 
 
 ill 
 
ADVERTISER. 
 
 MEDICAL COLLEGE OF GEORGIA, 
 
 MEDIO AL DEPARTMENT OF THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA. \ 
 
 (£|)anccU0r of tt)c Ulniticrsitp. | 
 
 H. H. TUCKER, D.D., LL.D. ] 
 
 laculti) of tl)c illcMcrtl jPcjiartment. | 
 
 I. P. GARVIN, M.D., , 
 
 Emeritus Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics. i 
 
 LEWIS D. FORD, M.D., LL.D., \ 
 
 Professor of the Institutes and Practice of Medicine. i 
 
 JOSEPH A. EVE, M D., 
 
 Professor of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Infants. \ 
 
 L. A. DUGAS, M.D., LL.D., \ 
 
 Professor of the Principles and Practice of Surgery. ! 
 
 GEO. W. RAINS, M.D., 
 
 Professor of Medical Chemistry and Pharmacy. | 
 
 HENRY F. CAMPBELL, M.D., i 
 
 Professor of Operative Surgery and Gynaecology. j 
 
 DeSAUSSURE FORD, M.D., : 
 
 Professor of Descriptive and Surgical Anatomy, and Dean of the Faculty. \ 
 
 EDWARD GEDDINGS, M.D., i 
 
 ^ Professor of Physiology and Pathology. 
 
 ROBERT C. EVE. M.D., i 
 
 Professor of Materia Medica and Medical Jurisprudence, and Secretary of the i 
 
 Faculty. i 
 
 GEORGE C. DUGAS, M.D., ' 
 
 ,. Adjunct to the Professor of Surgery. J 
 
 GEO. A. WILCOX, M.D.. i 
 
 Demonstrator of Anatomy, and Prosector to the Professor of Anatomy. J 
 
 THOMAS R. WRIGHT, M.D., I 
 
 Assistant Demonstrator of Anatomy. | 
 
 Clinical Assistants anli jlTcrturcrs on Special Subjects 
 
 GEORGE C. DUGAS, M.D. 
 GEORGE A. WILCOX, M.D. 
 CHARLES W. HICKMAN, M.D 
 L. D. FORD, M.D. 
 E. C. GOODRICH, M.D. 
 
 CHARLES T. RICH, Janitor 
 
 A. E. DUGAS. M.D. 
 A. H. BAKER, M.D. 
 JOSEPH EVE ALLEN, M.D. 
 THOMAS R. WRIGHT, M.D. 
 
 THE ANNUAL SESSIONS COMMENCE FIRST MONDAY IN 
 OCTOBER, AND END ist OF MARCH. 
 
 FEES, Etc. 
 
 In harmony with the scale of Fees adopted by other departments of the Univer- 
 sity, as well as in compliance with the implied wish of the profession for lower 
 rates of tuition, the following schedule of charges will be observed : 
 
 Matriculation (to be taken once) . $5 I Practical Anatomy (once) . . $10 
 Tickets of Full Course . . 50 | Diploma 50 
 
ADVERTISER. 
 
 WESLEYAN 
 
 FEMA^LE OOLLEaE 
 
 nyCA-OOIT, C3-^ 
 
 Annual Session begins Wednesday, September i8, 1878. 
 
 W. C. BASS, D D., President. 
 
 For more than 95 years 
 
 Charter Oak Stoves 
 
 Have been famous for their 
 superior construction, quick 
 and uniform operation, and 
 as the Leading Cook-Stove 
 of the West. They are now 
 used in nearly 
 
 300,000 FAMII.IES, 
 
 giving perfect satisfaction, 
 and are more popular with 
 stove dealers, and sold at a 
 lower price, than any cook- 
 ing-stove ever made of same 
 capacity, weight, and finish. 
 Don't buy until you have 
 examined the Charter Oak. 
 
 FOR SALE BY 
 
 ID. L. iFXjniiijiEiE^'Z'onsr, 
 
 Write for descriptive circular and prices. AUGUSTA, GA. 
 
ADVERTISER. 
 
 PENDLETON & BROS., 
 
 Foundry AND Machine Works, 
 
 Kollock Street, Augusta, G-a., 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF 
 
 STEAM ENGINES AND BOILERS, SAW-MILLS, GRIST-MILLS, 
 AND ALL KINDS OF MILL MACHINERY. 
 
 k Superior Horse-Power for Threshing or Ginning. 
 
 CANE MILI.S OF AL.L SIZES. 
 
 SMITH'S SUPERIOR LEVER-POWER COTTON PRESS, CAST OR 
 
 WROUGHT IRON SCREWS FOR HAND, HORSE, WATER, 
 
 OR STEAM POWER. GIN GEARING OF ALL SIZES. 
 
 New Machinery furnished, and repairing done in any part of 
 the country, at very low rates. 
 
 GEOEGE E. LOMBARD & CO., 
 
 Forest City Foundry and Machine Works, 
 
 170 FENWICK ST, (near the Water Tower) . AUGUSTA, GA., ' 
 
 MANUFACTURERS AND DEALERS IN 
 
 Portable and Stationary Steam Engines and Water Wheels, Saw, 
 
 Grist, and Flour Mills, Furnishings and Machinery. 
 
 Castings in Iron and Brass of all kinds. 
 
 Special attention given to Repairing Machinery. Send for Catalogue of 
 Mill Gearing. Second-hand Machinery bought and sold. We use wrought-iron 
 journals in our Cane Mills. Send for Prices. 
 
 A. H. McLA^VS, 
 
 Land and Mining Agent, 
 
ADVERTISER. 
 
 PLANTERS' Hotel, 
 
 AUGUSTA, GEORGIA. 
 
 Well and favorably known throughout the State, and largely 
 patronized by Northern tourists. 
 
 EDWARD MURPHY, Proprietor. 
 
 vii 
 
 B. F. BROW^]Sr, Proprietor. 
 
 THE GLOBE HOTEL, j 
 
 OOE. OF BEOAD AND JACKSON STS., 
 
 IS CENTRALLY LOCATED, j 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 Convenient to Depot, and Telesrapli, Emress, and Post Dices, j 
 
 \ 
 And offers as much comfort as any Hotel in the South. 
 
ADVERTISER. 
 
 or 
 
 ON . \ 
 
 TELFAIR STREET, j 
 
 I 
 
 AUGUSTA, GA. \ 
 
 Session begins on the 1st day of October, 1878, 
 
 AND 
 
 Closes on the 30th day of June, 1879. 
 
 All the Branches of an Accomplished Education 
 
 ARE THOROUGHLY TAUGHT, 
 
 And Young Men are prepared for any class in any of our 
 Colleges or Universities. 
 
 FACULTY: 
 
 GEORGE W. RAINS, M.D., 
 
 Professor of the Natural Sciences, including Astronomy, 
 
 Chemistry, Natural Philosophy, Geology, 
 
 Physiology, and Geography. 
 
 JOSEPH T. DERRY, A,M,, 
 
 Professor of Ancient Languages, French, English Language 
 and Literature. 
 
 JOHN A, A, WEST, M,D,, 
 
 Professor of Mathematics and History. 
 
ADVERTISER. 
 
 T. MARKWALTER, 
 
 Broad St., near Lower Market, 
 
 Monuments, Tonabslones, & Marble Work generally 
 
 3n^a.id:e3 to oieiDEia. 
 
 Mclniosh Street, bet Broad and Reynolds, 
 
 AUGUSTA, aA. 
 
 ix 
 
 
 A large selection always on hand, ready for 
 
 lettering and delivery. J 
 
 IMI. SZITA-UVCS, \ 
 
 THE \ 
 
 Real Estate Agent I 
 
 i 
 
 AND j 
 
 1 
 
 NEGOTIATOR OF LOANS, | 
 
 I 
 
 ALSO, AGENT FOR 
 

 l-Q) 
 
Cijrt-inojji 
 
«« 
 
 670 
 
 4 1 931 
 

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