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 URRENT 
 IiSTORY 
 
 3«in^ Primarily a 
 Supplement to 
 
 tKts Califorxtm 
 State Series 
 History 
 
 I 
 
 WAGNER 
 
 REVISED 
 EDITION 
 
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 TllIT WhITAHJFF dl FvAY CoMP^%Ny 
 
 rinniiiiMMiiittHiiiii 
 
CURRENT 
 HISTORY 
 
 (United States Historv from 1899 to the Present Time) 
 
 Being Primarily a 
 Supplement to the 
 
 California State Series History 
 
 By HARR WAGNER 
 
 Author of Pacific Hi^lon Series. New Pacific Geography and 
 Editor Western Journal of Education 
 
 Revised Edition 
 
 San Francisco 
 THE WHITAKER & RAY COMPANY 
 
 (incorporated) 
 1902 
 
THE LlBf.ARY OF 
 
 CONGRESS, 
 Two Copies Received 
 
 iViAY, 28 1902 
 
 Copyright entry 
 
 YW^yiyt T-t- 1^ or- 
 CLASS ft_-XXc. No. 
 
 i 5 ^ ^ O 
 COPY B. 
 
 >VV/5 
 
 COPYRIGHT 1900 
 
 BY 
 
 THE WHITAKER & RAY COMPANY 
 
 (incorporated) 
 
 COPYRIGHT 1902 
 
 BY 
 
 THE WHITAKER i RAY CC 
 
,^ 
 
 INTRODUCTORY NOTE, 
 
 This supplementto theHistory of the United States, California 
 Series has been prepared to meet the demand on the part of pupils 
 and teachers. The method of treatment has been made as near 
 uniform with the State book as possible. However, the teacher 
 will find something more than the mere record of events of each 
 administration. The declaration of war, the peace protocol, and 
 several other documents are printed from the original text. 
 It will be some years before the State publishes a new history, 
 and the teacher who has not a supply of other text books in history 
 will appreciate this supplement as a great convenience. The 
 historian of the future will judge of the marvelous events of the 
 past ten years. I have simply recorded the more important 
 affairs and put them in such form as to be more readily accessible 
 
 to teacher and pupil. 
 
 The supplement can be taken up at any time ascurrent history, 
 or after completion of the state text book in history. 
 
 HARR WAGNER. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 Chapter 1 9 
 
 II 
 
 V. 
 
 I 
 
 III • • ^9 
 
 IV........... - 49 
 
 58 
 
SUPPLEMENT 
 
 The adminis 
 tpatlon of 
 Benjamin 
 Harrison.— 
 1889 tol893 
 
 TO THE 
 
 California State Series History of the United States. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 In the Presidential 
 election of 1 888, Benja- 
 min Har- 
 rison of 
 Indiana 
 was elected President, 
 and Levi P. Morton 
 of New York, Vice- 
 President, defeating 
 the Democratic candi- 
 dates, Grover Cleve- 
 land for President and 
 Allen G. Thurman 
 for Vice-President. 
 President Harrison 
 was inaugurated 
 March 4, 1889, and 
 selected as his Secre- 
 tary of State the 
 eminent statesman, 
 James G. Blaine. Be- 
 fore Harrison took 
 office a number of im- 
 portant measures be- 
 
 BENJAMIN HARRISON. 
 Beniatnia Harrison was born at North 
 Bend, Ohio, August 20, 1833, and is the son of 
 Tohu Scott Harrison, who was the son of the 
 ninth President. He studied at the Miami 
 University at Oxford, and wasa lawstudentat 
 Cincinnati. Hesettledin Indianapolis, Ind., 
 when he began to practice law, and it has 
 been his home ever since, but at the opening of 
 thi Civil War he raised the Seventieth Indiana 
 Regiment and was appointed ^s colonel He 
 wala brave and skillful officer and wasbrevet- 
 tedbrigadier-general. He was elected United 
 States Senator in 1880. and was elected Presi- 
 dent of the United States in 1^8»-^^^"" 
 retiring from the Presidency he resumed the 
 practice of law in Indianapolis^evoting him 
 self mainly to international affa'"", 0° "'5 
 opening of Stanford University he delivered 
 a series of lectures to the students on Consti- 
 tutional Law. 
 
 came law. One was the establish- 
 ment of the Department of Agricul- 
 ture, and another provided for the 
 admission of North Dakota, South 
 Dakota, Montana, and Washington. 
 An important political event in the 
 
 TOPICAL STUDIES. 
 
 McKinley BIH. 
 
 Pan-American Con- 
 gress. 
 
 The Sherman Act. 
 
 Foreign DifflcuUies. 
 
 Ballot Reform. 
 
 Election of 1892. 
 
lO 
 
 SUPPLEMENT TO CALIFORNIA 
 
 autumn of 1SS9 was 
 the Pan-American 
 Congress, promoted 
 by James G. Blaine. 
 This congress of rep- 
 resentatives of the 
 United States and the 
 countries of Central 
 and South America 
 was for the promotion 
 of trade, a uniform 
 S5^stem of weights and 
 measures, a common 
 silver coin to serve 
 as a legal tender 
 in all business trans- 
 actions, and a definite 
 plan for arbitration of 
 disputes and difficul- 
 ties. This congress 
 was in session several 
 months and l)rought 
 the nations into more 
 sympathetic relations. 
 While it failed to ac- 
 complish the purpose 
 of its enthusiastic promoters, it was a great step in ad- 
 vance, that representatives of many nations holding the 
 soil of two continents should come together to promote 
 good-fellowship. 
 
 Congress passed the Protective Tariff measure known 
 
 The McKin- as the McKinley Bill. It increased the 
 
 ley Bill of ^ 
 
 1890. duty on many imported articles for the 
 
 purpose of encouraging home industry. A prominent 
 
 JAMES G. BLAINE. 
 Mr. Blaine was born in the hamlet of 
 Brownsville, Washington Co., Pa., January 
 31, 1830. He attended Washington College, 
 and graduated at the age of seventeen. Soon 
 after he became a tutor at a military college 
 at Blue Lick Springs, Kentucky. He married 
 Miss Harriet Stanwood. Soon afterwards he 
 located at Augusta, Maine, and became the 
 ^i.\\.QT oi\.\\e^ Kennebec Journal. He entered 
 politics in 185G, and served as a member of 
 the legislature of Maine and seven terms in 
 Congress, and was the leading candidate for 
 President in 1870, when Hayes was nomi- 
 nated In 1877 Blaine became a United States 
 Senator. In 1880 he was again a candidate for 
 President, but after several weeks' balloting 
 General Garfield was chosen. He then be- 
 came Secretary of Slate. On the deatli of 
 Garfield he resigned and devoted his time to 
 writing his work, "Twenty Years in 
 Congress." In 1881 Blaine was nominated 
 for the Presidency, but was defeated. In 1H89 
 President Harrison selected him as his Sec- 
 retary of State. His political services were of 
 the highest value to the nation, and his 
 reciprocity treaties and the Pan-American 
 Congress have resulted in great good. He 
 died Friday, January 27,1893, at his residence 
 in VV'ashington. 
 
STATE SERIES HISTORY. II 
 
 feature of the bill was a provision to promote trade with 
 the West Indies and the states of South America. This 
 was known as the reciprocity clause. It provided that if 
 the countries of Central and South America, and the 
 West Indies, would admit our products free of duty, we 
 in turn would allow their goods to come into our ports 
 free. 
 
 This act provided that the government should pur- 
 chase each month, at the market price, four and one-half 
 million ounces of silver bullion. In pay- 
 
 The Sher 
 man . 
 1890. 
 
 man Act 'of ment for the silver the Secretary of the 
 
 Treasury was to give out Treasury notes 
 
 that were to be full legal tender. The silver so bought 
 
 was not to be coined into money except as it might be 
 
 needed to redeem notes presented for redemption. 
 
 In 1 89 1 a mob in New Orleans broke into a jail and 
 
 killed several Italian prisoners. The Italian govern- 
 
 , „,„ ment demanded the arrest and punishment 
 FoFoign Dli- 
 fleuities. of ^he lynchers and withdrew her mniister 
 
 from this country. Our government, however, succeeded 
 in renewing friendly relations by giving money com- 
 pensation to the widows and orphans of the dead Italians. 
 
 In 1 89 1 a party of seamen from an American man-of- 
 war was attacked by a mob in the streets of Valparaiso, 
 Chile, and two of them were killed. The United States 
 demanded an apology from the Chilian government. It 
 looked for a time as if there might be war, but Chile sent 
 in regrets for the incident and the war cloud blew over. 
 
 During President Harrison's administration many 
 states passed measures known as the Australian Ballot 
 The Ballot ^^^- "^^^^^ ^cts provided for the erection 
 Reform. of small booths into which the voter could 
 
 go to prepare his ballot and for the furnishing of tickets 
 at public expense. The candidates of all parties are 
 
12 SUPPLEMENT TO CALIFORNIA 
 
 placed on the same piece of paper and but one ticket is 
 given to each elector. This lessens bribery and fraud, 
 for the reason that the secret ballot makes it impossible 
 for those who corrupt voters to be sure that the vote is 
 delivered according to agreement. 
 
 The Republicans reaffirmed the doctrine of protection 
 and reciprocity and declared in favor of bimetallism. 
 The Election '^^^ Democrats denounced Republican pro- 
 of 1892. tectiou, denounced the Sherman Act, and 
 favored the use of both gold and silver as the standard 
 of the country. A newly formed party known as the 
 People's or Populist Party demanded free and unlimited 
 coinage of silver at the ratio of i6 to i, a graduated 
 income tax, and the public ownership of telegraphs and 
 railroads. The Republicans nominated Benjamin Harri- 
 son for President and Whitelaw Reid for \^ice-President. 
 The Democrats nominated, for the third time, Grover 
 Cleveland for President and Adlai E. Stevenson of 
 Illinois, for Vice-President. The People's Party nominated 
 J. B. Weaver of Iowa and James G. Field of Virginia. 
 Cleveland was elected, receiving 277 out of 444 electoral 
 votes. The Democrats obtained control of both houses 
 of Congress. The People's Party received a popular 
 vote of 1,100,000. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 Give an account of the life of Benjamin Harrison. 
 What was the Pan-American Congress ? 
 What were the results of the Pan- American Congress? 
 Who originated the Pan-American Congress? 
 Give an account of the career of James G. Blaine. 
 What is meant by the McKinley Bill ? 
 Describe the Sherman Act. 
 
 What foreign difficulties occurred during Harrison's adminis- 
 tration ? 
 
 Give an account of the ballot reform. 
 
 Did California adopt the Australian Ballot Law? 
 
 What were the principal issues of the campaign of 1S92 ? 
 
CHAPTER 11. 
 
 During this administration a great many things of 
 
 national importance took place. A revolu- 
 
 m1n?"tpation tion occurred in the Hawaiian Islands in 
 
 c[iV''e°iInd.- January, 1893. The Queen, Liliuokalani, 
 
 1893 to 1897. , . . . 1 -1 
 
 desiring to increase her power, proposed a 
 new constitution. The people objected. The Queen 
 <f' was deposed and a repub- 
 lican form of government 
 was established. During 
 the progress of the revolu- 
 tion, troops were landed 
 from an American cruiser 
 for the protection of Ameri- 
 can citizens and property. 
 Commissioners were sent 
 to the United States to 
 propose nexation. A 
 treaty was agreed upon, 
 but before the Senate 
 QUEEN LiuuoKAi^ANi. could pass upou the same, 
 
 Harrison's administration came to a close. President 
 Cleveland sent a special commissioner to the Islands 
 
 to make an investigation and 
 condition of Hawaii and con- 
 cerning the revolution. The 
 commissioner reported that the suc- 
 cess of the revolution was due to 
 the encouragement of the United 
 States minister and the landing 
 of United States troops. After 
 
 report upon the 
 
 TOPICAL STUDIES. 
 Gpovep Cleveland. 
 The Hawaiian Affair. 
 The Panic of 1893. 
 The Venezuelan Boun 
 
 dary. 
 The Fup Seal. 
 The World's Fair. 
 
Ri 
 
STATE SERIES HISTORY. 15 
 
 receiving this report, President Cleveland and his Secre- 
 tary of State, Walter Q. Gresham, endeavored to right the 
 wrong the}^ believed had been committed. However, 
 nothing was done until the succeeding administration. 
 In July, 1898, a joint resolution was passed in Congress 
 for the recognition of the Islands and for their temporary 
 government, and the group of twelve islands, with an 
 area of 6,677 square miles and a population of about 
 100,000 people, became a part of American territor5\ 
 
 In 1893 over three hundred banks suspended business 
 or failed. Manufactories all over the country closed. 
 The Panic of ^^^ ^ period of great distress set in. The 
 1893. steady fall in the value of silver bullion was 
 
 a serious blow to the prosperity of the great silver-pro- 
 ducing states, Colorado, Montana, Idaho, South Dakota, 
 Wyoming, and Nevada, and the territories of New Mexico 
 and Arizona. Colorado alone had 15,000 miners who 
 were made idle and had to be fed by charity. The Presi- 
 dent called a special session of Congress, and on November 
 I, 1893, the compulsory purchase clause in the Sherman 
 Act was repealed. The industrial depression, however, 
 continued. Prices did not rise, manufactories did not 
 open, and when the year ended, the receipts of the govern- 
 ment were thirty-four million dollars behind the expen- 
 ditures. The Democratic party then presented a new 
 tariff bill to Congress, called the Wilson Bill. It became 
 a law at midnight, August 27, 1894, without President 
 Cleveland's signature. One of the provisions of the law 
 was for a tax of two per cent on all incomes above 
 $4,000 per year. The Supreme Court declared this 
 portion of the law unconstitutional. The administration 
 found it necessary to raise money by the issuing of bonds, 
 and during the years 1894 ^^^^ 1895, $262,000,000 were 
 added to our bonded debt. 
 
i6 
 
 SUPPLEMENT TO CALIFORNIA 
 
 Venezuela and Great Britain had long been contending 
 as to the proper boundary between the former state and 
 
 British Guiana. The United States desired 
 The Venezu- ... r , • 
 
 elan Bound- to bruig about the Settlement or the dispute 
 ary Dispute. , , . . ^ _, . . r ■, , 
 
 by arbitration. Great Britain refused to sub- 
 mit the matter to arbitration and questioned the right of the 
 
 United States to 
 interfere. Great 
 Britain was in- 
 formed that un- 
 der the Monroe 
 Doctrine the es- 
 tablished policy 
 of the United 
 States is against 
 a forcible in- 
 crease of any 
 VENEZUELAN BOUNDARY. tcrritorj' of a 
 
 European power in the New World. It was finally 
 decided to settle the matter by arbitration. 
 
 A Court of Arbitration, which met in Paris in 1S93, 
 composed of two members from the United States, two from 
 Great Britain, one from France, one from 
 Italy, and one from Sweden and Norway, 
 took into consideration the seal fisheries in the Bering 
 Sea. Our gov^ernment made two main contentions- 
 First, that the United States had jurisdiction and dominion 
 in the Bering Sea. Second, that the seals making their 
 home and rearing their young on the islands of this sea 
 were our property, even though they might migrate far 
 out into the Pacific Ocean. The Court decided against 
 the United States, but issued regulations for the protec- 
 tion of the seals. 
 
 The four-hundredth anniversary of the discovery of 
 
 The FurSeal. 
 
l8 SUPPLEMENT TO CALIFORNIA 
 
 America was celebrated by the World's Fair at Chicago. 
 
 -ru «7 iA< It was bv far the greatest international 
 The Wopla s ' ^ 
 
 fair. exhibition ever held. The magnificent 
 
 buildings, and the display of wealth and industry, were a 
 marvelous revelation of the matchless development of the 
 New World, and particularly of the Great West. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 Give an account of the life of Grover Cleveland. 
 What caused the revolution in the Hawaiian Islands ? 
 What part did the American navy take in the affair? 
 What action did President Cleveland take in the matter? 
 When did the Hawaiian Islands become American territory ? 
 What caused the panic of 1893 ? 
 
 What methods of relief did President Cleveland propose? 
 Tell what you can about the Wilson TariflF Bill. 
 What was the Venezuelan boundary dispute ? 
 What is the Monroe Doctrine? 
 Define what is meant by arbitration. 
 
 What were the two main contentions of our government in the 
 Seal Fisheries question ? 
 
 What event did the World's Fair at Chicago celebrate? 
 Tell what you can about the World's Fair. 
 
 ) 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 The Election 
 of 1896. 
 
 The Democratic party nominated William J. Bryan of 
 Nebraska and Arthur Sewall of Maine. The People's 
 Party also chose Mr. Bryan for the Presi- 
 dency, but nominated Thomas E. Watson of 
 Georgia for the Vice-Presidency. The platforms demanded 
 the free and unlimited coinage of both gold and silver at 
 the present ratio of i6 to i. The Republican party nom- 
 inated William McKinley of Ohio and Garret A. Hobart 
 of New Jersey. They declared in their platform against 
 "the free coinage of gold and silver, except by international 
 agreement with the leading commercial nations of the 
 world, which we pledge ourselves to promote, and until 
 such agreement can be attained the existing gold stand- 
 ard must be observed. ' ' The silver question was the chief 
 subject of dispute. It was a cam- 
 paign of discussion and argument, 
 and not of abuse. McKinley re- 
 mained at his home in Canton, in 
 Ohio, and delegations visited him 
 from all parts of the United States. 
 Brj'an, who entered the campaign 
 with a national reputation as a great 
 orator, visited all parts of the coun- 
 try, making a number of speeches 
 every day. The Republicans were 
 successful. McKinley and Hobart 
 were elected, receiving 271 electoral 
 votes and Mr. Bryan 176, but in 
 many states the electoral vote was 
 gained by a small majority. Presi- 
 dent McKinley was inaugurated 
 
 TOPICAL STUDIES. 
 
 President IWeKinley. 
 
 William J. Bryan. 
 
 TheDingleyTarlffBlll. 
 
 The Destruction of the 
 Maine. 
 
 Congress Prepares 
 for War. 
 
 War Declared. 
 
 The Battle of Manila. 
 
 Naval Operations at 
 Santiago. 
 
 The Land Operations 
 at Santiago. 
 
 The Surrender of San- 
 tiago. 
 
 The Porto Rico Expe- 
 dition. 
 
 The Capture of Manila 
 
 Spain Sues for Peace 
 
 The Peace Protocol. 
 
 The Treaty of Peace 
 
2C 
 
 SUPPLEMENT TO CALIFORNIA 
 
 WILI.IAM MCKINLEY. 
 William McKinley, twenty-fifth President 
 - of the United States.was born at Niles, Trum- 
 bull Co., Ohio, January 29,18 J3. The parents 
 of William McKinley were neither poor nor 
 rich. He knew nothing of grinding poverty 
 or rolling wealth. He attended Allegheny 
 College, Meadville, Pa., and began teaching 
 school at $25.00 per month in a district near 
 Poland.Ohio. When but eighteen years of age 
 he enlisted in the war as a private, and was 
 in the regiment of which W. S. Rosecrans 
 was colonel, Stanley Matthews lieutenant- 
 colonel, and ex-Prosidcnt Hayes major. He 
 served throughout the war and returned as a 
 major to take up the study of law at Canton. 
 He was elected district attorney and in IS/b 
 was elected to Congress. In 1890 a famous 
 tariff measure bearing liis name was passed. 
 In 1«71 he was married to Ida Saxton, a 
 daughter of James Saxton, a lawyer of Can- 
 ton, Ohio. In 1896 he was elected President 
 of the United States. 
 
 March 4, 1897. Two 
 days after his inaugu- 
 ration he called an 
 extra session of Con- 
 gress for the purpose 
 of providing an ample 
 revenue for the gov- 
 ernment. Congress 
 soon passed an act 
 known as the Dingley 
 Tariff Bill. Then im- 
 mediately followed a 
 series of startling 
 events which seemed 
 to change the 
 destiny of the United 
 States and its history. 
 The sympathy of the 
 United States had 
 long been with the 
 Cubans, who had been 
 fighting for their in- 
 dependence. General 
 Weyler, who was in 
 command at Havana, 
 
 had pursued a vigorous and cruel policy toward the people. 
 When the relation between our government and that of 
 Spain was at its highest tension, the battle-ship Maine was 
 sent on a peaceful mission to Havana. The 
 Iton^'of "he" noble vessel anchored in the harbor. Cour- 
 "*'"^" tesies were exchanged. The Maine was led 
 
 to an anchorage by the Spaniards. On the night of 
 February 15, 1898, it was destroyed by an explosion in 
 which 266 of its crew perished. A wave of horror and 
 
STATE SERIES HISTORY. 
 
 2t 
 
 indignation swept over our countrj-. The people held 
 themselves in check until a board of inquiry, which was 
 at work, should report whether Spain was responsible for 
 the disaster. The board was in session in Havana and at 
 Key West for four weeks. Divers were employed on the 
 wreck, numerous witnesses were examined, and much 
 expert testimony was taken. A unanimous decision was 
 reached by the court March 21st, and was as follows : 
 
 "Thatthe loss of the Maine was not in any respect due to 
 fault or negligence on the part of any of the officers or mem- 
 bers of her crew; that the 
 ship was destroyed by the 
 explosion of a submarine 
 mine, which caused the 
 partial explosion of two 
 or more of her forw^ard 
 magazines; and that no 
 evidence has been obtain- 
 able fixing the responsi- 
 bility for the destruction 
 of the Maine upon any 
 person or persons." 
 The court of inquiry 
 was composed of Captain W. T. Sampson, of the Iowa ; 
 Captain F. C. Chadwick, of the New York; Lieutenant- 
 Commander W. P. Potter, of the New^ York; and Lieu- 
 tenant-Commander Adolph Marix, of the Vermont. 
 
 The finding of the court was, that the Maine had been 
 blown up by external means, and popular opinion in the 
 United States supplied the motive behind the means — 
 Spanish treachery, although not necessarily with the con- 
 currence or knowledge of the highest Spanish authorities. 
 Indeed, there was no disposition to impute guilt to Mar- 
 shal Blanco, the successor of Wej^ler at Havana. 
 
 WILLIAM J. BRYAN. 
 
22 
 
 SUPPLEMENT TO CALIFORNIA 
 
 But by the time the verdict of the court was rendered, 
 
 the war fever in the United States had risen. It was 
 
 reflected in Congress by the appropriation 
 
 Prepares for of $so,ooo,ooo " for national defense," the 
 War. w'^ > > 
 
 vote on the passage of the bill in both houses 
 being unanimous. It was reflected in the War and Navy 
 Departments by the activity in recruiting, the purchase of 
 
 vessels and war material 
 at home and abroad, and 
 the dispatch of agents to 
 buy warships in Europe. 
 April 1 3th the Foreign 
 Affairs Committees of 
 both Houses 
 reported joint 
 resolutions, which be- 
 came the subject of con- 
 ference, and on April 
 1 8th the con ferrees agreed 
 upon the following, which 
 was adopted in the Sen- 
 
 War De 
 Glared, 
 
 QUEEN REGENT OF SPAIN. 
 
 ate by a vote of yeas 42, nays 35, not voting 12, and in 
 the House of Representatives by a vote of yeas 311, nays 
 6, not voting 38 (in the House the Democrats voted gen- 
 erally with the Republicans): 
 
 Whereas, The abhorrent conditions which have 
 existed for more than three years in the island of Cuba, 
 so near our own borders, have shocked the moral sense 
 of the people of the United States, have been a disgrace to 
 civilization, culminating as they have in the destruction 
 of a United States battle-ship, with 266 of its ofiicers 
 and crew, while on a friendly visit in the harbor of 
 Havana, and cannot longer be endured, as has been set 
 forth by the President of the United States in his message 
 
STATE SERIES HISTORY. 
 
 23 
 
 to Congress of April 11, 1898, upon which the action of 
 Congress was invited; therefore, 
 
 Resolved, By the Senate and the House of Representa- 
 tives of the United States of America, in Congress 
 assembled — 
 
 /r^v^/_That the people of the island of Cuba are, and 
 of right ought to be, free and independent. 
 
 Seco7id—'t\^'aX it is the duty of the United States to de- 
 mand, and the government of the United States does 
 hereby demand, that the government of Spain at once 
 
 DESTRUCTION OF THE MAINE- 
 Drawn from description by an onlooker on the S. S. State of Washington. 
 
 relinquish its authority and government in the island of 
 Cuba, and withdraw its land and naval forces from Cuba 
 and Cuban waters. 
 
 77„>^_Xhat the President of the United States be, and 
 he hereby is, directed and empowered to use the entire land 
 and naval forces of the United States, and to call into the 
 actual service of the United States the militia of the sev- 
 eral states, to such extent as may be necessary to carry 
 these resolutions into effect. 
 
24 
 
 SUPPLEMENT TO CALIFORNIA 
 
 Fota-th—'t\\2X the United States hereby disclaims any 
 disposition or intention to exercise sovereignty, jurisdic- 
 tion, or control over said island, except for the pacification 
 thereof, and asserts its determination when that is com- 
 pleted to leave the government and control of the island 
 to its people. 
 
 This resolution was signed by the President at 11:24 
 o'clock A. M., April 20th. A copy was served on the 
 Spanish minister, who asked for his passports, and im- 
 mediately departed from Washington, and the contents 
 were cabled to the United States minister at Madrid, 
 with instructions to officially communicate them to the 
 Spanish government, giving it until April 23d to reply. 
 
 But Minister Woodford was 
 not permitted by Spain to pre- 
 sent the ultimatum of the 
 United States, for, while he 
 was preparing to do so, on the 
 morning of April 21st he re- 
 ceived, at seven o'clock, his 
 passports from the Spanish 
 Minister for Foreign Affairs, 
 and this act constituted the 
 actual beginning of war. 
 
 The Spanish Cortes had 
 been convened; the Queen 
 Regent, accompanied by the 
 boy King, had appeared be- 
 fore it in state and read an 
 address calling upon it to 
 provide for the national de- 
 fense and rally around the 
 KING Ai.FONho 01- SPAIN thronc, aud on April 24th it 
 formally recognized llie existence of war. 
 
STATE SERIES HISTX3RY. 
 
 ^5 
 
 The President on April 21st proclaimed the blockade 
 of the coast of Cuba and ordered Admiral Sampson' s fleet 
 to enforce it. On April 23d he issued a call for 125,000 
 volunteers. The next few days, the movement ^ of 
 volunteer troops began, while the regular army was being 
 concentrated at Chickamauga. An extensive camp was 
 laid out at Tampa, Florida. 
 
 On May ist, Admiral Dewey sailed into Manila Bay 
 
 from Hongkong and fired the shot that 
 TheBattleof ,, . • -. a 
 
 Manila. thrilled the world. At sunrise he engaged 
 
 the Spanish fleet of war vessels commanded by Admiral 
 
 Montojo. Before noon 
 the Spanish fleet was 
 entirely destroyed, 
 with a loss of 412 
 ofiicers and men killed 
 and wounded, while 
 on the American side 
 there were none killed 
 and but seven 
 wounded. This naval 
 victory was so com- 
 plete and eflective that 
 the name of Dewey 
 has become celebrated 
 in song, story and his- 
 tory as the great 
 American hero. 
 
 On May 31st, the 
 
 combined fleets of 
 
 Sam p- 
 
 Naval Opera- , 
 
 tions at SOU and 
 
 Santiago. _» , , 
 
 Schley 
 
 bombarded the forts 
 Cervera with his entire fleet 
 
 ADMIRAL DEWEY. 
 George Dewev was born in Montpelier, in 
 Vermont, in 1838. He entered the Naval 
 Academy, and was graduated with honors in 
 1858. He was with Farragut's fleet in the 
 capture of New Orleans. He served in 1868 
 and 1869 at the Naval Academy at Annapolis. 
 He received his first command in 1870, when 
 he was placed in charge of the Narragansett. 
 In 18S2 he was appointed to command the 
 Juniata in the Asiatic squadron. His com- 
 mission as commodore was not gjiven him 
 until the close of February , 1896. In 1897 be 
 was assigned to the command of the -Asiatic 
 squadron in the Chinese waters, and on May 
 1, 1898, he gave orders to Gridley to fire the 
 shot that led to the great naval victory. He 
 returned to America in October, 1899, and his 
 reception at New York was one of the most 
 notablein the history of this country. $50,000 
 wasraised by public subscription and a house 
 purchased and presented to him in Washing- 
 ton, D. C. A few months after his arrival 
 there he married Mrs. Hazen. 
 
 at the entrance of Santiago. 
 
26 
 
 SUPPLEMENT TO CALIFORNIA 
 
 was "bottled up" in the harbor. The American fleet 
 was unable to enter the harbor, on account of the mines 
 
 MAP OF MANILA BAY. 
 
 planted in the channel. Th2 national experts decided 
 that a land force was necessary to drive the Spanish out. 
 
 In order that Cervera 
 should have no oppor- 
 tunity to escape, Naval 
 Constructor Richard P. 
 Hobson conceived the 
 l^rilliant and darins^ 
 .scheme of sinking;- the 
 Merrimac at the entrance 
 of the harbor. Con- 
 structor Hobson, with 
 seven men, volunteered 
 '^'^>///'l^ \ Wlj' /'' to take the Merrimac and 
 
 NAVAL CONSTRUCTOR HOBSON. ^ink her in the narrowest 
 
STATE SERIES HISTORY. 
 
 27 
 
 part of the channel. Under the eyes of the American 
 fleet and the guns of the Spanish forts, the Merrimac 
 was pushed in at full steam and a hole blown in her 
 hull and she was sunk. Hobson and his men escaped 
 the shots of the enemy on a small craft, but were 
 captured by the Spaniards. This was on June 3d. There 
 was now nothing for the fleet to do but to wait the com- 
 ing of the land forces. In the mean time the battle-ship 
 Oregon had sailed from 
 San Francisco around 
 Cape Horn and joined the 
 fleet at Santiago, a dis- 
 tance of 14,000 miles in 
 less than six weeks. After 
 the landing of General 
 Shafter's army and the 
 attack on the outer works 
 of the city of Santiago had 
 begun, the fleet assisted 
 
 REAR ADMIRAI, SAMPSON. 
 
 very much by taking up 
 positions enfilading the 
 shore batteries. Cervera, 
 finding that the channel 
 was not entirely obstruct- 
 ed by the Merrimac, and 
 knowing that the ad- 
 vent of the army meant 
 the capture of his ships, 
 determined to make an 
 effort to save a part of 
 them by steaming boldly 
 out and rushing by the Americans. He pushed his vessels 
 out in single column, and, once past the batteries, turned 
 at right angles, well knowing that the Brooklyn, the 
 
 ''^yv/ - 
 
 REAR ADMIRAI, SCHLEY. 
 

 
 
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 f 
 
 /,m.. ^1 ''riii« 
 
 as, 
 
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 5 o 
 
 1-" 
 
 >5 H 
 
 P o '^ 
 lu M <; 
 
 tut, a 
 S° 
 
 o c 
 
 o < 
 
 ij pq 
 
 
STATE SERIES HISTORY. 
 
 29 
 
 fastest of the blockaders, would be in the lead, and hoping, 
 by concentrating his heaviest fire upon her, to destroy her 
 and escape with at least a part of his fleet. The time chosen 
 was Sunday morning, July 3d, about 9:30 o'clock. The 
 four Spanish armored cruisers and two torpedo boats were 
 destroyed within two hours after the opening gun, with 
 a loss of 600 killed and drowned to the Spanish, and nearly 
 2,000 captured, including Admiral Cervera. On the 
 American side the loss was one man killed and one wounded. 
 
 After the destruction of 
 the Spanish fleet, Santi- 
 ago harbor was presumed 
 to be open to the Ameri- 
 can ships, but on account 
 of the mines it was 
 thought wise to delay an 
 entrance, and the subse- 
 quent fighting by the land 
 forces brought about the 
 capitulation of the city. 
 There was practically, on 
 the part of Spain, but 
 little initiative after this 
 affair, and the remainder 
 of the war was spent by 
 the fleet in convoying admiral cervera. 
 
 troop vessels to Santiago and Porto Rico, and in main- 
 taining the blockade and capturing prizes. 
 
 At the beginning of the war, the problem being whether 
 the American or Spanish navy was superior, it was not 
 
 designed to use troops in Porto Rico or 
 The Land ^ 
 
 Operations Cuba. The plan, as a whole, was to pre- 
 
 at Santiago. ... 
 
 pare and hold them in readmess, and when 
 the sickly season was over, to transport them to Cuba to 
 
30 
 
 SUPPLEMENT TO CALIFORNIA 
 
 GENERAL SHAFTER. 
 
 take the oflfensive. But at the same time it was known 
 
 that the Cubans were 
 ^ ^^- starving, and to relieve 
 
 them, and to arm the 
 Cuban soldiers, several 
 small expeditions were 
 planned and carried out. 
 The first was under the 
 direction of Brigadier- 
 General R. C. Hall, and 
 the immediate com- 
 mander was Capt. J. J. 
 O'Connell, First United 
 States Infantry. It suc- 
 ceeded in landing sup- 
 plies for the Cuban military forces and food stores for the 
 reconcentrados. Several expeditions were subsequently 
 made by Capt. J. H. Dorst, Fourth United States Cav- 
 alry. A large expedition, consisting of 5,000 officers and 
 men, under command of Major-General \V. R. Shafter, 
 United States Volunteers, was organized, and designed 
 to land at Tunas, on the south side of Cuba, but the news 
 of Cervera's fleet being on the route north caused the sus- 
 pension of this movement. 
 
 On May 30th definite information was received that 
 Cervera was in the harbor of Santiago, and that the navy 
 needed the assistance of the army to capture him. This 
 was the cause of the famous Santiago campaign. Orders 
 were given to General Shafter to put his entire corps — the 
 Fifth — on transports and take it to Santiago. At the 
 time it was expected that the transports engaged would 
 take about 25,000 men. Of this expedition General Miles, 
 in his report, says : "It was found that many of the 
 steamers were not suitable for transport service, they 
 
STATE SERIES HISTORY. 
 
 31 
 
 THEODORE ROOSEVELT. 
 
 having been entirely built for freight service and not 
 equipped for properly conveying troops and munitions of 
 
 war. The accumulation 
 of the large amount of 
 supplies and war material 
 for 70,000 men at Tampa 
 had crowded that place, 
 and owing to the absence 
 of depots and facilities for 
 handling that amount of 
 material, occasioned great 
 delay in properly equip- 
 ping the expedition in- 
 tended for Santiago. It 
 was, however, supplied, 
 and orders given for the 
 proper embarkation of 
 troops, which were to sail June 8th. The movement was, 
 however, suspended, owing to the report received that 
 the Spanish war-vessels had been seen in the Nicholas 
 channel. The expedition, consisting of 803 officers and 
 14,935 troops, finally sailed on June 14th, leaving some 
 10,000 troops that were expected to move with the ex- 
 pedition, but which could not do so owing to the insuffi- 
 cient amount of transportation." 
 
 In his own report General Shafter places the number 
 of officers on the expedition as 815, and the men 16,072. 
 On the morning of June 20th the convoy arrived off" Guan- 
 tanamo Bay, where some two weeks before a small force 
 of marines had landed and successfully held the town and 
 adjacent country. On June 2 2d the disembarkation of 
 the army began at Daiquiri. By night, 6,000 troops had 
 made land, and on the 23d a similar number were disem- 
 barked, and by the evening of the 24th the troops were 
 
32 
 
 SUPPLEMENT TO CALIFORNIA 
 
 GKN. JOE WHEKLER. 
 
 all on shore. The Spanish troops made but little resist- 
 ance, and on June 23d General La wton's division reached 
 
 Sibonej'. It pushed for- 
 ward on the 24th, so that 
 Kent's division might 
 occupy the place on that 
 day. The Americans 
 were assisted by a body 
 of Cubans of uncertain 
 number, under General 
 Garcia, during these 
 movements. 
 
 The orders then con- 
 templated that Lawton's 
 division should take up 
 on June 24th a strong 
 defensive position on the road from Siboney to Santiago, 
 and Kent's division was to be held near Santiago. Gen- 
 eral Bates' brigade was to be in support of Lawton, while 
 Wheeler's cavalry division was to be in the rear, on the 
 road from Daiquiri to Siboney. General Young's brigade, 
 of Wheeler's division, however, passed Lawton on the 
 night of the 23d-24th, and was therefore in advance on 
 the morning of the 24th. It consisted of part of the Tenth 
 United States Cavalry and two battalions of the First 
 Volunteer Cavalry, known as the Rough Riders. On the 
 road to Santiago, about three miles from Siboney, is a 
 strong natural position called Las Guasimas. Here the 
 enemy were posted in considerable strength, and Young's 
 brigade of 964 men, including the Rough Riders, was 
 taken by surprise. After an obstinate resistance the enemy 
 were driven from their position with a reported loss of 9 
 killed and 27 wounded. The Americans lost i officer and 
 15 men killed, and 6 officers and 46 men wounded. 
 
STATE SERIES HISTORY. 
 
 33 
 
 After this engagement the time up to June 30th was 
 spent in concentrating the American troops and making 
 preparations for further advance. To the northeast of 
 Santiago was the village of El Caney, and on the same 
 side, some two or three miles from it, were the San Juan 
 hills and block-houses. It was evident that the proper 
 
 
 TAMPA WHARF. LOADING THE TRANSPORTS. 
 
 approach to the town was by that direction, and therefore 
 it was decided to attack and carry these positions without 
 further delay. There were but four light batteries, of 
 four guns each, in the army, and Lawton's division, 
 assisted by Capron'sbatterj^ was ordered to move out that 
 day — June 30th — and make an attack early in the morn- 
 ing of July I St toward El Caney. Then, after carrying 
 
psjm? f 
 
 
 >^ 
 
 ^V <vJ 
 
 ^'^^<'M' vte. I'll '/ \ 
 
 
 V 
 
 i o 
 
 
 Ill 1 4. c, 
 
STATE SERIES HISTORV. 35 
 
 El Caney, he was to move by the road of that name 
 toward Santiago, and take a position on the extreme right 
 of the line. Grimes' battery, of the Second, attached to 
 Kent's division, had orders the same afternoon to prepare 
 the way next morning for the advance of Kent's and 
 Wheeler's divisions on the San Juan hills, the attack on 
 which was to be delayed by the infantry until I^awton's 
 guns were heard at El Caney. 
 
 About this time the news was brought that the Spanish 
 General Pando, with reinforcements of 8,000 men, was 
 making rapid approach and would soon enter Santiago 
 from the northwest. Early on July ist, L,awton was in 
 position, Chaffee's brigade on the right, Ludlow's on the 
 left, and Miles' in the center. The conflict opened at six 
 o'clock A. M., and soon became general. The naturally 
 strong position of the enemy was rendered doubly so by 
 stone block-houses and forts. After two hours' fighting 
 Bates' brigade was ordered from the rear to the support 
 of Lawton, and the 'battle continued. It was in these 
 assaults that the Seventy-First Regiment of New York 
 Volunteers participated. The Spaniards fought with great 
 obstinac}^, but were slowly and surely driven from their 
 intrenchments and forced to retire. After Lawton had 
 become well engaged. Grimes' battery from the heights 
 of El Pozo opened fire on the San Juan block-houses very 
 effectively. The Spaniards replied with field pieces and 
 smokeless powder. They soon had our range, while their 
 smokeless powder made it difficult to determine their 
 exact locality. 
 
 The troops of Wheeler's and Kent's divisions, which 
 up to this time had been partially concealed, were ordered 
 to deploy — Wheeler to the right, toward Lawton, and 
 Kent to the left. We here quote General Shafter: 
 
 "In the mean time Kent's division, with the exception 
 
36 
 
 SUPPLEMENT TO CALIFORNIA 
 
 of two regiments of Hawkins' brigade, being thus un- 
 covered, moved rapidly to the front from the forks 
 
 MAP OF SANTIAGO. 
 
 previously mentioned in the road, utilizing both trails, 
 but more especially the one to the k-ft, and, crossing the 
 
STATE SERIES HISTORY. 37 
 
 creek, formed for attack in the front of San Juan Hill. 
 During this formation the Second Brigade suffered 
 severely. While personally superintending this move- 
 ment, its gallant commander, Colonel Wikofif, was 
 killed. The command of the brigade then devolved 
 upon Lieutenant-Colonel Worth, Thirteenth Infantry, 
 who was soon severely wounded, and next upon Lieuten- 
 ant-Colonel Liscum, Twenty-fourth Infantry, who, five 
 minutes later, also fell under the terrible fire of the 
 enemy, and the command of the brigade then developed 
 upon Lieutenant-Colonel Ewers, Ninth Infantry. 
 
 "While the formation just described was taking place, 
 General Kent took measures to hurry forward his rear 
 brigade. The Tenth and Second Infantry were ordered 
 to follow Wikofif s brigade, while the Twenty-first was 
 sent on the right-hand road to support the First Brigade, 
 under General Hawkins, who had crossed the stream 
 and formed on the right of the division. The Second 
 and Tenth Infantry, Col. E. P. Pearson commanding, 
 moved forward in good order on the left of the division, 
 passed over a green knoll, and drove the enemy back 
 toward his trenches. 
 
 "After completing their formation under a destructive 
 fire, and advancing a short distance, both divisions found 
 in their front a wide bottom, in which had been placed 
 a barbed-wire entanglement, and beyond which was a 
 high hill, along the crest of which the enemy was 
 strongly posted. Nothing daunted, these brave men 
 pushed forward to drive the enemy from his chosen 
 position, both divisions losing heavily. In this assault, 
 Colonel Hamilton, Lieutenants Smith and Shipp were 
 killed, and Colonel Carroll, Lieutenants Thayer and 
 Meyer, all in the cavalry, were wounded." 
 
 "^he battle of July ist, called the battle of El Caney, 
 
38 SUPPLEMENT TO CALIFORNIA 
 
 was over, with the Americans holding strongly all they 
 had gained during the day. The losses were very 
 heavy, and the reputed coming of General Pando made 
 it necessary at once to continue the struggle the next 
 day, and gain a decided victory before the enemy could 
 be strengthened. The troops had advanced and 
 carried certain positions, but the enemy was evidently in 
 stronger ones, and it was necessary to drive him out at 
 once. During the afternoon of July ist the two remain- 
 ing batteries were brought up and placed in position near 
 Grimes, and directed to play on the enemy's trenches. 
 General DuflBeld's brigade, composed of the Thirty-third 
 and Thirty-fourth Michigan anda Massachusetts regiment, 
 was ordered to assault Aguadores, a small outpost. 
 During the afternoon and night of July ist the American 
 lines were rearranged and strengthened, and on the morn- 
 ing of the 2d, the enemy himself opened the battle by 
 making a fierce assault. But while Kent and Wheeler 
 remained behind their works repelling numerous assaults, 
 lyawton advanced his lines and gained strong and com- 
 manding positions on the right. On the morning of 
 July 3d the fighting was renewed, but the enemy soon 
 gave way and firing ceased. 
 
 At 8:30 o'clock A. M. this day General Shafter made a 
 demand on the Spanish commander for the surrender of 
 his army and the city of Santiago. This message went 
 under a flag of truce, and while the demand was not ac- 
 cepted, there was sufficient evidence of a willingness to 
 negotiate for General Shafter to determine to wait. The 
 destruction of Cervera's squadron had had its effect. In 
 the mean time, while reinforcements for the Americans 
 were on their way, there was continual parleying, so that 
 finally on July 17th the Spaniards surrendered the city 
 and province of Santiago de Cuba, with over 22,000 
 
STATE SERIES HISTORY, 
 
 39 
 
 troops. Thus ended the campaign. It was won by the 
 splendid discipline and courage of the soldiers. The 
 losses of the three days — July ist, 2d, and 3d— were 22 
 officers and 208 men killed, and 81 officers and 1,203 men 
 wounded, and 79 men missing. The Spanish loss is not 
 accurately known, but is believed to be upward of 1,500 
 officers and men killed and wounded. 
 
 The Santiago campaign was marked by superb fighting, 
 courage, and discipline on the part of the private soldier 
 
 andhisimmediateofficers. 
 
 Manila was 
 The Popto , , 
 
 Rieo Expedi- won through 
 tion. , J 
 
 the navy and 
 
 practically by it. The 
 Porto Rican campaign 
 was a general's campaign 
 and the only brilliant 
 land movement of the 
 war. From beginning 
 to end it was well 
 planned and executed. 
 The credit belongs to the 
 commanding general of 
 the army. Early in June he contemplated a movement 
 on Porto Rico, when the time should arrive, but it was 
 not till Santiago had fallen that his way was clear. On 
 July 2ist he left Guantanamo, Cuba, with 3,415 officers 
 and men. Porto Rico was then garrisoned by a force of 
 8,233 Spanish regulars and 9,107 volunteers. Other 
 expeditions were embarked and hastened to strengthen 
 General Miles' force. 
 
 It was presumed that he would attempt to land at Fort 
 Fajardo, near San Juan, the principal town. The first 
 bit of strategy in the war was exhibited in the skill with 
 
 GEN. NELSON A. MILES. 
 
40 SUPPLEMENT TO CALIFORNIA 
 
 which his movements were concealed. Directing the navy 
 to shell the town of Ponce, while other vessels made 
 demonstrations off San Juan, he landed his troops quietly 
 and quickly on July 25th at Guanica, near Ponce, and 
 after a short but spirited engagement the Spanish troops 
 were driven back. Between this time and July 31st the 
 brigades of Generals Ernst, Schwan, and Henry disem- 
 barked and were rapidly thrown out in the various roads 
 leading around the island, but the stronger force was kept 
 on the main causeway leading direct from Ponce to San 
 Juan. An engagement occurred August loth, in which 
 the army lost i man killed and 16 wounded. At Coamo, 
 on August 9th, the troops under General Ernst had an en- 
 gagement resulting in the capture of 167 Spanish soldiers. 
 All preparations had been made bj^ August 12th for a 
 decisive combat, when the news of suspension of hostili- 
 ties arrived. In his report General Miles says: "Dur- 
 ing nineteen days of active campaign on the island of 
 Porto Rico a large portion of the island was captured by 
 United States forces and brought under our control. 
 Our forces were in such a position as to make the Spanish 
 positions untenable, outside of that of the garrison of 
 San Juan. The Spaniards had been defeated or captured 
 in six different engagements which took place, and in 
 every direction and position they had occupied up to 
 that time. The success of the enterprise was largely 
 due to the good generalship and skill of the officers in 
 command of the different divisions and brigades. Strategy 
 and skillful tactics accomplished what might have 
 occasioned serious loss in any other way. The loss of 
 the enemy in killed, wounded, and captured was 
 nearly ten times our own, which was only 3 killed 
 and 40 wounded. Thus the island of Porto Rico be- 
 came a part of the United States." 
 
STATE SERIES HISTORY. 
 
 41 
 
 The capture of Porto Rico was the last active land 
 operation of the war. 
 
 Early in May the news of the destruction of the 
 
 Spanish fleet at Manila was received, and the further 
 
 ^^ ^ , information that although Dewey might 
 
 The Capture ° 1 j 
 
 of Manila. take the city by bombardment, he could 
 
 not hold it or the adjacent country without land forces. 
 
 BATTLE OF MANILA BAY. 
 
 Gen. Wesley Merritt was appointed military governor 
 of the Philippine Islands, and assigned to the command 
 of the Eighth Corps, with the headquarters in San Fran- 
 cisco. He was directed to prepare and send his troops as 
 rapidly as possible to the investment of Manila. Trans- 
 ports were chartered, and on May 25th the first expedi- 
 tion, consisting of 158 officers and 3,428 men, sailed. 
 
42 SUPPLEMENT TO CALIFORNIA 
 
 Other expeditions rapidly followed on June 3d, 27th, 
 and 29th, in middle August and in September and 
 October. General Merritt himself accompanied the 
 third expedition, and arrived at the Philippines late in 
 July. The preceding expeditions, commanded by 
 Generals Anderson and Greene, had invested the outer 
 lines of Manila, and, with the assistance of the insurgents 
 under Chief Aguinaldo, had fairly well surrounded the 
 Spanish lines. Malate, a suburb of Manila, was the 
 center of the Spanish position. The American forces 
 were, on July 31st, reinforced by a division under General 
 MacArthur, making their strength something over 11,000 
 men. About 750 yards in front of Malate a line of 
 breastworks 250 yards long was thrown up, and behind this 
 vrere posted the Tenth Pennsjdvania Volunteer Infantry 
 and part of the Utah Volunteer Artillery. The insurgents 
 had withdrawn to celebrate some feast, and the Spanish, 
 over 3,000 strong, determined to take advantage of this 
 fact to attack the American position. They assaulted 
 both flanks and the front, and securing a cross fire, pretty 
 thoroughly demoralized the Pennsylvanians. The Utah 
 battery was cooler, but was being thrown into confusion 
 when the opportune arrival of a small force of regulars. 
 Battery K, Third Artillery, restored confidence. The 
 Pennsylvanians had suffered severely in endeavoring to 
 move four companies across an open field to reinforce the 
 right flank. Couriers were dispatched for General 
 Greene and for reinforcements and ammunition. The 
 courier was met by Captain O'Hara, of the Third Artil- 
 lery, who, without waiting for orders, sent out the re- 
 maining battery, H, of the Third, and himself hastened 
 to assist Lieutenants Krayenl)uhl and Kessler, who, with 
 Battery K, had succeeded in bringing the advancing Span- 
 iards to a halt. The arrival of Battery H made the regular 
 
STATE SERIES HISTORY. 43 
 
 battalion about 125 men, and they going in with a cheer 
 and a rapid and most effective fire, the enem}^ was soon put 
 to rout. Reinforcements under Greene soon arrived, 
 and the Spanish were driven off. The honors of the 
 day seem to have rested entirely with the small regular 
 battalion. The following night there was more fighting. 
 The total loss to the Spaniards was very heavy, while to 
 the Americans it was slight. On the arrival of General 
 Merritt it was at once determined to force the situation. 
 The Spanish commander was summoned to surrender, 
 and asked for time to consult with his government. A 
 truce was granted and prolonged until August r3th, when 
 it was decided by the American commanders to end the 
 suspense by an immediate land and sea attack. The 
 bombardment bj^ the fleet opened in the morning of that 
 day, while General Greene attacked the city defenses, 
 losing 8 killed and 40 wounded. Not long after noon 
 Manila capitulated. 
 
 The destruction of the effective force of its navy, the 
 evident inability of its arms to resist the conquest of its 
 Spain Sues colonial possessions by the enemy, and the 
 foF Peace. exhaustion of its finances at last satisfied the 
 Spanish ministry that the time had arrived when it 
 must brave public sentiment at home, if needs be, and 
 seek for peace. The French ambassador in the United 
 States was made the medium of an inquiry if the United 
 States government would be willing to intimate what 
 terms it would require as a condition of the cessation of 
 hostilities. On July 26th, M. Cambon, the ambassador, 
 approached the President informally on the subject. His 
 advances were favorably considered, and on July 30th he 
 received from the President an outline of the conditions 
 which our government would require. On August 9th 
 these were formally accepted by Spain, and the French 
 
44 SUPPLEMENT TO CALIFORNIA 
 
 ambassador was officially clothed with power by the 
 
 Spanish Government to sign a protocol. 
 
 This instrument was drawn up by Secretary of State 
 
 Tu«o»„.,» Day and Ambassador Cambon, and for- 
 The Peace -^ 
 
 Protocol. mally signed by them August 12th, at 4:23 
 
 o'clock in the afternoon. Its exact text was as follows : 
 Protocol of agreement between the United States and 
 Spain, embodying the terms of a basis for the establish- 
 ment of peace between the two countries : 
 
 William R. Day, Secretary of State of the United States, 
 and His Excellency Jules Cambon, Ambassador Extraor- 
 dinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of France 
 at Washington, respectfully possessing for this purpose 
 full authority from the government of the United States 
 and the government of Spain, have concluded and signed 
 the following articles, embodying the terms on which the 
 two governments have agreed in respect to the matters 
 hereinafter set forth, having in view the establishment of 
 peace between the two countries, that is to say : 
 
 Article I. Spain will relinquish all claim of sover- 
 eignty over and title to Cuba. 
 
 Article II. Spain will cede to the United States the 
 island of Porto Rico and other islands now under Spanish 
 sovereignty in the West Indies, and also an island in the 
 Ladrones to be selected by the United States. 
 
 Article III. The United States will occupy and hold 
 the city, bay, and harbor of Manila pending the conclusion 
 of the treaty of peace, which shall determine the control, 
 disposition and government of the Philippines. 
 
 Article IV. Spain will immediately evacuate Cuba, 
 Porto Rico, and other islands now under Spanish sov- 
 ereignty in the West Indies; and to this end each govern- 
 ment will, within ten days after the signing of this 
 protocol, appoint commissioners, and the commissioners 
 
STATE SERIES HISTORY. 45 
 
 SO appointed shall, within thirty days after the signing of 
 this protocol, meet at Havana for the purpose of arrang- 
 ing and carrying out the details of the aforesaid evacuation 
 of Cuba and the adjacent Spanish islands, and each 
 government will, within ten days after the signing of this 
 protocol, appoint other commissioners, who shall, within 
 thirty days after the signing of this protocol, meet at San 
 Juan, in Porto Rico, for the purpose of arranging and 
 carrying out the details of the aforesaid evacuation of Porto 
 Rico and other islands now under Spanish sovereignty in 
 the West Indies. 
 
 Article V. The United States and Spain will each 
 appoint not more than five commissioners to treat of peace, 
 and the commissioners so appointed shall meet at Paris 
 not later than October i, 1898, and proceed to the nego- 
 tiation and conclusion of a treaty of peace, which treaty 
 shall be subject to ratification according to the respective 
 constitutional forms of the two countries. 
 
 Article VI. Upon the conclusion and signing of this 
 protocol, hostilities between the two countries shall be 
 suspended, and notice to that effect shall be given as soon 
 as possible by each government to the commanders of its 
 military and naval forces. 
 
 Done at Washington, in duplicate, in English and in 
 French, by the undersigned, who have hereunto set their 
 hands and seals, the 12th day of August, 1898. 
 
 William R. Day. [seal] 
 Jules Cambon. [seal] 
 
 The Treaty of Peace. — The following is a synopsis of 
 the Treaty of Peace : 
 
 Article i provides for the relinquishment of Cuba. 
 
 Article 2 provides for the cession of Porto Rico. 
 
 Article 3 provides for the cession of the Philippines for 
 the sum of $20,000,000 as compensation. 
 
46 SUPPLEMENT TO CALIFORNIA 
 
 Article 4 embraces the plans for the cession of the 
 Philippines, including the return of Spanish prisoners in 
 the hands of the Tagalos. 
 
 Article 5 deals with the cession of barracks, war 
 materials, arms, stores, buildings, and all property apper- 
 taining to the Spanish administration in the Philippines. 
 
 Article 6 is a renunciation by both nations of their 
 respective claims against each other and the citizens of 
 each other. 
 
 Article 7 grants to Spanish trade and shipping in the 
 Philippines the same treatment as American trade and 
 shipping for a period of ten j-ears. 
 
 Article 8 provides for the release of all prisoners of war 
 held by Spain and of all prisoners held by her for political 
 offenses committed in the colonies acquired by the United 
 States. 
 
 Article 9 guarantees the legal rights of Spaniards 
 remaining in Cuba. 
 
 Article 10 establishes religious freedom in the Philip- 
 pines and guarantees to all churches equal rights. 
 
 Article 1 1 provides for the composition of courts and 
 other tribunals in Porto Rico and Cuba. 
 
 Article 12 provides for the administration of justice in 
 Porto Rico and Cuba. 
 
 Article 13 provides for the continuance for five years of 
 Spanish copyrights in ceded territories, giving Spanish 
 books admittance free of duty. 
 
 Article 14 provides for the establishment of consulates 
 by Spain in the ceded territories. 
 
 Article 15 grants to vSpanish commerce in Cuba, Porto 
 Rico, and the Philippines the same treatment as to Ameri- 
 can for ten years, Spanish shipping to ])e treated as 
 coasting vessels. 
 
 Article 16 stipulates that the obligations of the United 
 
STATE SERIES HISTORY. 47 
 
 States to Spanish citizens and property in Cuba shall 
 terminate with the withdrawal of the United States 
 authorities from the island. 
 
 Article 17 provides that the treaty must be ratified 
 within six months from the date of signing by the 
 respective governments in order to be binding. 
 
 Under the supervision of the evacuation commissioners, 
 the removal of Spanish troops from Cuba and Porto Rico 
 began immediately after the arrival of the American com- 
 missioners in those islands. The complete evacuation of 
 Porto Rico was accomplished by October 17th, and on 
 October iSth the United States flag was hoisted at San 
 Juan and the United States came into formal possession 
 of the island. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 What was the Dingley TariflF Bill ? 
 Who was General Weyler ? 
 Tell about the loss of the Maine. 
 How did Congress prepare for war ? 
 Give the substance of the resolutions. 
 How did Spain receive the declaration of war? 
 How did the President secure troops ? 
 Describe the battle of Manila. 
 Give an account of the life of Dewey. 
 Give an account of the naval operations at Santiago. 
 Describe Hobson's heroic deed. 
 
 Give an account of the destruction of Cervera's fleet. 
 Give an account of the landing of American troops on the island 
 of Cuba. 
 
 Who were the Rough Riders ? 
 
 Describe the battle of El Caney. 
 
 Name some of the prominent generals who took part in the battle. 
 
 Give an account of General Shafter. 
 
 Tell about the surrender of the Spanish commander. 
 
4.8 SUPPLEMENT TO CALIFORNIA 
 
 Give an account of the Porto Rico expedition. 
 
 Describe the capture of Manila. 
 
 Name some of the generals who took part. 
 
 Give an account of how our troops were taken to Manila. 
 
 How did Spain make overtures for peace ? 
 
 What is meant by the peace protocol ? 
 
 Describe the protocol between the United States and Spain. 
 
 By whom was the protocol signed ? 
 
 What was the treaty of peace ? 
 
 Give the essential features of it. 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 February 4, 1899, the war between the Filipinos 
 under Aguinaldo and the Americans began. The fight- 
 ing, which continued for several days in the vicinity of 
 Manila, was very severe. The American loss was 57 
 
 killed and 215 wounded. 
 500 Filipinos were killed 
 and 1,000 wounded and 
 500 captured. In all the 
 engagements which fol- 
 lowed up to February i, 
 1900, the Americans were 
 almost uniformly suc- 
 cessful, the enemy re- 
 tiring after making a 
 more or less determined 
 stand. A chronology of 
 events is as follows : 
 February loth — Battle of Caloocan. 
 March 13th to 19th — General Wheaton attacked and 
 occupied Pasig. 
 
 March 21st to 30th — General Mac Arthur advanced 
 toward and captured Malolos. 
 
 April 25th to May 5th — General MacArthur captured 
 Calumpit and San Fernando. 
 
 April 22dto May 17th — General 
 L,awton led an expedition to San 
 Isidro. 
 
 June loth to 19th — Generals 
 I,awton and Wheaton advanced 
 south to Imus. 
 
 AGUINALDO. 
 
 TOPICAL STUDIES. 
 
 The Philippine War. 
 
 Aguinaldo. 
 
 The Philippine Com- 
 mission. 
 
 General Otis. 
 
 The Samoan Settle- 
 ment. 
 The Peace Congress. 
 
50 SUPPLEMENT TO CALIFORNIA 
 
 June 26th — General Hall took Calamba. 
 
 Military operations were partially suspended during the 
 rainy season, but General MacArthur captured Angeles, 
 August i6th. 
 
 Meanwhile the southern islands w^ere occupied by the 
 American forces; Iloilo by General Miller February nth, 
 Cebu by the navy March 27th, and Negros, Mindanao, 
 and the smaller islands subsequently. 
 
 A treaty was concluded with the Sultan of Sulu, in 
 which his rights were guaranteed, and he acknowledged 
 the supremacy of the United States. 
 
 The Philippine Commission appointed by the President, 
 and composed of President J. G. Schurman of Cornell 
 University; Professor Dean Worcester, Charles Denby, 
 late Minister to China; Admiral Dewey, and General Otis, 
 began its labors at Manila March 20th and continued 
 until ordered home in September. The commission pre- 
 pared and submitted its preliminary report to the President 
 at Washington November 2d. The commission issued 
 a proclamation to the people of the Philippine Islands on 
 April 4th, the conditions of which were, in substance, as 
 follows: 
 
 1. The supremacy of the United States must and will 
 be enforced throughout every part of the archipelago, and 
 those who resist can accomplish nothing except their own 
 ruin. 
 
 2. The amplest liberty of self-government will be 
 granted which is reconcilable with the j ust , stable, effective, 
 and economical administration, and compatible with the 
 sovereign rights and obligations of the United States. 
 
 3. The civil rights of the Filipinos will be guaranteed 
 and protected, their religious freedom will be assured, and 
 all will have equal standing before the law. 
 
STATE SERIES HISTORY. 51 
 
 4. Honor, justice, and friendship forbid the exploita- 
 tion of the people of the islands. The purpose of the 
 American government is the welfare and advancement of 
 the Filipino people. 
 
 5. It guarantees an honest and efifective civil service, 
 in which, to the fullest extent practicable, natives shall 
 be employed. 
 
 6. The collection and application of taxes and other 
 revenues will be put upon a sound, honest, and economical 
 basis. The public funds, raised justly and collected 
 honestly, will be applied only to defraying the proper 
 expenses of the establishment and maintenance of the 
 Philippine government, and such general improvements as 
 public interests demand. Local funds collected for local 
 purposes shall not be diverted to other ends. With such 
 prudent and honest fiscal administration it is believed that 
 the needs of the government will in a short time become 
 compatible with a considerable reduction in taxation. 
 
 7. The establishment of a pure, speedy, and effective 
 administration of justice, by which the evils of delay, 
 corruption, and exploitation will be effectively eradicated. 
 
 8. The construction of roads, railroads, and other 
 means of transportation and communication, and other 
 public works of manifest advantage to the people, will be 
 promoted. 
 
 9. Domestic and foreign trade and commerce and other 
 industrial pursuits and the general development of the 
 country in the interest of its inhabitants will be the con- 
 stant object of solicitude and fostering care. 
 
 ID. Effective provision will be made for the establish- 
 ment of elementary schools, in which the children of the 
 people will be educated. Appropriate facilities will also 
 be made for higher education. 
 
52 SUPPLEMENT TO CALIFORNIA 
 
 II. Reforms in all departments of the government, 
 all branches of the public service, and all corporations 
 closely touching the common life of the people must be 
 undertaken without delay and effected conformably with 
 common right and justice, in a way to satisfy the well- 
 founded demands and the higher sentiments and aspira- 
 tions of the Philippine people. 
 
 With the advance of the dry season, military operations 
 
 on a much larger scale than heretofore were begun, the 
 
 army of occupation having been reinforced by 30,000 men. 
 
 September 28th— General Mac Arthur, after several days' 
 
 fighting, occupied Porac. 
 
 October ist to loth — General Schwan's column operated 
 in the south part of lyUzon, and captured Rosario and 
 Malabon. 
 
 November 7th — A military expedition on board trans- 
 ports, under General Wheaton, captured Dagupan. 
 November 14th — Major Bell entered Tarlac. 
 November 14th — Brisk fighting near San Jacinto. 
 Major John A. Logan was killed. 
 
 November 24th — General Otis announced to the War 
 Department that the whole of central Luzon was in the 
 hands of the United States authorities; that the President 
 of the Filipino Congress, the Filipino Secretary of 
 State, and Treasurer were captured, and that only small 
 bands of the enemy were in arms, retreating in different 
 directions, while Aguinaldo, with a small escort, was 
 being pursued toward the mountains. 
 
 November 26th— The navy captured Vigan, on the 
 
 coast. 
 
 December nth— The President directed General Otis 
 to open the ports of the Philippines to commerce. 
 
 December 19th— General Lawton was killed in attack- 
 ing San Mateo. 
 
STATK SERIES HISTORY, 
 
 53 
 
 GEN. HENRY W. LAWTON. 
 
 Henry W. Lawton was born in Ohio. 
 April 18, 1S61, he enlisted in thearmy ana 
 served his country almost continuously 
 until he met a soldier's death. His record 
 in the Civil War, ISGl to 1865, his capture of 
 Geronimo in 1886, his brave leadership in 
 Cuba ia 1898, and his energetic campaign 
 in the Philippines are such as to place him 
 among the great American heroes. The 
 people showed their appreciation of his 
 services by raising a fund of almost 
 $100,000 and presenting it to his widow. 
 
 The Samoan 
 Settlement. 
 
 It was officially an- 
 nounced at Berlin and 
 London, November 8, 
 1899, that an 
 agreement, 
 subject to the approval 
 of the United States, had 
 been concluded between 
 Great Britain and Ger- 
 many, by virtue of which 
 the Samoan Act was 
 repealed, and the islands 
 of Upolu Savaii, and the 
 small adjacent islands, 
 went to Germany as free 
 property, and the island 
 of Tutuila and its sub- 
 sidiary islands to the 
 United States. Great 
 Britain renounced any 
 claim to the Samoan 
 turn, renounced any 
 and to Savage Island 
 also ceded Cboiseul and 
 
 Islands, and Germany, in 
 
 claim to the Tonga Islands 
 
 in favor of Great Britain and 
 
 San Isabel, the two easterly islands of the Solomon group, 
 
 with their insular surroundings, to Great Britain. 
 
 In 1898 the Emperor of Russia proposed an international 
 
 conference to consider terms of a universal peace through- 
 out the world. The Peace Conference 
 assembled at The Hague, Netherlands, Maj'- 
 18, 1899, and continued in session until the 
 
 day of final adjournment, July 29, 1899. The United 
 
 States of America was represented by Seth L,ow, Andrew 
 
 The Univer- 
 sal Peace 
 Conference 
 of 1899. 
 
54 SUPPLEMENT TO CALIFORNIA 
 
 D. White, Stanford Newel, Capt. William Crozier, Capt. 
 A. T. Mahan. 
 
 The work of the Conference had been previously out- 
 lined by the Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs, Count 
 Muravieff, as follows: 
 
 1 . An understanding not to increase for a fixed period 
 the present effective of the armed military and naval 
 forces, and at the same time not to increase the budgets 
 pertaining thereto; a preliminary examination of the 
 means by which a reduction might even be effected in 
 future in the forces and budgets above mentioned. 
 
 2. To prohibit the use in armies and fleets of any new 
 kind of firearms whatever, and of new explosives, or any 
 powders more powerful than those now in use either for 
 rifles or cannon. 
 
 3. To restrict the use in military warfare of the for- 
 midable explosives already existing, and to prohibit the 
 throwing of projectiles or explosives of any kind from 
 balloons or by any similar means. 
 
 4. To prohibit the use in naval warfare of submarine 
 torpedo boats or plungers, or other similar engines of 
 destruction; to give an undertaking not to construct 
 vessels with rams in the future. 
 
 5. To apply to naval warfare the stipulations of the 
 Geneva Convention of 1864, on the basis of the articles 
 added to the Convention of 1868. 
 
 6. To neutralize ships and boats employed in saving 
 those overboard during or after an engagement. 
 
 7. To revise the declaration concerning the laws and 
 customs of war elaborated in 1874 by the Conference of 
 Brussels, which has remained unratified to the present 
 day. 
 
 8. To accept in principle the employment of the good 
 ofiices of mediation and facultative arbitration in cases 
 
STATE SERIES HISTORY. 55 
 
 lending themseh^es thereto, with the object of preventing 
 armed conflicts between nations; an understanding with 
 respect to the mode of applying these good offices, 
 and the establishment of a uniform practice in using 
 them. 
 
 It is well understood that all questions concerning the 
 political relations of states and the order of things estab- 
 lished by treaties, as generally all questions which do not 
 directly fall within the program adopted by the cabinets, 
 must be absolutel}' excluded from the deliberations of 
 the Conference. 
 
 The Conference was opened by Queen Wilhelmina, as 
 hostess, and Baron de Staal, as the representative of the 
 Emperor of Russia and as President of the Conference, 
 made a formal statement of its business. Three commit- 
 tees were constituted: i. On Armaments; 2, On Rules 
 of War; 3. On Arbitration. These were subsequently 
 divided into sections to which separate subjects were 
 referred. 
 
 On following days, presidents and vice-presidents of 
 the committees were chosen. The sections met and 
 considered their subjects and reported to the committees. 
 These in turn accepted or rejected the results of the sec- 
 tions and reported to the Conference, which acted upon 
 their conclusions. 
 
 In reference to armaments the opinion of the Confer- 
 ence was expressed in the following words: "The 
 
 Conference considers that the limitation of 
 The Results. . 
 
 military charges weighing upon the world 
 
 at the present time is greatly to be desired in the interest 
 of an increase of the material and moral welfare of 
 humanity," and, also, "The Conference is of the opinion 
 that the governments— taking into account the proposi- 
 tions made in this Conference — should make a study of 
 
56 SUPPLEMENT TO CALIFORNIA 
 
 the possibilit}^ of an agreement concerning the limitation 
 of armed forces on land and sea and of naval budgets." 
 
 In the revision of the Laws of War, the following 
 results, among others, were reached: The absolute 
 prohibition of pillage and of the destruction or confisca- 
 tion of works of art; an elaborate and humane system of 
 regulations concerning the rights, duties, and privileges 
 of prisoners of war; the extension of the Geneva Red 
 Cross rules to naval warfare; the adoption and extension 
 of the laws formulated by the Brussels Conference for the 
 conduct of land warfare. 
 
 The proposition of the American delegates that private 
 property not contraband of war shall be excepted from 
 capture on the high seas was not adopted by the Confer- 
 ence. The prohibition of the use of asphyxiation shells 
 and expanding bullets in war was voted for by all the 
 nations except the United States and Great Britain 
 (Portugal abstaining from voting), and, therefore, was 
 not adopted. 
 
 The most important achievement of the Conference 
 
 was based on the report of the third committee, which 
 
 ^^ ^ . , was accepted by the Conference after several 
 
 The Court of ^ -^ 
 
 Apbitration. modifications — a treaty which, when ratified 
 
 by the Senate of the United States, constitutes and 
 establishes a court for the arbitration of disputes between 
 nations. 
 
 The Arbitration Treaty consists of sixty-one articles, 
 divided into four titles: First, On the Maintenance of 
 General Peace, consisting of one declaratory article; 
 second. On Good Offices and Mediation; third. On Inter- 
 national Commissions of Inquiry; fourth. On International 
 Arbitration. 
 
STATE SERIES HISTORY. 57 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 Give au account of the first battle with the Filipinos. 
 Name some of the important battles between the American 
 troops and the Filipinos. 
 
 What is meant by the Philippine Commission ? 
 
 Name the members of this Commission. 
 
 Give an account of the proclamation issued by the Commission. 
 
 Give an account of the Samoan difficulty and its settlement. 
 
 Give an account of the Universal Peace Conference. 
 
 Who proposed the Conference ? 
 
 Name the members who represented the United States. 
 
 What was the object of the Peace Conference ? 
 
 What were the results ? 
 
CHAPTER V, 
 
 War has continued in the Philippines Irom the night 
 
 of February 4, 1899/ up to the present time with more or 
 
 less severity. General Otis was relieved 
 
 Continuation of ,,.,. /-a j /-a i 
 
 the War in the as Military Governor, and General 
 ' '^'^ ■ McArthur was appointed to take his 
 
 place in May, 1900, and General Chaflfee in turn suc- 
 ceeded General McArthur. The war has been prosecuted 
 with considerable vigor, and practically all of the island 
 of lyuzon is directly under American control. President 
 McKinley appointed in 1900 a Civil Service Commission 
 consisting of Wm. H. Taft, Prof. Bernard Moses, Dean 
 Worcester, Luke E. Wright and W. P. Ide. This Com- 
 mission has established Civil Government in many of the 
 towns and provinces of the island. F. W. Atkinson, of 
 Springfield, Mass., was appointed Superintendent of 
 Public Instruction, and a public school system was inau- 
 gurated. More than one thousand teachers, most of them 
 normal school or university graduates, are now in the 
 Philippines teaching school. It is said that these thousand 
 teachers are a more efficient army than the sixty thou- 
 sand soldiers. The Civil Commis 
 
 sion is building roads, school ! topical studies. 
 
 houses, and making public im- j The^ ConUnuaUon^ of 
 
 nrovemeiits of various kinds, and ippines. 
 
 '■ t Disorders in China. 
 
 providing for local self-government x^e Census of 1900. 
 
 as rapidly as the Filipinos show 1 wicKiniey Re-elected. 
 
 . I McKinley's Assassina- 
 
 adaptation for it. tion. 
 
 /^ 1 T-* .^ „ ..^ Theodore Roosevelt, 
 
 In 1 901, General Funston cap- president. 
 
 tured the Filipino leader, Aguinaldo, 
 
 and he is now held as a prisoner of war. 
 
STATE SERIES HISTORY. 
 
 59 
 
 Early in 1900, a society of Chinese, called Boxers, 
 began to massacre the native Christians. 
 Chinaf ^^^ ^" The American Minister, E. H. Conger, 
 and other representatives of foreign gov- 
 ernments were besieged by the Boxers and Chinese 
 troops. The German minister was killed June 20, 1900. 
 The United States sent troops and war vessels to China. 
 The troops were under the command of General Chaffee. 
 They landed at Tientsin, fought a number of battles and 
 marched to Pekin to rescue those who were besi.ged. 
 After the capture of Pekin by the combined forces, nego- 
 tiations were opened looking toward the restoration of 
 order and the settlement of various claims against China. 
 Pekin was relieved August 14th by the allied forces of 
 Japan, the United States, Germany and Great Britain. 
 In all about eighteen thousand men marched against 
 two hundred thousand Chinese troops. There were 
 eight thousand Chinese troops killed at Tientsin and 
 four thousand at Pekin. 
 
 During the year 1900, our census was taken, and also 
 a full account of the manufacturing and other industries. 
 The result showed the population to be 
 75.994.575 people in the United States 
 and in the detatched possessions of the government 
 which includes Alaska, Hawaii, the Philippine Islands, 
 Porto Rico, etc., making a total of 8,274,755, which 
 gives a grand total of 84,269,330. The census returns of 
 California for 1900 showed the population to be 1,485,053. 
 In 1790, the center of population was twenty-three miles 
 east of Baltimore, Maryland 39 16.5' north latitude 
 and 76 1 1.2' west longitude. In 1900, the center of popu- 
 lation was six miles southeast of Columbus, Indiana 
 39 9.5 north latitude and 85 48.9 west longitude. 
 
 When the time approached for the election of a presi- 
 
6o SUPPLEMENT TO CALIFORNIA 
 
 dent and vice-president of the United States, many 
 platforms were framed and eight pairs of 
 of McKlniey^'°" candidates were nominated. The Republi- 
 can Party renominated William McKinley 
 for President, and Theodore Roosevelt, at the time gov- 
 ernor of New York, for Vice-President. The Populists 
 and Democrats nominated William J. Brj^an and Adlai 
 E. Stevenson. The questions discussed by the American 
 people during this campaign included trusts, the gold 
 standard, the free coinage of silver, the Nicaragua Canal, 
 the election of United States Senators by the people, aid 
 to American shipping, irrigation of arid lands, and the 
 public ownership of railways and municipal utilities. 
 The campaign resulted in the election of William Mc- 
 Kinley and Theodore Roosevelt. 
 
 President McKinley was inaugurated March 4th, 1901. 
 In May of the same year he began a tour of the country, 
 going from Washington to New Orleans, and from New 
 Orleans to San Francisco. At the latter place he wit- 
 nessed the launching of the great war vessel, Ohio. The 
 serious illness of Mrs. McKinley at San Francisco, ended 
 the triumphal tour, and the President returned direct to 
 Washington. 
 
 In September, 1901, President McKinley visited the 
 great Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo. On Septem- 
 ber 6th, while surrounded by a crowd in 
 
 The Assassin of 
 
 President the Temple of Music, Czolgosz, an an- 
 
 McKinley. . , , . , . r r r 
 
 archist, approached within a lew leet 01 
 him and fired two shots. The President was at once 
 removed to the residence of John G. Milburn and medical 
 aid summoned. It was found that one bullet struck him 
 on the breast bone and that the other bullet passed 
 through both walls of th • stomach near its lower border. 
 The President died September 14th, 1901. His last 
 
STATK SERIES HISTORY. 6l 
 
 words were : " Good-bye all, good-bye. It is God's way, 
 
 His will be done." Czolgosz, the assassin, was arrested, 
 
 tried, found guilty, and on October 29th was electrocuted. 
 
 On the afternoon of September 14th, 1901, Theodore 
 
 Roosevelt was sworn in as President of the United 
 
 ^^ _ „ States, at Buffalo, New York. After the 
 Theodore Roo- 
 sevelt. Twenty- administration of the oath, he said : " In 
 Sixth President . 
 
 of the United this hour of deep and terrible national 
 
 states. ^ 
 
 bereavement, I wi^h to state that it will 
 
 be my intention to continue absolutely unbroken the 
 policy of President McKinley for the peace and pros- 
 perity of our beloved country." 
 
 Theodore Roosevelt, junior, son of Theodore Roose- 
 velt, was born in the city of New York, October 20th, 
 1858. His mother's maiden name was Martha Bulloch, 
 Roosevelt is of the ninth generation of the family in 
 America. He has written books on history, on hunting, 
 on ranch life and upon political affairs. He served in 
 the New York legislature, and was appointed by Presi- 
 dent Harrison, May 12th, 1889, on the U. S. Civil 
 Service Commission. May 5th, 1895, he was made 
 Police Commissioner of New York. He was appointed 
 Assistant Secretary ol the Navy in 1896, which ofl5ce he 
 resigned to organize the Rough Riders at the outbreak 
 of the Spanish-American war. His services during this 
 war was marked by strenuous bravery. In 189S he was 
 elected Governor of New York. After his nomination 
 for the Vice-Presidency, in 1900, he entered into the 
 campaign with great vigor. 
 
 Buffalo, N. Y., Sept. 14. By th^ President of the 
 
 United States of America : A terrible bereavement has 
 
 ._, , „ befallen our people. The President of 
 
 President Roo- ^ ^ 
 
 seveit's First the United States has been struck down 
 Proclamation. 
 
 — a crime committed not only against 
 
62 SUPPLEMENT TO CALIFORNIA 
 
 the chief magistrate, but against every law-abiding and 
 libert}'- loving citizen. 
 
 President McKinley crowned a life of largest love for 
 his fellow men, of most earnest endeavor for their wel- 
 fare, by a death of Christian fortitude ; and both the way 
 in which he lived his life, and the way in which in the 
 supreme hour of trial he met his death, uill remain for- 
 ever a preciotis heritage of our people. 
 
 It is meet that we as a nation express our abiding love 
 and reverence for his life, our deep sorrow o\ er his un- 
 timely death. 
 
 Now, therefore, I, Theodore Roosevelt, President of 
 the United States, do appoint Thursday next, September 
 19th, the day in which the body of the dead President 
 will be laid in its last earthly resting place, as a day of 
 mourning and prayer throughout the United States. I 
 earnestly recommend all the people to assemble on that 
 day in their respective places of divine worship, there to 
 bow down in submission to the will of Almighty God, 
 and to pay out of full hearts their homage of love and 
 reverence to the great and good President, whose death 
 has smitten the nation with bitter grief. 
 
 In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and 
 caused the seal of the United States to be affixed. 
 
 Done at the City of Washington, the 14th day of Sep- 
 tember, A. D. one thousand nine hundred and one, and 
 of the independence of the United States the one hundred 
 and twenty-six. 
 
 [seal] Theodore Roosevelt. 
 
 By the President : John Hay, Secretary of State. 
 
STATE SERIES HISTORY. 63 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 Give an account of the continuation of the wzr in the Philip- 
 pines. 
 
 Name the present Civil Commission. 
 
 Who is the Superintendent of Public Instruction of the Philip- 
 pines? 
 
 How many teachers have been sent to the Philippines? 
 
 Describe the plan of government. 
 
 Who captured Aguinaldo? 
 
 Who are the Boxers? 
 
 Who commanded the American troops in China? 
 
 What troops marched to the relief of the people besieged in 
 Pekin? 
 
 What is the population of the United States according to the 
 census of 1900? 
 
 What is the population of California? 
 
 Name some of the questions discussed in the campaign of 1900, 
 
 Who were the candidates of the Republican and Democratic 
 parties ? 
 
 Who was elected? 
 
 Tell what you can of the assassination of President McKinley. 
 
 What were his last words? 
 
 Who succeeded McKinley ? 
 
 Give a brief account of the life of Theodore Roosevelt. 
 
 Tell what you can about his first proclamation. 
 
A RECORD OF ELECTRICAL PROGRESS. 
 
 The end of the century finds the electrical industry, in 
 all of its departments, in a remarkable state of prosperity 
 and progress. The work that has been accomplished in 
 the last twenty years indicates a future for electrical 
 developments that can scarcely be imagined. 
 
 In May, 1899, a great electrical exposition was held 
 in New York City. Many new and wonderful novelties 
 were shown. There was a demonstration of wireless 
 telegraphy, automobiles, and an electrical railway repair 
 wagon. The principal advance of recent years, however, 
 has been the development of wireless telegraphy. There has 
 been reported a test of a new system of very high speed 
 telegraphy in Austria. This system is no great novelty. 
 Two Hungarian engineers, PoUak and Virag, conceived 
 the idea of using a sj'Stem practically similar to that 
 employed on cables for high speed telegraphy. The 
 messages are first given to an operator of a typewriter 
 machine, which punches certain arrangements of long and 
 short holes in a paper strip, similar to that used in the 
 familiar "ticker," corresponding to the letters of the 
 alphabet. These holes are so arranged that when the 
 paper tape is run through a proper sending-machine cer- 
 tain positive and negative impulses corresponding to each 
 letter will be sent out on the line. 
 
 For example, the letter A consists of one positive and 
 one negative impulse; the letter B of one negative and three 
 positive impulses, and so for the other letters of the 
 alphabet. This tape, once prepared, can be sent through 
 
STATE SERIES HISTORY. 65 
 
 the sending-machine with great speed. The machine is 
 very simple. A spool, over which runs the tape, has two 
 metallic rings imbedded in it under the holes on the sides 
 of the tape corresponding to positive or negative impulses. 
 Over these two springs bear upon the paper strip. When 
 a hole passes on either side, the corresponding spring 
 presses through it upon the c^'linder of metal beneath, 
 completing an electrical circuit. Through this arrange- 
 ment the line is given connection with the positive or 
 negative side of the sending battery in such combinations 
 as indicate each letter. The impulses arrive at the receiv- 
 ing end, and traverse a simple galvanometer arrangement 
 which deflects to left or right accordingly as the impulses 
 are positive or negative. A mirror mounted upon the 
 moving part of the instrument reflects a beam of light 
 which is allowed to fall on a sensitive photographic paper 
 tape or sheet moved by clockwork. In this way the right 
 and left deflections are recorded. A speed of over 100,000 
 words per hour on long lines has been attained with this 
 system. 
 
 Signor Marconi and several assistants came to New 
 York City in September to report the international yacht 
 races oS" Sandy Hook by wireless telegraphy. Sending 
 apparatus were located aboard two steamships, which 
 followed the yachts; and receiving stations were placed, 
 one on the cable-ship Mackay-Bennett, anchored near 
 the Sandy Hook lightship, and the other on shore at the 
 Highlands of Navesink. Bulletins of the progress of the 
 race were sent from the following steamships to the Mac- 
 kay-Bennett, and were received on a Morse tape recorder. 
 They were then translated, written out and telegraphed 
 to New York City over a submarine cable, the end of 
 which was connected with telegraph instruments aboard 
 the Mackay-Bennett. 
 
66 SUPPLEMENT TO CALIFORNIA 
 
 The cable-ship was used for the experiments, which 
 were successful, under the auspices of the Postal Tele- 
 graph Cable Company and the Commercial Cable Com- 
 pany. The Western Union Telegraph Company also had 
 an ocean telegraph station off Sandy Hook in the form of 
 a schooner at anchor, with the end of a cable aboard con- 
 nected with telegraph instruments. Newspaper tugs 
 carried their bulletins to the schooner, from which they 
 were telegraphed to New York in the ordinary manner. 
 
 The Signal Corps of the army made several experi- 
 ments with Marconi's system of wireless telegraphy, with 
 a view to its adoption by the corps for military use. The 
 Navy Department also appointed a board of officers 
 to report on tests made with the system between the 
 cruiser New York, the battle-ship Massachusetts and the 
 torpedo-boat Porter. 
 
 At the close of the year it was estimated that about 
 $250,000,000 was invested in telegraphs in the United 
 States. This includes the money invested in the plants 
 of the two great companies, railroad telegraphs, messenger 
 systems, and fire and police telegraphs. 
 
 The telephone system has increased very rapidly, and 
 now completely covers all towns and cities in the United 
 States, and the long-distance telephone is no longer a 
 novelty. 
 
 Electricity has extended its field to the electric lighting 
 of cities. The Dewey celebration in New York and the 
 decorations on the arrival in San Francisco from Manila 
 of the California troops showed what may be done with 
 electric lamps for decorative lighting. 
 
 The horseless carriage, propelled by electricity supplied 
 by storage batteries, is one of the newly established 
 utilities. Electromobile service in New York, Boston, and 
 
 L.ofC. 
 
STATE SERIES HISTORY. 67 
 
 other cities has become an established fact. The street 
 railway service of the United States is now performed 
 almost entirely by electric traction. There are about nine 
 hundred and fifty electric railways in the United States. 
 
 THE WONDERFUL CENTURY. 
 
 The last one hundred years have been the most won- 
 derful in the history of the civilization of the world. The 
 Anglo-Saxon people have been practical. They have 
 explored the ocean beds. They have labored in their own 
 door-yards. They have searched the stars; and lo! the 
 result. Columbus discovered a new world; Newton dis- 
 covered new natural laws ; but the nineteenth century, 
 heralded by the birth of a new nation, has multiplied its 
 inventions and discoveries, and the mind of man fails to 
 appreciate the marvels of it all. 
 
 Before the birth of the nineteenth century all the pre- 
 ceding ages gave to mankind the following : 
 The Mariner's Compass Gravitation Established 
 
 The Steam Engine Kepler's I^aws 
 
 The Telescope The Differential Calculus 
 
 The Barometer and Ther- The Circulation of the 
 
 mometer Blood 
 
 ^^^"^^"S Light Proved to have Fi- 
 
 Arabic Numerals ^ite Velocity 
 
 Alphabetical Writing The Development of Ge- 
 
 Modern Chemistry ometry 
 Electric Science 
 
68 SUPPLEMENT TO CALIFORNIA 
 
 Since 1801 the following remarkable scientific discov- 
 eries and advancements have been made: — 
 Railways Velocity of lyight directly 
 Steamships measured, and Earth's 
 Electric Telegraphs Rotation experimentally 
 The Telephone shown. 
 Lucifer Matches Chemistry, Definite Pro- 
 Gas Illumination portions 
 Electric Lighting Meteors, and the Meteoric 
 
 Photography 
 The Phonograph 
 Rontgen Rays 
 
 Theory 
 The Glacial Epoch 
 The Antiquity of Man 
 
 ^ A 1 • Organic Evolution Estab- 
 
 Spectrum Analysis Ushed 
 
 Anaesthetics ^^^^ Theory and Embry- 
 
 Antiseptic Surgery ology 
 
 Conservation of Energy Qerm Theory of Disease, 
 
 Molecular Theory of Gases and the Function of the 
 
 The Uses of Dust Leucocytes 
 
 If the nineteenth century accomplished so much, what 
 of the twentieth? It has only been of recent years that 
 our higher institutions of learning have taught science on 
 the basis of investigation. The first generation of 
 American scholars from our modern institutions begins 
 life with the birth of the twentieth century. 
 
 What of them ? With the scientific spirit of research 
 impelling them forward, with high ideals of humanity 
 they will centralize the good of the world in monuments 
 that will make every year an epoch. The civilization 
 that stretched from the pillars of Hercules to the pyramids 
 of Egypt, and abided on the isles of Greece, compared with 
 the lusty strength of the commercial supremacy of to-day, 
 was but a babe in arms. The supremacy that passed 
 from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic, and carried by a 
 
STATE SERIES HISTORY. 69 
 
 dozen transcontinental railroads across the American 
 continent, has anchored perhaps for all time in the new 
 Pacific. It has given a new interpretation to the well- 
 worn trail through the Golden Gate. 
 
 The young men' and the young women of yesterday 
 will make great history for to-morrow. The Anglo- 
 Saxon Bible in one hand, the flag of the Republic in the 
 other, they will represent the great good in our national 
 life. No matter what policy prevails, the prophecy of 
 Newton Booth wnll be fulfilled: 
 
 "What is our country? Not alone the land and the 
 sea, the lakes, the rivers, the mountains and valleys,— 
 not alone the people, their customs and laws, — not alone 
 the memories of the past, the hopes of the future. It is 
 something more than all these combined. It is a divine 
 abstraction. You cannot tell what it is. But let your 
 flag rustle above your head, and you feel its living 
 presence in your heart. Not yet, not yet, shall the 
 republic die ! Baptized anew, it shall live a thousand 
 years to come, — the Colossus of the nations, — its feet 
 upon the continents, its scepter over the seas, its forehead 
 among the stars." 
 
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 Complete Descriptive Circular sent on application 
 
 Net Prices 
 
 Algebraic Solution of Equations— Andre and Buchanan - - - |0 80 
 
 An Aid to the Lady of the Lake, etc.— J. W. Graham - - - 25 
 
 Amusing Geography and Map Drawing— Mrs. L. C. Schutze - - 1 00 
 
 Brief History ot California— Hittell and Faulkner - - - - 50 
 
 Current History— Harr Wagner 25 
 
 Civil Government Simplified^. J. Duvall 25 
 
 Complete Algebra— J. B. Clarke 1 00 
 
 Elementary Exercises in Botany — V. Rattan 75 
 
 Grammar by the Inductive Method— W. C. Donb - - - - 25 
 
 Heart Culture — Emma E. Page -.---.-. 75 
 
 How to Celebrate— J. A. Shedd 25 
 
 Key to California State Arithmetic— A. IVI. Armstrong - - 1 00 
 Key to West Coast Botany— V. Rattan - - - - - -100 
 
 Lessons Humane Education — Emma E. Page — per part - . - 25 
 
 Lessons in Nature Study — Jenkins and Kellogg - - - - - 1 00 
 
 Lessons in Language Work — Susan Isabel Frazee - - - - 50 
 
 Manual of School Law— J. W. Anderson 125 
 
 Matka— David Starr Jordan 75 
 
 Moral Culture as a Science— Bertha S. Wilkins - - - - 1 00 
 
 Nature Stories of the North-West— Herbert Bashford - - - 50 
 
 New Essentials of Book-keeping— C. W. ("hilds - - - . 75 
 
 Orthoepy and Spelling — JohiW. Imes — per part . - - - 20 
 
 Poems for Memorizing- Alice R. Power .-...- 60 
 
 Paper and Cardboard Construction — A. II. ("hamlxrlain - - 75 
 
 Pacific History Stories—IIair Wagner 50 
 
 Pacific Nature Stories— I larr Wagiier 50 
 
 Patriotic Quotations -Harr \\agner 40 
 
 Readings from California Poets — I'.dnuind Kiissell . . - 25 
 
 Science Record Book— Josiah Kiep 50 
 
 Shells and Sea Life— Josiah Keep - - 50 
 
 Stories of Oregon — F.va E. Dye - -- 50 
 
 Supplement to State History — Harr Wagner 25 
 
 Spanish in Spanish -----------125 
 
 Sp'inish Phono;^raphy — I. I. Ferry ------- 100 
 
 Story of Evangeline — L. H.X'imenl 25 
 
 Stories of Our Mother Earth- H. W. I'airbanks - - - - 50 
 
 Studies in Entomology H.M. Bland - 50 
 
 Study of the Kindergarten Problems — F. I.. Buik . - - 50 
 
 Tales of Discovery on Pacific Slope — M. G. Hood - - - - 50 
 
 Tales of Philippines- R, \;m I'.eigcii -- 50 
 
 Topical Analysis of United States History— C. W.Childs - - 75 
 
 Topical Discussions of American History — W. C. Doub - - 60 
 
 Toyon Holiday Recitations— Allie M. 1-elker .35 
 
 West Coast Shells— Josiah Keep 1 75 
 
WM*' 
 
" 31 
 
'-CIBKRKY 01- ^t)NUKhi>. 
 
 013 788 875 
 
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
 013 788 875 
 
 Holiinger 
 
 pki Si 
 
 Mill Run F03-2193