F 269 .H26 Copy 1 SOUTH CAROLINA A PRIMER ISSUED BY THE State Department of Agriculture, Commerce and Immigration 19 4 SOUTH CAROLINA A PRIMER An Article Prepared for the Encyclopedia Americana, by Maj. Hcirry Hammond, and published with permission of the editor of the Scientific Ameri- can, with notes ISSUED BY THE State Depcirtment of AgricuUure, Commerce and Immigration E. J. WATSON, Commissioner 19 4 f^.c Ml^ i-EB 24 1905 Tlie figures on the page margins of this Pi'inier i-cfer to the numbered notes appear- mg on pages 27-30. SOUTH CAROLINA— A PRIMER South Carolina is in the South Atlantic division of the United States. It lies between latitude 32 degrees 4 minutes 30 seconds and 35 degrees 12 minutes N., and between longitude 1 degree 30 seconds and 6 degrees 54 minutes W. (Wash.). Its area is 33,393 square miles. The State of North Carolina bounds it on-^he north; the Savan- nah River, the eighth river in length in North America, on the west; the Atlantic coast on the south and east forms the base of an ir- regularly shaped triangle with its apex rest- ing on the Appalachian Mountains, 200 miles to the north. Rivers. — Three considerable river systems take their rise in these mountains, and make their way southwardly to the sea. The eastern watershed of the Savannah is narrow, as is also the western watershed of the Pedee. The intermediate space ocupying the larger portion of upper Carolina is crossed by seven rivers, the Saluda, Tyger, Reedy, Pacolet, Broad, Catawba, Wateree, with their numerous affluents uniting to form the Santee River. A line across the State from Augusta, Georgia, to Columbia, and thence to Cheraw in the east, is known as the "fall line." On crossing this line the streams pass from the crystalline rocks, the granites and slates of upper Carolina, into the softer strata of the tertiary marls of the low country. Above the "fall line" the average slope of the streams is five feet to the mile, and they are available for the development of water-powers to an extent estimated at one million horse-power. Below the fall eight other rivers, the North and the South Edisto, the Combahee, the Coosawhatchie, Black River, Cooper, Ashley, Waccamaw, are found with a fall of 1 to 1 1-2 feet to the mile. The numerous creeks, how- ever, that feed these rivers, rising themselves in the elevations of the Sand Hills and Red Hills, have a much more rapid fall. Horse Creek, for instance, emptying into the Savan- nah below Augusta, furnishes in the length of ten miles power for the Vaucluse, Granite- ville, Langley, Aiken, and Clearwater fac- tories, without being fully utilized. The rivers are navigable to the "fall line" for steamboats of 100 to 200 tons and in all there Is from 700 to 800 miles of navigation above tide water. Coast Region. — The coast region has an area of 1,700 square miles, of which 10 per cent, has been under tillage. The average ele- vation above sea-level is 10 to 15 feet, rarely 25 to 30. South of the Santee River the main- land is bordered by numerous islands, formed from the detritus brought down by the rivers and banked up south of their outlets by the currents and waves of the sea. They are fringed between high and low tide by salt marshes and extensive beds of oysters pecu- liar to this latitude. The mean rise of the tide in the Savannah River is 6.9 feet, and diminishes eastward to 3.5 feet at the George- town entrance. The tides back the fresh water of the streams before them on the flood, 15 to 30 miles inland, and render tide- water irrigation of the rice fields practicable. The salt water rivers separating the islands from each other and from the mainland furnish navigable waters for a length of 400 to 500 miles for steamboats, and might, with little work, be converted into a continuous inside passage from one boundary of the State to the other. Mills estimated that two or three short canals aggregating eight miles in length, through land barely above tide level, would effect this, and it has been pro- posed to continue such work beyond Savan- nah and across Florida to the Gulf, shorten- ing the trip to Panama and safeguarding the entrance to the American Mediterianean in case of war. It was stated in 1703 that Port Royal harbor had only 18 feet of water at low tide, and that of Charleston 13 feet; now that of Charleston has 28 to 32 feet and Port Royal 28 to 30. This would seem to be more than should arise merely from the engineering work done, and may in part be due to a subsidence thought to be taking place along the Southern coast. The palmetto and the live oak characterize the growth of the region. It produces oranges of superior quality, and flgs in great abundance. It holds a monopoly in the production of the finest variety of long staple silk cotton. Carolina rice, the prin- pal rice crop of America, is grown here. The facilities for transportation and the subtropi- cal climate make the region a favorite one for truck gardeners. Formerly wealthy planters resided here in great opulence and comfort, but the region has been devastated in every war, by the Spaniards, the Indians, the pirates, by the British in the Revolution, and even In the War of 1812 the English burned the rice mills here. From all these disasters it in time recovered, but it has not yet recov- ered from its occupation by the armies during the Civil War. That occupation, however, greatly modified opinion as to the unhealth- fulness of the climate, for it was found that the troops sustained fair health while quar- tered here in summer. The mean annual tem- perature is 63 degrees to 65 degrees F. ; sum- mer mean, 74 degrees to 79 degrees; winter, 54 degrees to 56 degrees; rainfall, 50 to 80 inches. Flowing artesian wells are obtained at various depths; at Bluffton at less than 100 feet, at Coosaw 500 feet, at Charleston 1,960 feet. The formation belongs to the post- Pliocene and rests on the Ashley and Cooper Pliocene marls, which furnish the phosphate rock. The rural population does not exceed 10 to 15 to the square mile, and negroes form SO per cent, of it. The Lower Pine Belt. — Imediately north of the coast region the Lower Pine Belt, with a width varying from 20 to 70 miles, crosses the State from east to west, covering an area of 10,226 miles. These low level lands bear a strong resemblance to those of the coast. The uplands, the so-called "pine barrens," repre- • sent the sea islands, the numerous large fresh-water rivers replace the salt rivers and arms of the sea, and the swamps, covering over 2.000 square miles, recall the salt marshes. Eight large rivers, conveying all the rainfall of South Carolina, with a consider- able portion of that from North Carolina and Georgia, together with several smaller rivers and innumerable lesser streams, traverse the region. The maximum elevation, 134 feet, is reached at Branchville, on the South Carolina Railroad, making the fall to tide water in a direct line 2.8 feet per mile; in the extreme west the fall is greater, 5.8 feet per mile; in the Pedee section it is less than a foot to the mile. With proper engineering the fall is sufficient to drain the swamps and bring into cultiva- tion what are perhaps the most fertile lands in the State. Only about 13 per cent, is now in cultivation. The remainder is in turpentine farms, or in process of deforestation for yellow pine and cypress lumber. Outcrops of the cretaceous rocks are noted in the ex- treme southeastern corner of the State, and have been traced northward to Mars Bluff and Darlington C. H., where it passes under the buhrstone of the Eocene. Superimposed on these cretaceous marls are the Santee marls. They belong to the Eocene and are composed of corals and gigantic oyster shells. Just above tide water they pass under the Ashley and Cooper marls, composed of many-cham- bered shells (Foraminifera), sometimes of so fine and compact a structure as to fit them for building purposes. Fragments broken from these marls and rounded by wave action form the phosphate rock of commerce. These nodules contain 55 to 61 per cent, of phosphate of lime and have been quarried at the depth of one to six feet; they are also found on the bottom of the rivers, and on sea bottoms ex- tending from North Carolina to Florida. The remains of the mastodon, elephant, tapir, horse, cow, and hog are found mingled with them, though the Europeans met none of these animals on their arrival, nor were any of the Indians acquainted with them. These marls afford excellent structural limes, and material for the manufacture of artificial cement. Green sands containing 4 to 6 per cent, of potash in the form of glauconite also occur here. The Upper Pine Belt.— The Upper Pine Belt, or central cotton region, lies north of the Lower Pine Belt, and south of the Sand and Red Hill region. It covers 6,230 square miles, and 30 per cent, of it has been brought under cultivation. The population is 44 to the square mile. The elevation, 130 to 269 feet. A sandy loam overlays the Santee (Eocene) marls. In the northern portion these marls have been petrified and converted into buhrstone. In the east there are outcrops of the cretaceous, and occasional islands of mio- cene marls. The long-leaf pine and varieties of oak, especially the water oak, sometimes shading the fourth of an acre with its foliage, give character to the growth. There are ex- tensive bodies of very fertile swamps on the rivers, subject, however, to occasional over- flow, and back swamps equally fertile but needing drainage. The largest recorded crop of corn ever grown on one acre was made here by Mr. Drake, of Marlboro County. The yield was 256 bushels of shelled corn. Sand and Red Hills.— A range of sand hills rises from the gentle slope of the Upper Pine Belt and attains an elevation of 500 to 826 feet. It is interrupted by hills and elevated levels of red clay lands. Its northern bound- ary is the "fall line" of the rivers. It covers 4,061 square miles; 29 per cent, is under culti- vation, and the population is about 32 to the square mile. No lime occurs here. The Eocene marls have been converted into buhrstone of excellent quality for mill rocks. The presence of land and marsh shells in these petrifactions indicates that the original formation was littoral. Some of these beds of buhrstone have a thickness of 40 feet. Beds of lignite occur in Aiken and Chesterfield, resting on clays suitable for crucibles, with other clays adapted for the manufacture of the finer qualities of ornamental tile. Extensive quar- ries of kaolin clay are worked here; works for the manufacture of porcelain ware from them have been sucesssfully operated, and many thousand tons are annually shipped to the paper manufactories. Fuller's earth is also found. A "cement gravel" has been much exploited for road material, being shipped by rail to distant points for that use. Roads covered a few inches with it become hard and withstand the weather and much travel. The long slopes of these hills face south, and the short slopes north. The latter are the most fertile. The climate is dry, owing to the porous sands, but it enjoys an abundant rain- fall and is well watered. Besides rivers, the large clear swift running creeks, not counting smaller streams and branches, aggregate 1,100 miles in length. Their average fall is 15 to 20 feet to the mile. Piedmont Region. — Above the "fall line" the rocks of the Piedmont country occur in the following order of superposition. On granite rests the gneiss, above them occur islands of greater or less extent of mica talc and clay slates, itacolumite and limestones, left from the denudation to which the region has been subjected for untold ages. The average ele- vation is 700 feet, rising from 545 at Winns- boro to 989 feet at Greenville. It covers 10,245 square miles, of which 35 per cent, is under cultivation. The population is 54 to the square mile. Inexhaustible quantities of building granite of fine quality occur in Fairfield, Newberry, Kershaw, and other counties. Mica slate is found in Abbeville and Anderson. The pecu- liar soils known as the "'flatwoods" of Ab- beville, and the "meadow lands" of Union, and also the "blackjack flats" of Chester and York, are due to the weathering of extensive trap dikes in those localities. Lieber writes in 1859, "above this line (the 'fall line') most streams have some gold in their sands." Thirty-one gold mines have been opened in the talc slates of Chesterfield, Lancaster, Abbeville, and Edgefield Counties; the Dorn mine (now McCormiclc), in the last named county, having yielded $1,100,000. There are 19 gold mines in the mica slates of Spartan- burg, Union, and York Counties; eight other chiefly gravel deposits, in Greenville and Pickens Counties. Argentiferous galena and copper are found in these mines, bismuth in quantity at Brewer mine in Chesterfield County; iron in magnetic and specular ores in large quantity at Kings Mountain and else- where in Spartanburg and Union counties; limestone in York, Pickens, Spartanburg, and Laurens; in the latter county there are quarries of marble; feldspar in Pickens, Ab- beville, Anderson and Laurens; barytes on the Air Line Railroad in York; manganese in abundance and purity at the Dorn mine, and in Abbeville, York, and Pickens; asbestos in Spartanburg, Laurens, York, Anderson, and Pickens; spinel rubies in Pickens; tour- maline in York, Edgefield, and Laurens; beryl in Edgefield and Laurens; corundum in Laurens; zircons in Abbeville and Anderson; one diamond has been taken from the itaco- lumite in Spartanburg. Recently tin ore in workable quantities has been found, and ship- ment of it has been made to England to be tested as to its value. Alpine Region. — The Alpine Region occupies the extreme northwestern corner of Carolina. It has an average elevation of 1,000 to 1,500 feet; Kings Mountain is 1,692 feet; Paris Mountain, 2,054 feet; Caesars Head, 3,118 feet; and Mount Pinnacle, 3,426 feet. The moun- tains here often rise suddenly to their greatest height. The southeastern front of Kings Mountain is 500 feet in perpendicular height. Table Rock is 800 feet vertically above its southeastern terrace. The northwestern slopes descend gradually toward the Blue Ridge Mountains. There would seem to have been in ages past some great fault or land slip here, producing the long southeastern incline running down to the sea, and continuing under its waters for 100 miles to the Gulf Stream, where the 100-fathom depth suddenly sinks to 1,500 fathoms. The region covers 1,281 square miles, of which 18 per cent, is under cultivation. The population is about 37 to the square mile. The rocks and min- erals correspond with those of the Pied- mont. Its distinguishing feature is its climate. The mean of the hottest week in 1872, taken at 4:35 p. m., was 90 degrees F. The mean of the coldest week, taken at 7:35 lo a. m., was 25 degrees P. Judged by the tem- perature of the spring waters taken in June, the mean annual temperature should be 55 degrees to 58 degrees F. The rainfall is heavy, dewless nights are rare, and vegeta- tion luxuriant in consequence. Storms are of rare occurrence. Ramsey says: "There are no marks of trees blown down or struck with lightning, giving rise to the saying 'to pick one's teeth with a splinter from a tree struck by lightning will cure the toothache,' meaning such a splinter is not to be found." It has long been a summer health resort for the people of the "low-country." History. — The first settlement on the conti- nent of North America took place 27th May, 1562, on the southeastern extremity of Paris Island, in Port Royal harbor. A colony of French Huguenots landed there, and built a fort, naming it, in honor of their King, Charles IX., Carolina (aboriginal name, Chicora). Their ships having returned to France, for reinforcements, a fire broke out, which destroyed their barracks and maga- zine. In this plight they constructed boats, with the assistance of the Indians, and went back to France. In 1665-69 Charles II., of England, claiming Carolina by reason of the discovery of North America by John Cabot, in 1497, when sailing under a patent from Henry VII., granted all that "tract of ground" in America between the thirty-sixth degree and thirty-first degree north latitude, and to the west as far as the South Seas (Pacific Ocean), to eight English noblemen as Lords Proprietors. The grant covered about 1,020,000 square miles or more than one-third the area of the present United States, a region since largely peopled from the South Carolina of today. The first colony sent out landed in 1670, as the French had, at Port Royal, but removed shortly after to the confluence of the Ashley and Cooper Rivers, where they founded the city of Charleston. The Proprietary Government was conducted under a royal charter and certain "Funda- mental Constitutions" drawn for that purpose by the famous metaphysician, John Locke. In order to avoid "erecting a too numerous democracy," Locke designed a territorial aristocracy of landgraves, caciques, and barons. The colonists, however, insisting upon the clause of the king's charter directing the Lords Proprietors to "govern according to their best discretion by and with the advice, assent, and approbation of the II Freemen of said territory, or their deputies or delegates," prevented from first to last this aristocracy from taking root in the colony. The Proprietary Government, with- out adaptability to the circumstances and necessities of the colony, promoted endless discussions and dissensions as to the interpre- tation of the charter and the "Constitutions." A succession of "heats and broils" during forty-nine years culminated in 1719. The Pro- prietors expressed their inability to aid the colonists, refused petitions addressed to them on important matters, and repealed acts of the Assembly laying taxes for the discharge of the public debt, and for the freedom of elections. The Assembly thereupon voted itself a convention, and unintimidated by the threat of the Proprietary Governor to bom- bard Charlestown from a British war vessel, elected James Moore Governor in the name of the King, and the Royal Government of the Province supplanted that of the Pro- prietors. Bancroft and Dana place the highest esti- mate of the aborigines south of the Great Lakes and east of the Mississippi River at 180,000, or one person to 4 1-2 square miles, a territory now supporting a population of sixty-seven to the square mile, or 301 for one Indian. John Lawson, 1703, and Governor Glen, in 1743, agree in estimating the Indian population of Carolina at about one to eight square miles. They were generally friendly to the colonists except when incited to sud- den outbursts of hostility by the Spaniards, the French, or the British, and formed a more or less important contingent in war, as when James Moore, in 1702-03, invaded the Appa- lachian region with twenty-five whites and 1,000 Indians and returned with 1,300 captives, who were sold into slavery to the northern colonies and the West Indies. Negro slaves were introduced from the Bar- badoes in 1671, and were counted to be 12,000 in number at the close of the Proprietary rule in 1720. They were instructed in the Christian religion, and some of them taught to read. It was required of each white militia- man that he should train and arm a negro to accompany him in war. The white popula- tion had increased from 391 in 1671 to 9,000 in 1720, living chiefly in proximity to Charles- town. While the Indians lived principally on game and fish, cultivating only two plants, corn and tobacco, both exotics, the white colony never suffered for subsistence. They got thirty to eighty bushels of corn from an acre, deer supplying meat; an Indian hunter would for $25 a year furnish a family with 100 to 200 deer, besides wild turkeys, fish, etc. The culture of rice was introduced in 1693, and the export of this cereal in 1720 amounted in value to £3,350 sterling. The Proprietors refused in 1674 to send out cattle to the colonists, saying they wanted them to be "planters and not graziers," but seven years later they had so increased that many planters had 700 to 800 head. The Assembly had to appoint commissioners to dispose of unmarked animals, and passed a law for the inclosure of crops, which remained in force until 1882. As early as 1700 Charlestown had a large and lucrative trade with Indians in furs and hides, extending 1,000 miles into the interior, and a large export trade in forest products, timber, pitch, turpentine, and provisions to the northern colonies, and the West Indies. Religious freedom was secured, while the ministers of the Church of England were supported from the public funds. The various church members stood as follows: Episco- palians, 42 per cent.; Presbyterians and Hu- guenots, 45 per cent.; Baptists, 10 per cent.; Quakers, 3 per cent. A free public library was established in Charlestown in 1700, and a free school in 1710. In 1712 a digest of the English and colonial laws was prepared by Chief Justice Trott. In 1717 a successful war was waged against the pirates infesting Cape Fear, and a number of them captured and executed. A duty of £30 a head was laid on the importation of negroes. George I. and George II. were nursing fath- ers to Carolina. The Assembly was convened, all actions at law on account of the change of government were declared void, and the judicial proceedings under the provisional ad- ministration confirmed. Treaties were made with the Indians, who had hitherto stood as Independent neighbors and were now consti- tuted allies or subjects. Parishes were laid out, and whenever settled by 100 families, they were allowed representation in the Assembly. To relieve the burden on the country people of repairing for the trial of all causes to the General Court at Charles- town, county and precinct courts were estab- lished. Schools were established in each precinct and £25 levied by the justices to assist in the yearly support of the teachers, who were required to teach ten poor children 13 free of charge. Between 1733 and 1774, over 200 tutors, schoolmasters, or schoolmistresses, were engaged in the province. The King, having bought out the Proprietors for £17,500, purchased also the quitrents due them by the colonists, and remitted them. Charlestown was the extreme southwestern outpost of the British in America. As late as 1741, when the Spanish possessions lay embosomed on the Gulf of Mexico, with Saint Augustine, the oldest fortified place in America, the French claimed all the territory lying west of a line starting from a point north of Charlestown, reaching the Appalachian Mountains, run- ning round the headwaters of the Potomac, across the Mohawk and Hudson, down Lake Champlain, and by the Sorrel River to the Saint Lawrence. With little aid from the mother country, the colonists had stood the advance guard against the warring Euro- peans and held them, the American savages, the African savages imposed upon them, and the pirates in check. The first settlers had confined themselves to the neighborhood of Charlestown. Now the settlement of Georgia, 1732-34, protected the western frontier, and the interior of Carolina received many immi- grants, Germans, and after Culloden many Scotch came into the middle sections, and, on Braddock's defeat, refugees from Vir- ginia and Pennsylvania followed in the Pied- mont region. Land was granted free of charge for ten years, and after that the annual rental was four shillings sterling for 100 acres. Great Britain imposed restrictions on the commerce and domestic manufactures of her colonies. While this was prejudicial to the more northern colonies, it did not affect an agricultural people like the Carolinians. The restraint imposed by the navigation acts on colonial exports was removed on the ex- port of Carolina rice. The exports of rice and indigo reached £108,750 in 1747. In 1775 the exports of these two commodities alone were valued at £1,000,000 sterling, a third of what the entire trade of the American colonies was estimated at in 1768. Between 1725 and 1775 the population increased sevenfold. In 1773 Josiah Quincy, writing from Charles- town, says of the city: "In grandeur, si^lendor of buildings, equipages, commerce, number of sliipping, and, indeed, in almost everything, it far surpasses all I ever saw or expected to see in America." With the most sincere and loyal attachment to Great Britain, the King, and his government, the Carolinians 14 sent their children to England and Scotland to be educated, and spoke of the mother country as "home." In the midst of this prosperity Carolina was led, step by step, during a period of eleven years, through sympathy with the northern colonies for injuries inflicted on them, to take part against the enforcement by Great Britain, of taxation without representation, not desiring or anticipating the separation from that country, which finally took place. On 28th June, 1776, while the Congress of the colonies were discussing the Declaration of Independence, Colonel Moultrie, from the Palmetto Fort on Sullivans Island, repulsed with heavy loss the English fleet, and turned back the expedition of Sir Henry Clinton for the invasion and svibjugation of the South. In the same year Carolina was the first colony to frame and adopt an independent constitu- tion, but with the proviso that this constitu- tion is but temporary "until an accommo- dation of the unhappy differences between Great Britain can be obtained." In 1778, John Rutledge, Governor of the State, declared "such an accommodation an event as desirable now as it ever was." The material injuries to Carolina by the Stamp Act, the duty on tea, and the other acts of the government of George III., were slight, as compared with the advantages she en- joyed under English rule, but she had en- listed in no lukewarm manner in the struggle on account of the principles of right and justice involved. It was not until after the fall of Charleston, in 1780, when the State lay prostrate, that the outrages of the British armies roused to resistance the population from the seaboard to the mountains. They then flocked to the standards of the partisan leaders, Marion, Sumter, Pickens, and others, and so harassed and delayed the northward movement of Cornwallis to join Clinton that Washington and Lafayette were enabled to unite in Virginia and force the British into Yorktown. There, blockaded by the French fleet under DeGrasse, they were compelled to surrender and the war virtually terminated in favor of the Americans. Carolina con- tributed $1,205,978 above her quota to this war — only a few thousands less than Massa- chusetts, whose war the Revolution was, and who never suffered from invasion — and more than all the other eleven colonies together. One hundred and thirty-seven engagements with the British took place within her borders, 15 In 103, Carolinians alone fought, in twenty others they had assistance, and fourteen, in- cluding Camden, were fought by troops from other colonies. "Left mainly to her own re- sources," says Bancroft, "it was through the depths of wretchedness that her sons were to bring her back to lier place in the re- public after suifering more, daring more, and achieving more than the men of any other State." The eight years of war were followed by eight years of distress and disorganization. The country had been laid waste, churches burned, and industries paralyzed. It was estimated that the British had kidnaped 25,000 slaves and sold them. They plundered the planters' homes. Bancroft says they pillaged of plate alone to the value of £300,000. After the fall of Charleston there arose a fourteen-years dispute between the army and navy engaged in the siege as to their respective shares of the plunder. On 9th August, 1787, Carolina ceded to the United States her lands (10,000 square miles) not lying within her present boundaries. On 17th September of the same year she ratified the Constitution of the United States. In 1790 the seat of government was removed from Charleston to Columbia, in the center of the State, and another Constitution substituted for that of 1776. An amendment in 1808 fixed the number of representatives at 124, allowing one representative for each sixty-second part of the white inhabitants, and one for each sixty-second part of the taxes raised by the Legislature. The Senate to be composed of one member from each election district, ex- cept Charleston, which was allowed two. This accentuated the differences already ex- isting between the peoples of the lower and the upper country. The former being the outgrowth of the city life of Charleston, and the first settlers, preponderated in wealth. The other, arising from numerous and separate centers of rural settlement, had the larger and more rapidly increasing number of white inhabitants. The first tariff act of 1789 imposed an ad valorem duty of 5 per cent, on imports (with a few specific duties of 15 per cent.) for the support of the Federal government. This was in addition to the taxes raised by each State for its own purposes. It was much higher taxation than under the colonial government, which required in ordinary times only a duty of 3 per cent, on imports, with an export l6 duty of 3d. on hides. Four years later the tariff was raised to 10 and 20 per cent. Ten yea.rs after, duties were increased 2 1-2 per cent, in aid of the Mediterranean Fund against the Barbary Powers. Double war duties, amounting to 25 to 40 per cent., were impos-ed in 1812. In 1816 a tariff protecting the indus- tries that had been found necessary but de- ficient during the late war, fixed duties at 25 per cent., to be reduced to 20 per cent, in 1820. The Carolina representatives supported this not unreasonable protection. The re- duction never took place, and at this the Carolina representatives protested. Disre- garding their protest, a tariff imposing 12 to 50 per cent, duties was passed in 1824. Again, in 1828, without regard to the complaints of the Carolina farmers, who were being forced to contribute to the manufacturing profits of other States, a tariff raising duties 25 to 50 per cent, was enacted. Wearied with unavailing remonstrance, a convention of the people of Carolina was called in 1832, which declared the protective tariff law unconstitutional, null and void. To meet this action of the State, Congress passed the Force Bill in 1833 for the collection of customs. In the same month of the same year Congress passed "the Clay Compromise Act" for a gi-adual reduction of duties until 1842, when they should reach a 20 per cent, level. This restored tranquillity, although for the second time the promised reduction was never fully realized. Coincident with the tariff, another and more serious source of disturbance arose. In 1775 slavery extended over North America from Canada to Florida, mclusive. It had been introduced by Queen Elizabeth, and James II. belonged to the Royal African Company for trading in negro slaves. Now it began to be looked upon with horror, as something strange and foreign to human instincts. The New England Anti-Slavery Society was formed in 1832. In less than four years more than 100,000 persons had joined Anti-Slavery societies in the Northern and Western States. They demanded of Congress that "all slaves should be instantly set free without compen- sation of the owners." They declared "we will give the Union for the abolition of slavery." The lesson was taught far and wide that the slaveholders of the South, "a few arrogant, domineering, self-constituted aristocracy," were — through the I'epresenta- tion allowed them "in proportion to the num- ber of their slaves" — ruling the work-people 17 of the North and denying their industries the protection due from the Federal Government. They declared that "the country must become all free or all slave." The non-slaveholding whites of the South were as violently opposed to the emancipation of the negroes as their brethren of the North were in favor of it. To them it meant industrial, political, and social equality with a people in their midst whom they deemed inferior to themselves. They did not ask for aid to their industries through Federal taxation and did not see why Northern manufacturers should. After years 5 of angry discussion along these lines the crisis came — during a period of unprecented prosperity in Carolina — on the election by the Anti-Slavery party of a President, in 1860, by less than a third of the popular vote. It found the peoples North and South solidly arrayed against each other with fatal unanimity. The "irrepressible conflict" burst into war. The North took the offensive for Federal domination and patronage, and after 1st January, 1863, for race equality, freedom and fraternity. They were sustained by the popular sentiment of the European masses. South Carolina and the South rose to a man — with no sympathy or support from without — • to resist invasion, in defense of State auton- omy and white supremacy. From an arms- Q bearing population of 55,046 in Carolina 44,000 volunteered (most of them not identified with the slaveholding class) in defense of the do- mestic institutions of the State, its sover- i-j eignty and free trade. Ultimately 71,088 ' were mustered in. Poorly armed, poorly clad, poorly fed, practically without pay, for more than four years they maintained their cause, losing in battle and by diseases 15,638 of their number. The negroes, who, in earlier days, had been enticed away by promises from the Spaniards, and had sometimes sided with the Tories and the British, remained as a rule loyal to their masters in this war, served their families and tilled their fields while they were 8 absent. The issue was decided by force of arms and numbers and was never submitted to legal adjudication. No indictments for treason, as is usual in rebellions, were made. An export duty was placed on cotton and import duties were increased by the National Government. For twelve years negro su- Q premacy was enforced in the State by the Federal army. When, on 10th April, 1877, the Federal guard filed out of the south door of i8 the Capitol at Columbia, the negro govern- ment collapsed without a struggle. The white citizens quietly resumed the administration of affairs. President Eliot, of Harvard, in a speech before the Central Labor Union in Boston, February, 1904, on the world-wide conflict of labor and capital, sums up the result of this titanic struggle in these words: "How many t-iings my generation thought were decirtetl at Appomattox; but during the subsequent forty years it lias gradually ap- peared that hardly anything was settled there except the preservation of the unity of the national territory." For more than two centuries, under ten written constitutions, the State had been governed by a more than usually centralized democracy. Opposing a similar centralization of functions by the Federal Union, the collision dispersed these functions into smaller and smaller civil divi- sions; counties, townships, school districts. The latter, restricted to an area of nine to forty square miles, were endowed with the sovereign power to lay taxes and incur debt. A centrifiigal tendency marked, also, in sub- division of farms, and in the establishment of cross-road stores and village banks. Population. — After the Revolutionary War the population of South Carolina was esti- mated at 104,000 for representation in the Federal Congress. In 1790 the State ranked seventh; it rose to sixth in 1800-10-20. The decline in rank commencing at the latter date has been continuous, and in 1900 the State ranked twenty-fourth. In 1790 the density per square mile was 8.3; in 1900 it was 44.4. The foreign-born population was only .4 per cent, of the whole in 1900; at that date the State had lost to other States 233,390 per- sons born in its limits, and had received from all the others 55,216, making a net loss from interstate migration of 178,076. The total population in 1900 was 1,340,316, of which 552,436 were white and 782,224 negro. The white increase during the twelfth decade was 20.7 per cent., that of the negro race 13.6 per cent., owing to greater migration of the latter. Negroes formed 45 per cent, of the population in 1730; reached their maximum, 60 per cent, in 1880; and were 57 per cent, in 1900. The town population was 8 per cent, in 1790, being above the average for the whole country, which was 3.3 per cent, at that date. In 1900 the towns numbered 19.5 per cent., the popu- lation making a gain of 4 per cent, during the twelfth decade, being, however, far less than 19 the country at large, which stood at 47.1 per cent. The number of towns was 202 in 1900, against 124 in 1890; this does not include a number of unincorporated manufacturing villages of considerable size. Charleston ranked fourth among the cities of the United States in 1790; was seventh in 1840, and now stands sixty-eighth. The population under ten years of age is greater than in any of the States except Mississippi and Indian Territory. Of the voting age 44 per cent, are white and 57 per cent, negro; very few of the latter vote, being disqualiified by educational requirements. Of the militia age, 44 per cent, are whites and 56 per cent, negroes. The per cent, of the population over ten years of age engaged in gainful and reputable occupations has been as follows: 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 All occupations.. ..73 50 58 54 60 Personal and pro- fessional — 14 16 14 15.6 Manufactures — 5 5 7 10.3 Trade and trans- portation — 3 3 5 5.1 — 100 100 100 100 Agriculture. — The settlers in Carolina soon ascertained that its soil and climate were suitable for all the plants of the Old World growing from the sub-tropical to the sub- Arctic regions, beside a most varied flora of its own. They found, also, extensive pastures supporting numerous herds of wild buffalo, elk and deer. The horses and cattle intro- duced by the Spaniards increased rapidly in numbers. It might have been thought that here were elements favorable for a diversi- fied husbandry. The colonists, however, dis- covered an agricultural monopoly and an export "money crop" in rice. It required capital for drainage and irrigation, and a thoroughly organized and i-eliable labor able to resist the malarial influences of the rice swamps. Negro slaves fulfilled these condi- tions. English merchants furnished the negroes and supplies on credit. The English parliament favored the exportation of rice, 1 1 and it became a most profitable crop. When cotton was introduced in the eighteenth cen- tury, as it grew on healthy uplands, and did not require much capital, it was expected that the small white farmer would under- take its culture. The small farmers, how- 20 ever, did not, except as overseers, take to cotton planting until after the emancipation of the slaves. Owing to the subdivision of the farms, their number increasing rapidly from 33,171 in 1860 to 155,355 in 1900, the small farmer became much in evidence. Even then little cotton was grown by white labor exclusively. The small farmers of both races modeled themselves after the methods of an agriculture that had been suc- cessful for nearly two centuries. They con- fined their energies largely to one "money crop" for export. They worked at it with hired labor, on borrowed money, purchased instead of breeding work animals, bought a notable portion of their supplies, and largely of fertilizers. OJ O ^ 1 o o (N rH lOt-r-l o ^ ^ rt "3 o2i aS (M (M 005 N it o O rH lO »ri iH €»• u ■>.. b£ O OS O O rHOl • o CO i-l irsco • o._ 00 (M 1-i ■ ffl-a CO €6- CJ OJ be t- ^ Z to 0.0 CD tH CM C *i 01 o 3 aj a t> §SS : : < > s •«J aj o < a EQ s ca cs 02 • • b S a to CO ; 1 Ul t. u 00 rH >> b g 3 S)S .3 •aT3 ?a S : x> . 3 • „ ^>!-0 „ cSo2£ « £ -g O-S c 0. 5. E 1i :s C -X :^ a> ►^ -H ►; Ci. fel O CO 05 rH Oj o 6 00 o O Eh H 8 4i , o c» O 62 6 o The lien law, an invention of the recon- struction carpetbaggers, securing the collec- tion of advances made on growing crops, often even before they were planted, and the fence law requiring the inclosure of all live stock, leaving land under crops unin- closed, promoted existing tendencies in agri- culture. Removing the cost of fencing on land under crops led to a wide deforestation and careless cultivation. Per cent, of area by tenure is: Owners, 64 per cent.; cash tenants, 22 per cent.; share tenants, 14 per cent. The percentage of value of the crops grown is as follows: Cotton, 50; grain, 15; animal prod- ucts, 13; vegetables, 5; hay, 3; tobacco, 2; rice, 2; forest products, 1; sundry, 9. Manufactures — Antedating the establish- ment of the Patent Office by more than a century, the colonial Assembly in 1691 passed an act "for rewarding ingenious and industri- ous persons to essay such machines as may conduce to the better propagation of the pro- duce of this State." In 1778, tide water power was for the first time utilized in mill- ing for cleaning rice. The machinery of these mills is the model on which this industry (performed before by hand) has since been conducted. A cotton factory was established in 1784 at Murrays Ferry, Williamsburg, and one at Stateburg a few years later. The first saw gin — patented by Ogden Holmes and serving as the type of all the short staple cotton gins of the South ever since — was erected in 1795 on Mill Creek, Fairfield County. J 2 Mills in the statistics of South Carolina, 1826, states that Mr. Waring operated a small cot- tonseed oil mill at Columbia and "expressed from cotton seed a very good oil." In 1903 there are seventy-four cottonseed oil mills in the State. The value of the products is $10,330,000. In addition to this the improved gins operated at these mills have greatly cheapened the cost of ginning, which, together with high prices paid for seed, adds 1.22 cents per pound to the value of lint cotton. The oil is a good edible oil, and the by-products, meal and hulls, are the cheapest form of stock food and fertilizer. The leading figures for manufactures are: G Oi t^ r^ Oi CO OS rH lO 00 i-< t* CO lO ?0 •* (M 'SS§ ] CO O iH 00 o CO ^ :o 00 CO (N CO 35 CD CO c4"05 -Rococo t^ (M O t^ cq CO lOCO^OS^ oT CD 00 r-T (M €e-r-4 CO 00 rH OO 05 00 00 t~ CO (M CO CO O O l^iO O of 05 in" CO lO 00* ^-. pH CO lo CO Cq CO CO t^ OOCO 1l CO 00 O o -* r-".-! I 1-H CD CO O OOIO CO CO CJJ i-H 05^ CO^r-iCO CO ;-SPh The increase in the production of cotton goods in 1890-1900 was 203 per cent., a greater increase than that made in any other State. Owing to its abundant water-power, the low cost of living, and the accessibility of ma- terial, this increase places the State second in rank in this line of manufactures, Massa- chusetts alone surpassing it. Out of 146,225 horse-power employed in manufactures, only 35,019 horse-power water has up to this time been employed, leaving a large margin for future use. "The first extensive use of electrically transmitted power in cotton manufacturing in the United States was made at Columbia, where 1,340 horse-power was de- veloped, and the second at Pelzer with 3,000 horse-power.' 23 Education. — The distinguished educator, Dr. J. L. M. Curry, said in 1881: "Taking man for man, negroes excluded, the South main- tained a larger number of colleges, with more professors and at a greater annual cost than was done by any other section of the Union." The character of those who have taught in Carolina entitles the State to share in this distinction. Here are a few of their names: Dr. Garden, vice-president of the Royal So- ciety; Thomas Cooper, friend of Burke, Pitt, Fox, Jefferson, and Calhoun; Francis Lieber, Membre de I'lnstitut; Louis Agassiz. It was to the higher education that old Carolina paid chief attention. There were colonial free schools, and free schools were also established by the Legislature in 1811. In 1828 there were 840 of these schools, with 9,036 pupils. In 1860 there were 724 schools, with 18,915 pupils and an expenditure of $127,529. The reconstruc- tion constitution of 1868 replaced the free schools by a system of public common schools. After a trial of eleven years, the finances were found to be in utter confusion. On the withdrawal of the Federal troops the white citizens restored order. A two-mill tax, after- ward raised to three mills, was imposed on all property for the support of the public schools, together with the poll tax, with the following results: 1890. Per cent, of population of school age enrolled, white 48.4, negro 32.2, of total 40.5, expenditure.. $460,260 1903. Per cent, of population of school age enrolled, white 52, negro 45.1, of total 51.4, expenditure.. 1,046,054 1890. Per cent, of population of school age illiterate, white 17.9, negro 64.1, of total 45.0. 1903. Per cent, of population of school age illiterate, white 13.5, negro 52.8, of total 35.9. 24 Institutions for higher education are ap- proximately as follows: WHITES. Teachers Students Revenue Colleges 1 o Male Female u o State .- Den'minat'l Private 4 14 5 23 80 78 20 31 66 28 795 822 176 456 1343 295 $187,918 $34,638 144,190 16,200 178 125 1793 2094 $187,918 $195,028 NEGROES. Teachers Students Revenue Colleges a a £ o .2 "3 Q OJ CO State Den'minat'l 1 6 13 41 9 51 360 1189 364 1395 $6,500 $20,707 71,640 7 54 60 1549 1759 $6,500 $92,347 These figures do not include numerous private schools nor sums derived from dis- pensary profits, nor any extra tax imposed by individual school districts for the support of their schools. There are 205 districts collect- ing taxes of one to four mills for this purpose. They show, however, the expenditure by the State of $1,239,272 for the education in whole or in part of 290,688 of her citizens. The cotton mills have invested $86,164 in school- houses, and supplement the State school funds with $71,314 annually for the education of the children of the operatives, giving them a school term more than twice as long as that of the public common schools of the State. 25 Banks and Banking. — The following Is a statement of the number of banks established in South Carolina and their capital, as far as reported: OOv c CO 00 ( 00 CO O i-H •* 3 c»o ifs^in iH r-r'>i CO 00 CC o Oi CC (M 00 ^ H 05 CS 00 ^ O • e-j o 1 "a Ml 0> -t-> m*(M" CO M< «e-r-i a> O C3 > t< 00 CO £ E rt %%^ o'lo" ho J CO -* 1 "rt Ml CO 00 O ,.N o e^-o" "Si 05 CO l-H T-H °l°i ro lO a> o lO ^2 cc t-l 00 o Ml t^ cu e-i (M .J2 E 3 iz; c CT a CV ^ lO CD OD O 1 00 00 00 00 a. 1 f- r- r- 1— The banks share the tendency of the civil divisions, the towns, the farms, and the schools to become sm^aller and more numer- ous. Seventy-two of those above enumerated were established since 1900. 26 NOTES 1. For a width of ten to thirty miles along the whole coast innumerable inlets, creeks, and passages, swept twice a day by the tide, afford full 5,000 miles of shore line for sloop and steamboat navigation. — Trenholm. 2. Recently the development of truck farms and fisheries, including oysters, shrimp, and terrapin, with abundance of cheap labor, have occasioned a marked industrial recuper- ation along the coast. — See Centennial Edi- tion of the Charleston News and Courier. 3. In 1748 600,000 deer skins, valued at $180,000 in gold, were shipped from Charleston. 4. Fourteen thousand negro slaves, owned and living in England, were freed in 1772. 5. In 1860 South Carolina stood third among the States in the per capita wealth of her people. Connecticut stood first and Louisi- ana second. It had risen from $431 in 1850 to $779 a head in 1860, against an average of $501 for all the States. Taxation, not na- tional, was $1.85 per capita, against an aver- age of $2.95 for the other States. The tariff had been reduced in 1857 below 20 per cent., which was lower than it had been since 1812. The repeal of the Missouri Compromise, the passage of the fugitive slave law, and the Dred Scott decision all tended to the security and welfare of the South. (See Senator Hammond's Barnwell speech, 20th October, 1858.) 6. In 1860 there were 26,701 slaveholders in South Carolina, less than 9 per cent, of the white population. Of these 60 per cent., be- longing chiefly to the mercantile and profes- sional classes, owned each only a few slaves. 27 They frequently freed their domestics, which accounts for the fact that the free negroes in the South increased 23 1-2 per cent, during the decade 1850-60, while at the North they increased only 13 per cent., in spite of the "Underground Railroad" and the active re- sistance to the enforcement of the law for the capture of fugitive slaves. 7. The following figures as to the armies are now generally accepted: NORTHERN ARMY. Whites from the North 2,272,333 Whites from the South 316,424 Negroes 186,017 Indians 3,530 Total 2,778,304 Southern army 600,000 North's numerical superiority 2,178,304 In the Northern army there were: Foreigners 494,900 Negroes 186,017 Total 680,917 Total of Southern soldiers 600,000 ARMIES AT THE WAR'S END. Aggregate Federal army. May 1, 1865.1,000,516 Aggregate Confederate army. May 1, 1865 133,433 Federal prisoners in Confederate prisons 270,000 Federals died in Confederate prisons.. 22,570 (or a little over 8 per cent.) Confederate prisoners in Federal prisons 220,000 Confederates died in Federal prisons.. 26,436 (or 12 per cent.) despite the blockade making hospital sup- plies contraband of war. 8. "The negro race, which was in slavery * * * a backward, kindly, pious, and indus- trially valuable race * * * between whom and the Southern people no natural hate and fear found place, struck no single blow for its own freedom." (Letter of Ex-Gov. D. H. Chamberlain to James Bryce, M. P., June, 28 1904.) "Not only has there been no approach to a race war, but the economic condition has steadily and swiftly bettered, until at the present time the district which thirty-flve years ago was the most impoverished ever occupied by an English people is perhaps the most prosperous of its fields." ("The Neigh- bor," by Prof. N. S. Shaler, of Harvard, 1904, page 333.) 9. Wade "Hampton, general of cavalry in the War bf Secession, was the last leading representative of the old plantation slave- holder class; from the first days of recon- struction be favored negro education and suffrage, and on these issues he delivered the State in 1876 from the negro domination imposed on it by Federal arms. 10. Even tariff protection continues to be an imminent issue, the so-called "arrogant, dom- ineering, self-constituted aristocracy" of the South in the last century being replaced by the trusts of overgrown northern capitalists, with this difference: the slaveholders worked as best they could with an ancient and uni- versal institution imposed on them against their protest, while the protected trusts themselves institute a servitude against the protest of those they impose it on. 11. J. A. Hutton, of the Manchester Sta- tistical Society, argues that the world's con- sumption of cotton is increasing at the rate of 400,000 bales a year, while the world's pro- duction is only increasing at the rate of 100,000 bales a year, which must steadily en- hance the profits of this culture, the undis- puted monopoly of the South. 12. The Santee Canal Company was incor- porated in 1786; the canal was completed in 1800, securing boat communication between Charleston and Granby, on the Congaree, two miles below Columbia. The Erie Canal Com- pany, incorporated in 1792, commenced work In 1815, and was completed in 1825. The company for the construction of the Charleston and Hamburg Railroad was chartered 1827; work was begun in January, 1830; the trial trip of the locomotive was made 29 2d November, 1830; the road, 136 miles, was completed in 1833, being then the longest line in the world, and the first undertaken with the view of being operated by locomotive steam power (Railroad Problem by Adams). In 1902 there were 3,064 miles of railroad in the State. Gross earnings $11,785,584 Operating cost 7,674,136 Net earnings $4,111,448 3<5 LIBRftRY OF CONGRESS 014 418 320 4 t PRESSES OF THE tTATE COMPANY COLUMBK, S. C.