^g^&& 
 
 Is 
 
 I 
 
 
 M A N G 
 
 fraSsE&g 
 
 IN ANTRY 
 
 : 
 
 r 
 
Class U JU 57 
 Book* K> ft 
 
 e*^uj 
 
 to 
 
MANOEUVRES 
 
 FOR 
 
 INFANTRY 
 
 BY 
 
 W. R LIVERMORE 
 
 MAJOR CORPS OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY 
 
 SECOXD EDITION 
 
 PRINCIPLES AND FORMS 
 
 NEW YORK 
 CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS 
 
 

 Copyright, 1884, 1887, 1888, by 
 W. R. UVERMORE 
 
 Transfer 
 Bnglneers School Liby. 
 June 29,1931 
 
 TROWS 
 
 PRINTING AND BOOKBINDING COMPANY, 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION. 
 
 Until quite recently the tactics of all nations 
 have been based upon the lines or columns of a 
 comparatively rigid nature. The formations were 
 the outgrowth of shock tactics, and all changes 
 were so conservative that they gradually modified 
 the old form to meet requirements quite different 
 from those for which they were originally designed. 
 
 It is believed that the time has come to throw 
 off the old form and adopt one more general and 
 more comprehensive. 
 
 From the lessons of the recent wars it has been 
 found necessary to sca"tter*troops over a large area, 
 in order to advance under fire with as little loss as 
 possible, and to unite them in small groups, in order 
 to maintain the proper control and direction. 
 
 The proposed system of manoeuvres resulted from 
 a careful study of the recent wars and of the nu- 
 merous deductions made from them by military 
 writers of all countries, and from an analysis of 
 the consequences of still further improvements in 
 weapons. It has been further developed by experi- 
 
PEEFACE. 
 
 mental drills with infantry and cavalry from time 
 to time for the past eight years. 
 
 The following principles are observed as far as 
 possible : 
 
 1. To afford means of disposing troops in any 
 general manner whatever by combination of a few 
 simple movements. 
 
 2. To organize and manoeuvre large and small 
 bodies alike. 
 
 3. To manoeuvre in the same manner whether 
 the fractions are in line, in square, or in column, 
 in open or in close order. 
 
 4. To employ the same commands and terms, as 
 far as possible, always in the same sense. 
 
 5. To make every man responsible to his imme- 
 diate superior. 
 
 The manoeuvres described in the second part are 
 to be regarded as illustrations of the principles of 
 the new tactics, so far as they apply to infantry, 
 rather than as statutes denning what may be done, 
 to the exclusion of other combinations. 
 
 The requirements of a proper system of tactics 
 were brought to light by the great war in America, 
 and further developed by subsequent wars in Eu- 
 rope. Every nation but our own has modified its 
 drill-book to comply with them. Each has intro- 
 duced such changes as the national temperament 
 has demanded, but it is claimed that the system 
 now presented affords a better solution of the new 
 problems than that of any foreign nation. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 In a modern fight a body of troops in action is 
 no longer maintained in rigid masses, drawn up in 
 forms that can be represented by geometrical fig- 
 ures, but assumes all shapes and dimensions that 
 can be imagined, and the parts are grouped in 
 every conceivable disposition. If, however, the 
 subordination of command is maintained through- 
 out, a leader can communicate his orders to these 
 irregular groups as well as he could to the rigid and 
 inert masses of the old tactics. 
 
 However troops may be disposed, all possible 
 manoeuvres result from a combination of a very 
 few simple movements, such as to advance or to 
 turn, to open or close, to form line, column, or 
 square in any direction. In this system the ma- 
 noeuvres are executed on the simplest principles *, 
 they are the same for large as for small units, and 
 the subject of elementary tactics is reduced to the ut- 
 most simplicity. A regiment marches, turns, opens, 
 closes, forms line, square, or column, by the same 
 commands and means as a battalion or a company. 
 Even the sections, and the squads and fours, into 
 which a company is subdivided, manoeuvre like the 
 larger units, so far as their limited organization 
 permits. Troops in open order, in mass, or even 
 in irregular groups, move in the same manner as 
 when at their normal distance. By this method 
 each man has merely to look to his immediate su- 
 perior for instructions, and to preserve his position 
 with respect to the proper guide. 
 
PKEFACE. 
 
 It is believed that this system differs from others 
 in this important particular, that whereas the latter 
 apply only to a certain limited number of disposi- 
 tions, this simply provides a language by means of 
 which a leader communicates his wishes to the 
 troops, and which enables him to dispose them in 
 any manner that the various exigencies of warfare 
 may demand. The methods are applicable to all 
 branches of the service. 
 
 The principles of the new tactics are illustrated 
 by applying them to those forms that hereafter will 
 be most commonly employed, but they afford at 
 the same time a simple and satisfactory means of 
 executing the manoeuvres of any of the other sys- 
 tems. 
 
 The first and second parts of the manual relate to 
 elementary tactics, and show how to move troops 
 wherever they may be required and in any desir- 
 able formation. The third part relates to applied 
 tactics, and is intended to show what dispositions 
 are most advisable under different circumstances. 
 To illustrate the principles and define the terms of 
 the new tactics, a battalion of four companies has 
 been taken as a type, each company composed of 
 four sections, each section of four or more sets 
 of fours, and each set of fours of four men. The 
 plates show some of the normal formations. 
 
 The present work is devoted exclusively to the 
 manoeuvres and their application to the varied cir- 
 cumstances of a fight, in order that the merits of 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 the new system may be tested independently of 
 the questions involved in the School of the Soldier 
 and in the customary forms of parades and cere- 
 monies. The system, however, is applicable to all 
 these requirements, but before putting it in its final 
 shape it is desirable to make it more generally 
 known, so that it may be made to conform to all 
 requirements of the service ; and the author would 
 feel exceedingly grateful for any suggestions or 
 criticisms. 
 
 The second part of the ' ' Manoeuvres " corresponds 
 to the drill-book, and covers the same ground that 
 has heretofore been embraced in the book of tactics, 
 with the above exceptions. The School of the Com- 
 pany contains a description of many manoeuvres 
 that will be omitted from the tactics. These move- 
 ments serve to illustrate the principles in their 
 varied applications, and each is a type of a similar 
 manoeuvre that may perhaps be advantageously 
 practised by one of the larger units. A few of the 
 movements described in the School of the Battalion 
 may also be omitted for similar reasons. 
 
 A school for the set of fours would be highly 
 useful to instruct guides, markers, and others in 
 the nomenclature of the system, and prepare them 
 for their duties in connection with the higher units ; 
 but this school requires no special description, as 
 the commands and means are readily inferred from 
 the School of the Company and Battalion. 
 
 The works of Scott, Hardie, Casey, Coppee, Up- 
 
PEEFACE. 
 
 ton and other American writers, as well as the tac- 
 tics of most of the European nations, have been 
 consulted from time to time, in the preparation of 
 the system, with a view to embodying the most de- 
 sirable features of each, while simplifying the 
 means of performing the manoeuvres. Valuable 
 suggestions have been given from time to time, by 
 officers of all branches of the service, to all of whom 
 the author is deeply indebted, especially to those 
 of the 22d Infantry, and the 8th Cavalry. 
 
 Arrangement of Contents. 
 
 The subject-matter is presented, first, in a gen- 
 eral form ; second, these principles are tabulated 
 in the synopsis which follows ; third, they are 
 then exemplified by applying them to special cases 
 in Part II. , which corresponds to the ordinary drill- 
 book ; fourth, the diagrams alone are nearly suf- 
 ficient to explain the new methods. 
 
 It is suggested to the reader that he should first 
 examine the latter throughout the book, and then 
 glance over the Table of Contents and the Synopti- 
 cal Tables at the end of Part I. These tables are in- 
 tended to serve as a memorandum of the contents 
 of this part. Part II., however, is written with a 
 view to make it explicit, without reference to the 
 other matter. 
 
 The manoeuvres appear in their simplest forms 
 when the units and sub-units are at full distance, 
 but it is found to be better to begin the Section 
 viii 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 Drill in close order, and to practise the same ma- 
 noeuvres at full distance as soon as the men become 
 familiar with the method and acquire more confi- 
 dence. 
 
 In the School of the Company it is better to be- 
 gin with the sections in close order and the com- 
 pany at full distance. In the School of the Battal- 
 ion the principles appear in their simple forms, 
 which are necessarily somewhat modified in the 
 lower units on account of their imperfect organi- 
 zation requiring one man to perform the functions 
 that devolve upon several in the higher units. 
 
 It is therefore unnecessary to write out a School 
 of the Regiment, Brigade, etc. 
 
 Explanation of Diagrams. 
 
 In the diagrams on a large scale, the rectangle 
 representing a private is blank ; number one has a 
 line through the centre ; a corporal is lightly 
 shaded, a sergeant is divided diagonally, a marker 
 is crossed in the centre. The sergeant-major, bat- 
 talion guides and markers, have a border ; a lieu- 
 tenant is a solid block ; an adjutant, a solid block 
 with a border ; a captain, a solid block with a cross ; 
 a major, a solid block with a double cross and bor- 
 der. 
 
 On a smaller scale, companies, sections, etc., are 
 represented by shaded squares, the company- 
 officers and guides by dots, the battalion guides by 
 circles, directors by rectangles, each with different 
 ix 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 devices to represent their successive positions. The 
 formations for combat, etc., are explained in the 
 text of Part I. 
 
 The manoeuvres of the battalion are so similar to 
 those of the company that, in general, the same 
 diagram applies to both. 
 
 Explanation of Abbreviations. 
 
 In General: 
 
 
 U. =Large Unit. 
 
 R. =Right. 
 
 u. = Small Unit. 
 
 L. =Left. 
 
 Ch.= Chief. 
 
 F. = Front, 
 
 D. ^Director. 
 
 Rr. =Rear. 
 
 G. =Guide. 
 
 C. = Centre. 
 
 M. ^Marker. 
 
 R.F.=Right F 
 
 In Tables IV. and V : 
 
 R.F. =The unit faces to the right and front. 
 H. =The unit halts or stands fast. 
 
 In Table VIII. : 
 
 ■JU. =Half Unit distance. 
 0. =No distance. 
 
 In describing the manoeuvres in Part I. the words 
 that are expressed in the command are printed in 
 
 SMALL CAPITALS. 
 
 In Part II. , the original formation is expressed 
 at the top of the page in Large and Small Capi- 
 tals. 
 
 x 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The commands of the chief in Full Faced Type, 
 
 and those of the subordinate chiefs in Italics* 
 
 In the text a word in each paragraph is printed 
 in small capitals, to attract attention to the sub- 
 ject-matter of the paragraph. 
 
 The initials R.F., L.Rr., etc., refer to the posi- 
 tion which each unit is supposed to occupy in the 
 original formation, viz. : The Right Front Section, 
 the Left Rear Section, etc., the number, etc., that 
 follow, viz. : 1st S. , 3rd S. , etc. , indicate that the 
 chief of the right front section gives the command : 
 First Section, Bight Dress, etc. It is to be under- 
 stood, however, that if any other section, etc., were 
 occupying the ime position, the command would 
 be the same, excepting the number of the section, 
 etc. 
 
 * The asterisks prefixed to several of the para- 
 graphs and commands indicate that the movements 
 referred to are no essential part of a System of Tac- 
 tics, but are inserted in this edition of the Manoeu- 
 vres to explain the application of the principles. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PART Z— PRINCIPLES. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Organization— Table 1 1 
 
 The Xormal Organization 1 
 
 Irregular Organization 3 
 
 Designation of Units, etc 4 
 
 Disposition— Table II 5 
 
 Form 5 
 
 Order 5 
 
 The Xormal Order 5 
 
 Irregular Order 6 
 
 Order in Other Arms 6 
 
 Distances Defined 7 
 
 At Full Distance 7 
 
 Units and Halves 7 
 
 Markers, Guides, etc 12 
 
 Directors and Chiefs 15 
 
 Definition of Unit FrofU, etc 16 
 
 In Close Order 17 
 
 In Open Order , 21 
 
 In Formation for Combat 23 
 
 Assembling, Etc.— Table III 27 
 
 Facing— Table III 28 
 
 Marching— Table III 28 
 
 Changing Direction— Table IV 29 
 
 By Wheeling 29 
 
 By Turning 29 
 
 By Turning the Units 33 
 
 By Change of Front 33 
 
 xiii 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Transposing— Table V 34 
 
 General Rules 34 
 
 Square and Line 37 
 
 Square and Column 39 
 
 Line and Column 41 
 
 Line and Echelon 42 
 
 Halves 43 
 
 Opening and Closing— Table VI 43 
 
 Combined Manceuvres— Table VII 47 
 
 Transposing and Opening, etc 47 
 
 Transposing, Opening, etc. , by Turning 47 
 
 Changing Direction in Transposing 49 
 
 Aligning, Etc.— Table VIII 53 
 
 Fixing New Positions 53 
 
 In Transposing 53 
 
 In Opening and Closing 57 
 
 In Changing Direction 57 
 
 Rules for Markers 58 
 
 Dressing 58 
 
 Commands— Table IX 61 
 
 General 61 
 
 Special 62 
 
 Abbreviations 63 
 
 Common Manoeuvres — Table X 64 
 
 Synopsis— 66 
 
 Table 1 66 
 
 Table II 67 
 
 Tables III., IV 68 
 
 Tables V, IV 69 
 
 Table V 70 
 
 Tables VI. , VII 71 
 
 Table VIII 72 
 
 Tables VLLL, IX., X 73 
 
 xiv 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PART II— FORMS. 
 SCHOOL OF THE SECTION. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Organization 75 
 
 The Assembly, Etc 77 
 
 To Assemble in Square, etc 80 
 
 To Rally 81 
 
 Manceutres 83 
 
 In Close Order 83 
 
 In Square 83 
 
 To Dress 83 
 
 To Face 85 
 
 To March 85 
 
 To Change Direction 91 
 
 In Line or Column 93 
 
 To Dress 93 
 
 To Face 93 
 
 To March 93 
 
 To Change Direction 94 
 
 Transpositions 95 
 
 Square and Line 95 
 
 Square and Column 97 
 
 Line to Column 100 
 
 At Full and Double Distance 102 
 
 To Dress, March, Turn, and Transpose. . . 102 
 
 To Open and Close 105 
 
 Close Order and Full Distance 105 
 
 In Square 105 
 
 In Line 106 
 
 Close Order to Double Distance 108 
 
 Rear Open Order 108 
 
 Full Distance to Double, etc., Distance. . . 109 
 
 To Transpose in Opening, etc 116 
 
 Single and Double Rank 116 
 
 xv 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 SCHOOL OF THE COMPANY. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Organization 119 
 
 The Assembly, Etc 122 
 
 To Assemble 122 
 
 To Rally 125 
 
 Manceuyr.es 127 
 
 At Full Distance 127 
 
 In Square 127 
 
 To Dress 127 
 
 To March 130 
 
 To Face 132 
 
 To Change Direction 137 
 
 In Line or Column 143 
 
 To Dress 143 
 
 To Face 147 
 
 To March 145 
 
 To Change Direction 148 
 
 Transpositions 149 
 
 Square and Line 149 
 
 Square and Column 158 
 
 Line to Column and Echelon 163 
 
 In Close Order 171 
 
 To Dress, March, Turn 171 
 
 At Double Distance 179 
 
 To Dress, March, Turn, and Transpose... 179 
 
 To Open and Close 179 
 
 In Square 179 
 
 In Line 185 
 
 To Transpose in Opening, etc 192 
 
 To Form for Combat 193 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 SCHOOL OF THE BATTALION. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Organization 199 
 
 The Assembly, Etc 201 
 
 To Assemble 201 
 
 To Rally 205 
 
 Manoeuvres 206 
 
 At Full Distance 206 
 
 In Square 206 
 
 To Dress 206 
 
 To Face 207 
 
 To March 207 
 
 To Change Direction 213 
 
 In Line or Column 221 
 
 To Dress 221 
 
 To March 222 
 
 To Face 224 
 
 To Change Direction 226 
 
 Transpositions 229 
 
 Square and Line 229 
 
 Square and Column 235 
 
 Line to Column and Echelon 239 
 
 In Close Order 250 
 
 To Dress, March, Turn 250 
 
 At Double Distance 259 
 
 To Dress, March, Turn, and Transpose . . . 259 
 
 To Open and Close 259 
 
 In Square 259 
 
 In Line 266 
 
 To Transpose in Opening, etc 267 
 
 To Form for Combat, etc 275 
 
 APPLICATION TO HIGHER UNITS. 
 
 School of Regiment, Brigade, Etc 281 
 
 xvii 
 
MANffiUVRES FOR INFANTRY. 
 
 PAKT I. PRINCIPLES. 
 
 ORGANIZATION. 
 
 The Normal Organization. 
 
 The most convenient form for manoeu- 
 vring is that in which four units of each de- 
 nomination are combined in one of the 
 next higher. 
 
 Thus the set of fours comprises four men. 
 The section four sets of fours, the company 
 four sections, the battalion four companies, 
 the regiment four battalions, the brigade 
 four regiments, etc. 
 
 The units are divided into halves, as fol- 
 lows : The set of fours into two sets of twos, 
 and the section, company, etc., into two 
 squads, platoons, subdivisions, wings, and 
 half brigades, respectively. 
 1 
 
OEGANIZATION. 
 
 The units are commanded by chiefs, as 
 follows : 
 
 The chief of a set of fours is number one ; 
 of a section, etc., a sergeant, captain, major, 
 colonel, and brigadier-general, respectively. 
 
 The half unit generally has a chief. He 
 does not, however, give tactical commands 
 in the manoeuvres, excepting in the forma- 
 tion for combat, and when his command 
 moves as a unit, but he sees that those of 
 the chief of the unit are properly executed. 
 
 The chief of a set of twos is the file 
 leader ; the chief o* a squad is a corporal ; 
 that of a platoon is a lieutenant. No chief 
 is provided in our organization for the sub- 
 division, although one would be desirable. 
 The chief of a wing, etc., is a lieutenant- 
 colonel, etc. 
 
 The markers define the position of the unit 
 to which they belong, and the guides keep 
 the markers of the subunits in their proper 
 places. 
 
 In action the guides and markers assist 
 the chief in transmitting orders and act as 
 orderlies. 
 
 2 
 
ORGANIZATION. 
 
 Two guides and four markers are assigned 
 to each of the principal units. 
 
 The guides for the company, battalion, etc., 
 are sergeants ; those for the section are 
 the corporals, who are also chiefs of squad. 
 
 The markers for the company, battalion, 
 etc., are privates. In the section the place 
 of the markers in marching is taken by the 
 corporals, who are guides, and in defining 
 new positions by the sergeants, who are 
 chiefs of section. 
 
 Two directors are assigned to each of the 
 principal units. It is their duty to super- 
 vise the guides and markers and direct the 
 establishment of new positions. For the 
 higher units these duties are performed by 
 the aides ; for the regiment and battalion, by 
 the adjutant and sergeant-major ; for the 
 company, by the lieutenants, who are also 
 chiefs of platoon. 
 
 Irregular Organization. 
 
 A section may be formed of any number 
 of men not exceeding twenty-four, and pref- 
 erably not less than ten. 
 3 
 
OKGANIZATION. 
 
 Each of the other units may embrace any 
 number of the next lower, but preferably not 
 more than four, and unless in very excep- 
 tional cases not more than six. 
 
 In the imperfect and irregular organiza- 
 tions the principles are carried out as far 
 as possible. 
 
 Designation of Units, etc 
 
 The several units are numbered in order 
 of the rank of their commanders : First, 
 second, third, fourth, etc. They preserve 
 these designations throughout the manoeu- 
 vres. Each unit is so addressed by its proper 
 commander, but is designated in the com- 
 mands of his superiors according to its posi- 
 tion for the time being, as the front or rear, 
 
 RIGHT Or LEFT, FRONT CENTRE 01' REAR CENTRE, 
 RIGHT CENTRE Or LEFT CENTRE, RIGHT FRONT Or 
 LEFT REAR, etc. 
 
 The DIRECTING UNITS, GUIDES, and MARKERS 
 
 are those from whom the positions of the 
 others are regulated. 
 
DISPOSITION. 
 
 Form. 
 
 The following are the principal forms in 
 which troops are disposed : The line, in 
 which units are side by side ; the column, 
 in which one is in front of another ; the 
 squabe, or double column, which in the nor- 
 mal organization is composed of four units 
 so disposed that two form the front line and 
 two the rear line, two the right column and 
 two the left column ; and the echelon, in 
 which the units are arranged in steps. 
 
 The rank is a line of one man in depth. 
 The file is a column of one man in width. 
 
 Order, 
 the normal order. 
 The normal order of the units is as fol- 
 lows : 
 
 In square, those with odd numbers in the 
 right column, etc. ; the first numbers of 
 each in the front line, etc. 
 5 
 
DISPOSITION. 
 
 In line, those with the odd numbers on 
 the right, etc. ; the first numbers of each 
 side in the centre of the line, etc. 
 
 In column, those with the odd numbers 
 in the front half ; the first numbers in the 
 front of each half, etc. 
 
 The normal order of the half units is — 
 
 In square and line, the first on the right. 
 In column, the first in front. 
 
 IRREGULAR ORDER. 
 
 The order of the units, etc., may be in- 
 verted in any manner whatever, but the 
 parts of one section, company, etc., should 
 not be mixed with those of another when it 
 can be avoided, and it is preferable, though 
 not essential, that the squads, platoons, etc., 
 should be kept distinct. 
 
 ORDER IN OTHER ARMS. 
 
 The normal order for cavalry is with the 
 men in each set of fours formed in one 
 rank, and numbered from right to left, one, 
 two, three and four. 
 
 The other dispositions are similar in all 
 respects to those of infantry. 
 6 
 
DISPOSITION. 
 
 The same nomenclature and dispositions 
 apply to artillery and to all arms of the 
 service, as far as their nature admits. 
 
 Distances, etc. 
 
 Distances are measured from centre to 
 centre, and in any direction. Intervals are 
 the spaces between adjacent units not occu- 
 pied by the body of the units. 
 
 The terms full distance, close order, etc., 
 company distance, etc., are explained below. 
 
 At Full Distance. 
 
 the units and half units. 
 
 in square. 
 
 The private occupies 46 inches' ; numbers 
 one and three on the right forming the first 
 two, numbers one and two forming the 
 front rank. 
 
 The set of four occupies 92 inches ; the 
 first, third, and fifth on the right forming 
 the first squad, the first and second in the 
 front rank of each squad, etc. 
 
 The section occupies a length equal to 
 that of all its fours and one more. This 
 7 
 
n p a d p a etcp odes 
 
 pp.po baan 
 
 □ p a a P qg 23 
 
 nncia pxina 
 
 2 1 
 
 era a-cxa a a arrnaa 
 
 dddd nana 
 
 nana nnaa 
 
 dddq Dana 
 
 4- 3 
 
 COMPANY IN SQUARE OF SECTION.. 
 SQUARES AT FULL DISTANCE* 
 
 u 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 ' ^ 
 
 COMPANY IN SQUARE OF SECTION, 
 SQUARES tN OLOSE ORDER. 
 

 * 
 
 
 1 ■ 
 
 
 
 1 D • 
 
 
 ■ □ Q 
 
 on* 'no 
 
 BATTALION COMPANIES AND SECTIONS. 
 IN SQUARE AT FULL DISTANCE. 
 
 BATTALION COMPANIES AND SECTIONS. 
 IN SQUARE IN CLOSE ORDER. 
 
 * 
 
DISPOSITION. 
 
 length is called section distance, whatever 
 may be the space occupied by the fours. 
 It is the deploying distance for the section. 
 
 The first, third, etc., sections are on the 
 right, forming the first platoon ; the first 
 and second sections in the front of the re- 
 spective platoons. 
 
 The company occupies a space equal to 
 that of all its sections and one more of av- 
 erage size. This is company distance. The 
 first, third, etc., are on the right, forming 
 the first subdivision, etc., the first and second 
 in front, etc. 
 
 The battalion occupies a space equal to 
 that of all its companies and one more of 
 average size. This is battalion distance, 
 etc. 
 
 The higher units, when they are at full 
 distance, are disposed in a similar manner. 
 
 in line. 
 
 The space occupied by each unit and the 
 
 unit distance are the same as in square, but 
 
 the units in the normal order are arranged 
 
 side by side as follows, beginning at the 
 
 10 
 

 DD 
 
 
 
 om 
 
 
 o 
 
 DP 
 
 
 o 
 
 s 
 
 am 
 
 
 -o 
 
 □ □ 
 
 o 
 
 > 
 
 z 
 
 DID 
 
 o 
 
 ■< 
 
 nn 
 
 TJ 
 
 z 
 
 DD3 
 
 
 
 *> 
 z 
 •< 
 
 z 
 rn 
 
 DO 
 
 z 
 
 O 
 
 am 
 
 z 
 
 CO 
 
 DD 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 o 
 
 H 
 
 am 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 am 
 
 CO 
 
 m 
 
 z 
 
 CO 
 
 DD 
 
 o 
 
 — 
 
 am 
 
 o 
 
 z 
 
 □ 
 
 z 
 
 H 
 
 a 
 
 CO 
 
 3 
 
 O 
 
 aa 
 am 
 
 o 
 
 c 
 > 
 
 3 
 > 
 
 DD 
 
 3J 
 
 m 
 
 Z 
 CO 
 
 Dm 
 
 CO 
 
 > 
 
 > 
 
 am 
 
 -n 
 
 Da 
 
 c 
 
 c 
 
 am 
 
 i- 
 r 
 
 f: ■ 
 
 Q 
 
 o 
 
 
 a 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 aa 
 
 > 
 
 H 
 
 am 
 
 z 
 o 
 
 m 
 
 z 
 
 aa 
 
 o 
 
 am 
 
 
 
 
 
 am 
 
 
 
 aa 
 
 
 
 am 
 
 
 UDDD 
 
 amam. 
 
 Daaa 
 
 amam 
 
 aaaa 
 a m a m | 
 aaaa 
 amam 
 
 aaaa 
 omom K 
 aaaa 
 amam 
 
 anna 
 amam 
 
 ODD'n 
 
 nnrnm 
 
DISPOSITION. 
 
 right : Third, first, second, fourth. If more 
 than four are present, those with odd num- 
 bers on the right of the third and those 
 with even numbers on the left of the fourth 
 in the same order. 
 
 IN COLUMN. 
 
 The unit distance is the same, but the 
 order is as follows, in the normal organiza- 
 tion : The first, third, second, fourth. If 
 more are present, those with odd numbers 
 behind the third, those with even numbers 
 behind the fourth. 
 
 POSTS OF THE MARKERS AND GUIDES. 
 IN SQUARE. 
 
 The section guides on the flanks of the 
 front rank of the front fours, 46 inches dis- 
 tant from the right man. The company 
 guides on the line of the guides of the 
 front sections, and each three-fourths sec- 
 tion distance from the centre of the nearest 
 section, so 'that when this is in square its 
 guide is about half section distance from 
 the company guide. 
 
 The company markers in square, half com- 
 12 
 
-I 
 
 □ n 
 
 5 ■ 
 
 i '□' 
 
 □ . 
 
 a 
 a ' 
 
 o □ 
 
 n □ 
 
 I 
 
 □ 
 
 a 
 a 
 
 a □ 
 
DISPOSITION. 
 
 pany distance apart. The front markers 
 half section distance in front of the guides. 
 The directing marker five-fourths section 
 distance right or left of the centre of the 
 company. The other front marker half 
 company distance from him. The rear 
 markers behind the front markers. 
 
 The battalion guides on the line of the 
 front company markers, at three-fourths 
 company distance from the centre of the 
 directing company. 
 
 The battalion markers in square at half 
 battalion distance. The front markers half 
 company distance in front of the guides ; 
 the directing marker five-fourths battalion 
 distance from the centre of the battalion. 
 
 The guides and markers of the higher units 
 are similarly disposed. 
 
 in line. 
 
 The guides and markers as in square. 
 
 The directing guide's distance is taken 
 from the flank unit on the side of direction. 
 
 IN COLUMN. 
 
 The guides and markers of a column are 
 placed like those of a line which has faced 
 14 
 
DISPOSITION. 
 
 to the side of direction, every man turning 
 in his place. 
 
 POSTS OF THE DIRECTORS AND CHIEFS. 
 EN SQUARE. 
 
 The directors are directly behind the 
 guides. Those of the company are on the 
 line of the guides of the rear section ; those 
 of the battalion on the line of the front 
 markers of the rear companies, etc. 
 
 The chiefs of the wings of the regiments 
 are directly outside the directors, etc. 
 
 The chief of section is 46 inches in front 
 of the centre of the front rank of the sec- 
 tion. The chief of the company is one- 
 fourth section distance in front of the line 
 of the section guides. The chief of the bat- 
 talion is one-fourth company distance in 
 front of the company markers. 
 
 When a square manoeuvres independently 
 the post of its chief is the centre of the 
 square. 
 
 in line. 
 
 The directors and chiefs of half com- 
 panies, regiments, etc., are behind the cen- 
 15 
 
DISPOSITION. 
 
 tres of their platoons, etc., and one-fourth 
 section distance from the rear rank, etc. 
 
 The chief of company, etc., is one-fourth 
 section distance in front of the centre of 
 his company, etc. 
 
 IN COLUMN. 
 
 The places of the directors, chiefs, etc., 
 in a line which has faced to the side of direc- 
 tion, correspond to their original places, but 
 in the column of march the chief is on the 
 flank of the front unit and at the same dis- 
 tance as in line. 
 
 definition of section front, etc. 
 
 "When all the units are at full distance the 
 sections are at section distance, the com- 
 panies at company distance, etc., and a sec- 
 tion distance is the equal to a section front, 
 a company distance to a company front, etc. 
 In the normal organization — i.e., when each 
 unit contains four of the next lower — a sec- 
 tion front is equal to five times 92 inches, or 
 12.8 yards; a company front is five times 
 12.8 yards, or 64 yards; a battalion front is 
 five times 64 yards, or 320 yards, etc. If the 
 section has twenty-four privates, and each 
 16 
 
DISPOSITION. 
 
 other unit has four of the next lower, the sec- 
 tion front, etc., are 18, 90, 450 yards, etc. 
 
 When the fours and the higher units are 
 in line at full distance, they are at the proper 
 distance to form single rank in close order, 
 or touching elbows. 
 
 In Close Order. 
 
 units, chiefs, directors, guides, etc. 
 
 The units are disposed in the same order 
 as at full distance. 
 
 IN SQUARE. 
 
 The men are 23 inches apart, so that those 
 in the same rank lightly touch elbows. The 
 fours are 46 inches apart. The section 
 guides touch elbows with the front rank 
 men. The guides of the front sections touch 
 elbows ; so do those of the rear sections. 
 The front rank of the rear sections is four 
 times 23 inches, or 2|- yards, behind the rear 
 rank of the front sections. The chiefs of 
 the front sections are 46 inches in front of 
 the centre of the front rank. Those of the 
 rear sections are on the outer flanks of their 
 sections and touch elbows with the section 
 17 
 
[sal s ca ca eb es ca Ga eb Ofl 
 
 L^MI I— I 1-riWWI t — I \-W Ld \ ^>M 1—1 V-W»M>A _ I l-WJLJ 
 
 i h-i i— < i r— i i— i i i— i i—i i i—i t— i 
 
 Mill I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I 
 
 L^ M B I — BBB B I— k-J «J Gag I— I BBBB u- 1 \—iuil*4 
 
 I I—I I—I I I—I I— i I I— J l—l I i—l I— J 
 
 I I I I I ' i i i i i i i i i I I I I I 
 
 EB EB EB EB 
 
 B EB D CaEBEBB? S3 fflH 
 
 ■L lj^h i— < i— mmi i— i i — iw^-j iw^a i— ^ y- M M M i— i i— m ■■ 
 
 i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i 
 
 i i—i i— 1 ' i— i i—i < i—i i— i i \—[ i—i 
 
 I I I I I j_L_L I I l.l I I I L I I I I 
 
 ma i— i i— vmjum. i— J l-jumj l —nm I—I B— 
 I i i i i I I I I I I I I I I C 
 
 J I—I I—I i l—l I— I I u- 1 l—l C 
 
 -I I I I I I l I I | I I I I I I I I I 
 
 BATTALION COMPANIES AND SECTIONS. 
 IN SQUARE IN' CLOSE ORDER, 
 
o 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 2 _. 
 
 nnfl 
 
 TJ 
 
 n 
 
 > 
 Z 
 
 ::: 
 
 -< 
 
 
 > 
 
 m\ 
 
 
 o 
 
 33 
 O 
 
 m 
 
 30 
 
 O 
 
 1 B 
 
DISPOSITION. 
 
 guides. The company guides touch elbows 
 with the guides of the front sections. The 
 front company markers are 46 inches in front 
 of the guides. The rear markers 46 inches 
 from the flank and 23 inches behind the rear 
 rank. The directors are 46 inches in front 
 of the chiefs of the rear section. The chiefs 
 of the front companies 2J yards in front of 
 the centre of the front rank. The chiefs of 
 the rear companies 46 inches outside the 
 company markers. The markers of the 
 neighboring companies are 46 inches apart. 
 The battalion guides are 46 inches from the 
 company markers. The front battalion 
 markers 2|- yards in front of the guides, etc. 
 "When some of the units are in close order, 
 and the others at full distance, the disposi- 
 tions correspond as nearly as possible with 
 the above. 
 
 IN LINE AND COLUMN. 
 In the BATTALION IN TWO RANKS IN CLOSE 
 
 order, the sections are in close order and 
 the companies and battalion at full dis- 
 tance. The company distance is thus half 
 the company front, and the battalion dis- 
 20 
 
DISPOSITION. 
 
 tance half the battalion front. The dispo- 
 sitions are identical with those at full dis- 
 tance, but all the distances are one-half as 
 great. 
 
 In the battalion in single bank in close 
 order, the privates and corporals touch el- 
 bows. An interval of 46 inches is left be- 
 tween the sections. The battalion in column 
 in close order is disposed on similar princi- 
 ples. The relative positions are the same as 
 at full distance. 
 
 Open Order. 
 
 • 
 
 The dispositions are the same as at full 
 distance, but the distances are preferably 
 two, three, four, etc., times as great. 
 
 When the sections are opened out the 
 corporals are 2£ yards in front of the front 
 rank of their squads. The sergeants 2 -J- yards 
 in front of the front of the rear fours. In 
 marching column they are near the heads 
 of the columns. 
 
 The BATTALION IN SQUARE, OPEN ORDER, with 
 
 the companies, etc., at full distance. 
 
 The front battalion markers as far apart 
 21 
 
d d 
 
 6 
 
 d □ 
 
 2' 1 
 
 4 ^__^ 
 
 4 3 4 3 
 
 DOUBLE DISTANCE OPEN SQUARE. DOUBLE DISTANCE RIGHT 
 
 OPEN SQUARE. 
 
 2 1 
 
 D □: 
 
 4 / 
 
 / 4 
 
 
 TREBLE DISTANCE FRONT AND REAR OPEN SQUARE. 
 
 DOUBLE DISTANCE OPEN LINE. 
 
DISPOSITION. 
 
 as at full distance, and equally distant from 
 the centre of the battalion. 
 
 The real' markers behind the front mark- 
 ers, and half company distance in front of 
 the front markers of the rear companies. 
 
 The battalion guides as at full distance. 
 
 The battalion in line in open order. 
 
 The rear markers are on the prolongation 
 of the line of the front markers, and half 
 battalion distance from them on their re- 
 spective flanks. 
 
 Formation for Combat, 
 units. 
 
 The normal formation of a regiment for 
 combat is with all the units in square. 
 
 The battalions of the second line and all 
 their companies and sections at full dis- 
 tance, these battalions being at their proper 
 front apart. 
 
 The rear companies of the battalions of 
 the first line 400 yards in front of the front 
 companies of the second line, and twice com- 
 pany front apart. These companies are 
 called the reserves. 
 
 23 
 
REINFORCEMENTS 
 
 •*-• 
 
 s: a 
 
 •■■* ■■• • 
 
 RE3IMENTIN FORMATION FOR COMBAT, 
 
DISPOSITION. 
 
 The rear sections of the front companies 
 400 yards in front of the front sections of 
 the companies behind them, and twice sec- 
 tion front apart. These sections are called 
 the supports. 
 
 The rear fours of the front sections 200 
 yards in front of the front fours of the sec- 
 tions behind them, and twice their normal 
 front, or 5 yards, apart. These fours are 
 called the re-enfobcements. 
 
 The front fours 200 yards in front of 
 the rear fours, and double distance apart. 
 These fours are called the sktr:mishers. 
 
 A second formation f or combat is like the 
 normal form, excepting that the front com- 
 panies, sections, and fours only are opened 
 out, and the rear companies, etc., are at their 
 proper front, instead of at twice that distance. 
 
 CHIEFS, ETC. 
 
 When the companies, battalions, etc., are 
 in different lines, the captains, majors, etc., 
 are half way between the rear line and the 
 next line, and the lieutenants, lieutenant- 
 colonels, etc., are half way between the 
 25 
 
DISPOSITION. 
 
 chief of the company, etc., and the most ad* 
 vanced unit of the platoon, etc. 
 
 The corporals 2£ yards in front of the fir- 
 ing line. 
 
 The sergeants 2£ yards in front of the re- 
 enforcements. 
 
 When all the units forming a section, 
 company, etc., are in the same line the 
 chief is as far behind the centre as half the 
 distance between the flanks, and the chief 
 of each squad, platoon, etc., is half as far 
 behind its centre. In firing the corporals 
 come up on the line. 
 
ASSEMBLY, RALLY, ETC. 
 
 To assemble a section, company, battalion, 
 etc., is to bring together its parts in the 
 normal order in any of the formations above 
 described. Unless otherwise specified, the 
 assembly is made in line of section squares, 
 the sections in close order, the companies, 
 etc., at full distance. 
 
 To bally a section, company, etc., is to 
 bring together the parts in the above for- 
 mation, unless otherwise specified, preserv- 
 ing the original organization in the forma- 
 tion of the assembly, but with the units ar- 
 ranged in any order whatever, and forming 
 upon that first on the ground as a basis. 
 
 The assembly and rally may, however, be 
 made at any distance and in any formation 
 by so specifying. 
 
 The rally is made at double time without 
 special command, and if under fire the sec- 
 tions take full distance and lie down. 
 
 27 
 
FACING, MAECHING, ETC. 
 
 When every man turns on his own ground 
 the units are said to face to the right, half 
 right, right rear, right about, etc., according 
 as their new direction makes an angle of 
 90°, 45°, 135°, 180°, etc., with the old. 
 
 Marching- is conducted in quick time at 
 half step, or in double time, — the rate is 
 120 steps of 30 inches in a minute, 120 steps 
 of 15 inches, or 180 steps of 36 inches. The 
 backward step is sometimes used at the rate 
 of 120 steps of 15 inches in a minute. 
 
 In marching at route step no regular ca- 
 dence is preserved, and the rate of march 
 varies with the nature of the ground. 
 
 28 
 
CHANGING DIRECTION. 
 
 The change of direction is made either by 
 wheeling or by turning. The former is un- 
 necessary, unless it be for parades and cere- 
 monies. Both are made upon one of the 
 guides as a pivot. 
 
 Wheel. 
 
 At a halt a body of troops wheels by 
 simply revolving upon its pivot, all the 
 parts maintaining rigidly their relative posi- 
 tions. On the march the front wheels as at a 
 halt and moves in the new direction, but 
 each of the rear units follows in the track 
 of the unit in front of it. 
 
 Turn. 
 To turn at a halt each unit proceeds by 
 the shortest path to its new place. On the 
 march the front units move independently 
 to their new paths. The rear units follow 
 them. The units on the flank toward the 
 new direction take the half step, the other 
 units the full step, until the formation is re- 
 stored. 
 
 29 
 
/ 
 
 
 d d ° 
 
 RIGHT TURN. 
 (MARCHING.) 
 
 • rftt 
 
 2 \ I 
 
 D X D 
 
 4 3 
 
 RIGHT TURN. 
 MARCH- 
 
CHANGING DIRECTION. 
 
 *At a halt. 
 
 At a halt the several units move to their 
 new positions by combining the direct march 
 with the turn or oblique march, according 
 as the change is made toward the new di- 
 rection or toward the opposite side. The 
 unit having the longest march has the right 
 of way. A turn may be made on the guide 
 opposite the change of direction as a pivot, 
 by facing about and turning each unit on its 
 new front. For a change of a right angle 
 or less the front units make half the change 
 before and half after advancing. For a 
 change of more than a right angle they turn 
 far enough to reach their new positions, while 
 avoiding the units nearer the pivot, which 
 do not advance until the path of the re- 
 moter units is free. 
 
 In close order each unit advances until it 
 comes behind its new position, and makes 
 all the change in one turn. The march by 
 the flank takes the place of the oblique. In 
 a long column in close order the turn should 
 be made in double time in order to clear 
 the pivot. 
 
 31 
 
CHANGING DIRECTION. 
 
 Thus, to turn to the right at full dis- 
 tance, the front units turn half right, ad- 
 vance, and turn half right again. The left 
 rear unit advances, turns half right, ad- 
 vances, and turns half right. The right rear 
 unit obliques to the left, marches forward, 
 and turns to the right. 
 
 To TURN to the LEFT OH the RIGHT GUIDE, 
 
 all face about. The front units make rather 
 more than half a turn to the left, advance, 
 and complete the turn. The left rear unit 
 makes a full turn and advances to its place. 
 The right rear unit makes a full turn, ad- 
 vances, and obliques to its place — all face 
 about. 
 
 ON THE MARCH. 
 
 To turn on the march, the front unit on 
 the side of the change makes half the turn, 
 advances at half step, makes the other half 
 turn, and advances at half step. The other 
 front units make half the turn, advance at 
 full step, etc. The rear unit on the side of 
 the change follows the front unit at half 
 step. The other rear units follow at full 
 step until the formation is restored. 
 32 
 
CHANGING DIRECTION. 
 
 To turn in close order on the march, each 
 unit advances until it comes to its new path 
 and makes all the turn at once. 
 
 A line turns like the front line of a square. 
 A column like the column of a square on the 
 side of the change. 
 
 Marching at double time, the units near 
 the pivot march in quick time. 
 
 A turn from a halt is made like one on the 
 march when it is followed by an advance, 
 to change direction by turning the units. 
 
 The units of which a body of troops is 
 composed may all turn simultaneously, each 
 on its own pivot and at any angle. 
 
 TO CHANGE FRONT. 
 
 A body of troops may be revolved upon 
 its centre so as to change front to right, left, 
 or rear, as follows : To change front to the 
 right, each unit faces so that the centre of 
 the square shall be on its right and front. 
 It then takes the place of the unit that it is 
 facing, turns to the right, and faces to the 
 new front. A change of front to left is made 
 by opposite means. A change to the rear 
 by turning twice to the right. 
 33 
 
TRANSPOSING. 
 
 General Kules. 
 
 Simple transpositions are made without 
 change of direction or distance, by moving 
 the units of which a body of troops is com- 
 posed at angles of 90°, 45°, or multiples 
 thereof. 
 
 One disposition is changed into another 
 when all the units that are first on the 
 ground to be occupied by the new formation 
 stand fast, and the others come into posi- 
 tion with reference to them. One disposi- 
 tion is said to be formed from another when 
 one or more of the units on the new ground 
 moves to another position. 
 
 In changing into line, column, square, 
 etc., on a certain unit, this unit stands fast, 
 and the others come into line, column, etc., 
 on it. To form line, etc., on a certain unit, 
 this unit moves by the most direct path to 
 the new ground, and the others form on it 
 as a basis. 
 
 34 
 
TRANSPOSING. 
 
 In forming line from square, and con- 
 versely, it is assumed that the order of the 
 units is so far preserved that those units 
 adjacent in line are adjacent in square. If, 
 however, the change is made by each Half 
 separately, this is not the case, nor if each 
 Half moves as a unit. The latter is called 
 a change by platoon, subdivision, wing, etc. 
 
 It is assumed, unless otherwise specified, 
 that the units will be at the same distance 
 from each other in the new formation. 
 
 The columns of which the square is com- 
 posed manoeuvre like single columns, and 
 the lines like single lines, as nearly as pos- 
 sible. 
 
 In forming square from line it is assumed 
 that the centre units go to the front, and 
 conversely. In forming square from col- 
 umn it is assumed that the centre sections 
 move out of the column, and conversely. 
 
 The movements described as made to the 
 right may also be made to the left, unless 
 the contrary is expressly stated, and con- 
 versely. 
 
 35 
 
E±TllJ tZTti] " 
 
 4- 3 
 
 REAR FORM LINE. 
 
 2 1 / 
 
 U Lf 
 
 4 3 
 
 RIGHT INTO LINE. 
 
 Q00D 
 
 4\ 2 1 /3 
 
 REAR INTO SQUARE. 
 
 □ d n 
 
 2 1 /a / 4 
 
 LEFT REAR INTO SQUARE. 
 
 2 ; 1 
 
 a a—" 
 
 4- 3 
 
 RIGHT FORM LINE. 
 
 nmra d 
 
 4. 2 1 y 8 
 
 ' 0" 
 
 LEFT REAR FORM SQUARE. 
 
 h tirtrlE 
 
 RIGHT REAR FORM LINE. 
 
 ■ sWtrn 
 
 4 2 13 
 
 LEFT FORM SQUARE. 
 
TRANSPOSING 
 
 EN CLOSE ORDER. 
 
 All the changes are made by moving the 
 units at right angles. 
 
 AT FULL DISTANCE AND EN" OPEN ORDER. 
 
 The ^changes are made by obliquing 
 whenever the courses of the units can be 
 shortened thereby. 
 
 The units always take the shortest route 
 that involves no interruption, if possible. If 
 the paths cross, the unit that has to make 
 the longest march has the right of way. If 
 the lengths are equal, the unit nearest the 
 new directing guide has precedence. 
 
 When an oblique march is combined with 
 one at right angles or parallel to the front, 
 the course should be such as not to crowd 
 the units. 
 
 IAL. 
 
 The following are the principal transposi- 
 tion- . 
 
 a HE To LINE. 
 
 Front lnto line. The rear units go to 
 the flanks. 
 
 Rear form line. The front units go to 
 the rear, the rear units to the flanks. 
 
p 
 
 p 
 
 ate 
 
 2 /l 
 
 n h 
 
 4- 3 
 
 BY SECTIONS, 
 RIGHT FORM COLUMN. 
 
 ■ tn x i ■ 
 
 \ 2 
 
 4 
 
 D 
 
 4 
 
 BY SECThONS, 
 
 RIGHT FORM SQUARE. 
 
 'la 
 
 D"t3 
 
 □ B 
 
 2 
 
 n 
 
 3 
 □ 
 
 ■ in in ■ 4 
 
 LZJ LU ON FRONT SECTION, 
 
 2 TO RIGHT 
 
 FRONT INTO COLUMN. 
 
 Sin 
 
 ri 
 
 R. F. AND L. F. SECTIONS, 
 
 TO FRONT RIGHT 
 
 FORM COLUMN. 
 
 F.C. AND RR SECTIONS,TO LEFT 
 FORM SQUARE. 
 
 m 
 
 B [If rrf rrT^rzr B 
 
 -tjtt ~^^ tu ! 
 
 13 I- ! 
 
 h b b b 
 
 4 2 13 
 
 ON RIGHT SECTION TO FRONT 
 RIGHT INTO LINE! 
 
 4 2 1 
 
 ON LEFT SECTION, 
 FRONT INTO ECHELON. 
 
 
TRANSPOSING. 
 
 Right front into line. The right rear 
 unit goes to the right and front. The left 
 rear unit goes to the right and comes up on 
 the right of the left rear unit. 
 
 Right front form line. The front units go 
 to the right. The left rear unit goes to the 
 front. The right rear unit goes to the right 
 and comes up on the right of the front units. 
 
 Right rear form line. The front sections 
 go to the right and rear. The right rear 
 section goes to the right. 
 
 LINE TO SQUARE. 
 
 The following are the reverse of the 
 above changes : Rear into square, front 
 
 FORM SQUARE, LEFT REAR TNTO SQUARE, LEFT REAR 
 FORM SQUARE, LEFT front FORM SQUARE. 
 
 SQUARE TO COLUMN. 
 
 Right front by half — form column. The 
 right Half advances, the left Half, etc., goes 
 to the right. 
 
 Right front by squad, platoon, etc., into 
 column. 
 
 The right Half stands fast, the left Half 
 comes up in front. 
 
 39 
 
B# tfta m In" 
 
 1 
 
 £ 
 
 \ \ P 
 
 fe 
 
 \ 3 
 \ 2 
 
 fa 
 
 □ 
 
 4 
 
 F. C. TO RIGHT. 
 INTO LINE. 
 
 u u~1±ra 
 
 4 2 13 
 H 
 R. C. AND R. TO FRONT. 
 FORM COLUMN. 
 
 N 1 I 
 
 
 
 
 fe 
 
 \ a 
 
 fe 
 
 d 
 
 4 
 
 R. C. TO RIGHT. 
 INTO LINE. 
 
 U U B u 
 
 4 2 13 
 
 R. C. AND L. C.TO FRONT 
 FORM COLUMN. 
 
 B [If Hf [TTIa] " 
 
 G ! 
 
 4 
 
 <n 
 
 v5 
 
 \ 2 
 
 n 
 
 4 
 
 4\ 2\ 
 
 3D 
 
 1 3 
 
 !3 
 
 ON F. C. TO FRONT, 
 
 F. TO RIGHT. 
 
 LEFT FORM LINE. 
 
 1 
 
 ON RIGHT 
 LEFT INTO 
 
 I 
 
 CENTER. 
 
 COLUMN 
 
TRANSPOSING. 
 
 By units, right front form column. The 
 right front unit advances. The left units 
 move to the right and front, between the 
 right units. 
 
 By units, right front into column. The 
 right units stand fast and the left units form 
 in front of them, in inverse order. 
 
 COLUMN TO SQUARE. 
 
 Right front by Half form square. The 
 front Half goes to the right, the rear Half 
 goes to the front. 
 
 Right front by Half into square. The 
 front Half stands fast, the rear squad comes 
 up on the right. 
 
 By units right front form square. The 
 centre units move to the right and front. 
 The rear unit closes up. 
 
 By units, right front into square. The 
 rear units in succession come up in inverse 
 order to the right of the front units. 
 
 LINE TO COLUMN. 
 
 Right front into column. The rear units 
 come up on the right of the front unit. 
 Right front form column. The right unit 
 41 
 
TEANSPOSING. 
 
 goes to the front ; the others go to the right 
 and come up behind it. 
 
 On eight centre, etc. unit, right front 
 and left rear into column. The units to 
 the left of that designated go to the right 
 and front ; those to the right go to the left 
 and rear into column. 
 
 COLUMN TO LINE. 
 
 Eight front into line. Eight front form 
 
 LINE ; ON FRONT CENTRE, etc., UNIT RIGHT FRONT 
 
 and left rear lnto llne, are made in pre- 
 cisely similar manner. 
 
 LINE TO ECHELON. 
 ON LEFT UNIT FRONT LNTO ECHELON. The 
 
 left unit stands fast ; the next advances a 
 specified distance to the front, the next 
 twice that distance, etc. 
 
 Front lnto Line. The front unit stands 
 fast, the others come up on line with it. 
 
 In all the changes from line, column, and 
 square, it is sometimes indicated that certain 
 units are to go to the right, left, front, or 
 rear. 
 
 Halves. 
 
 The movements of the Halves and by the 
 Halves are made in similar manner. 
 42 
 
 
OPENING AND CLOSING. 
 
 The simple expansion and contraction is 
 made by changing the distance between the 
 units or Halves without changing their rel- 
 ative positions. 
 
 The simple opening and closing is made 
 by moving the units at angles of 90°, or of 
 45° and its multiples. 
 
 In opening or closing it is assumed that 
 no unit moves to the rear unless it is so 
 specified, but that in square and column 
 the several units move to the front, and in 
 square and line equally to the right and left. 
 The opening or closing may, however, take 
 place in any direction, if so specified. 
 
 If an oblique march is combined with one 
 at right angles or parallel to the front, the 
 oblique is made first in closing and last in 
 opening. 
 
 When the square, etc., is opened or closed 
 on a certain unit, etc., that unit, etc., stands 
 43 
 
OPENING AND CLOSING. 
 
 fast, and the others take their positions 
 upon it as a basis. 
 
 If all the units, etc., move, the new dis- 
 tances are taken from that marker of the 
 front unit in square, and of the centre unit 
 in line or the front centre unit in column, 
 which is nearest the side of direction. 
 
 The lines of which a square is composed 
 ma} r be opened or closed by changing the 
 distance between the columns. 
 
 The lines and columns of a square, or the 
 Halves or alternate units, or any designated 
 units, etc., may be opened, closed, or moved 
 in any direction independently, conforming 
 as nearly as practicable to the principles 
 above indicated. Thus the checkered order 
 and others are formed. 
 
 COMBAT. 
 
 To open a regiment for combat, the front 
 battalions advance the proper distance and 
 open square to double distance, and then 
 the companies and sections do the same, 
 successively. 
 
 To open front for combat only those com- 
 panies, sections, and fours that are sent to 
 44 
 
OPENING AND CLOSING. 
 
 the front open out, the others remaining at 
 full distance. Either the front or rear or any 
 designated units of a square, line, or column 
 may be sent to the front by similar means. 
 The several units are brought into line, 
 opened, closed, etc., on the same principles 
 as from full distance. 
 
 45 
 
1 
 
 « m 
 
 — 
 
 □ □ 
 
 
 RIGHT AND LEFT SECTIONS FRONT. 
 TREBLE DISTANCE FORM SQUARE. 
 
 REAR SECTIONS CENTRE. 
 FORM LINE. 
 
 p ■ 
 
 \ V 1 
 \ *.\ 
 
 □ C 
 
 4 2 
 
 D 
 
 C7 / 
 
 DOUBLE DISTANCE FORWARD OPEN LINE. 
 
COMBINED MANCETJVKES. 
 
 Opening, etc., in Transposing. 
 
 A change of disposition may be combined 
 with an expansion or a contraction. Thus 
 a battalion in line at full distance may be 
 formed into column at double distance or 
 into square in close order, etc. 
 
 To Transpose, etc., by Turning. 
 
 In all transpositions at a halt the units 
 may move directly to their new positions by 
 turning instead of by an oblique or a com- 
 bined march. 
 
 On the march, those units that are to gain 
 ground to the right or left do so by making 
 a turn of a third of a right angle, or 30°. 
 When the lateral distances have been gained, 
 the units that have been moving directly to 
 the front mark time until the new disposi- 
 tion is completed. If the units that are to 
 turn have to fall back, they mark time, or 
 halt long enough to come into position 
 47 
 
4-321 
 
 (" 
 
 .-4 
 
 4 x / / / 
 
 ( 
 
 1 
 
 -El 
 
 ft/ 
 
 i .- 
 
 V 
 
 -JU 
 
 H 
 
 1 ID 
 
 FACED TO REAR RIGHT INTO LINE. 
 
 2 
 
 
 - 
 
 c 
 
 3 
 
 c 
 
 4 
 ON RIQH" 
 
 r INTO LINE 
 
 <N \/ 
 
 \X R- F. 
 
 
 FACED TO RR. L. / 
 
 _ 
 
 \ 
 
 
 A 
 
 ^ 
 
 4-U 
 
 
 \ 
 -i \ 
 
 r 
 
 n, 
 
 INTO LINE. 
 FACING IN ANY DIRECTION. 
 
 t 
 
 • 
 
 □ fl 
 
 ON RIGHT INTO LINE. 
 
 r r rJH J3-HLB 
 
 _ j _j _j 
 
 eI hi eJ e 
 
 LEFT FORM COLUMN ON RIGHT. 
 
COMBINED MANCEUVBES. 
 
 without change of gait, whenever this is 
 possible. 
 
 The same principles are observed in open- 
 ing and closing, and their combinations. 
 
 All these movements are distinguished 
 from those made by obliquing, etc., by sub- 
 stituting the word forward for front. 
 
 To Transpose and Change Direction. 
 
 When a transposition, opening, etc., is com- 
 bined with change of direction of the whole 
 body, the units turn instead of obliquing, 
 etc. 
 
 In changing from one formation into an- 
 other, the new line is formed on the direct- 
 ing guide of the unit that forms the bas: •. 
 and the several directions are called, To the 
 right, half right, front, half left, on the left, 
 left half rear, faced to rear, right half rear, 
 etc., or left one third, fourth, etc., rear, or 
 5°, 10°, etc., or so many yards, the latter 
 indicating the number of yards that the 
 guide on the flank opposite to the change 
 has to advance in order to mark the new 
 line. 
 
 49 
 
COMBINED MANOEUVRES. 
 
 To the right, etc., differs from on the 
 right, etc., in this, that in the latter the order 
 of the units is reversed, so that in forming 
 into line from column the front unit turns 
 in place or moves an indicated distance, and 
 the others come into line on this unit as a 
 basis. In coming into column from line, on 
 the right, the units pass the right unit, form- 
 ing a column left in front, with its rear estab- 
 lished on the new position of the right unit. 
 
 The new positions are otherwise distin- 
 guished as eight or left, according to the 
 direction which the units take to reach it — 
 that is, according as the new position is right 
 or left of the old. 
 
 Thus a column may be changed into line 
 as follows : Right, half left right, on the 
 
 LEFT, HALF REAR LEFT, FACED TO REAR LEFT, 
 RIGHT HALF REAR LEFT, TO THE RIGHT AND HALF 
 
 right, the successive fronts making angles 
 of 0°, 45°, 90°, 135°, 180°, 225°, 270°, and 
 315° with the original front of the column, 
 and the left of the line in each case resting 
 on the original position of the front unit. 
 
 A column may also be brought into line by 
 50 
 
COMBINED MANOEUVRES. 
 
 first advancing the unit that forms the basis 
 to a new position, etc. 
 
 A line, etc., may be formed on any unit 
 as a basis. 
 
 A column of which some of the units have 
 changed direction may be brought into line 
 by specifying the direction with reference 
 to the front of the front unit. For exam- 
 ple, part of a column has turned to the right, 
 it may change to the left into line ; or to the 
 right, right and left into line. In the first 
 case the rear units move left front into line, 
 and in the second face to rear left into line. 
 
 In all cases the directing guide of each 
 unit is the one who will be nearest the basis 
 of the formation after the movement is com- 
 pleted. 
 
 Such a change might also be effected by 
 bringing the rear units into position and 
 changing front on the centre of each. 
 
 51 
 
3 ©J 2 
 
 3/ ■ / 
 
 / 
 
 &/ 
 
 4- RIGHT FORWARD INTO LINE. 
 
 O MARCH. 
 
 right form column, 
 march: 
 
ALIGNING, ETC. 
 
 Fixing New Positions, 
 transposing first drill. 
 
 To fix the new line with the utmost ac- 
 curacy, the guides pace off the distances by 
 running, and the directors fix the new line 
 of the guides. 
 
 If any units are on the new line, it is 
 established upon them by the directors, 
 who place themselves at its extremities. 
 The guides then establish the markers of 
 the units on this new line, under super- 
 vision of the directors, pacing off the dis- 
 tances from the marker already on the 
 line. 
 
 If no units are on the new line, the guides 
 pace off the proper distance from the near- 
 est point of the old position to their own 
 places on the new line. 
 
 Aided by these measurements, the direc- 
 tors establish the new line and place theni- 
 53 
 
ALIGNING, ETC. 
 
 selves at its extremities. The directing 
 guide estimates the proper position of the 
 directing marker of the directing unit ; the 
 others are established upon the line by 
 pacing the distances from this point. 
 
 Each guide establishes the markers of his 
 own half of the unit — that is, of those frac- 
 tions that will be next to him. 
 
 The guide, after pacing off the distances 
 on the new line, faces to the side of direc- 
 tion and steps back far enough to enable 
 the markers of the units to come into his 
 position. This marker faces to the new 
 front and touches gently with his elbow the 
 breast of the guide. 
 
 In company movements, where the chief 
 of section takes the place of a marker, the 
 company guide fixes the position of the 
 guide of the section upon whom the latter 
 is to be aligned. The chief of section so 
 places himself as to face to the front in the 
 new position of his section, and so that the 
 elbow of the section guide will lightly touch 
 his own. When it is impossible for the 
 guide to place more than one of the chiefs 
 54 
 
 
, , *j «| c- 1 
 
 1 3 
 
 MARCH. 
 
 • < • ® Q 
 
 4 2 
 
 D 
 
 1 3 
 
 FORM SQUARE. 
 
ALIGNING, ETC. 
 
 of section, the other paces off or estimates 
 the distance himself. 
 
 The rear markers of the units take their 
 places with reference to the front markers, 
 under supervision of the guides and directors. 
 
 The directors and guides go to their new 
 places. 
 
 In square the markers of the rear units 
 then take their places under supervision of 
 the directors, being guided by the positions 
 of the units already on the ground, if there 
 are any there, otherwise by estimating their 
 places with reference to the front markers 
 already established. 
 
 TRANSPOSING ADVANCED DRILLS. 
 
 After the guides are well instructed in 
 their duties, or when great accuracy is not 
 required, the guides place the markers of 
 the units without aid from the directors, 
 who confine themselves to correcting mis- 
 takes and establishing the markers of the 
 rear units. 
 
 TRANSPOSING COMMON METHOD. 
 
 When the markers of the units are well 
 drilled they take their places without the 
 56 
 
ALIGNING, ETC. 
 
 aid of the guides or directors, who merely 
 correct their errors. On the maech this is 
 the only method. 
 
 OPENING AND CLOSING. 
 
 In opening and closing, new positions are 
 defined upon the same principles as in the 
 transpositions. If the distances are great, 
 directors do not go to the new line unless 
 to correct the errors made by the guides. 
 
 TURNING AT A HALT. 
 
 The director of the pivot flank places 
 himself accurately on the prolongation of 
 the new line, the other director on the op- 
 posite flank of the line so established. The 
 markers of the units are fixed upon this line 
 as in the transpositions. 
 
 TURNING, ON THE MARCH. 
 
 In turning on the march, the directing 
 guide marks time until the guide of the 
 nearest unit comes up abreast of him, and 
 then advances in the new direction at half 
 step until the completion of the turn. The 
 other guide hastens to the new front. The 
 markers of the units hasten to their new 
 57 
 
ALIGNING, ETC. 
 
 places on the line of the guides. The di- 
 rectors march on the flanks of the line of 
 the guides until the front units are dressed 
 upon it, and then go to their proper places. 
 
 RULES FOR MARKERS. 
 
 The markers of the main body of troops 
 which is changing its disposition take their 
 new places with reference to the new places 
 of the units, each marker keeping near the 
 corresponding unit, etc. The markers of 
 the units, etc., step aside whenever it be- 
 comes necessary, so as not to interfere with 
 the passage of the units, etc., counting their 
 paces and keeping on a well-defined course. 
 They return to their positions after the 
 units have passed. In line the guides of 
 the sections not on the side of direction 
 step aside whenever it is necessary to ad- 
 mit the passage of the chiefs, directors, etc. 
 
 Dressing. 
 
 In dressing to the right, or marching with 
 the guide to the right, the right front unit 
 guide, marker, etc., is the directing unit, 
 guide, etc. 
 
 58 
 
ALIGNING, ETC. 
 
 In dressing to the left it is the left front 
 unit guide, etc. 
 
 In dressing and marching the position of 
 the directing marker is fixed by the chief. 
 Another marker is placed on the line of the 
 front in square or line, and of the directing 
 flank in column. The other markers take 
 their places from them. 
 
 The directing guide takes his proper 
 place with respect to the directing marker 
 and the established line. The other guide 
 takes the proper distance from the estab- 
 lished line, and from the nearest unit. 
 
 The markers of the units are kept on the 
 line of the guides of the larger Unit, and 
 take their distances from the directing 
 guide. The sub-units are established by the 
 guides of the units in the same manner, etc. 
 
 The front units, etc., are established on 
 the directing unit, etc., and the rear units 
 upon the front units. 
 
 Where the large and small units are in 
 line, the guides of the latter, etc., judge of 
 their proper distance from the neighboring 
 guides, independently of the markers. 
 59 
 
ALIGNING, ETC. 
 
 In dressing by command the directors and 
 those of the units and sub-units come out 
 on the flanks of the line to superintend the 
 alignment, and return to their places after 
 its completion. 
 
 After the transformations the units are 
 dressed toward the basis ; i.e., toward the 
 units that stand still, or to the side of the 
 directing guide in case a new line is estab- 
 lished. All the units that are not required 
 to move are dressed to the side of direc- 
 tion. 
 
 60 
 
COMMANDS. 
 In General. 
 Object. 
 A definite command is assigned to each 
 movement in order that the purpose of the 
 commander may be clearly expressed, and 
 it is by no means to be inferred that other 
 commands may not be employed when de- 
 sirable. Officers and men are always re- 
 quired to obey the commands of their 
 superior whenever their meaning can be 
 comprehended. 
 
 Classes. 
 Commands are given for caution, prepa- 
 ration and execution. 
 
 The command of caution attracts atten- 
 tion to the preparatory command or fixes 
 some condition. 
 
 If a preparatory command indicates a 
 movement that is to be executed by all the 
 units together, it is not repeated by the 
 chiefs of the units; but if the units have 
 separate movements to make, each gives the 
 61 
 
COMMANDS. 
 
 proper preparatory command to his unit, 
 causing it to face in the proper direction 
 and to be ready to proceed at the command 
 of execution, which in this case must be re- 
 peated at the proper time by the chiefs of 
 the units. The chiefs of fmirs do not give 
 formal commands, but in open order they 
 are responsible for the proper execution of 
 the commands of their superiors. 
 
 Special. 
 
 The command for alignment is only re- 
 quired for instruction. Well-drilled troops 
 are expected to preserve a proper align- 
 ment when necessary, whether on the march 
 or at a halt. 
 
 After the alignment by command, if the 
 chief is on the directing flank, he gives the 
 command front when the alignment is com- 
 pleted, otherwise the director indicates the 
 completion by returning to his place. If 
 the chief does not wish the director to place 
 himself upon the line, he directs the guide 
 to correct the alignment, and the latter faces 
 to the front when the alignment is cor- 
 rected. 
 
COMMANDS. 
 
 Movements may be executed from a halt 
 in the same way as on the march, by follow- 
 ing the preparatory command by the word 
 forward. The march is continued after the 
 change is completed. 
 
 All movements may be executed at double 
 time by so specifying in the command. 
 
 The units that take half step when the 
 others are at full step take quick time when 
 the others are at double time. 
 
 Abbreviations. 
 
 Commands are abbreviated as much as 
 possible without causing ambiguity. When 
 several movements are to be combined, or 
 executed successively, it is generally suf- 
 ficient that the command should indicate the 
 final formation that is required. 
 
 For example, a regiment is in column of 
 section squares at full distance. At the com- 
 mand, Eight Into Two Ranks, the regiment, 
 battalion, and companies come right into 
 line, and the sections come into rank, etc. 
 
 In abbreviating the aim should be to 
 make the phraseology conform as nearly as 
 possible with the existing usage. 
 63 
 
COMMON MANCEUVKES. 
 
 A large body of troops is habitually 
 massed in square or in a line of squares, 
 wholly or mostly in close order, according 
 to the available ground, and with the units 
 disposed in the normal order, viz., with the 
 first and second in front and the third and 
 fourth in the rear. 
 
 In marches along a road from one place of 
 assembly to another, in column of section 
 squares in the normal order, that is, with 
 the first platoon, subdivision, wing, etc., in 
 front. In forming column for the march, 
 the sections are in close order, the compa- 
 nies, battalions, etc., at full distance. On 
 taking the route step, the sections open out 
 so as to leave 46 inches between the ranks, 
 and if there is sufficient room they open 
 out somewhat to the right and left. To re- 
 assemble, they are brought into square by 
 platoons, subdivisions, etc. 
 
 To deploy the mass, the regiments, bat- 
 64 
 
COMMON MANOEUVRES. 
 
 talions, etc., successively come into line to 
 the front at the requisite distance. To re- 
 assemble, the companies, battalions, etc., 
 successively form square. 
 
 On approaching the enemy, the battalions, 
 etc., open square, and the lines take their 
 proper distances for combat. 
 
 A very few of the simplest manoeuvres are 
 therefore quite sufficient to form troops for 
 a fight, but to enable them to fight to ad- 
 vantage the most careful instruction and 
 diligent practice in applied tactics are req- 
 uisite. This should, if possible, be con- 
 ducted on varied ground. The more com- 
 plicated movements have the advantage of 
 saving time and distance. The practice of 
 these movements in the School of the Com- 
 pany and Battalion will serve as instruction 
 for their use by the higher units. 
 
 65 
 
P 
 
 .a ^ 
 
 S3 & 
 
 bo 02 
 
 ^ Ed 
 
 o 8 
 
 B 
 
 g 
 
 ■d 
 
 CO 
 
 «o i 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ^K 
 
 
 • CS 
 
 
 »o 
 
 § 
 
 O 
 
 W 
 
 : S3 • 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ■** 
 
 
 
 PR 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 )-? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 « 
 
 o 
 
 a 
 
 1 
 
 1 5 
 
 CM 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 O 
 CO 
 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 pR 
 
 
 
 
 *H ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 55 
 
 "3 
 
 s 
 
 rH CN 
 
 rji C 
 
 OS 
 
 <r 
 
 8 
 
 — 
 
 Oi 
 
 OS ir- 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 oc 
 
 j> 
 
 TP 
 
 CJ o 
 
 g 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 O "3" 
 
 S 
 w 
 ffl 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1-1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^J 
 
 
 61 
 
 TJ 
 
 DC 
 
 t- 
 
 tc 
 
 t- 
 
 t* 
 
 t- 
 
 iO OS 
 
 "3 
 
 
 
 
 
 <?* 
 
 tc 
 
 o 
 
 Si 
 
 s 
 
 B 8 
 
 P 
 
 PR 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 
 ,5? 
 
 CO 
 
 
 > 
 
 
 > 
 
 
 .£ 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 d 
 D 
 
 
 Pw 
 
 
 
 
 CM 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 <N 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 c 
 1 
 
 
 00 
 
 -a 
 g 
 
 o 
 
 
 CO* 
 
 3 
 
 
 GO 
 
 d 
 
 03 
 
 0J 
 
 
 CO* 
 
 4J 
 
 1 
 
 e<? 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 C^ 
 
 6 
 
 h 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 — ' 
 
 
 c3 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 a 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 fl 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 CO 
 
 «i 
 
 D 
 H 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 P 
 
 
 "3 
 
 
 
 
 
 oi 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 It 
 co 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 t 
 
 
 'd 
 
 <1 
 
 h 
 
 
 
 v 
 
 d 
 
 B 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 1 
 o 
 
 
 
 c3 
 
 ,3 
 
 O 
 ft 
 
 E 
 c 
 
 43 
 
 1 
 
 d 
 
 '8 
 
 
 o 
 
 'I 
 
 *o 
 
 o _• 
 '. -<» 
 
 +* d 
 
 ei 
 
 
 
 .2 
 
 E 
 
 E 
 
 o 
 
 
 d 
 
 a 
 
 c3 
 
 
 3 © 
 .2 -3 
 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 O 
 
 CO 
 
 p 
 
 O 
 
 
 ►3 o 
 
 
 j 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 > 
 
 d 
 
 
 8 
 
 s 
 a: 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 CO 
 
 t 
 
 c 
 c 
 
 >> 
 
 d 
 5 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 O 
 
 • 
 0Q 
 
 d* 
 o 
 
 "oJ 
 
 cq 
 
 b 
 e 
 
 1 
 
 'I 
 1 
 
 O u 
 
 d 3 
 
 d s 
 
 Q) C^.tJ 
 
 d 5 ^ 
 w cq e3 
 
 38d 
 
 d 2 
 
 Q> 'C H 
 
 •£ d m 
 
 Qffl" 
 »" rd tl 
 
 d+3 5 
 
 83.22 
 
 III 
 
 03 2 2 
 oj i? w 
 
 «fipR 
 
 
 06 
 
I 
 
 p. 
 
 = 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 S-' 
 
 
 <r 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 mg . 
 
 
 
 — -J 
 
 
 sd 
 
 — - • 
 
 J 
 
 
 ~' ~ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 J 
 
 
 h d d 
 
 < 
 
 el 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 »Mfl 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 z 
 
 . 
 
 * o __■ 
 
 
 ~~ 
 
 x'~"~ 
 
 
 |4 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 Oolumi 
 
 „ 
 
 ■ XJ 
 
 ■ |j 
 
 d 
 .S 
 
 X 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 dS 
 
 e B 
 
 * 3 
 
 d 
 
 
 f 
 | 
 
 5 3 
 
 - > 
 B X 
 
 £ 
 
 d 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 - a 
 
 5 = 
 £ x 
 -_ £ 
 
 c 
 "5 
 
 -3 
 § 
 
 i 
 
 x" 
 
 » 
 
 - 
 
 — — 
 - - 
 
 X 
 I 
 
 11 
 
 s J 
 
 M 
 
 - 33 
 
 I 
 
 * 
 
 i « 
 
 g 
 
 U X 
 
 I j 
 
 3 
 
 - 
 
 < | 
 
 - M 
 
 5 
 
 x i 
 
 8 J 
 
 - ■ 
 
 — 
 
 "; S 
 
 c 
 
 Sj 
 
 1 
 
 — - 
 
 ■ - 
 
 — -_ 
 
 ■a a 
 
 — ^ 
 
 x s 
 
 - 
 
 B 
 
 i2 
 
 | s 
 
 - 
 
 _ _ 
 ~ "x 
 
 g _ = 
 
 5 — 
 
 - - — 
 
 * Hi 
 
 D 
 
 = 
 
 > 
 1 
 
 s 
 
 s 
 
 H 
 
 D 
 
 x B 
 
 £^ . 
 
 5|1 
 
 - go 
 
 ■ « X 
 
 r: • j 
 
 E - a 
 
 X 
 
 2 
 
 E ._ 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 8 i 
 
 x .s B 
 
 X 
 ;; 
 
 = 
 
 
 - 
 
 < 
 
 - - 
 
 "5 
 — 
 a 
 
 1 ■ 
 
 2 ■*! 
 — i 
 s 5 
 
 r — *2 8 
 
 sill 
 
 5 - g 
 s a 
 
 - 
 
 z 
 
 < 
 
 x" 
 
 - - 
 
 — - 
 
 Is 
 
 •- a 
 
 •_ = 
 
 : _ 
 M - 
 
 1 
 
 = 
 -. - 
 
 o »3 1 
 
 - x "x -3 
 
 = - = - 5 
 
 - 
 
 • X 
 
 -- 
 ■ ^ 
 
 It 
 
 - § s a 
 
 file 
 
 '-3 
 : : 
 
 ^ 2 i rf 
 
 iill 
 
 E 
 
 * 
 
 2 71 
 
 -3 J= 
 
 o 2 
 3%j ■ 
 
 jiij 
 
 U • 
 
 ■ 
 
 l|t| 
 
 s a § 1 
 
 P 
 
 = 
 
 C 
 
 c 
 
 ! 
 
 i 
 
 c 
 
 2 ■ 
 E t 
 
 ■^ = 
 
 :- 3 
 
 ■ — 
 
 i 1 
 
 ■ - 
 
 5 
 
 s : 1 
 
 •- ^ - 
 
 ST* 
 
 - - = 
 
 : B : 
 
 5 j- g 
 
 ||| 
 
 = i 
 
 E .= > S - r 
 ^ - - fa - 
 
 GOO d 
 
 — r . 
 
 a q 
 
 si 
 
 p — 
 •- ■ 
 
 - i 
 
 ^ ■ 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 4 Z ofi 
 
 litis 
 
 - S H 2 
 
 g S - o 
 
 z .- - " 
 
 . 38 
 
 | -• •_ K 
 
 A 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 z 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 c 
 
 
 p 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 a** p 
 
 67 
 
V. (pp. 37-43). 
 
 
 Square. 
 
 Line. 
 
 Column. 
 
 R. F. 
 R. 
 F. 
 
 L. F. 
 R. C. 
 F. C t 
 
 R. Rr. 
 L. C. 
 Rr. C. 
 
 L.Rr. 
 L. 
 Rt. 
 
 Square 
 to 
 
 Line. 
 
 Right Into. 
 Right Form. 
 Into. 
 
 H. 
 R. 
 H. 
 
 H. 
 R. 
 H. 
 
 R. F. 
 
 R. 
 R. F. 
 
 R. 
 
 F. 
 
 L. F. 
 
 Line 
 
 to 
 
 Square. 
 
 Right Into. 
 Right Form. 
 Form. 
 
 R. F. 
 H. 
 L. 
 
 R, F. 
 
 R. F. 
 
 F. 
 
 H. 
 
 R. F. 
 
 F. 
 
 H. 
 R. 
 R. 
 
 Sq. to 
 Column. 
 
 Right Into. 
 Right Form. 
 
 H. 
 F. 
 
 R. F. 
 R. F. 
 
 H. 
 H. 
 
 F. 
 R. F. 
 
 Col. to 
 Square. 
 
 Right Into. 
 Right Form. 
 
 H. 
 H. 
 
 H. 
 R. F. 
 
 R. F. 
 
 R. F. 
 
 R. F. 
 F. 
 
 Line 
 
 to 
 
 Column. 
 
 Right Into. 
 Right Form. 
 OnR. C. R. Into. 
 
 H. 
 
 F. 
 
 R. F. 
 
 R. F. 
 R. 
 H. 
 
 R. F. 
 
 R. 
 R. F. 
 
 R. F. 
 R. 
 
 L.Rr. 
 
 Column 
 
 to 
 
 Line. 
 
 Right Into. 
 Right Form. 
 On F. C. R. Into. 
 
 H. 
 
 R. 
 L. Rr. 
 
 R. F. 
 F. 
 H. 
 
 R. F. 
 
 F. 
 R. F. 
 
 R. F. 
 
 F. 
 R. F. 
 
 IV. (pp. 29-33). 
 
 Right Turn— Halt 
 
 About Face Left Turn . . . 
 
 Right Turn— March 
 
 Change Front to Right . . . 
 
 R. F. 
 
 R. F. 
 
 L. F. 
 
 L. F. 
 
 L. F. 
 
 L. 
 
 R. F. 
 
 R. F. 
 
 F. 
 
 R.R. 
 
 R. 
 
 L. 
 
 F. 
 L. 
 F. 
 F. 
 
1 
 
 03 
 
 o 
 
 so 
 
 & 
 
 d 
 
 c 
 
 *>* Q3 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 go 
 
 
 * £ 
 
 5 o 
 
 d 
 
 d g 
 
 *& 
 
 •? * 
 
 c 
 3 
 
 3 o J 
 ft * 
 
 nc ffi > _e 
 
 'I 
 
 
 g-S * * * 
 M 
 
 _, _ fd d 
 .2 O K a) rrt H rfl 
 
 "1-i • t 
 
 ^ ° o -d "go 
 
 O O O 5 ° n = l 
 
 g S -d -° 
 
 ffllfh 
 
 Sll-S-Sllei 
 
 g = E= S°-g S 
 
 II III 1.11 
 
 o d S oo do c « 
 
 I: IT- §3.8 -3 3 
 
 "■"« on a'd' 55 f4*3 
 
 * d 
 
 a 
 
 
 o id 
 
 8 H 
 
 « >>C3 ( 
 
 d o b H u 5 -d .5 
 
 EH « H « ^ G 
 55 O g O © a 
 
 8 » d ™ « 
 
 d dg^ 
 
 3 t>£Stf 
 
 .1 
 
 I chfef 
 
 o d 
 
 d ~ 
 
 «3o 
 
 -u>o 
 
 ooo 
 
 Ot-I 
 
 E 
 
 
 ■eg. 
 
 >>05 
 
 •° .. 
 
 o >» 
 
 rQ ,5 
 
 r. C 
 
 S ° 
 
 O 
 
 • s-i 
 
 « cJ 
 
 « a 
 
 §i! 
 
 O o 
 
 g'S 
 
 A >> 
 
 o-° 
 
 s-s 
 
 fc 03 
 
 «S 
 
 H 
 
 o . 
 
 % tf 
 
 <« W 
 
 H Q 
 
 a« 
 
 po 
 
 
 r^S 
 
 Phq 
 
 
 H 
 
 Q 
 55 
 P 
 
 
 C o3 
 
 c* cx 
 
 g* 
 
 70 
 
9 
 
 I 
 
 a 
 
 a d 
 
 "3 'O 
 
 eo cr 
 
 . £> 
 
 ft o 
 
 ft 
 
 ho "8 
 
 S 3 
 
 £> 25 
 
 a g £ a 3 
 
 t) a S a "o 
 
 ,§25 a '-3 
 
 s 
 
 <D 
 
 ft 
 
 g g 5 a* 4 
 w g-5 o g g a « 
 
 a s 5 -2 « 2? „r 
 
 O rt O — &>& -+ 
 «S C o > ,. g 
 
 Safajlg 
 
 h— a d P Z 3 
 
 .C«° ,«H Q 
 
 2 2J £ a < 55 55 
 
 H bT S af 55 a bo 
 
 h *S a .2 * * fl 
 
 
 ft 
 ft 
 
 U 
 
 & 
 8 
 
 a 
 
 03 
 
 s 
 
 ■3 
 
 a 
 
 i 
 
 o 
 
 "2 . 
 
 55 B 
 * 5 
 
 a a* 
 
 fil 
 
 g 00 
 
 
 S'-o 
 
 •S a" 
 a o 
 
 ^2 
 £ a a 
 
 C o3 m 
 
 ill |! 
 
 e3 ^ £ c 
 
 --BOW 
 
 3 ? 
 
 is ^ 
 
 a -g 
 
 a.2 g 
 
 52 
 
 a 2 
 
 o a 
 
 ;'a «3 
 : am 
 
 •S-.S ^ ® > 
 
 _ O bfl o _ 
 
 &S-B 
 
 oxi 
 
 S n O O X2 
 125*8 
 
 ^2 2 2^o-2 
 
 • £>> -M^ 4J.B © 
 
 alplill 
 
 a l^S>»oo 
 a " g • rt Cr a> o 
 I4J ih c cc g Jd xi 
 ! B O M O > - ■*» 4a 
 
 o 2 * 
 S ^ a 
 
 fe B M 
 
 2 S S .5 -S 3 
 
 Sills?! 
 
 a g s g a, a 
 
 -5— eg'C > o 
 
 ° ^ bp § S "^ 
 
 a" a" .5 - ± «T 
 
 S.S.'gS 8-9 
 
 §&gagj 
 
 §§^|° 
 a a^3 43 „ rt 
 
 o o a a o 
 HHOPH 
 
 T-trliN^SO 
 
 71 
 

 72 
 

 Pi 
 Pj 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 - 
 
 s 
 
 ho 
 
 a 
 
 ■a 
 
 s 
 
 > 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 © 
 
 
 
 C* 
 
 
 "3 
 
 O O ^ T T ^ 
 
 © 
 
 © 
 
 © 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 cs 
 
 ^ p 
 
 1, 
 
 oott 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 « 
 
 clX© 
 
 © 
 
 © 
 
 © 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 n m © © 
 
 © 
 
 <D 
 
 © 
 
 & 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 £ 
 o 
 
 * t> 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 S^©©©8 
 
 s 
 
 © 
 
 © 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 5: 
 
 
 c 
 
 ©© 
 
 
 © 
 
 © 
 
 © 
 
 55 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 © 
 
 5 & 
 
 
 ». 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 s^ 
 
 
 CO 
 <7* 
 
 © 
 
 © 
 
 5 
 
 fc> 01= 
 
 P 
 
 X 
 
 ££fa£fafa ca fa £ 
 
 d fa fa 5 fa fa 
 
 tfp3«P5P4^ 
 
 a * a 
 fa £ fa 
 
 ►4 tf »j 
 
 PP fl 
 
 X^o © © ^ 
 
 t3 
 
 © 
 
 © 
 
 d tf fa fa fa « 
 
 « 
 
 fa 
 
 fa 
 
 d fa fa fa fa i . 
 
 d « rt J tf - 
 
 a » a 
 
 fa S S 
 
 i4 « P3 
 
 fa fa 5 5 d d 
 
 a a a 
 
 fa fa" fa 
 g P3 « 
 
 P & 
 
 fa tf 
 
 73 
 
 I 
 
 •a 
 
 11 
 
 if g s' 
 
 axa S fai- 
 
 3 - 
 
 H 
 
 a 
 2 . 
 
 ft 
 
 -Si 
 
 SO 
 
 as 
 
 3 o 
 
 9 
 
 s 
 
 M 
 
 So c S 
 X © © 
 
 1 E * fl 
 
 •fl 5 > 8 
 *£ g£ 
 
 15 1 -a 
 
 SSaa 
 
 - - x - 
 •sill 
 
 oi da 
 
 «t-1 fl © 
 
 .2 a & 
 
 .fl O fl 
 
 1 
 . HO 
 
 
 ea 
 
 33 
 
PART II. FORMS. 
 
 SCHOOL OF THE SECTION. 
 
 ORGANIZATION, ETC. 
 
 A Section consists of one sergeant, two 
 corporals, and from 10 to 24 privates. 
 
 It is divided into two squads commanded 
 by the corporals, who are also the guides of 
 the section. 
 
 The private highest in rank in each set 
 of four is the chief of the set of four. 
 
 In Squake the first squad is on the right, 
 etc.; the first four is right and front, the 
 second four left and front, etc.; number one 
 of each set of fours is right and front, three 
 right and rear, etc. 
 
 75 
 
C. 4 3 
 
 8 7 
 
 2 1 C. 
 6 5 
 
 2 1 
 6 5 
 
 9 
 4 3 
 
 9 
 
 8 7 
 
 3 
 
 2 1 
 
 FALL IN. 
 
 S. 
 
 C. 8, 2, 
 20,14 
 
 7, 1, C. 
 19,13 
 
 10,4 
 22,16 
 
 9,3 
 21,15 
 
 12,6 
 18 
 
 11,5 
 23,17 
 
 II Squad. 
 
 I 'Squad. 
 
 II 2I 
 •43 
 
 21 I 
 
 43 L 
 
 *\l 
 
 21 III 
 4 3 11J 
 
 ™*l 
 
 2i v 
 
 4 3 V 
 
 NOS. OF SQUADS &C 
 
 C.3 2 
 
 4 
 
 3 1 C. 
 
 2 1 
 4 
 
 3 2 
 4 
 
 4 2 
 
 2 1 
 4 3 
 
 RALLY BY SECTION. 
 
 S. RALLY 'IN SQUARE. 
 
 C.12,6 10,4 8,2 7,1 9,3 J1.5C. 
 18, .22,16 20,14 19,13 21,15 23,17 
 
 S. ASSEMBLE IN LINE. 
 S. 
 
 C. 4, 2 2, 1 3, 2 3, 1 3, .2 2, 1 C 
 
 4. i 4 4,3 
 
 5. RALLY" IN LTNE. 
 
EERATA. 
 Plate, Page 76. 
 
 For S. RALLY IN SQUARE read S. ASSEMBLE IN SQUARE. 
 For RALLY BY SECTION read S. RALLY IN SQUARE. 
 
SECTION. 
 
 THE ASSEMBLY, ETC. 
 
 The section is assembled for roll call as 
 follows : The sergeant goes to a point 46 
 inches in front of that where he wishes the 
 centre of the front rank to rest, and com- 
 mands : 
 
 S. Fall In. 
 
 The senior corporal takes his place where 
 the right of the section is to rest, and faces 
 to the front. The junior corporal on the 
 prolongation of the front of the section, a 
 little beyond the left flank. The men take 
 their places in succession on this line, form- 
 ing on the left of the senior corporal, the 
 first two lightly touching elbows, the third 
 46 inches from the second, the fourth touch- 
 ing the elbow of the third. The junior cor- 
 poral now takes his place on the left of the 
 rank so formed, and then a second rank of 
 four privates falls in behind the first at a 
 distance of 23 inches from it, a third rank 
 46 inches behind the second, a fourth 23 
 inches behind the third, and a fifth 46 inches 
 behind the fourth, etc. 
 77 
 
SECTION ASSEMBLED. 
 
 a 
 
 c.2 1 21 a 
 
 t ^ ^-| ^4, >>. 
 
 4 3 4 3 
 
 I 1 1 1 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 12 1 
 
 £ 1 1 1 t 
 
 
 
 4 3.43 
 
 
 
 
 1 1 1 1 
 
 212 1 
 3 43 
 
 CLC^E UP-. 
 
 -rrrr 
 rm 
 
 -in 
 
 RIGHT DRESS, 
 
 RIQKT F.'ACE, 
 
 ZZj 
 
 i ' » » i J 
 
 INTO RANKS. 
 
 1-1 \-i \ 
 
 FORM SQUARE. 
 
 RIGJHTDRESS. 
 
SECTION. 
 THE ASSEMBLY, ETC. 
 
 For parade the men may be disposed with 
 regard to their height. 
 
 The chief of section then calls the roll, the 
 chiefs of squad face toward their squads, 
 and observe the disposition of the men 
 as they answer to their names. After call- 
 ing the roll, the chief of section inspects 
 the section, and makes such changes in the 
 disposition as may be required. If the men 
 are recruits, the chiefs of the squads point 
 out the first four, second four, etc., and see 
 that the men understand where they belong. 
 The designations of the fours are retained 
 until another assembly or rally. 
 
 The section haying assembled, either for 
 roll-call or combat, the sergeant commands : 
 
 Close Up. 
 
 The first set of four takes a short side step 
 to the left, and the others close upon them 
 so as to leave a distance of 23 inches be- 
 tween the ranks and files. 
 
 79 
 
SECTION. 
 THE ASSEMBLY, ETC. 
 
 To Assemble for Action, the sergeant 
 cautions the men to fall in according to 
 their rank. 
 
 The section is assembled in the forma- 
 tion above described, but the privates fall 
 in as follows : The highest in rank take 
 their places as the right front men in the 
 first, second, etc., sets of four ; the next, 
 as left front men, etc. 
 
 After the men have thus been assigned to 
 places in the section, to reassemble in the 
 same order the sergeant places the corporals 
 to fix the front of the section, and com- 
 mands : 
 
 S. Assemble in Square, March. 
 
 The men take their places as above ex- 
 plained. If a private is absent his place is 
 taken by the next in rank in his set of four. 
 
 S. Assemble in Line, March. 
 
 The section is assembled in the same 
 manner, excepting that the third and fifth 
 fours are assembled on the right of the first 
 and the fourth and sixth on the left. 
 80 
 
SECTION. 
 
 THE RALLY. 
 
 S. Rally by Squad. 
 
 The men all run to the corporal. The first 
 who arrives takes his place in front of the 
 corporal 46 inches from him, and facing 
 him ; the next on the left of the first, the 
 next behind the first, etc., forming two files 
 as in falling in for roll call, and without 
 regard to rank or previous position in the 
 section. Each man, however, carefully ob- 
 serves his place in the squad which deter- 
 mines the four to which he is to belong. 
 
 S. Rally by Section. 
 
 If the squads are rallied each corporal 
 runs with his squad to the sergeant, and the 
 section is formed in square facing him. 
 The corporals take their places as guides. 
 If the squads are not rallied the men run 
 directly to the sergeant and form as for roll 
 call. 
 
 81 
 
SECTION. 
 
 THE RALLY. 
 
 * S. Rally in Square. 
 
 The men in each four form on the chief 
 of fours, who runs to the sergeant. The 
 first four that arrives takes its place in front 
 of the sergeant to form the right of the sec- 
 tion. The next four forms on the left of 
 the first, the next behind the first, etc. 
 
 * S. Rally in Line. 
 
 The fours are conducted to the sergeant 
 as above. The first that arrives forms in 
 front of the sergeant, and each of the others 
 on the nearest flank. 
 
 The section may also be rallied on any 
 designated four or squad, or on a guide who 
 may be sent forward to select a new posi- 
 tion. 
 
SECTION. 
 
 Square in Close Order. 
 S. Right Dress. 
 
 The sergeant goes to the right of the front 
 rank, and corrects the positions of the guides 
 if necessary. 
 
 The front rank men of the front fours, 
 and the left front men of the rear fours, turn 
 their heads and eyes to the right. The right 
 guide cautions the front men of the right front 
 four to move up or back till they are on a line 
 with himself and the left guide. The other 
 men in the front rank place themselves on 
 this line, and each touches gently the elbow 
 of the man on his right. Each rear rank 
 man places himself 23 inches behind the 
 front rank man, and in each set of fours the 
 left front man places himself abreast of the 
 right front man, gently touching his elbow. 
 The right front man of the right rear four 
 places himself 23 inches behind the right 
 rear man of the four in front of him. The 
 right front man of the left rear four places 
 himself behind the right rear man in front 
 and abreast of the front rank of the right 
 
SECTION. 
 
 rear four. When the chief of section sees 
 that his section is aligned, he commands : 
 
 Front. 
 
 The men turn their heads and eyes to the 
 front. The section is now in squake in 
 close order, Whether on the march or 
 at halt the men are responsible for their 
 alignment, but do not turn their heads with- 
 out command, excepting as indicated here- 
 after. 
 
 84 
 
SECTION. 
 
 Square in Close Order. 
 
 S. Right Face. 
 
 S. About Face. 
 
 S. Right Half Face. 
 
 Each man turns on his own ground in 
 the direction indicated. 
 
 Forward, March. — Or, Quick Time, March. 
 
 The step is 30 inches. The rate is 120 to 
 a minute. 
 
 Forward, Double Time, March. 
 
 The step is 36 inches. The rate is 180 to 
 a minute. 
 
 Forward, Half Step, March. 
 Backward, March. 
 
 The step is 15 inches. The rate is 120 
 to a minute. 
 
 Route Step, March. 
 
 The step is from 28 to 30 inches. There 
 is no regular cadence, and the rate depends 
 upon the nature of the ground, the condi- 
 tion of the men, etc. 
 
 85 
 
I I I I I I I I I I 
 MARCH. 
 
 FOURS LEFT.. 
 
 ID 
 
 FOURS RIGHT. 
 
 : n 
 i b 
 
 ROUTE STEP. 
 
 II 
 I 
 BY RIGHT FLANK. 
 
 wr 
 
 1 — 1 1 V//A 
 
 
 i i i i i 
 
 
 1 1! — 1 \— \ 
 
 
 1 1 i 1 1 
 
 V- 1 1-4 
 HALT. 
 
 t T 
 
 i — i ' — vm 
 
 
 1 1 1 1 1 
 
 
 1 HH l—J 
 
 
 1 1 1 1 1 
 
 BY RIGHT FLANK, 
 
SECTION. 
 
 Square in Close Order. 
 
 S. Forward, Guide Right. 
 The right guide faces square to the front 
 and takes a point of direction as indicated 
 to him by the chief of section. 
 
 March. 
 
 All step out. The left guide keeps abreast 
 of the right guide. The guides keep the 
 front rank on the line. The men in ranks 
 keep their eyes to the front and preserve 
 their relative positions on the same prin- 
 ciple as when at a halt, excepting that the 
 right front man of each of the rear fours 
 takes a distance of 46 inches from the rear 
 rank of the four in front as in the assembly. 
 
 S. Halt. 
 All halt. The men dress to the right, and 
 then turn their eyes to the front without 
 command. The rear fours close up to 
 23 inches in dressing. 
 
 Route Step, March. 
 Double Time, March. 
 A distance of 46 inches is left between the 
 ranks. 
 
 87 
 
SECTION. 
 
 Square in Close Order. 
 S. Right Face, Forward. 
 
 Each guide goes to the left of the new front 
 rank of his squad. The guide is left, and 
 each man conforms to what was required 
 of the man in a corresponding position in 
 marching to the front. 
 
 Whenever the section marches by the 
 flank the rear squad falls back to 46 inches 
 and when the section halts it closes up. 
 
 If the command is, 
 
 Forward, Guide Left, or Right, f 
 
 the guides shift to the right and left of the 
 new front rank. 
 
 * If the section is faced again to the right, 
 the guides go to the rear rank of their own 
 squads. 
 
 *If a section faced to the rear is again 
 faced to the right, left, or front, the guides 
 return to their places in the front rank un- 
 less the guide is named, in which case the 
 guides go to the new front. 
 
 f In obliquing it is not necessary to indicate the 
 guide, nor after facing half right or left, nor in 
 turning nor changing direction. 
 88 
 
SECTION. 
 
 Square in Close Order. 
 
 S. About Face, or R. or L. Rear Face. 
 Forward, cr Guide Left, or Right. 
 
 The guides go to the rear, and the right 
 guide becomes the left. All dress upon 
 the rear rank, now become the front rank. 
 
 If the rear rank is not complete, the va- 
 cant places are filled from the next rank. 
 
 S. Right Half Face, Forward March. 
 
 The right guide marches in the new di- 
 rection, each front rank man keeps to the 
 left and rear of the man originally on his 
 right, and each rear rank man keeps to the 
 right and rear of the man originally in his 
 front. All regulate their positions as in 
 marching to the front. 
 
 J D 
 
 On the ^Iarch. 
 
 To the Rear, March. 
 
 By the Right Flank, March. 
 
 Right Oblique, March. 
 
 Correspond to About Face, etc. Right 
 Face, etc., and Bight Half Face, etc. 
 89 
 
D 
 
 MM ! <x<v 
 
 RIGHT TURN ('AT A HALT) 
 
 in 
 
 I I I I J 
 
 FTT 
 
 -j-3 b i :g;h t turn cmarc h i n g ) 
 
 1 l I I l l i l \ 
 
 R I G HTT TU.R N ( MARCH IN G j 
 
SECTION. 
 
 Square in Close Order. 
 At a Halt. 
 S. Right Turn. 
 The right guide faces right. 
 
 March. 
 
 The right man of the right four takes a 
 short step forward, turns to the right and 
 places himself on the left of the corporal, 
 and the others of his four form upon him. 
 
 The left four advances 69 inches, when the 
 right man turns to the right and takes a 
 half-step until the others come up, and then 
 retakes the full step and forms on the left 
 of the right four. 
 
 The left rear fours advance and turn in 
 the same manner. 
 
 Each right rear four obliques and advances 
 until the right man is in his place, and then 
 turns into its new position. 
 
 On the March 
 
 The section turns in precisely the same 
 manner, excepting that no movement is made 
 91 
 
SECTION. 
 
 until the command of execution, when the 
 right guide turns to the right, marks time, 
 and as soon as the right man has come up on 
 his left he marches at half-step in the new 
 direction. 
 
 The rear fours follow their front fours 
 as closely as possible and turn on the same 
 ground, the right man taking half-step un- 
 til his four has turned. 
 
 When the movement is completed, the 
 chief of section commands : 
 
 Forward, March. 
 
 All take a full step. 
 
 At a Halt. 
 S. Right Turn, Forward. 
 
 Same as on the march. 
 
 For a change of direction greater or less 
 than a right angle, the command would be, 
 Right half tukn, Eight about turn, etc. 
 
 92 
 
SECTION. 
 
 Two Ranks and Single Rank, 
 Two Files and Single File in Close Order. 
 
 S. Right Dress. 
 
 The alignment is conducted on the same 
 principle as for the front fours or flank fours 
 of the square. 
 
 S. Right Face, etc. 
 
 All face to the right, etc. 
 
 S. Forward, March, etc. 
 
 All the facings and marches are conducted 
 on the same principles as in square. 
 
 When a section in line marches by the 
 flank, the guides do not change unless the 
 guide is named ; in this case they go to the 
 directing flank of the new front rank of 
 their respective squads. 
 
 When a section in column marches by 
 the flank, the guides go to their places in 
 line on the flanks of the new front rank of 
 their respective squads. 
 
 93 
 
SECTION. 
 
 Two Banks and Single Kane, Two Files 
 and Single File, in Close Okdek. 
 
 A section in column of two files or single 
 file marches to the front by the same prin- 
 ciples as if in square. The column is open- 
 ed out without special command, so as to 
 leave marching distance between the forms. 
 A section in column in close order may 
 march a few steps at a time, without doub- 
 ling the files or opening out on being cau- 
 tioned not to open. 
 
 S. Right Turn March. 
 
 A section in line turns like the front fours 
 of a square, in column like the flank fours. 
 
 94 
 
SECTION. 
 
 Squaee in Close Order. 
 S. Into Ranks. 
 
 The guides take their new places on the 
 prolongation of the front rank, alio wing- 
 space for the rear fours to come up on the 
 flanks. 
 
 Tlie front fours face to the front. 
 
 The right rear four faces right. 
 
 The left rear four faces left. 
 
 March. 
 
 The rear fours march by the flank and then 
 to the front and take their new places be- 
 tween the corporals and the front fours, each 
 four immediately outside that which was in 
 front of it in square. As soon as they arrive 
 on the line all turn their heads and eyes to 
 the right, and dress to the right. The chief 
 of section commands : 
 
 Front, 
 
 when his section is satisfactorily aligned. 
 
 If there are two men in a set of fours, 
 the left man goes to the rear rank ; if there 
 are three men, the rear man covers the man 
 nearest the centre of the section. 
 95 
 
SECTION. 
 
 Line of Fours in Close Order. 
 S. Form Square. 
 
 The guides mark the flank of the new- 
 front at quarter section distance in front of 
 the present one. 
 
 The front fours face to the front. 
 
 The others face inward, 
 
 March. 
 
 The fours all step out and take their posi- 
 tions in square, the front four forming on 
 the guides. 
 
 All dress to the right. 
 
 The chief of section commands, Front. 
 
 96 
 
SECTION. 
 
 Square in Close Ordee. 
 Right, by Squads. 
 
 The chief of the right squad cautions it to 
 move forward. 
 
 The chief of the left squad cautions it to 
 follow the first squad. 
 
 March. 
 
 The left squad marks time until the right 
 has passed and then follows it. 
 
 The corporals conduct their squads, 
 going to the front or directing flank, accord- 
 ing to the width of the road or defile. 
 
 If the Section is marching by the Flank, 
 it diminishes front by the same command, 
 and the men are disposed in precisely the 
 same order as explained above. 
 
 To diminish the front still more, the 
 chief of section commands : 
 
 Right, by Twos, March. 
 
 The corporals take their places in front of 
 the right file. In each four the left two fol- 
 lows the right, and all close up to 23 
 inches if practicable. 
 
 97 
 
SECTION. 
 
 Single File. 
 
 Fours Left into Square, March. 
 
 The front two mark time. 
 
 The rear two come up on the left. 
 
 The other fours close up to 46 inches, 
 and then form square in the same manner. 
 
 When the movement is completed the 
 chief of section commands : 
 
 Forward, March. 
 
 To form the section left into square : 
 
 Section Left into Square, March. 
 
 The front squad marks time. 
 
 The rear squad comes up on the left. 
 
 98 
 
en 
 
 
 CD 
 
 Ey ! ' — i 
 
 CX3 
 
 fe 
 
 B.Y S01IADS AND 
 BY TWOS. 
 
 -=m 
 
 r ■■— —x 
 
 fy"vi ;— j 
 
 [CD 
 
 
 en 
 a 
 
 CZ3 
 
 C3 
 
 a 
 
 Cn 
 
 en 
 
 a 
 
 en 
 
 en 
 a 
 
 FOURS AND SECTION 
 INTO SQUARE. 
 
SECTION. 
 
 Two Banks in Close Okder. 
 
 * S. Fours Right. 
 
 The corporals step out 46 inches in front 
 of the right of their squads. 
 The B. F. man faces to the right. 
 The L. F. man faces half right. 
 The B. Br. man faces to the right. 
 The L. Br. faces right-rear. 
 
 March. 
 
 All step out. The two that have faced to 
 the right march off in the new direction ; 
 the others come up on the flanks. 
 
 On the march no change is made until 
 the command of execution is given. 
 
 The files are now said to be doubled. 
 
 A Column is also formed from line by fac- 
 ing, and conversely, as explained above. 
 
 Forward, March. 
 
 A section in square marches by the flank only in 
 the manoeuvres. On the march the section always 
 turns. 
 
 100 
 
SECTION. 
 
 Marching by the Eight Flank with the Files 
 Doubled. 
 
 * S. Four Left (or Right). 
 
 The corporals go to the front and rear of 
 the left file. 
 
 The outer files fall back 23 inches. 
 
 March. 
 
 All face to the left (or right) and march in 
 the new direction. 
 
 If the section has been faced about after 
 doubling, the centre files fall back at the 
 preparatory command, instead of the flank 
 files. 
 
 To undouble files in marching, 
 
 * S. Fours form Square, March. 
 To double files, 
 
 * S. Fours into Rank, March. 
 
 N. B. — If a section is in single rank, to 
 march by the flank it forms double rank 
 at full distance. If in double rank in close 
 order, to march by the flank it doubles its 
 files if it has only a short distance to move. 
 Otherwise, it forms square and turns. 
 101 
 
SECTION. 
 
 At Full Distance. 
 
 Performs all the movements of one in 
 close order on precisely the same principles 
 and by the same commands and means. 
 
 Excepting that in dressing, those men who 
 dress to the right extend the right arm and 
 touch gently the shoulders of the men next 
 them instead of touching their elbows. 
 
 In marching, as the ranks are 46 inches 
 apart, it is not necessary for the rear fours 
 to fall back. 
 
 In marching by the flank the guides re- 
 tain their places, unless the guide is named 
 in the command. 
 
 In turning, the fours all make two half- 
 turns instead of advancing to make a full 
 turn behind their new positions. 
 
 For a turn of less than a right angle, each 
 four makes half the change of direction be- 
 fore advancing. 
 
 In forming into ranks the rear fours face 
 half right and half left, to go to their new 
 places. 
 
 102 
 
SECTION. 
 
 Line of Fouks at Double, etc., Distance. 
 S. Into Rank. 
 
 The rear-rank men in each four face half- 
 right and left. 
 
 March. 
 The rear-rank men come up to the front, 
 each dressing on the front rank of his own 
 four. 
 
 Single Rank at Full Distance. 
 To form it into two ranks the chief com- 
 mands : 
 
 S. Fours Form Square. 
 The centre men face to the front. 
 The flank men face to the centre. 
 
 March. 
 
 The right front man steps 46 inches to 
 the front ; the others form on him at full 
 distance in their proper order. 
 
 To form a line of fours, in open order, or 
 to bring the section or squad front into line 
 of fours, at any distance, the chief of section 
 indicates to the chief of each of the rear fours 
 that he is to come up on the right or left of 
 such a four and at such a distance from it. 
 103 
 
D 
 
 D 
 
 n 
 c 
 c 
 
 D 
 
 D 
 D 
 D 
 
 
 
 D 
 D 
 
 
 Q. 
 E 
 D 
 D 
 D 
 ID 
 
 G 
 
 
 D 
 
 D 
 
 C 
 
 D 
 
 D 
 
 D 
 
 D 
 
 D 
 
 C 
 
 D 
 
 C 
 
 □ 
 
 D 
 
 D 
 
 C 
 
 D 
 
 
 
 D 
 
 c 
 
 D 
 
 c 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 n 
 
 a 
 
 n 
 
 □ 
 
 n 
 
 a 
 
 □ 
 
 a 
 
 □ 
 
 □ 
 
 a 
 
 n 
 
 □ 
 
 a 
 
 □ 
 
 p 
 
 a 
 
 □ 
 
 a 
 
 □ 
 
 a 
 
 
SECTION. 
 
 Square nr Close Order. 
 
 S. Full Distance. 
 
 Guides place themselves quarter section 
 distance in front of their present positions 
 and half section front apart, to mark the 
 new front of the section. 
 
 The men face toward their new positions 
 as follows : Those of the right front four 
 slightly to the right, those of the right rear 
 four well to the right, etc. 
 
 March. 
 
 The men step out and take their new 
 positions in the same order as before the 
 movement with reference to each other and 
 to the guide ; but at distances of 46 inches 
 instead of 23. 
 
 105 
 
SECTION. 
 
 Square at Full Distance. 
 
 S. Close Order. 
 
 The square is formed on the present front 
 rank ; each guide goes to a point 23 inches 
 in front of his new position ; the men face 
 inward each to his new position. 
 
 March. 
 
 All step out, take their new places, and 
 face to the front, aligning themselves on the 
 right guide as before. 
 
 Line in Two Banks in Close Order. 
 
 S. Full Distance. 
 
 The same as in square, excepting that the 
 guides are section distance, less 46 inches, 
 apart, and 23 inches in front of the old line. 
 
 March. 
 
 The same as in square. 
 
 S. Close Order March. 
 
 The same as in square. 
 106 
 
□ H n B ^ ^c 
 
 D □ D D 
 
 en □ □ a 
 □ □ □ □ 
 
 MARCH. 
 
 1 " l I "i 1 
 MARCH. 
 
 DDOD 
 
 
 
 □ a o g 
 
 FULL DISTANCE. 
 
 
 
 CLOSE ORDER. 
 
 H§T Q B □ B 
 
 □ 
 
 5 
 
 □ b ^ 
 
 CD □ O 1=3 
 
 □ 
 
 a 
 
 =3 □ 
 
 MARCH. 
 
 
 
 FULL DISTANCE. 
 
SECTION. 
 
 Line of Two Banks in Close Order. 
 
 S. Rear Open Order. 
 
 The guides face about, pace off 2J yards, 
 and face to the front. 
 
 March. 
 
 The rear rank falls back, taking the back- 
 ward step and guiding to the right in 
 marching, and dresses on the new positions 
 of the guides. The front rank also dresses 
 to the right ; the chief of section dresses 
 the front rank and the right guide the 
 rear rank. 
 
 S. Close Order. 
 
 The guides return to their places, 
 
 March. 
 
 The rear rank closes up. 
 
 108 
 
SECTION. 
 
 Square at Full Distance. 
 S. (to double, etc. , distance) Open Square. 
 The corporals step five yards to the front. 
 The rear fours face right and left. 
 
 March. 
 
 The front four in each squad places itself 
 2i yards behind the corporal, so that the 
 right two will be directly behind him. The 
 rear four places itself double distance be- 
 hind the front four. 
 
 * S. Front (or Rear) Fours Front, March. 
 
 The designated fours open out to the 
 front as indicated for the front fours in 
 opening square. The other fours remain 
 united. 
 
 If the command is 200, etc., yards to the 
 front, the fours open double distance and 
 advance as far as specified. 
 
 * S. By Squads (to double distance), Open Line. 
 
 The corporals take their places 2£ yards 
 in front of the front rank, and section dis- 
 tance apart. 
 
 The right squad faces right, the left squad 
 left. 
 
 109 
 
SECTION. 
 
 March. 
 
 All step out. Each squad halts when its 
 right file is behind the corporal. The men 
 face to the front, and dress to the right in 
 each squad. 
 
 The square may be opened to the eight 
 by so indicating in the command. 
 
 In opening out to any other than double 
 distance, it is necessary to specify the dis- 
 tance in the command. 
 
 In Square at Double, etc., Distance. 
 S. To Full Distance Close Square. 
 
 The right front four faces left. 
 
 The left front four faces right. 
 
 The right rear fours face half left. 
 
 The left rear fours face half right. 
 
 The front fours close in to full distance. 
 The rear fours march to the front until they 
 come to their places. The corporals take 
 their places in square. 
 
 The square opened out by squad, or with 
 the front or rear fours to the front, is closed 
 by the same command and by similar means. 
 
 The square may be closed to the left by 
 so indicating in the command. 
 110 
 

 □ 
 
 H 
 
 B B 
 
 
 □ 
 
 □ 
 
 □ □ 
 
 1 □ b n b 
 
 
 
 
 en □ o a 
 
 
 
 
 □ b □ b 
 
 
 
 □ BOB 
 
 □ a □ tn 
 
 
 
 □ a a a 
 
 FRONT FOURS FRONT 
 
 
 
 MARCH. 
 
 a b 
 □ a 
 n b 
 
 a b 
 n b 
 
 CD □ 
 
 BY SQUAD OPEN LINES.PRCvM SQUARE. 
 
 n b n h 
 a a □ □ 
 
 D b p h 
 
 DDDD 
 
 MARCH. 
 
 didi q n n n 
 
 OODD DDDD 
 
 BY SQUAD OPEN LINE. 
 
SECTION. 
 
 Two Banks at Full Distance. 
 
 S. By Squads (to double, etc., distance) Open 
 
 Line. 
 
 March. 
 
 The same as from square, except that 
 
 the right front man of the centre four goes 
 
 behind the corporal. 
 
 If there are but two fours in the squad 
 the right front men are at equal distance to 
 the right and left of the corporal. 
 
 S. (to double distance) Open Line. 
 Same as above. 
 
 March. 
 The fours step out and take their new 
 places, the right front man of the centre four 
 2J yards behind the corporal, the chiefs of 
 the fours at the indicated distance apart. 
 
 Line of Squads at Double Distance. 
 Squads (to double distance) Open Line. 
 
 The fours of each squad separate as 
 above. 
 
 In exceptional cases the twos may be sep- 
 arated by like means. 
 
 112 
 
DM 
 
 □ =1 
 
 
 
 
 D 
 
 q n 
 
 
 
 
 
 D 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 C3 
 
 
 
 
 
 DP 
 
 
 
 
 
 □ 7] 
 
 
 
 
 D 
 
 PP 
 
 
 □ a 
 
 
 3 
 
 DP 
 
 
 DP 
 
 ■ 
 
 3 
 
 Dm 
 
 
 
 
 D 
 
 Da 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 -n 
 
 d 
 
 c 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 D 
 
 
 2 
 
 DP 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 Pi 
 CD 
 
 DP 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 D 
 
 
 
 D 
 
 
 CO 
 
 > 
 z 
 
 
 z 
 H 
 o 
 
 
 o oa 
 
 | DP 
 
 a 
 p 
 a 
 a 
 
 :n 
 an 
 pg 
 
 UP 
 
 DP 
 DP 
 CD 
 DP 
 DP 
 DP 
 
 n 
 
 :: 
 
 DP 
 I _1 
 
 DP 
 
 Z 3 
 
 DP 
 Z 3 
 
 OP 
 DP 
 
 D 
 □ 
 
 □ 
 D 
 
 DP 
 _3 
 
 p 
 
 D 
 P 
 
 DP 
 P 
 
SECTION. 
 
 Line of Fours or Squads at Double etc. 
 
 Distance. 
 
 S. (to full distance) Close Line. 
 
 The corporals close in, the men face in- 
 ward. 
 
 March. 
 
 All take their places as before opening 
 the line. The line may be opened or closed 
 to the right, etc. 
 
 Squads (to full distance) Close Line. 
 Executed in like manner. 
 
 Column of Fours at Full Distance. 
 S. (to double, etc., distance) Open Column. 
 
 The corporals on the flank of the front 
 rank of their squads advance section and 
 half section distance respectively. 
 
 March. 
 
 The front fours advance and dress on the 
 corporals, the rear fours place themselves 
 double distance behind the front fours, etc. 
 
 The column is closed by inverse means. 
 
 114 
 
SECTION. 
 
 Two Ranks at Full Distance. 
 
 To extend the line and gain ground to the 
 front. The sergeant marches the section 
 forward and then commands : 
 S. By Squads (to double, etc., distance) open line. 
 
 The corporals go 2£ yards in front of the 
 centres of their squads and caution them to 
 incline to the right and left respectively. 
 March. 
 
 The corporals make a third of a face out- 
 ward, and, followed by their squads, open out 
 to the proper distance and march to the front. 
 
 When two fours are opened out in front 
 the line is extended in the same manner. 
 
 To separate the fours the sergeant com- 
 mands : 
 
 Section cr Squads (to double, etc., distance) open 
 line. 
 
 The section or squads may open line on 
 the right or left squad or four, which marks 
 time when the line is opened out long 
 enough to enable the other squad or four 
 to come up. 
 
 The sections and squads are closed by in- 
 verse means. 
 
 115 
 
SECTION. 
 
 Two Ranks at Full Distance. 
 
 S. Single Rank. 
 
 The guides close in 23 inches, if necessary. 
 The right front man faces to the left, the 
 left front man to the right, the right rear 
 man half right, the left rear man half left. 
 
 March. 
 
 The front rank men close in, the rear 
 rank men come up, each on the flanks. 
 
 Single Rank. 
 
 S. Double Rank. 
 
 The guides go to the flanks of the new 
 rank, which is 46 inches in front of the pres- 
 ent rank. 
 
 The front rank men face one third right 
 and left. 
 
 The rear rank men face left and right. 
 
 March. 
 
 The front rank men take a step and half 
 to the front, opening out to 46 inches ; the 
 rear rank men take their places behind 
 them. 
 
 116 
 
= C=j : =1 
 
 □g an QE QD 
 
 SINGLE RANK, 
 
 n-BnsnsnB 
 
 □ □□EZSOLnaa 
 
 MARCH. 
 
 DOUBLE RANK. 
 
i : 
 
 i 
 
 H I 
 
 I 
 B I 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
SCHOOL OF THE COMPANY. 
 
 ORGANIZATION OF A COMPANY. 
 
 A company consists of one captain, one 
 first lieutenant, one second lieutenant, six 
 sergeants, eight corporals, and one hundred 
 privates. 
 
 A company is divided into four sections, 
 which are made as nearly equal as possible. 
 In the right companies of the battalion the 
 tallest men may be placed in the right sec- 
 tion, and in the left companies in the left 
 sections. The right sections constitute the 
 first platoon, the left the second platoon. 
 They are commanded by the first and sec- 
 ond lieutenants respectively. The first and 
 second sergeants are the right and left 
 guides of the company. The sections are 
 numbered from right to left, as follows : 3d, 
 1st, 2d, 4th. These numbers are not changed 
 in the manoeuvres, unless the company is re- 
 119 
 
COMPANY. 
 
 organized, but each retains its original des- 
 ignation. The third, fourth, fifth, and sixth 
 sergeants command the 1st, 2d, 3rd and 
 4th sections, respectively. For purposes of 
 manoeuvres the sections are divided into two 
 squads, of which the right is called the 1st, 
 and the left the 2d squad. The squads 
 retain their designations till the section is 
 reorganized. 
 
 The first, second, third, and fourth cor- 
 porals of the company are assigned to com- 
 mand of the first squads of the correspond- 
 ing sections ; and the fifth, sixth, seventh, 
 and eighth corporals to the second squads. 
 The first and fifth corporals are also the 
 right and left guides, respectively, of the 1st 
 section, the second and sixth of the 2d sec- 
 tion, etc. 
 
 120 
 
COMPANY. 
 
 POSTS OF OFFICERS, GUIDES, ETC., IN 
 THE ORDER OF ASSEMBLY. 
 
 The lieutenants 2 yards behind the cen- 
 tres of the rear rank of their platoons. 
 
 The chiefs of section 46 inches in front of 
 the centres of their sections. The right guide 
 three quarter section distance to the right of 
 the centre of the front rank of the right sec- 
 tion. The left guide in a corresponding 
 position on the left of the company. 
 
 Two (or four) privates from the company 
 are detailed as company markers. In the 
 assembly for roll-call the company markers 
 fall in 46 inches behind the rear rank, the 
 right markers behind the left guide of the 
 right section ; the left markers behind the 
 right guide of the left section. 
 
 "When a company is alone, or when all the 
 companies that are drawn up together exe- 
 cute the same manoeuvre simultaneously, 
 the markers conform to the movements of 
 the company, or they may be used instead 
 of the chiefs of section in denning new po- 
 sitions. 
 
 121 
 
COMPANY. 
 
 THE ASSEMBLY. 
 
 Unless specially instructed to the con-i 
 trary, the company is assembled at roll-calls 
 in line of section squares in close order, and 
 at deploying intervals from each other. The 
 company is therefore at full distance, but 
 occupies only half a company front. "When 
 the sections are deployed, the company 
 forms a line in close order in two ranks. 
 
 To assemble the company for roll-call, 
 the first sergeant commands : 
 
 Fall In. 
 
 The left guide takes his place on the left of 
 the right guide, who then goes with him to 
 the point where the right of the first section 
 square should rest, and faces to the left. 
 The left guide then paces off section dis- 
 tance, to mark the point where the right of 
 the second section should rest. He faces 
 about, and is established on the line by the 
 right guide. The chiefs of the first and sec- 
 ond sections march their sections by flank 
 to the line. The chiefs of section hasten 
 forward and place themselves next to the 
 122 
 
COMPANY. 
 
 guides, facing to the front of the company 
 and each with his left elbow touching the 
 breast or back of the guide. The guides 
 then face outward, pace off half section and 
 section distance respectively, and put them- 
 selves on the prolongation of the line. The 
 other sections are then established on the 
 line in the same manner. The sections are 
 dressed on the centre sections. The chiefs 
 of section command front when the sections 
 have dressed, and take their places in front 
 of the centres of their sections. 
 
 The first sergeant then steps to the front 
 of the company and receives the reports 
 from the chiefs of the sections, who then go 
 to their places. 
 
 123 
 
COMPANY. 
 
 C. Assemble in Square. 
 
 The captain places the right front marker 
 in position, and establishes the left front 
 marker on the line of the new front. The 
 rear markers take their positions from 
 them. 
 
 The guides then pace half section dis- 
 tance to the rear from the front markers. 
 
 The lieutenants place themselves on this 
 line of the guides. 
 
 The right guide paces half section dis- 
 tance along the line to fix the right of the 
 right front section, and the left guide paces 
 section distance from this point to fix the 
 right of the left front section. 
 
 The lieutenants go to the new places for 
 the rear sections. 
 
 The sections are assembled in square. 
 
 March, 
 
 Each section is conducted to its proper 
 place by its chief, who precedes it in time 
 to take his place where the right is to rest. 
 He halts his section and dresses it to the 
 right. 
 
 All take their proper places in square. 
 124 
 
COMPANY. 
 C. Assemble in Line. March. 
 
 The centre sections are first established 
 in the same manner as the front sections of 
 the square. 
 
 The right guide fixes the position of the 
 right section, and the left guide the right 
 of the left section, under supervision of the 
 lieutenants. All take their places in line. 
 In action the positions are determined with- 
 out pacing. 
 
 C. Rally by Company. 
 
 The captain, assisted by the guides, places 
 a marker wherever he wishes the right of a 
 section to form. Each man runs to the 
 nearest marker and falls in as for roll-call. 
 If more than three non-commissioned ofli- 
 cers rally at the same marker, the highest 
 sergeant and corporals in rank remain and 
 the others seek other sections. The lieu- 
 tenants, aided by the guides, superintend 
 the formation and equalize the sections if 
 necessary. The markers and guides go to 
 their places. 
 
 125 
 
COMPANY. 
 
 * C. Rally in Line. 
 
 The captain, assisted by the guides, places 
 markers to indicate where the right of the 
 sections is to rest. Each section is rallied 
 by its sergeant, if not already so, who runs 
 with it to the markers. The guides on their 
 respective flanks indicate to the chiefs as 
 they arrive where they are to establish their 
 sections. The lieutenants superintend the 
 formation. 
 
 *C. Rally in Square. 
 
 Same as above, excepting that the markers 
 are established in square. 
 
 A company may be rallied on any desig- 
 nated section, or on a guide who may be 
 sent forward to select a new position. 
 
 126 
 
COMPANY. 
 
 Square at Full Distance. 
 
 The captain establishes the front mark- 
 ers. 
 
 C. Right Dress. 
 
 The lieutenants go to the line of the 
 guides, and if necessary correct their posi- 
 tions. 
 
 The guides of the front sections and the 
 left guides of the rear sections turn their 
 heads and eyes to the right. 
 
 Each chief of section goes to the right 
 flank of his section and faces to the right. 
 The right guide cautions the chief of the 
 right front section to move up or back until 
 he is on a line with himself and the left 
 guide. 
 
 The left guide sees that the chief of the 
 left front section is on the line. 
 
 The chiefs of section take their proper 
 distances from the right. 
 
 When the lieutenants are satisfied with 
 the alignment of the front sections, they 
 correct the positions of the rear sections if 
 necessary, and then go to their places. 
 127 
 
nnnnqo 
 
 emgn DDt3 
 
 Dd.no 
 
 tlDDO 
 
 anno 
 
 ancin 
 
 anno 
 
 2 
 
 OJZU33 
 
 cod D*nra d 
 
 a nnaai 
 
 dd no 
 
 pano 
 
 noun 
 
 moan 
 
 naan 
 
 .nana 
 
 4- 
 
 3 
 
 COMPANY IN SQUARE OF SECTION* 
 SQUARES AT FULL DISTANCE. 
 
 COMPANY TN SQUARE OF SECTION. 
 SQUARES IN CLOSE ORD.ER. 
 
COMPANY. 
 
 Each chief of section dresses his section 
 as soon as the guide has corrected his posi- 
 tion. When satisfied with the alignment of 
 his section he goes to his proper place. 
 
 The captains and lieutenants supervise 
 the whole, and see that all the distances are 
 properly taken. 
 
 Front. 
 
 All turn heads and eyes to the front and 
 stand fast. 
 
 129 
 
COMPANY. 
 
 Squaee at Full Distance. 
 
 Company Forward, Guide Right. 
 
 The captain designates a point of direction 
 for the right front marker and establishes 
 the left marker on a line at right angles to 
 the line of march. 
 
 March. 
 
 All step out. The left front marker keeps 
 abreast of the right front marker. 
 
 The right guide keeps on the track of the 
 marker and at half-section distance from 
 him. The left guide keeps half-section dis- 
 tance behind the left marker and at half-sec- 
 tion distance to the left of the left section. 
 
 The right guide keeps the guides of the 
 right front section on the line between him- 
 self and the left guide. The left guide keeps 
 those of the left front section on the same 
 line. 
 
 The lieutenants see that the right guides 
 of the rear sections keep at the proper dis- 
 tance and follow in the track of those of the 
 front sections. 
 
 130 
 
 
COMPANY. 
 
 The captain and second lieutenant observe 
 that the left company maeker keeps half-com- 
 pany distance from the right marker, and 
 the captain and lieutenants also see that the 
 sergeants require each section guide to keep 
 the proper distance from the right guide or 
 from the section guide to his right. 
 
 131 
 
COMPANY. 
 
 Square at Full Distance. 
 
 C. Right Face. 
 
 The lieutenants and guides keep their 
 places. 
 
 Forward, March. 
 
 All step out, and each man regulates his 
 march upon the same man as if the column 
 were marching by the former front with the 
 guide to the right. 
 
 If the captain commands, 
 
 Guide Left; or Forward, Guide Left; or R. 
 Turn j or Sections R. Turn, 
 
 the guides shift to the new front and the 
 lieutenants to the new flanks. If the com- 
 pany is faced again to the right the lieuten- 
 ants and guides go to their own platoons. 
 
 If the sections are in close order, they ob- 
 serve what has been explained in the School 
 of the Section. 
 
 132 
 
COMPANY. 
 
 Square at Full Distance. 
 C. About Face. 
 Each man faces about. 
 
 Forward, Guide Right. 
 
 The guides come up to the new front, and 
 the left guide now becomes the right So 
 after sections right rear turn. 
 
 Square at Full Distance. 
 
 O. Right Oblique. 
 
 Each man regulates his march upon the 
 same man as if marching to the front with 
 the guide to the right. 
 
 Square at Full Distance. 
 * C. Sections Right Half Turn. 
 Repeated by all the chiefs of section. 
 
 March. 
 
 After the turns are completed the right 
 guide puts himself section distance from the 
 left guide of the front section, and on a line 
 133 
 
COMPANY. 
 
 with him and the same guide of the left 
 section. The left guide, half-section distance 
 from the left guide of the left section, and 
 on the same line. 
 
 The right marker at half-section distance 
 to right and front of the right guide. 
 
 Square at Full Distance, Sections Turned 
 Half Eight. 
 
 * O. Forward, Guide Left. 
 
 The right section guides come up on a line 
 with the left guides and at half- section dis- 
 tance from them. The company guides 
 place themselves on the line of the front 
 section guides. 
 
 March. 
 
 The guides of the front section follow left 
 and rear of the front guide, and keep half- 
 section distance from him and from each 
 other ; the left guides of the rear sections 
 keep at section distance to the right and 
 rear of the corresponding guides of the front 
 sections. 
 
 134 
 
 
FORWARD GUIDE LEFT. 
 
 SECTIONS RIGHT HALF TURN. 
 MARCH. 
 
6 
 
 d 
 
 RIGHT TURN. 
 (MARCHING.) 
 
 ■ CD 
 
 4- 2 - 
 
 2 \ I 
 
 an 
 
 RIGHT TURN* 
 
 MAROH, 
 
COMPANY. 
 
 Squaee at Full Distance (at a Halt). 
 
 Company Right Turn. 
 
 E. F. 1st S. Bight half turn, forward. 
 L. F. 2d S. Bight half turn, forward. 
 B. Er. 3d S. Left half face, forward. 
 L. Er. 4&h S. Forward, guide right. 
 
 The first lieutenant stands fast, the second 
 lieutenant goes to a point a little beyond 
 the left of the new line. The right guide 
 paces off half-section distance on this line, 
 to mark the position of the right front sec- 
 tion guide ; here he meets the left guide, 
 who places the left section in the same man- 
 ner. The lieutenants establish the new 
 positions of the rear sections. 
 
 March. 
 
 The fkont sections are marched to their 
 new places. Each chief of section halts the 
 section and commands : 
 
 S. Bight Turn, March. 
 
 When the turn is completed, the section is 
 
 dressed to the right. The right rear section 
 
 is obliqued to the left and then marched to 
 
 137 
 
COMPANY. 
 
 the front by its chief, who is established by 
 the lieutenant on the spot where the right 
 should rest. 
 
 It is halted, turned, and dressed to the 
 right. 
 
 The left rear section is turned half right 
 in time to come up at the proper distance 
 from the left front section by its chief, who 
 is established in position by the second 
 lieutenant. It is then halted, turned half 
 right, and dressed to the right. 
 
 If the change of direction is less than a 
 right angle, the front sections make half the 
 change before advancing. 
 
 Whenever the new position of a rear sec- 
 tion lies on the side toward which the 
 change of direction is made, the section 
 makes a turn to its new position ; if on the 
 opposite side, it obliques to its new position 
 and then marches to the front or by the 
 flank 
 
 138 
 
COMPANY. 
 
 Squaee at Full Distance (on the March). 
 
 Company Right Turn. 
 
 R. F. 1st S. Right half turn. 
 
 L. F. 2d S. Right half turn. 
 
 E. Er. 3d $. Forward, guide right, half step. 
 
 L. Er. 4th S. Forward, guide right. 
 
 March. 
 
 The right guide faces right, marks time un- 
 til the right front man comes abreast of him, 
 and then takes a half step. The left guide 
 hastens to his new position at half-company 
 distance to the left of the right guide. 
 
 The front sections, make a right half turn. 
 
 The right front section, after making the 
 half turn, advances at half step until it 
 comes abreast of the company guide, it is 
 then turned half right by its chief and 
 dresses on the guide. The chief of the left 
 front section commands : 
 
 Forward, March, 
 
 after the half turn is completed, and when 
 
 the section arrives on the new line, it is 
 
 turned again half right, again takes full 
 
 139 
 
4 2 
 
 _J 
 
 M 
 
 • •* 
 
 W/.S?/ i i 1 
 
 I 
 
 CHANGE FRONT TO RIGHT. 
 MARCH, 
 
COMPANY. 
 
 step, and then half step when it arrives on 
 the line of the guides. 
 
 The rear sections turn on the same 
 ground as the front sections, and then con- 
 form to what is prescribed for these sec- 
 tions. 
 
 When the turn is completed the captain 
 commands : 
 
 C. Forward, March. 
 
 For a turn of less than a right angle, the 
 sections make half the turn before advanc- 
 ing. 
 
 141 
 
COMPANY. 
 
 Square at Full Distance. 
 
 * Company Change Front to Right. 
 R F. 1st S. About face, for ward, guide right. 
 L. F. 2d S. Bight face, forward, guide right 
 R. Rr. 3d S. Left face, forward, guide right. 
 L. Rr. 4:th S. Forward, guide right. 
 
 The markers stand fast. 
 
 The company guides go to the new posi- 
 tions of the right guides of the front sections. 
 
 The lieutenants go to the new positions 
 of the rear sections. 
 
 March. 
 
 All the sections march half-section dis- 
 tance and are then halted and turned to the 
 right by their chiefs, faced in the new direc- 
 tion, and dressed to the right and front. 
 
 The markers shift to the right. 
 
 Company Change Front to Rear. 
 
 Same as above, except that the guides 
 
 shift to the rear. 
 
 March. 
 
 After marching half-section distance all 
 the sections turn to the right and march half- 
 section distance to the new front. They 
 are halted, turned, and faced as above. 
 142 
 
COMPANY. 
 
 Line of Section Squaees at Full Distance. 
 C. Right Dress. 
 The line is established as in square. Each 
 guide sees that the section guides on his 
 half of the company are on the proper line. 
 The company is dressed on the same prin- 
 ciples as in square. 
 
 Column of Section Squares, etc, at Full 
 
 Distance. 
 
 O. Right Dress. 
 
 The captain establishes the right front 
 company marker in his proper place, and 
 puts the right rear marker on the proper 
 line. 
 
 The lieutenants go to the line of the 
 guides. When the position of the right 
 guide has been verified by the lieutenant, 
 the former faces about. 
 
 The right section guides face to the front. 
 The left section guides to the right. 
 
 The company is dressed on the same prin- 
 ciples as in square. 
 
 In dressing a column, if the sections are 
 in two files in close order and the guides are 
 on the right flanks of the squads, they place 
 143 
 
p 
 
 DDDn 
 
 .nana 
 "mama 
 
 □ DDd 
 D 
 
 IDDtDD 
 
 DDDn 
 
 'fflDtEQ 
 
 DDDD 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 (DOIDD 
 
 oDaa 
 "momd 
 
 OOOD 
 
 mama 
 
 DDDQ 
 
 'mama 
 
 DDDD 
 I 
 
 □ a 
 
 
 DD 
 
 
 ma 
 
 
 no 
 
 
 IDD 
 
 o 
 
 DD 
 
 z 
 < 
 
 DD 
 
 DD 
 
 CO 
 
 Q 
 
 Q 
 
 a 
 
 ■ i 
 
 □'a 
 
 3 
 u. 
 
 Da 
 
 K 
 
 ma 
 
 < 
 
 CD 
 
 CO 
 
 z 
 
 ma 
 
 DD 
 
 < 
 
 ma 
 
 o 
 
 DO 
 
 £ 
 
 □ 
 
 V- 
 
 a 
 
 z 
 
 ma 
 
 CO 
 
 z 
 
 DO 
 
 ma 
 
 o 
 
 oa 
 
 
 ma 
 
 B 
 
 ca 
 
 CO 
 
 u. 
 O 
 
 ma 
 
 DD 
 
 M 
 
 ■ 
 
 Z 
 
 
 
 ■ _i 
 
 ca 
 
 z 
 
 C3 
 
 >- 
 
 ma 
 
 z 
 < 
 
 aa 
 
 0. 
 
 1 
 o 
 
 ■did 
 
 ua 
 
 o 
 
 ma 
 
 
 Dd 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 a 
 
 i 
 
 .3 
 
COMPANY. 
 
 themselves behind the company guide in 
 
 dressing to the right. 
 
 If the sections are in rank, the company 
 
 guides go quarter-section distance to the 
 
 right to fix the line of the right section 
 
 guides, and return to their places at the 
 
 command 
 
 Front. 
 
 Line of Section Squares at Full Dis- 
 tance. 
 C. Forward, Guide Right, March. 
 
 The captain indicates the points of direc- 
 tion to the right marker and establishes 
 the left marker at right angles to the new 
 direction. 
 
 The right guide keeps section distanco 
 to the right of, and half-section distance 
 behind, the right company marker. The 
 left guide keeps half-section distance be- 
 hind the line of company markers. The 
 section guides and the left guide keep 
 themselves at the proper distance from the 
 guide on the right. The guides maintain 
 the section guides on a line with themselves. 
 The lieutenants habitually march behind 
 the centres of their platoons. 
 145 
 
COMPANY. 
 
 Column of Section Squares at Full Dis- 
 tance. 
 
 C. Forward, Guide Right, March. 
 
 The captain gives the front gode a point 
 to march on. The right guide of the front 
 section keeps the proper distance behind the 
 front company guide. The other section 
 guides follow. The section guides take care 
 to keep on the line, and the rear company 
 guide cautions the guides in front of him to 
 incline to the right or left if necessary. 
 
 "When a company is marching in column 
 with the sections in rank and the guide is 
 right, the right guide of the front section 
 keeps half-section distance behind, and quar- 
 ter-section distance to the right of, the front 
 company guide. The right guides of the 
 other sections follow at section distance 
 apart 
 
 14fi 
 
COMPANY. 
 
 Line or Column at full Distance. 
 The Sections in Line, Column, or Square. 
 
 C. Right Face. 
 The lieutenants and guides keep their 
 
 places. 
 
 Forward. March. 
 
 All step out, and each man regulates his 
 march on the same man as if marching by 
 the former front with the guide to the 
 right. 
 
 If the sections are in close order, and the 
 section guides step aside to the directing 
 flank, in marching they regain their places 
 with respect to the company guide. 
 
 C. Right Face, Guide Right, or Forward, 
 Guide Right, or Right Turn, or Sections 
 Right Turn, etc. 
 
 The guides of a column shift to the new 
 directing flank if not already there. 
 
 The guides of the sections shift at the 
 same time if necessary. 
 
 The oblique march, either by half face or 
 by half turn of the sections, is executed in 
 line and column on the same principles as 
 from a square. 
 
 147 
 
COMPANY. 
 
 Line of Section Squaees at Full Distance. 
 C. Right Turn. 
 Same as the front sections of a double 
 column. 
 
 Column of Section Squares at Full Distance* 
 C. Right Turn. 
 This is executed in a column of sections 
 on the company guide, but the following 
 may be executed by the sections succes- 
 sively : 
 
 O. Head of Column Right. 
 
 The right company marker, to mark the 
 pivot, is placed by the side of the right 
 guide of the front section, and the chief of 
 each section gives the preparatory com- 
 mand in time to add March, as soon as 
 his right guide comes up to this marker. 
 The latter is replaced by the right rear 
 marker as soon as he can come up. 
 
 Line of Sections in Two Ranks at Full, Dis- 
 tance. 
 
 O. Right Face. Head of Column Right About, 
 Forward, March. Halt, Left Face. 
 
 By these movements and facings the 
 company may be countermabched. 
 148 
 
COMPANY. 
 
 Square at Full Distance. 
 C. Into Line. 
 
 R F. 1st S. Bight dress. 
 
 L. F. 2d S. Bight dress. 
 
 R Rr. M.S. Bight half face, forward. 
 
 L. Rr. ±th S. Left half face, forward. 
 
 The lieutenants place themselves on the 
 line of the guides and a little more than 
 section distance from them. 
 
 The company guides stand fast until the 
 chiefs of the rear sections come up ; then go 
 to their places. 
 
 March. 
 
 The chiefs precede their sections on the 
 line. 
 
 The rear sections step out and are halted 
 and dressed to the centre when they arrive 
 on the line. 
 
 149 
 
a 
 
 u 
 
 MARCH. 
 
 • < -♦ ® O 
 
 4 2 
 
 D 
 
 FORM SQUARE. 
 
* 2 
 
 A 3 
 
 V 
 
 s 
 
 MARCH. 
 
 
 INTO LINE, 
 
COMPANY. 
 
 Line of Section Squares at Full Distance. 
 
 C. Form Square. 
 
 R Sd 8. Left face, forward. 
 
 E. C. 1st S. Forward, guide right 
 
 L. C. 2d S. Forward, guide right. 
 
 L. Mh S. Bight face, forward. 
 
 The guides run to the front, pace off sec- 
 tion distance, and halt. 
 
 The lieutenants place themselves on this 
 line. 
 
 The right guide then places himself on 
 the new line directly in front of the right 
 guide of the right centre section, to fix the 
 new position of this guide. 
 
 The left guide paces section distance from 
 the right guide, to fix the point where the 
 right guide of the left centre section should 
 
 The lieutenants go to the new places for 
 the rear sections. 
 
 March. 
 
 All the sections step out. 
 The company markers take their new po- 
 sitions. 
 
 152 
 
COMPANY. 
 
 The chiefs precede their sections to the 
 new positions. 
 
 The chief of each of the front sections 
 halts his section when the guide arrives at 
 his own place already established. 
 
 The chief of each rear section takes his 
 place on the old line near where the right 
 guide of each of the centre sections stood. 
 He halts his section and faces it to the front 
 when his right guide conies to his new posi- 
 tion. 
 
 153 
 
HTH H"t3 " 
 
 4 3 
 
 REAR FORM LINE. 
 
 2' 1 / 
 
 ULT 
 
 4- 3. 
 
 RIGHT .INTO LLNE^i 
 
 Q0E.D 
 
 REAR INTO SQUARE. 
 
 B □ O 
 
 2 1/3 / 4, 
 
 ■ H if-' 
 
 LEFT REAR INTO SQUARE. 
 
 L±J HI LlTTH " 
 
 2j 1 
 
 4 3 
 
 RIGHT FORM LINE. 
 
 a a 
 
 2 \ 1 \ 
 
 s 'tirtirtg 
 
 .4 3 
 
 RIGHT REAR FORM LINE. 
 
 unrru □ 
 
 4 2 1/3 
 
 LEFT REAR FORM SQUARE. 
 
 ••El Ef" 9 
 
 ' aVtra 
 
 4 2 13 
 
 LEFT FORM SQUARE. 
 
COMPANY. 
 
 Square at Full Distance. 
 
 * C. Rear Form Line. 
 
 The front sections go to the rear. 
 The rear sections go to the flanks. 
 
 * C. Right Form Line. 
 
 The front sections go to the right. 
 The left rear section goes to the front. 
 The right rear section goes to the right 
 and obliques to the front. 
 
 * C. Right Rear Form Line. 
 
 The front sections go to the right and 
 rear. 
 
 The right rear section goes to the right. 
 
 * O. Right into Line. 
 
 The right rear section goes to the right 
 and front. 
 
 The left rear section goes to the right and 
 obliques to the front, coming up on the right 
 of the right rear section. 
 
 155 
 
* • 
 
 □ 
 
 p 
 
 Jt , , 4 . ■=> 
 
 \ y,.'A I I C 
 
 ■ I 1 J 1 Q g 
 
 M 
 
 * • 
 
 • to 
 
 D & 
 
COMPANY. 
 
 *Llne at Full Distance. 
 
 The following are the reverse of the last 
 three movements. 
 
 C. Left Rear Form Square. 
 O. Left Form Square. 
 C. Left Rear into Square. 
 The reverse of C. Into Line is, 
 C. Rear into Square. 
 
 All are executed in a similar manner. 
 When the front of the new line is to the 
 rear, it is established on the line of the 
 lieutenants. When it is on the right, the 
 new positions are established in succession 
 by the right guide. When the front of 
 the square is to the right, it is established 
 upon the right guide of the right section. 
 
 157 
 
B 
 
 \ [ZF JZ} 
 
 / 
 
 o 
 t 
 
 o 
 • < 
 
 3 b 
 
COMPANY. 
 
 *Ltne at Full Distance. 
 
 The following are the reverse of the last 
 three movements. 
 
 C. Left Rear Form Square. 
 O. Left Form Square. 
 C. Left Rear into Square. 
 The reverse of C. Into Line is, 
 C. Rear into Square. 
 
 All are executed in a similar manner. 
 When the front of the new line is to the 
 rear, it is established on the line of the 
 lieutenants. When it is on the right, the 
 new positions are established in succession 
 by the right guide. When the front of 
 the square is to the right, it is established 
 upon the right guide of the right section. 
 
 157 
 
COMPANY. 
 
 Square at Full Distance. 
 
 Company Right, by Platoons. 
 
 R 1st Platoon. Forward, guide left 
 L. 2d Platoon. Right face, forward. 
 
 The first lieutenant goes a little more than 
 twice section distance in front of the left 
 guide of the right section. 
 
 The right company guide marks the new 
 position of the left guide of the left rear 
 section, in front of the original line at sec- 
 tion distance from it. The left guide goes 
 to the left of the right front section. 
 
 March. 
 
 The chief of the left rear section takes his 
 place beside the front guide, who then paces 
 off the distance for the right front section. 
 
 The right platoon moves to the front. 
 When it has marched half-section distance, 
 the left platoon marches to its new position. 
 It is then halted and dressed to the left. 
 
 158 
 
COMPANY. 
 
 Column of Section Squares at Full Distance; 
 
 Company Left, Into Square. 
 
 F. 1st Platoon. Left dress. 
 
 Kr. 2d Platoon Left half face, forward. 
 
 The first lieutenant places himself a little 
 to the right of the right guide of the front 
 section. The second lieutenant places him- 
 self a little more than section distance to the 
 left of the left guide of the front section. 
 
 The left guide goes to the left guide 
 of the front section, and establishes the 
 right of the rear centre section on the new 
 line and at half-section distance from this 
 guide. 
 
 The lieutenants then go to the rear sec- 
 tions. 
 
 March. 
 
 The front platoon stands fast, the rear 
 platoon obliques and then marches to the 
 front, directing itself upon its guides. The 
 platoon is halted and dressed as above. The 
 company marejeks take their new places. 
 
 159 
 
p 
 
 4 
 
 □ 
 
 
 BY SECTIONS, BV SECTKDNS, 
 
 RIGHT FORM COLUMN. RIGHT FORM SQUARE. 
 
 flu 
 
 1 
 
 □ s 
 
 tD 
 
 2 1 
 
 n~t3 
 
 2 
 
 □ 
 
 3 
 
 □ 
 
 4 
 
 
 ON/RONT SECTION, 
 
 TO RIGHT 
 FRONT INTO COLUMN. 
 
 R. F. AND L. F. SECTIONS, 
 
 TO FRONT RIGHT 
 
 FORM COLUMN. 
 
 F.C. AND RR SECTIONS,TO LEFT 
 FORM SQUARE. 
 
 m nf hj j±f 
 
 ta 
 
 DTTlTD 
 
 4' 2 1 3 
 
 ON RIGHT SECTION TO FRONT 
 RIGHT INTO LINE. 
 
 Ta 
 
 F 
 
 HDDD 
 
 4 2 13 
 
 ON LEFT SECTION', 
 
 F.RQNT INTO ECHELON. 
 
COMPANY. 
 
 * C. Right into Column. 
 
 * C. Right Form Square. 
 
 These are executed on similar principles. 
 
 As the square is usually formed from 
 column by platoons, it is not necessary so to 
 specify. In exceptional cases, to form col- 
 umn or come into column by sections, the 
 command should be 
 
 * C. Right by Sections, Form Column. 
 
 The new positions are fixed as explained 
 above. The left sections oblique to their 
 new places as soon as the front section has 
 advanced half section distance. 
 
 * C. Right by Sections into Column. 
 
 The right sections stand fast ; the left sec- 
 tions are formed in front of them in inverse 
 order. 
 
 * C. Right by Sections, Form Square. 
 * C. Right by Sections into Square 
 are executed on similar principles. 
 
 161 
 
3 _ .-© * 
 
 3/ ■ 
 
 y 
 
 / 
 
 4- RIGHT FORWARD INTO LINE. 
 
 O MARCH. 
 
 * D 2 
 
 RlGHTFORM COLUMN. 
 MARCH? 
 
COMPANY. 
 
 Line of Section Squares at Full Distance. 
 C. Right Form Column. 
 
 E. 3d. S. Forward, guide left. 
 
 R C. 1st. S. Eight face, forward. 
 
 L. C. 2d. S. Right face, forward. 
 
 L. Uh. S. Right face, forward. 
 March. 
 
 All the sections step out and are marched 
 by the flank as soon as they arrive where the 
 right section stood. They are halted when 
 near their new positions. 
 
 The chiefs of section hasten to their new 
 positions. The chief of the rear section of 
 each platoon is established by the guide. 
 The chief of the front section paces his dis- 
 tance from the guide. The guides and 
 chiefs of section are established on the line 
 by the lieutenants. The chiefs halt their 
 sections and dress them to the left. 
 * C. Right Into Column. 
 
 Same as above excepting that the right 
 section stands fast and the others oblique to 
 the right. The movement may be executed 
 on any named unit, the sections in front of 
 the unit going to the left and rear. 
 163 
 
•• nf S tp ja •■ 
 
 4 
 
 F. C. TO RIGHT. 
 INTO LINE. 
 
 [±f ^J H trj 
 
 - ~d 
 
 4 
 
 
 mzn±ra 
 
 4 2 13 
 
 m 
 
 R. C. AND R. TO FRONT. 
 FORM COLUMN. 
 
 
 txirEra 
 
 4 2 13 
 
 R. C. TO RIGHT. 
 INTO LINE. 
 
 Ej' [if [jf tn 
 
 \ 
 
 2 
 
 t: 
 
 4- 
 ON F. C. TO FRONT, 
 F. TO RIGHT. 
 LEFT FORM LINE, 
 
 R. C. AND L. C. TO FRONT. 
 FORM COLUMN. 
 
 ON RIGHT CENTER. 
 LEFT INTO COLUMN 
 
COMPANY. 
 
 Column of Section Squares at Full Dis- 
 tance. 
 C. Right into Line 
 
 F. M S. Left dress. 
 
 F. C. 1st S. Bight half face, forward. 
 
 Rr. C. 2d S. Eight half face, forward. 
 
 Rr. 4tth S. Bight half face, forward. 
 
 The first lieutenant places himself a little 
 to the left of the left guide of the front sec- 
 tion ; the second lieutenant a little more 
 than three times section distance to the 
 right of the right guide of this section. 
 He is established on the new front by the 
 first lieutenant. 
 
 The guides fix the positions of the sections. 
 March. 
 
 All step out. The chiefs precede their 
 sections on the line, halt them, and dress 
 them to the left. 
 
 * C. Right Form Line, 
 is the reverse of Left Form Column, and is 
 executed on similar principles to the above. 
 
 * A column may be formed in any order 
 by indicating which sections go to the front, 
 and a line by indicating which go to the right 
 165 
 
COMPANY. 
 
 Line of Section Square at Full Distance. 
 
 * C. on Left Section, Front Into Echelon. 
 
 E. 3d S. Forward guide left. 
 E. C. 1st S. Forward guide left. 
 L. C. 2d S. Forward guide left. 
 L. Uh S. Left dress. 
 
 The left guide paces section distance to 
 the front from the left guide of the left cen- 
 tre section, and the right guide twice sec- 
 tion distance from that of the right centre 
 section to mark the new position. 
 
 March. 
 
 The centre sections are established in 
 their new position and dressed to the left. 
 The chief of the right section advances sec- 
 tion distance, after passing the right centre 
 section halts his section and dresses it to the 
 left. 
 
 * C. on Left Centre Section, Right Front into 
 Echelon. 
 
 Executed in the same manner, excepting 
 that the left section goes to the rear. 
 
 The company is brought into line as from 
 
 166 
 
COMPANY. 
 
 column. One of the flank sections of a line 
 may be sent to the front, or the front sec- 
 tion of a column may be sent to the right 
 or left, and the others formed into line upon 
 it in reversed order. 
 
 * A column may be formed from line for- 
 ward in any direction by so specifying in 
 the command. Thus, 
 
 C. Left Form Column on the Right. 
 
 The left section advances section distance, 
 unless some other is specified, and turns to 
 the right. The others follow in succession 
 until the column is formed. 
 
 To break from the left and march to the 
 right the command would be : 
 C. Left Form Column en the Right, Forward. 
 
 1G7 
 
1 B 
 
 E 
 
 3 
 
 a 
 
 ON RIGHT INTO LINE. 
 
 4-0, 
 
 a 
 
 w/ 
 
 FACED TO REAR RIGHT INTO LINE. 
 
 X 
 
 > 
 
 
 / 
 
 a 
 a 
 
 ON RIGHT INTO LINE.. 
 
 El Hi EJ [I 
 
 *\ | y 
 yy r.jl 
 
 FACED TO RR. L. /T\ 
 
 / ! \ 
 
 INTO LINE. 
 FACING IN ANY DIRECTION. 
 
 ULELJU-H 
 
 LEFT FORM COLUMN ON RIGHT. 
 
COMPANY. 
 
 Square at Full Distance. 
 
 C. Forward, into Line. 
 
 E. P. Is* S. Bight dress. 
 L. F. 2d S. Right dress. 
 E. Er. 3d S. Bight half turn. 
 L. Er. ith 8. Left half turn. 
 
 The lieutenants go to points outside the 
 flank, on the line of the front section guides. 
 The guides stand fast to mark the new po- 
 sitions for the rear sections, 
 
 March. 
 
 The front sections are dressed on their 
 guides. The rear sections step out. The 
 chiefs of the rear sections take their places 
 by the side of the company guides. The 
 corporal on the inner flank, who now be- 
 comes the guide, directs his course upon 
 the chief of section, who is established on 
 the line. 
 
 The chief of the section then halts it and 
 dresses it. 
 
COMPANY. 
 
 Column of Section Squares at Full Distance. 
 C. Right Forward, Into Line. 
 
 The sections are established by the guides 
 and lieutenants. 
 
 F. 3d S. Left dress. 
 F. C. Is* 8. Bight half turn. 
 Er. C. 2d S. Bight half turn. 
 Br. Uh S. Bight half turn. 
 
 March, 
 
 Same as for the right sections in square. 
 The guides mark successively the left of 
 each section. 
 
 * C. Half Left Right into Line. 
 
 * C Section distance on Right into Line. 
 
 * C. At double distance, Twenty Yards Half 
 Right, into Line, etc., etc. 
 
 Each section goes directly to its new po- 
 sition with the guide left. 
 
 When two paths cross, the section nearer 
 the pivot waits for the other to pass. 
 
 170 
 
COMPANY. 
 
 Close Order. 
 
 The principles of all the manoeuvres are 
 the same as at full distance, as shown by the 
 following examples. 
 
 Square in Close Order on the March. 
 C. Right Turn. 
 
 The chiefs of section command, forward 
 guide right. The left guddes and markers 
 hasten to their places. 
 
 March. 
 
 Repeated by all the chiefs. Each section 
 is turned to the right as soon as its right 
 guide comes directly behind his new posi- 
 tion. The movement is completed as at full 
 distance. 
 
 Section right half turn is not used, but 
 sections may turn to right and right about. 
 The rear files take care not to touch the 
 guide of the next section, 
 
 171 
 
M \-WMi H MU 
 
 1 I I 1 I 
 
 l I— I M 
 
 I 1 1 l I 1 I i I I 
 
 1 I I I I 
 
 I \-\ H 
 
 EB I I I 1 I I I 1 I I B3 
 FORWARD, ROUTE STEP. 
 
 ] 
 ] 
 
 f 
 
 RIGHT FACE, FORWARD, 
 ROUTE STEP. 
 
^ 
 
 □ 
 
 
 w 
 
 L-^l i 
 
 1 ! !^1 
 
 
 1 1 1 1 
 
 
 1 ll t 
 
 
 1 II 1 
 
 
 LSI 1 i . 
 
 1 1 L^l 
 
 
 i i i i 
 
 I 
 : 
 
 B - 
 
 B 
 1 
 
 RIGHT TURN. 
 (MARCHING— CLOSE ORDER.) 
 
COMPANY. 
 
 Square in Close Order. 
 Company Into Line. 
 
 K. F. 1st S. Bight dress. 
 
 L. F. 2d S. Eight dress. 
 
 E. Kr. 3d S. Right face, forward. 
 
 L. Rr. Uh S. Left face, forward. 
 
 March. 
 
 The rear sections step out and each is 
 marched up to the line by the flank, when 
 the guides are immediately behind their 
 places in line they are halted and dressed 
 on the centre. 
 
 174 
 
COMPANY. 
 
 Line of Section Squakes in Close Order 
 
 C. Form Square. 
 
 R 3d S. Left face, forward. 
 E. C. 1st S. Forward, guide right. 
 L. C. 2d S. Forward, guide right. 
 L. 4:thS. Bight face, forward. 
 
 The company guides step half-section dis- 
 tance to the front, and establish the new 
 line under the direction of the lieutenants. 
 
 March. 
 
 Repeated by the chiefs of the centre sec- 
 tions. The centre sections are established 
 on the line and dressed to the right. As 
 soon as the other sections are unmasked 
 their chiefs give the command, March, and 
 each section is halted, faced to the front, 
 and dressed as soon as its leading guide 
 comes directly in rear of the inner guide of 
 the sections in front. 
 
 175 
 
COMPAN.Y I.N HOLLOW SQUARE. 
 
COMPANY. 
 
 Square in Close Okder. 
 
 C. Hollow Square. 
 
 R F. 1st S. Left rear four, left front and 
 
 right rear. 
 L. F. 2d S. Eight rear four, right front and 
 
 left rear. 
 R. Rr. 3d S. About face, right rear four, right 
 
 front and left rear. 
 L. Rr. Uh S. About face, left rear four, left 
 front and right rear. 
 The officers, guides, and chiefs of section 
 go to the centre. The markers go to the 
 centre of each flank. 
 
 March. 
 The inner fours of each section are so 
 divided that the twos on the flank of the 
 section go to the front and rear, and the 
 others go to the flanks of the company, so 
 as to fill all the gaps between the sections, 
 all face outwards. 
 
 C. Close Order. 
 The men face towards their former places. 
 
 March. 
 All take their places in Square in Close 
 Order. 
 
 177 
 
COMPANY. 
 
 Squabe in Close Order. 
 
 C. Right, by Platoons. 
 
 E. 1st Platoon. Forward, guide left. 
 L. 2d Platoon. Right face, forward. 
 
 March. 
 
 Repeated by the chief of the right platoon. 
 When this section has advanced section dis- 
 tance, the chief of the left platoon gives the 
 command of execution, and marches his 
 platoon to its new position. The company 
 guides establish the sections on the line. 
 
 Column of Sections in Close Order. 
 
 C. Left into Square. 
 
 F. 1st Platoon. Bight dress. 
 
 Rr. 2d Platoon. Left face, forward. 
 
 March. 
 
 Repeated by the chief of the rear platoon, 
 who marches his platoon by the right flank 
 to the front, and establishes it in its new 
 position. 
 
 178 
 
COMPANY. 
 
 Open Order. 
 
 A company in open order is dressed, 
 marched, faced, and turned, by the same 
 commands and on the same principles as 
 one at full distance. 
 
 Square of Section Squares, Full Distance, 
 or Close Order. 
 
 C. (to double, etc. , distance) Open Square. 
 
 R F. 1st S. Forward, guide right. 
 
 L. F. 2d S. Forward, guide right. 
 
 E. Er. 3d S. Right face, forward. 
 
 L. Er. 4tth S. Left face, forward. 
 
 The guides pace to the front and estab- 
 lish the front sections. The company 
 markers and guides go to their new posi- 
 tions. 
 
 March. 
 
 The sections are marched to their new po- 
 sitions. The front sections are obliqued 
 right and left, after marching half-section 
 distance to the front. Each is halted by 
 its chief and dressed to the right. 
 179 
 
□ □ : 
 
 4 3 
 
 FRONT SECTIONS FRONT. 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 
 4 3 
 
 DOUBLE DISTANCE OPEN. 
 
 FRONT LINE 
 
 * * 
 
 _ 4 w 2 ,„ 
 
 *v- 
 
 
 4 3 
 
 + + 
 
 BYPLATOON COMPANY DISTANCE FORM LINE. 
 
 * + * 
 
 4 2 
 
 .LTU 
 
 
 4 2 1 3 
 
 ■ □ 
 
 \ 
 
 BY PLATOON COMPANY DISTANCE RIGHT OPEN LINE. 
 
d □ 
 
 □ n' 1 
 
 2 1 
 
 \ LTT1 
 
 H 3 4 3 
 
 DOUBLE DISTANCE OPEN SQUARE. DOUBLE. DISTANCE RIGHT 
 
 - OPEN SQUARE. 
 
 1 
 
 
 TREBLE DISTANCE FRONT AND~REAR OPEN SQUARE. 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 ■ * 2 1 3 , 
 
 DOUBLE DISTANCE OPEN LINE. 
 
COMPANY. 
 
 * C. Front Sections, Front. 
 
 The front sections execute the movement 
 as in opening the square. These sections 
 may also be extended to the right, left, 
 right and left, etc. The rear sections may 
 also be extended in the same manner and 
 by similar commands. 
 
 Square of Section Squares, Full Distance, 
 or Close Order. 
 
 * C. (to double distance) Right Open Square. 
 
 E. F. 1st S. Right half face, forward. 
 L. F. 2d 8. Forward, guide right. 
 B. Kr. 3d 8. Bight face, forward. 
 L. Rr. Uh S. Right dress. 
 
 The sections are established as above and 
 the movement is executed in a similar man- 
 ner. 
 
 The square may be opened to the right, 
 left, and rear, etc., or to the right, left, front, 
 and rear, in a similar manner. For the last 
 the command would be, 
 
 O. Front and Rear Open Square. 
 
 182 
 
 
COMPANY. 
 
 Squake at Full Distance, or in open order. 
 
 C. (to close order, etc., or full distance) Close 
 Square. 
 
 E. F. 1st S. Left face , forward, 
 L. F. 2d S. Bight face, forward. 
 E. Er. 3rd S. Left half face, for ward. 
 L. Er. Uh 8. Right half face, forward. 
 
 The right guide establishes the right sec- 
 tion, and the others are established upon it. 
 March. 
 
 The rear sections are marched to the 
 front as soon as they come in rear of their 
 new positions. 
 
 The square, or any part of it, may be 
 closed in any direction by inverse means to 
 those described for opening it. If only a 
 part of the square is moved, all the sections 
 are established upon those that stand fast 
 
 183 
 
o f. 
 
 *, + *■ + 
 
 2 1 
 
 -!i 
 
 2 | 
 
 4 3 
 
 2 
 
 4 3 
 
 TJ 
 
 d \\ * n x n 
 
 4- 3 
 
 FJJLL DISTANCE CLOSE SQUARE. 
 
 D 
 
 FULL. DISTANCE LEFT. 
 CLOSE SQUARE. 
 
 n 
 
 
 4 3 
 
 FULL DISTANCE FRONT AND REAR CLOSE SQUARE. 
 
 n f HI — I 
 Wk 1 
 
 * 
 
 J 3_ 
 
 _ 
 
 2 1 
 
 FULL DISTANCE CLOSE LINE, 
 
 ■ • n ° 
 
 n l_l 
 
COMPANY. 
 
 Line of Sections, Full Distance, or Close 
 Order. 
 
 O. (to double, etc., distance) Open Line. 
 
 E. 3d S. Bight face, forward, 
 
 R C. 1st S. Eight face, forward. 
 
 L. C. 2d S. Left face, forward. 
 
 L. Uh S. Left face, forward. 
 
 The guides establish the new positions of 
 the centre sections under direction of the 
 lieutenants. 
 
 March. 
 
 All step out. The chiefs of the flank sec- 
 tions estimate the distances for the inner 
 guides of their sections. The sections are 
 halted and dressed on the right centre sec- 
 tion. The rear company markers take their 
 places on a line with the front markers and 
 at half-company distance from them. The 
 guides go to the flanks at half-section dis- 
 tance from the section guides. 
 
 185 
 
COMPANY. 
 
 Two Ranks in Close Order. 
 
 C. to Double Distance Open Line, March. 
 
 Section Full Distance, March. Single Rank, 
 March. 
 
 Executed as prescribed in the School of 
 the Company and Section. 
 
 C. Sections Double Rank, March. Close Or- 
 der, March. 
 
 O. to Close Order, Close Line, March. 
 
 Column of Section at Full Distance. 
 
 C. (to double, etc., distance) Open Column. 
 
 F. 1st S. Forward, guide right. 
 F. C. 3d S. Forward, guide right. 
 Rr. C. 2d S. Forward, guide right. 
 Rr. Uh S. Eight dress. 
 
 The guides establish the new positions of 
 the centre sections, under direction of the 
 second lieutenant. 
 
 March. 
 
 The front sections step out. The centre 
 sections are ejtablished on their guides. 
 The chief of the front section paces off twice 
 186 
 
COMPANY. 
 
 section distance from the front guide, and 
 is established on the line by the second 
 lieutenant. The sections are halted and 
 dressed to the right. 
 
 The markers take places corresponding to 
 those in a line in open order. 
 
 187 
 
* * 
 
 4 2 1 3 
 
 1 
 
 4 3 
 
 FULL DISTANCE FORM LINE. 
 
 # LT 
 
 /4 3\ 
 
 2 1 
 
 f_ull.distance form square. 
 
 ~n 
 
 n n • 
 
 _ 
 
 ° n 
 
 ~u 
 
 • p 
 
 LT 
 
 m 
 
 4- 3 
 
 FULL DISTANCE CLOS"E LINE. 
 
 FULL. DISTANCE CLOSE 
 COLUMNS. 
 
! 3 
 
 4 2 1 
 
 d D 
 
 DOUBLE DISTANCE FORM SQUARE. 
 
 __ 
 
 
 
 4- 3 
 
 DOUBLE DISTANCE FORM LINE. 
 
 _y 
 
 *□ n ° 
 
 2 1 
 
 4 3 
 
 2 1 
 
 ~n rr 
 
 TREBLE DISTANCE. 
 OPEN COLUMNS, 
 
 TREBLE DISTANCE. 
 OPEN LINES. 
 
COMPANY. 
 
 Line of Sections at Full Distance oe Closh 
 Ordek. 
 
 *C. By Platoon (to double, etc., distance) Open 
 Line. 
 
 On the same principles. 
 
 The sections of each platoon may also be 
 separated. All these movements are per- 
 formed in a similar manner in a column of 
 sections, and may in either case be made 
 
 On a DESIGNATED SECTION. 
 
 The company in line may be extended 
 while gaining ground to the front or rear, 
 by making a third of a turn to reach the 
 new position ; when the flank sections have 
 gained their distances to the right and left 
 the centre sections mark time to enable 
 them to come up. 
 
 The company is closed by inverse means. 
 The sections are established upon the right 
 of the right centre section, or upon the front 
 of the front centre section, excepting that 
 when one stands fast the others are estab- 
 lished upon it. 
 
 190 
 

 □ □ 
 
 TREBLE DISTANCE FORMSQUARE. 
 
 a ti 
 
 RIGHT AND LEFT SECTIONS FRONT. REAR SECTIONS CENTRE. 
 
 FORM LINE. 
 
 YV 
 
 \ 
 
 l 
 
 i 
 
 ! / 
 
 b / 
 
 A / 
 
 y 
 
 \ A , , 
 
 ° b b d d ° 
 
 4 2 13 
 
 n n 
 
 DOUBLE DISTANCE FORWARD OPEN LINE, 
 
COMPANY. 
 
 Squaee at Full Distance, or Close Order. 
 * C. (at double, etc., distance) Form Line. 
 
 The sections are marched by the flank. 
 The rear sections are obliqued in time to 
 come on the line in their new positions. 
 
 Line of Sections Squares at Full Distance 
 
 or Close Order. 
 * C. (at double, etc. , distance) Form Square. 
 
 The sections are established as in open- 
 ing the square. The centre sections are 
 marched to the front and then obliqued to 
 their places. The flank sections are faced 
 inward (if necessary) and marched by the 
 flank. 
 
 A square in close order, or one at full 
 distance, may also be made from the line 
 of sections at full distanc e, or in open order. 
 
 A company in square may be formed into 
 line or column at any distance. 
 
 A line or column of sections may be trans- 
 posed while extending or closing, by observ- 
 ing the principles above indicated ; viz., to 
 combine the direct and oblique march so as 
 not to crowd the units. 
 192 
 
COMPANY. 
 
 Square at Full Distance. 
 
 C. For Combat, Two Hundred Yards, Open 
 Square, March. 
 
 The company opens to double distance 
 and then the front sections continue to ad- 
 vance until they are two hundred yards in 
 front of the rear sections. As soon as the 
 square has been opened the guides and 
 markers go to the captain, the guides keep 
 5 yards behind him, and the markers in 
 square at full distance 1\ yards behind the 
 guides, until their services are required. 
 
 After advancing 200 yards the front sec- 
 tions are halted by their chiefs, who com- 
 mand : 
 
 S. For Combat, Two Hundred Yards Open 
 Square, March. 
 
 The section is opened to double distance 
 and the corporals go 200 yards to the front 
 with the front fours and halt. 
 
 *C. For Combat, to Treble Distance, One Hun- 
 dred Yards, Open Square, March. 
 
 The same, excepting that the square is 
 opened to treble distance and the front sec- 
 193 
 
ffl EB 
 
 do no 
 
 n a n a 
 
 COMPANY FORMED FOR COMBAT, 
 
 (DISTANCE BETWEEN LINES REDUCED.) 
 
 nmn i 1 1 1 1 ii 1 1 1 nmn 
 
 DDnnnDannoDDonna 
 
 ODaDonnaDa nnnnap 
 
 DDDU DDDO DODO £l □ □ D 
 
 nnDDaaaDaanaa ana 
 
 a o a oBa a p a 
 
 . ^ d a a □ 
 
 O 
 
 REINFORCING'THE LTINF, 
 
* ■* * * * * * 
 
 REINFORCEMENTS • .. n « a a.. 
 
 + + + +■ 
 
 6UPPORT8 ■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ 
 
 B. H 
 
 ! B H a 
 
 H .88. sr JS 
 
 REGIMENT iN FORMATION FOR COMBAT* 
 
COMPANY. 
 
 tions advance one hundred yards, and open 
 to treble distance. 
 
 The front fours advance 100 yards and 
 halt. 
 
 * C. For Combat, Two Hundred Yards Open 
 Square, Front Sections Half Company Dis- 
 tance, Open Front Line, March. 
 
 The front fours of the front sections sep- 
 arate until they are half company distance 
 apart. 
 
 *C. For Combat, Two Hundred Yards, Front 
 Sections and Fours Front, March. 
 
 Executed on similar principles. 
 
 196 
 
COMPANY. 
 
 Formation for Combat. 
 
 C. to Full Distance, Rear Close Square. 
 
 C. to One Hundred Yards Close Columns, or 
 Rear Close Columns. 
 
 * Rear Section to Four Times Distance, Open 
 
 Line. 
 
 * C. Front Sections to Full Distance, Close 
 
 Squares. 
 
 * C. to Treble Distance, Right Rear into Line, 
 
 etc., etc. 
 
 Are executed on the same principles as at 
 full distance. 
 
 After forming for combat the line may 
 be reinforced in any manner that may be 
 required. The fours and sections on the 
 firing line do not change their distances un- 
 less it is so specified in the command. 
 
 C. Sections and Company, Rear Fours and 
 
 Sections Centre, into Line. 
 
 C. Squads and Platoons Right into Line. 
 
 C. Sections and Company into Line. 
 
 * C. Right and Left Sections, Right and Left 
 
 into Line, Company into Line. 
 
 By these movements a line is formed cov- 
 ering ^, T V, |, or | x I = - 1 / of a company 
 197 
 
COMPANY. 
 
 front ; so as to make a firing line of about 
 2 men to a yard, 1^ man to a yard, one man 
 to If yard, or one man to 2f yards. 
 
 C. Sections and Company Right into Line. 
 
 Thus the line is extended company front 
 to the right, with one man to If yard. 
 
 * C. Right Rear Section Company Distance 
 
 Right of Firing Line, at double distance, 
 half left into line. 
 
 * C. Left Rear Section Fifty Yards in Front of 
 
 Firing Line, treble distance into Line. 
 
 * C. Right Rear Section, Centre of Firing Line 
 
 Close Order. 
 
 In this manner the line may be reinforced, 
 extended, or passed, or an offensive or de- 
 fensive crotchet may be formed on either 
 flank. 
 
 198 
 
SCHOOL OF THE BATTALION. 
 
 ORGANIZATION. 
 
 A battalion consists of four companies 
 and their officers, etc. It is commanded by 
 a major, who is assisted in his tactical duties 
 by an adjutant and sergeant-major for di- 
 rectors, two sergeants for guides, and four 
 privates for markers. 
 
 When the battalion is assembled for roll- 
 call, etc., it is formed in line of section 
 squares, the battalion and companies being 
 at full distance, and the sections in close 
 order. The companies are disposed as fol- 
 lows from right to left : Third, first, sec- 
 ond, fourth. The two right companies con- 
 stitute the first subdivision, the two left the 
 second subdivision. 
 
 199 
 
I 
 
 41 
 
BATTALION. 
 
 POSTS OF OFFICERS, GUIDES, ETC., IN 
 THE ORDER OF ASSEMBLY. 
 
 Each captain is one-fourth section dis- 
 tance in front of the centre of the front 
 rank of his company. The adjutant and 
 sergeant-major one-fourth company dis- 
 tance from the rear rank and behind the 
 centres of their respective wings. 
 
 The right guide three-quarters company 
 distance to the right of the centre of the 
 nearest company, and on a line with the 
 front company markers. The left guide in 
 a corresponding position on the left of the 
 battalion. 
 
 201 
 
BATTALION. 
 
 THE ASSEMBLY. 
 
 To assemble the battalion for roll-call, 
 parade, etc., the companies are formed on 
 their parade-grounds and 
 
 Adjutant's Call 
 is sounded. The sergeant-major takes his 
 place on the left of the adjutant ; the right 
 and left guides 46 inches behind them, and 
 then the battalion markers in square in close 
 order, the front markers 46 inches behind 
 the guides. They then march to the bat- 
 talion parade-ground, where the adjutant 
 places the right front marker in position 
 and establishes the left front marker on the 
 proper line to fix the front of the battalion. 
 The rear markers take their positions from 
 them. The guides then pace half company 
 distance to the rear from the markers. The 
 adjutant and sergeant-major place them- 
 selves on the flanks of this line a little more 
 than company distance outside the markers. 
 The right guide paces half company distance 
 along the line to fix the place for the right 
 front company marker, and the same dis- 
 tance again for the left marker of the right 
 
BATTALION. 
 
 front company ; from this point the left 
 guide paces off the distances for the front 
 markers of the left company. The markers 
 of the flank companies are next established 
 by pacing the distances from those of the 
 centre companies. The adjutant and ser- 
 geant-major keep the guides on the proper 
 line until the company markers are estab- 
 lished. The companies are marched to their 
 places, dressed on their markers, and de- 
 ployed into line of sections. The adjutant, 
 sergeant-major, and guides go their places 
 as soon as the markers of the companies are 
 established. 
 
 B. Assemble in Line. March. 
 
 This is executed in the same manner as 
 the assembly for parade, excepting that the 
 major fixes the front markers of the battalion. 
 B. Assemble in Square. March. 
 
 Same as above, excepting that the mark- 
 ers of the rear companies are fixed in their 
 proper places by the adjutant and sergeant- 
 major without pacing. 
 
 In action all the positions are fixed with- 
 out pacing. 
 
 203 
 

 BATTALION COMPANIES AND SECTIONS. 
 1M SQUARE AT FULL DISTANCE. 
 
 BATTALION COMPANIES AND SECTION8. 
 i» SQUARE IN CLOSE ORDER. 
 
BATTALION. 
 B. Rally in Line. 
 
 The major, assisted by the adjutant, ser- 
 geant-major and battalion guides, places a 
 marker to indicate where the right of each 
 company is to rest 
 
 Each company is rallied by its captain, if 
 not already so, and conducted at a run to 
 the markers. 
 
 The major and adjutant indicate to the 
 captains, as they arrive, where they are to 
 establish their companies. 
 
 B. Rally in Square. 
 
 Same as above, excepting that the markers 
 are established in square. 
 
 A battalion may be rallied on any desig- 
 nated company, or on a guide who may be 
 sent forward to select a new position. 
 
 205 
 
BATTALION. 
 
 Squaee at Full Distance. 
 
 The major establishes the front markers. 
 B. Right Dress. 
 
 The adjutant and sergeant-major go to 
 the line of the guides and, if necessary, 
 correct their positions. 
 
 The markees of the front companies and 
 the left markers of the rear companies turn 
 their heads and eyes to the right. 
 
 The right guide cautions the front mark- 
 ers of the right front company to move up 
 or back until they are on a line with himself 
 and the left guide. The left guide sees that 
 the markers of the left front company are 
 on the line. 
 
 The captains require the company mark- 
 ers to keep their proper distances and see 
 that the company conforms to what is pre- 
 scribed in the School of the Company. 
 
 "When the adjutant and sergeant-major 
 are satisfied with the alignment of the front 
 companies, they correct the positions of the 
 rear companies, if necessary, and then go to 
 their places. The major, when satisfied with 
 the alignment, commands front. 
 206 
 
BATTALION. 
 
 Square at Full Distance. 
 B. Forward, Guide Right. 
 
 The major designates the point of direction 
 for the right front marker, and establishes 
 the left marker at right angles to the line 
 of march. 
 
 Mai 
 
 All step out. 
 
 The left front marker keeps abreast of 
 the right front marker. The right guide 
 keeps on the track of the marker and at 
 half-company distance from him. The left 
 guide keeps half-company distance behind 
 the left marker and at half-company dis- 
 tance to the left of the left company. The 
 right guide keeps the markers of the right 
 front companies on the Hue between him- 
 self and the left guide. The left guide 
 keeps those of the left front company on 
 the same line. 
 
 The adjutant and sergeant-major see 
 that the right markers of the rear com- 
 panies keep at the proper distance and fol- 
 low in the track of those of the front com- 
 pany. 
 
 207 
 

 BATTALION. 
 
 The major and sergeant-major observe 
 that the left battalion marker keeps half 
 battalion distance from the right marker, 
 and the major also sees that the captains 
 require the company markers to keep the 
 proper distance from the right guide or the 
 marker to the right. 
 
 208 
 
BATTALION. 
 
 Square at Full Distance. 
 
 B. Right Face. 
 
 The adjutant, sergeant-major, and com- 
 pany guides keep their plac- 
 
 Forward March. 
 
 All step out, and each man regulates his 
 march upon the same man as if the column 
 were marching by the former front with the 
 guide to the right. 
 
 If the major commands : 
 
 Guide Left, or Forward, Guide Left, or R. 
 Turn or Section R. Turn, 
 
 the guides shift to the new front and the 
 adjutant and sergeant-major to the new 
 flank. If the battalion is faced again to the 
 right, they go to their proper subdivisions. 
 
 209 
 
BATTALION. 
 
 Squake at Full Distance. 
 B. About Face. 
 The battalion faces about. 
 
 Forward, Guide Right. 
 
 The guides, etc., conform to the new front, 
 and the left guide now becomes the right. 
 
 Square at Full Distance. 
 
 B. Right Oblique, March. 
 
 Each man regulates his march upon the 
 same man as if marching to the front with 
 the guide to the right. 
 
 Square at Full Distance. 
 *B. Companies Right Half Turn, March. 
 
 Eepeated by all the captains. 
 
 After the turns are completed, the left 
 markers of the front companies place them- 
 selves half-section distance from the left 
 guides and in a direction from them per- 
 pendicular to the original front. 
 
 The right guide puts himself company dis- 
 tance from the left marker of the front com- 
 210 
 
BATTALION. 
 
 pany, and on a line with him and the same 
 marker of the left company. The left guide 
 half-company distance from the left marker 
 of the left company and on the same line ; 
 the right marker half-company distance to 
 the right and front of the right guide. 
 
 When the companies of the square have 
 turned half right, to march in the new di- 
 rection, the major commands : 
 
 B. Forward, Guide Left. 
 
 The right company markers come up on a 
 line with the left markers, and at half-com- 
 pany distance from them. The battalion 
 gueoes remain on the line of the front com- 
 pany markers. The front markers of the 
 front companies follow left and rear of the 
 front guide and keep half-company distance 
 from him and from each other. The front 
 markers of the rear company keep at com- 
 pany distance to the right and rear of cor- 
 responding markers of the front companies, 
 which they judge by their new positions. 
 
 211 
 
RIGHT TURN. 
 
 (MARCHING.) 
 
 RIGHT TURN* 
 MARCH- 
 
BATTALION. 
 
 Square at Full Distance (at a halt). 
 
 B. Right Turn. 
 
 R F. 1st C. Right half turn, forward. 
 
 L. F. 2d C. Right half turn, forward. 
 
 E. Er. 3d C. Left half face, forward. 
 
 L. Er. Ath G. Forward, guide right. 
 
 The adjutant stands fast ; the sergeant- 
 major goes to a point a little beyond the 
 left of the new line. 
 
 The right guide paces orY half-company 
 and company distance on this line to mark 
 the positions of the markers of the right 
 front company. Here he meets the left 
 guide, who places the markers of the left 
 front company in the same manner. The 
 rear markers are established on the new 
 positions of the front markers. 
 
 March. 
 
 The front companies are marched to their 
 new places, the right guides directing them- 
 selves upon their markers. Each captain 
 halts his company and commands, 
 213 
 
BATTALION. 
 
 Eight Turn, March. 
 When the turn is completed, the company 
 is halted and dressed to the right. 
 
 The right rear company is marched to the 
 front in time to come up to its new posi- 
 tion, and is halted, turned to the right, and 
 dressed on its marker. The left rear com- 
 pany is turned half right in time to come up 
 to its marker, and then turned half right 
 into position. 
 B. To the Rear on the Right Guide Left Turn. 
 
 Each company turns by the rear rank. 
 The first and second make more than a half 
 turn ; the third and fourth make a right 
 rear turn ; the third company obliques in 
 time to go to its new position. 
 
 214 
 
BATTALION. 
 
 Square at Full Distance (Marching). 
 
 B. Right Turn. 
 
 R F. 1st G Eight half turn. 
 
 L. F. 2d C. Right half turn. 
 
 R. Rr. 3d C. Forward, guide right. 
 
 L. Rr. 1th G. Forward, guide right. 
 
 March. 
 
 The right guide faces right, marks time 
 until the right guide of the right front com- 
 pany comes abreast of him and then take3 a 
 half step. The left guide and front battalion 
 and company markers hasten to their new 
 positions. The front companies make a half 
 right turn. The right front company con- 
 tinues to march at half -step until its guide 
 comes to the line of the battalion guide ; 
 it then makes another half -turn and dreses 
 on the battalion guide. 
 
 The captain commands : 
 
 Forward, March, 
 
 after the half turn is completed, and when 
 
 the company arrives on the new line, it turns 
 
 again half right, again takes full step, and 
 
 215 
 
BATTALION. 
 
 then half step, when it arrives on the new 
 line. 
 
 The rear companies turn on the same 
 ground as the front companies, and then 
 conform to what is prescribed for these 
 companies. 
 
 After the turn is completed, the major 
 commands : 
 
 Forward, March. 
 
 For a turn of less than a right angle, the 
 companies make half the turn before and 
 half after advancing, 
 
 216 
 
BATTALION. 
 
 Square at Full Distance. 
 
 * B. Change Front to Right. 
 
 R F. 1st C. About face, forward, guide right 
 L. F. 2<i C. Right face, forward, guide right 
 R. Rr. 3(7(7. Left face, forxcard, guide right. 
 L. Rr. Wi C. Forward, guide light. 
 
 The battalion markers stand fast ; the 
 company markers run to their new po- 
 sitions ; the battalion guides shift to the 
 new line and verify the company markers 
 under the direction of the adjutant and 
 sergeant-major. 
 
 March. 
 
 All the companies march half-company 
 distance and are then turned to the right 
 by their chiefs, faced in the new direction, 
 and dressed to the right and front. 
 
 The battalion markers shift to the right. 
 
 217 
 
4 2 
 
 3 , 1 
 
 f /v&'> i I 1 
 
 ! i 
 
 CHANGE FRONT TO RIGHT. 
 MARCH. 
 
BATTALION. 
 
 Squaee as Above. 
 
 * B. Change Front to Rear. 
 
 Same as above, except that the guides 
 shift to the rear. 
 
 March. 
 
 After marching half-company distance all 
 the companies turn to the right and march 
 half-company distance to the new front. 
 They are halted, turned, and faced as 
 above. 
 
 219 
 

BATTALION. 
 
 Line of Company Squares at Full Dis- 
 tance. 
 
 B. Right Dress. 
 
 Executed as prescribed for the front com- 
 panies of a square. 
 
 Column of Company Squares at Full Dis- 
 tance. 
 
 The major establishes the right markers. 
 
 B. Right Dress. 
 
 The adjutant and sergeant-major go to 
 the line of the guides. The front guide 
 faces about when his position has been veri- 
 fied by the adjutant. 
 
 The battalion is dressed upon the same 
 principles as in square. 
 
 231 
 
1 / .- ft 
 
 t 
 
 BATTALION. 
 
 Line of Companies at Full Distance, 
 B. Forward, Guide Right, March. 
 
 The major indicates the points of direc- 
 tion to the right marker and establishes the 
 left marker at right angles to this direction. 
 The right guide keeps company distance to 
 the right of and half -company distance be- 
 hind the right battalion marker. The left 
 guide keeps half-company distance behind 
 the line of the battalion markers. 
 
 The company markers and the left guide 
 keep themselves at the proper distance from 
 the guide or marker on their right. The 
 guides maintain the company markers on a 
 line with themselves. 
 
 If there are several companies in line op 
 sections, the proper distance from the com- 
 pany on the right will be estimated indepen- 
 dently by the right guide of the company and 
 the right front marker. The former judges 
 by his distance from the left guide of the next 
 company ; the latter by his distance from 
 the left marker of the right company, both 
 absolutely and relatively, to the left marker 
 222 
 
BATTALION. 
 
 of his own company. The right guide takes 
 into consideration the position of the right 
 marker as well as his own judgment, but if 
 the guide of the right company is very near 
 to him, he will give the most weight to his 
 own distance from him. 
 
 In determining the line, the guide is al- 
 ways governed by the marker. 
 
 The lieutenant supervises the position 
 both of the guide and of the marker, and 
 for this purpose he goes where he can best 
 judge of the proper distance. He also sees 
 whether the left guide of the right section 
 comes behind the marker. 
 
 Column of Companies at Full Distance. 
 B. Forward, Guide Right. 
 
 The major gives the front guide a point to 
 march on. The right front marker of the 
 front company keeps the proper distance 
 behind the battalion guide. The other 
 right company markers follow. 
 
 The companies march as explained in the 
 School of the Company. 
 
 223 
 
BATTALION. 
 
 Line or Column at Full Distance. 
 
 The Companies in Line, Column, or Square. 
 
 B. Right Face. 
 
 The lieutenants and guides keep their 
 
 places. 
 
 Forward, March. 
 
 All step out, and each man regulates his 
 march on the same man as if marching by 
 the former front with the guide to the right. 
 
 B. Right Face, or Guide Right, or Forward 
 Guide Right, or R. Turn, etc. 
 
 The guides of a column shift to the new 
 directing flank, if not already there. 
 
 The guides of the companies shift at the 
 same time, if necessary. 
 
 224 
 
BATTALION. 
 
 * Line of Company Squakes Half Eight. 
 
 B. Forward, Guide Left. 
 
 F. 3d C. Forward, guide left 
 
 F. C. 1st C. Forward, guide left. 
 
 Er. C. 2d C. Forward, guide left. 
 
 Er. teh C. Forward, guide left. 
 
 March. 
 
 Executed as prescribed for the front com- 
 panies of the square. 
 
 Line of Companies in Two Banes at Full 
 
 Distance. 
 
 B. Right Face Forward, Guide Left, March. 
 
 The major gives the front guide a point to 
 march on. The front guide of the front 
 company keeps one and half section dis- 
 tance behind the front battalion guide. 
 
 The other company guides and the men 
 in the front rank, now become the left file, 
 follow each other at a distance of 46 inches. 
 The company markers take care to keep on 
 the line, and the rear guides caution the 
 markers in the front of them to incline to 
 the right or left, if necessary. 
 225 
 
BATTALION. 
 
 Line of Company Squares at Full Distance. 
 
 AT A HALT. 
 
 B. Right Turn. 
 
 The right guide establishes the markers 
 of the right companies and meets the left 
 guide, who establishes those of the left 
 company. 
 
 on the march. 
 B. Right Turn. 
 Same as the front companies of a square. 
 
BATTALION. 
 
 Column of Company Squares at Full Dis- 
 tance. 
 
 B. Left Face. 
 
 B. Right Turn. 
 
 Same as the flank companies of a square. 
 
 B. Right Turn, 
 
 is executed in a column of companies on 
 the battalion guide, but may be executed 
 by the companies successively, thus : 
 
 B. Head of Column Right. 
 
 The right rear marker of the front company 
 who marks the pivot is replaced as soon as 
 possible by the front marker of the ^.ext 
 company. 
 
 227 
 
q. 2 
 
 1 3 
 
 b n' 
 
 2 1 
 
 4 3 
 
 INTO LINE. 
 
BATTALION. 
 
 Squabe at Full Distance. 
 
 B. Into Line. 
 
 E. F. 1st C. Bight dress. 
 
 L. F. 2d C. Right dress. 
 
 E. Kr. 3d C. Bight half face, forward. 
 
 L. Er. Uh C. Left half face, forward. 
 
 The adjutant and sergeant-major place 
 themselves on the line of the guides, and a 
 little more than company distance from 
 them. 
 
 The battalion guides establish the mark- 
 ers of the rear company on the new line. 
 
 March. 
 
 The rear companies step out and are 
 halted and dressed to the right when they 
 arrive on the line. 
 
 229 
 
en 
 
 4 ! 
 
 D 
 
 •~ — <— • ® 
 
 t 
 
 1 3 
 
 D 
 
 FORM SQUARE. 
 
BATTALION. 
 
 Line of Compaq Squares at Full Distance. 
 B. Form Square. 
 
 R 3d C. Left face, forward. 
 
 E. C. 1st C. Forward, guide right. 
 
 L. C. 2d 0. Forward, guide right. 
 
 L. Mil C. Right face, forward. 
 The guides step off, pace company dis- 
 tance to the front. 
 
 The adjutant and sergeant-major place 
 themselves on this line. The guides run to 
 the centre ; the right guide places himself 
 in front of the right guide of the right front 
 company. He is put on the line by the 
 adjutant, and establishes the markers of the 
 right front company ; the left guide meets 
 him and establishes the markers of the left 
 
 front company. 
 
 March. 
 
 All the companies step out. The battalion 
 markers hasten to their new positions ; the 
 chief of each of the front companies halts 
 his company when its guide arrives at his 
 place already established ; the chief of each 
 rear company halts it and faces it to the 
 front when its guide arrives behind the 
 marker already established. 
 231 
 
eTth uns 
 
 4 3 
 
 REAR FORM LINE. 
 
 H E ]B~TB 
 
 n~a'-- y 
 
 4- 3. 
 
 RIGHT .INTO LINE. 
 
 Q00D 
 
 4\ 2 1 SB 
 
 m B 0'" 
 
 REAR INTO SQUARE. 
 
 s m □ n 
 
 2 1 / 3 / 4- 
 
 S ET*^ 
 
 LEFT REAR INTO SQUARE. 
 
 Ef"0il]"t3 
 
 2j 1 
 
 d izr^ 
 
 4- 3 
 
 RIGHT FORM LINE. 
 
 a a 
 
 2 \ 1 \ 
 
 RIGHT REAR FORM LINE. 
 
 0"ct~d d 
 
 4- 2 1 / 8 
 
 b s~~ 
 
 LEFT REAR FORM SQUARE, 
 
 a ® i — f . — f ® a 
 
 E 
 
 " SmJI] 
 
 4-213 
 LEFT FORM SQUARE. 
 
BATTALION. 
 
 Square at Full Distance. 
 
 B. Left into Line. 
 
 L. F. 1st G. Right dress. 
 
 L. Kr. 2d G. Bight dress. 
 
 R F. 3 d G. Left face, forward. 
 
 E. Rr. Uh G. Left half face, forward. 
 
 The sergeant-major places himself on the 
 line of the company markers, and at about 
 twice company distance to their left. 
 
 March. 
 
 The left guide establishes the markers of 
 the rear companies on the new line. The 
 rear companies step out. The left rear com- 
 pany is halted and dressed upon its mark- 
 ers ; the right rear company is marched 
 twice company distance, obliqued to the 
 front, and halted and dressed on its mark- 
 ers. The captain of the Right Rear com- 
 pany explains to his markers that they are 
 to pass on and come upon the left of those 
 of the Left Rear company. 
 
 333 
 
BATTALION. 
 
 Square at Full Distance. 
 B. Rear Form Line. 
 
 The front companies go the rear. 
 The rear companies go to the flanks. 
 
 B. Right Form Line. 
 
 The front companies go the right. 
 The left rear company goes to the front. 
 The right rear company goes to the right 
 and obliques to the front. 
 
 B. Right Rear Form Line. 
 The front companies go to the right and 
 rear. 
 
 The right rear company goes to the right. 
 
 Line of Companies at Full Distance. 
 
 The following are the reverse of the last 
 two movements : 
 
 B. Left Rear Form Square. 
 B. Left Form Square. 
 
 The reverse of B. Into Line and B. Right 
 Into Line are : 
 
 B. Rear Into Square. 
 
 B. Left Rear Into Square. 
 234 
 
BATTALION. 
 
 Square at Full Distance. 
 
 B. Right, By Divisions. 
 
 R F. 1st C. Forward, guide left. 
 L. F. 2d G. Might face, forward. 
 R. Br. 3d C. Forward, guide left. 
 L. Kr. £th C. Right face, forward. 
 
 The adjutant goes a little more than 
 twice company distance in front of the left 
 marker of the right company. 
 
 The right battalion guide marks the po- 
 sition of the left marker of the right rear 
 company in front of the original line at 
 twice company distance, and those of the 
 right rear company at company distance 
 from it. The left guide goes to the left 
 of the right front company and establishes 
 the markers of the left companies. 
 
 March. 
 
 The right companies move to the front. 
 The left companies march to their new posi- 
 tions ; they are then halted, faced to the 
 front and all are dressed to the left. 
 235 
 
BATTALION. 
 
 Column of Company Squares at Pull Dis- 
 tance. 
 
 B. Left, Into Square. 
 
 F. 1st C. Left dress. 
 
 F. C. 3d G. Left dress. 
 
 Kr. C. 2d C. Left half face, forward. 
 
 Br. A.th G. Left half face, forward. 
 
 The adjutant places himself a little to the 
 right of the right marker of the front com- 
 pany. The sergeant-major places himself 
 a little more than company distance to the 
 left of the left marker of the front company. 
 The left guide goes to the left of the left 
 company marker and establishes the mark- 
 ers of the rear centre company at half- 
 company distance from him. 
 
 March. 
 
 The front companies stand fast. The rear 
 companies oblique and then march to the 
 front, directing themselves upon the mark- 
 ers. The companies are halted and dressed 
 to the right. 
 
 The battalion markers take their new 
 places. 
 
 236 
 
BATTALION. 
 
 B. Right Into Column. 
 B. Right Form Square. 
 
 These are executed on similar principles. 
 
 As the square is usually formed from col- 
 umn by subdivisions, it is not necessary so 
 to specify. In exceptional cases, to form 
 column or come into column by companies, 
 the command should be : 
 
 B. Right by Companies Form Column. 
 
 The new positions are fixed as explained 
 above. 
 
 The left companies oblique to their new 
 places as soon as the front company has ad- 
 vanced half company distance. 
 
 B. Right by Companies Into Column. 
 
 The right companies stand fast ; the left 
 companies are formed in front of them in 
 reverse order. 
 
 B. Right by Companies Form Square, 
 B. Right by Companies Into Square, 
 
 are executed on similar principles. 
 237 
 
3 ® 1 
 
 4 RIGHT FORWARD INTO LINE; 
 
 O MARCH. 
 
 * o a 
 
 1 a 3 
 
 RlQHT'FORM COLUMN. 
 MARCH& 
 
BATTALION. 
 
 Line of Company Squares at Full Distance. 
 
 All movements are executed as far as pos- 
 sible in the same manner as from a square. 
 
 B. Right Form Column. 
 
 R 3d C. Forward, guide left. 
 
 R C. 1st C. Right face, forward. 
 
 L. C. 2d C. Right face, forward. 
 
 L. 4tth G. Right face, forward. 
 
 The company markers hasten to their new 
 positions and are established by the battal- 
 ion guides under direction of the adjutant 
 and sergeant-major. 
 
 March. 
 
 All the companies step out, and are 
 marched by the flank to their new positions, 
 as soon as they arrive where the right 
 company stood they are dressed to the left 
 on their markers. 
 
 239 
 

 To 
 
 uufeu 
 
 F. C. TO RIGHT. 
 INTO LINE. 
 
 [±f [It H TU 
 
 R. C. AND R. TO FRONT. 
 FORM COLUMN. 
 
 ■a 
 
 D"TJ 
 
 "n 
 
 R. C. TO RIGHT. 
 INTO LINE. 
 
 B L±T LIT UTtEl s 
 
 \ \ a 
 
 R. C. AND L. C. TO FRONT. 
 FORM COLUMN. 
 
 a 
 
 4\ 2 
 \ 
 
 3 D 
 
 'fe 
 
 ON F. C. TO FRONT, 
 
 F. TO RIGHT. 
 
 LEFT FORM LINE. 
 
 ON RIGHT CENTER. 
 LEFT INTO COLUMN 
 
BATTALION. 
 
 *B. Right Into Column, 
 
 Same as above, excepting that the right 
 company stands fast and the others oblique 
 to the right. 
 
 This movement may be executed on any 
 named unit ; the company in front of the 
 unit going to the left and rear. 
 
 241 
 
BATTALION. 
 
 Column of Company Squares at Full Dis- 
 tance. 
 
 B. Right Into Line. 
 
 The company markers are established by 
 the guide under direction of the adjutant 
 and sergeant-major. 
 
 F. 3d G. Left dress. 
 
 F. C. 1st G. Bight half face, forvjard. 
 
 Rr. C. 2d G Bight half face, forward. 
 
 Rr. Uh G Bight half face, forward. 
 
 March. 
 
 Same as for the right companies in 
 square. 
 
 The guides establish successively the 
 markers of each company. 
 
 B. Right Form Line. 
 
 This is the reverse of Left Form Column. 
 
 A line may be changed into or form col- 
 umn and conversely by indicating which 
 companies in line go to the front, or which 
 in the column go to the right. 
 242 
 
p 
 
 p 
 
 CO? 
 
 4 3 
 
 BY SECTIONS, 
 
 n 
 
 BY SECTKDNS, 
 
 RIGHT FORM COLUMN. RIGHT FORM SQUARE. 
 
 2 |1 
 
 D""T3 
 
 2 
 
 n 
 
 6 
 
 n ■ 
 
 2 
 
 d 
 
 3 
 
 n 
 
 ON FRONT SECTION, 
 
 TO RIGHT 
 FRONT INTO COLUMN. 
 
 R. F. AND L. F. SECTIONS, F.C. AND' RR SECTIONS,TO LEFT 
 TO FRONT RIGHT FORM SQUARE. 
 
 FORM COLUMN. 
 
 Ef 
 
 OTjrrtf 
 
 la 
 
 ON RIGHT SECTION TO FRONT 
 RIGHT INTO LINE. 
 
 *3 
 
 h h 
 
 b 
 
 4 2 13 
 
 ON LEFT SECTION, 
 
 FRONT INTO ECHELON. 
 
BATTALION. 
 
 Line of Company Squares at Full Distance. 
 * B. on Left Company Front Into Echelon. 
 
 B. 3d G. Forward, guide left. 
 E. C. 1st C. Forward, guide left. 
 L. C. 2d G. Forward, guide left. 
 L. Uh G. Left dress. 
 
 The left guide paces company distance 
 to the front from the left guide of the left 
 marker of the left centre company, and the 
 right guide twice section distance from the 
 left marker of the right centre company to 
 establish the markers of these companies in 
 their new positions. The right guide then 
 paces company distance to the right and 
 company distance to the front to establish 
 the right company. 
 
 March. 
 
 The companies step out and are estab- 
 lished on their markers. 
 
 * B. on Left Centre Company Right Front Into 
 Echelon. 
 
 Executed in the same manner, excepting 
 that the left company goes to the rear. 
 244 
 
BATTALION. 
 
 The Battalion may be brought into eche- 
 lon at any distance by so specifying in the 
 command. 
 
 The Line is re-established from echelon 
 as from column. 
 
 * One of the companies of a line may be 
 sent to the front, or the front company of a 
 column may be sent to the right or left, and 
 the others brought into line upon it in any 
 order that may be indicated in the com- 
 mand. 
 
 A column may be formed forward in any 
 direction by so specifying in the command. 
 Thus: 
 
 B. Left Form Column on the Right 
 
 The left company advances company dis- 
 tance, unless some other is specified, and 
 turns to the right. The others follow in 
 succession until the column is formed- 
 
 245 
 
BATTALION. 
 
 Square at Full Distance. 
 
 B. Forward, Into Line. 
 
 E. F. 1st C. Right dress. 
 
 L. F. 2d G. Eight dress. 
 
 E. Er. 3d C. Right half turn. 
 
 L. Er. 4tth C. Left half turn. 
 
 The adjutant and sergeant-major go to a 
 point outside the flank on a line with the 
 front markers. 
 
 The guides pace the distance for the 
 markers of the rear company on a pro- 
 longation of the line. 
 
 March. 
 
 The front companies are dressed on their 
 markers. The rear companies step out, and 
 when each has completed the change of di- 
 rection, it is marched to the front and by 
 another half turn established upon its mark- 
 ers and dressed to the centre, 
 
 246 
 
BATTALION. 
 
 * Column of Company Squares at Full 
 Distance. 
 
 B. Right Forward Into Line. 
 
 F. 3d C. Left dress. 
 
 F. C. Is* C. Bight half turn. 
 
 Er. C. 2d C. Eight half turn. 
 
 Br. ith C. Bight half turn. 
 
 The markers of the companies are estab- 
 lished on the new line as in Eight Front 
 Into Ltne. 
 
 March. 
 
 Executed as explained above for the right 
 companies in square. 
 
 B. Half Left, Right into Line. 
 B. Company Distance on Right Into Line. 
 
 * B. At Double Distance, Twenty Yards, Half 
 Right Into Line, etc., etc. 
 
 Each company goes directly to its new 
 position with the guide left. 
 
 When two paths cross, the company near- 
 est to the basis waits for the other to pass. 
 247 
 
BATTALION. 
 
 Close Order. 
 
 The principles of all the manoeuvres are 
 the same as at full distance. 
 
 Square in Close Order at a halt. 
 B. Right Turn. 
 
 R. 1st C. Forward, guide right 
 L. 2d C. Forward, guide right. 
 R Rr. 3d G. Forward, right face forward. 
 L. Rr. Uh G. Forward, guide right. 
 
 The front company markers are estab- 
 lished on the new line. 
 
 As the companies turn, the sections and 
 files close up, and yield a little, if necessary, 
 to avoid the next companies. 
 
 March. 
 
 Repeated by the chiefs of the left company. 
 The left company advances company dis- 
 tance, turns, and comes up to the new line. 
 The left rear company marches forward and 
 comes into position by turning. The right 
 company comes up to its place and turns. 
 The right rear company obliques to the left, 
 marches to the front, and turns. 
 250 
 
BATTALION. 
 
 Square, in Close Order (marching). 
 B. Right Turn. 
 
 R 1st C. Forward, guide right 
 
 L. 2d C. Forward, guide right. 
 
 E. Er. 3d C. Forward, guide right. 
 
 L. Er. 4dh C. Forward, guide right 
 
 March. 
 
 The left guides and markers hasten to 
 
 their places. 
 
 Each company is turned to the right as 
 soon as its right guide comes directly be- 
 hind his marker. The movement is com- 
 pleted as at full distance. 
 
 251 
 
BATTALION. 
 
 Square in Close Order. 
 
 B. Form Line. 
 
 E. F. 1st C. Bight dress. 
 
 L. F. 2d G. Eight dress'. 
 
 B. Er. 3d C. Right face, forward. 
 
 L. Er. UK C. Left face, forward. 
 
 The guides go to their places. 
 
 The rear companies step out and each is 
 marched up to the line by the flank. When 
 the guides are immediately behind their 
 places in line they are halted and dressed 
 on the centre. 
 
 252 
 
BATTALION 
 
 Line of Company Squaees in Close Order. 
 
 B. Form Square. 
 
 R 3d C. Left face, forward. 
 R. C. 1st C. Forward, guide right 
 L. C. 3d C. Forward, guide right. 
 L. Uh C. Right face, forward. 
 
 The battalion guides pace half-company 
 distance to the front. The markers of the 
 front company are established on the new 
 front. 
 
 March. 
 
 Repeated by the chiefs of the centre com- 
 pany. The centre companies are estab- 
 lished on the line and dressed to the right. 
 As soon as the other companies are un- 
 masked their chiefs give the command of 
 execution, and each company is halted, faced 
 to the front, and dressed to the right as 
 soon as its leading guide comes directly in 
 the rear of the inner guide of the company 
 in front. 
 
 253 
 
BATTALION. 
 
 Square in Close Order. 
 
 B. Right by Divisions. 
 R F. 1st G Forward, guide left. 
 L. F. 2d G. Bight face, forward. 
 R. Er. 3d G Forward, guide left 
 L. Rr. teh G Bight face, forward. 
 
 The battalion guides establish the mark- 
 ers successively on the line. 
 
 March. 
 
 Repeated by the chief of the right com- 
 panies. When these companies have advanced 
 company distance, the chiefs of the left com- 
 panies give the command of execution, and 
 march their companies by their flank to 
 their new positions. 
 
 Column of Companies in Close Order. 
 
 B. Left Into Square. 
 
 F. 1st G. Bight dress. 
 
 F. C. 3d G Bight dress. 
 Rr. C. 2d G Left face, forward. 
 Rr. Uh G. Left face, forward. 
 254 
 
BATTALION. 
 March. 
 
 Repeated by the chiefs of the rear compa- 
 nies, who march their companies by the right 
 flank and establish them in their new posi- 
 tions. 
 
 Line of Companies in Close Order. 
 B. Right Turn. 
 
 The companies advance in echelon from 
 the left, turn, and come up on the new line. 
 
 Battalion Line of Company Square. 
 
 B. Right Face. 
 All face right. 
 
 Forward, Guide Left. 
 
 The guides shift to their positions in col- 
 umn. 
 
 255 
 
i i i i i i i .1 . i . i: 
 
 I ! I, I I I I 
 
 r~~ 
 
 — ' 
 
 
 -r^i^i i^^-i i — i i — y/m 
 
 | I I I I 
 
 I I 1 1 I 
 
 i i i i i i 
 
 I SE 
 
 I 1 I I I 
 
 I 
 
 I I I I I 
 
 I 1 * 
 
 H I ^ 
 
 H hH M M M h+H h- 1 H M M Mil J 
 
 i i i i i i i i i i i i-M i i i i i i i i i i -r" 
 
 BATTALION IN HOLLOW SQUARE. 
 
BATTALION. 
 
 B. In Square in Close Order. 
 B. Hollow Square. 
 
 B. F. 1st C. Front sections left squad into 
 ranks. 
 Eight rear section right face 
 into ranks. 
 L. F. 2d C. Front sections right squad into 
 ranks. 
 Left rear section left face into 
 ranks. 
 B. Br. 3d C. Flight front section right face 
 into ranks. 
 Bear sections about face right 
 squad into ranks. 
 L. Br. 4:th C. Left front section left face into 
 ranks. 
 Bear sections about face left 
 squad into ranks. 
 
 The officers and guides and chiefs of sec- 
 tion run to the centre through the nearest 
 
 intervals. 
 
 March. 
 
 The sections are formed into ranks, and 
 all face outward. The markers go to the 
 257 
 
BATTALION. 
 
 intervals between the sections to close 
 them. The officers go behind the centres 
 of their commands. 
 
 B. Close Order. 
 
 B. F. 1st G. Sections rear into square. 
 
 L. F. 2d C. Sections rear into square. 
 
 R Kr. 3d C. Sections rear into square. 
 
 L. Kr. Uh C. Sections rear into square. 
 
 March. 
 
 The chiefs, guides, etc., go to their for- 
 mer places. 
 
 The sections are formed into square as 
 before. 
 
 The captains command Front Face. 
 
 The chiefs of section command Left 
 Face, etc. 
 
 258 
 
BATTALION. 
 
 Open Order. 
 
 A Battalion in open order is dressed, 
 marched, faced, and turned on the same 
 principles as one at full distance. 
 
 Square at Full Distance or Close Order. 
 B. (to double, etc. , distance) Open Square. 
 
 B. F. 1st G. Forward, guide right. 
 
 L. F. 2d G. Forward, guide right 
 
 B. Br. 3d G. Right face, forward. 
 
 L. Br. UhC. Left face, forward. 
 
 The guides pace to the front the proper 
 distance, and establish the front companies. 
 The battalion mare^rs and guides go to 
 their new positions. 
 
 March. 
 
 The companies are marched to their new 
 positions. The front companies are obliqued 
 to the right and left in time to bring them 
 to their new positions. Each is halted by 
 its chief and dressed to the right. 
 
 259 
 
• i£ 
 
 n r 
 
 ^ • 
 
 2 1 
 
 .4 3 
 
 4 3 
 
 FRONT COMPANIES FRONT. 
 
 4 3 
 
 DOUBLE DISTANCE OPEN. 
 FRONT LINE. 
 
 * • * ' • * 
 4v 2 
 
 
 * 4c 
 
 _1_ / 3 
 
 BY_DIVISION BATTALION DISTANCE FORM LINE. 
 
 i* + * 
 
 4 2 
 
 LTTT 
 
 4-213 
 
 \ 
 
 BY DIVISION BATTALION DISTANCE OPEN LINE. 
 
□ □ 
 
 □ D 
 
 2' 1 
 
 4. 
 
 □" 
 
 A 
 
 4-3 4-3 
 
 DOUBLE DISTANCE OPEN SQUARE. DOUBLE DISTANCE RIGHT 
 
 OPEN SQUARE. 
 
 TREBLE DISTANCE FRONT AND REAR OPEN SQUARE. 
 
 
 
 ,4- 2 1 3 m 
 
 DOUBLE DISTANCE OPEN LINE. 
 
BATTALION. 
 
 Squake at Full Distance. 
 
 To open the front line of the square the 
 major commands : 
 
 B. Front Companies, Front. 
 
 The front companies execute the move- 
 ment precisely as in opening the square. 
 This line may also be opened to any dis- 
 tance, right, or right and left, etc. 
 
 The rear companies may be sent to the 
 front or opened out in the same manner. 
 
BATTALION. 
 
 Squabe at Full Distance. 
 B. (to double, etc., distance) Right Open Square. 
 
 R F. 1st C. Right half face, forward. 
 L. F. 2d C. Forward, guide left. 
 E. Br. 3d C. Bight face, forward. 
 L. Er. Uh C. Bight dress. 
 
 The companies are established as above and 
 the movement is executed in a similar man- 
 ner. The company may be opened to the 
 right, left, and rear, etc., or to the right, left, 
 front, and rear, in a similar manner. For 
 the last, the command is, 
 
 B. Front and Rear Open Square. 
 
 In opening column the companies are 
 established on the new position of the front 
 company, and in opening lines on the new 
 position of the right company, unless in 
 either case one of the companies stands fast. 
 
 263 
 
* + 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 □ □ * □ a 
 
 FJJLL DISTANCE CLOSE SQUARE. 
 * 
 
 4- 3 
 
 FULL DISTANCE LEFT. 
 
 CLOSE SQUARE. 
 
 2 \ 
 
 
 4 3 
 
 FULL DISTANCE FRONT AND REAR CLOSE SQUARE. 
 
 □ 
 
 * 
 Ji 3 
 
 . r r ; — i • i — | 
 
 * 
 
 G 
 
 2 1 
 
 ■ ■ 
 
 F.ULL DISTANCE CLOSE LINEv 
 
BATTALION. 
 
 Square at Full Distance or in Open Order. 
 
 B. (to close order, etc., or) to Full Distance Close 
 Square. 
 
 E. F. 1st G. Left face, forward. 
 
 L. F. 2d G. Eight face, forward. 
 
 E. Er. 3d G. Left half face, forward. 
 
 L. Er. Uh G. Eight half face, forward. 
 
 The right guide establishes the right com- 
 pany and the others are established upon it. 
 
 March. 
 
 The rear companies are marched to the 
 front as soon as they come in rear of their 
 new positions. 
 
 The square, or any part of it, may be 
 closed to the front, rear, right, etc., by in- 
 verse means to those described for open- 
 ing it. But if only a part of the square is 
 moved, all the companies are established 
 upon those that stand fast. 
 
 265 
 
BATTALION. 
 
 Line of Companies at Full Distance or in 
 Close Order. 
 
 B. (to double, etc. , distance) Open Line. 
 
 E. 3d G. Bight face, forward. 
 
 E. C. 1st G Right face, forward. 
 
 L. C. 2d C. Left face, forward. 
 
 L. teh G. Left face, forward. 
 
 The right guide establishes the compa- 
 nies of the right division, and the left guide 
 those of the left division. 
 
 The rear battalion markers take their 
 places on a line with the front markers and 
 at half-battalion distance from them. The 
 guides are on the flanks at half-company 
 distance from the company guides. 
 
 Divisions are extended by similar means, 
 and so are the companies of each divis- 
 ion. 
 
 The battalion in line may be extended 
 while gaining ground to the front or rear, 
 by making a third of a turn to reach their 
 new positions before obliquing. 
 
 The battalion is closed by inverse means. 
 The companies are established upon the 
 266 
 
BATTALION. 
 
 right of the right-centre company or upon 
 the front of the front-centre company, ex- 
 cepting that when one company stands fast 
 the others are established on it. 
 
 A square, line, or column of companies 
 may be transposed while extending or clos- 
 ing by observing the principles above indi- 
 cated, viz., to combine the direct and oblique 
 marches so as not to crowd the units. 
 
 267 
 
4 2 1 .3 
 
 d □ 
 
 DOUBLE DISTANCE FORM SQUARE; 
 
 rr 
 
 "□ n 
 
 _/ 
 
 DOUBLE DISTANCE FORM LINE. 
 
 □ d 
 
 2 1 
 
 4 3 
 
 ~n ct 
 
 a 
 
 "□ LT" 
 
 TREBLE DISTANCE. 
 OPEN COLUMNS. 
 
 TREBLE DISTANCE. 
 OPEN LINES. 
 
BATTALION. 
 
 Squake at Full Distance. 
 
 B. At Double, etc., Distance Form Line. 
 
 The companies are marched by the flank. 
 The rear companies are obliqued in time to 
 come on the line in their new positions. 
 
 Line of Companies at Full Distance. 
 B. at Double Distance Form Square. 
 
 The companies are established as in open- 
 ing the square. The centre companies are 
 marched to the front and then obliqued to 
 their places. The flank companies are faced 
 inward (if necessary) and marched by the 
 flank. 
 
 269 
 
* 
 
 4 2 
 
 * • 
 
 b 
 
 x 
 
 4 3 
 
 FULL DISTANCE FORM LINE. 
 
 \ 
 
 " D" 
 
 3 V 
 
 2 1 
 
 FULL-DISXANCE FORM SQUARE. 
 
 U 
 
 □ n • 
 
 (• 
 
 • a 
 
 LT 
 
 2 
 
 CJ 
 
 U 
 
 n 
 
 3 
 
 FULL DISTANCE CLOSE. LlTfE. 
 
 FULL DISTANCE CLOSE 
 COLUMNS. 
 
inn 
 
 1 
 
 ; 
 
 mi 
 
 i 
 
 !o 
 
 + > 
 
 + 
 
 □' □ 
 
 2 1 3 
 
 FT COMPANIES FRO 
 TREBLE DISTANCE FORM'SQUARE. 
 
 RIGHT AND LEFT COMPANIES FRONT. REAR COMPANIES CEN 
 
 £ORM LINE. 
 
 2 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 u □ d 
 
 double distance forward open line. 
 
BATTALION. 
 
 Column of Companies Full Distance or 
 Close Order. 
 
 C. (to double, etc., distance) Open Column. 
 
 F. 1st C. Forward, guide right. 
 F. C. 3d G. Forward, guide right. 
 Rr. C. 2d G. Forward, guide right. 
 Er. Uh G. Right dress. 
 
 The guides establish the new positions 
 of the centre companies under direction of 
 the sergeant-major. 
 
 March. 
 
 The companies step out and are estab- 
 lished upon their markers. 
 
 The battalion markers take places corre- 
 sponding to those in a line in open order. 
 
 272 
 
□ □ 
 
 Hi 
 
 
 
 i — » 
 
 ___ 
 
 2 1 
 
 4 3 
 
 FRONT COMPANIES FRONT. 
 
 4 3 
 
 DOUBLE DISTANCE OPEN. 
 FRONT LI 
 
 4^ 2 
 
 -u rr 
 
 ~ n ~~n n 
 
 BY DIVISION BATTALION DISTANCE FORM LINE. 
 
 ■ . | . p , ,~ o=— *y_. -^fc| • 
 
 4 2 13 
 
 ■ a 
 
 BY DIVISION BATTALION D'STANCE OPEN LINE. 
 
A 4 J- J? A A J- 
 
 REINFORCEMENTS «... «... »- — 
 
 i a pa ■ ■ ■ i 
 
 • • • 
 
 bl -a. 
 
 
 • • • 
 
 REGIMENT IN FORMATION FOR COMBAT* 
 
BATTALION. 
 
 Square at Full Distance. 
 
 B. For Combat, Four Hundred Yards Open 
 Square. March. 
 
 The battalion opens to double distance, 
 and then the front companies continue to 
 advance until they are four hundred yards 
 in front of the rear companies. As soon as 
 the square has been opened the adjutant, 
 sergeant-major, guides and markers go to 
 the major. The guides keep 5 yards behind 
 him, and the markers in square, at full dis- 
 tance, 2£ yards behind the guides, until 
 their services are required. 
 
 After advancing 400 yards the front com- 
 panies are halted by their chiefs, who com- 
 mand : 
 
 O. For Combat, Two Hundred Yards Open 
 Square. March. 
 
 The company is opened as explained in 
 the School of the Company. 
 
 * B. For Combat, Treble Distance, Two Hun- 
 dred Yards, Open Square. March. 
 
 The same, excepting that all the squares 
 
 275 
 
BATTALION. 
 
 are opened to treble distance ; the front 
 companies advance two hundred yards ; the 
 front sections and fours one hundred yards, 
 
 * B. For Combat, Four Hundred Yards Open 
 Square. Front Sections, Half Company Dis- 
 tance, Open Front Line. March. 
 
 The front fours of the first sections sepa- 
 rate until they are at battalion distance. 
 
 * B. For Combat, Four Hundred Yards Front, 
 
 Companies and Sections Front. March. 
 
 Executed on similar principles. The front 
 units open line and the rear units remain at 
 full distance, as already explained. 
 
 Formation for Combat. 
 
 B. To Full Distance, Rear Close Square. 
 
 B. To Two Hundred Yards Close Column, or 
 Rear Close Column. 
 
 * B. Rear Companies to Four Times Distance 
 
 Open Line. 
 
 * B. Front Companies to Full Distance Close 
 
 Squares. 
 
 * B. To Treble Distance, Right Rear Into Line, 
 
 Etc., Etc. 
 
 Are executed on the same principles as at 
 276 
 
BATTALION. 
 
 full distance. After forming for combat the 
 line may be re-enforced in any manner that 
 may be required. The four sections and 
 companies on the firing line do not change 
 their distances unless it is so specified in the 
 command. 
 
 B. Companies and Battalion Rear Section and 
 Companies, Centre, Into Line. 
 
 B. Platoons and Divisions Right Into Line. 
 B. Companies and Battalion into Line. 
 
 B. Right and Left Companies Right and Left 
 Into Line, Battalion Into Line. 
 
 By these movements a line is formed cover- 
 ing tV to> h or t x f = ¥ of a battalion 
 front ; so as to make a firing line of about 
 2 men to a yard, 1J men to a yard, one man 
 to 14 yards, or one man to 2f yards. 
 
 B. Companies and Battalion Right into Line. 
 
 Thus the line is extended, battalion front 
 to the right, with one man to If yards. 
 
 277 
 
BATTALION. 
 
 B. Right Rear Company, Battalion Distance 
 Right of Firing Line, at Double Distance, 
 Half Left Into Line. 
 
 B. Left Rear Company Fifty Yards in Front of 
 Firing Line, Treble Distance Into Line. 
 
 B. Right Rear Company, Centre of Firing Line, 
 Close Order. 
 
 In this manner the line may be re-enforced, 
 extended, or passed, or an offensive or de- 
 fensive crotchet may be formed on either 
 flank. 
 
 Square at Full Distance. 
 
 * B. Eight, Four and Two Hundred Yards For- 
 ward, Open Front Lines. March. 
 
 The rear companies stand fast. The 
 front companies make a third of a turn 
 outward, and advance 800 yards. Each 
 captain then halts his company, turns it 
 to the front, and commands : 
 
 C. Four and Two Hundred Yards Forward, 
 Open Front Line. March. 
 
 The rear sections halt. The front sec- 
 tions make a third of a turn outward, and 
 279 
 
BATTALION. 
 
 advance 400 yards. Each sergeant halts 
 his section, turns it to the front, and com- 
 mands : 
 
 S. Front Fours Right Twos Front. March. 
 
 Executed by the right two of each of the 
 front fours, as prescribed for Front Fours 
 Front. 
 
 S. Two Hundred Yards Forward, Open Front 
 Line. March. 
 
 The corporals, followed by the twos, 
 make a third of a face outward, advance 
 two hundred yards and halt. 
 
 The squares are closed to full distance 
 as in the formations for combat, etc. 
 
 280 
 
SCHOOL OF THE REGIMENT. 
 
 The organization and manoeuvres of the 
 regiment are so similar to those of the bat- 
 talion, that they will be readily understood 
 by substituting Colonel for Major, Captain 
 for Chief of Section, etc. 
 
 APPLICATION TO THE HIGHER 
 UNITS. 
 
 Will depend upon the Organization of 
 the Brigades, Divisions, Army Corps, Armies, 
 Grand Armies, etc. 
 
 281 
 
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS