Copyright N^ 
 
 COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. 
 
MAJOR-GENERAL GEORGE G. MEADE. 
 
THE t6S DECISIVE BATTLE 
 OF THE WORLD- 
 GETTYSBURG. 
 
 BY 
 
 JAMES T. LONG. 
 
 Gettysburg Compiler Print. 
 

 LIBRARY of CONGRESS 
 Two Copies Received 
 
 JUL 7 1906 
 
 ^ Copyright Entry . 
 
 CLASS Ct XXi. No 
 
 Copyrighted 
 " by 
 JAMES T, LONG, 
 
 All Rights Reserved. 
 
MEMORANDA AS TO TIME, 
 
 May. 28. Hooker advises War Department of 
 contemplated movement of enemy. 
 
 June 2. Hooker issues marching rations to 
 his army. 
 
 June 3. Lee's Army commences to move 
 westward on its way north. 
 
 June 9. This movement shown by the cav- 
 alry fight at Brandy Station. 
 
 June 1 1 . Hooker's Army commences to move 
 northward. 
 
 June 14. Milroy's Army defeated at Win- 
 chester retreats to Harper's Ferry. 
 
 June 16. Confederate Cavalry enter Green- 
 castle, Pa. 
 
 June 22. Ewell's Corps, (in the advance) 
 crosses the Potomac River. 
 
 June 25. Reynolds' ist Corps (in the ad- 
 vance) crosses the Potomac. 
 
 June 26. Gordon (Ewell's Corps) passes 
 through Gettysburg. 
 
 June 28. Kwell's advance troops reach the 
 Susquehanna River. Bridge burned. 
 
 June 28. Meade assumes command of the 
 Army of the Potomac. 
 
 June 29. Ewell, about to capture Harrisburg, 
 recalled to Gettysburg. 
 
 June 29. After dark, Buford discovers ene- 
 my's fires on mountain west of Get- 
 tysburg. 
 
June 30. Kilpatrick defeats Stuart at Hano- 
 ver (cavalry fight). 
 
 June 30. Buford at 11 a. m., enters Gettys- 
 burg and takes position west of 
 town. 
 
 JULY I. 
 
 Early morning. For two hours Bu- 
 ford' s Cavalry opposes advance of 
 enemy. 
 
 10 to II. Reynolds' advance guard (Wads- 
 
 worth's Division) engaged. Rey- 
 nolds killed. 
 
 11 to 2. Fighting continues, ist and nth 
 
 Corps take position. 
 
 2 to 5. ist and nth Corps engage with Hill 
 
 and Hwell. 
 5 to 6. Sickles' 3rd Corps andSlocum's 12th 
 
 Corps arrive on the field. 
 5 to 7. ist and i ith Corps occupy Cemetery 
 
 and Culp's Hill. 
 
 JULY 2. 
 
 Dav/n to 3.30 p. m. No fighting. 
 
 3 p. m. Meade calls his Corps Commanders 
 
 in council of war which is broken 
 
 up by Longst reefs attack upon 
 
 Sickles. 
 3.30. Longstreet attacks Sickles' 3rd 
 
 Corps. Fight until dark. 
 6. Johnson (Ewell's Corps) carries 
 
 Culp's Hill, east side. 
 
7. Early (Ewell's Corps) is repulsed on 
 
 East Cemetery Hill. 
 Late in day. Gregg's Cavalry takes 
 position on right. 
 
 Sundown. Kilpatrick engages 
 enemy at Hunterstown. 
 
 July 3- 
 Daylight to lo. Slocum's 12th Corps 
 recovers Culp's Hill. 
 10 to I. No fighting. 
 
 II. a. m. Kilpatrick's Cavalry arrive and 
 take position southwest of Round 
 Top. 
 
 I p. m. Artillery duel for an hour or more. 
 
 About 3. Longstreet (Pickett, Pettigrew. 
 Trimble) assaults Union line at the 
 Angle. 
 
 5 p. m. Kilpatrick's Cavalry move against 
 Confederate line. Farnsworth killed. 
 
 7 p.m. Federal troops (McCandless) ad- 
 vance to the Rose Farm. 
 During night Ewell withdraws to 
 Seminary Ridge, evacuating town. 
 
 July 4. Lee commences march of his infan- 
 try, in retreat, to the Potomac. 
 
 July 7. Lee's Army reaches Potomac River. 
 
 July 14. Confederate army re-crosses the 
 Potomac. 
 
 Aug. I. Lee back on the Rappahannock 
 River. 
 
J 8 6 3 
 
 JUNE— JULY 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 F 
 
 s 
 
 s 
 
 M 
 
 T 
 
 W 
 
 T 
 
 - 
 
 27 
 
 ■28 
 
 29 
 
 30 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 h 
 
 ' 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Full Moon July I at 1.28 A. M. 
 July I, 2 and 3 cleac, warm days, 
 niaximam tcmperatare about 90 
 dcgtccs, wHh dfcnchinp: rain Sat- 
 urday night. 
 
THE 16TH DECISIVE BATTLE OF 
 THE WORLD-GETTYSBURG 
 
 /^^^HE men who fought on the field of 
 ^<^^ Gettysburg were among the bravest 
 iMMtSi that ever faced the cannon's mouth. 
 Not even Napoleon's Old Guards were more 
 courageous than that column of I^ongstreet's 
 men as they came on across the fatal field to 
 be torn and mangled b}^ the murderous fire of 
 the Union batteries; not even Wellington's 
 battalions were more firm in tiie face of a 
 charge than Meade's men along the crest of 
 Cemetery Ridge on that eventful 3rd of 
 July, 1863. 
 
 The Battle of Gettysburg covered the 
 American soldier with undying honor. Union- 
 ists and Confederates alike may join hands in 
 honest pride. It vvas here on the field of Get- 
 tysburg, that the life-blood of many brave 
 men enriched the underlying soil ; it was here 
 that the wounded in their agony looked up in 
 prayer to the bending sky ; it was here that 
 the bles.sings of a grateful Nation descended 
 upon the brows of the living and over the 
 bodies of the dead. The love and esteem for 
 the brave men Vv^ho fought at Gettysburg will 
 remain deep in the hearts of the American 
 people when the last granite shaft on the his- 
 
 7 
 
tolfic field of Gettysburg ahali have crumbled 
 to earth. 
 
 Soon fifty years will have passed since the 
 1 6th decisive battle of the world was fought. 
 Gettysburg was the decisive battle of the War 
 of the Rebellion, yet it seems as though we 
 are now just beginning to realize how vast 
 were its interests, and how mighty were the 
 issues imperilled. 
 
 Gettysburg was the greatest battle of mod- 
 ern times, and in magnitude compares favora- 
 bly with any of the great historic battles of 
 the world. It was here that the Rebellion 
 reached its high water mark. In nearly all 
 the general engagements of the Army of the 
 Potomac before that at Gettysburg, the Union 
 forces had been defeated, but from that battle 
 to the end of the War, in 1865, the Union 
 forces were usually victorious. Gettysburg 
 was the turning of the tide in favor of the 
 Union ; the great victory gained at Gettysburg 
 made Appomattox possible. 
 
 jN the Spring of 1863 the War had been 
 going on for over two years, and suc- 
 4 cess had so frequently attended the Con- 
 federates that they decided to extend the War 
 into the North. The Capital of Pennsylvania, 
 8 
 
Harrisburg, was the great rendezvous for or- 
 ganizing and equipping troops, and the great 
 raih'oad center of the North, and so was looked 
 upon by the Confederate authorities as second 
 in importance, to them, to the Capital of the 
 Nation. They believed that if General Lee 
 could succeed in penetrating into Pennsylvania 
 and capturing Harrisburg, he would have lit- 
 tle difficulty in marching his victorious arni)^ 
 on to Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washing- 
 ton, thus, in a short time, ending the War in 
 their favor, and enabling them to extend slav- 
 ery throughout the United States. 
 
 The Confederate Gov^ernment had, at that 
 time, been encouraged by foreign govern- 
 ments to believe that if they could gain a de- 
 cisive victory north of Mason and Dixon's 
 line, they would receive aid. When Lee in- 
 vaded Pennsylvania in 1863, the Capital of 
 Pennsylvania was tlie first objective point. 
 The last battle fought between the two great 
 armies previous to Gctt)-sburg, was the one at 
 Chancellorsville, wliere the Union forces were 
 badly defeated. It was soon after that battle 
 that the victorious Confederate .\riiiy was re- 
 organized and consolidaled into three corps. 
 The practice of computing number of troops 
 in the Confederate x\rmy was diilerent from 
 that in the L^nion Army ; they only accounted 
 for the men actually present in the ranks and 
 
 9 
 
doing duty, while the Union army accounted 
 daily for all the men whose names appeared 
 on the rolls, whether a man was absent in 
 some Southern prison pen, or wounded and in 
 hospital, or on detached service. A corps of 
 Confederate troops was composed of three 
 divisions, a division consisted of four brigades, 
 and a brigade, as a rule, embraced from 2,000 
 to 2,500 men, thus making from 8,000 to 10,- 
 000 men to a division. There were three 
 corps of infantry in Lee's Army, numbering 
 in all from 72,000 to 80,000 men, and adding 
 the artillery and cavalry, his forces at Gettys- 
 burg were not less than 100,000. 
 
 The First Corps of the Confederate Army 
 was commanded by Gen. I.ongstreet, the Sec- 
 ond Corps by Gen. Kwell, the Third Corps by 
 Gen. A. P. Hill. Now while the Union Army 
 consisted of seven corps, these seven corps did 
 not contain as many men as the three corps of 
 Lee's Army. There was no corps in the 
 Union Arni}^ at that time that exceeded 10,000 
 men, which was about equivalent to a division 
 in the Confederate Army. Tlie First Corps 
 of the Union Army was commanded by Gen. 
 John F. Reynolds, the Second Corps by Gen. 
 W. S. Hancock, the Third Corps by Gen. 
 D. E. Sickles, the Fiftli Corps ])y Gen. George 
 Sykes, the Sixth Corps by Gen. John Sedg- 
 wick, the Eleventh Corps by Gen. O. O. 
 
 10 
 
Howard, the Twelfth' Corps by Gen. H. W, 
 Slocum. These were the seven corps that con- 
 stituted the Army of the Potomac at Gettys- 
 burg, and inchiding the cavalry and artillery, 
 the Union forces did not exceed 90,000 men. 
 Such was the strength of the two mighty 
 armies. 
 
 ^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 ^>®T was in the early part of June that Gen. 
 ''f^^h I/GC began his movement to invade the 
 ^S^ North. He sent a portion of the Sec- 
 ond Corps, (Ewell's) across the Blue Ridge 
 Mountains into the I^uray and Shenandoah 
 vallej^s of Virginia, and after numerous skir- 
 mishes with our cavalry, which he drove back, 
 he finally reached Winchester, Va., where in 
 a few days, he was successful in defeating and 
 routing the Union forces under Gen. Milroy. 
 Then Gen. Lee immediately brought forward 
 the balance of his army, concentrating the 
 same at Winchester, after which he took up 
 his line of march for Pennsylvania, moving in 
 the direction of Williamsport, where the major 
 portion of his army crossed the Potomac River 
 into Maryland. He left behind him in Vir- 
 ginia, Gen. J. K. B. Stuart with 12,000 cav- 
 alry, instructing him to keep constant and 
 faithful watch of Gen. Hooker's Union Army 
 
 n 
 
and prevent him from following in pursuit. 
 Such were the duties Lee assigned to Stuart 
 and his cavalry. Stuart was noted for several 
 successful raids around the Union Army, and 
 Lee expected liim to perform that duty again. 
 We will novv^ leave Stuart's Cavalry in the vi- 
 cinity of Winchester, Va., and follow Lee's 
 Army on to Gettysburg. 
 
 Lee succeeded in getting the last of his 
 forces across the Potomac River on the 24th 
 day of June, after which he concentrated his 
 army at Hagerstown, in Maryland, six miles 
 from the Potomac River and seventy- four 
 miles from Ilarrisburg, which was an object- 
 ive point. Gen. Lee met with no opposition 
 from the time he crossed the Potomac River, 
 as there was nothing in his front to interfere 
 \vith his onward march except one company 
 of cavalry (Company C, First N. Y. Cavalry, 
 commanded by Captain Wm H. Boyd, who 
 afterwards became Colonel of the 21st Pa. Cav- 
 alry for gallant services rendered in the Get- 
 tysburg campaign) which contested every 
 mile of the way from the Potomac River down 
 to Carlisle. It was of this company that the 
 iir.st soldier was killed on Pennsylvania soil 
 during the War of the Rebellion — Corporal 
 Reil, who fell at Greencastle, on the 22nd day 
 of June, 1863. 
 
 Lee moved the main part of his army to 
 12 
 
Marrisburg, by the Cumberland Valley, 
 namely : through Greencastle, Chambersburg, 
 Shippensburg, Newville, Carlisle and Mechan- 
 icsburg and thence to the Susquehanna River 
 to a point across the river from Harrisburg, 
 gathering in the Cumberland Valley, all kinds 
 of stock, provisions, etc., that were necessary 
 for the use of an army, sending the same back 
 to Virginia by wagon train, and, at the same 
 time, raising all the money possible by assess- 
 ing the v^arious towns that they passed through 
 for large sums, under a threat, "Pay this 
 money or I will lay the town in ashes," 
 
 While the main column of Lee's Army, on 
 its way to Harrisburg, was doing this in the 
 Cumberland Valley, Lee arranged that one 
 portion of his command should move eastward 
 and across the South Mountains, over into 
 the Susquehanna Valley and do likev/ise. 
 This was to go by the way of Gettysburg, 
 thence to York twenty-eight miles north-east, 
 thence to Wrightsville twelve miles northwest 
 of York, and there across the Susquehanna 
 River by the Columbia bridge, destroy the 
 same, and tear up and destroy the Pennsyl- 
 vania Railroad at Columbia, to move up the 
 north side of the Susquehanna River tlirough 
 Marietta, Middletown and Steelton, thence to 
 Harrisburg, and there form a junction with 
 
 13 
 
the main column which was to reach there di- 
 rect by the Cumberland Valley. 
 
 When the main army of Gen. Lee's reached 
 Marion's Station, vsix miles from Chambers- 
 burg, he detached Gen. Early's Division with 
 the instruction for it to move on this circuit- 
 ous route. Karly crossed the mountains on 
 the Chambersburg Pike, and, by a forced 
 march, was enabled to reach Gettysburg on 
 the 26th day of June. He immediately as- 
 sessed the town for $10,000 in cash and for 
 provisions of all kinds in proportion, in which 
 he even included several barrels of sauer kraut 
 although sauer kraut v/as a little out of sea- 
 son. All provisions, as a rule, had been 
 sent away or concealed in advance of the 
 enemy, and "cash" did not appear to be very 
 plentiful that day. Sufficient to say, the order 
 was not complied with, after being notified by 
 Chief Burgess Kendlehart that it was impossi- 
 ble to comply with the demand. 
 
 Early moved from Gettysburg to York, 
 where he was much more successful, 
 York being a much larger town and 
 his demands being greater. He demanded of 
 them $100,000 in cash, with other goods in 
 proportion. I cannot say definitely as to the 
 exact amount of money that Early received at 
 that time, but I can truthfully say that Gen. 
 Early stated, years afterwards, that the town 
 
 14 
 
of York, Pa., still owed him a balance of $28,- 
 000, so he must have got, at that time, about 
 $72,000. It is known that he gathered a vast 
 amount of provisions of all kinds and Secured 
 numerous horses and cattle. Early then ad- 
 vanced up to Wrightsville, reaching there in 
 due time, and having met with no obstruc- 
 tions, at once prepared to cross the river, as 
 per instructions from Gen. Lee, when a vScout 
 brought the news from Gen. Lee not to cross 
 the Susquehanna river, but to fall back at 
 once, by the same route he had gone, and con- 
 centrate his forces in the vicinity of Gettys- 
 burg, where he would fmd the main army. 
 
 In the meantime, the Army of Gen. Lee 
 had passed down the Cumberland Valley. 
 Jenkins' cavalry, which was the eyes of Lee's 
 army, being in advance, occupied the country 
 from Mechanicsburg to Bridgeport on the 
 Susquehanna river, opposite Harrisburg. 
 Mechanicsburg is not far distant, only eight 
 miles from Harrisburg. Rodes' and John- 
 son's divisions of Ewell's Corps were encamped 
 in the vicinity of Carlisle, eighteen miles from 
 Harrisburg. Gen. A. P. HiU's Corps was en- 
 camped at Nev/ville and Shippensburg and 
 Longstreet's Corps at Cliambersburg, vvliich 
 is fifty-two miles from Harrisburg and just 
 twenty-five miles west of Gett3^sburg. 
 
 It is while Gen. Lee's army was stretched 
 
 15 
 
down the Cnmbeiiand Valley, from Chanibers- 
 biirg to vSusqiiehanna river, with one wing 
 thirty miles east of Gettysburg ; namely, 
 Early's Division, that the scout brought the 
 news to Lee at Chambersburg that the old 
 Army of the Potomac had crossed the Poto- 
 mac and is in pursuit. Then it was that Lee 
 learned that Stuart had not been successful in 
 baffling Hooker's Army, that Gen. Hooker 
 had out-generaled Stuart and cut him off from 
 Lee'scommand entirely ; that the Union Army 
 had crossed the Potomac lower down than 
 Lee had done; namely east of the South 
 Mountain at Point of Rocks, Nolan's Ferry 
 and Edward's Ferry. The head-quarters of 
 the Union Army were, after crossing the Po- 
 tomac established by Gen. Hooker at Fred- 
 erick City, Maryland, thirty-two miles south 
 of Gettj^sburg. This movement compelled 
 Lee to abandon the attack on the Capital of 
 Pennsylvania and concentrate his army, which 
 was spread out like a fan. 
 
 Lee was compelled to do tliis for two rea- 
 sons; the first of which v/as the Cumberland 
 Valley is a narrow valle}^ walled with moun- 
 tains on each side and with but a few passes 
 and Gen. Lee did not wish his army to be 
 caught in that narrow valley ; the second 
 reason was, Gen. Lee could not afford to have 
 one wing of his army fifty odd miles east of 
 
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him and the main column in the valley west 
 of the South Mountain, while the Union Army 
 was marching up the center, as the Union 
 Army would have cut Lee's Army in two, so 
 Gen. Lee was compelled to forego the attack 
 on the Capital and gather his army together. 
 Had the Union Army been a few hours later 
 in reaching Frederick City, Maryland, the 
 Capital of Pennsylvania would either hav^e 
 been burned or compelled to pay a heavy 
 money assessment to the Confederate Govern- 
 ment. 
 
 Gen. Early, having been advised not to 
 cross the Susquehanna River, but to move 
 back quickly by the same route he had gone, 
 moved back from Wrightsville. On the even- 
 ing of the 30th of June he reached East Berlin 
 on the York Pike, which was fifteen miles 
 northeast of Gettysburg, and there he en- 
 camped for the night, with his four brigades, 
 Gordon's, Hays', Smith's and Hoke's. 
 
 Gen. Rodes' Division of E well's Corps was 
 ordered from Carlisle through Mt. Holly Gap. 
 He crossed the South Mountain and reaching 
 the town of Heidlersburg on the Harrisburg 
 Road, ten miles north of Gettysburg, en- 
 camped there with his five brigades, as fol- 
 lows: Daniel's, Iverson's, O'Neal's, Ramseur's 
 and Doles'. 
 
 Gen. Pender's Division of Hill's Corps was 
 
 17 
 
sent from the vicinity of Newville, by way of 
 Pine Grove Furnace, on the Newville and 
 Mummasburg Road, and reached a point on 
 the latter ten miles northwest of Gettysburg. 
 He stopped here for the night, with his four 
 brigades: Thomas', Lane's, vScales', and 
 McGowan's. 
 
 Gen. Harry Hetli's Division of Hill's 
 Corps was ordered over the mountain by the 
 Chambersburg Pike, and on reaching the base 
 of the mountain at Cashtown, eight miles 
 wCvSt of Gettysburg, bivouaced there for the 
 night, with his four brigades : Archer's, 
 Davis', Brockenbrough's and Pettigrew's. 
 
 Johnson's Division of Ewell's Corps was 
 moved up the Cumberland Valley to Ship- 
 pensburg, thence eastward across the country 
 to Fayetteville on the Chambersburg Pike 
 eighteen miles west of Gettysburg, where he 
 halted for the night with his four brigades, 
 namely : Jones', Williams', Walker's and 
 Steuart's. 
 
 Longstreet's Corps was at Chambersburg 
 and vicinity, namely, three divisions of Hood, 
 Mclyaw and Pickett. 
 
 Gen. lyce himself was at Chambersburg. 
 
 It will be observed now that the Confederate 
 Army on the evening of the 30th of June was 
 located as follows : Early's Division fifteen 
 miles northeast of Gettysburg ; Rodes' ten 
 
 >8 
 
miles north ; Pender's ten miles northwest ; 
 Heth's eight miles west ; then a continuous 
 line of troops west over the mountain to 
 Chambersburg twenty-five miles away, thus 
 covering a country of from thirty-five to forty 
 miles in width, with the advance of Hill's 
 Corps of lyee's Army not over five miles west 
 of Gettysburg, on the Chambersburg Pike. 
 
 On the 27th day of June, Gen. Hooker re- 
 signed command of the Union Army at Fred- 
 erick City, Md., for good and just reasons. 
 I will state these reasons, it is simply histor}^ 
 At that time there were 10,000 Union 
 troops at Harper's Ferry under command of 
 Gen. French, whose division had formerly be- 
 longed to the Army of the Potomac. Gen. 
 Halleck, commander-in-chief at Washington, 
 D. C, had detached these men, and Hooker 
 no longer had control of them. Gen. Hooker 
 knew by actual count through his scouts, at 
 the various fordings where I^ee's Army 
 crossed, the strength of lyce's Army. Hooker 
 knew that lyce outnumbered him ; and that 
 lie needed. French's troops, and that they 
 were no good at Harper's Ferry while the 
 enemy was in Pennsylvania, but Gen. Halleck 
 refused to allow Hooker the use of them and 
 finally telegraphed him at Frederick City, 
 Md., saying that Harper's Ferry was the key 
 
 19 
 
to the Shenandoah Valley, and that troops 
 there could not be spared. 
 
 It is stated on good authority, that when 
 Gen. Hooker received this message, he said a 
 little of everything but his prayers, and 
 finally dictated the following reply, "Say to 
 Gen. Halleck, if Harper's Ferry is the key to 
 the Shenandoah Valley, the lock is broken 
 and of what good is the key ? If I can not 
 have those troops, appoint my successor. ' ' 
 
 Suffice it to say, Gen. Hooker's successor 
 appeared the next morning, the 28th day of 
 June, in the form of Gen. Meade, and on the 
 30th day of June, Gen. Meade advanced head- 
 quarters from Frederick City, Md., to Taney- 
 town, Md., thirteen miles south of Gettys- 
 burg. Two miles south of Taney town, at a 
 place called Pipe Creek Heights, the engineers 
 surveyed the ground and made all prepara- 
 tions to receive a general battle. As regards 
 the battle of Gettysburg, it was a mere acci- 
 dent, and not a premeditated affair by either 
 commander. It was a question of two great 
 armies marching toward each other, and a 
 matter of time only as to when and where 
 they would come together. Gen. Meade had 
 good reasons to expect battle fifteen miles 
 south of Gettysburg, It is to be noted that 
 Gen. Lee had gone by, and beyond, Gettys- 
 burg, and was returning, gathering his army 
 
 20 
 
GENERAL MEADE.— Equestrian Statue. 
 
together, and moving south vVard. Oar Union 
 Army was being gathered together and mov- 
 ing northward and just the reverse from what 
 would be supposed, the Confederate Army 
 was moving southward in Pennsylvania while 
 the Union Army was moving northward when 
 they met at Gettysburg. 
 
 Washington, the Capital of the Nation, is 
 only sev^enty-fiv^e miles south of Gettysburg. 
 It was believed at that time at Washington; 
 that Lee was moving to the Capital and such 
 was also the belief of Gen. Meade and stall. 
 At that period of the war, it was impressed 
 upon the Commanders of the Union Army 
 that it was their duty to keep their troops 
 between the enemy and the Capital of our 
 Nation, and that rule held good until Gen. 
 Grant assumed command of all the Union 
 armies. It never seemed to make any differ- 
 ence to Gen. Grant where the enemy was, but 
 Gen. Meade had to keep between I^ee's army 
 and Washington and so was expected to make 
 battle fifteen miles south of Gettysburg. On 
 June 30th Gen. Meade sent Gen. Reynolds, 
 who was commanding the left wing of our 
 army, forward on a reconnoissance, with in- 
 structions to find the enemy, bring on an en- 
 gagement, fall back to Pipe Creek Heights 
 and draw the enemy on. Such were his in- 
 structions. Gen. Reynolds moved so rapidly 
 
 21 
 
that a portion of his command reached Get- 
 tysburg on the evening of the 30th of June, 
 viz : Buford's DivivSion of cavalr}^ the two 
 brigades of Gamble and Devin. Gen. Buford 
 rode through the town and out the Chanibers- 
 burg Pike, one mile west of the town, en- 
 camped for the night and picketed all roads 
 approaching Gettysburg. Gamble's Brigade, 
 the 8th 111., i2th 111., 3rd Ind., 8th N. Y., 
 occupied the Chambersburg Pike, while 
 Devin's Brigade, 17th Pa., 9th N. Y., 6th N. 
 Y., 3rd W. Va., occupied the Mummasburg 
 Poad. 
 
 The left wing of the Union Army consisted 
 of the First, Third and Eleventh Corps of in- 
 fantry and Buford's Division of cavalry. Gen. 
 Reynolds advanced the First Corps to Marsh 
 Creek, five miles south of Gettysburg, and 
 the Third and Eleventh Corps to Emmitsburg, 
 ten miles .south of Getty.sburg. In the even- 
 ing Gen. Meade sent the Fifth Army Corps 
 eastward to Hanover, fourteen miles south- 
 east of Gettysburg, and during the night the 
 Twelfth Corps was advanced up the Baltimore 
 Pike to the vicinity of Littlestown, ten miles 
 south of Gettysburg. The Second Corps was 
 near Uniontown, Md., while the vSixth Army 
 Corps was down below Manchester, not far 
 from Baltimore. So it is to be observed that the 
 advance only of the Union Army was covering 
 
 22 
 
a country iu width from twenty-five to tliirty 
 miles, namely, from Hanover, fourteen miles 
 southeast, Vv-est to I^ittlestown, ten miles 
 south, thence westward to Emmitsburg, ten 
 miles southwest, thence northward to Marsh 
 Creek, five miles south, thence to Gettysburg. 
 Such were the movements of the troops of 
 both armies en route to Gettysburg, and such 
 their general positions the night before the 
 battle began. 
 
 m m m m m m m m m 
 
 /^^JllU Battle of Gettysburtr conunenced 
 ^jV^ early Wednesday morning, July ist. 
 mA'i) on the Chambersburg Pike, one and 
 one-half miles west of the town, between Gam- 
 ble's Brigade of cavalry of the Union Army 
 and Gen. Ileth's Division of infantry of Hill's 
 Corps of Lee's Army. Our cavalry were dis- 
 mounted, and that led the enemy to believe 
 they had met our infantry, and, owing to the 
 stubborn resistancii that was made, caused 
 them to believe that there was a large force in 
 their front. General Buford established 
 his headquarters in the cupola of the Lutheran 
 Theological Seminary building, where he 
 could view the movements of the troops of 
 both armies, and so skillfully did he maneuver 
 our small force of dismounted cavalry, that he 
 
 23 
 
caused the enemy to delay until they could get 
 their artillery up in position and, in fact, go 
 through all the preliminary movements of a 
 general battle. In the meantime, the skir- 
 mish-line fire increased rapidly, and soon be- 
 came a regular volley. 
 
 Al>out 9 o'clock in the morning, Gen. Rey- 
 nolds arrived by the Emmitsburg Road from 
 the south, a mile and a half in advance of his 
 corps He rode rapidly through the town and 
 out the Chambersburg Pike to the Seminary 
 building and there interviewed Gen. Buford. 
 Then it was that the eagle eye of Reynolds 
 took in the situation at a single glance ; he 
 sent word by courier back to Gen. Meade at 
 Tar.eytown, thirteen miles south of Gettys- 
 burg, that the heights of Gettysburg were the 
 place to fight. This was approved by each 
 corps commander as he arrived, and finally by 
 Gen. Meade. 
 
 Gen, Reynolds instructed Buford to hold 
 the Cliambersburg Pike at all hazards, until 
 such time as he could reinforce him. Gen. 
 Reynolds had realized at this time, that the 
 enemy was there in force, and it was only a 
 question of time as to how long he could hold 
 them in check, but he knew the longer he 
 could baffie the enemy, the nearer the Army of 
 the Potomac Vv^ould get, and at the same time 
 he knew that the time would come when he 
 
 24 
 
OENERAi, UEYNoi.Ds.— KcjuestrJau statue. 
 
Would have to fall back, hence he saw and 
 knew the importance of fortifying East Ceme- 
 tery Ptill, south of the town, and while on his 
 way south through the town in pursuit of 
 troops, he instructed his staff that as soon as 
 troops could be spared they mnst be placed on 
 Cemetery Hill. 
 
 He rode out the Enimitsburg road a short 
 distance, when he met the First Division of 
 his own First Corps, Gen. Wadsworth's Di- 
 vision of two brigades. He at once turned 
 them westward toward Seminary Ridge, dou- 
 ble-quicking them across the field, thence 
 along the ridge under cover of same, north to 
 the pike, thence west to the second ridge, 
 which runs parallel with Seminary Ridge. 
 The First Brigade turning south, and the Sec- 
 ond brigade north from the pike. The Second 
 Brigade under command of Gen, Cutler, 56th 
 Pa., 76th N. Y., 95th N. Y., 147th N. Y. and 
 14th Brooklyn, (the 7th Ind. being back with 
 wagon train) was moved north across the old 
 railroad cut and relieved the cavalry, vi^hich 
 was then remounted and moved further to the 
 right, to Rock Creek. Cutler's Brigade be- 
 came heavily engaged all along their entire 
 front. Hall's Maine Battery and Califs Bat- 
 tery A, 2nd U. S., are stationed on either side 
 of the pike, near the McPherson buildings. 
 The First Brigade under connnand of Gen. 
 
 25 
 
Meredith, known as the Old Iron Brigade, 
 Was formed in line on the east side of the Mc- 
 pherson woods, 2nd Wis., 6tli Wis., 7th Wis., 
 19th Ind. and 24th Mich. It is then that Gen. 
 Donbleday reached the front. Doubleday was 
 the commander of the Third Division, First 
 Corps, bnt on the first of July was in com- 
 mand of the First Corps, Reynolds liriving the 
 left wing of the army. When Gon. Donl>le- 
 day left the pike to ride over to the McPher- 
 son woods to report to Gen. Reynolds, he saw 
 a column of Confederate troops coming in the 
 pike from toward the mountain, less than one 
 mile distant. Our batteries opened fire upon 
 them and soon drove them from the pike. They 
 double-quicked acro.ss the fields towards the 
 McPherson woods, seeking shelter in the same 
 piece of timber occupied by Reynolds with the 
 Iron Brigade. The troops proved to be 
 Archer's Brigade of Heth's Division, Hill's 
 Corps, Lee's Army. As thej^ entered the far 
 side of the timber, the Iron Brigade of our 
 army was moved forward, westward, on the 
 south .side of the woods, and owing to the con- 
 tour of the ground, Archer could not see this 
 movement. As Archer entered the woods our 
 Iron Brigade advanced westward across Wil- 
 loughb}' Run, and wheeling right, came up in 
 the rear of Archer's Brigade. Other troops 
 charging in front Archer's Brigade reached 
 26 
 
the center of the grove, and Archer was com- 
 pelled to surrender. His men were quickly 
 filed back to our rear, Gen. Archer being 
 taken direct to Doubleday, who saluted him, 
 saying, ''General, I am glad to see yon." 
 Archer replied, "I am not a damned bit glad 
 to see you, sir." No doubt both tokl the 
 truth. 
 
 In the meantime one of the saddest affairs 
 of the day had occurred. Gen. Reynolds, while 
 sitting on his horse at the edge of McPherson's 
 woods, on the east side, looking anxiously 
 back for more troops, was killed a few minutes 
 past ten o'clock. A ball passed in one side of 
 his head and came out on the other. He ftll 
 from his horse, never spoke, and died in- 
 stantly. 
 
 Gen. Doubleday then a.ssumed command of 
 all the troops, for the time being. It is at that 
 time that Davis' Mississippi Brigade charges 
 down from the north on the right flank of 
 Cutler's Brigade and drives the same back, 
 doubling up the line and capturing a portion 
 of the 147th N. Y. Regiment. Col. Fowler of 
 the 14th Brooklyn and 95th N. Y., rallied the 
 men on the south side of the Chambersburg 
 Pike. Doubleday sent him the 6tli Wis. Reg- 
 iment that had been held in reserve, and they 
 charged back to the old Railroad Cut, re-cap- 
 turing the men of the 147th N. Y. Regiment 
 
 27 
 
and driving Davis' Mississippi Brigade intotlie 
 Railroad Cut, where the main portion surren- 
 dered The Second Division having now 
 reached the front, Gen. Robinson with two 
 brigades, commanded by Paul and Baxter, 
 were ordered northward to extend the line. 
 Gen. Paul had scarcely reached the front when 
 he was shot through both eyes, j'et he lived 
 many years. Gen. Paul's Brigade, 107th Pa., 
 i6th Me., 13th Mass., 94th N. Y., 104th N. 
 Y.; Baxter's Brigade, nth Pa,, 88th Pa., 90th 
 Pa., 83rd N. Y., 97th N. Y. and 12th Mass. 
 These two brigades were, ordered hurriedly 
 northward toward the Munuuasburg Road to 
 prevent the Confederates from turning our 
 right flank. They reached the Mummasburg 
 Road just in time to charge and capture the 
 greater portion of Iverson's Brigade, Rodes' 
 Division of Ewell's Corps that had come in 
 from the north. 
 
 In the meantime all has not been victorious 
 with us by any means. Our losses have been 
 exceedingly heavy from the beginning, and 
 now our batteries on the Chambersburg Pike 
 are in great danger, tv/o guns of Hall's had 
 been captured, and the enemy has been heav- 
 ily reinforced and advanced rapidly, out- 
 numberine: our forces four to one. At this 
 point the Third Division, Doubleday's proper, 
 reaches the front. The First Brigade under 
 
 28 
 
•#^ 
 
 MAJOp-GENERAL ABNER DOUBLEDAY. 
 

 COL. H. S. HlJDEKOPKl^ 
 
 :maj.-(;ex. .tames s. wadswohtji. 
 
 .ii¥ 
 
 
 MAJ.-GEN. S. W. CRAWFORD. BRIG.-GEN. LA^taIOR^^E WIST; 
 
command of Col. Biddle is sent southward to 
 extend the hne in that direction and prevent 
 the enemy from flanking on our left flank. 
 The i2i.st Pa., i43nd Pa., 151st Pa. and the 
 80th N. Y. compose this brigade. They lost 
 nearly one-half of their number. The 151st 
 Pa. on the right of the brigade, near McPher- 
 son's woods, charged with 446 men and lost 
 322, adding 15 commissioned officers, making 
 a total of 337 out of 446, in less than 20 min- 
 utes time. This regiment lost more men at 
 (Gettysburg in the First Day's Battle, July ist, 
 than the whole United States army did in bat- 
 tle in the Spanish War. 
 
 The Second Brigade, under command of 
 Col. Roy Stone, was known as the Bucktail 
 Brigade. This was a new brigade and its 
 first severe engagement, 143rd Pa., 149th Pa. 
 and 150th Pa. The 150th lost a few men at 
 Chancellorsville, Va. They were ordered 
 to charge out the Chambersburg Pike and 
 save our guns. This was an arduous task, as 
 when they readied the McPherson buildings, 
 Pegram's five batteries and Garnet's and Mc- 
 intosh's eight batteries, west of Willoughby 
 Run, and Carter's four batteries, 18 guns, on 
 Oak Hill on the north, opened on them, and 
 for more than an hour these instruments of 
 death poured shot and shell upon every seen 
 or imagined position of these men. Not a 
 
 29 
 
regiment escaped without heavy loss. After 
 desperate fighting and numerous charges, fre- 
 quently changing front while both advancing 
 and retreating, they succeeded in getting our 
 guns back within our lines ; but out of less 
 than 1 200 they lost 853 in killed, wounded 
 and captured in a short space of time. Col. 
 Roy Stone, brigade commander, fell early in 
 the afternoon. Col. Wister then assumed 
 command of the brigade and in a short time 
 was shot through the mouth and unable to 
 give another command. 
 
 Sergt. Benj. H. Crippen, the color bearer 
 of the 143rd Pa. refused to fall back with the 
 colors of his regiment when they were com- 
 pelled to yield their ground. He stood 
 alone with the colors in one hand, shook 
 the list of the other at the enem}^ and in that 
 position was killed. Col. Fremantle, a British 
 officer on the staff of Lee, was an eye witness 
 to this affair, and made the remark that, "it 
 was a shame to kill such a brave Yankee." 
 
 Colonel H. S. Iluidekoper of the 150th Pa., 
 was shot in the leg, in front of the McPlier- 
 son house, and fell to the ground, but finding 
 no bone broken, resumed the leadership of his 
 men until they had gallantly repulsed seven 
 separate charges, of sometimes Hill's troops 
 on the west, or Daniel's men on the north. 
 Late in the fight, he, however, was put out of 
 
 30 
 
the battle, but not, as the Official Records iil 
 Washington state, until he had had his arm 
 bound up (which was amputated two hours 
 later) and had returned to his regiment and 
 given further commands as to its movements. 
 Gen. Doubleday states that the McPherson 
 Farm was the key to the field in the First 
 Day's Fight, and, as one of the illustrations 
 of this book, will be found a copy of an oil 
 painting of the contest at the most critical 
 moment of the fight. 
 
 In the meantime Doubleday falls back to 
 Seminary Ridge proper, extends his line 
 northward to and across the Mummasburg 
 Road and refuses his right, extends the line 
 southward to Hagerstown Road and refuses 
 his left flank. Notwithstanding Doubleday 
 had a long line of battle and a thin line of 
 troops to hold the same, yet he maintained 
 possession of Seminary Ridge for several 
 hours thereafter against great odds. 
 
 About I o'clock in the afternoon Gen. How- 
 ard arrived with two divisions of the Eleventh 
 Corps. Being ranking ofiicer, he assumed 
 command of all the troops for the time being. 
 General Carl Schurz assumes command of the 
 Eleventh Corps, and with the First Division 
 and the Third is ordered forward rapidly, 
 northward, through the town, and instructed 
 by Gen. Howard to form on the right of First 
 
 31 
 
(jorps and prolong the battle line north on 
 Seminary Ridge and Oak Ridge. But when 
 the Eleventh Corps troops reached a point 
 about a mile north of Gettysburg, they were 
 attacked by Ewell's Corps of I^ee's Army and 
 could get no further. 
 
 That left the Eleventh Army Corps formed 
 at right angles with the First Corps, the right 
 resting on Rock Creek, on the Harrisburg 
 Road, a half mile north of the County Alms 
 House, Gen. Barlow's First Division on the 
 right, Col. Von Gilsa's Brigade on the right 
 of the division, 41st N. Y., 54th N. Y., 68th 
 N. Y., and 153rd Pa.; Gen. Ames' Brigade 
 on the left, 17th Conn., 25th O., 75th O., 
 107th O. The Third Division, which is now 
 in command of Gen. Schimmelfennig, . the 
 Second Brigade commanded by Col. Krzyzan- 
 owski, on the right of the division, 58tli N. 
 Y., 119th N. Y., 82nd O., 75th Pa. and 26th 
 Wis., with Col. Von Amsberg's First Brigade 
 on the left, 74th Pa., 6ist O., 82nd 111., 45th 
 N. Y., 157th N. Y. The Eleventh Corps line 
 was supported by Wheeler's N. Y., Dilger's 
 O., Heckman's O., and Wilkeson's 4th U. vS. 
 Batteries. The Eleventh Army Corps is a 
 mile north of Gettysburg and is facing north ; 
 the First Corps on Seminary Ridge is a mile 
 west of Gettysburg and facing west, but the 
 Eleventh Army Corps does not extend far 
 
 32 
 
GENEKAi. HANCOCK.— Equestrian iStatue. 
 
enough westward to connect with the First 
 Corps Hue. A vacant space of nearly half a 
 mile existed, which the enemy soon discovered 
 and took advantage of. 
 
 In the meantime the Second Division, Elev- 
 enth Corps has arrived and is placed by 
 Gen. Pfoward on Cemetery Hill, south of the 
 town, where they immediately throw up earth- 
 works, which still remain well preserved at 
 this late day. It is now evening and less than 
 ten thousand men of the Union Army are con- 
 tending against forty odd thousand of Lee's 
 Army. We had been contending against 
 great odds since early in the morning, but the 
 time had come when our men were compelled 
 to yield their ground, though they did it re- 
 luctantly. Steinwehr's Division on Cemetery 
 Hill, cojisisting of two brigades as follows : 
 First Brigade, Col Coster, 134th N. Y., 154th 
 N. Y., 27th Pa., and 73rd Pa.; the Second 
 Brigade, Col. vSmith, 33rd Mass., 136th N. Y., 
 55th O., 73rd O., are now called on to rein- 
 force the Eleventh Corps. At that moment a 
 portion of Coster's Brigade is ordered forward, 
 the 27th and 73rd Pa., but on reaching the 
 north side of the town they m^et the enemy in 
 force and could not reach their destination. 
 
 Then it is that Gen. Slocum, commander of 
 the right wing of the Union Army, moves for- 
 ward his own corps, (the Twelfth Corps 
 
 33 
 
proper) and like Napoleon of old, not waiting 
 for marching orders, marches to the sound of 
 guns. Two miles southeast of Gettysburg he 
 leaves the Balthnore Pike and moves hurriedly 
 over the hills east of Gettysburg, but before 
 he can reach the front the retreat takes place. 
 
 It will be remembered that Early was on the 
 York road the night before. When he reached 
 an elevation iu sight of the battlefield he de- 
 tached two brigades, Gordon's and Hays' and 
 sent them hurriedly across the field westward, 
 placing Gen. Gordon in front of the right of 
 the Eleventh Corps line and Hays' Brigade on 
 the east bank of Rock Creek, on right flank of 
 Eleventh Corps, while the other two brigades, 
 Smith's and Hoke's, continued on the York 
 Pike into Gettysburg. 
 
 Two brigades of the enemy are in the town, 
 in the rear of the Eleventh Army Corps. That 
 is, between Stein wehr's Division on Cemetery 
 Hill, south of the town and the Eleventh 
 Army Corps north of the town, in the town 
 proper, are two brigades of the enemy. Placed 
 in front of Gen. Barlow's Divivsion the right of 
 Gordon's Brigade joined on the left of Rodes' 
 Division, the ricfht of Rodes' joined on the left 
 of Pender's Division, the right of Pender's 
 joined the left of Heth's, and Heth's right 
 rested on the Hagcrstown road, one and one- 
 half miles southwest of Gettysburg. Neither 
 
 34 
 
of these four divisions of the enemy contained 
 less than 10,000 men. The Union men are 
 ahnost surrounded, ahnost encircled. They 
 attempt to fall back. 
 
 Gen. Barlow was wounded and left on the 
 field for dead. When Gen. Gordon of Georgia, 
 charged across Rock Creek and reached the 
 summit of the knoll, which is known today as 
 "Barlow's Knoll," he observed an officer of 
 high rank lying on the ground. He dis- 
 mounted from his horse and finding the officer 
 was Gen. Barlow, asked if he could do any- 
 thing for him. Gen. Barlow said, "No, I 
 have but a short time to live, but I would like 
 to see my wife before I die." Gen. Gordon 
 vSaid, "Sir, if possible I may communicate 
 through your lines," and remounting fol- 
 lowed his troops. Sufficient to say that same 
 night Mrs. Barlow, who was staying at the 
 Eleyenth Corps headquarters on Cemetery 
 Hill, received information through a flag of 
 truce. She was sent out through the Union 
 lines and entered the lines of the Confederate 
 Army, found her husband lying on the field, 
 still alive, had him removed across Rock Creek 
 to Bender's house, a short distance away, 
 where, after long and careful nursing he re- 
 covered. Twenty years after the battle Gen. 
 Gordon and Gen. Barlow met at a banquet in 
 Washington, D. C, and when Gen. Barlow 
 
 35 
 
was introduced to Gen. Gordon the latter asked, 
 "Are you any relation to tlie Gen. Barlow who 
 was killed at Gettysburg?" Gen. Barlow 
 said, "Yes, I am the man. Are you any rela- 
 tion to the Gen . Gordon who was killed ?' ' 
 Up to that time both thought the other dead. 
 Gen. Gordon was under the impression that 
 Gen. Barlow had died soon after he left him, 
 or soon after the battle of Gettysburg, and 
 there was a Gen. Gordon of the Confederate 
 Army killed, so each thought the other dead. 
 Gen. Ames had taken command of Barlow's 
 Divisioii. They attempted to withdraw, but 
 the men, hard pressed by the enemy, became 
 confused and finally gave way. The First 
 Corps was also being out-flanked, and soon both 
 corps were forced back in some disorder into the 
 town from north and west, only to be received 
 on the points of bayonets of Smith's and 
 Hoke's Brigades of Early's Division, that 
 entered the town from the east by the 
 York pike. In a short time we lose nearly 
 two thousand prisoners in the town, where 
 they literally murdered our men, shooting them 
 down in the streets and alleys, showing them 
 no mercy. They actually murdered the Pres- 
 byterian chaplain, Howell, of the 90th Penn'a. 
 Vols., at the foot of Christ Church steps on 
 Chambersburg .street, near the Eagle Hotel. 
 Those that could made their way back through 
 
 36 
 
the town and aroiitid the town, draj^ging their 
 guns by the prolong, on back to Cemetery 
 Hill, where they look refuge behind the works 
 of Stein wehr's Division. 
 
 Thus ended the Frst Day's Battle, in defeat. 
 We had been driven from Seminary Ridge, 
 driven from all the ground fought over that 
 day, and driven from the town, leaving the 
 enemy in possession of all ground fought over 
 that day and in possession of Gettysburg. But 
 worse than all, we had been compelled to al- 
 low our dead and wounded to fall into the 
 hands of tlie enemy. They stripped our dead 
 of their uniforms, so that when they came to 
 be interred nothing remained to identify them, 
 as to name, regiment or stale. The 979 "un- 
 known" soldiers, who sleep in the city of the 
 dead on Cemetery Hill, came Irom the First 
 Day's Battle, 979 men who died in defense of 
 their country without a name. So you will 
 observe that the First Day's Battle was greatly 
 against the Union Army. 
 
 The Union losses Ihe First Day were. Cut- 
 ler's Brigade 965, Meredith's Brigade 1152, 
 Stone's Brigade 853, Biddle's Brigade S97, 
 Baxter's Brigade 660, Paul's Brigade 1029. 
 In the artillery supporting the First Corps, 
 Hall's Me. Battery, Stevens' Me. Battery, 
 Reynolds' N. Y. Battery, Cooper's Pa. Bat- 
 tery, Stewart's U. S. Battery, 105 ; Eleventh 
 
 37 
 
Corps losses, Von Amsberg's Brigade 806, 
 Krzyzanowski's Brigade 679, Von GiL-a's 
 Brigade 313, Ames' Brigade 778, Coster's Bri- 
 gade 563 ; Eleventh Corps Artillery, Wheel- 
 er's N. Y. Battery, Dilger's O. Battery, Heck- 
 man's O. Battery, Wilkeson's U. S. Battery, 
 56; Cavalry, Gamble's Brigade iii, Devin's 
 Brigade 28. The Union loss the first day of 
 the battle in the two corps, killed, wounded 
 captured and missing, was 8,955. 
 
 There being no reliable or official data i:>er- 
 taining to the strength or losses of the Con- 
 federate Army, I deem it best not to quote 
 said reports, as the Confederates have always 
 endeavored to keep down the strength of their 
 armies and casualties at Gettysburg. The 
 best evidence of this is the following order : 
 "Gen. Lee's Order No. 63. 
 
 Headquarters of the Army of Northern 
 Virginia, Ma}^ 14th, 1863. 
 
 The practice which prevails in the army of 
 including in the list of casualties those cases of 
 slight injuries, which do not incapacitate the 
 recipients for duty, is calculated to mislead our 
 friends and encourage our enemies by giving 
 false impression as to the extent of our losses. 
 The loss sustained by brigade or regiment is 
 by no means an indication of the services per- 
 formed or the perils encountered, as experience 
 shows that those who attack rapidly, vigor- 
 
 38 
 
ousiy and eSectually, generally suffer the least. 
 It is therefore ordered that in the future the 
 reports of the wounded shall include only those 
 whose injuries, in the opinion of the medical 
 ofncers, render them unfit for duty. It has 
 also been observed that the published reports 
 of casualties are in some instances accompan- 
 ied by a statement of the number of men taken 
 in the action. The Commanding General 
 deems it unnecessary to do more than direct 
 the attention of the Officers to the impropriety 
 of thus furnisliing the enemy with the means 
 of computing our strength, in order to insure 
 the immediate suppression of this pernicious 
 and useless custom. 
 
 By command of General Lee, 
 
 \V. H. Taylor, Ass. Adjt Gen." 
 
 It is to l)e regretted that this policy of un- ^ 
 derstating the losses on the Confederate side 
 was pursued, and that they could not be given 
 vv'itli exactness, for it v/ould not only be inter- 
 esting but a fitting tribute to the bravery of 
 the troops. 
 
 The twenty-eight regiments of the First 
 Corps engaged in the First Day's Battle was 
 opposed by the forty-eight regiments of the 
 Confederate Army, and the twenty regiments 
 of tlie Eleventh Corps engaged the First Day 
 was oppo5;ed by nineteen regiments of the Con- 
 federate Army, and those nineteen regiments 
 
 39 
 
were iiupporied by eighteeti pieces of artillery 
 on Oak Ridge. 
 
 On the evening of the ist of July, while our 
 men are falling back to Cemetery Hill, all 
 in confusion, is the time that the brave and su- 
 perb soldier Gen. Hancock arrives. Gen. 
 Meade having learned of the death of Gen. 
 Reynolds sent Hancock to the front to view 
 the situation and assume command. His very 
 appearance aided greatly in rallying the men, 
 and the lines were reformed and order re- 
 stored. Gen. Slocum came over from the right, 
 he being the superior officer, and Gen. Han- 
 cock relinqui.shed command to Gen. Slocum, 
 and then rode back that night to Taneylown 
 and reported to Gen. Meade. 
 
 Gen. Meade at once ordered up the entire 
 army to Gettysburg. It was not until after 
 the First Day's Battle that our entire army 
 was ordered up to Gettysburg, and until 
 that time the men who struggled so heroically 
 the first day of the battle were just as liable to 
 be sent back to Pipe Creek Heights, where 
 Gen. Meade expected to make battle, as the 
 men there were liable to be sent to Gettysburg. 
 
«^4f' 
 
 JOHN 5^,UHN8 
 
Si'^^?-^^- J^^KADE moved up with his staff 
 («J^^p< aijd arrived about miduight, estab- 
 ?|^^ lishiug his headquarters on the Taney- 
 ca\— i^:* town Road, just south of Cemetery 
 Hill. As the troops arrived in the night they 
 were placed in position. On the morning of 
 the 2nd of July it was expected that Gen. 
 Lee would certainly follow up his victory of 
 the night before, but for some reason, un- 
 knov/n to the writer, he did not see fit to do 
 this, and that gave Gen. Meade a chance to 
 make many changes and to strengthen our 
 lines in numerous places. There was but lit- 
 tle or no fighting done on the morning of the 
 second day. 
 
 The formation of the Union lines of battle 
 on the second and thiid days was in shape 
 similar to a fish hook, the short end resting 
 on Rock Creek, one mile east of Cemetery 
 Hill, the long end resting on Round Top, 
 two and one-half mile*; south of Cemetery 
 Hill, which was the left of our line ; and 
 Cemetery Hill formed the curve of the hook. 
 The Confederate line was similar in shape, 
 only a much larger hook, it being the outer 
 line. 
 
 On the morning of the second day our line 
 was formed in the following order : The 
 Twelfth Corps on the right, with Williams' 
 Division on the right of the corps resting on 
 
 4J 
 
Rock Creek, in command of Gen. Rnger, as 
 Williams was then in command of tlie corps, 
 and Slocum in command of the right wing ; 
 the Third Brigade, Col. Colgrove in command, 
 on the right of the division, 13th N. J., 3rd 
 Wis., 2nd Mass., 27th Ind., 107th N. Y. 
 First Brigade, Col. Macdougall, 46th Pa., 
 145th N. Y., 123rd N. Y., 3rd Md., 20th 
 Conn, and 5th Conn. vSecond Division, Gen. 
 John W. Geary, had been sent across to Ivittle 
 Round Top, with two brigades the niglit be- 
 fore, to prevent the surprise of the enemy on 
 our left flank, but l^eing relieved on the morn- 
 ing of the 2nd by Sickles' Third Corps, was 
 sent back to their own corps and formed on 
 the left of the First Division as follovv'S : 
 Second Brigade, Gen. Thos. L. Kane, 29tli 
 Pa., 109th Pa., I nth Pa. ; First Brigade, 
 Col. Charles Candy, 5th O., 7th O., 29th O., 
 147th Pa., 28th Pa. and 66th O. ; Third Bri- 
 gade, Gen. George S. Greene, 137th N. Y., 
 149th N. Y., 102nd N. Y., 7Sth N. Y., 60th 
 N. Y. ; this extended the line from Rock 
 Creek to the summit of Gulp's Hill, the 
 wooded hill east of the Cemetery. 
 
 Joining on the left of Geary's Division was 
 the First Division, First Corps, Second Bri- 
 gade on the right of the division, 7th Ind., 
 which had now joined this brigade, it having 
 been left back the day before with train, 76th 
 
 42 
 
N. Y., i4tli Brooklyn, 95tli N. Y., i47tli N. 
 Y., and 56tli Pa. ; First Brigade, Gen. Mere- 
 dith, 7tli Wis., 6th Wis., 2nd Wis., 19th Ind., 
 24th Mich. 
 
 Joining on the left of the last mentioned di- 
 vision was the Eleventh Corps, extending the 
 line around East Cemetery Hill to Ziegler's 
 Grove on Cemetery Ridge, that forming and 
 occupying the curve of the fish hook ; First 
 Division, Gen. Ames commanding, First Brig- 
 ade, on the right Col. Von Gilsa, 41st N. Y., 
 153rd Pa., 68th N. Y., 54th N. Y. ; Second 
 Brigade, Col. Plarris commanding, 17th Conn., 
 107th O., 25th O., 75th O. ; Second Division, 
 G^n. Adolph Von Steinwehr, First Brigade, 
 Col. Coster, 134th N. Y., 154 N. Y., 27th Pa. 
 and 73rd Pa. ; Third Division, Gen. Carl 
 Schurz, First Brigade, Col. Von Amsberg, 
 82nd 111., ^5th N. Y., 157th N. Y., 6ist O., 
 74th Pa. ; Second Brigade, Col. Krzyzanowski, 
 26th Wis., 75th Pa., 82nd O., 119 N. Y., 58th 
 N. Y. On the left of the division was the 
 Second Brigade of the Second Division, Col. 
 Orlando Smith, 55th O., 73rd O., 136th N. 
 Y., 33rd Mass. 
 
 On the left of the Eleventh Corps was the 
 Second and Third Divisions of the First 
 Corps, extending the line through and south 
 of Ziegler's Grove on Cemetery Ridge ; Second 
 Division, Gen. Robinson, Second Brigade, 
 
 43 
 
Gen. Baxter, nth Pa., 88th Pa., 90th Pa., 
 97th N.Y., 83rd N.Y., 1 2th Mass. ; First Brig- 
 ade, Col. Coulter commanding, 107th Pa., 
 104th N. Y., 94th N. Y., 13th Mass., i6th 
 Me. ; Third Division, Gen. Rowley, First 
 Brigade, Col. Biddle, 151st Pa., 142nd Pa., 
 I2ist Pa., 80th N. Y. or 20th Militia ; Second 
 Brigade, Col. Dana commanding, what is left 
 of the Bucktail Brigade, 143rd Pa., 149th Pa., 
 and 150th Pa. ; Third Brigade, Gen. Geo. J. 
 Stannard, 12th, 13th, 14th, 15th and i6th 
 Vt., the 1 2th and 15th being kept guarding 
 trains. 
 
 On the left of Second Division was Second 
 Corps, Gen. Winfield S. Hancock, with Third 
 Division on the right. Gen. Alex. Hays, First 
 Brigade, Col. Carroll, 14th Ind., 4th O., 8th 
 O., 7th W. Va. ; Second Brigade, Col. Smyth, 
 14th Conn., ist Del., 12th N. J., loth N. Y., 
 batallion, io8th N. Y. ; Third Brigade, Col. 
 Willard, 39th N. Y., iiith N. Y., 125th N. 
 Y., 126th N. Y. ; Second Divi.Mon, Gen. John 
 Gibbon, Second Brigade, Gen. Alex. S. Webb, 
 71st Pa., 72nd Pa., 69th Pa., io6th Pa. ; 
 Third Brigade, Col. N. J. Hall, 59th N. Y., 
 42nd N. Y., 7th Mich., 20th Mass., 19th 
 Mass. ; Finst Brigade, Gen. Wm. Harrow, 
 19th Me., 15th Mass., 1st Minn., 82nd N. Y. ; 
 First Division on the left of Corps, First Di- 
 vision, Gen. J. C. Caldwell, First Brigade, 
 
 44 
 
Col. Edward H. Cross, 5th N. H., 6ist N. Y. , 
 148th Pa., 8ist Pa. ; Second Brigade, Col. 
 Patrick Kelly commauding, 2Stli Mass., 63rd 
 N. y.. 69th N. Y., 88th N. Y., ii6th Pa. ; 
 Third Brigade. Gen. Sam'l K. Zook, 52nd 
 N. Y., 57th N. Y., 66th N. Y., 140th Pa. ; 
 Fourth Brigade. Col. J. R. Brooke, 27th Conn., 
 2nd Del., 64th N. Y., 53rd Pa., 145th Pa. 
 
 The Third Corps under command of Major 
 General Daniel E. Sickles was to have formed 
 on the left of the Second Corps and continue 
 the line southward to Round Top, but on the 
 morning of the second Gen. Sickles discovered 
 that the ground in his front on the Emmits- 
 burg Road was a better position, a much 
 higher one, and not deeming it advisable to 
 allow the enemy to have the better ground, 
 and his former position being untenable, and 
 having discretionary power as the command- 
 ing officer, or rather as corps commander, he 
 saw fit on his own responsibility to advance 
 forward to the Emmitsburg Road and estab- 
 lish the right of his line near the Roger's 
 house. Humph ey's »Second Division on the 
 right of the corps and Carr's Brigade on the 
 right of the division; 26th Pa., ist Mass, 
 nth Mass., 1 6th Mass., 12th New Hamp- 
 shire, nth New Jersey, the 84th Penn'a. 
 of this brigade was left back with wagon train 
 and not engaged in the battle ; Second Brig- 
 
 45 
 
ade, Col. W. R. Brewster, yotli, 71st, 72nd, 
 73rd, 74tli and 120th New York Regiments; 
 Third Brigade, Col. Geo. C. Burling, 5th, 6th, 
 7th, 8th New Jersey, 2nd New Hampshire, 
 115th Penn'a. Joining on the left of the 
 Second Division was the right of the First 
 Division Gen. David B. Birney commanding. 
 First Brigade, Gen. Graham, on the right of 
 the division; 105th Penn'a., ''Wildcat" Regi- 
 ment, 57th Penn'a., 114th Penn'a., "CoUis' 
 Zouaves," 63rd Penn'a., 68th Penn'a., 141st 
 Penn'a., extending the line on the Emmits- 
 burg Road to vSOUth side of the Peach Orchard. 
 There our line w^as refused to the left or 
 turned to the left, and continued eastward to 
 Plum Run in the Valley of Death. Third 
 Brigade, Col. De Trobriand, on the left of 
 Graham, 3rd Michigan, 5th Michigan, 40th 
 New York, "Mozart Regiment," iioth 
 Penn'a., 17th Maine; Second Brigade, Gen. 
 Ward, on the left of De Trobriand, 20th In- 
 diana, 86th New York, 124th New York, 99th 
 Penn'a., 3rd Maine, 4th Maine, ist and 2nd 
 U. S. Sharpshooters. 
 
 The Third Army Corps is out, in this posi- 
 tion, in the shape of a semi-circle, with no sup- 
 port on either flank, no troops in their rear, or 
 on I^ittle Round Top, with the Fifth and Sixth 
 Corps still marching, and miles away. It is 
 while the Third Army Corps is in this posi- 
 
 46 
 
tion that tliey are attacked by lyongstreet's 
 Corps of Lee's Army. 
 
 But as the formation of the Union Army or 
 line of battle lias been given I will now form 
 the line of the Confederate Army. A word 
 to the reader pertaining to the two ridges, 
 Cemetery Ridge and Seminary Kidge run 
 parallel partially. From Cemetery Hill south to 
 Round Top they run parallel, but Seminary 
 Ridge extends much farther north, the two 
 ridges are about a mile apart, and Seminary 
 Ridge is west of Cemetery Ridge. 
 
 At a point a mile southwest of the Devil's 
 Den is the right of the Confederate Army, 
 following Seminary Ridge northward to the 
 Seminary buildings, thence east through the 
 town, thence southeast to Rock Creek Hills, 
 with the following formation : First Corps, 
 commanded by Gen. Longstreet, on the right 
 facing the Union left, and Hood's Division on 
 the right of the corps, with four brigades in 
 the following order : Law's Alabama Brigade, 
 Robertson's Texas Brigade, Anderson's 
 Georgia Brigade, Benning's Georgia Brigade. 
 On the left of Hood's Division is Gen. 
 McLaws' Division, Kershaw's South Carolina 
 Brigade, Semmes' Georgia Brigade, Wolford's 
 Georgia Brigade, Barksdale's Mississippi 
 Brigade. Pickett's Division of Longstreet's 
 Corps at this time has not yet crossed 
 
 47 
 
the South Mountain, and is in the vicinity 
 of Chainbersburg, guarding wagon trains. 
 
 On the left of Longstreet's Corps was Third 
 Corps. Gen. A. P. Hill, with Anderson's 
 Division on the right, five brigades, namely : 
 Wilcox's, Perry's, Wright's, Mahone's and 
 PovSey's. On the left of Anderson's was 
 Pender's Division of four brigades, namely : 
 Perrin's, Lane's, Scales' and Thomas.' On 
 the left of Pender was Heth's Division ; he 
 originally had four brigades and, as will be 
 remembered, lost the greater poition of 
 Archer's and the greater portion of Davis' 
 Mississippi in the old railroad cut the first 
 day. He now has a remnant of three bri- 
 gades, namely : Brockenbrough's, Pettigrew's 
 and Davis.' Joining on the left of Heth's 
 was the right of Ewell's Corps, which now 
 extends the line eastward, directly through 
 the town, with Rodes' Division on the right, 
 five brigades ; Daniel's, Iverson's, Ramseur's, 
 O'Neal's and Dole's. On the left of Rodes', 
 in front of Cemetery Hill on the Culp farm, 
 was Early's Division of four brigades : Gor- 
 don's, Hays', vSmith's and Hoke's. Joining 
 on the left of Early, in front of Culp's Hill, 
 and extending the line to Rock Creek and 
 across same, was Johnson's Division of four 
 brigades: Jones', W^illiams', Walker's, which 
 was known as th^ "Stonewall" Brigade, and 
 
 +8 '■■■ . 
 
JENNIE WADE 
 
 the only citizen of Gettysburg who was killed during the battle, 21 
 j^ears of age, was struck by a sharpshooter's bullet in a little brick 
 house on Baltimore street, near the National Cemetery. On the 
 morning of the last day of the battle she was in the back room work- 
 ing in dough, preparing to bake and was instantly killed by a bul- 
 let that had passed through two doors l)efore striking her. 
 
 The house iias not been changed and shows the marks of sev- 
 eral hundred bullets. It is now a war museum, and attracts thou- 
 sands of tourists each year to hear the story of Jennie Wade's death, 
 and to see the old battle-marked house and the complete collection 
 of battlefield relics which are exhibited here. 
 
 Souvenirs of all kinds can be bought in the room where Jennie 
 Wade was killed. Any information relative to this house or the 
 Gettysburg Battlefield will be cheerfully furnished by addressing 
 THE JE^^NI'E WADE HOUSE, 
 
 Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
Steiiart's, thus forming a line of battle similar 
 in shape to the Union line 
 
 The line of battle was thus composed of 
 thirty-four brigades. A solid line of battle 
 two ranks deep and eight 'miles long, with the 
 artillery of both armies stationed on the ele- 
 vated and commanding positions, while the 
 cavalry, the eyes of the army, are guarding 
 flanks. Gen. Lee's plan for the second day 
 of July (the reader will understand that the 
 Union Army fought at Gettysburg on the 
 defensive far the first time, Lee's Army being 
 the attacking party) was to attack both flanks 
 and the center at one and the same time. 
 Longstreet's Corps being on Lee's right, and 
 facing our left, was to move forward and turn 
 the left flank. E well's Corps being on Lee's 
 left and facing our right was to advance and 
 turn back the Union's right flank, while A. 
 P. Hill's Corps was to advance and strike the 
 crushing blow on the Union's center. 
 
 But the Third Corps of the Union Army 
 having advanced out the Emmitsburg Road to 
 the Peach Orchard, and throwing his sharp- 
 shooters and skirmishers still farther in ad- 
 vance, they discovered Longstreet's move- 
 ment and brought on the battle. Longstreet 
 at that time was moving southward with his 
 entire command, along Willoughby Run, west 
 of Seminary Kid^e, and uuder cover of the 
 
 49 
 
same, on his way around the south side of Big 
 Round Top for the purpose of attacking Gen. 
 Sickles from the east, then being in the rear 
 of Sickles' Corps, Now if Gen. Sickles had 
 formed on the left of the Second Corps, as 
 ordered at the beginning to do, and had pro- 
 longed his line south to I^ittle Round Top, the 
 greater portion of his troops would have been 
 on low, swampy ground which was untenable, 
 with the enemy occupying the Kmmitsburg 
 Road in his front, and the left of his line 
 would have been on the sunmiit of I^ittle 
 Round Top "in the air," and lyongstreet 
 would have been successful in carrying out his 
 plans to move around to the south side of Big 
 Round Top and attack the Third Corps from 
 the rear, while a portion of Hill's Corps would 
 make the attack from the front. Tlrcrefore 
 had Gen . Sickles not gone out and taken up 
 that adv^anced position lyongstreet's movement 
 would not have been discovered, his plans 
 would have been carried out successfully with 
 no obstructions in his way, as he had several 
 hours to execute this move, which would have 
 been under cover and unseen, before the Fifth 
 and Sixth Corps of the Union Army arrived 
 upon the field. 
 
 Those who study the history of the battle 
 and visit the field and view the topography of 
 the ground agree that under the existing cir- 
 
 50 
 
cumstances Gen. Sickles did the best thing 
 that could have been done. It is believed by 
 the military critics who visit the field at thas 
 late day that had Gen. Sickles not fought his 
 battle in the manner and form which he did, 
 there would have been no battle fought at 
 Gettysburg on the Third of July. 
 
 When lyongstreet's Corps became engaged 
 with Gen. Sickles' Third Corps, it soon be- 
 came necessary for Hill's Corps to move fur- 
 ther to the right and reinforce I^ongstreet. 
 Gen. Sickles with his Third Corps, and the 
 support he received, afterward succeeded in 
 holding the two corps of the enemy in check, 
 until the evening, when our Fifth and Sixth 
 Corps reached the field. The result of this 
 attack, or rather this movement, was 
 that Hill's Corps did not, nor could not, make 
 a direct attack upon the Union center, except 
 with two brigades, Wright's Georgia Brigade 
 and Perry's Florida Brigade. 
 
 [HE battle of the Second Day of July 
 commenced on the left and raged quite 
 a while before it commenced on the 
 right. The battle commenced on the second 
 day about 3 o'clock in the afternoon, near 
 the Peach Orchard and Emmitsburg Road. 
 
 51 
 
Three brigades of McLaw's Division, Long- 
 vStreet's Corps, advanced northward up the 
 Emmitsburg Road and were met by Graham's 
 Brigade, Birney's Division, Third Corps of 
 the Union Army. In a short time the battle 
 extended along the entire line of Birney's Di- 
 vision, Gen. Graham was wounded and taken 
 prisoner and the battle was raging all the way 
 from the Peach Orchard down through the 
 woods to Devil's Den. At that time the 
 Second Division, Gen. Humphrey's Third 
 Corps, is still occupying the Emmitsburg 
 Road north of the Peach Orchard and facing 
 west. It is then that Gen. Sickles rides out 
 and orders Gen. Humphrey to throw back his 
 left of the line, and change his front from 
 west to south. He promptly o]:>eys the order 
 and reinforces Birney's Division on his left. 
 
 Then Gen. Barksdale with the Fourth Bri- 
 gade of McLaws' Division, charges out from 
 the woods west of the Peach Orchard, and 
 reaches the Emmitsburg Road quickly, north 
 of the Sherfy buildings, and finally succeeds 
 i« driving back the right flank of Humphrey's 
 Division, and advancing across the fields to- 
 wards the Trostle buildings, near which Gen. 
 Sickles had established his heaquarters in the 
 saddle. Gen. Hancock sends Willard's 
 New York Brigade from our center out across 
 the fields, who intercepts the left flank of 
 
 52 
 
Barksdale, not far from Geii. Sickles' head- 
 quarters. In that movement Gen. Barksdale 
 is killed. Gen. Willard is also killed and 
 Gen. Sickles loses a leg close by, but Barks- 
 dale Brigade had been checked for the time 
 being. 
 
 Then Col. McGilvery, in command of our 
 reserve Artillery Brigade back on Cemetery 
 Hill, rides out to the front near the Trostle 
 buildings, and tells Captain Bigelow, com- 
 manding the 9th Mass. Battery, that notwith- 
 standing our line is being forced back, he 
 nuLst remain there, and if necessary sacrifice 
 his entire battery. Capt. Bigelow at once 
 turned four of his guns westward, toward the 
 Emmitsburg Road, on Barksdale's advancing 
 troops, while he kept the other two guns 
 pointing .southward, firing on Kershaw, 
 Woilord and Semnies. Capt. Bigelow re- 
 mained out there until after our troops were 
 driven in from his front, and for quite a 
 while without any support whatever, except 
 a portion of the ii8th Pa. (Corn Exchange 
 Regiment), who voluntarily fought and came 
 to his support. Out of his six guns he lost 
 four, ont of seven sergeants he lost six, out of 
 four connni.ssioned officers he lost three, in- 
 cluding himself wounded, and out of eighty- 
 eight horses he lost eighty. 
 
 Eockwood's Independent Maryland Brigade, 
 
 53 
 
accompanied by Gen. Meade in person, is 
 seen advancing rapidly to the rescue of the 
 Third Corps. Some of these troops charge as 
 far as the Loop and the Peach Orchard, but, 
 like their comrades, are hurled back by over- 
 whelming numbers. Gen. Hancock double- 
 quicks the First Division, Second Army Corps 
 to the left — four brigades, viz : Cross', Kelly's, 
 Zook's and Brooke's. 
 
 Col. Cross commanding First Brigade, be- 
 longed to the 5th N. H. Regiment, and on the 
 morning of July second, he said to some of 
 his fellow officers, "Gentlemen, I will win a 
 .star on this field today or die in the effort." 
 He charged his brigade across the famous 
 Wheatfield in front of Round Top and had 
 just reached the edge of the woods beyond, 
 when he fell mortally wounded, dying in great 
 agony that night. He had a brother, a line 
 officer in the same regiment, whom he begged 
 to blow out his brains during the night, or 
 loan him his revolver that he might end his 
 sufferings. 
 
 The Second Brigade was known as the Irish 
 Brigade, under command of Gen. Kelly. The 
 chaplain was a priest, Father Corby, and at 
 the edge of the woods he signaled to the com- 
 mander to halt. The priest mounted a rock 
 and amid the storm of deadly missiles offered 
 a brief prayer. As the word "Amen" fell 
 
 54 
 
from his lips, the word "forward" fell from 
 Kelly's lips. On the Irish Brigade charged, 
 with their shout of "faiigh-a-ballaugh" (clear 
 the way). They charged over the Wheat- 
 field and through the timber beyond. 
 
 Gen. Zook moved forward quickly with the 
 Third Brigade, and was killed at the north- 
 west corner of the Wheatfield, while gallantly 
 leading his command. Gen. Brooke dashed 
 forward with the Fourth Brigade, charged 
 across the Wheatfield and through the woods 
 far beyond, reaching the farthest point of any, 
 but suffering the loss of nearly half of his 
 command. 
 
 It is while the battle is raging at that time 
 that Gen. Warren, chief of engineers of our 
 army, at the request of Gen. Sickles, rides to 
 I^ittle Round Top, and discovers an important 
 movement of the enemy, viz : A portion of 
 Hood's Division, rapidly moving off to the 
 right and into the timber. Gen. W\arren re- 
 alized at once that Hood Was making that 
 movement for the express purpose of securino- 
 Ivittle Round Top, which is a high position" 
 actually the key to the front. Gen. Warren 
 on his own responsibility, went in pursuit of 
 troops to prevent the enemy from accomplish- 
 ing their object. The First Division, Fifth 
 Army Corps having arrived. Gen. Barnes' 
 Division of three brigades, Tilton's, Sweitzer's 
 
 55 
 
and Vincent's were being hurried to the front 
 to reinforce the Third Corps. When near the 
 Trostle buildings, about one-half mile north- 
 west of Round Top, by order of Warren, Col. 
 Strong Vincent's Brigade (this was known as 
 the lyight Brigade, formerly commanded by 
 Gen. Butterfield, chief of the staff of the 
 Army of the Potomac, who was wounded by 
 a piece of shell, at Meade's headquarters, in 
 Third Day's battle), 83rd Pa., 44th N. Y., 
 i6th Mich., 30th Me., was detached and 
 brought bads, to Round Top, and moved up to 
 the summit of I^ittle Round Top, just in time 
 to be double-quicked ''front into line," to 
 meet face to face, the greater portion of Law's 
 Alabama Brigade, that came from the extreme 
 right of Lee's Army. 
 
 Col. Vincent charged and drove Lee's men 
 down over the boulders into the ravine below. 
 In that movement Col. Vincent fell mortally 
 wounded on the sou'.h slope of Little Round 
 Top. There, today, a slab on a boulder, with 
 a Maltese cross (the Fifth Corps badge), 
 marks the spot where he fell. He was car- 
 ried back to the rear, to Bushman's farm, 
 about a mile distant, and lived until the morn- 
 ing of July 7th, in the meantime having been 
 made brigadier- general by telegram from 
 Washington. 
 
 The battlQ rages, Robertson's Texas Bri- 
 
 5^ 
 
WOUNDING OF SICKLES. — New York Monumeut. 
 
SLOCUM's COUNCIL OF WAR.— New York Monument, l 
 
gade and Beiiniiig's Georgia charged iutd 
 Devil's Den and turned the left flank of the 
 Third Corps, capturing three guns of Smith'j^ 
 N. Y. Ind. Battery, forced back and doubled 
 up the left of the Union line, and immediately 
 reinforced I^aw's Alabama Brigade. lyaw's 
 men turned and charged, forcing our men up 
 the hill again on Little Round Top. In the 
 meantime Tilton's Brigade, i8th Mass., ist 
 Mich., ii8th Pa., and Svveitzer's Brigade, 9th 
 Mass., 32nd Mass., 4th Mich., 62nd Pa., have 
 reinforced the center of the Third Corps, and 
 are hotly contesting the ground in front of 
 the Rose building south of the Wheatfield, 
 when the Second Division, Fifth Corps (regu- 
 lar troops) reached the field. Gen. Ay res 
 commanding — Day, Burbank and Weed — 
 United States Regulars, except Weed's Bri- 
 gade ; Col. Day's First Brigade, 3rd, 4th, 6th, 
 1 2th and 14th U. S. Infantry ; Col. Burbank's 
 Second Brigade, 7th, loth, nth, 17th, U. S. 
 Troops; Third Brigade, Gen. Weed, i4oih 
 N. Y., 146th N. Y., 91st Pa., 155th Pa. 
 
 Col. O'Rorke, with 140th N. Y., was de- 
 tached by order of Warren and sent to rein- 
 force Vincent's Brigade on Round Top. When 
 they reached the summit of Little Round Top 
 they did not have time to fix their bayonets, 
 but rushed double quick "front into line" on 
 the right of the 20th Me., commanded by Col. 
 
 57 
 
Chamberlain. Col. Chamberlain, with these 
 reinforcements, charged and drove Law's men 
 down to the valley below and maintained pos- 
 session of Little Round Top ever thereafter. 
 
 That is the time we came within ten min- 
 utes of losing Little Round Top, the key of 
 the field in front of Round Top, bej^ond a 
 doubt. In that movement Col. O'Rorke was 
 killed. The balance of Weed's Brigade was 
 ordered up to Little Round Top. It was the 
 troops of Weed's Brigade that aided in drag- 
 ging the guns of Battery D, 5th U. S., to the 
 summit of Little Round Top by hand and by 
 ropes. It must be remembered that at that 
 time there were no roads around that great 
 hill, it being utterly impossible to get guns 
 there by horses ; but when they got the guns 
 up the men could not use them. Devil's Den 
 was then in possession of the enemy, and the 
 sharpshooters were there in force and had 
 range on Little Round Top and were picking 
 our men off rapidly. As fast as they went to 
 their guns they were shot down. 
 
 Gen. Weed, who commanded the brigade, 
 was shot by a sharpshooter from Devil's Den, 
 and while Lieut. Hazlett, w^ho was in command 
 of the battery, was leaning over Gen. Weed re- 
 ceiving his dying messages, he, too, was shot 
 and fell dead across the body of Weed. Eight 
 companies of Berdan's sharpshooters of our 
 
 58 
 
army were double quicked from the right and 
 distributed around Little Round Top and Big 
 Round Top. Soon thereafter our guns on 
 Round Top could be used, for when the Union 
 sharpshooters were once in position the enemy 
 could not expose a finger without losing the 
 same. 
 
 Still the battle raged from the Valley of 
 Death in front of Little Round Top across the 
 fields to the Emmitsburg Road, a distance of 
 a mile. It was not until the Third Division, 
 Fifth Corps (Crawford's Pa. Reserves) and 
 the three Brigades of Sixth Corps troops had 
 arrived that we were able to check the enemy. 
 When the enemj^ saw those men coming over 
 the ridge north of Round Top was the time 
 they exclaimed out beyond the Wheatfield, 
 "Great God, how much more have we to go 
 through." 
 
 The Third Division, Fifth Corps, Gen. 
 Crawford commanding, two brigades. First 
 and Third, joined the corps on the 28th of 
 June, the Second Brigade being left in the de- 
 partment at Washington. First Brigade, Col. 
 Wm. McCandless, ist, 2nd, 6th, i3tli Pa. 
 Vols., Third Brigade, Col. Jos. W. Fisher, 
 5th, 9th, loth, nth and 12th Pa. Vols. ; the 
 Sixth Corps troops were the Second Brigade, 
 First Division, Gen. Jos. J. Bartlett, 5th Me., 
 I2ist N. Y., 95th Pa., 96th Pa., Second Bri- 
 
 59 
 
gade, Third Division, Col. H. L. Eustis, 7th, 
 loth, 37th Mass., 2nd R. I. ; Third Brigade, 
 Third Division, Col. D. J. Nevin, 62nd N.Y., 
 93rd Pa., 98th Pa., 102nd Pa,, (butonl}^ a few 
 companies of the latter) and i39tli Pa. Vols. 
 
 Col. McCandless of Philadelphia, with his 
 brigade, and the nth Regiment of Fisher's 
 Brigade, followed by the three brigades, Sixth 
 Corps (these Sixth Corps troops had been 
 marthing since nine o'clock the night before, 
 coming from below Manchester b)' a circuit- 
 uous route, having marched over forty consecu- 
 tive miles, and at that time were called "fresh 
 troops") charged across the meadows and over 
 the Valley of Death, until McCandless' men 
 reached and captured the stone wall on the 
 east side of the Wheatfield from the enemy 
 and successfully held the same from that time 
 on. 
 
 Gen. P*isher's Brigade was moved around 
 east of Little Round Top and charged west- 
 ward down the ravine, between the two Round 
 Tops, lighting their way foot by foot west- 
 ward until they reached and re-captured 
 Devil's Den, the stronghold which the enemy 
 had captured after driving back the left of the 
 Third Corps of the Union Army. They held 
 this position until midnight, when they were 
 ordered back to Round Top, and that ex- 
 tended our line southward to the summit of 
 
 60 
 
GENERAL SLOCUM.-Equestdan statue. 
 
Big Round Top. In the meantime, darkness 
 ended the contest. 
 
 During the night of the second the Union 
 line of battle was re-formed back on Cemetery 
 Ridge on a continuation of Hancock's line, 
 and on line of Pennsylvania Reserves on the 
 east side of the Wheatfield. 
 
 With the repulse of Wright's Georgia and 
 Perry's Florida Brigades, that attempted to 
 break through our Second Corps center, near 
 the Codori buildings, the battle on the left of 
 our line ended with the twilight. 
 
 jIIERE is a fierce contest raging on the 
 right of our line during much of this 
 time. Ewell's Corps of Lee's Army 
 have been endeavoring to carry out instruc- 
 tions as regards the turning of our right flank. 
 In Ewell's Corps, you will remember, are 
 Early's Division and Johnson's Division. 
 Early was to charge Cemetery Hill, while 
 Johnson was to charge Culp's Hill, which it 
 will be observed is east of Cemetery Hill. But 
 prior to the charges made they expected to 
 demolish our guns on Cemetery Hill by plac- 
 ing numerous batteries on Benner's Hill, a 
 commanding position to the east. But soon 
 ^Ve had a range on them, as the Union Army 
 
 6x 
 
had their guns ou Cemetery Hill, and ;he 
 Confederate guns were disabled. They drag- 
 ged their last gun from Benner's Hill by hand, 
 and the majority of their horses were killed. 
 
 Soon thereafter troops were seen forming 
 in front of Cemetery Hill, down on the Culp 
 farm, which proved to be Early's Division. 
 In Early's Division was Hays' Brigade, better 
 known as the Louisiana Tigers. They were 
 desperate and brave men who knew no fear 
 and they had, up to that time, never failed to 
 capture any line that they ever charged. 
 They supported Hoke's Brigade, of the same 
 division, who were to lead the charge, but when 
 Hoke's men moved forward from under cover 
 and made their appearance on the summit of 
 the field in front of Cemetery Hill, many 
 guns were turned upon them and the fire was 
 beyond endurance. Hoke's men were com- 
 pelled to go to the ravine from whence they 
 came, for shelter. 
 
 But Hays' Brigade, the Louisiana Tigers, 
 numbering 1,700 men, formed in the streets of 
 Gettysburg, and in a ravine south of the old 
 jail, under cover and out of view of the Union 
 troops, thej^ moved up a lane along the east 
 base of Cemetery Hill, which was so close that 
 the Union guns could not be depressed suffi- 
 ciently to bring a range to bear dov/n upon 
 them. But .southeast of Cemetery Hill, and 
 
 62 
 
hear, Gulp's Hill, were Steven's 5tli Me. and 
 two guns of Knapp's Pittsburg Batteries. 
 These guns being at the end of the lane had 
 an enfilading fire down the lane on the Tigers 
 with their deadly and destructive missiles. 
 Still many of them endured it and reached the 
 Eleventh Corps line. Forcing their way 
 over the stone wall, actually leaping over our 
 men, they yelled and charged up the hill, and 
 in less time than I can tell the story they 
 reached the top (Cemetery Hill) and cap- 
 tured Weidrich's Battery I, ist N. Y. Artil- 
 lery. Soon they passed these guns, by yell and 
 charged southward over the second stone wall, 
 and captured the two left guns of Rickett's Pa. 
 Battery and attempted to spike same, but Rick- 
 ett's brave men will not yield an inch. The 
 enemy at one time had captured two of Rick- 
 ett's, spiked the one and had the other half 
 way down the hill, when occurred the hand 
 to hand struggle on Cemetery Hill, where 
 Rickett's men used ram- rods, gun swabs, hand 
 spikes, clubbed muskets, stones, and even 
 their fists. lyieut. Brockway brained a Tiger 
 with a stone ; another is brained with a hand 
 spike, while still another is beaten to death 
 with a guidon. 
 
 Gen. Hancock comes to the rescue by send- 
 ing Carroll's Brigade, Second Corps, to rein- 
 force our men on Cemetery Hill, excepting 
 
 63 
 
Uie 8th O., which is still on the skirmish line, 
 west of the Emmitsburg Road. Then the 
 Union men charge and drive down the hill 
 what is left of the Tigers. Out of the 1,700 
 men that made the charge less than 300 got 
 back to town. Over 1,400 were captured, 
 killed and wounded, and the command, as an 
 organization, was not known thereafter. 
 
 When the conflict ceased on Cemetery Hill 
 it was near twilight, and troops were seen 
 forming in front of Gulp's Hill. It was soon 
 learned that these were Johnson's Division, 
 preparing to charge. During the afternoon, 
 while our Fifth and Sixth Army Corps were 
 being hurried forward, we were being hard 
 pressed on our left. It then became abso- 
 lutely necessary to have reinforcements from 
 somewhere, and the result was that all the 
 troops of the Twelfth Corps on our right, ex- 
 cept one brigade (Green's N. Y. Brigade re- 
 mained on Culp's Hill) were detached and 
 sent to reinforce our left, but in the meantime 
 the Fifth and Sixth Corps arrived, and 
 the Twelfth Corps troops were not needed on 
 the left. During their absence John.son 
 charged Culp's Hill, but was repulsed time and 
 again with heavy losses by Green's Brigade ; 
 but Johnson having a division, his line was 
 much longer than Green's and the men on the 
 left of Johnson's line soon discovered that the 
 
 64 
 

 qfe 
 
 f' w 
 
Works in tiieir front liave been vacated hy 
 Green. 
 
 Johnson moved off, by the left flank, further 
 to our right, and crossed the vacated line of 
 the Union works, and moved around to the 
 rij;ht flank of Green, and passing vSpangler's 
 Springs, moved on westward, up the ravine, 
 to the Baltimore Pike, only a quarter of a mile 
 south of Cemetery Hill, on the east side of the 
 pike On the west side of the pike, and oppo- 
 site a short distance, was our reserve am- 
 munition train parked. Johnson was ac- 
 tually within a stone throw of the same. J[ad 
 he known where he was, or realized his posi- 
 tion, he could have captured the Union am- 
 munition train, marched in on the Baltimore 
 Pike and cut off our right. But it was in the 
 night, and as not a shot was fired, John.son 
 became alarmed. He said to his staff, "This 
 is too ea.sy, there nuist be something wrong, 
 this must he a trap Meade has opened for me. 
 I believe I am marching mv command into 
 it." He instructed his men to move back 
 quickly and quietly to Gulp's Hill, to the tim- 
 ber and vacant line of works, so recently cap- 
 tured by them, and wait for daylight. 
 
 In the meantime, while he was waiting for 
 daylight, the troops of the Twelfth Corps were 
 sent back to their former position, wlien they 
 found Johnson's Division of Evv'eU's Corps oc- 
 
 65 
 
cupying the same. It was during that night 
 that many of the troops of both armies mingle 
 together freely at Spangler's Springs and use 
 water from the same springs to quench their 
 thirst and wash their bloody w^ounds. The 
 men lying looked at each other for many 
 hours. 
 
 Just at daylight on the Third Day Gen. 
 Geary, of the Union Army, discovered John- 
 son in the act of moving. At once he had his 
 men open fire upon Johnson's entire command, 
 which was kept up continuou.sly until ten 
 o'clock A. M., when Shaler's Brigade of the 
 Sixth Corps, that had arrived the night before, 
 was sent from the vicinity of Round Top. 
 This brigade was composed of the 65th N. Y. , 
 67th N. Y., 122nd N. Y., 23rd Pa., 82nd Pa., 
 together with Lockwood's Independent Bri- 
 gade, ist Md. Potomac Home Brigade, ist 
 Md. Eastern Shore and 150th N. Y. After 
 the Twelfth Corps had been reinforced by 
 these troops a general advance was ordered. 
 Johnson made a desperate effort to retain the 
 works which he had gotten so easily, but he 
 could not stand the charges of the gallant 
 troops of the Twelfth Corps, and was finally 
 driven from the works through the woods be- 
 yond. That ended the fighting on the right 
 of the line on the Third Day. Gen. Lee was 
 
 66 
 
greatly disappointed at Johnson's not being 
 able to hold his position on Gulp's Hill. 
 
 To return to the Second Day's Battle. It 
 will be noted that Lee failed in his plans. He 
 failed to turn back the left flank of the Union 
 Army, although he did succeed in forcing back 
 the Third Corps line ; in other words, he sim- 
 pl}^ straightened that position of the Union 
 line, but his losses were heavy. He failed to 
 capture and hold Round Top. He also failed 
 to turn the right flank of the Union Army ; 
 neither did he succeed in capturing Gulp's 
 Hill and holding the same, and he had failed 
 to break through the Union center. The bat- 
 tle raged seven and one-half hours on the left 
 and six and one-half on the right. The loss 
 was great on both sides, but Gen. Lee had 
 failed to accomplish Vvdiat he had undertaken. 
 
 The Union losses on Little Round Top were 
 575 ; in the Wheatfield and in the vicinity of 
 Devil's Den, 4,133 ; in the vicinity of the 
 Peach Orchard 1,285 5 along the Emmitsburg 
 Road and in the vicinity of the Rogers House 
 2,745 ; at East Gemetery Hill 612, and in- 
 cluding the losses on Gulp's Hill the total 
 losses for the day exceeded [ 0,000. 
 
 On the night of the Second Gen. Lee held 
 his great Gouncil of War. He told his staff 
 officers and corps commanders what he was 
 gfoing to do on the morrow and how he was 
 
 67 
 
going to do it. Gt.'n. Loiigstreet ol)jccted to 
 liivS plans, and said to Gen. Lee, "General, we 
 have failed today, having been unable to dis- 
 lodge Meade's Army, but if we withdraw from 
 here to-morrow and move southward toward 
 Washington, which is only seventy-five miles 
 away, we will compel Gen. Meade to vacate 
 his stronghold around the heights of Gettys- 
 burg and in all probability we will be enabled 
 to make battle on more favorable ground and 
 thus assume the defensive." Such was the 
 logic of Longstreet, but Gen. Lee said, "No, 
 gentlemen, I have been reinforced tonight by 
 Pickett's Division of Virginians, who have 
 just arrived from Chambersburg, and who 
 have not yet been engaged in battle, but are 
 eager for the fray, and I have also been rein- 
 forced by Stuart's Cavalry-" 
 
 m m m m m m m m m 
 
 i$'f?(^OW Stuart's Cavalry got to Gettysluirg 
 '§&X'1''§ ^^' '^'^ interesting story . Lee left him 
 5^4>S>v in Virginia, to baffle the Union 
 iVrmy and prevent Gen. Hooker following. 
 Stuart was noted for his successful raiding 
 around our army, l)ut Gen. Hooker outgener- 
 aled him tlii.s tim: and succeeded in cutting 
 him off from Lee's command entirely. In or- 
 der that Stuart might again join Lee's com- 
 68 
 
niaiid he was compelled to pass down the Po- 
 tomac River, below where the Union Army 
 had crossed and pass to tlie rear an I around 
 the Union Army. Stuart did so. He crossed 
 the Potomac River at Drainesville, almost 
 touched the suburbs of Baltimore and moved 
 northward up the Northern Central Railroad. 
 
 Bearing southward on the 3otli of June, he 
 came in contact with a portion of the Union 
 Cavalry at Hanover, Pa., Gen. Kilpatrick's 
 Division. First Brigade, Gen. Farnsworth, 
 5th N. Y., i8th Pa., ist Vt., ist W. Va. ; 
 Second Brigade, Gen. Custer, ist Mich., 5th 
 Mich., 6th Mich., 7th Mich., and they became 
 engaged in a skirmish in the streets of Han- 
 over, Pa. 
 
 Stuart knew that Lee's objective point was 
 Harrisburg, and as he had been cut off from 
 all connections for a number of days, and was 
 driven out of Hanover rapidly by the Union 
 Cavalry, and expecting to find Lee's Army in 
 the Cumberland Valley between Carlisle and 
 Harrisburg, he marched directly across York 
 County, by the wa}^ of York Springs, viz, 
 sixteen miles north of Gettysburg, and reached 
 Carlisle, in the Cumberland Valley, on the 
 evening of the First of July, only to learn that 
 Gen. Lee had abandoned the attack on Har- 
 risburg, vacated the Cumberland Valley, 
 crossed over to the east side of the South 
 
 69 
 
Mountain, and that there had been one day's 
 battle fought at Gettysburg. Had Stuart 
 known, while at Hanover on the 30th of June, 
 that Gen, Lee, his commander, was, at that 
 time, concentrating his army in the vicinit)^ of 
 Gettysburg the chances are that the Battle of 
 Gettysburg would have b/cen somewhat differ- 
 ent. 
 
 On the morning of the Second, alter shelling 
 Carlisle somewhat, Stuart moved his Cavalry 
 through Mt. Holly Gap, the same route that 
 Rodes' Division had taken, and crossed the 
 South Mountain, reaching Getty. sburg on the 
 evening of the Second of July. So Lee said 
 in his council of war, "I have been reinforced 
 tonight by Stuart's Cavalry and Pickett's Di- 
 vision and tomorrow I propose to cut Gen, 
 Meade's Army in two, halfway between Ceme- 
 tery Hill and Round Top, viz, the Angle near 
 the umbrella shaped trees, and I am going to 
 do it in this way. I will mass Pickett's Divi- 
 sion in the woods in front of Gen, Meade's 
 center, well supported. I will have all cannon 
 along my line in position, open fire and con- 
 centrate the same on that point and either de- 
 molish the guns of Meade or exhaust his sup- 
 ply of ammunition ; then have Pickett's Divi- 
 sion charge, well supported, and, in the mean- 
 time, send Stuart's Cavalry around Meade's 
 right flank and attack from the rear, in con- 
 
 70 
 
tiection with Pickett's charge from the front. 
 I will cut that line in two and use Gen, 
 Meade's Army up by detail." It must be ad- 
 mitted that Lee's plans looked plausible. 
 
 Gen. Meade however was prepared for any 
 movement from any direction that Lee might 
 make. Both flanks of the Union Army were 
 well protected with cavalry. Gen. Gregg's Di- 
 vision on the right flank had been reinforced by 
 Custer's Brigade of Kilpatrick's Division, and 
 consisted of the following troops : First Bri- 
 gade, Gen. J. B. Mcintosh commanding, ist 
 Md., Pnrnell Legion Company A., istMass., 
 (detached at Fifth and Sixth Corps Headquar- 
 ters), ist N. J., ist Pa., 3rd Pa., 3rd Pa. 
 Heavy Artillery, Section Battery H, and Pen- 
 nington's U. S. Battery M, ist Pa. Cavalry, 
 detached at Meade's Pleadquarters ; Third 
 Brigade, Col. J. Irvin Gregg commanding, ist 
 Me., loth N. Y., 4th Pa., i6th Pa., but the 
 4th Pa. being detached at Cavalry Headquar- 
 ters ; the vSccond Brigade of Gen. Gregg's 
 Divi.sion, Col. P. Huey commanding, had been 
 left at Westminster, Md., 2nd N. Y., 4th N. 
 Y., 6th O., 8th Pa., and were busily engaged 
 in conveying prisoners from the front. 
 
 Gen. Gregg, anticipating an attack, and in 
 the absence of Huey's Brigade assumed the 
 responsibility of detaching Gen. Custer's Bri- 
 gade, which was passing in his vicinity en route 
 
 71 
 
to join Kiipatrick oil the left. Gen. C^regg's 
 forces were three and one-half miles east of 
 Cemetery Hill. There existed between his 
 left and the right of our infantr}^ line a vacant 
 g-ap on Wolf's Hill. The balance of the Sixth 
 Corps having come up on evening of Juh' 2nd, 
 the Third Brigade, Gen. T. H. Neill of the 
 Second Division, was sent to Wolf's Hill to fill 
 this vacant space; 7th Me., 33rd N. Y., a 
 detachment, Capt. Gifford, 43rd N. Y., 49th 
 N. Y., 6ist Pa., 77th N. Y. The latter regi- 
 ment had been sent to the support of a battery 
 on Power's Hill. 
 
 While the right flank of the Union Army 
 was strongly guarded by that ever watchful 
 and efficient connnander, Gen. Gregg, the left 
 flank of the Union Army had not been neg- 
 lected. Gen. Kilpatrick was south of Big 
 Round Top and had with him Gen. Farns- 
 worth's Brigade, the i.st of his own Division, 
 5tli N. Y., i8th Pa., ist Vt. ist W. Va. 
 
 A .solid line of infantry had been formed 
 at the east base of Big Round Top extending 
 ea.stward for a mile, facing soutluvard as an 
 additional protection to the Union Army, com- 
 posed of the Sixth Corps troops as follows : 
 Second Brigade, Col. L. A. Grant, Second 
 Division, 2nd Vt., 3rd Vt., 4th Vt., 5th Vt., 
 6th Vt. ; Third Brigade, First Division. Gen. 
 D. A. Russell, 6th Me., 49th Pa., 119th Pa., 
 
 72 
 
5th Wis., thus leaving at this time only one 
 brigade of the Union A.rmy actually on the 
 reserve, viz; First Division, Sixth Army 
 Corps (Gen Kearney's old brigade) com- 
 manded by Gen. Torbert, ist N. J., 2nd N. 
 J., 3rd N. J., 15th N. J., (4th N. J. was back 
 with wagon trains.) These troops were sta- 
 tioned on Swisher's Hill, north of Round Top. 
 While Stuart's Cavalry is on that tour 
 around the Union's right flank, at a point 
 three and one-half miles east of Cemetery 
 Hill, he was intercepted by Gen. Gregg's 
 Division and Gen. Custer's Brigade of Kil- 
 patrick's, and then occurred the greatest cav- 
 alry fight of the war. It is known in history 
 as the "saber fight." Tho.se who were killed 
 and wounded were wounded and killed by the 
 saber, as a rule. Gen. Wade Hampton, Con- 
 federate Brigadier commander, was wounded 
 by a saber cut inflicted by Comrade Hampton 
 Thomas of Philadelphia, where the cavalry 
 charging together on the open field on the 
 RummeT farm, the horses reared up into the 
 air and rebounded many feet. The result was 
 that Stuart was defeated by Gen. Gregg of 
 the Union Army and Stuart failed to carry 
 out his part of the program. On tlie other 
 hand, had Stuart been successful, there is no 
 doubt in my mind whatever but that he vrould 
 have passed our right flank, and, in coming up 
 
 73 
 
in the rear of our center on the east side ot 
 Cemetery Ridge, in conjunction with Pickett's 
 charge from the front, would have been suc- 
 cessful in carrying out Gen. Lee's plans of 
 cutting Meade's line in two. Therefore I 
 contend that one of the most important fea- 
 tures was the cavalry fight on the Third Day 
 of July, three and one-half miles east of 
 Cemetery Hill. 
 
 ^ m m m m m m m 
 
 ^N the Third Day of July, at 1. 15 P. M., 
 the signal gun was fired by the Washing- 
 ton Artillery of New Orleans, at edg(^ of 
 the woods west and opposite a quarter of a 
 mile from the Peach Orchard, and then all the 
 guns in position along Lee's entire line, in all 
 nearly two hundred cannon, opened fire, all 
 aiming at the objective point. Soon they 
 were replied to by nearly one hundred guns 
 along the Union line, not because we had no 
 more guns, but owing to the contour of the 
 ground we could only get that number in posi- 
 tion at one time. Then occurred the greatest ar- 
 tillery duel of the war, nearly three hundred 
 cannon, all belching fort 11 their deadly mis- 
 siles, shells bursting and screaming every- 
 where ; the shrieks of the dying and wounded 
 were mingled with the roar of the iron storm 
 74 
 
carrying destruction everywhere, while the 
 earth itself trembled for over two hours. 
 
 While that artillery duel is raging, Gen. 
 Warren, Chief of Engineers of our Army, 
 agaim rode to the summit of lyittle Round Top, 
 to the signal station, and there discovered the 
 glistening bayonets and the formation of 
 troops in the edge of the woods, on the Spang- 
 ler farm, which proved to be I^ongstreet's 
 men preparing for an assault. He at once 
 communicated the fact per signal to the right 
 of our line, and General Runt, Chief of Ar- 
 tillery of the Union Army, ordered all guns 
 along our line to cease firing. Those guns 
 that have been disabled were removed, like- 
 wise the men and horse? that were killed or 
 wounded, and others took their places. The 
 caissons were refilled with ammunition ; every- 
 thing was prepared to receive the attack from 
 the woods in front. ^ 
 
 Then, if never before, in his life, General ' 
 Lee was led into error. When he no 
 longer heard the sound of our guns, only 
 echoes of his own, he believed that he had ac- 
 complished his object, that he had either suc- 
 ceeded in demolishing our guns or had ex- 
 hausted our supply of ammunition. Know- 
 ing full well that Stuart had had ample time 
 to make that tour around the Union right 
 flank and was due to come up in the rear of 
 
 75 
 
the Union line — not yet having learned of 
 Stuart's defeat — he gave the command for 
 Longstreet to move. Now you read in his- 
 tory of Longstreet's assault and Pickett's 
 charge, yet there were more men lost in that 
 movement belonging to A. P. Hill's Corps 
 than of Longstreet's Corps. There were no 
 troops of Longstreet's engaged in that dem- 
 onstration except Pickett's iJivision. 
 
 lyOngstreet at that time was again endeav- 
 oring to turn our leit flank and was repulsed 
 at Big Round Top by Gen. Kilpatrick's Cav- 
 alry, where Gen. Farnsworth was killed by 
 the Alabama troops of Hood's Division of 
 Longstreet's Corps. At this point the reserve 
 brigade of Buford's Division, which had been 
 left back near Frederick, Md., Brig. Gen. 
 Wesley Merritt in command, arrived from the 
 south by the Hrnmitsburg road, in the rear of 
 the right of Lee's Army and attacked Long- 
 street from his rear, 6th Pa., ist U. S., 2nd 
 U. S., 5th U. S., 6th U. S. A portion of this 
 brigade was moved off by the left flank west- 
 ward toward the mountain to capture a wagon 
 train of the enemy, which they found heavily 
 guarded and had a fierce engagement with the 
 enemy's troops near Fairfield. The right of 
 Merritt' s Brigade finally extended eastward 
 from the Emmitsburg Road across the fields 
 
 76 
 
toward Big Round Top, until a connection was 
 formed with Kilpatrick's Division. 
 
 Pickett's Division was formed at the edge 
 of the woods in columns of brigades, a mile in 
 front, three brigades deep, Kemper, Garnett 
 and Armistead, supported on the right flank 
 by two brigades of Anderson's Division, Hill's 
 Corps, Wilcox's and Perry's. He was sup- 
 ported on the left flank by a portion of Heth's 
 and Pender's Divisions under command of 
 General Pettigrew, while Wright's, Mahone's 
 and Posey's Brigades of the same corps were 
 supporting him in the rear under command of 
 Gen. Trimble. The distance across the fields 
 to our line is a little over a mile, nearly a mile 
 and a quarter. The ground is almost level. 
 Such was the distance over the open level 
 fields that Pickett's brave men were compelled 
 to march over, before they could reach our 
 line, which was entrenched behind a stone 
 wall. Is it not a mystery that a man ever 
 lived to reach our line? I say this with all 
 due respect to the soldiers of the world, no 
 soldiers ever endured a more deadly fire, nor 
 ever extiil)ited more heroism, than Pickett's 
 men did on that occasion. 
 
 Pickett's brave Virginians emerged from 
 the woods with their guns at a right-shoulder 
 shift, marching shoulder to shoulder, with 
 steady and decisive step as though they were 
 
 77 
 
passing in review on dress parade, not firing 
 a single shot. When they had reached near 
 half way, all the guns along our line opened 
 fire, concentrating the same on Pickett's ad- 
 vancing column, mowing great gaps through 
 their line. Still on they came, keeping up 
 the same steady step, closing up vacant gaps 
 time after time, not firing a shot, but pressing 
 on and on across the field of death, marching 
 against that storm of deadly missiles as though 
 it were only a storm of rain and wind instead. 
 
 But while they faced the storm of death, 
 Wilcox's and Perry's Brigades on the right 
 flank, blinded by our artillery fire became sep- 
 arated. They, moving off by the right flank, 
 were going in the direction of Round Top. 
 Heth's and Pender's troops on the left flank, 
 under Gen. Pettigrew, were badly shattered 
 by our guns on Cemetery Ridge. In order 
 that Pickett's men might reach their objective 
 ]X)int, the umbrella shaped trees at the Angle 
 — which the troops had been instructed to 
 concentrate at before beginning the movement 
 — they were compelled to make a left half- 
 wheel. They were moving more in the direc- 
 tion of Cemetery Hill. Consequently, one 
 portion moving by the right flank and the 
 other by the left flank, the further they came 
 across the fields, the wider the space between 
 the two organizations became. 
 
 78 
 
General Hancock discovered that vacant gap 
 and took Gen. Stannard's Vermont Brigade, 
 i3tli Vt., 14th Vt., i6th Vt.,(tlie 12th and 
 15th being left with wagon trains) and started 
 to move into the vacant space by the right 
 wheel, when he (Hancock) was badly 
 wounded and carried from the field on a 
 stretcher. Gen. Stannard then carried out 
 the movement, executing that difficult move- 
 ment of changing the front of the rear rank 
 under fire. When he had completed the right 
 wheel he about faced the rear rank, hence the 
 rear rank was firing southward into Wilcox 
 and Perry's Brigades, while the front rank 
 was firing north into Armistead's Brigade, 
 which had crossed the Hmmitsburg road and 
 were nearing the Angle, their objective point, 
 which was soon to pass into history as the 
 "Bloody Angle." 
 
 When Armistead's men reached the stone 
 wall they wer^ receiving a fire from the Union 
 Army from the front and both flanks, and 
 were met by Webb's Brigade, 69th Pa., 71st 
 Pa., 72nd Pa., io6th Pa., and near there were 
 Brown's R. I., Arnold's R. I., Cowan's N. 
 Y., Rorty's N. Y., Butler's U. S., Woodruff's 
 U. S., Hampton' Pittsburg, Parson's N. J., 
 and numerous other batteries, many of which 
 had been demolished during the great artillery 
 duel. Among them was Gushing' s 4th U. S. 
 
 79 
 
Battery. CiivSliing had but one gun left and 
 onl}^ six horses remained. lie had not men 
 enough to work the gun. Vohmteers came 
 from Webb's Philadelpliia Brigade. IJeut. 
 Gushing was working the gun himself, with 
 the lanj-ard wrapped around his wrist, and 
 mortally wounded he said to Gen. Webb : 
 "General, I will give them one more shot," 
 He fell dead, the weight of his body discharged 
 the piece. 
 
 Gen. Armistead had reached the stone wall. 
 He replied to Gushing by saying to liis men, 
 "Boys give them the cold steel," and with his 
 cap on the point of his sword he leaped the 
 stone wall, followed by hundreds of his men, 
 and reached thirty odd paces within our line, 
 when he fell wounded, near the body of Gush- 
 ing. Armistead was carried back to our rear 
 to the Eleventh Gorps Hospital on the Balti- 
 more Pike and died the foUovving day about 
 noon. 
 
 Then came the hand-to-hand conflict which 
 lasted for a few minutes only, when they com- I 
 
 menced to throw down their arms and surren- ';' 
 
 der. They could get no further, neither 
 could they get back. Pickett's Division had 
 been almost annihilatecl ; those who had 
 crossed the Emmitsburg Road had either been 
 killed, wounded or captured. Those who 
 fought along the stone wall at the Bloody 
 
 80 
 
DEATH ()!•• HKvxoi.Ds.— New Yolk Moiiui 
 
Angle surviving today, of either the blue or 
 the graj^ can testify that they could walk 
 from the stone wall to beyond the Hmmits- 
 burg Road on the dead bodies of Pickett's 
 men without treading on the ground. In the 
 little field between Emmitsburg road and the 
 stone wall, over 600 of Pickett's men were af- 
 terwards buried. Out of the fifteen field 
 officers of Pickett's Division, but a single one 
 escaped unhurt. 
 
 Pickett's men did all that mortal men could 
 do ; they could do no more. Forttuiately for 
 us, for our country and for all concerned, they 
 met a force at the stone wall, the old Second 
 Corps of the Union Army, that was equally as 
 brave and as fully determined, hence it was 
 that Lee's last and desperate effort, Pickett's 
 charge, failed. 
 
 ^- ^ •^- ^ -i^ m W: -JiC- '^ 
 
 %5*s>i^HERPr. was expended in the great conflict 
 S')\i> for our Union at Gettysburg, 569 tons of 
 iSLi^\^ deadly missiles, of the various kinds and 
 forms of shot, shell, shrapnel and ball, known to 
 this country and to Europe. There was dead at 
 one time, on this battlefield, 10,000 soldiers 
 and one woman, Miss Jennie Wade, inter- 
 spersed with 5,000 dead horses and mules, 
 while thousands more were lying mangled and 
 
 81 
 
wounded, strewn all over the bloody field, 
 groaning, moaning and dying every minute. 
 
 Such were some of the scenes and events of 
 that great conflict, and it is to be hoped that, 
 never again, will the American people be 
 called upon to witness similar scenes. Such 
 is a portion of the history of that memorable 
 three days' battle and of the events preceding 
 and following. It has been said, in order to 
 diminish the magnitude of the rebel defeat, 
 that they were merely repulsed in attacking a 
 strongly fortified position of our army ; but 
 the heavy losses on both sides are a sufhcient 
 answer to that misrepresentation, and testify 
 to the courage and obstinacy with which the 
 three days' battle was fought. 
 
 Few of the great conflicts of modern times 
 have cost victor and vanquished so great losses. 
 On the Union side there fell, in that campaign 
 of Generals killed, Reynolds, Weed, Farns- 
 worth and Zook, and of wounded, Hancock, 
 Butterfield, Sickles, Doubleday, Barlow, 
 Barnes, Gibbon, Warren and Graham, v/hile 
 of officers below the rank of General and of 
 enlisted men, there were killed 3,072, wounded 
 14,497, captured or missing 5,434, total cas- 
 ualties 23,003. On the Confederate side there 
 were killed or mortally wounded, Generals 
 Armistead, Barksdale, Garnet, Pender, Petti- 
 grew and Semmes, and wounded Generals 
 
 82 
 
Hetli, Hood, Joliuson, Kemper, Kimbal and 
 Trimble, with Archer a prisoner, and of offi- 
 cers below the rank of general and of enlisted 
 men, the Union Army captured (including 
 the wounded) 13,621. Of the wounded re- 
 moved and missing there is no official data, 
 but, from the most reliable sources, it is esti- 
 mated to have been not less than 28,000, thus 
 making a total loss to Lee's Army of 41,621. 
 The Union Army also captured three cannon, 
 28,178 small arms and 41 standards and 24,- 
 978 small arms were gathered on the battle- 
 field. 
 
 The Duke of Wellington said, "That next 
 to a defeat the saddest thing is a victory." 
 Of the horrors of the battlefield , the sights of the 
 dead, of the dying and of the wounded, com- 
 bined with the sounds of woe, let me here 
 throw a pall over the scenes which no words 
 can adequately depict to those who have never 
 witnessed such. 
 
 On the evening of the Third of July was 
 the time when Gen. Lee "beaten and baffled 
 backward reeled, from a stubborn Meade and 
 a barren field." On the night of the Third of 
 July, Gen. Lee commenced his retreat from 
 Gettysburg, moving away his wounded and 
 mutilated men in wagons, many of which had 
 no springs, and hurrying away his heavy 
 trains. On the morning of the Fourth of July, 
 
 S3 
 
Gen. Kilpatrick advanced from the left flank 
 of the Union Army with cavalry forces up to 
 Monterey Gap in the South Mountain, and 
 there captured sixteen miles of wagon trains 
 of Gen. Lee's retreating army, parked at that 
 point and laden with plunder, destroyed 236 
 wagons, captured over 1500 prisoners, had 
 more horses and mules than the men could 
 properly lead, yet he succeeded in getting 
 away with the same before the main column 
 of Gen. Lee's Army reached that point in the 
 retreat. In the meantime. Gen. Gregg's cav- 
 alry was sent hurriedly away on the right 
 flank of Lee's Arni}^ and was equally success- 
 ful. 
 
 Lee moved on by the Hagerstown road, 
 which leads in a southwesterly direction, over 
 the South Mountain, down through Hagers- 
 town and on to the Potomac River, six miles 
 beyond Hagerstown. The Potomac River 
 being unfordable, on account of recent heavy 
 rains, Lee was unable to cross to the Virginia 
 side until the 14th of July, when he succeeded 
 in getting the remnant of his army into Vir- 
 ginia, but with forty odd thousand men less 
 than when he came to Pennsylvania. 
 
 The reader can well imagine the arduous 
 task assigned to the details for burying the 
 dead at that season of the year. We not only 
 had our own dead to bury and the wounded 
 
 84 
 
to care for, but also the dead of the enemy, 
 and many of their wounded that were left be- 
 hind in their hasty retreat after their defeat. 
 The work was done hurriedly and roughly. 
 The battle occurring in the north, friends 
 and relatives of those killed and wounded had 
 easy access to the field. The new graves 
 were marked with a stake or board. Man}^ 
 l)odies were recovered and taken to their for- 
 mer homes. In the fall of '63 for miles 
 around the limbs of the dead, in many places 
 were protruding from the earth. 
 
 The loyal citizens of Gettysburg appealed 
 to Judge Wills that .son.iething should be done 
 for tlie better interment of these honored dead. 
 He appealed to Gov. Curtin, who acquiesced 
 and appealed to the other sev^enteen 
 state governors, and the Gettysburg Cemetery 
 Company was organized and incorporated by 
 the State of Penn.«<ylvania, and they .soon pur- 
 cha.sed the plot of groinid on Cemetery Hill 
 adjoining the old town cemetery, consi.sting of 
 seventeen acres. Here in the fall of '6,5 and 
 winter of '64, the dead that had not been 
 claimed by relatives were taken up and rein- 
 terred in sections, representing the diflerent 
 states to which they belonged. There were 
 eighteen states in the Union Army repre- 
 sented at the Battle of Gettysburg, and eleven 
 states in the Confederate Army and Maryland 
 
 85 
 
had troops in both Armies. Wheu this work 
 was completed the company turned the ceme- 
 tery over to the United States Government, on 
 condition that so long as the Government kept 
 the same in good repair it should remain the 
 property of the Government, and so long only, 
 and should the Government ever neglect the 
 grounds they were to revert to the Common- 
 wealth of Pennsylvania. There is not a tree 
 in the National Cemetery but what has been 
 placed and grown there since the battle 
 was fought. At the time of the battle it was 
 a rough, rock field in corn. 
 
 The cemetery is semicircular in shape. 
 There are three sections of the unknown and 
 one of the United States Regulars, making in 
 all twenty-two sections. The dead are laid 
 with the feet to the center of the semicircle 
 and in the center the National Monument is 
 located. The first section on the right, in the 
 outer circle, representing the State of Maine, 
 containing 104 bodies ; following, Michigan 
 171; New York 867; Pennsylvania 534; 
 Massachusetts 159 : Ohio 131 ; Indiana 80; 
 New Jersey 78 ; Rhode Island 12 ; New 
 Hampshire 49 ; Vermont 61 ; Wisconsin 73 ; 
 Connecticut 22 ; Delaware 15 ; West Virginia 
 II ; Maryland 22 ; Minnesota 52 ; Illinois 6 ; 
 United States Regulars 138 ; and three sec- 
 tions of unknown, numbering 979 graves. 
 86 
 
There are buried iu all in that great city of 
 the dead, 3,590. The above figures represent 
 the original number interred. Several bodies 
 have been added during the past twenty-five 
 years to the different states. The majority of 
 the "unknown" came from First Day's Fight 
 or battlefield, as our Army, having been driven 
 from the field, were compelled to leave our 
 dead and wounded behind. The enemy strip- 
 ped our dead of their uniforms, hence they 
 could not be identified after the battle as to 
 name, regiment or state. 
 
 The National Monument stands sixty feet 
 high, and is twenty-five feet square at the 
 base, and is crovv^ied with a statue represent- 
 ing the Genius of Liberty. Projecting from 
 the four corners are equal numbers of alle- 
 gorical statues representing respectively War, 
 History, Peace and Plenty. These figures 
 were made in Italy, under supervision of tl^e 
 Hon. Randolph Rogers. The National Monu- 
 ment stands on that portion of the ground 
 where the immortal Lincoln made his famous 
 speech at the dedication of those grounds on 
 the 19II1 of November, 1865, the time and 
 place when the Hon. Edward Everett was the 
 orator of the day, who said to Mr. Lincoln 
 that he would gladly give his forty pages for 
 Mr. Lincoln's twenty lines. A portion of 
 those Hues are inscribed on face of monument. 
 
 87 
 
It was the time aud place that Mr. Lincoln 
 said : 
 
 "Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers 
 brought forth upon this continent a new na- 
 tion, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to 
 the pro^x^sition that all men are created equal. 
 
 "Now we are engaged in a great civil war, 
 testing whether that nation, or any nation so 
 conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. 
 We are met on a great battlefield of that war. 
 We are met to dedicate a portion of it as a 
 final resting place of those who here gave their 
 lives that that nation might live. It is alto- 
 gether fitting and proper that we should do 
 this. 
 
 "But in a larger sense we cannot dedicate, 
 we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this 
 ground. The brave men, living and dead, 
 who struggled here, have consecrated it far 
 above our power to add or detract. The 
 world will little note nor long remember what 
 we say here, but it can never forget what they 
 did here. It is for us, the living, rather to be 
 dedicated here to the unfinished work that 
 they have tluis far so nobly carried on. It is 
 rather for us to be here dedicated to the great 
 task remaining before us, that from these hon- 
 ored dead we take increased devotion to the 
 cause for which they here gave the last full 
 measure of devotion, that we here highly re- 
 
XATIOXAL MONUMENT 
 
solve that the dead shall not have died in vain, 
 that the nation shall, under God, have a new 
 birth of freedom, and that the government of 
 the people, by the people, and for the people, 
 shall not perish from the earth." 
 
 John Burns, hero of Gettysburg, shouldered 
 his rifle, joined the First Corps troops, was 
 wounded three times and was left on the field. 
 
 The following is an account of the John 
 Burns incident written by Col. Iluidekoper of 
 the 150th Pa. : 
 
 "Among the incidents of the First Day v/as 
 the appearance on the field of John Burns, 
 citizen, who came out from the town dressed 
 in a blue swallow-tailed coat with brass but- 
 tons on it, with a tall hat on, and with his 
 pockets distended with powder and ball. He 
 approached the firing line, where Major 
 Chamberlain of the 150th Pa. was standing, 
 and begged to be allowed to fight with that 
 regiment. While di.scussing the matter Colo- 
 nel Wister came up and advised him to go into 
 the Vv'oods and fight from behind a tree, which 
 the old man did, receiving there three wounds, 
 for which Pennsylvania has erected to his 
 memory a handsome statue, located on the 
 ground where the 150th fought. The writer 
 was present at this interview and vouches for 
 the correctness of the statements." 
 
 89 
 
The following poem was written by Bret. 
 Harte in honor of his services : 
 
 "Have you heard the story the gossips tell 
 
 Of John Burns, of Gettysburg? No? Ali well, 
 
 Brief is the glory that hero earns, 
 
 Briefer the story of poor John Burns ; 
 
 He was the fellow who won renown— 
 
 The only man wlio didn't back down 
 
 When the rebels rode through his native town ; 
 
 But held his own in the fight next day, 
 
 When all his townfolk ran away. 
 
 That was in July, sixty-three— 
 
 The verv day that General Lee, 
 
 The flower of Southern chivalry, 
 
 Baffled and beaten, backward reeled 
 
 From a stubborn Meade and a barren held. 
 
 I might tell how, but the day before, 
 John Burns stood at his cottage-door, 
 Looking down the village-street ; 
 Where, in the shade of his peaceful vine, 
 He heard the low of his gathered kine. 
 And felt their breath with incense sweet ; 
 Or, I might say, when the sunset burned 
 The old farm gable, he thought it turned 
 The milk, that fell in a babbling flood 
 Into the milk-pail, red as blood ; 
 Or how he fancied the hum of bees 
 Were bullets buzzing among the trees. 
 But all such fanciful thoughts as these 
 Were strange to a practical man like Burns, 
 Who minded only his own concerns. 
 Troubled no more by fancies flne 
 Than one of his calm-eyed h)ng-tailed kine— 
 Quite old-fashioned and matter-of-fact, 
 90 
 
Slow to argue, but quick to act. 
 
 That wae the reason, as some folks say. 
 
 Pie fought so well on that terrible day. 
 
 And it was terrible. Ou the right 
 Raged for hours the heavy fight, 
 Thundered the battery's double-bass — 
 Dillicult music for men to face ; 
 While on the left— where now the graves 
 Undulate like the living waves 
 That all the day unceasing swept 
 Up to the pits the rebels kept- 
 Round-shot ploughed the upland glades, 
 Sown Avith bullets, reaped with blades ; 
 Shattered fences here and there 
 Tossed their splinters in the air ; 
 The very tr<?es were stripped and bare ; 
 The barns that once held yellow grain 
 Were heaped with harvests of the slain ; 
 The cattle bellowed on the plain. 
 The turkeys screamed with might and main, 
 And brooding barn-fowl left their rest 
 With strange shells bursting in each nest. 
 Just where the battle turns. 
 Erect and lonely, stood old John Burns. 
 
 How do you think the man was dressed ? 
 He wore an ancient long butrvest— 
 Yellov/ as safl^ron, but his best ; 
 And buttoned over his manly breast 
 Was a bright blue coat, with a rolling collar 
 And large gilt buttons— size of a dollar— 
 With tails that country-folk call "swaller." 
 He wore a broad«brimmed bell-crowned hat. 
 White as the locks on which it sat. 
 jNever had such a sight been seen 
 
For forty years on the village-green, 
 Since Joliii Burna was a couutry-beau, 
 And went to the "quilting," long ago. 
 
 Close at liis elbows, all that clay, 
 Veterans of the Peninsula, 
 Sunburnt and bearded, charged away, 
 And striplings, downy of lip and chin- 
 Clerks that the Home Guard mustered in — 
 Glanced, as they passed, at the hat he wore. 
 Then at the rifle his right hand bore, 
 And hailed him, from out their youthful lore. 
 With scraps of slangy repertoire : 
 "How are you. White Ilat?" "Put her through !" 
 "Your head's level !" and "Bully for you !" 
 Called him "Daddy," and begged he'd disclose 
 The name of the tailor who made his clothes, 
 And what wns the value he set on those ; 
 While Burns, unmindful of jeer and scoff, 
 Stood there picking the rebels ofl'— 
 With his long brown rifle and bell-crown hat 
 And the swallow-tails they were laughing at. 
 
 'Twas but a moment : for that respect 
 Which clothes all courage their voices checked ; 
 And something the wildest could understand 
 Spake in the old man's strong right hand. 
 And his corded throat, and the lurking frown 
 Of his eyebrows under his old bell-crown ; 
 Until, as they gazed, there crept an awe 
 Through the ranks, in whispers, and some men 
 
 saw. 
 In the antique vestments and long white hair, 
 The Past of the Nation in battle there. 
 And some of the soldiers since declare 
 That the gleam of his old white hat afar, 
 92 
 
Like the crested plume of the brave Navarre, 
 That day was tbeir oriflamme of war. 
 Thus raged tlie battle. You know the rest : 
 How the rebels, beaten and backward pressed, 
 Broke at the linal charge and ran ; 
 At which John Burns, a practical man, 
 Shouldered his rifle, unbent his brows. 
 And then went back to his bees and cows. 
 
 This is the story of old John Burns — 
 This is the moral the reader learns : 
 In lighting the battle, the question's v/hether 
 You'll show a hat that's white, or a feather. 
 
 ^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 p^^HE Gettysburg National Park was 
 Q^VS created by Act of Congress of Feb. 
 i,^S^i£ II, 1895, to be composed of the 
 lands ill the vicinity of Gettysburg, shown on 
 the map prepared by Major-General Daniel 
 E. Sickles, which were occupied by the in- 
 fantry, cavalry and artillery on the First, 
 Second and Third Days of July 1863. 
 
 Since the date of the aforesaid Act of Con- 
 gress the Battlefield has been under the ex- 
 clusive control of the United States Govern- 
 ment. There are, at the present time, 500 
 monuments on the field, marking the positions 
 of the Union troops and one to the Confeder- 
 ates, of which there are no two designs alike. 
 There are also about 1,000 markers, marking 
 
 93 
 
flank positions of regiments and indi vicinal 
 markers. These monnments mark the posi- 
 tions of the troops engaged in battle and, at 
 the same time, the^^ frequently mark the spot 
 where some officer or comrade was killed or 
 fell m.ortally wounded. These monuments 
 cost from gi,ooo up to $50,000 each, and they 
 represent millions of dollars. There have 
 been more monuments and memorials erected 
 on this battlefield than all the other battle- 
 fields of the world combined. 
 
 The first monument erected on the Gettys- 
 burg Battlefield was in 1879 to the 2nd Mass. 
 These monuments have been erected by ap- 
 propriations from the different States to which 
 the regiments belonged. Each of the eighteen 
 states represented by the Union Army at the 
 Battle of Gettysburg have appropriated $1,500 
 for each of its organizations. Many of the 
 organizations were successful in raising large 
 sums of money and adding the same to their 
 appropriations, and vSO were enabled to erect 
 beautiful and elaborate monuments, costing 
 several thousand dollars. 
 
 A rule governing the erection of these 
 monuments required them to be either of 
 granite or of bronze, and that rule has been 
 strictly adhered to. 
 
 Since the United States has had charge of 
 the field there have been 502 iron tablets put 
 
 94 
 
up, 340 cannon have been mounted and 5 iron 
 observation towers have been erected. Twen- 
 two miles of Telford roads have been con- 
 structed, which are among the finest roadways 
 in the world, 16 miles of iron pipe fencing and 
 15 miles of post and railing fences have been 
 erected, 12 miles of stone walls have been re- 
 stored, 15 miles of gutters have been paved, 5 
 steel and 2 granite bridges have been erected, 
 5 granite culverts have been built, thousands 
 of trees have been planted in order to restore 
 the tracts of timber that had been destroyed 
 since the war. 
 
 Gettysburg is the greatest marked battle- 
 field of the world. Its area covers 25 square 
 miles or 16,000 acres. The lines of battle are 
 as distinct now as when they were so hastily 
 constructed during the time of the battle. 
 The Commissioners have made all the points 
 of interest accessible to tourists, so that now 
 it is a pleasure, as well as sn interesting and 
 instructive thing, to visit the field and view 
 the beautiful and artistic designs that 
 loom up before the eye on every point of the 
 field. Among the most attractive features are 
 the equestrian statues of Generals Meade, 
 Reynolds, Hancock and Slocum. Tourists 
 should not fail to traverse both the Union and 
 the Confederate lines. The tour of the bat- 
 tlefield proper consists of not less than a thirty 
 
 95 
 
iiiile drive, which usually coilsuiues the greatef 
 part of the day, including tlie stop-off for 
 lunch at noon. 
 
 The natural scenery surrounding the battle- 
 field would be well worth visiting, even if 
 there were no historic interests connected 
 tlierevv'ith. The view from Big Kound Top is 
 simply sublime, a natural cyclorama, the finest 
 landscape scene in the world, and through the 
 work of the efhcient Commissioners persons can 
 now reach that point with comparative ease, 
 as well as all other important points on tlie 
 battlefield. It is remarkable what the Com- 
 missioners in charge have accomplished with 
 the small amount of money appropriated for 
 the use of the Gettysburg National Park in 
 the past few years. Their work is highly 
 commended by the great numbers who visit 
 the battlefield annually, which sometimes ex- 
 ceeds 200,000 visitors. Gettysburg is now the 
 Mecca of American tourists and will, in due 
 time, become the Mecca of the tourists of the 
 world. 
 
PENNSYLVANIA BASLROAD 
 
 EXCURSION TICKETS 
 
 TO 
 
 GETTYSBURG 
 
 are on sale throughout the year 
 
 FROIVI ALL PRINCIPAL STATIONS 
 
 Good for use Going or Returning 
 at an^ time within Six Months 
 
 For Rates and Train Service consult nearest Ticket Agent 
 
C, A* Blocher's Souvenir Store 
 
 YOU CAN FIND... 
 
 A large and complete assortment of 
 Souvenir Spoons in Sterling Silver, 
 China and Novelties in endless va- 
 riety decorated with battlefield views. 
 The new and complete book, 
 
 "GETTYSBURG, THE PICTURES 
 AND THE STORY," 
 
 complete with all monuments and 
 panoramic views and places of inter- 
 est on the field at 
 
 C. A. Blocher's Souvenir Store 
 
 Centre Square, Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
C. W. HOLTZWORTH J. HARRY HOLTZWORTH 
 
 LIVERY 
 
 TELEPHONE {gtyi^6I2 
 
 ESTABLISHED OCTOBER 24. 1870 
 
 Ziegler & Holtzworth Livery 
 
 (Rear of Eagle Hotel) 
 
 HOLTZWORTH BROS. 
 
 PROPRIETORS 
 
 WASHINGTON ST, GETTYSBURG, PA, 
 
 If you desire t« see the Battlefield thoroug-lilj 
 it will be to your advantage to give us a call. 
 We have the largest transportation establish- 
 ment in Southern Pennsylvania, equipped with 
 the most comfortable carriages. We make the 
 Battlefield a specialty. A corps of competent 
 guides are connected with this establishment, 
 thoroughly familiar with the movements of all 
 the troops in the battle, making it possible for 
 us to show yow the Battlefield in such a manner 
 that 3'-ou can easily mnderstand it. Orders for 
 teams by mail, telegraph or telephone, giving 
 number in party, with day and time of arrival, 
 will receive prompt attention. 
 
 WE GUARANTEE SATISFACTION 
 
M. F. WILLIAMS 
 
 OFFICIAL NATIONAL PARK PHOTOGRAPHER 
 
 Lantern Slides of all Monu- 
 ments and Interesting Views, 
 Guide Books, Souvenirs, etc. 
 Special attention given to 
 Photographing- Tourist Parties 
 and Reunions. Having made 
 thousands of plates, we insure 
 satisfaction. Mail orders 
 receive prompt attention 
 
 138 W. HIGH STREET GETTYSBURG, PA. 
 
COME AN'D SEE ME 
 
 HOTEL WABASH 
 
 BALTIMORE STREET 
 Near Court House 
 
 BEN. W. KINDIG. JR., Prop. 
 GETTYSBURG PA. 
 
 Newly Painted and Refurnished, Steam Heat, Electric 
 
 Lights, Call Bells, Free Bus to all Trains, 
 
 Good Livery Attached and Competent 
 
 Guides Furnished to go over 
 
 the Battlefield 
 
 Rates %l3d and $2.00 per day 
 
Souvenir Post Cards and Photographs 
 of Gettysburg Battlefield 
 
 A full line of Mailing Cards. All the new de- 
 signs at v/bolesale and retail 
 
 PUBLISHER OF 
 
 Historic Views of Gettysburg 
 
 The new Album containing all Monuments and 
 Tablets on the held, three large Panoramic- 
 Views, a History of the Battle, also a 
 History of the Battlefield 
 
 PRICE 50 CENTS BY MAIL 60 OENTS 
 
 Arrang^ements can be made to have your party 
 
 Photographed on the Field at any time 
 
 I make this a Specialty 
 
 Write to me for anything from Gettysburg 
 
 4f^Ba!ticno,c J^ |^ MUMPER ^^"^f."?!" 
 
 The Battlefield Photographer 
 
HOTEL GETTYSBURG LIVERY 
 
 HOLTZWOETH & HOFFMAN, Props. 
 
 ?■ ,,' 
 
 (f^^^ 
 
 ?^.. 
 
 
 
 
 LARGEST AND BEST EQUIPPED LIVERY 
 IN SOUTHERN PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 We Make the Battlefield Our Specialty- 
 No Extra Charge for Guide 
 
 Headquarters of J. P. HOFFMAN 
 Guide and Delineator 
 
 Write or Telegraph at Our Expense 
 
cX^- 
 
 --•/»-''i^_.t 
 
 Continuously in the Photographic Business 
 Gettysburg Since July. 1863 
 
 WM TIPTOXT THE BATTLEFIELD 
 . n. 1 ii i UTN PHOTOGRAPHER 
 
 NEW STUDIO AND ART STORE 
 
 20 and 22 Chambersburg St., Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 If you want Photographs, Lantern Slides, 
 Maps, Guide Books, Souvenir Albums or Postal 
 Cards, write or call. I can supply anything 
 published. 
 
 My Souvenir Store is supplied with every- 
 thing of merit on the market. 
 
 Photographs and Groups made anywhere on 
 the field. Catalogues on application. 
 
 The new edition of "Gettysburg— The Pic- 
 tures and the Story," now ready. 500 views, 
 every point of interest, and all monuments, map, 
 panoramic views, &c. 50c. by mail ; packed, 60c. 
 
 Address, 
 
 W. H . TIPTON 
 
 GETTYSBURG 
 
 P A 
 
 
 IJMv'IS 
 
/^ 
 
MAJOR-GENERAL JOHN F. REYNOLDS. 
 
THE 16T? DECISIVE BATTLE 
 
 OF THE WORLD 
 
 GETTYSBURG 
 
 .BY. 
 
 Capt* James T. Long 
 
 PRICE 25 CENTS 
 

 ! EAGLE HOTEL 
 
 ^ JOHN KIMPLE, Prop. 
 
 The Eagle Hotel has En^erfained all the Notable Persons 
 that have come to Gettysburg since the Battle in 1863— 
 Headquarters for Veterans, Commerciai Men, Organizations 
 
 Pres«n! Building is New and Newly Equipped with the 
 Best and Most Modern Conveniences 
 
 RATES $?.00, $2.50 AND $3.00 
 
 Headquarters of CAPT. J^^MES T. LONG 
 Battlen^id Guide and Looturer