Class S i ^ . 
 
 Book. xli_ 
 
 GopyrightN? 
 
 COPYRIGHT DEPOSnV 
 
Restraint 
 
 Domestic Animals 
 
 A BOOK FOR THE USE OF 
 
 Students and Practitioners 
 
 312 Illustrations from Pen Drawings and 
 2b Half Tones from Original Photographs 
 
 George R. White, M. D., D. V. S. 
 
 t \ 
 Graduate Columbian University {Veterinary Department) , and University of Nashville {Medical Department) 
 
 Member 
 
 American Veterinary Medical Association ^ 
 
 Tennessee State Veterinary Medical Association 
 
 American Medical Association 
 
 Tennessee State Medical Association 
 
 Nashville Academy of Medicine » 
 
 and Davidson County Medical Society 
 
 Published by the Author 
 
 NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE 
 
 19 09 
 

 LIBRARY of CONGRESS 
 
 Two CoDies 
 
 Received 
 
 MAR 15 
 
 1U09 
 
 . Copyiifcnt 
 1 CLASS O^ 
 
 "i-3 \ 4 
 
 COPY 
 
 tntry _ 
 \Xc, Mo, 
 8. 
 
 COPYRIGHTED 1909 
 
 BY 
 
 George R. White 
 
 PRESS OF 
 
 BAYLESS-PULLEN CO. 
 
 NASHVILLE 
 
Dedication 
 
 To W. H. Dalrymple, M. R. C. V. S. 
 
 As a slight token of personal friendship, as well as for his untiring and continued 
 
 efforts to advance the status of the Veterinary Profession in the South 
 
 — especially for his pioneer work in the State of Louisiana, 
 
 is this volume respectfully dedicated by 
 
 The Author 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 PART I. 
 
 Restraint of the Horse in the Standing Posture. 
 
 Chapter I. Twitches, Gags and Barnacles. 
 
 Chapter II. Restraint or "War Bridles" and Halters. 
 
 Chapter III. Restraint Harness and Other Leather and 
 
 Rope Appliances. 
 Chapter IV. Stocks. 
 Chapter V. Slings. 
 
 PART II. 
 
 Restraint of the Horse in the Recumbent Posture. 
 
 Chapter I. Hobbles. 
 
 Chapter II. Casting and Securing Harness and Ropes. 
 
 Chapter III. Operating Tables. 
 
 PART III. 
 
 Restraint of the Ox. 
 
 Chapter I. Restraint of the Ox in the Standing Posture. 
 Chapter II. Restraint of the Ox in the Recumbent Posture. 
 
 PART IV. 
 
 Restraint of the Dog. 
 
 Chapter I. Operating Tables. 
 
 Chapter II. Muzzles, Tape and Other Methods. 
 
 PART V. 
 
 Restraint of the Hog. 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 Restraint of Domestic Animals, in the broadest acceptation 
 of the term, means much to the average busy and active practi- 
 tioner of Veterinary Surgery. 
 
 Each species of our domestic animals is endowed with one 
 or more means of defense. These are oftentimes — in individ- 
 uals of certain temperament — converted into weapons of offense. 
 The horse will strike, kick and bite; the ox will gore and kick; 
 the dog and hog will bite. It is with these weapons of offense 
 that we are called upon to contend and overcome by restraint. 
 These animals must be rendered harmless by the means of re- 
 straint which we have at hand. Of course the particular method 
 employed depends largely upon the animal and the degree of 
 restraint necessary. 
 
 While we constantly find it necessary to employ methods of 
 restraint in order to confine the animal, we should always do 
 so in as humane a manner as possible. Humanitarian treatment 
 applies here as well as elsewhere in the practice of Veterinary 
 science. We should never take advantage of an animal when 
 confined in order to cause torture or to inflict unnecessary pain 
 of any kind. 
 
 The surgeon is confronted with problems pertaining to re- 
 straint or some method of subjection almost every hour of each 
 day of his professional career. 
 
 Not only does the restraint problem confront and concern the 
 surgeon alone, but his client and patient are also directly inter- 
 ested to a well marked degree. The surgeon owes it to his 
 client, his patient and himself to become proficient in properly 
 and securely restraining animals for examination and operation. 
 Without efiicient means of restraint the surgeon is in constant 
 danger of great bodily harm; the animal in danger of self- 
 inflicted injuries as a result of its own efforts at resistance, 
 thereby causing the owner financial loss which could and should 
 have been avoided by proper methods of procedure. 
 
8 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 In order to cast and secure an animal properly and success- 
 fully the operator should possess a level head associated with 
 plenty of courage and confidence. He should retain his equili- 
 brium in spite of any untoward accident or emergency w^iich 
 may chance to take place. Self-confidence and good judgment 
 are both valuable assets in performing work of the character 
 which this book undertakes to illustrate and describe. The 
 surgeon should get control and remain in control from the time 
 the twitch is placed on the animal preparatory to applying the 
 hobbles or casting harness until the animal is again on its feet. 
 Experience and dexterity are not to be underrated in the oper- 
 ator who is to undertake the task of securing and properly con- 
 fining the larger of our domestic animals. Do not allow your- 
 self to become excited or unduly alarmed or aggravated should 
 everything not transpire as smoothly as you expect or desire, 
 for in so doing the surgeon is not in possession of his mental 
 faculties sufficiently to do justice either to himself, his patient 
 or his client. 
 
 Perfect, or even good, surgery is impossible without per- 
 fect restraint. The surgeon is no better than the restraint 
 method which he uses. It is rare to see a surgeon handle a knife 
 any more skillfully than he handles his restraint technique. 
 Imperfect restraint means an imperfect operation. 
 
 This book contains 338 illustrations; of this number 312 
 are zinc etchings made from pen drawings, and 26 are half- 
 tones from original photographs. In compiling and placing it 
 before the profession of this country I have endeavored in so 
 far as possible to avoid technicalities in order to make it valua- 
 ble to the student and amateur horseman. 
 
 I do not care to be held responsible for the imperfections 
 of many of the modes of restraint and subjection illustrated and 
 described. I have endeavored to the best of my ability to illus- 
 trate and describe the good methods as well as those which are 
 bad or even indifferent. Each operator should select his favor- 
 ite method — the one or ones which most appeal to his fancy — 
 and by practice become proficient in the skillful use of same. 
 
 My thanks are due and are hereby acknowledged to Professors 
 A. Liautard, John A. W. Dollar, W. L. Williams, and L. A. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 9 
 
 Merillat for their courteous assistance and advice ; Mr. J. T. 
 Jollej for his painstaking care in making the drawings, and 
 all others who have in any way assisted me in my efforts to fur- 
 nish the profession with a book on Restraint of Domestic Ani- 
 mals, which appeals to me as in a manner filling a long felt 
 want in American veterinary literature. 
 
 Geoege R. White. 
 
PARTI. 
 
 Restraint of the Horse in the 
 Standing Posture. 
 
CHAPTEK I. 
 
 TWITCHES, GAGS AND BARNACLES. 
 
 The Twitch. 
 
 If every practicing veterinarian in the civilized world was 
 asked to name the first and most important factor in confining 
 a horse in the standing posture, their unanimous answer would 
 be "a well made and properly applied twitch/' The twitch 
 as a means of subjection or restraint, is as ancient as the 
 domesticated horse himself. Since its introduction it has been 
 used with excellent and satisfactory results; although brutal 
 in principle, it is the veterinary surgeon's most valuable asset 
 against injury. 
 
 It is almost universally applied to the upper lip ; however, 
 in rare instances it is placed on the lower lip and ear. It is 
 applied by grasping lip through loop of the twitch, and is tight- 
 ened by rotating the handle. It acts by squeezing the lip until 
 sufficient pain is produced to detract the animal's attention from 
 the seat of operation. To use more force in this squeezing 
 process than is necessary is inhuman, besides rough handling 
 of the twitch or bearing on it too long will often cause labial 
 paralysis. 
 
 The twitch diverts the animal's attention by compressing 
 the sensory nerves of the lip. The ordinary rope and stich 
 twitch, Figure 1, is one of the simplest and most inexpensive 
 
 Fig. 1. Ordinary Rope and Stick Twitch. 
 
 forms. It is made by simply boring a round hole (c) in a 
 stick (a), preferably hard wood, about one inch from the end. 
 
H 
 
 RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS, 
 
 When the hole is made, insert a piece of rope or sash cord (b) ; 
 this may vary in diameter from % to ^ inch, and in length 
 from 10 to 20 inches. Tie ends of rope or cord together and 
 the twitch is completed. 
 
 Another rope and stick twitch, Figure 2, can be easily made 
 
 by boring an oblong hole (e) 
 in a piece of hard wood (a) 
 similar to that used in Fig. 
 1. Use same diameter and 
 Fig. 2. Ordinary Rope and Stick length sash cord or rope (b) 
 "'"^'*^^- as is used in Figure 1. In- 
 
 stead of tying ends of rope together they are inserted through 
 hole (e) on each side and are retained in place by a simple- 
 knot on each end (d) (c). 
 
 Ring Tivitcli. 
 The ring twitch, Figure 3, consists of a metal ring (b) and 
 
 Fig. 3. Ring Twitch. 
 
 Fig. 4. Triangle Twitch. 
 
TWITCHES, GAGS AND BARNACLES. 
 
 15 
 
 piece of rope (a). This ring may vary in diameter from 4 to 
 6 inches. Into the ring is tied the piece of rope or sash Curd 
 (a). This cord may vary in diameter from !/§ to ^2 inch, and 
 in length from 8 to 18 inches. This makes a neat and light 
 twitch, and one which can be folded up and carried conveniently 
 in an ordinary instrument grip or satchel. 
 
 Triangular Twitch. 
 
 The triangular t^vitch, Figure 4, is made similar to the ring 
 twitch. Figure 3, except instead of a metal ring the piece of 
 metal in shape of a triangle (b) is used into which the rope or 
 cord (a) is tied. 
 
 Miles' Twitch. 
 
 The Miles twitch. Figure 5, was designed and first used 
 by "Farmer" Miles. It is made from a piece 
 of hickory or other tough and hard wood 18 
 inches long, % i^ch thick, and 2 inches wide 
 (a). A metal rivet (h) is inserted near the 
 end. An oblong hole is bored to carry rope 
 (e). Another hole (d) is bored about 3' inches 
 from the small end of stick to carry strap or 
 rope (b) (c). The rope (e) can vary in 
 diameter from % to % inches, in length from 
 12 to 20 inches. Insert ends of rope through 
 hole and retain in place by tying knots (f) 
 
 Cg)- 
 
 The Miles twitch, Figure 6, is applied and 
 used in the ordinary way, with the exception 
 that the twitch stick (e) is fastened up to side 
 of halter (a) by straps or ropes (c) (b). Fig- 
 ure 6. This dispenses with holding the twitch 
 by hand. This is a convenient as well as an 
 Twitch. effectual method of using the twitch. 
 
i6 
 
 RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 The rope and stick twitch 
 
 Fig. 6. Miles' Twitch Applied. 
 
 with metal bound head, 
 Figure 1, is more sub- 
 stantial than either of 
 those described and illus- 
 trated above. The stick 
 (a) should be heavy and 
 strong, size and shape to 
 suit the operator. Spaces 
 should be hollowed out of 
 head under the metal band 
 to accommodate rope or 
 sash cord (f) (e). A 
 metal band (g) (d) is 
 shrunk around head of 
 
 twitch stick. K round hole is bored four inches from head 
 (c) (b). The rope (f) (e) may vary in diameter from % to 
 
 Fig. 7. Rope and Stick Twitch Metal Bound Head. 
 
 ^2 inch, and in length from 18 to 22 inches, and are fastened 
 together at side of head of twitch (c). 
 
 Ball and Chain Twitch. 
 
 Figure 8 consists of a 
 piece of % to 14 inch twisted 
 link chain 10 to 12 inches 
 long attached to piece of iron 
 at one end, and upon the 
 other end is a ball, as shown 
 in the illustration. This 
 makes a good twitch, and one 
 easy to apply. But on ac- 
 count of its rigidity it must 
 be used with care and dis- 
 cretion. 
 
 
 Fig. 8. Ball and Chain Twitch. 
 
TWITCHES, GAGS AND BARNACLES. 
 
 17 
 
 Fig. 9. Iron and Chain Twitch. 
 
 Another form of iron and chain twitch, Eigure 9, is strong 
 and durable. It is preferred by some operators, while by 
 others it is condemned. The 
 hand piece is simply a flat 
 piece of iron hammered into 
 proper shape. After shaping 
 the metal two holes are 
 drilled through it to accom- 
 modate the twisted link 
 
 chain. The chain may be the same diameter and length as 
 the one used in Figure 8. This same pattern of twitch may be 
 made of wood for handle instead of metal, and horse-hair rope, 
 sash cord, or common rope instead of chain. 
 
 The rope loop 
 and short stick 
 twitch. Figure 10, 
 consists of a piece of 
 rope or sash cord 
 varying in diameter 
 from l^ to % inch, 
 and in length from 
 12 to 20 inches. The 
 bends are tied togeth- 
 er. A round stick 
 (a) from 8 to 20 
 inches long is used 
 to complete this 
 twitch. 
 
 Fig. 10. Rope Loop and Short Stick Twitch. 
 
 The Gag. 
 
 The "gag" has been used since time immemorial as a means 
 of subjection and restraint. Although seldom used now by the 
 
BESTEAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Fig. 11. Loop and Rope Gag. 
 
 American veterinarian, its use is continued by many practi- 
 tioners of central Europe. Unless used with extreme caution 
 lacerations of the lips and con- 
 tusions of the "poll" are liable 
 to occur. The gag should al- 
 ways be used and removed as 
 quickly as possible. 
 
 The loop and rope gag, 
 Figure 11, consists of a rope or 
 sash cord which may vary in 
 diameter from ^ to % inch, 
 and in length from 5 to 10 feet. 
 To apply this form of gag it is 
 only necessary to place rope in 
 mouth (a), then pass looped 
 end (d) over poll (c) ; now 
 carry rope (b) through loop 
 
 (d), and make the desired tension by pulling on free end of 
 rope (b). 
 
 Rope and short stick gag, Figure 12, is made by tying both 
 
 ends of a rope together 
 the proper size to fit a 
 horse, somewhat similar 
 to an ordinary bridle 
 (a) ; then with a round 
 ^^ A ^^^ ' u\ - "■^>v^ piece of wood (c) 6 to 
 
 8 inches long, placed 
 
 y M,\\\\xvxN , \?^^>^^''^"""~ '\^^"^\ between rope and cheek, 
 
 make traction by twist- 
 ing at side of cheek (b) 
 
 ^. ,^ until the desired ten- 
 
 Fig. 12. Rope and Short Stick Gag. . . , . , „. 
 
 sion IS obtained. The 
 
 diameter of the rope or sash cord used should be same as that 
 
 described in Figure 11. 
 
TWITCHES, GAGS AND BARNACLES. 
 
 19 
 
 Fig. 13. Rope and Long Stick Gag. 
 
 The rope and long stick 
 gag, Figure 13, is made sim- 
 ilar to that of Figure 12 ex- 
 cept the piece of wood (a) 
 should be from 10 to 18 inches 
 long. Insert the stick at side 
 of cheek (b) and twist until de- 
 sired tension is obtained. The 
 free end of stick can then be 
 tied to rope (c) at side of 
 face. 
 
 Barnacles. 
 
 Barnacles are made of either metal or wood. They con- 
 sist of two pieces hinged together at one end and so shaped at 
 the free ends as to make them easily and quickly brought to- 
 gether so that they can be "fixed" securely by cord or other 
 means. The barnacle answers the same purpose as either the 
 twitch or gag. It is more severe in its effects, and should al- 
 ways be used with 
 discretion. The 
 wooden barnacle, 
 Figure 14, con- 
 sists of two round 
 pieces of hard Fig. 14. Wooden Barnacle. 
 
 wood 1^ inches 
 
 in diameter and 15 inches long, into which notches or circular 
 ridges are cut to come in contact with the lip. These cause 
 pain as well as prevent the appliance from slipping off the lip. 
 They are hinged at one end by means of a piece of rope or 
 cord. To apply this barnacle the lip is grasped and the free 
 ends of the stick brought together until desired pressure on 
 lip is obtained ; then the free ends of sticks are tied together 
 with cord. 
 
EESTEAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Metal barnacle, Figure 15, consists of two pieces of metal 
 
 with their approx- 
 imating edges flat- 
 tened and hinged 
 together. On the 
 distal end of one 
 of these pieces of 
 metal a ring is placed to fit into notches on the corresponding 
 end of the other. To apply this barnacle, Figure 16, the nose 
 
 Metal Barnacle. 
 
 Fig. 16. Metal Barnacle Applied. 
 should be grasped and the metal pieces forced together until 
 the desired tension is secured. The ring (c) is then locked in 
 the appropriate notch (a). 
 
 Fig. 17. Subjection by Grasping Nose and Twisting Ear. 
 
twitches, gags and barnacles. 21 
 
 Other Simple Methods of Subjection. 
 
 To firmly grasp the nose (b) with tlie left hand, Figure 17, 
 and simply twisting or compressing the ear (c) with the right 
 hand will oftentimes prove to be sufficient restraint for exam- 
 ination and minor operation. 
 
 Fig. 18, Rope or Cord Held Tightly Around Lower Jaw. 
 
 Figure 18 represents a rope or cord (b) passed into the 
 mouth (a) and held tightly around lower jaw (c). This will 
 
 oftentimes enable the op- 
 erator to examine and op- 
 erate upon many animals 
 without resorting to other 
 methods of restraint. 
 
 To simply "blindfold" 
 or cover the head, Figure 
 19, will cause many ner- 
 vous and sometimes vicious 
 animals to stand without 
 
 Fig. 19. Subjection by Blindfold. 
 
 resorting to other more 
 complicated or painful 
 methods. 
 
CHAPTEE II. 
 
 EESTKAINT OE "wAR BRIBLEs" AND HALTERS. 
 
 The Restraint or '^'War Bridle." 
 
 As a means of restraint and subjection of animals which 
 are of a certain nervous or vicious temperament, the "war 
 bridle" is far superior to the twitch or any other appliance. 
 This device has been in successful use for many years by some 
 of the world's most famous "horse tamers." It is oftentimes 
 indispensable in handling certain animals. When properly 
 applied, correctly adjusted and judiciously used there can come 
 no bad results from its application. When the nervous and 
 vicious character of some animals is taken into consideration, 
 its use on them, even from a humanitarian viewpoint, is amply 
 justified. The "war bridle" can be modified in a variety of 
 ways to increase its power and efficiency. Experience, good 
 judgment and extreme care are the three attributes necessary 
 on the part of the operator to handle the "war bridle" suc- 
 cessfully. 
 
 To make a good "war bridle" it is necessary to use rope 
 or sash cord of first-class quality, varying in size from 5-16 to 
 %-inch in diameter, and from 15 to 24 feet in length. The 
 object of the "war bridle" is to cause pain by pressure on the 
 spinal cord at its most exposed part, which is immediately over 
 the axoatloid articulation, at the same time tension is brought 
 on cheeks at corners of mouth by traction on free end of cord. 
 This also causes excruciating pain, thereby bringing the ani- 
 mal under immediate and thorough control. If properly used 
 it is certainly a powerful and valuable method of restraint. 
 
KESTKAINT OB ""WAR BRIDLEs" AND HALTERS 
 
 23 
 
 Gleasons "War Bridle. 
 
 The bridle of 
 Gleason, Figure 
 20, is one of the 
 simplest of war 
 bridles. After se- 
 curing sash cord 
 or rope of proper 
 diameter and 
 length, the rope is 
 passed around the 
 neck (d) and tied 
 securely (c). It 
 is then passed into 
 and through the 
 mouth (a) to the 
 
 opposite side and over the poll (e) and back again (f), after 
 which the pull or traction is made from end of rope (b). 
 
 Fig, 20. Gleason's "War Bridle." 
 
 Eureka "War Bridle. 
 
 Fig. 21. Eureka "War Br-idle." 
 
 The Eureka "war 
 bridle," Figure 21, is 
 made and applied by 
 tying the rope (g) (f) 
 around the neck well 
 posterior to the "poll." 
 ISText pass rope (c) to 
 right side of face and 
 through the mouth. 
 Then pass rope (a) (b) 
 back through loop 
 around neck (d) and 
 make traction on free 
 end of rope (e). 
 
24 
 
 EESTEAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Bonaparte "War Bridle." 
 
 The Bonaparte "war 
 bridle," Figure 22, is one 
 of the most popular and 
 widely used "war bridles" 
 that has ever been de- 
 signed. It is also known 
 as the double draw-hitch 
 bridle. It gives at least 
 three times more power 
 than any other form of 
 "war bridle," and is es- 
 pecially useful in handling 
 and controlling large, pow- 
 erful and vicious animals. To make this appliance the cord 
 (d) is tied securely around neck (c). Then bring the cord 
 from below upwards, l^ow pass it over poll (e) and back 
 through mouth (a) thence through the loop (F) and make trac- 
 tion from free end of rope. If desired to secure still more 
 power the cord may be placed under the upper lip instead of 
 though the mouth. 
 
 Fig. 22. Bonapart "War Bridle." 
 
 Magner's "War Bridle. 
 
 The Magner "war 
 l)ridle," Figure 23, 
 is made by simply 
 making loop (a) 
 around lower jaw 
 and through mouth, 
 after which pass free 
 end of cord upward 
 on off-side of head 
 and over "poll" 
 (b) ; then downward 
 through loop (a) and 
 make traction from 
 free end of rope (c) 
 
 Fig. 23. Magner's "War 
 
RESTRAINT OR WAR BRIDLES AND HALTERS. 
 
 25 
 
 Magners "War Bridle" Modified. 
 
 Figure 24 represents 
 Magner's "war bridle" 
 modified. This bridle is 
 applied bj making a loop 
 around lower jaw (a) with 
 free end of rope on off- 
 side; then over "poll" (d) 
 downwards and through 
 loop at lower jaw; thence 
 under upper lip (e) back 
 along side face on off side 
 over poll again (d) down 
 and through loop (b). Make traction from free end of rope (c). 
 
 Fig. 24. Magner's "War Bridle" 
 Modified 
 
 Restraint and Dental Halters. 
 
 Devices of this character are oftentimes useful in confining 
 horses for minor surgical and dental operations. Inasmuch as 
 the head does not require additional holding, these halters 
 dispense with the services of at least one assistant. There are 
 several good and substantial halters made for this purpose. 
 The principal ones are as follows: 
 
 Lucas' Denial Halter. 
 
 The Lucas dental halter, Figure 25, is a very desirable 
 device for securing the horse's head in almost any position for 
 
 minor surgical operations 
 and dental work. It was de- 
 signed by George H. Lucas, 
 Veterinary Dentist, of To- 
 ronto, Canada, and consists 
 of (a) metal nose band (a) 
 hammered into proper shape. 
 This nose band is well padded 
 with felt or other soft mate- 
 rial. The nose band is con- 
 
 Fig. 25. Lucas' Dental Halter. 
 
26 
 
 EESTEAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 nected with the heavy two-inch overhead or "poll strap" (h) 
 bj means of two 6-inch doubled and stitched straps (g). There 
 are two side rings into which the two side ropes or straps (e) 
 (f) are fastened. These side ropes or straps are fastened 
 securely to a post on each side of the head to prevent move- 
 ment of head from side to side. At bottom of nose band is a 
 ring (c) into which is attached the chain martingale (d). This 
 martingale is to fasten into a strong surcingle and prevent up- 
 ward motion of the head. The Lucas dental halter, when 
 properly adjusted, will effectually prevent the head from move- 
 ment to either side or upwards. 
 
 FeJirs Dental Halter. 
 
 Fehr's dental halter, Figure 26, is an effectual device for 
 holding the animal's head steady while performing minor sur- 
 gical operations about the 
 head, and dental work. It 
 is simple and light, con- 
 sisting of only four pieces. 
 The semi-circular metal 
 nose band is covered with 
 either rubber tubing or 
 leather. The covering is l\l 
 held securely to the nose 
 band by metal clamps to 
 which are attached the 
 suitable rings for attach- 
 ment of the heavy over poll 
 
 strap and the side ropes or Fig. 26. Fehr's Dental Halter, 
 
 straps which are to secure the head on each side to post or 
 sides of stall. All straps and ropes are adjustable. The appa- 
 ratus is readily cleaned, and on account of its lightness and 
 compactness may be easily transported. 
 
RESTRAINT OR WAR BRIDLES AND HALTERS. 
 
 27 
 
 Ellis Combination Surgiml and Dental Halter. 
 
 The Ellis combination dental and surgical halter, Figure 27, 
 is an appliance for fixing the head in certain positions for minor 
 surgical operations and dental work. This 
 halter possesses several original features 
 which are valuable in restraining the head. 
 The principal feature is the "lip strap" (b) 
 to which the pillar or side reins (g) are at- 
 tached. These suspend the head at the proper 
 height and prevent side to side movement. 
 The nose band (a) is metal, non-compressi- 
 ble and heavily padded. There are offsets 
 in the nose band which hold the cheek pieces 
 of the halter 2^ to 3 inches from the cheeks 
 of the horse. The cheek pieces are doubled 
 and very strong. The "lip strap" is covered 
 with rubber. There is a piece of forged steel 
 (c) into which a substantial martingale (e) 
 is snapped (c). The side reins (g) are 7 
 feet long and can be of either sash cord, 
 leather or chain. The halter is made of fine 
 russet leather, rawhide, and metal with brass mountings. 
 
 Fig. 27. Ellis Com- 
 bination Halter. 
 
 Directions for Its Application. 
 
 After backing the horse into his stall in the usual manner 
 for work upon the teeth, drop off the stable halter and apply 
 the "combination" halter to the head, unbuckle the lip-strap 
 on one side, pass it under the upper lip over the incisor teeth 
 and buckle quite tight. Elevate the head by fixing the side or 
 pillar reins to the stall-posts on each side as high up as you can 
 reach ; then tighten the strap leading to the surcingle which is 
 provided with a buckle, thereby lowering the nose to a height 
 convenient to the operator. If the stall chances to be exces- 
 sively long, place a rope across it behind the horse before back- 
 ing him in, for him to rest back against, and he positively can- 
 not move, and you can operate upon the teeth and mouth with 
 an ease and precision that is most satisfying. 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 RESTRAINT HARNESS AND OTHER LEATHER AND ROPE 
 APPLIANCES. 
 
 Bj the use of certain appliances made from leather and 
 rope we are enabled to successfully confine or restrain one, two, 
 or even all the legs of a horse in the standing posture. The 
 particular pattern of apparatus varies according to the ideas 
 or fancy of the individual surgeon in conjunction with the 
 amount and character of restraint required. Of course, it is 
 understood that the twitch is a necessary adjunct to all of the 
 following methods of restraint. 
 
 Restraint of One Foreleg. 
 
 When it is desired to confine only one 
 fore leg it can best be done by use of some 
 form of knee strap. One of the best 
 knee straps is represented by Figure 28. 
 This pattern has been used by the author 
 for a number of years. The straps are 
 both two inches wide and made from first- 
 class harness leather. To make them 
 stronger they are doubled and stitched. 
 The smaller strap (b) is applied between 
 ankle and pastern. It is securely stitched 
 into blank buckle (d) (e). A buckle (a) 
 is inserted two inches below blank buckle 
 (d). This strap is lined with soft leather 
 or lamb skin to prevent chafing. When 
 applied, the blank buckle (d) (e) takes 
 all the strain off the main buckle (a). 
 On the opposite side of the blank buckle 
 (e) (d) is applied the main strap (g) 
 (h), which fastens over the forearm when 
 Fig 28. Author's Knee ^^ ^^^®- This strap is adjustable and very 
 Strap. satisfactory and convenient. 
 
RESTRAINT HARNESS AND OTHER APPLIANCES. 
 
 29 
 
 Trasbot's Knee Strap. 
 
 The knee strap designed and used by Trasbot, Figure 29, 
 consists of a leather strap two inches 
 wide and four feet long (d), pierced 
 with a sufficient number of holes to 
 render it adjustable to any size horse. 
 At one end is a heavy blank buckle (c) ; 
 on one side about ten inches from the 
 blank buckle is a heavy and strong 
 buckle (a). The strap (d) running 
 through the buckle (c) forms a loop, 
 which is applied around pastern and 
 then w^ound around fore arm. It is 
 then fastened in the buckle (a). 
 
 Fig. 29. Trasbot's Knee 
 Strap. 
 
 Fig. 30. Foot Held by Means of Rope. 
 
3° 
 
 RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Another method of holding one fore foot up, Figure 80, 
 is to loop a rope around pastern and have it held over the 
 withers (d) by an assistant. This is a safe method to the 
 animal on account of the rapidity with which the leg can be 
 released. 
 
 Fig. 31. Fixing Pastern to 
 Forearnn With Rope. 
 
 Fig. 32. Hess' Knee Strap. 
 
 Another method is to simply fix pastern (a) to the fore 
 arm (b) as shown in Figure 31. This is a simple as well as 
 an inexpensive method of confining the fore leg. 
 
 Hess' Knee Strap. 
 
 The Hess knee strap, Figure 32, is made of a heavy leather 
 strap 2^'2 to 3 inches wide. At one end is a strong buckle. 
 About 8 inches below this end buckle a blank buckle is placed. 
 The main strap is about 36 inches long, and is applied by 
 looping bottom section of strap around pastern, then pass the 
 strap between pastern and fore arm, thence around fore arm 
 to buckle. 
 
KESTEAINT HARNESS AND OTHER APPLIANCES. 
 
 31 
 
 Surcingle and strap method, Figure 33, is simply a surcin- 
 gle (d) applied tightly around chest. The strap is placed 
 
 Fig. 33. Surcingle and Strap. 
 
 around pastern (a) by means of a loop, then it is passed through 
 buckle (c), thence upward under surcingle (b), then down 
 until it reaches buckle again. 
 
 Restraint of One Hind Leg. 
 
 The object of restraint or control of one hind leg is prin- 
 cipally to prevent kicking. However, such restraint oftentimes 
 has the effect of diverting the animal's attention and causing it 
 to remain quiet while an examination is being made or a minor 
 operation performed. The twitch must always be used in con- 
 nection with any side line method. The hind leg may be con- 
 trolled in a variety of ways. The principal ones are as follows : 
 
 Hock Tivitch. 
 
 The hock twitch, Figure 34, is for the pur- 
 pose of preventing the animal from flexing the 
 hock. It is made from a heavy piece of rope 18 
 to 22 inches long, with a loop or opening in each 
 end through which a stick of wood about II/2 
 inches in diameter and 12 inches long is thrust. 
 This twitch is placed around leg from 4 to 6 
 inches above the hock and tightened by rotating 
 the stick of wood. 
 
 Ig. 34. 
 Twitch. 
 
32 
 
 RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 The tail can be utilized in connection with restraint of one 
 hind leg, Figure 35. This is done bj a special form of knot 
 which will not slip when the weight is thrown on the tail, 
 
 Fig. 35. utilization of Tail in Restraint of 
 Hind Leg. 
 
 Fig, 36. Tail Knot for 
 Hind Leg Rope. 
 
 Figure 36. After securely fixing rope (b) to tail (a) it is 
 then passed through the ring (c) of hobble strap. The foot can 
 be raised in the backward position by making traction on free 
 end of the rope. 
 
 Eestraining the hind leg by sideline, Figure 37, is best 
 done by using %-inch cotton rope; however, manilla, or sisal 
 rope or webbing will answer the purpose. Loop rope around 
 pastern (a), the free end is then carried under chest between 
 fore legs; then upward and back of shoulder on opposite side; 
 thence over back (c) and down behind elbow on the side of the 
 
KESTKAINT HARNESS AND OTHER APPLIANCES. 
 
 33 
 
 Fig. 37. Restraining One Hind Leg by Side Line. 
 
 leg which you desire to restrain. Draw hind leg up and make 
 about two wraps around the rope (b). This will prevent the 
 ropes from slipping. Hold free end of rope (d) with one or 
 both hands (e). 
 
 Fig. 38. Restraining One Hind Leg by Side Line. 
 
34 
 
 RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Another method of restraining one hind leg by side line, 
 Figure 38, is by tying the %-inch rope around the neck (f ) (e), 
 then pass rope (c) down to and around the pastern (a) which 
 you desire to restrain. If you use a hobble strap the rope (c) 
 is simply passed through the ring. Raise foot by making 
 traction on free end of rope (d). Fix rope to prevent slipping 
 by making one or two wraps (b). 
 
 Restraining one hind leg by means of surcingle and rope 
 is done by (Figure 39) wrapping rope (b) (d) twice around 
 fore legs below elbows, then fix by tying. Xow bring rope upward 
 
 Fig. 39. Restraining One Hind Leg by Means of Surcingle and Rope. 
 
 through ring in surcingle (c) ; then pass rope downward and 
 backward to pastern of leg which you desire to restrain. If 
 hobble strap is used pass rope through ring. If no hobble strap 
 is used simply wrap the rope around pastern (e), raise 
 foot by making traction on rope (f). 
 
 Merillat's side line, Figure 40, consists of a hobble strap, 
 a %-inch rope 20 feet long, and a special leather collar. The 
 rope is attached to the bottom of collar (c). Collar is then put 
 on horse, after which carry rope (d) down to and through 
 
RESTRAINT HARNESS AND OTHER APPLIANCES. 
 
 35 
 
 hobble ring (f ), then upward (e) through hole in collar (a) ; 
 by making traction on rope (g) the foot is lifted and held off 
 the floor. The advantage of this method is that should the 
 animal lunge or fall, the leg may be released instantaneously. 
 
 Fig. 40. Merillalt's Single Side Line. 
 
 Another method of securing the hind leg, Figure 41, is by 
 tying rope around neck with knot over withers; then carry 
 
 Fig. 41. Restraining One Hind Leg in Backward Position. 
 
 rope back to and around root of tail; thence do^vnward to 
 pastern; then back through hobble ring. Make traction on 
 
36 
 
 EESTKAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 free end of rope and the foot will be lifted from floor. By 
 this method the weight is thrown almost entirely on the hips 
 and back. 
 
 The German method of restraining one hind leg, Figure 42, 
 is by first applying a heavy leather collar (h) (g). Then slip 
 leather strap or rope loop (d) over tail. 'Now carry tail 
 through loop in crupper strap (e) and fasten crupper strap 
 
 Fig. 42. German Method of Restraining One Hind Leg. 
 
 (f) to collar (g). Tie rope around neck with knot in front 
 of chest (i) ; then carry rope between fore legs to and through 
 ring (a) in hobble strap. Now carry rope up to and through 
 loop (b) and make traction from free end of rope. 
 
 Another method of restraining one hind leg. Figure 43, is 
 by looping rope or strap around leg above ankle (a) ; then carry 
 rope or strap (b) upward to the opposite side and around chest 
 
EESTBAINT HAENESS AND OTHER APPLIANCES. 
 
 37 
 
 (e) (d). Then twist or wrap the rope around the other rope 
 (b) behind elbow (c) and make traction on free end of rope (f ). 
 
 Fig. 43. Restraining One Hind Leg. 
 
 To restrain the leg in backward position, Figure 44, the 
 rope is tied around neck (c) (d) with knot about middle of 
 
 Fig. 44. Restraining Leg in Bacl<ward Position. 
 
38 
 
 EESTEAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 shoulder (b) ; then carry rope (a) downward to and through 
 hobble ring (f). Instead of making traction forward the pull 
 is made from behind. This raises foot and draws it backward. 
 When using this method it is best to have an assistant to 
 support the animal. 
 
 Another method of restraining the hind leg, Figure 45, is to 
 buckle heavy surcingle (a) around horse; then loop rope around 
 ankle (d) and fix it there in such a manner as to prevent the 
 rope from slipping. jS^ow pass one free end (c) through ring 
 
 p^^^^^N'^ 
 
 Fig. 45. Securing One Hind Leg Forward. 
 
 of surcingle (b) on top of back; then carry rope (e) backwards 
 to and through tail loop (f). Make traction on front rope (j) 
 to raise foot and draw it forward. Then make traction on 
 back rope (g). In this position the animal is imable to move 
 the leg either forward or backward. 
 
 Restraint of Both Hind Legs. 
 
 The purpose of restraining both hind legs is to prevent the 
 animal from kicking;. This method of restraint is demanded 
 
RESTRAINT HARNESS AND OTHER APPLIANCES. 
 
 39 
 
 principally for breeding purposes. Eestraint of this character 
 will prevent a mare from injury to stallion during service, 
 besides it is useful to the surgeon in making examinations and 
 in performing operations upon the posterior parts of an animal. 
 
 The German appa- 
 ratus, Figure 46, is for 
 the purpose of prevent- 
 ing kicking by lifting 
 or raising both hind 
 legs off the floor. Two 
 pieces of metal are 
 made — one to fit over 
 root of tail (e), the 
 other to have loop near 
 end of tail (d). Be- 
 tween these two metal 
 parts are several 
 strands of rope (f). A 
 heavy strap is fastened 
 around each hind leg, 
 between the hock and 
 stifle (d) (a). By 
 means of a block and 
 tackle (b) (c) the hind 
 quarters are lifted suf- 
 ficiently to get the hind 
 J. , , % .1 n Fig- 46. German Apparatus for Lifting 
 
 leet clear oi the tioor. Hind Legs off the Floor. 
 
 Wocher's Service Hobbles. 
 
 These hobbles. Figure 47, will prevent kicking in every 
 instance. They can be quickly applied and easily removed. 
 They are made of good leather and rope and are strong, safe 
 and durable. The parts are a heavy leather collar to the 
 bottom of which is two doubled and stitched leather straps. 
 These straps are punched with a sufficient number of buckle 
 
40 
 
 RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 tongue holes to render them thoroughly adjustable. To the 
 two front straps are buckled the connecting rope from hobble 
 rings. 
 
 Fig. 47. Wocher's Service Hobbles. 
 
 The Ewell Farm Service or Anti-Kicking Hobbles, Figure 
 48, are made by using a 4-inch leather collar (1) to which is 
 securely fastened (k) the main strap. This strap passes be- 
 tween the fore legs to connect with the main buckle (i). The 
 main strap is 2 inches wide and contains a sufficient number of 
 buckle tongue holes to render it adjustable for any size animal. 
 On each hock are two straps (c) (b) fastened at each end to a 
 ring (a). These two rings are brought together and fastened 
 into a heavy snap (e) (d). A 1-inch rope (f) running through 
 a wooden pulley (g) connects the two heavy snaps which carry 
 hock straps or hobbles. The main buckle (i) is fastened to the 
 
RESTRAINT HARNESS AND OTHER APPLIANCES. 
 
 41 
 
 pulley (g). By means of this arrangement the animal is 
 enabled to Avalk or move in almost any direction; however, 
 kicking is rendered impossible. 
 
 Fig. 48. Ewell Farm Service or Anti-Kicking Hobbles. 
 
 The rope and hobble method of restraining both hind legs, 
 Figure 49, is easily and quickly applied. It is very effectual 
 in prohibiting kicking. This device is made by applying a 
 hobble strap to each hind pastern (a) (b). Connect the two 
 hobble strap rings by means of a rope (c). This rope is then 
 passed upward and forward between fore legs; thence upward 
 on outside of shoulder on opposite side, and back over withers 
 (f) ; then down and around rope (d) behind elbow. The free 
 end of rope (g) is held by an assistant. 
 
 4 
 
42 
 
 eesteaint of domestic animals. 
 Restraint of All Four Legs. 
 
 We are called upon to restrain all four legs to prevent kick- 
 ing as well as to prevent striking or pawing. This means of 
 restraint oftentimes takes the place of stocks for restraint in 
 the standing posture. 
 
 Fig. 49. Rope and Hobble Method of Restraining Both Hind Legs, 
 
 Weh and Rope Method. 
 
 This appliance, Figure 50, when used properly, will effect- 
 ually prevent an animal from using either of its four legs. 
 The web rope should be made from either manila or sisal fiber. 
 The total length should be from 22 to 25 feet. Begin with a 
 heavy ring (c) and make the first 14 feet of web (d) 4 inches 
 wide. The next 8 to 11 feet should be rope (a) (e) %-inch in 
 
EESTKAINT HARNESS AND OTHER APPLIANCES. 
 
 43 
 
 Fig, 50. Web and Rope Appanatus. 
 
 Fig. 51. Web and Rope— Plate Longe Applied to all Four Legs 
 
44 
 
 EESTEAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 diameter; at the end of this rope is attached another heavy 
 ring (b). This apparatus is applied by carrying the rope 
 around the horse immediately above hocks and knees. After 
 making it snug and tense against all four legs it is tied together 
 at ring in the web end ; the rope end is now carried over back 
 and tied into web part on the opposite side ; then carried under 
 abdomen and tied in the ring or web end of rope. 
 
 Fig. 52. Morgan's Method of Restraining All Four Legs. 
 
 Figure 51 will give a comprehensive idea of the proper 
 way to apply and use the web and rope apparatus illustrated 
 in Figure 50. This apparatus is applied by beginning with 
 the rope on near side of horse about opposite the chest; pass 
 it forward across the forearm of that side ; then in front below 
 breast (d) across forearm of off side; thence backward across 
 thigh (b) well above hock; then pass it back of animal across 
 other thigh to the starting point. It is here made secure. To 
 
EESTKAINT IIAENESS AND OTHER APPLIANCES. 
 
 45 
 
 prevent it from slipping down the end of rope is thrown over 
 back (c) and secured by a knot. 
 
 Morgans Method. 
 
 The Morgan Method, Figure 52, is manipulated by means 
 of surcingle, rope and two hobble straps. The rope should be 
 %-inch in diameter and 20 to 25 feet long. Begin by attach- 
 ing rope to hobble strap of near fore leg (a), pass upward to 
 and through ring (c) in surcingle; then backward above hocks 
 
 Fig. 53. Rope Method of Restraining All Four Legs. 
 
 (g) to and through ring in surcingle of opposite side; thence 
 down to hobble ring of left fore (b) leg. The rope is now 
 carried back to and through surcingle ring. Traction sufficient 
 to prevent kicking is brought on free end of rope (f). 
 
 Rope Method. 
 
 To apply the rope method, Figure 53, two %-inch to %-inch 
 cotton, manila or sisal ropes, each 15 feet long, are necessary. 
 
46 
 
 RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Loop the ropes to each hind pastern (a) (f), or, if hobble straps 
 are available, the ropes are fastened into the hobble rings. Then 
 carry ropes (c) (d) upward, behind elbows (e) (h) ; thence 
 from within outward under the preceding part of rope (e) 
 and upward (g) over withers (k). The two ropes are then 
 tied together (i), which completes the rigging. 
 
 Galvayne Method. 
 
 The Galvayne method of restraining all four legs of the 
 horse, Figure 54, is by means of a single rope of the proper 
 size and length. This rope is looped or wrapped around both 
 
 '^'■•''''•1, //;:,>A/^:),in/; 
 
 Fig. 54. Galvayne Method of Restraining All Four Legs. 
 
 hind pasterns (c) ; then pass rope (b) upward to and over 
 withers (j) ; then down below elbow on opposite side; thence 
 several times around both forelegs, at the same time taking in 
 the main part of rope (b) immediately behind the elbow (a). 
 This appliance will effectually prohibit kicking and striking. 
 
EESTKAINT HARNESS AND OTHER APPLIANCES. 
 
 47 
 
 Hippo Lasso. 
 
 By means of the Hippo Lasso, or Equine Straight Jacket, 
 nervous and even vicious animals may in a short time be ren- 
 dered docile and safe. There are several different designs of 
 the Hippo Lasso ; however, the result obtained by use of either 
 one of them is the same. To prevent being kicked the hippo 
 lasso is sometimes used preparatory to applying hobbles. 
 
 Fig. 55. Galvayne Method of Restraining All Four Legs. 
 (The Galvayne "Straight Jacket.") 
 
 Galvayne's Rope Hippo Lasso. 
 
 The rope hippo lasso of Galvayne, Figure 55, will effectually 
 confine all four legs of a horse, in the standing posture, with a 
 single rope. It is possible to put this apparatus on vicious 
 horses, even those which are wild and unbroken. It can be 
 applied without injury to the animal or danger to the operator. 
 As a means of subjection and restraint this equine straight 
 jacket of Galvayne is second to none. 
 
EESTEAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Fig. 56. Raabe's and Lunel's Hippo-Lasso. 
 
 Fig. 57. Hippo-Lasso Applied. 
 
BESTEAINT HARNESS AND OTHER APPLIANCES. 49 
 
 Raabes and Lunel's Hippo Lasso. 
 
 The hippo lasso of Raabe and Lunel, Figure 56, is com- 
 posed of two principal parts, viz. : breast collar and breeching 
 strap. These are joined together bj two long side straps (e) 
 (d). The breeching is susj^ended by a leather strap (g). This 
 strap is buckled on each side to the breeching strap (b) (c). 
 The breast collar (i) is also suspended by a similar strap (h) 
 and is attached on each side by buckles (j) (k). The over- 
 neck strap (h) and over-hip strap (g) are connected by an 
 adjustable back strap (g) (f). 
 
 Fig. 58. Hippo-Lasso in Action. 
 
 Figure 57 represents the hippo lasso applied. The breast 
 strap (b) is dropped down between knee and elbow. The 
 breeching strap (a) (k) is dropped down between hock and 
 stifle. The breeching and breast straps are suspended by over 
 withers strap (i) and over back strap (h). 
 
 Figure 58 represents the hippo lasso in action. Tension 
 
so 
 
 RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 is being made on long side straps (c) (d) and the breeching 
 band is being brought firmly against the hind legs of the horse. 
 
 Belmont Rider Harness. 
 
 The Belmont rider harness, Figure 59, is a heavy and strong 
 hippo lasso. It is adjustable in all directions and affords a 
 
 Fig. 59. Belmont Rider Harness. 
 
 convenient and safe method of restraining a horse in the stand- 
 ing posture. 
 
 Gleason's Restraint Harness. 
 
 The restraint harness, Figure 60, is a pattern of leather 
 hippo lasso used by O. R. Gleason. The whole apparatus is 
 made of leather without buckles. The breast collar (a) which 
 drops down almost to knees is 8 inches wide. The breeching 
 strap (b) is 6 inches wide and drops down almost to hocks. The 
 
KESTKAINT HARNESS AND OTHER APPLIANCES. 51 
 
 Fig. 60. Gleason's Restraint Harness or Hippo-Lasso. 
 
 withers strap (h) and liip strap (d) are connected by a back 
 strap (g). These withers and hip straps support the breast and 
 breeching straps. Two straps on each side run from breeching 
 strap to rings in the breast strap and connect these two parts. 
 The straps are all adjustable and are "fixed" by knots. 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 STOCKS. 
 
 With some operators the stocks are a favorite apj)aratus for 
 restraint of the horse in the standing posture. Other opera- 
 tors, equally as competent and experienced, are severe in their 
 condemnation of the stocks as a means of restraint. In my 
 opinion there are good reasons for both of these conflicting 
 opinions. Some animals cannot and should not be confined in 
 the stocks ; some operations cannot and should not be attempted 
 with the stocks as the only means of restraint. Some forms of 
 stocks are worse than worthless, while other models are very 
 desirable. Properly constructed stocks are safe and sane ad- 
 juncts to any veterinary operating room. We must all admit 
 that accidents to the operator and patient do sometimes occur 
 whenever and wherever stocks are used ; but on the other hand, 
 we are forced to admit that accidents sometimes occur to the 
 operator and the patient when any of the other methods of 
 restraint are used. The knee strap, side line, hobbles, casting 
 harness and operating table all have their objections. ]^one of 
 them afford us perfect means of restraint. Accidents some- 
 times occur when using all or any one of them. Admitting 
 that the above in regard to other means of restraint is true, 
 then how can any one be justified in severely condemning the 
 stocks. The stocks afford a quick and easy means of restraint. 
 Without hesitation an animal is placed in the stocks; they are 
 labor savers, time savers, and by utilizing the stock one assistant 
 can successfully confine or restrain a patient for many minor 
 and even some major operations. 
 
 The Barcus Stocl^s. 
 
 The Barcus stocks. Figure 61, is the product of an unique 
 and original idea of restraint in the standing posture. It is 
 especially useful in shoeing and operations on the soles of the 
 feet. The frame of this stock is triangular in shape, which ren- 
 ders it exceedingly strong. The two sides of the frame (f) (e) 
 
STOCKS. 
 
 53 
 
 are separate and hinged to the wall. When not in use they 
 are open wide apart and swing back against the wall. The body 
 girth (g) is made of heavy canvas or cotton belting, and when 
 tightened by the ratchet it lifts the horse partly off the floor. 
 This body girth is 32 inches wide. By means of the automatic 
 self-adjusting foot clamp (a) the foot of any wild, vicious or 
 nervous horse can be grasped, secured, and held in any position 
 
 Fig. 61. Barcus Stocks. 
 
 with perfect safety to the operator. The castings are all mal- 
 leable and are difficult to break. In placing a horse in this 
 stock the head is tied to the wall, after which simply bring 
 the two swinging sides of the stock together until they are 
 against the horse. The forward movement of the animal is 
 limited by a rope breast band which fastens by a cam. Lying 
 down is prevented by the body girth which is tightened by a 
 crank (k). The apparatus for controlling the foot consists of 
 
54 
 
 EESTEAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 a sliding or lifting bar, on the lower end of which is the auto- 
 matic foot clamp. The sliding bar can be raised and locked at 
 any desired height and then swung either forward or backward 
 carrying the foot with it. On the side of the sliding or lifting 
 bar is a rack, the cogs of which receive the locking bolt. It is 
 constructed with an automatic self-locking, self-adjusting foot 
 clamp, pivotly connected to the lower end of the slidihg bar. 
 With the automatic foot clamp the surgeon is in no danger of 
 receiving a kick while fastening it to the foot. This clamp is 
 self-adjusting and fits around any size pastern. The machine 
 is provided wuth four supporting plates securely bolted to the 
 frame immediately beside each leg of the horse, to these 
 are locked, absolutely solid, the foot-handling device which is 
 constructed in such a manner that the foot can be instantly 
 released by simply raising the locking pall which unfastens 
 
 Fig. 62. McKillip Veterinary College Stocks. 
 
STOCKS. 55 
 
 the foot device and same can be as quickly adjusted and locked 
 at either of the other supporting plates. 
 
 McKillip Veterinary College Stoclcs. 
 
 The stocks used at the McKillip Veterinary College, Eigure 
 62, are strong and convenient. With them an animal can be 
 
 Fig. 63. McKillip Veterinary College Stocks with Horse 
 Secured — Side View. 
 
 properly secured in the standing posture. They are made by 
 securing four corner posts (6x8 inches) to both floor and ceil- 
 ing. About 31/0 feet from the floor these posts are sawed out to 
 
56 
 
 EESTKAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 accommodate the main (3x8-inch) side timbers. These side 
 timbers are cut out, both in front (i) and behind (e), to accom- 
 modate the (3x8-inch) bars which are placed against the breast 
 in front and hips behind. The girths (f) (g) are wide and 
 made of heavy canvas or wide belting. The back straps (h) 
 
 Fig. 64. McKillip Veterinary College Stocks — Side and Rear View. 
 
 (i) are also strong and made of the same material as that used 
 in the girths. Figure 63 represents a side view of the stocks 
 with a horse secured therein. It will be observed that the 
 head is made fast on each side to the front corner posts of the 
 stocks. The two girths (b) (c) are buckled under the abdomen. 
 The two back straps are buckled on the opposite side. These 
 prevent the animal from either lying down or rearing up, and 
 
STOCKS. 
 
 57 
 
 Fig. 65. McKillip Veterinary College Stocks — Rear View. 
 
58 
 
 RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 the cross bars prevent forward or backward movement. All parts 
 are well padded on inside. 
 
 Figure 64 represents the rear and side view of the McKillip 
 stocks. It will be observed that the cross bar behind the horse 
 can be removed and the animal backed against the cross bar (s) 
 on outside of rear corner posts. This places the posterior parts 
 of the animal in an accessible position for examination and 
 operation. The last mentioned position is especially conve- 
 nient for all tail, rectal and vaginal operations. 
 
 Figure 65 represents rear view of the McKillip stocks and 
 is self-explanatory. One advantage the McKillip stock has 
 over many others is that by removing the three cross bars an 
 animal may be led through the stock and back again, thereby 
 dispensing with the troublesome practice of "backing them" in. 
 
 Fig. 66. Ordinary Wooden Stock, 
 
STOCKS. 
 
 59 
 
 Another advantage is that there is no obstruction between the 
 operator and the legs and feet of the animal. 
 
 Ordinary Wooden Stocks. 
 
 Figure 66 represents an ordinary wooden stock. It is made 
 by fastening four corner posts (6x6 inches) securely to the 
 floor (a) (b) (h). The wooden timbers (i) (j) (k) (1) (m) 
 (n) are firmly nailed or bolted to the corner posts. The horse 
 is led into the stocks and the halter rein fastened to one of the 
 four corner posts (o). A rope from the floor ring (d) is carried 
 over withers (e) and back across to bottom of opposite post (c) 
 and there secured. 
 
 n n^ 
 
 Fig. 67. Vinsot's Stocks. 
 
 E. Vinsofs Stocks. 
 
 The apparatus designed and used by E. Vinsot, Figure 67, 
 is so arranged that the animal may, after being confined therein, 
 
6o 
 
 RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 be operated upon either in the standing or recnmbent posture. 
 The corner posts on one side are hinged at their bottom. By this 
 hinge arrangement the stocks are turned down to ahnost the 
 horizontal position. 
 
 The frame of this stock is made of metal and equipped with 
 a body girth (a) similar to that of the ordinary sling. This 
 body girth is suspended by chains (c) (b), which are attached 
 to the iron beam above. Traction on these chains is made by 
 a ratchet windlass (q) which at the same time tightens the chain 
 to which the hobble rings (e) (m) (n) (o) are attached. The 
 horizontal bar (i) is removable in order to place the animal in 
 the stock. The head is fixed on each side to the front upright 
 corner posts. A leather strap (g) is attached to the body girth 
 and passes between the hind legs and fastens into chain above to 
 
 Fig. 68. Peuch and Toussaint's Stocks. 
 
STOCKS. 
 
 6i 
 
62 
 
 RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
STOCKS. 63 
 
 support the hind quarters. The Vinsot stock is the beginning 
 of the John A. W. Dollar operating table. The Dollar table 
 has during recent years been improved and perfected by the 
 Bradwood Manufacturing Company, and is now known and sold 
 in America as the Bradwood Humane Equine Operating Table. 
 These tables are illustrated and described in Part II, Chap- 
 ter III. 
 
 Pencil and Toussaint's Stocks. 
 
 The stocks described by Peuch and Toussaint, Figure 68, 
 are satisfactory in many respects. The cut is self-explanatory. 
 It will be observed that these stocks are built upon a strong 
 wooden floor, which renders them portable. They are easily 
 moved to any desired place in the hospital or operating room. 
 
 New York State Veterinary College Metal Stocks. 
 
 Figures 69 and 70 will give the surgeon a good general idea 
 of the metal stocks now in use at the ISTew York State Veteri- 
 nary College. These stocks were designed and perfected by 
 Prof. W. L. Williams and were manufactured and installed 
 under his supervision. They are strong, neat, attractive and 
 satisfactory. They are as near sanitary as it is possible for 
 stocks to be made. By using this form of stocks almost every 
 part of the animal is accessible. The unique and original 
 method of applying the girths and back strap is especially 
 attractive. These stocks are made almost entirely of tubular 
 steel of a large and strong size. The steel tubing is joined 
 together by elbows and threaded connections. These tight and 
 strong joints make the apparatus rigid and substantial. 
 
 Australian "Crush." 
 
 The Australian "Crush," Figure 71, is simply a "pen" or 
 "chute" into which wild and vicious horses are driven in order 
 to catch them. It is made high enough to prevent the animal 
 from jumping out, and narrow enough to make it impossible 
 for him to turn around. An outfit of this kind is particularly 
 convenient where a large number of unbroken "range horses" 
 are to be caught and handled. 
 
64 
 
 RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
CHAPTEE V. 
 
 Slings. 
 
 Slings are useful appliances for restraint in the standing 
 posture. The stock is often supplanted by a good strong sling 
 in conjunction with some one of the several methods of re- 
 straining one or more legs. By means of the sling the animal's 
 body is supported. If the head is held properly it is impossible 
 for the animal to turn from side to side or to move either back- 
 ward or forward. 
 
 Fig. 72. H. & D. Sling. 
 
66 
 
 RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 H. & D. Sling. 
 
 The H. & D. sling represented in Figure 72 is made with 
 a heavy sail canvas body girth (a) to which is attached the 
 breeching straps (g) and breast harness (f). This canvas body 
 girth is supported by and attached to a whiffletree (n). A block 
 
 Fig. 73. An American Sling. 
 
 and tackle is attached to the whiffletree in its center by means 
 of a hook. By this block and tackle (o) (p) sufficient tension 
 can be made on the body girth to support the animal. 
 
 Figure 73 represents an American sling which is similar in 
 
SLINGS. 
 
 67 
 
 most respects to that shown in Figure 72. The main difference 
 is that the breeching (k) and breast harness (b) are padded 
 or lined with soft leather or canvas. This makes them wider 
 and less liable to chafe the animal. 
 
 The sling represented in Figure 74 is made extra heavy 
 with wide canvas body girth. The breeching and breast har- 
 
 Fig. 74. Sling for Large Horses. 
 
 ness are wide canvas and are leather bound. It is made heavy 
 and large throughout for use on large animals. The body girth 
 (a) is three-ply canvas 3 feet long, bound and stitched, with 
 2-inch leather. Breeching (c) and breast collar (b) are 8 
 inches wide and made of leather, covered with canvas and lined 
 throughout with lambskin. The straps are supplied with heavy 
 snaps. The breeching and breast collar straps are connected 
 
68 
 
 KESTKAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 to center of whiffletree by means of ll^^iiich leather straps with 
 snaps on each end. 
 
 The German sling, Figure 75, is in several respects similar 
 to those of Figure 73 and Figure 74. The body belt (a) is 
 
 Fig. 75. German Sling. 
 
 made of heavy canvas. The breeching (k) and breast harness 
 (b) are of l^/o and 2-inch leather straps. They are attached 
 to the body belt, both anterior (1) and posterior (m). Five 
 
SLINGS. 
 
 69 
 
 heavy straps (d) (c) merge together at the whiffletree and con- 
 nect the body with the whiffletree. An iron or wooden bar (e) 
 runs lengthwise of the horse. By this bar the tail (j) and head 
 (f) are supported. 
 
 Fig. 76. Marsch's Sling. 
 
 Marsch's sling, Figure 76, is similar to those illustrated and 
 described above, except that the body (a) is connected with the 
 wooden or iron supporting piece (j) by means of a rope lace. 
 This makes the sling body adjustable, which is an advantage in 
 some instances. 
 
70 
 
 EESTKAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 The French sling, Figure 77, is neat and light. The body 
 belt (a) is made of canvas. The breeching (n) (m) and breast 
 harness (g) (j) (h) are web. Four iron rods (r) (s) (q) (p), 
 
 Fig. 77. French Sling. 
 
 one from each corner of body belt, merge together and fasten 
 into a ring to which the block and tackle is attached. The sling 
 body is attached in front (i) to a martingale strap. This strap 
 prevents the sling from slipping backward. 
 
PART II. 
 
 Restraint of the Horse in the 
 Recumbent Posture 
 
PAKT II. 
 
 Restraint of the Horse in the Recumbent Posture. 
 
 When deciding whether or not it is necessary to cast and 
 secure a horse for operation or other purpose, the surgeon should 
 carefully consider the temperament, the physical condition of the 
 animal, the length of time restraint will be required, the pain- 
 fulness and character of the operation, the part or organ to be 
 invaded, and last, but by no means least, the physical ability 
 and qualification of the operator. As a general proposition it is 
 always advisable to cast and secure animals for painful or long 
 continued major surgical operations, l^ervous, highly bred and 
 vicious animals should be cast and securely confined. When it 
 has been decided to cast the animal we should, first of all, care- 
 fully survey the surroundings and select the most satisfactory 
 location. Of course circumstances and existing conditions play 
 an important role in making our selection. When the weather 
 will permit the operation being performed out of doors, there 
 is no place better adapted than an open field or lawn. It is 
 here that we have ample room to manipulate our restraint 
 technique without interruption. When we have selected . the 
 location the next problem which confronts us is the "casting 
 bed." The ideal operating mat or mattress is a plot of green 
 grass grown upon smooth ground. Always avoid the manure 
 heap or the "rotten straw pile" whenever possible. They are 
 both hotbeds of all forms of bacterial growth and are directly 
 responsible for many cases of fatal septic infections. If we are 
 forced to cast an animal inside of doors, then we must make 
 the best of our misfortune and get busy in devising means and 
 methods to best overcome that handicap. Select the place — be 
 . it hallway, stall or operating room — where the most room ig 
 available. Then a proper bed must be prepared. This may be 
 done by the use of tanbark, soft wood shavings, straw, hay, excel- 
 sior, sawdust, etc., or a specially constructed mattress or pad 
 may be used. The next proposition which confronts us is what 
 particular form of hobble or casting harness it is advisable to 
 
74 EESTKAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 use in this particular case. We have the hobble, casting har- 
 ness, and the equine operating table from which to make our 
 selection. Each have their disadvantages as well as their ad- 
 vantages. The method selected or employed must depend large- 
 ly upon the circumstances and surroundings encountered in each 
 individual case. The temperament, size, strength, age and 
 conformation of the animal must each receive due considera- 
 tion. Then the location of the field of operation, the length 
 of time required to operate, number and ability of assistants, 
 value of the animal, and means of restraint available are all 
 to be considered. To avoid rupture or dislocation of important 
 internal abdominal organs it is best to prepare the patient before 
 casting. This is done by withholding water and food for from 
 twelve to twenty-four hours. When we once undertake the 
 task of casting and confining the animal it should be completed 
 with dispatch. Do it quickly, avoid accident unless same is 
 unavoidable, and, above all things else for the personal safety 
 and protection of the operator and the welfare of the animal, 
 the restrain should be secure. The dangers encountered in 
 performing work of this character are legion. The operator is 
 often kicked, struck or bitten while applying and adjusting the 
 casting apparatus. The animal may receive halter burns, lacer- 
 ations and abrasions of different kinds. Rupture of muscles 
 and tendons sometimes take place. Fractures of the vertebrae 
 and other bones are by no means infrequent. Some patients 
 present radial paralysis as a sequela of casting, while others 
 become exhausted and never rise after being released. 
 
 There are three useful adjuncts to casting and securing 
 animals which it is well to mention at this immediate juncture, 
 viz., the operating hood, the apparatus of Bernardot and Buttel 
 
 for preventing broken back, and the cross hobbles. 
 
 t 
 The Operating Hood. 
 
 The operating hood, Figure 78, is made of heavy canvas, 
 doubled, stitched and padded, after which the hood (a) is 
 bound around the edges with either leather or heavy cloth. 
 Openings are made at top (d) to accommodate the ears. It is 
 held on by buckles under chin and jaw (b) (c). This hood 
 
KESTEAINT OF THE HOESE IN KECUMBENT POSTURE. 75 
 
 Fig. 78. Operating Hood. 
 
 protects the head from injury and at the same time it acts as 
 a means of subjection by answering the purpose of a blindfold. 
 
 Fig. 79. Bernardot and Buttel Apparatus for tiie Prevention of 
 Broken Back. 
 
 Bernardot and Buttel Apparatus. 
 
 The Bernardot and Buttel apparatus, Figure Y9, is for the 
 purpose of protecting the spinal column from injury while 
 
76 
 
 EESTEAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 casting and confining an animal. This appliance was invented 
 and used by E. Cooper Smith, M. R. C. V. S. By the use of 
 this appliance "broken backs" can often be avoided. The main 
 object of this apparatus is to hold the head 'iii an extended 
 position. This appliance consists of a wide and strong surcin- 
 gle (u). On the end of this surcingle are two leather straps 
 (x) (y) to fasten into the buckles (w). On each side of this 
 surcingle are two straps (v) (s) which join together in front 
 (s) (t). A strong halter is placed on the horse. This halter 
 
 Fig. 80. 
 
 Bernardot and Buttel Apparatus for Preventing Broken 
 Back — Applied. 
 
 is supplied with a heavy over-check attached to the nose-band 
 (h). This over-check passes in front of the face and forehead, 
 between the ears, and attaches to a metal ring (y). To this 
 metal ring has already been attached the two straps (s) (y) 
 from the martingale. By lengthening or shortening the over- 
 check strai^ (q) the head is placed in the desired position. The 
 surcingle is prevented from slipping forward by a strong crup- 
 per and strap. The apparatus is applied loosely before the 
 animal is cast, and tightened after it is on the ground. 
 
 Figure 80 shows the Bernardot and Buttel outfit applied. 
 Tt will be observed that the head and neck are well extended, 
 thereby lessening the liability to back injury. 
 
RESTRAINT OF THE HORSE IN RECUMBENT POSTURE. 
 
 77 
 
 Cross Hohhles. 
 
 In securing the animal in special positions we are called 
 upon to use various appliances. Some of the arrangements for 
 
 this purpose are the 
 cross hobbles and the 
 side-bar hobbles. 
 These hobbles are for 
 use on the thigh and 
 fore arm. The Eng- 
 lish cross hobbles, 
 Figure 81, and those of James, Figure 82, can be used upon 
 legs diametrically opposite, such as the near hind and off fore 
 legs, and vice versa. While the side-bar hobbles, Figure 83, 
 
 English Cross Hobbles. 
 
 Fig. 82. James' Cross Hobbles. 
 
 FigTires 
 
 are for use on opposite legs only. The illustrations 
 
 81, 82 and 83, are self-explanatory. Suffice it to say that these 
 
 appliances are useful and valuable adjuncts to restraint in the 
 
 Fig. 83. Side-bar Hobbles. 
 
 recumbent posture. They should be used whenever the hobbles 
 or casting harness fail in themselves to sufficiently immobilize 
 the legs for operation. 
 
CHAPTEK I. 
 
 Hobbles. 
 
 The advent of hobbles as a means of restraint in veterinary 
 practice marked an epoch of beginning advancement in veteri- 
 nary operative technique. The hobbles, as a means of re- 
 straint, have the advantage over any other method in so far 
 as they are light, portable, strong and convenient. They can 
 be quickly applied, the animal cast and secured, with few 
 assistants and little ceremony. An animal can also be released 
 promptly and allowed to regain its feet. The disadvantages 
 of hobbles are the impossibility of securely restraining the 
 patient, liability of accident to patient, and inability to fix the 
 legs in special positions for operations where position plays an 
 important role. There are numerous styles and kinds of hob- 
 bles; some are of course better and more satisfactory than 
 others. In making a selection be sure and not make the mis- 
 take of sacrificing strength for appearance. Be sure the hobbles 
 you use are well made and strong. The application of hobbles 
 should always be preceded by the twitch. An operating hood 
 or some other head protector should be applied before the 
 hobbles are brought into action. There are numerous styles 
 and kinds of hobble straps. They are made of leather, rope, 
 metal, rawhide, webbing, etc. 
 
 Figure 84 represents the improvised 
 rope hobbles of Denenbourg. These are 
 made by taking four heavy metal rings and 
 four pieces of ^-inch rope. Fix the rings 
 with the rope by passing it several times 
 around each pastern. For the forelegs the 
 ring should be placed behind the pastern, 
 and for the hind ones the rings should be 
 in front of the pasterns. If metal rings 
 cannot be procured, loops may be made on 
 each end of the cord, through which the 
 casting rope or chain can pass. By using 
 
 Fig. 84. 
 
 Improvised Rope Hob 
 ble of Denenbourg. 
 
HOBBLES. 
 
 79 
 
 a casting rope or chain the animal is cast and secured in the 
 ordinary manner. 
 
 Figure 85 represents Suykerbuyck's rope hobbles. Each 
 hobble is made by braiding several cords together, or by a 
 single rope or sash cord not less than % of an inch in diameter, 
 folded upon itself. These are tied together in a simple knot 
 
 Fig. 85. Suykerbuyck's Rope Hobbles. 
 
 (a). A ring (e) is fastened in the loop formed by the folding 
 of the ropes, and secured by wrapping or tying ropes together 
 by means of a "waxed end," or strong string (d). The hobble 
 is then placed around pastern as shown in the illustrations on 
 the left. A casting rope or chain completes the outfit. To re- 
 move this hobble the tension on same must first be released; 
 this is done by bringing the legs together. 
 
8o 
 
 EESTEAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Fig. 86. Miles' Rope Loop Hobble. 
 
 Figure 86 represents the Miles rope hobble. It consists 
 of a piece of l/o-inch rope 35 inches long and a "D" metal 
 
 ring (a). In the center 
 of the rope (b) is looped 
 the metal "D" ring. The 
 ends of the rope (d) (e) 
 are fastened together (c). 
 These hobbles are applied 
 by simply looping them 
 around each pastern. It 
 will be observed that when 
 the 34-inch rope is doubled it makes a hobble only 17 inches 
 in length. 
 
 Figure 87 represents practically 
 the same hobble strap as that 
 shown in Figure 86. The "D" 
 ring (a) is attached to the plaited 
 rawhide rope (d) by means of a 
 leather strap (e). A piece of 
 leather (c) is applied to the raw- 
 hide hobble. This leather strap is 
 to grasp with the hand in order 
 to render its removal by unloop- 
 ing more convenient. 
 
 Fig. 87. Plaited Raw-hide Hob- 
 ble Strap. 
 
 Figure 88 represents a heavy and strong leather loop hob- 
 ble. The strap (e) is doubled and stitched. It is 17 inches 
 
 long and 2 inches wide, fas- 
 i:<r<i^^^^iWMlM\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\llK^ tened at each end by three 
 
 rivets into a metal clasp (c) 
 (d). These metal clasps also 
 carry two blank buckles (a) 
 (c). It will be observed that 
 these blank buckles are so 
 sized that one will pass con- 
 veniently through the other by turning it cornerwise, which 
 prevents them from, becoming unlooped and dropping off the 
 pastern. 
 
 Fig. 88. Leather Loop Hobble. 
 
HOBBLES. 
 
 8l 
 
 Figure 89 represents Becker's hobble strap. The Becker 
 hobble strap consists of a leather strap 3 inches wide, doubled 
 
 and stitched. I^ear one 
 end of this strap is the 
 metal receptacle (A) 
 for the spring lock pin 
 (e) which holds the dis- 
 engaging buckle (c). 
 ^ The hobble "D" (b) is 
 attached near the above- 
 mentioned receptacle. 
 The free end of this 
 hobble strap (d) is per- 
 forated with a number 
 
 Becker's Hobbles. 
 
 Fig. 90. Over's Spring Hobble. 
 
 of holes to accommodate the buckle (c). The inside of this 
 hobble strap is lined or padded with felt or lamb's wool. The 
 
82 KESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 buckle (c) of the hobble is disengaged by withdrawing the 
 spring pin (e). 
 
 Figure 90 represents Over's spring hobble. It consists of 
 a piece of flat spring steel (a) 21/2 inches wide, and shaped to 
 fit around the pastern. The hobble "D" or rings (c) (b) are 
 attached to each end of the spring strap. The special advan- 
 tage of this spring hobble of Over is that it can be readily 
 slipped over the pastern, and when once applied the spring 
 feature makes it self-retaining. There is no looping or buck- 
 ling required, and the movements of the animal will not cause 
 it to drop off. 
 
 DiKECTIONS FOK CaSTING AND CoNFINING A HoRSE WITH 
 
 Hobbles. 
 
 First. — Select a suitable place and prepare a soft bed for 
 casting. 
 
 Second. — Place the animal in propor position. 
 
 Third. — Apply the twitch. 
 
 Fourth. — Apply the operating hood. 
 
 Fifth. — Apply the hobbles. 
 
 Sixth. — Detail assistants to their proper positions and in- 
 struct them to obey orders. 
 
 Seventh. — Cast the animal. 
 
 Eighth. — Secure the animal. 
 
 There should be one assistant at the head; he should have 
 charge of the twitch and halter rein. Two or more assistants 
 should pull the main rope, strap or chain. The operator should 
 stand directly behind the animal with a firm tail hold. As soon 
 as everything is in readiness the command should be given, at 
 which time sufficient traction is made on the main rope to draw 
 the feet from under the animal. The success of the job depends 
 largely upon the way the tail hold is manipulated. At the 
 proper time the operator should, by pulling tail either to the 
 right or left, unbalance the animal, and just before it comes in 
 contact with the ground lift up on the tail. This will take 
 much of the jar or concussion off the hind quarters and reduce 
 chances of injury to a minimum. 
 
HOBBLES. 83 
 
 Directions for Releasing an Animal From Hobbles. 
 
 It requires some care and quite as much time to release an 
 animal from the hobbles as is required in the casting and re- 
 straining process. If the horse is in the dorsal position it 
 should be placed on its side. If the main hobble rope, strap or 
 chain has been "fixed" while restraining, the same should now 
 be "un-fixed" and withdrawn from the hobble rings. The 
 
 Fig. 91. James' Patent Hobbles. 
 
 operator should stand back well out of reach of the feet, how- 
 ever facing them, and carefully remove the hobble straps from 
 each pastern and allow them to drop off. Now remove the hood, 
 and lastly the twitch, after which allow the animal to rise. 
 
 James' Patent Hohhles. 
 
 Figure 91 represents the hobbles introduced by James. 
 They are light and neat as well as sufficiently strong. They 
 
RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 consist of four pieces of %-inch rope double and fixed over a 
 grooved piece of metal through which the main rope (j) glides. 
 These hobble ropes (b) (e) (f) (g) are made in form of loops 
 and are covered with leather or rubber hose to prevent chafing. 
 They are each 17 inches long. The main rope (j) is fixed to one 
 of the hobble rings (i) by means of wrapping with a "waxed 
 end" or strong cord (a). This rope is passed through all the 
 hobble rings (b) (c) (d) and back to the j^oint of beginning 
 (i). The main rope (j) is 18 feet long and % inches in diam- 
 eter, preferably cotton. 
 
 Barnick's Loojj Hobbles. 
 
 Figure 92 repre- 
 sents the loop hob- 
 bles of Barnick. 
 They consist of 
 four hobble straps 
 (b) made of 
 leather in the form 
 of a loop. Each of 
 these are attached 
 to a "D" metal 
 ring (a) (e) (f) 
 (g) of special de- 
 sign through which 
 the main rope (c) 
 passes. The leather 
 straps are felt 
 lined. These "D" 
 rings open up and 
 allow removal of 
 main rope without 
 removal of the hob- 
 ble from pastern. 
 They are locked on 
 
 Fig. 92. Barnick's Hobbles. ^^ means of a 
 
 metal key. The 
 main rope is attached securely to an end ring (a) ; this ring is 
 
HOBBLES. 
 
 8S 
 
 also attached to ring of master hobble strap. That part of rope 
 upon which the hobble strap rings glide is leather covered to 
 prevent wear. This rope should be 18 feet long and % to % 
 inches in diameter. 
 
 Munich Hobbles. 
 
 Figure 93 represents the Munich hobbles. They are similar 
 in many respects to the improved English hobbles. They con- 
 sist of four hobble straps (a) (b) (c) (d), which are applied 
 by buckling around pasterns. These straps are felt or soft 
 
 Fig. 93. Munich Hobbles. 
 
 leather lined, and each of them carry a "D" metal ring (h) 
 (g) {^)- The wearing end of the main rope is leather covered 
 and attached to the ''D" ring of master hobble (h). This rope 
 may be attached by loop (g), as shown in the small illustration. 
 Attachment to master hobble ring by the latter method makes 
 the main rope (i) easy to remove. 
 
 Matthias' Hobbles With Safety Lock. 
 
 Figure 94 represents the hobbles of Matthias. These hob- 
 bles are supplied with safety lock (d). They consist of four 
 heavy doubled and stitched hobble straps, felt or soft leather 
 
86 
 
 EESTEAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 lined, and are attached to hobble ring (c) by means of a loop 
 (b). They attach to pastern by buckling. The hobble rings 
 are metal and heavy, and of a special design. The ring (c) 
 
 Fig. 94. Matthias' Hobbles witli Safety Lock. 
 
 of the master hobble is attached to the main chain (e) by a 
 safety lock (d). The safety lock makes their removal con- 
 venient. 
 
 Conkey's Self-Locking Buckle Hobbles. 
 
 Figure 95 represents the self-locking buckle hobbles of 
 Conkey. These hobbles were designed by Professer L. L. Con- 
 key and are now very extensively used by veterinarians through- 
 out the world. The principle and most attractive feature of 
 this hobble is the self -locking buckle device (e). These hobbles 
 consist of four double and stitched hobble straps (a) (b) (c) 
 (g). These hobble straps fasten around the pasterns by means 
 of strong buckles. In three of these straps is a metal "D," 
 which carries the main hobble chain (f). This chain itself 
 is 4 feet long and is continued by 6 feet of %-inch rope. The 
 object of this chain is to lock in the flat split spring-tongue of 
 the buckle (e) which is attached to the master hobble strap 
 (g). One end of the chain is also attached by means of a thumb 
 screw (d) to this master hobble. To release the animal this 
 thumb screw (d) is removed. The Conkey master hobble strap, 
 
HOBBLES. 
 
 87 
 
 Fig. 95. Conkey's Self-Locking Buckle Hobbles. 
 
 lock buckle, and chain can be used with many designs of hobble 
 straps. The following illustrated hobble straps can be used in 
 conjunction with the Conkey lock-buckle: Figures 84, 85, 86, 
 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94; also the hobble straps from the 
 English and Berlin hobbles. 
 
 Fig. 96. Berlin Hobbles. 
 
88 EESTEAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Berlin Hobbles. 
 
 The Berlin hobbles, Figure 96, consist of four leather hob- 
 ble straps 2 inches wide, doubled and stitched. Each of these 
 straps (b) carry a buckle and a metal ''D," through which the 
 main hobble roj)e (g) (h) passes. The hobble straps are lined 
 with felt or soft leather and are attached around pasterns by 
 buckling. To the master hobble is attached a strong chain (e). 
 
 Fig. 97. Berlin Hobbles Applied. 
 
 This chain is 4 feet long. At its end a %-inch rope (g) is 
 attached. The part of the rope which comes in contact with 
 the "D" of the hobble strap is covered with leather. This 
 leather covering prevents wear on rope. The Berlin hobbles 
 applied is shown in Figure 97. A hobble strap is placed on 
 each pastern. The king hobble strap is to be placed on near 
 fore leg (a). The rope is carried from the near fore to the 
 
HOBBLES. 
 
 89 
 
 near hind leg (f ) ; then across to off hind leg (e) ; thence to off 
 fore leg (b) and back through "D" ring of near fore (a). For 
 further instructions, see directions for casting and securing a 
 horse, with hobbles. 
 
 Fig. 98. Casting with Berlin Hobbles and Plate-longe. 
 
 Figure 98 illustrates the Berlin hobbles applied and used 
 in connection with the plate-longe or "unbalancing strap," 
 applied by a loop over the near elbow. By use of plate-longe 
 the animal can be cast upon a mat or mattress. 
 
 Stuttgart MetJiod. 
 
 In casting and restraining a horse by the Stuttgart method 
 (old style), Figure 99, two ropes %^-inch in diameter and 18 
 feet long are necessary. A loop is placed in one end of each 
 rope. If it is desired to cast horse on near side one rope is 
 
90 
 
 KESTEAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 looped around near fore pastern (d) ; an ordinary hobble strap 
 is placed around near hind pastern (b). On the off side the 
 rope is looped around off hind pastern (c) and the hobble strap 
 is placed on off fore pastern. The rope from the near side is 
 then passed through the hobble ring on the off hind pastern. 
 The end of the other rope is then passed through the hobble 
 ring on the off fore pastern. The ropes are now crossed, the 
 
 Fig. 99. Stuttgart Hobbles (old style). 
 
 one from the near leg to remain under the one from the off leg. 
 Two men should pull on the same rope backwards and two 
 pull on the other rope forwards. One assistant should be in 
 charge of the head and another in charge of the tail. When the 
 horse is cast it can be secured in the ordinary manner in several 
 desirable positions. 
 
 Figure 100 represents the Stuttgart hobbles with surcingle 
 (k) applied. The surcingle is for the purpose of aiding in 
 
HOBBLES. 
 
 91 
 
 Fig. 100. Stuttgart Method of Casting a Horse. 
 
 Fig. 101. Stuttgart Hobbies Showing Piate-longe or Unbalancing 
 Rope in Use. 
 
92 
 
 EESTEAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Fig. 102. Stuttgart Method of Casting a Horse as IVlodified by 
 Von Chelchowski. 
 
 securing after horse is cast. Otherwise hobble arrangement 
 is the same as that of Figure 99. 
 
 Figure 101 represents Stuttgart hobble, surcingle (i) and 
 plate-longe or "unbalancing strap" (h) apj)lied, ready for cast- 
 ing. 
 
 Figure 102 represents the Stuttgart hobbles as modified by 
 Von Chelchowski. It will be observed that the hobble and rope 
 arrangement here is the same as that of Figures 99, 100 and 
 101, with the exception of the free end of the oif rope (e), 
 which passes from off hind pastern to and through "D" ring 
 (f ) on surcingle. When the horse is cast the off hind and near 
 forefoot are drawn near "D" ring of surcingle, as shown in 
 Figure 103. 
 
HOBBLES. 
 
 93 
 
 Fig. 103. Horse Cast and Secured with Stuttgart Hobbies, 
 
 Etujlisli Hobbles Impr-oved. 
 
 Figure 104 represents the improved English hobbles. These 
 hobbles are probably more universally used than any yet de- 
 vised. They consist of four hobble straps (h) (i) (f) (g), a 
 chain, and a rope. The hobble straps are heavy and strong, 
 being 3 inches wide and doubled and stitched. They are in two 
 sections ; one section carries a small metal "D" at one end and 
 
 Fig. 104. Improved English Hobbies. 
 
94 
 
 RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 buckle tongue holes at the other end. The other section carries 
 a large metal "D" at on end and a heavy buckle at the other end. 
 The hobble strap is made smaller or larger by the buckle. This 
 renders it adjustable to any size pastern. When once fitted to 
 the pastern the hobble strap is applied by slipping the small '^D" 
 of one' end through the large "D" of the other end. These 
 smaller ^'D's" carry the main chain. The main chain is 4 feet 
 
 Fig. 105. Improved English Hobbles Applied. 
 
 long and attached to small "D" of the master hobble strap by 
 means of a thumb screw. To the other end of chain a %-inch 
 rope 20 feet long is attached. 
 
 Figure 105 shows the hobbles applied. It will be observed 
 that if the horse is to be cast on the off side the master hobble 
 is applied to pastern of near fore leg (a). Then pass chain 
 (E) and rope (H) through "D" of near hind leg (B) ; then 
 across to "D" of off hind leg (c) ; thence forward (G) to off fore 
 
HOBBLES. 
 
 95 
 
 Fig. 106. Horse Ready to Cast with Improved English Hobbles and 
 Plate-Ionge or "Unbalancing Strap" Around Forearm. 
 
 Fig. 107. The English Hobbles Applied, Together with Bernardot and 
 
 Buttel's Apparatus; Also Piate-longe or Unbalancing Strap 
 
 Around Fore Arm. 
 
96 
 
 KESTEAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 leg (D) ; then across to and through "D" of near fore leg. To 
 cast the horse traction is made on free end of rope (F). See 
 directions for casting a horse with hobbles. 
 
 Figure 106 represents a horse ready to be cast with im- 
 proved English hobbles, and plate-longe or "unbalancing strap" 
 applied to near fore arm. 
 
 Figure 107 represents a horse ready to be cast with the im- 
 proved English hobbles, used in connection with Bernardot and 
 
 Fig. 108. Trasbot's Method of Casting with Three Hobble Straps and 
 Knee Strap (English Hobble). 
 
 Buttel's apparatus for preventing broken back, and the plate- 
 longe or "unbalancing strap" applied around off fore arm. 
 
 Figure 108 represents the method suggested by Trasbot for 
 casting nervous or vicious animals with the English hobbles. It 
 will be observed that the near forefoot is secured by Trasbot's 
 knee strap (g). (See Knee Straps, Figure 29.) Only three 
 hobble straps are used (g) (b) (f). The master hobble strap 
 (c) is placed on near hind pastern; then pass chain (d) to off 
 
HOBBLES. 
 
 97 
 
 fore (f) ; thence backward (c) to off hind; then across to and 
 through ''D" of the master hobble strap (g). The plate-longe 
 is looped around the animal (h). Traction is made on free end 
 of main rope (e). It is claimed by Trasbot that an animal thus 
 cast struggles less than when cast by the ordinary method. 
 
 "Farmer' Miles' Method of Casting a Colt. 
 
 Figure 109 represents the Miles colt hobbles applied (first 
 position). The hobbles of Miles consist of four hobble ropes. 
 
 Fig. 109. Miles' Colt Hobbles Applied — First Position. 
 
 These are of the loop variety. The material used in making 
 the loops may be either rawhide (plaited), Figure 87; leather, 
 Figure 88, or rope, Figure 86. These hobbles are each from 15 
 to 18 inches long and are applied by looping. The main rope 
 is %-inch, cotton, and 18 feet long. Upon one end is a 2-inch 
 metal ''D." This main rope is also used as the master hobble. 
 
98 
 
 RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Fig. 110. Miles' Colt Hobbles (Second Position). 
 
 It will be observed that there is one hobble rope on each hind 
 pastern, and two hobble ropes on off fore leg — one around pas- 
 tern and the other below the knee. The main rope is applied 
 around pastern of foreleg (a). It is now passed across through 
 hobble ring on near fore pastern (b) ; then backward to near 
 hind (d) ; thence across to off hind (e) and back to hobble ring 
 (c) below near knee. The object of this arrangement of the 
 ropes (two hobbles on near fore leg) is that when traction is 
 made on free end of main rope (f) the near fore foot is raised 
 or lifted off the ground. This in itself unbalances an animal 
 and puts it to a decided disadvantage, besides by lifting the near 
 fore foot the animal will go down on the shoulder of that side 
 and will in all probability receive an easy fall. The animal 
 
 "l^^V^^ 
 
 Fig. 111. Miles' Method of Securing a Colt (Third Position). 
 
HOBBLES. 99 
 
 is cast as illustrated in Figure 110 (second position), and se- 
 cured by taking two or more half hitches with the main rope 
 around uppermost hind pastern. This is done by an assistant. 
 The operator stands opposite the assistant and behind the ani- 
 mal and is handed the main rope (g) by the assistant (after 
 it is fixed about upper hind pastern). The rope is carried over 
 the loins and under the horse ; thence to the lower hind pastern. 
 Now by rolling horse on his back, Figure 111 (third position), 
 and making downward pressure on the hind feet, at the same 
 time drawing the rope tight by upward pull the hocks are flexed 
 and all four feet brought down close to the abdomen. 
 
 The Miles method affords us a light, portable, strong, con- 
 venient, safe, and in every respect an efficient and satisfactory 
 means of casting and securing the colt or even the horse. The 
 colt is held balanced in the dorsal position by an assistant on 
 each side. 
 
 Secuehstg the House in Special Positions when Cast with 
 
 Hobbles. 
 
 Oftentimes after an animal is cast it becomes necessary to 
 release one or more feet in order to re-secure them in some 
 other or different position. By so doing, parts are rendered 
 more accessible for operations of different kinds and in different 
 locations, besides the restraint oftentimes is more perfect and 
 secure. Upon the subject of "Special Positions," Moller, Liau- 
 tard and Dollar have each contributed interesting as well as 
 valuable descriptions. They are at the present time our best 
 authorities on this important subject. 
 
 To restrain an animal in a special position after being cast 
 with any of the ordinary hobbles, we may use either leather 
 or rawhide straps, ro])e — preferably cotton rope on account of 
 its softness and flexibility, or webbing. Moller's method of 
 securing the legs to a board is useful in many instances. The 
 board should be l^/o inches thick and 5 inches wide. It should 
 be well padded and supplied with a curved iron handle. The 
 cross hobbles, Figures 81 and 82, and cross bar hobbles. Figure 
 83, are very useful in retaining the legs in special positions. 
 
lOO RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Figure 112 represents the near fore arm (e) secured to the 
 near thigh (j) by means of webbing. The off fore leg (a) is 
 released from the hobble strap and fixed to the board (b) by 
 wrapping with a web strap according to Moller's method. The 
 near fore leg and both hind legs remain in the hobble straps (f ). 
 
 Fig. 112. Near Fore Arm Secured to Near Thigh and Off Fore Leg to 
 
 Board (Molier). 
 
 Figure 113 represents the near hind leg secured to the near 
 fore arm by means of the web strap. The off hind leg is re- 
 leased from the hobble strap and fixed to board (b) by means 
 of another web strap (c). 
 
 Fig. 113. Securing Off Hind Leg to Plank and' Near Fore and Near 
 Hind Legs to Each Other (iVIoller). 
 
HOBBLES. lOI 
 
 Figure 114 represents Dollar's method of fixing the hind leg 
 by drawing it forward. The off hind leg is released from the 
 hobble strap and the webbing applied by looping around pastern. 
 The webbing (c) is carried over the withers, beneath the neck, 
 over front of chest, over the fore arm (d), and thence back- 
 
 1- -1 
 
 Fig. 114. Dollar's Method of Drawing the Hind Leg Forward. 
 
 ward (b) from below, upwards back of the tendon Achilles. 
 Make sufficient traction on free end of web strap (e) to draw 
 the leg in position sho^vn in Figure 115. It will be observed 
 that the off hind leg is well extended by tension above hock (a) 
 and that the foot (c) is securely fixed behind the elbow. 
 
 Fig. 115. Hind Leg Drawn Forward Ready for Operation (Dollar). 
 
RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Fig. 116. Berlin Method of Drawing the Hind Leg Forward. 
 
 Another method of securing a horse in this position is by 
 the Berlin method, shown in Figure 116. 
 
 Still another method of extending and drawing the hind leg 
 forward is that of Liautard, Figure 117. The webbing is looped 
 
 Fig. 117. Liautard's Method of Drawing the Hind Leg Forward. 
 
HOBBLES. 
 
 103 
 
 above the ankle (b), then carried forward over the withers 
 (c) under the neck, across the chest, over shoulder (d) and 
 back to and under hind leg above hock (f). Extend the leg by 
 making traction on free end of rope (g). 
 
 Dollar's method of securing the hind leg to the fore leg on 
 the same side, Figure 118, is by releasing the hind leg from 
 
 Fig. 118. Dollar's Method of Securing the Hind Leg to the Fore Leg 
 on the Same Side. 
 
 the hobble strap ; then loop the webbing around leg above the 
 hock (e) ; pass it forward between fore legs near the breast (d) ; 
 thence under the shoulder to opposite side, where it is held by 
 an assistant. The hind and fore legs are at this time crossed be- 
 low the knee of one and below the hock of the other. They are 
 to be held together in this position by another piece of webbing 
 forming figure "8." 
 
 Liautard's method of securing the hind leg to the fore leg 
 on the same side, Figure 119, is by allowing all four legs to 
 remain in the hobble straps. Loop the plate-longe or web strap 
 around the fore leg below the knee ; from there it is carried 
 
I04 
 
 EESTEAINT OF, DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Fig. 119. Liautard's Method of Securing the Hind Leg to the Fore Leg 
 on the Same Side. 
 
 Fig. 120. Dollar's IVlethod of Securing the Lower Hind to the Upper 
 
 Fore Leg. 
 
HOBBLES. 
 
 105 
 
 backward to, and from above, downward around hind leg above 
 hock; thence forward to elbow; then around fore arm. Make 
 traction from free end of the rope. 
 
 Figure 120 represents Dollar's method of securing the lower 
 hind to the upper fore leg. The lower hind leg is released from 
 the hobble strap. The plate-longe or webbing is looped around 
 the leg above the hock. It is then carried forward between the 
 fore legs, in front of the breast, under the neck and out on the 
 opposite side, in which position it is held by an assistant. The 
 legs are secured where they cross (f ) by means of another strap. 
 To make it more stationary and secure a hock twitch may be 
 
 Fig. 121. Liautard Method of Securing Off Fore to Off Hind Leg. 
 
 applied around both hocks (b). To fix the near fore to near hind 
 leg, Figure 121, it is necessary to loop the plate-longe or web- 
 bing around at the middle third of the metacarpal region. Then 
 the leg is drawn up and placed across the hind leg above hock. 
 They are secured here by tying in shape of figure "8." 
 
 Figure 122 represents the Berlin method of restraining a 
 horse in the dorsal position after casting. The hind and fore 
 leg of each side must be fixed together (b) (d), this is done with 
 either webbing, rope or leather. With a running noose in the 
 end of strap a loop is made around hind fetlock; then by two 
 
io6 
 
 RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Fig. 122. Berlin Metliod of Restraining an Animal in the Dorsal 
 
 Position. 
 
 or more lialf hitches the hind fetlock and fore fetlock are fas- 
 tened together. The animal is now rolled on to its back. If 
 more restraint is desired it may be readily obtained by looping 
 a strap or rope just above the fetlock on near side ; then carry 
 it downward nnder the back thence upward to fetlock of off side. 
 
 Fig. 123. Vienna Method of Restraining a Horse in the Dorsal Position. 
 
HOBBLES. 107 
 
 The legs and feet can now be drawn down close to the abdomen, 
 which affords ample restraint. 
 
 Figure 123 represents the method used in Vienna for re- 
 straining a horse in the dorsal position. It is similar in all re- 
 spects to the Berlin method, Figure 122, with the exception that 
 
 Fig. 124. Pulley and Short Chain for Holding Ho^'"ses on the Back 
 (English Hobbles). 
 
 a broad back strap (a) is used instead of the webbing or rope. 
 This back strap (a) is 8 to 10 inches wide and made of leather. 
 In each end is a large metal triangle. To apply this back strap 
 (a) the horse is lifted by the tail until the back strap can be 
 slipped under. Then by webbing or leather straps around and 
 
lo8 RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 above the fetlocks (b) and through the end triangles the legs can 
 be drawn down against the abdomen to the desired position. 
 
 Figure 124 represents another method of restraint in the 
 dorsal position. The animal is cast and secured with English 
 hobbles, then by means of a short chain and pulley the animal 
 is raised to and held in the dorsal position. It is possible for 
 only two men to confine a large and strong animal by this 
 method. 
 
 For another method of securing an animal in the dorsal 
 position, see Figure 111. 
 
CHAPTEK 11. 
 
 Casting and Securing Harness and Kopes. 
 
 Casting and restraining the horse by use of harness, ropes 
 or other methods — aside from hobbles and operating tables — 
 will surely test the skill and dexterity of the surgeon in the effi- 
 ciency of his restraint technique. It is by means of the 
 various designs of securing harness and ropes that most of the 
 "special positions" of the animal are obtained. Special posi- 
 tions are necessary in order to perform certain surgical opera- 
 tions. 
 
 Restraint by use of casting harness and ropes means re- 
 straint in its broadest sense. With these special appliances we 
 are enabled to render the animal absolutely motionless and at 
 the same time harmless. When thus properly restrained the ani- 
 mal is entirely at our mercy, and we can with safety and con- 
 fidence proceed with whatever operation we wish to undertake. 
 
 Casting and securing harness, and rope methods, vary much 
 in their "make-up." They not only vary in different countries 
 but in different sections of the same country. The original de- 
 signs are constantly being modified by different practitioners. 
 
 Knots Used in Restraint for Fixing the Various Ropes, 
 Cords and Straps. 
 
 In order to properly fix or secure ropes, 
 cords or straps, the surgeon should know 
 the formation of the different varieties of 
 knots used for this purpose. 
 
 Figure 125 represents the Gramy knot. 
 The formation of this knot is somewhat 
 Fig 125. The Gramy tedious and complicated ; however, when 
 Knot. once formed or applied it will not slip. 
 
RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Figure 126 illustrates the double 
 hitch or "Clove hitch" knot. This 
 knot is made by forming two loops 
 and throwing them together. This is 
 one of the principal knots used in 
 recumbent restraint with casting har- 
 ness and ropes. The half hitch Jcnot 
 so often mentioned and used is sim- 
 ply a part of this double hitch knot 
 and is very simple in its formation. 
 
 Figure 127 represents the true 
 lovers' knot. This is a knot which 
 is simple in its formation; however, 
 on account of its liability to slip or 
 become untied, it is of doubtful value in restraint technique. 
 
 Fig. 126. Double Hitch Knot. 
 
 Fig. 127. True Lovers' Knot. 
 
 sssssssssssssssssssssss^ 
 
 ^''SSSSSSSBSSSi 
 
 Fig. 128. Slip Bow Knot. 
 
 FigTire 128 represents the slip bow knot. This knot is 
 easily and quickly made and can be conveniently untied by 
 making traction on one of its free ends. 
 
 Fig. 129. Slip Knot or Loop. 
 
CASTING AND SECURING HARNESS AND ROPES. 
 
 Figure 129 represents the slip knot or loop. This loop is 
 very extensively used in restraint work. So long as traction 
 is made on the free end of this loop there is no liability of its 
 slipping. Besides the above, there are ring knots, stopping 
 knots, surgeon's knot, etc. 
 
 Hock Twitch. 
 
 After the animal is cast and restrained by most of the cast- 
 ing harness and rope methods it oftentimes becomes necessary 
 
 to supplement this restraint by 
 applying the hock twitch, Fig- 
 ure 130. This twitch consists 
 of a heavy rope with a loop in 
 each end to carry the stick by 
 which the twitch rope is tight- 
 ened around the leg. This ap- 
 pliance limits the leg move- 
 ment. The hock twitch is applied about 4 inches above the 
 hock. 
 
 Figure 131 represents Petersen's hock 
 joint flexing and fixing apparatus for 
 bending and holding the hind leg in the 
 flexed position. This apparatus consists 
 of two heavy leather straps attached to a 
 specially designed metal center piece. The 
 metal is placed against and in the flexure 
 of the hock. One of the straps is attached 
 around the leg above the hock and the 
 other below the hock. 
 
 Figure 132 illustrates one of Dollar's 
 modes of fixing the fore and hind legs 
 
 Hock Twitch. 
 
 together after an animal is cast. 
 
 Fig. 131. Petersen's 
 Hock Joint Flexing 
 and Fixing Appa- 
 ratus. 
 
 Knee Straps. 
 
 In order to properly throw an animal with casting harness 
 it often becomes necessary to first restrain one fore leg by using 
 some form of knee strap. Sometimes, or with some forms of 
 casting apparatus, it becomes necessary after casting to apply 
 
112 RESTEAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 the knee strap in order to complete the restraint. These can 
 be applied to one or both fore legs to a good advantage, thus 
 
 Fig. 132. Dollar's Method of Fixing the Fore and Hind Legs Together 
 
 After Casting. 
 
 Fig. 133. Author's 
 Knee Strap. 
 
 Fig. 134. Trasbot's Fig. 135. Hess' Knee 
 Knee Strap. Strap. 
 
 insuring most perfect restraint. The various forms of knee 
 straps have already been described under head of "restraint of 
 one fore leg," hence it is unnecessary to again describe them. 
 
CASTING AND SECURING HARNESS AND ROPES. 
 
 "3 
 
 Magner's Surcingle 
 and Strap. 
 
 Fig. 136. Fixing Fore Leg Flexed 
 With Rope. 
 
 Conkey's Casting and Securing Harness. 
 
 The Conkey casting and securing harness, Figure 138, 
 affords us a safe and secure means of restraint. The strap parts 
 are of rawhide, carrying heavy metal buckles and rings. The 
 ropes are best grade sisal. All parts are adjustable. It will be 
 observed that the animal is mostly cast with the hobbles, and 
 secured after casting wnth the harness. 
 
 Directions for Casting and Restraining ivith Conkey's Harness. 
 
 First apply the hood (A). This is done by laying it on 
 the withers and gently drawing it up over the head until it 
 comes in place, then instruct yoiy assistant (1) to hold the 
 head straight with the body and well up as shown in Figure 
 
114 
 
 RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS, 
 
 138 ; should the animal exhibit a restless disposition and con- 
 tinue to move about after applying the hood, jou are to apply 
 a twitch to the nose, which is to be held by assistant (1), who 
 must not allow the animal to move forward under any cir- 
 cumstances. You will now proceed to adjust the harness by 
 placing loin strap (B), back strap (C), belly girth (E) and 
 breast strap (F) as shown in Figure 138. You will notice that 
 breast strap (F) comes below the sternum and against the arm 
 of front legs to prevent choking. Xow buckle the short pastern 
 
 Fig. 138. Conkey's Casting and Securing Harness Applied. 
 
 strap (Gr) to the right hind pastern, Dee in front and buckle 
 outside, then take side rope (H), pass it through the Dee (G) 
 from right to left, carry it up to the side ring, passing it from 
 left to right, and carry it back across the hips, handing it to 
 assistant JSTo. 2, who should stand close behind, facing the 
 animal and a little to the left. 
 
 The operator (3) will now proceed to buckle the other 
 pastern strap (1) to the left hind pastern, Dee in front and 
 buckle inside, now pass the side rope (J) through the Dee 
 (1) from right to left, then up to and through side ring froiii 
 left to right, or outside in, then carry it through under the belly 
 
CASTING AND SECURING HARNESS AND ROPES. II5 
 
 dropping it in a convenient place, or you may give it into the 
 hands of a bystander until you are ready for it. 
 
 The operator will now take three hobbles, the one having the 
 chain buckle he will fasten to the near hind leg, buckle inside 
 or to the right and just below the pastern strap (I), then 
 buckle the other two hobbles (K) and (L) to the fore pastern, 
 Dees behind and buckles to the right, now pass the chain rope 
 from right to left through the right Dee (K) and the left Dee 
 (L) carrying it back to the chain buckle and pass it from left 
 to right through the chain buckle and carry it forward so that 
 the operator will stand just in front and about 3 feet to the 
 right of the animal as shown in the cut (138). 
 
 If a third assistant (J) is employed, which may be done 
 with good results, he is to stand 3 feet behind and between ISTo. 
 1 and the operator. He will at the word "pvll," pull just 
 enough to keep rope (J) tight until the horse drops, the operator 
 managing the chain rope alone. As the horse drops, the opera- 
 tor will first see that the chain buckle has clasped the chain, 
 then take rope (J) from his assistant (J) and proceed a.s if 
 alone. 
 
 Do not pull a pound until the word "pull" is given, then 
 you are to pull your rope across the hip until the horse drops on 
 the left side, pulling hard enough to draw the foot up to, or 
 near the side ring to which the rope is attached, and keep it 
 there at all hazards. 
 
 The operator (3) will now take a firm hold of chain rope 
 and a moderate hold of rope (J), he will now instruct assistant 
 (1) to step the horse backward, and (above all do not allow 
 the horse to take one step forward as he might trip and fall 
 on his head, causing severe injury) push until he falls over 
 on his left side. As the horse lifts his near hind foot the oper- 
 ator will give a quick pull on the chain rope, drawing the hind 
 leg up to the front legs, where it is held by the self-locking 
 chain buckle, at the same time shouting pull. Seeing that the 
 chain buckle is secure, the operator turns his attention to the 
 rope (1), holding it firm enough to prevent the harness from 
 turning on the horse while assistant (2) draws the off foot up 
 near the ring, giving his rope one turn around the foot, holding 
 
ii6 
 
 EESTEAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 it there until the operator unbuckles the chain buckle hobble 
 from the hind leg, securing the leg by winding the rope around 
 the foot, then back around the hock, describing a figure 8, as 
 shown in Figure 139 ; give the rope several turns quite tight to 
 prevent its slipping and make it fast ; now proceed to secure the 
 off hind leg in the same manner. Unbuckle the off front hobble 
 (K), take knee strap (M), give it one turn around the pastern, 
 then up around the arm, flexing the leg as shown in Figure 139 ; 
 then unbuckle the near hobble (L), flex and bind the leg in 
 
 •^i^- 
 
 Fig. 139. Conkey's Casting and Securing Harness — Animal Cast and 
 
 Secured. 
 
 the same manner; now instruct assistant (1) to hold the head 
 as follows : Place your knee on the horse's shoulder, your right 
 foot so that the leg comes against the horse's back; with your 
 left hand grasp the halter or hood while the right hand is to 
 grasp the rope at some convenient point near the hind foot, 
 holding the animal in the position shown by the cut. Assistant 
 (2) will grasp the hock, lifting the leg a little upward and you 
 have the animal in the most desirable position that it is possible 
 to gain. 
 
 In releasing the animal, remove the knee straps first ; then 
 
CASTING AND SECURING HARNESS AND EOPES. 
 
 117 
 
 release the lower hind leg and then the upper one; unbuckle 
 the belly girth (E), then breast strap (F), and lastly remove 
 the operating hood and assist the animal to rise. 
 
 W. F. Knoiules Casting and Securing Harness. 
 
 The casting and securing harness illustrated in Figure 140 
 were designed by W. F. Knowles. These harness are made in 
 
 Fig. 140. W. F. Knowles' Casting and Securing Harness — Applied. 
 
 large and small sizes. The large size fits horses weighing 900 
 pounds or more, and small size harness fits those of smaller size. 
 This apparatus is light, compact, and convenient to carry. 
 When properly used it affords ample restraint for all ordinary 
 purposes. It consists of a flat webbing collar, two main ropes 
 and two hobble straps. The collar is in two sections (h) (g) ; 
 each section is connected on each side of the horse by heavy 
 
ii8 
 
 RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 double rings (e), one of which is of special design (i) to afford 
 easy passage of the two main ropes (d) (c). The ropes (d) 
 
 (c) are each %-inch in diameter and 20 feet long. One end is 
 securely fastened into the inner ring (e) of the webbing breast 
 collar. Around each pastern (a) (b) is placed a webbing 
 hobble (j). In each end of this webbing hobble is fixed a 
 specially constructed metal rounded ''D" (K) (K) through 
 which the ropes pass. To apply this harness the breast collar 
 is placed over the head and adjusted to the shoulders. One 
 section fits over the withers (h) and the other section is dropped 
 down below point of shoulders (g). The free end of the ropes 
 
 (d) (c) passes downward to and through each '^D" of webbing 
 hobble; then upward to and through ''D" (e) of breast collar. 
 If desired to cast horse on off side, the oft" fore foot is to be 
 raised and secured by some form of knee strap. The free end 
 of main rope on near side should be carried backward over back 
 and held by two assistants. The free end of main rope (f) on 
 off side should be carried forward, well in front of the animal 
 and there held by two assistants. To cast the animal traction 
 is made on each rope and at the same time the animal is forced 
 backward a step by assistant in charge of the head. The head 
 is pulled to the right, and the animal is cast on off side. After 
 being cast the animal may be secured by two methods. 
 
 'VVC^t) 
 
 Fig. 141. Animal Cast and' Secured with W. F. Knowles' Casting 
 Harness by Crossed Rope Metliod. 
 
CASTING AND SECURING HARNESS AND ROPES. 
 
 119 
 
 Figure 141 represents animal secured bj the crossed rope 
 method. This tie is made by drawing the foot (c) forward; 
 take a half hitch around pastern to fix rope; then pass rope 
 down over back; then under horse and around hip (f) ; thence 
 to pastern (c), where it is fixed by one or more half hitches. 
 The knee strap is applied to near fore leg, after which turn 
 animal over. The same procedure is gone through with on the 
 opposite side, which secures the horse by crossing the ropes (i) 
 in front, also on the back. A back rope may then be applied 
 from crossed ropes behind to breast collar at withers. This pre- 
 vents ropes from slipping off the hips. 
 
 Fig. 142. Animal Cast and Secured witii W. F. Knowles' Harness by 
 Half Hitches Above and Behind Hoci<. 
 
 Figure 142 represents an animal cast and secured with W. 
 F. Knowles' harness by half hitches above and behind hock (h) 
 (g) ; these retain the hock in a flexed position which affords free 
 access to the inguinal region. In securing by this method 
 (Figure 142) no, back rope is required. 
 
 Whitwell's Casting and Securing Harness. 
 
 The Whitwell casting and securing harness. Figure 143, 
 are similar in many respects to those of W. F. Knowles (Figure 
 
I20 EESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 140) ; the principal variation is in the breast collar. It will 
 be observed that the breast collar of Whitwell's harness consists 
 of an over-withers strap (k) attached on each side to metal 
 blank buckles (b) ; those carry the adjustable rope (d) which 
 completes the breast collar. This harness is applied and the 
 animal cast and secured same as by using W. F. Knowles' 
 harness (Figures 140, 141 and 142.) 
 
 Fig. 143. Whitwell's Casting and Securing Harness. 
 
 HuTburt's Casting and Securing Harness. 
 
 The Hulburt casting and securing harness, Figure 144, 
 consists of a very heavy and substantial body belt (f ) made of 
 leather. This body belt is applied so that the four heavy metal 
 "D's" (e) hang down under the chest. The body belt is pre- 
 vented from slipping forward by a crupper. A rope rein (h) 
 is fastened around lower jaw (j) and to body belt (i). This 
 
CASTING AND SECURING HARNESS AND ROPES. 121 
 
 rein is used for controlling the head. A rope is looped around 
 one hind pastern (a) and then carried forward (d) to and 
 through one of the "D's" of body belt. One fore leg is fixed 
 by means of a knee strap to one of the "D's" in the body belt ; 
 this puts the horse on three legs, which places him at a dis- 
 advantage while being cast by traction on free end of rope (c) 
 at the same time head is drawn around to side. After casting, 
 the other two legs are secured to "D" of body belt by means of 
 hobbles and knee straps. 
 
 Fig. 144. Hulburt's Casting and Securing Harness — Applied. 
 
 G. W. Ziegler's Casting Harness. 
 
 The casting harness of G.* W. Ziegler, Figure 145, consists 
 of an over-withers strap which carries at each end a heavy metal 
 ring (a) ; into this main ring another ring is fastened (b), also 
 the girth rope, breast rope (j) and main casting rope (m). This 
 casting rope is passed over the back, then downward (c) to and 
 through hobble strap ring (d) of off hind pastern, thence upward 
 and forward (f) to and through ring (b) on opposite side. 
 
122 KESTEAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 The same arrangement of ropes is made on the other side. One 
 fore leg is flexed and fixed by using a knee strap. The animal 
 is cast by making traction on free ends of main ropes (n). 
 
 Fig. 145. G. W. Ziegler's Casting and Securing Harness. 
 
 Danish Casting and Securing Harness. 
 
 The original Danish method of casting has been modified in 
 at least three instances. The authors of these three modifica- 
 tions are Abilgaard, PfeifFer and Mathias. The original Danish 
 casting harness, Figure 14G, consists of a body girth, breast 
 strap, four hobble straps, and two main casting ropes. The 
 body girth is heavy and strong. It carries a heavy "D" at 
 bottom (e) and one at the top (h). The breast strap (i) is 
 adjustable and is attached to body girth on each side of horse to 
 prevent girth from slipping backward. A hobble strap is applied 
 to each pastern. If it is desired to cast horse on near side one 
 of the main ropes is attached to hobble strap ring of off fore leg 
 (d) ; the rope is then passed across to and through hobble ring 
 (c) of near fore leg; thence backward to and through hobble 
 ring of near hind (b) ; then upward through "D" (e) of body 
 girth. Traction is made from free end of rope (j). The other 
 
CASTING AND SECURING HARNESS AND ROPES. 
 
 123 
 
 main rope begins at hobble ring of off hind ; then carry rope (g) 
 upward to and through "D" (h) on top of the body girth. As 
 will be observed by the use of this process, the casting is done 
 by forcing the animal to flex his legs, followed by its slowly 
 falling on the bed. The legs being tied up to the body, their 
 extension is impossible; muscular contraction is limited, and 
 excessive flexion of the vertebral column prevented. Besides 
 
 Fig. 146. The Original Danisii Casting Harness. 
 
 this, the complete flexion of the extremities allows full view 
 and easy access to all regions, especially the inguinal. 
 
 To cast the horse the head is held by an assistant; a pull 
 made at the same time on the chain and on the rope bringing the 
 legs together — the animal is cast. The chain is fixed in the 
 usual way and the rope pulling near hind leg close to the body 
 and towards the upper ring of the belt, is secured by half 
 hitches around the coronet. 
 
124 EESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Danish Casting Harness as Modified hy Matthias. 
 
 The casting harness, Figure 147, represents Matthias' modi- 
 fication of the Danish casting harness. It is similar in all 
 respects to the original Danish casting harness (Figure 146) 
 with the exception of the breast collar. In the harness, as 
 modified by Matthias, a martingale breast collar is substituted 
 for the plain strap breast collar of the original. 
 
 Fig. 147. Danish Casting Harness as Modified by Matthias. 
 
 Danish Casting Harness as Modified hy Pfeiffer. 
 
 Figure 148 represents Pfeiffer's modification of the Danish 
 casting harness. This again is the same outfit as the original, 
 with the exception of the breast collar. The collar of Pfeiffer 
 
CASTING AND SECURING HARNESS AND ROPES. 125 
 
 Fig. 148. Danish Harness as Modified by Pfeiffer. 
 
 is of leather and extra heavy. It is attached to the body girth 
 by a strap (f) passing from lower margin of collar backward 
 between the fore legs to lower margin of body girth (e). The 
 rope and hobble strap arrangement is same as that of Figures 
 145 and 146. 
 
 Danish Casting and Securing Harness as Modified hy Ahil- 
 
 gaard. 
 
 Figure 149 represents Abilgaard's modification of the 
 Danish casting harness, and consists of a heavy body girth 
 which carries a strong metal "D" under the chest (f), three 
 hobble straps and three ropes. The hobble straps are applied 
 to both hind pasterns and near fore pastern in order to cast 
 animal on the off side. One rope is attached to hobble ring of 
 off hind ; then it is passed forward to hobble ring of near fore : 
 
126 
 
 KESTEAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 thence upward to and through "D" of girth (f). Traction is 
 made from free end of rope (C). Another rope starts from 
 hobble ring (k) of near hind and passes upward (i) and for- 
 ward over back (a). Traction is also made from free end of 
 this rope (1). The third rope is used to flex and fix the oft" 
 fore leg. This foot is raised and knee rope applied before 
 casting. 
 
 Fig. 149. Danish Casting and Securing Harness as IVIodified by 
 
 Abilgaard. 
 
 Bohard's Method of Casting \and Restraining a Horse With 
 
 Ropes. 
 
 The rope method of Rohard, Figure 150, is simple in its 
 construction and convenient in its application. It is intended 
 to be used in casting and restraining wild, nervous or vicious 
 animals on occasions where sufiicient help for other methods 
 is unavailable. A rope 25 feet long, furnished with a loop m 
 end, is all that is necessary in making this appliance. To apply 
 this rope and cast a horse an assistant holds the halter rein in 
 
CASTING AND SECURING HARNESS AND ROPES. 
 
 127 
 
 one hand and the animal's ear in the other. If the horse is to 
 be cast on the off side the operator stands on the near side oppo- 
 site the horse's shoulder. About 8 feet from the other end of 
 the rope a ring knot (a) is made; this forms the loop (n) (i) 
 which is then placed over the horse's head and around base 
 of neck in form of a collar. Below this ring a check or lock 
 knot is made ; this latter knot holds the rope and prevents it 
 
 Fig. 150. Rohard's Method of Casting a Horse with Ropes. 
 
 from slipping. These knots reach near the point of shoulder. 
 The other end of the rope is placed behind the fore arm below 
 the elboWj then brought around the outer side of the near fore 
 arm; thence in front of both fore arms (b) and lastly carried 
 around the outer aspect of the off fore arm under the portion 
 which has been passed around the back part. By the above 
 arrangement we have the fore arms enclosed in the rope. This 
 rope is then tightened by bringing the two fore legs closer 
 
128 
 
 KESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 together. An assistant holds this rope arrangement in place 
 while the operator passes the free end of the rope (d) under the 
 body to and around the near hind pastern (f) ; then back to 
 the withers (o) on the off side. The operator grasps free end 
 of rope (o) by a firm hold, his body pressing at the same time 
 against the horse's near shoulder. Then a gentle pull is made; 
 at the same time lightly kick the horse's near hind foot to cause 
 him to lift it ; continue pulling slack out of rope until leg is 
 completely flexed and animal will sink and fall lightly upon the 
 ground. The legs are then secured in the following manner: 
 On the near hind leg the free end of rope is passed around 
 
 Fig. 151. Rohard's Method of Securing a Horse After Casting. 
 
 pastern but below the other part of rope proceeding from the 
 fore leg, and there tied so that this pastern is secured by a double 
 twitch knot. The remainder of the rope is carried up to the 
 neck portion and hitched there. Then it is brought back to and 
 around the off hind pastern and finally tied to the neck rope 
 by a single knot. To effectually use this method much practice 
 is required. The operator should constantly bear in mind the 
 fact that the best results are obtained where the hind leg is 
 pulled forward and completely flexed. 
 
 Figure 151 represents a horse cast and restrained by the 
 rope method of Rohard. Only one assistant is necessary in 
 casting and securing a horse by this method. 
 
CASTING AND SECURING HARNESS AND ROPES. 
 
 Hayes' Improvised CastiJig Ropes. 
 
 129 
 
 Tlie collar loop, Figure 152, of Hayes' improvised casting 
 ropes consists of a rope loop (d) large enough to slip over the 
 head and small enough to fit snugly around base of neck. Into 
 
 Fig. 152. Collar Loop of Hayes' Improvised Casting Ropes. 
 
 the knot (c) at base of this loop two Si/o-inch metal rings are 
 fixed. To prevent these rings from slipping out of place another 
 knot is made in rope behind them. This completes the collar 
 loop of Hayes. 
 
 Figure 153 represents Hayes' casting ropes applied. It will 
 be observed that the loop is placed around the neck (d) with 
 
 Fig. 153. Hayes' Improvised Casting Ropes Applied 
 
 the knots and rings placed near the withers (c). There are 
 two free ends of the ropes (i) (j) ; these are each 28 feet long. 
 From the withers (c) these ropes are passed downward on each 
 
I30 
 
 KESTEAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 side to and through rings of hobbles on each hind pastern (k) 
 (h), thence upward (g) to and through the metal rings at 
 withers (c). One fore foot is raised and fixed with a knee 
 strap. The animal is then cast and secured in the ordinary 
 manner. 
 
 Dollar's Rope Method of Casting ivith Double Side Line. 
 
 The double side line method of Dollar, Figure 154, consists 
 of a %-inch rope 50 feet long. In the middle of this rope a loop 
 
 Fig. 154. Dollar's Rope Method of Casting with Double Side Line. 
 
 is made (h) large enough to fit around base of neck. The knot 
 is placed against chest and each rope (d) (e) is passed down- 
 ward to and around each hind pastern (k) (h) ; then upward 
 through the neck loop (a). To cast the animal the free ends 
 of the ropes are each held by two assistants. One of the fore 
 feet (c) is lifted and held flexed by an assistant or secured by a 
 knee strap. One of the main ropes is now pulled outward at 
 
CASTING AND SECURING HARNESS AND ROPES. 
 
 131 
 
 right angles to tlie shoulder and the other backward. When 
 traction is made on the ropes with them in this position it causes 
 the animal to drop upon its hocks and finally upon the ground. 
 A plate-longe or webbing "unbalancing strap" may be attached 
 to surcingle to aid in unbalancing the animal. As soon as the 
 animal falls to the ground the ropes are tightened and animal 
 rolled on its back — dorsal position. The hind feet should be 
 drawn down close to the abdomen and secured by one or more 
 half hitches around each hind pastern. "Halter burns" can be 
 avoided by first applying bandages around hind pasterns. It 
 is advisable to use cotton rope when possible in casting and re- 
 straining horses by this method. 
 
 Lernherg Casting Ropes. 
 
 Krolokow^ki's Lernberg casting and securing ropes, Figure 
 155, consist of 65 feet of %-inch rope, two hobble straps, and a 
 
 Lernberg Casting Ropes Applied — Krolokowski's. 
 
132 
 
 KESTKAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 short rope with which to fix the fore legs together. In center 
 of main rope a neck loop is made. This loop should be large 
 enough to fit around base of neck (g) (h). The knot is placed 
 in front of breast (h). The fore pasterns should now be fixed 
 together by means of a short cross rope or strap (a) (b). The 
 main ropes should be carried downward under cross rope (a) 
 (b), then backward to and through hobble strap rings on each 
 hind pastern (d) (e) ; thence upward on each side of horse; 
 then over the back (f). The horse is cast by making traction 
 on free ends of main ropes (i) (j). It is secured after casting 
 by two or more half hitches around each hind pastern. 
 
 McDonald's Casting Ropes. 
 
 The casting ropes of McDonald, Figure 156, consist of 
 60 feet of %-inch rope. This rope is then doubled so that one 
 free end will be 8 feet longer than its fellow on the opposite 
 side. A neck loop (H) is made in this rope at its middle and 
 placed over the head and around base of neck in the ordinary 
 
 Fig. 156. McDonald's Casting Ropes — Horse Secured. 
 
CASTING AND SECUKING HARNESS AND ROPES. 133 
 
 manner. The long end of the rope being placed on the side upon 
 which we expect to cast the horse. Then cast him in the usual 
 way. After being cast, the operator pulls the under rope back- 
 ward under the withers and winds it two or three times around 
 the upper fetlock. The rope is then passed down in front of 
 the upper stifle (A), then backward and under the quarters, 
 bringing it up on the outside of the opposite thigh (B) and 
 around the front of the lower hind fetlock. The rope is now 
 steadily and firmly pulled until the hind legs are well flexed; 
 then it is wound twice around the lower hind fetlock, passed 
 down in front of stifle (C), over the quarter to the opposite 
 side; then upward on inside of the thigh (D). Now pull 
 firm and wind rope twice around the upper hind fetlock and 
 hand rope to an assistant to hold. The fore legs are flexed and 
 secured by a knee rope or knee straps. 
 
 It will be observed that when an animal is cast and secured 
 by the rope method of McDonald the hind legs are intensely 
 flexed and the feet (hind feet) are firmly and securely fastened 
 to the horse's own hind quarters. 
 
 Over's Double Side Line Casting Ropes. 
 
 The double side line casting ropes of Over, Figure 157, con- 
 sist of tw^o %-inch ropes. One rope is 20 feet long, the other 
 one 25 feet long, and two hobble straps. Double the longer 
 rope and at its middle make a loop to fit around base of neck, 
 the knot being on the off side and loop near the withers (a). 
 Pass the free end of the rope (e) through hobble strap ring on 
 off hind, then upward (a) through the collar loop (b) ; then 
 over the back where it is handed to an assistant (c). Attach 
 the other rope by a loop around the near fore pastern (g) ; then 
 pass its free end backward to and through hobble strap ring 
 on near hind pastern (f). The rope should now be crossed 
 over and brought outside the animal's off fore leg and there 
 held by an assistant (h). This assistant should stand some- 
 what in front of the horse and to the off side. To cast the 
 animal the assistant in front makes traction on rope (h) ; this 
 lifts the near hind foot off the ground and draws it forward 
 
134 
 
 EESTKAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Fig. 157. Over's Double Side Line Casting Ropes Applied. 
 
 and causes the horse to drop down on his near hind quarter 
 and finally to the ground. The horse is secured after casting 
 by placing a hobble strap on off fore pastern. The rope which 
 has already been passed from near fore to near hind is now 
 passed through hobble strap ring on off fore. By tightening 
 this rope the two fore feet and near hind foot are brought 
 together. In this position they are secured by two or more half 
 hitches around one of the pasterns. The other rope is tight- 
 ened until the off hind foot is pulled down near the abdomen. 
 It is then and there fixed by tying to collar. 
 
 Russian Method of Casting with Ropes. 
 
 The Russian method of casting with ropes, Figure 158, is 
 similar in many respects to that of Rohard, Figure 150. It 
 (Russian) consists of a %-inch rope 25 feet long; at one end 
 is a heavy metal ring 3 inches in diameter. If the horse is to 
 be cast on the off side, the collar is made by simply looping the 
 ring end of rope (h) around base of neck (d) (e). The free 
 end of the rope (b) is carried downward to and around off hind 
 pastern (a) ; then forward and upward (c) to and through 
 
CASTING AND SECURING HARNESS AND ROPES. 
 
 135 
 
 ring (h). The operator now stands on the off side, the side 
 upon which the animal is to fall, and makes traction on the 
 halter rein (e) with one hand and free end of rope (g) with the 
 other. This compels the horse to lie down. 
 
 Fig. 158. Russian Method of Casting With Ropes. 
 
 Ordinary Double Side Line Ropes. 
 
 The rope used in casting and securing a horse by the ordi- 
 nary double side line method. Figure 159, should be %-inch 
 in diameter and 60 feet long. It is doubled and at its middle 
 a collar or neck loop (k) (h) is made by tying a simple knot 
 (h). This collar loop is placed around base of neck; the ropes 
 are then passed do\ATiward between the fore legs, then backward 
 (e) (f) to and around — from without inward — each hind pas- 
 tern (a) (b) ; thence under the preceding rope in a crossed 
 
136 
 
 KESTEAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Fig. 159. Ordinary Double Side Line Ropes Applied. 
 
 position (c) (d) and back under collar loop (g). The horse is 
 cast by making traction from behind on free ends of ropes (i) 
 (j). If this method is used the hind pasterns should first be 
 bandaged to prevent ''halter or rope burns." It is better to 
 use an ordinary hobble strap on the hind pasterns and allow the 
 two ropes of the double side line to pass through the hobble strap 
 
 Fig. 160. Ordinary Double Side Line Ropes — Horse Cast and Secured. 
 
CASTING AND SECUKING HARNESS AND KOPES. 
 
 137 
 
 rings. Cast in the ordinary manner. After casting the animal 
 can be secured by tightening main ropes until hind feet are 
 drawn well forward and down close to the abdomen, Figure 
 160. The ropes are now fixed by taking two or more half 
 hitches around the hind pasterns ; then pass ropes over loins 
 and under back and fix by half hitches over hind pasterns. 
 
 Miles' Rope Method of Casting and Securing "Ridglings" 
 ( Cryptorchids. ) 
 
 The rope method of casting and securing horses, as designed 
 and used by "Farmer" Miles in his "Ridgling castration opera- 
 tions," Figure 161, consists of a cotton rope % inches in 
 diameter and 66 feet long. The rope is doubled and at its 
 middle a collar or neck loop is made by tying a knot in the 
 rope. This rope plays no part in casting the horse ; it is simply 
 
 Fig. 161. Miles' Rope iVIethod of Casting and Securing a "Ridgiing." 
 
 (First Position.) 
 
138 RESTEAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 for restraint after casting. The casting is done with Miles' 
 rope hobbles, Figures 86 and 109. To cast and secure a horse 
 by ]\Iiles' method a suitable place is selected. The Miles twitch, 
 Figure 5, is applied and tied up to side of halter, Figure 6. 
 The halter rein is held by an assistant. The loop of the Miles 
 casting ropes is then placed over the horse's head and around 
 base of neck (u) (r), with knot (r) in front of breast. Both 
 ropes are passed between the fore legs and backward (i) (j) — 
 from within outward, around the hind legs above the hocks 
 (m) ; then forward and upward (k) (1) through the collar 
 loop (q). The free ends of the ropes (s) (t) are now handed 
 
 Fig. 162. Miles' Rope Method of Casting and Securing a "Ridgling." 
 (Second Position.) 
 
 to two assistants who are instructed to keep all slack out of 
 them, but not to pull a pound until after the horse is on the 
 ground. The Miles rope hobbles are now applied. With the 
 operator holding the tail the command is given and the horse 
 is cast by two assistants making traction on free end of main 
 hobble rope (a). After the horse is cast. Figure 162, the ropes 
 are dropped from above the hocks (m) down to the hind pas- 
 terns. The hobbles are now removed and the fore legs flexed 
 and fixed by means of knee ropes or straps. Sufficient traction 
 is now made on free ends of the main ropes to draw the hind 
 feet well forward. The rope is now fixed by taking two or more 
 half hitches around the near hind pastern, then carry rope over 
 
CASTING AND SECUKING HAENESS AND KOPES. 
 
 139 
 
 behind the horse in front of stifle (over the loins and under 
 rump), and back behind the lower thigh; then across in front 
 of scrotum (k). After drawing the rope tight and hind feet 
 against abdomen, fix it around upper pastern (j) with two or 
 three half hitches. The horse is now turned over and the same 
 7nodas operandi proceeded with on the other side. 
 
 It will be observed that the ropes are crossed both in front 
 and behind. To prevent them from slipping off the hips a back 
 rope may be applied. This back rope is attached to the crossed 
 ropes behind hips and to the collar loop on top of neck in front. 
 If it is desired to have' the legs stretched wider part the same 
 can readily be done by inserting the Miles leg spreader between 
 the hind feet. 
 
 Fig. 163. Cowie's Casting and Securing Harness — Improved. 
 
140 EESTEAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Cowie's Casting and Securing Harness, Improved. 
 
 The casting and securing harness of Cowie, Figure 163, 
 is strong, safe and convenient. The chains (4) (5) prevent 
 wear on the ropes, and the lock buckles (3) will not allow 
 them to be drawn backward. It is therefore automatic in 
 
 Fig. 164. Lewis' IVIodification of Cowie's Casting and Securing Harness. 
 
 locking. The body girth (1) is made of leather and strong. 
 This girth carries a lock buckle (3) on each side, also two 
 ''D's," to which the chains are attached. Over the loins is a 
 heavy leather strap (2) for the purpose of fixing the hind legs 
 in a flexed position after casting. This strap is prevented from 
 slipping backward by its attachment (15) to the body girth. 
 
CASTING AND SECURING HARNESS AND ROPES. 141 
 
 Four hobble straps (6) (7) (8) (9) are used on casting by 
 this method. To the end of each chain a 12-foot rope is at- 
 tached. In casting the horse these ropes are carried from their 
 attachment to the body girth to and through hobble strap rings 
 (6) (7) on each hind pastern. Then forward (10) (11) to 
 and through hobble strap rings on fore pasterns; thence up- 
 ward to and through the lock buckles (3)- To cast the animal 
 traction is made on free end of main ropes (12). This draws 
 all the feet together and against the body girth and they are 
 retained there by the action of the self-locking buckles on each 
 side. After the horse is east the loin strap (2) is buckled at 
 each end around each hind leg above the ankle. This holds 
 the hind legs flexed and secure. 
 
 Figure 164 represents Cowie's improved casting and secur- 
 ing harness as modified by Lewis. The modification consists 
 of a breast collar attached to body girth on each side of horse. 
 This breast collar carries two buckles (16) into which the knee 
 straps (not shown in the illustration) buckle. The knee straps 
 are buckled around the leg above the ankles and answer the 
 same purpose in front as the loin strap (2) do behind. The 
 breast strap (17) prevents the body girth from slipping back- 
 ward. 
 
 "One Man" Methods of Casting and Securing a Horse. 
 
 There are at least five good and reliable methods whereby 
 one man is enabled to cast and secure a full grown horse with 
 ease and safety. The methods referred to are the Russian, Gal- 
 vayne, Gleason, Magner and Earey. 
 
 Russian Method. 
 
 The Russian method, Figure 165 (first position), is not 
 intended to be used by a "tenderfoot." It requires courage, 
 strength, alertness and practice. To cast by this method a 12- 
 foot rope carrying a loop at one end is necessary. If the horse 
 is to be cast on the near side the operator stands close to the 
 horse on that side. Be sure and do not fall before the horse 
 does. A loop is passed around the base of the neck. The free 
 
142 
 
 RESTEAIISTT OF DOMESTIC A:N^IMALS. 
 
 end of the rope is passed downward and around near hind 
 pastern (d), then back to and through loop (a) in main rope. 
 This rope is now held in the operator's right hand (c). The 
 operator at this time is standing on the near side of the Horse; 
 
 Fig. 165. First Positron Russi'an One iVIan Method of Casting and 
 Securing a Horse. 
 
 his right elbow is supported bv the horse's loins. The halter 
 rein is grasped firmly and held in the left hand. By making 
 traction on end of rope (c) the near hind foot is lifted off the 
 gTOund and drawn somewhat to the off side, Figure 166. By 
 traction on halter rein the head is drawn around to the shoulder ; 
 then by pressing down with elbow on loins the horse is caused 
 to drop down on his haunches, and later to lie down on the 
 near side. Figure 167. If it is desired to secure the animal, the 
 same can easily and quickly be done by first drawing the near 
 hind leg well forward and fixing it there by tying main rope 
 to collar rope, then carry the rope (e) back to and around 
 off hind pastern, draw it forward and fix by tying to collar rope. 
 
CASTING AND SECUEING HARNESS AND KOPES. 143 
 
 Fig. 166. Second Position Russian One Man Method of Casting and 
 Securing a Horse. 
 
 Fig. 167. Third Position Russian One Man Method of Casting and 
 Securing a Horse. 
 
144 
 
 EESTEAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Oalvayne's Method. 
 
 Figure 
 
 First apply a heavy halter, surcingle and crupper 
 168 ; then pass a strap or rope through the side ring in the sur- 
 cingle on the off side — that being the side upon which the horse 
 is to fall ; the strap or rope is then passed under the fore arm 
 of the off fore leg. Tie by a simple bow slip knot and draw it 
 around so as to bring the bowknot on inside of fore arm and 
 close to elbow. The object of this strap is to prevent the sur- 
 
 Fig. 168. 
 
 Galvayne's One Man Method of Casting and Securing a 
 Horse — First Position. 
 
 cingle from slipping around. ISTow fasten one end of the 
 throwing rope to the second ring (b) ; from the front on the 
 top of the surcingle pass the other end of rope through the near 
 side cheek ring of halter ; then back to and through the foremost 
 top ring of surcingle. Tie up the off fore leg by means of knee 
 strap or rope until the heel touches the elbow (a). ITow you 
 are ready to cast the animal. This is done by taking the halter 
 
CASTING AND SECURING HARNESS AND ROPES. I45 
 
 Fig. 169. Galvayne's One Man Method of Oasting and Securing a 
 Horse — Second Position. 
 
 rein in your right hand, pushing the animal's head away from 
 you as far to his near side as possible, and at the same time 
 take in the slack of the throwing rope (d) ; step back about 6 
 feet and steadily draw the horse's head around against the sur- 
 cingle and the animal will gradually lie down. Should the 
 
 Fig. 170. Galvayne's One Man Method of Casting and Securing a 
 Horse — Third Position. 
 
146 
 
 RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 animal attempt to rear, slacken the throwing rope by a jerk with 
 the left hand and pull on halter rein with the right hand, 
 Figure 168. 
 
 Figure 169 represents the horse cast ready to secure. To 
 secure the horse, Figure 170, the double side-line ropes are 
 used. Slip loop over head, down around base of neck; then 
 carry ropes (a) between fore legs, back to and around hind pas- 
 terns (e) (d) ; fix by a half hitch, then carry the ropes around 
 and under animal. I^ow fix to the hind pasterns. The rope 
 from near hind should be fixed to off hind and vice versa. 
 
 Gleasons Method. 
 
 A horse can be cast and secured by the method of Gleason 
 with a halter and rein, a knee strap and a piece of rope 15 feet 
 long. Figure 171 represents the horse ready to be cast (first 
 
 Fig. 171. Gleason's One Man Method of Casting and Securing a 
 Horse — First Position. 
 
CASTING AND SECURING HARNESS AND ROPES. 147 
 
 Fig. 172. Gleason's One Man Method of Casting and Securing a 
 Horse — Second Position. 
 
 ^' »i 
 
 Fig. 173. Gleason's One Man Method of Casting and Securing a 
 Horse — Third Position. 
 
148 EESTKAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 position). It will be observed that the operator stands on the 
 near side with his breast pressing firmly against thorax of 
 horse. The halter rein (f) is held in right hand (e). The 
 near fore leg is flexed and fixed by means of knee strap (d) 
 (c). A loop in end of main rope is placed around off fore pas- 
 tern; then passed upward (b) and held in right hand (h). The 
 horse is now caused to move and the rope is tightened, which 
 prevents extension of off fore leg and puts animal down on its 
 knees, Figure 172. The head is now drawn around to side 
 and the horse topples over flat-sided. Figure 173. By holding 
 head (e) off the ground, and rope (c) tight, the animal is pre- 
 vented from regaining its feet. If more restraint is desired the 
 Tiobbles or casting harness can be applied and used for that 
 purpose. 
 
 Magner's Method. 
 
 In order for one man to cast and secure a horse by the 
 method of Magner, a special harness or "rig" is necessary. For 
 this purpose Magner has designed a leather "rig," Figure 174, 
 and an improvised rope one. Figure 175. They are similar in 
 design and their result is the same. The only difference is in the 
 material used. The surcingle of the leather rig should be 3 
 
 Fig. 174 Magner's Leather Casting Rig. 
 
CASTING AND SECURING HARNESS AND ROPES. 
 
 149 
 
 inches wide, double and stitched, and long enough to apply 
 around the horse. It is best to have a double-tongue buckle 
 (i) made of wrought iron. To this surcingle is attached the 
 back straps (e) (f) by means of rings (g) (h). To these back 
 straps the crupper (c) (d) is attached by a heavy ring (a). To 
 make the rope rig, Figure 1Y5, it is necessary to procure 18 
 or 20 feet of %-inch rope. Make a simple loop about 3 inches 
 long at one end (e) and double the rope about 3 feet from the 
 loop. Pass over this double part a heavy ring 3 inches in 
 diameter (g). Measure the distance from the tail to where 
 the saddle of the harness fits; to this place bring the ring (g) 
 
 Fig. 175. Magner's Rope Casting Rig. 
 
 and fix it there by a simple knot with both ropes around it (h). 
 ISText put the doubled portion of rope (a) (b) under the tail 
 (c). ISTow twist this rope two or three times and bring the 
 ring to its place, about 8 inches to the right of back. 
 
 Figure 176 represents Magner's leather casting rig applied. 
 Figure 177 represents the rope rig applied and in action. The 
 near fore foot is raised and attached to body girth by Magner's 
 knee strap, Figure 33. When using the rope crupper it is 
 necessary to wrap same with some kind of soft cloth to prevent 
 chafing, l^ext put on a strong halter with nose band well down 
 on the nose and draw it up rather close, back of the jaw. ITow 
 take a strong cord or small rope 20 feet in length and fasten one 
 
ISO 
 
 EESTKAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Fig. 176. Magner's Leather Casting Rig Applied. 
 
 Fig. 177. IViagner's Rope Casting Rig in Actioln. 
 
CASTING AND SECURING HARNESS AND ROPES. 
 
 151 
 
 Fig. 178. Magner's Leather Casting Rig in Action — Horse About Ready 
 
 to go Down. 
 
 end around the body girth just above the ring. Pass the other 
 end from above down and over the halter strap behind the jaw, 
 thence back to and through ring in body girth until all slack 
 is taken up. The near fore foot is now tied up. 
 
 In casting animals by this method it is advisable to have 
 them on soft ground free from stone. Now being ready to cast 
 the horse, step a little to the right and almost in front of it, 
 with a firm grasp on the cord or rope make gentle traction until 
 the head is drawn down and backward almost against breast, 
 Figures 177 and 178. This unbalances the animal and causes 
 it to fall by rolling over on its side. Figure 179 represents the 
 horse cast with the rope rig. The head is held around to the 
 side to prevent rising. 
 
 Fig. 179. Magner's Rope Casting Rig — Horse Down and Head Drawn 
 Back to Prevent Rising. 
 
152 
 
 EESTKAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Rarey's Method. 
 
 The method of Rarey, Figure 180, is similar in many re- 
 spects to that of Gleason; the only difference is that Gleason 
 applies the tripping rope to one fore foot and Rarey applies 
 it to both the off fore and the off hind feet. In using Rarey's 
 method a knee strap is applied to off fore leg and the foot 
 raised against the elbow. A rope is then attached around near 
 
 Fig. 180. Rarey's One Man Method of Casting a Horse. 
 
 fore pastern (a) and another rope around near hind pastern 
 (b). A surcingle carrying a ring (c) is applied and the two 
 leg ropes are carried through this ring (c) and then upward 
 over back. The operator stands on the off side, against the 
 horse. The head is drawn around to the opposite side by 
 means of halter rein; at the same time traction is made upon 
 both ropes. This puts three legs "out of commission" and the 
 horse falls. 
 
CASTING AND SECURING HARNESS AND ROPES. 
 
 Restraint of Wild and Vicioiis Horses. 
 
 153 
 
 The practitioner of veterinary surgery oftentimes has occa- 
 sion to subject and restrain wild and vicious horses — the kind 
 that are often referred to as "bronchos." These animals kick 
 behind and strike viciously in front. They are dangerous to 
 man, and to subject and restrain them without receiving bodily 
 injury requires considerable tact and skill. These animals are 
 often too wild and vicious to even allow the operator to put a 
 halter, bridle, or twitch on them, to say nothing of adjustment 
 of hobbles and casting harness around their legs and feet. They 
 must be cast without going in striking or kicking distance of 
 
 Fig. 181. Lasso and Loop Rope Method of Casting a "Broncho" — First 
 
 Position. 
 
 them. There are several methods of doing this ; however, only 
 three of them Avill here be illustrated and described. 
 
 Figure 181 represents the lasso and rope method (first posi- 
 tion) of casting a broncho. The lasso is cast and the horse 
 caught by a loop around its neck (b). The lasso rope is then 
 carried one or more times around a post or tree (b) (c). Of 
 course during this time the horse is busy in his struggling efforts 
 to get away ; however, no attention should be given to that part 
 of the proposition. A loop (a) is made in the end of another 
 rope and the horse allowed or forced to step into the loop with 
 
154 
 
 RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Fig. 182. Lasso and Loop Rope Method of Casting a "Broncho" — Sec- 
 ond Position. 
 
 its fore feet, after which the loop is closed around the pasterns. 
 Figure 182, by making quick and substantial traction on the 
 free end (h) of rope. The horse will continue his efforts at 
 resistance for a short while ; however, it will finally become 
 unbalanced and fall flat-sided to the ground, with its head 
 extended by traction on neck rope. Figure 183. If suffoca- 
 tion is threatened the neck loop (d) may be relaxed. The hob- 
 bles are now applied and the animal secured in the usual man- 
 ner. 
 
 Figure 184 represents the lasso method of casting a broncho. 
 This method is used when a tree or post is not available. The 
 
 Fig. 183. Lasso and Loop Rope Method of Casting a "Broncho" — Third 
 
 Position. 
 
CASTING AND SECUKING HARNESS AND ROPES. 
 
 155 
 
 Fig. 184. Lasso Method of Casting a "Broncho." 
 
 Fig. 185. Galvayne's One Man Method of Casting a "Broncho." 
 
156 EESTEAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 lasso is cast and the horse caught by a loop around the neck (a). 
 The rope (b) is then wrapped two or more times around the 
 fore legs below the knee (c) (d). This pulls the legs together. 
 By traction (f ) on free end of rope (e) the horse is unbalanced 
 and falls from the effects of its own efforts at resistance. 
 
 Galvayne's ''One Man" Method of Casting a "Broncho." 
 
 Figure 185 represents the method of Galvayne for casting 
 a broncho by one man. A strong halter is applied and the halter 
 strap (e) secured to a post or tree with a double hitch knot (f) 
 so that it cannot slip up or down. Now jerk the looped end 
 of the casting rope under the animal towards the near side. 
 Take the other end of the rope, walk quietly around the back 
 of the animal with it, and pass it through the loop, thus making 
 a slip loop. Then pull the end of the rope (c) until the noose 
 is reduced to a suitable size and jerk it quickly upward, around 
 both hind legs above the hocks ; then draw the legs close together 
 by making more traction on free end of rope (c). Stand on 
 the near side, slightly to the rear, and continue to pull strongly. 
 The horse will kick and otherwise resist at first, but will soon 
 sit down upon its haunches and subsequently roll over on its 
 side. The horse can now be secured with the casting rope, or 
 hobbles may be applied for that purpose. 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 OPERATING TABLES. 
 
 As a means of restraint in the recumbent posture, the 
 Equine Operating Table occupies an important position ; how- 
 ever, the operating table, as with the stocks, as a means of 
 restraint, has its advocates as well as its adversaries. Some 
 prominent surgeons of this and other countries are flattering 
 in their praise of the table, while other practitioners of equal 
 prominence and like experience are severe in their condemna- 
 tion of the table as a means of restraint. Many have con- 
 demned all tables in general without subjecting even a single 
 one of them to a fair and impartial trial. Others have con- 
 demned all tables because one table in their hands chanced to 
 be defective in design, hence iTnsatisfactory. Some practition- 
 ers have even objected to the table because it is stationary and 
 not sufficiently light or small to be carried with them from 
 call to call. Another objection is the inconvenience or impossi- 
 bility of jDutting some fractious or nervous animals on the table 
 or because it cannot be used under all circumstances and condi- 
 tions. They even dislike it because it occupies too much ^pace 
 in the operating room, and requires two or more assistants to 
 successfully handle a large and strong horse on account of the 
 equine operating table not yet being a "one man" affair. 
 
 The author being more or less acquainted and familiar with 
 several different designs of operating tables, their advantages 
 as well as their disadvantages, has no hesitancy in saying that 
 the twentieth century practitioner of veterinary surgery cannot 
 any longer afford to be influenced either by prejudice on the 
 part of himself, or the adverse opinions of other people, to de- 
 prive himself of the advantages afforded by a properly con- 
 structed and modernly equipped equine operating table. Such 
 tables are now manufactured and sold at reasonable prices, and 
 their use and value to the surgeon should not be underestimated. 
 
 Professor Louis A. Merillat says: "The greatest advantage 
 of the operating table in this connection is the leisurely manner 
 
158 RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 with which an operation may proceed without discomfort to 
 the confined horse, and the decided freshness of the patient 
 after the operation is over. The operating table does not often 
 provoke exhausting struggles. With harness restraint the pa- 
 tient is uncomfortable throughout, and it is essential to hurry 
 the operation in order to shorten the duration of the confine- 
 ment. The patient always arises more or less exhausted, even 
 from short operations, while with the table two or even three 
 hours confinement will leave no exhaustive effect. In short, the 
 horse is much safer on the operating table than upon the floor 
 secured with casting harness. From the standpoint of thor- 
 oughness and exactness of the surgical technique, the table has 
 both good and bad points. The operations are much cleaner. 
 There are no flying particles from the litter and less dust in 
 the operating place, and as the surgical field can be more se- 
 curely tied there is much less danger of soiling the surgica' 
 wound and a much better opportunity of accurately executing 
 the various steps of the operation. The dissection, the hsemos- 
 tasis, the suturing, and the dressing are greatly facilitated by 
 the fixed state of the operating field." 
 
 Professor W. L. Williams says: "We could not consistently 
 continue the use of the table in daily work for a period of 
 nine years, side by side with the various kinds of casting har- 
 ness, following the exclusive use of the latter during seventeen 
 years' experience, except it had for us some points of superior- 
 ity in cases of sufficiently wide range of character to warrant 
 its installation and retention. Having made this use of the 
 table and after a long study of its practical working, with so 
 many radical changes that we have virtually operated four or 
 five different machines and studied them carefully, besides 
 temporarily operated upon or observed the actual working of 
 an equal number of others and borrowed therefrom and applied 
 to our own each feature commending itself to us, it is inevita- 
 ble that we should favor the one with which we are most fa- 
 miliar." 
 
 Professor John A. W. Dollar says : "The advances of anti- 
 septic surgery and the invention of the new operating machine 
 have placed in the hands of veterinary surgeons a means of over- 
 
OPERATING TABLES. 159 
 
 coming obstacles hitherto regarded as insurmountable. Be- 
 tween these two factors, however, an important difference ex- 
 ists, inasmuch as while we all recognize with a fair degree of 
 precision the requirements and capabilities of antiseptic sur- 
 gery, it is impossible to accurately forecast the benefits to be 
 obtained from a new means of controlling animals during op- 
 eration. In important operations the disadvantages inherent 
 to the old method not infrequently form a fatal bar to success, 
 or even to experiment. While fully recognizing, therefore, the 
 immense importance and possibilities of antiseptic surgery, I 
 venture to predict for it an extended scope and greatly in- 
 creased success in veterinary operations," since its application 
 has been so greatly facilitated by the invention of this oper- 
 ating table."* 
 
 The first effort at devising an equine operating table was 
 made by Hoerdt. This apparatus was crude in desigTi and 
 cumbersome to handle, rendering it of doubtful value as a 
 means of restraint. This machine or apparatus of Hoerdt was 
 soon modified and improved by Fromage de Feurgre, Kersting, 
 Owen and others, until at the present time equine operating 
 tables as a means of restraint are in great demand, and are used 
 by most of the prominent surgeons throughout the Avorld. 
 
 In selecting an operating table we should carefully consider 
 the following important facts and accept that apparatus Avhich 
 possesses the most ])oints of excellence : 
 
 1. Strength. — Any table to be satisfactory must be strong. 
 The wood, ropes, chains and straps should all be double strength. 
 One w^eak place in a single one of them subjects the operator 
 pnd his assistants to liability of great bodily injury. 
 
 2. Simplicity. — The design and construction should be as 
 simple as possible. However, never sacrifice efficiency, ease of 
 operation, strength and safety for simplicity or appearance. 
 Complicated mechanical construction was for many years the 
 
 * Author's Note — Professor Dollar refers here to the table orig- 
 inated by Vinsot, later improved by Dollar. The "Dollar table" has, 
 during recent years, been improved and perfected by the Bradwood 
 Manufacturing Company, and is now known and sold in America as 
 The Bradwood Equine Operating Table and Surgical Chair. 
 
l6o KESTEAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIJVIALS. 
 
 foundation of most of the objectionable features of the equine 
 operating table, but these have to a large extent been eliminated 
 in the successful table of today. 
 
 3. Ease of Operation. — A successful table never requires 
 over three or four men to operate it — even when handling a 
 large and strong horse. If more assistants are required, some- 
 thing is wrong, either with the table or the operator. How- 
 ever, as a general rule, we should beware of the tables that 
 "can be lowered to the horizontal position by a small boy," as 
 it is liable to require the combined strength of two or more 
 full grown men to put the table again in the upright position 
 and the animal onto its feet. A table should possess speed as 
 well as strength. 
 
 4. Thoroughness of Restraint. — A table should be so con- 
 structed and equipped that the restraint is thorough. This 
 places the operator in perfect control of his patient, which is 
 in itself a decided advantage. 
 
 5. Safety to the Patient. — A successful table should possess 
 logical, safe and efficient means of placing the patient on the 
 table as well as the same advantages for releasing it from the 
 table. The best table is that one which reduces the danger in 
 this respect to the smallest possible minimum. 
 
 6. Accessibility of the Patient^ Especially the Field of Op- 
 eration. — Tables should be so constructed that there is a min- 
 imum amount of obstruction between the surgeon and the oper- 
 ative field. The hinderance in this respect should be reduced 
 as much as possible. This can be and is done by special table- 
 top construction in the shape of "cut out" or removable center, 
 removable head piece, cut out or indented sides, etc. 
 
 7. Antisepsis and Asepsis. — The table should be so con- 
 structed that its thorough cleansing and disinfection, when nec- 
 essary, is possible. Sanitation is an important point of excel- 
 lence in favor of any table. 
 
 8. Special Positions. — The time has come when special posi- 
 tions for special operations are necessary. A table should be 
 so constructed that it affords the surgeon the widest possible 
 range of means and methods of restraining the animal in special 
 positions. 
 
OPEKATING TABLES. 
 
 i6l 
 
 Possible Accidents to Patient in the Use of the Oper- 
 ating Table as a Means of Restraint. 
 
 Abrasions and contusions about the head and bony points 
 of the body occur from insufficient padding or imperfect re- 
 straint. Or they may occur about coronets, pasterns and fet- 
 locks from the hobble straps and chains. Fractures of one or 
 more of the long bones sometimes take place. This is also liable 
 to happen to some short bones, such as the phalanges and verte- 
 brae; especially is this accident likely to occur in old horses or 
 in those suffering from one or more of the various bone dis- 
 eases, such as osteoporosis, rickets, etc. 
 
 Sprain or rupture of tendons and muscles is not an infre- 
 quent sequelae of operating table restraint. 
 
 Dislocation of one or more of the important joints is an- 
 other sequelae of no rare occurrence. 
 
 Daviau's Operating Table. 
 
 Daviau designed, made and used the first equine operating 
 table of any practical value. The original apparatus of Daviau, 
 Figures 186 and 187, was a large, hardwood, flat-top table, 
 the top (a) being 6x8 feet. 
 
 Fig. 186. Daviau's Operating Table, Upright Position, with Animal 
 
 Secured. 
 
l62 
 
 RESTKAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 The part coming in contact with the body and head of 
 the horse was well padded, and the padding covered with heavy 
 leather. Holes (b) (d) were made for passage of halter rein 
 (b), neck strap (d), hobble ropes (p) (q), and body strap (n). 
 The table top was equipped with body girths (e) (f) (g) and 
 horizontal body breeching (m) and breast straps (o) ; also 
 hobble straps (r) (s), and ropes by which the animal was sct 
 cured. The supporting framework of this table was 21/0 feet 
 high and consists of four strong legs with substantial braces and 
 cross braces between them. The frame work so arranged that 
 
 Fig. 187. Daviau's Operating Table, Horizontal Position, with Animal 
 Secured Ready for Operation. 
 
 when the table is lowered by means of the cog gears and crank 
 it acts as a support to the table top. Figure 187 represents the 
 table top lowered to the horizontal position, with a patient ready 
 for operation. This illustrates the body girth and hobble strap 
 arrangement; also shows the legs and frame work of the sup- 
 porting platform. 
 
 Daviau's Opeeating Table Improved. 
 
 Finding by experimentation and practice that the original 
 table possessed several objectionable features, viz., difficulty 
 of applying and tightening the straps and girths, the inaccessi- 
 
OPERATING TABLES. 
 
 163 
 
 Fig. 188. Daviau's Table Improved, Upright Position, Back View. 
 
 Fig. 189. Daviau's Table, Improved, Upright Position, Front View, 
 Animal Secured Ready to Be Lowered. 
 
164 EESTKAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 bility of hobble ropes which were behind and underneath the 
 table, etc., Daviau designed and made an improved table. Fig- 
 ures 188 and 189. 
 
 This latter table is quite satisfactory and is yet used in 
 some parts of France and Germany. This improved table is 
 much larger and more complicated than the original. Figure 
 188 represents upright position, back view. It shows the 
 manner by which the ropes, straps and girths are fastened ; also 
 the mechanical construction of the raising and lowering device. 
 Figure 189 represents the improved table, front view, upright 
 position, with animal secured, ready to be lowered to the hori- 
 zontal position. It will be observed that the body girths are 
 considerably different from those of the original table. 
 
 Cozier's Improved Equine Operating Table. 
 
 The improved operating table of Cozier is simple in con- 
 struction, neat in appearance, and said to be very satisfactory 
 by those who have used it. Figure 190 represents front view of 
 the table in upright position. This table is made from the 
 best Puget Sound fir lumber. The top of the table (A) is about 
 the usual size of veterinary operating tables, being seven feet 
 wide by nine feet long. It is thoroughly padded and covered 
 with canvas, paraffined and oiled, making it absolutely water- 
 proof, and, as near as possible, aseptic. 
 
 The planks are 2x12 inches, doweled together and bolted 
 to 4x6 inch cross pieces on which the table turns. That portion 
 of the surface (S) on which the feet of the animal are secured is 
 covered with No. 18 galvanized sheet iron, amply protecting it 
 from the kicks and cuts of shoes. The sheet iron, canvas and 
 bindings are all nailed on with* galvanized nails, thus avoiding 
 the action of rust, and adding much to the durability of the 
 table. 
 
 The table is amply supplied with hooks, body girths (k) 
 (q) (r), and hobbles (K) (L) (m) (n) for securing the patient. 
 The adjustability of the straps makes it an essentially reversible 
 table. The hobbles tighten automatically after buckling on the 
 patient's feet. Long body girths and cams are furnished only 
 
OPERATING TABLES. 
 
 165 
 
 on request. Otherwise the table is fitted with short body girths 
 (k) (q) (r) and ropes (e) (j) (g) running through rings (b) 
 (c) (d) at the end as shown in cut. Dr. Cozier prefers this 
 method. By it very much of the dirt and water that accumu- 
 lates on or around a table is kept from coming in contact with 
 the operator or patient by way of the body girths. The table is 
 furnished with three body girths and rings, three lifting ropes, 
 
 L ~ ^ 
 
 Fig. 190. Cozier's Improved Equine Operating Table, Front View. 
 
 one two-ply oil tanned neck strap (h), one twenty-foot side line 
 rope, hobble straps and irons for securing the frame to floor. 
 
 Figure 191 represents rear view of the Cozier table. The 
 frame (S) is built of 4x6 inch material fitted and bolted to- 
 gether with joint bolts, thus allowing all parts of it to be kept 
 thoroughly tight. The special feature of importance is the 
 gearing (h) (t) (m), which is Dr. Cozier's own designing. It 
 is unique for its strength and simplicity. The power is applied 
 to the table top at two points simultaneously, doing away with 
 
i66 
 
 RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Fig. 191. Cozier's Improved Equine Operating Table, Rear View- 
 all lateral and racking motions, and is transmitted from tlie 
 crank (K) to the lifting segments by means of a worm and 
 worm wheel, thus forming a lock at all points of the arc through 
 which the table turns. It is impossible, therefore, to move the 
 table up or down without turning the crank. 
 
 Hodgson and Magee's Equine Operating Table. 
 
 The table. Figures 192, 193 and 194, was designed by Drs. 
 Hodgson and Magee. It is simple in construction, with very 
 little mechanism to get out of working order. The particular 
 difference in this table and many others is the method of raising 
 and loAvering it by means of block and tackle, which is anchored 
 in selected positions suitable to make traction at certain angles 
 in order to handle the hinged table top which rests upon a 
 strongly constructed wooden frame or base. Another important 
 
OPERATI^STG TABLES. 
 
 167 
 
 Fig. 192. Hodgson & Magee's Table, Horizontal Position. 
 
 difference between this and other tables, except the Kyle Bros, 
 table, is the manner by which the hobble chains are tightened 
 and rendered immovable. Figure 192 represents the table with 
 its top (a) lowered to the horizontal position. It will be ob- 
 served that the frame or base of the table is fixed securely to two 
 
 Fig. 193. Hodgson & Magee's Table, Oblique Position, Side View. 
 
i68 
 
 EESTEAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 flat pieces of wood (c) (d) which rest upon the floor. Between 
 these two flat pieces of wood are two braces; the front one car- 
 ries two rings (f) (e) into which the hobble chains fasten, and 
 the rear one carries one ring (g) into which the lowering pulley 
 is fastened. The table top is made of hardwood boards substan- 
 tially fastened together. Through this top are holes to accommo- 
 date the neck strap and hobble chains. A strong metal ring is 
 
 Fig. 194. Hodgson & Magee's Table, Upright Position, Back View. 
 
 attached on upper margin of table near its middle to accommo- 
 date pulley rope. 
 
 FigTire 193 represents an end view of the Hodgson & Magee 
 table raised to its oblique position. This position affords the 
 reader a comprehensive view of the strong wooden base or frame 
 (e), also the arrangement of the body girths (f) and neck strap. 
 
 Figure 194 represents a back view of the table top (a) raised 
 to the upright position. It shows the legs and turn-buckles 
 
OPERATING TABLES. 169 
 
 applied on each side to render the table stationary and solid; 
 also the rope and pulley arrangement which may be described 
 as follows: 
 
 Directly below the middle of the superior border of the table 
 on its posterior face are two heavy wrought iron rings (b). At 
 the floor into the wooden cross brace or sill, another ring (c) 
 is fixed. In the ceiling is another ring. This ceiling ring should 
 be directly in line with the ring on table (b) and the one on 
 the sill (c) at the floor. In handling this table two systems of 
 pulleys and ropes are used. One pulley is attached into ring on 
 ceiling and its rope to ring on the table top (b). Another pulley 
 is attached to the ring on the sill (c) and its rope attached above 
 to the lower ring on table top (b). These pulleys will allow 
 the table to be raised and lowered with little difiiculty. On 
 account of the hobble chains being stationary to the cross brace 
 at the bottom, the hobble straps are automatically tightened and 
 loosened when the table is lowered or raised. 
 
 The Neiv York State Veterinary College Operating Table. 
 
 The operating table which was recently installed by Dr. W. 
 L. Williams, professor of surgery at the New York State Veteri- 
 nary College, and known as "The ISTew York State Veterinary 
 College Operating Table," is the result of the expense of much 
 time, thought and labor, to say nothing of the financial outlay. 
 A similar outfit has recently been manufactured by William 
 Sellers & Co., Philadelphia, Pa., and installed at the Univer- 
 sity of Pennsylvania (Veterinary Department) under the direc- 
 tion of Dr. John W. Adams, Professor of Surgery at that school. 
 
 This table, with that manufactured by the Bradwood Manu- 
 facturing Company (to be described later), represents the result 
 of the latest and most up-to-date thought yet applied to equine 
 operating table construction. With such machines as these in 
 the reach of the veterinary profession, little can be said and 
 proven derogatory to the equine operating table as a practical, 
 useful and necessary apparatus. About the sole argument against 
 them is the one of price, and when we stop to consider their 
 cost of construction, perfection and usefulness, the price is to be 
 considered a weak argument indeed against their installation. 
 
I70 RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 The New York State Veterinary Operating Table is made of 
 metal, except those portions upon which the body of the animal 
 rests. The frame work is built of steel channels and I-beams 
 securely connected, making a rigid support for the oak and 
 plate steel platform. The wooden portion of the platform is 
 made in three pieces; a main section and two smaller inter- 
 changeable square pieces. These may be entirely removed or 
 placed in suitable positions for the head and tail ; that intended 
 for the head being slightly inclined. 
 
 Two heavy cast iron supports are provided, having their 
 upper ends connected by hinged joints to the table, and upon 
 these the table rocks from vertical to horizontal positions. The 
 movement of the table from one plane to another is accomplished 
 by a hydraulic cylinder, bolted to the foundation through a 
 rocking joint, having its piston rod attached to the under side of 
 the table frame ; by admitting water to either end of the cylintier 
 the piston rod can be moved in or out and the table rocked to 
 the desired position. When the table is horizontal it rests on two 
 metal posts of suitable height, which, together with the two main 
 standards, give four points of support whereby all tendency to 
 vibration is eliminated. 
 
 Figure 195 shows the table in an upright position ready for 
 use. The animal stands close beside it. The halter strap is 
 passed through a convenient aperature in the detachable head 
 piece of the table and the head pulled against the surface, after 
 which the strap is tied to cleats provided for the purpose. When 
 this is done the girth-straps and foot nooses are tightened, the 
 latter being accomplished by suitable ratchet windlasses on 
 the under side of the platform. If required, the tail may be 
 lashed to the detachable tail piece. 
 
 When the animal is thoroughly secured, the table may be 
 tilted over by the hydraulic cylinder until it lies horizontally, 
 or, if desired, to any intermediate angle, where it may be sus- 
 tained indefinitely. 
 
 The cylinder is double acting, and so controlled by a valve 
 as to be positively located in every position. Its action is 
 smooth and free from all undesirable vibration. A small triplex 
 pump driven by an electric motor provides the water supply. A 
 
OPEKATING TABLES. 
 
 171 
 
 Fig. 195. New York State Veterinary CoHege Table, Upright Position, 
 
 Ready for Use. 
 
 This illustration shows adjustability, of the head rests, the 
 arrangement of body girths and ropes, the iron post which sup- 
 ports the table Avhen in horizontal position, also heavy metal 
 foot pieces at bottom of table. The head and tail rests are re- 
 
 movable and interchangeable. 
 
RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Fig. 196. New York State Veterinary College Table in Horizontal 
 Position, with Horse Secured to Table Ready for Operation. 
 
 Observe the position of the body girths and rope, also the 
 table resting firmly on the two metal posts. 
 
OPERATING TABLES. 
 
 173 
 
 Fig. 197. New York State Veterinsry College Table, Upright Position, 
 with Horse Secured to It After Operation Prior to Being Released. 
 
 To release the horse the hobble ropes are first removed from 
 the feet. The neck strap is removed and halter rein slightly 
 loosened, after which indnce the animal to stand on its feet, and 
 lastly release body rope and girths. 
 
174 
 
 EESTKAIXT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 IT 
 
 g:- ir *^ m ■ " »- 
 
 /^ 
 
 B 
 
 A 
 
 f- r 
 
 Fig. 198. The New York State Veterinary College Table, Front View, 
 With Table in Upright Position- 
 
 (A) Table surface of polished hard wood. 
 
 (BB) Lower section of the table of heavy boiler plate iron. 
 
 (C) Detachable central section composed of heavv boiler 
 plate iron. 
 
 (D) Securing straps or bands which act as a sling beneath 
 the horse. 
 
 (EE) Openings in the table through which the side line or 
 longitudinal strap passes in confining the animal. 
 
 (EF) Adjustable head pieces. The one on the right is 
 placed at the highest point, while that on the left is attached 
 lower to accommodate smaller sized animals. One of these is 
 depressed as is shown in Figures 201, -202 and 203, while the 
 other is direct. 
 
 (HH) The foot pieces of heavy cast iron in each segment 
 of which are two holes for the passage of the foot ropes as shown 
 in Figure 201, These foot pieces are rounded and project above 
 the general surface of the table sufficiently to have a space be- 
 tween the lower part of the liml) and the table surface. 
 
OPERATING TABLES. 
 
 175 
 
176 
 
 EESTKAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Fig. 200. New York Stats Veterinary College Table, Rear View. 
 
 (I) Tlio hj'dranlic jack by which the table is operated. The 
 pump fi'din which the jack is worked is located along the wall of 
 the room and connected by concealed pipes. 
 
 (J) One of the pedestals upon which the table pivots. 
 
 (L) One of two supports upon which the upper portion of 
 the table rests when horizontal. The second support is not shown 
 in the photogra]ih. 
 
OPERATING TABLES. 
 
 177 
 
 Fig. 201. New York State Vetsnnary College Table. 
 
 Turned down to a horizontal position with the center piece 
 removed and dropped npon the floor, and the fonr h)oped foot 
 ropes in position in the foot pieces (HH). The lettering; is 
 identical with Figure 198. Each foot rope is shown passing 
 throngh a ratchet cylinder beneath the ta1)le. This cylinder is 
 operated by means of a ratchet lever. 
 
178 
 
 RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Fig. 202. New York State Veterinary College Table. 
 
 In horizontal position with an animal secnred in position 
 for operating for roaring. The depressed head piece is nsed and 
 on either side of the head is placed a flange-like support (K), 
 forming a sort of groove or trough in which the patient's head 
 rests securely. The dorsal position of the animal is maintained 
 by means of four over-head pulleys acting upon the feet. It is 
 sho^\Ti that three assistants are in an available position for aiding 
 on one side of the head and neck and an equal number may as 
 readily approach the part from the opposite side, thus showing 
 that it is freely approachable from any direction. 
 
OPERATING TABLES. 
 
 179 
 
 ailHiUl'i'" *« 
 
 Fig. 203. New York State Veterinary College Table- 
 
 In the same position as Figure 201, with a horse confined 
 in position for cryptorchid castration. The depressed head piece 
 is nsed so that the animal's nose is lower down than the poll, 
 rendering chloroform anaesthesia more safe. The central piece 
 is removed and the operator stands against the ventral snrface 
 of the body of the animal between the anterior and posterior 
 limbs. The right hind limb is drawn upward by means of two 
 overhead pulleys and the right inguinal region is thoroughly 
 opened. The posterior confining strap or girth marked (D), in 
 Figure 198, has been released and dropped out of the way and 
 the position of the patient made secure by fixing the tail to the 
 upper border of the table. It w^ll be seen that the ventral sur- 
 face of the body is at a convenient height for operating, with 
 operator in standing position. 
 
i8o 
 
 KESTfvAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
OPEEATING TABLES. 
 
 iSi 
 
OPERATING TABLES. 183 
 
 by-pass valve is provided so that when water is not being deliv- 
 ered to the cylinder, and the pump still running, it passes back 
 into the supply tank. 
 
 Figure 196 shows the table in an horizontal position, with 
 horse secured to table ready for operation. The middle section 
 of the lower half of the table may be easily removed, permitting 
 the operator to stand between the legs of the animal. 
 
 Figure 197 shows the table in the vertical position, with a 
 horse secured to it after the operation, prior to being released. 
 The center section previously referred to is shown removed. 
 
 As the head and tail extensions are removable and inter- 
 changeable, the animal may be placed upon the table facing 
 either way. 
 
 The manipulation of the operating table may readily be 
 accomplished by the surgeon and a reasonably competent assist- 
 ant. 
 
 Figure 198 represents the table in upright position — front 
 view. To place an animal on this table the head is supplied 
 with a strong halter to which is attached a 15 or 20-foot rein 
 (rope). This rein is passed through the eye in the head piece 
 of the table (F). The groom handling the rein can step entirely 
 beyond reach of the animal and yet hold the head firmly fixed 
 against the table. The fixation may be increased by carrying the 
 halter rope back along the side of the patient and passing it 
 through the table at ^^E," instead of the side strap for which 
 this opening is made; by traction on this rope the animal's 
 body is pressed firmly against the table. The horse is now in 
 position where the operator can affix a hobble strap or rope to 
 off fore pastern. This is passed through the opening ''H," 
 and tied by an assistant to prevent the animal from rearing. 
 The body girths can now be applied without danger to the 
 operator. 
 
 The table with the patient upon it can now be promptly 
 brought to the horizontal position by means of the hydraulic 
 pump, with the operator and assistants entirely out of reach 
 of the animal in its struggles ; and once down the restraint can 
 be completed without coming in striking reach of the horse. 
 
 Figure 199 represents the table in upright position^ front 
 
I04 KESTKAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 view, ready for reception of patient — hydraulic pump against 
 wall to the left. 
 
 Figure 200 represents the table, rear view. The hydraulic 
 cylinder, or Jack I, supplies the power by which the table is 
 raised and lowered. This is a strong and powerful apparatus 
 and works automatically. The largest horse can be handled 
 without any effort whatsoever upon the part of operator or his 
 assistants. 
 
 Figure 201 represents the table turned down in the hori- 
 zontal position, with the center piece removed and dropped upon 
 the floor, also the four looped hobble ropes in the metal 
 foot pieces, H. H. These ropes each pass through a ratchet 
 cylinder beneath the table. They are tightened by means of the 
 ratchet lever. 
 
 Special Positions. 
 
 Animals are readily placed in special positions for certain 
 operations on the New York State Veterinary College Table. 
 Figure 202 represents the table in the horizontal position with 
 the animal placed in the extended dorsal position by use of over- 
 head pulleys. It will be observed that in this instance the animal 
 is under chloroform anaesthesia ; the depressed head piece is 
 used, and on either side of the head there are flange-like sup- 
 ports (K). These hold the head stationary. This illustration 
 also gives a comprehensive idea of the absence of obstruction 
 between the animal and the surgeon and his assistants, or we 
 might say the accessibility of the head and neck from the front 
 and from either side. 
 
 Figure 203 represents animal in position to afford free 
 access to the scrotal and inguinal regions. On account of the 
 central portion of the table being removed almost every part of 
 the animal may be easily and readily approached by the surgeon. 
 
 Special Metal Platform and Padded Becovery Stall. 
 
 'No doubt every surgeon has experienced the worry and 
 vexation of attending an anaesthetized patient after operation 
 upon the table. To prevent them from producing self-inflicted 
 
OPERATING TABLES. 
 
 185 
 
 injuries or doing damage to the operating room and its equip- 
 ment requires constant attention for a length of time varying 
 from fifteen to forty-five minutes. To obviate this difiiculty, 
 Prof. W. L. Williams has constructed a specially padded re- 
 covery stall adjoining his operating room. The animal is simply 
 slided from the table to the padded recovery stall by using a 
 metal platform shown in Figures 204 and 205. When once 
 the animal is in this stall it may be left alone to recover 
 without injury to itself or trouble to the surgeon or his assistants. 
 
 The Chicago Veteri7}ary College Operating Table. 
 
 The operating table which is used at the Chicago Veterinary 
 College is a flat top table. This table possesses several decided 
 
 Fig. 206. Chicago Veterinary College Table, Upright Position, 
 Front View. 
 
i86 
 
 EESTEAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 advantages over some other tables of the same type. The Chi- 
 cago Veterinary College table is a modification of the original 
 Dyson table, the principal modification consisting in changing 
 the gears from eight to sixteen turns of the crank to elevate or 
 lower the table. This change increases the power by decreasing 
 the speed ; however, with the present gears the table possesses 
 ample speed, and one man can easily turn the crank even when 
 a heavy horse is being handled. 
 
 Figure 206 represents front view of Chicago Veterinary 
 College table in the upright position, ready for reception of 
 patient. The top of the table is made heavy and strong of hard 
 wood. There are openings to accommodate hobble straps (e) 
 
 Fig. 207. Chicago Veterinary College Table, Upright Position, 
 Rear View. 
 
OPERATING TABLES. 
 
 187 
 
 (f) (g) (li) and neck strap (r) (p). The center (o) and sides 
 (i) (j) are cut out to allow free access to the patient. The top 
 is padded with oakum and covered with painted canvas. The 
 body belts (1) (m) (n) are of 5-inch 5-ply cloth belting, and 
 fasten by means of cam buckles near top of table. The four 
 hobble straps (e) (f) (g) (h) are 3-ply harness leather of a 
 good quality. These are connected to chains which are fixed 
 stationary to the frame of table. This table is elevated and 
 lowered by sixteen turns of the crank. All gearings are sub- 
 stantial and extremely simple. 
 
 Figure 207 represents the table in upright position, rear 
 view. The frame (a) (b) is built heavy and strong, being sup- 
 ported at each corner by a 4x6-inch post well braced in all direc- 
 tions. On the end of the crank (c) is a worm-gearing by which 
 the power is transmitted to the main cog gear (d). 
 
 Figure 208 represents the table in horizontal position. 
 
 Fig. 208. Chicago Veterinary College Table, Horizontal Position. 
 
 Directions for Placing Patient on the Chicago Veterinary Col- 
 lege Table. 
 
 Raise table to upright position, then induce the horse to stand 
 alongside table and near enough to strap body to it by means of 
 body girths and hobble straps. To accomplish this the horse 
 should be blindfolded. IN'ow, the halter rein should be passed 
 through opening in the table and held by an assistant. The 
 
l88 EESTKAINT OF DOMESTIC AWIMAL& 
 
 foremost body girth should be brought around the animal and 
 fastened. Then fasten the neck strap and the remaining two 
 body girths. The hobble straps may now be placed around all 
 four pasterns, after which re-tighten the halter rein, neck strap 
 and body girths until horse is firmly against the table. The 
 hindermost hobble straps — both fore and hind — must be buckled 
 to pasterns of the outer legs. The coronet pastern and fetlock of 
 outer hind leg should be protected from injury in struggling by 
 wrapping with a bandage or heavy cloth. 
 
 Now turn the table down to the horizontal position as rapidly 
 as possible. 
 
 To release the horse the hobble straps are removed first, then 
 the twitch is removed, after which the neck strap and halter rein 
 are loosened. The body girths are at this time loosened several 
 inches. The table is then raised to the upright position. The 
 head is still held with halter rein firmly against table. The 
 blindfold should be removed as soon as animal is standing on 
 its feet ; so are all other girths and straps released at this time. 
 
 The Conkey Equine Operating Table. 
 
 The table designed and used by Professor L. L. Conkey, 
 Figure 209, is of the flat top variety. The top is of hard wood, 
 padded and covered with painted canvas. Openings are made 
 through the top to accommodate the halter and neck straps, also 
 hobble chains. This table has the center and sides cut out to 
 afford free access to the patient. It is equipped with two 
 
 Fig. 209. Conkey's Equine Operating Table, Horizontal Position. 
 
OPERATING TABLES. 
 
 strong body girths (f) (g). These are made of heavy cloth 
 belting, four strong leather hobble straps (d) (e) (k) (1) at- 
 tached to chains from the ratchet by which they are tightened by 
 turning the crank (n). On either side of the table are two 
 heavy iron cranks (b) (c) ; by turning one of these cranks to the 
 left the table top is raised to upright position, and by turning 
 the same crank to the right the table top is lowered to the hori- 
 zontal position. By turning the other crank to the right the table 
 top is reversed (turned upside down), placing the patient in the 
 dorsal position ; and by turning the same crank to the left the 
 table top is again brought to the horizontal position. The wide 
 range of positions is an attractive feature of the Conkey table. 
 Moreover, the table top rests upon a heavy metal base (a). This 
 base is equipped with turn-table castings which enables the oper- 
 ator to turn the table with the patient on it in any direction, 
 with perfect ease. All the mechanical parts are enclosed in the 
 metal base, which protects them from dust and dirt. 
 
 J K 
 
 Fig. 210. Price's Equine Operating Table. 
 
190 KESTBAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Price s Equine Opei'ating Table. 
 
 The Price table, Figure 210, represents one of the earlier 
 American designs of operating tables. The table top (a) is 
 9x0 I/O feet, heavily padded, and covered with painted canvas. 
 This top is made of hardwood planks two inches thick, tongued 
 and grooved to match. The table top is equipped with three heavy 
 canvas body girths (c) (d) (e) supplied with cam buckles, also 
 four hobble straps (h) (g) (i) (f), with their accompanying 
 cams aTid two neck straps. The chains are attached under the 
 table to a ratchet and are tightened by turning the self-locking 
 crank (j). The top is supported by a heavy stationary wooden 
 frame (1). This frame is braced in all directions, and on that 
 account is very substantial. The table top is lowered and raised 
 by turning the crank (o) in the rear. 
 
 Price's table is somewhat antiquated and very little used at 
 the present time. 
 
 Kyle Bros.' Combination, Equine Operating Table and Slocks. 
 
 The table top of Kyle Bros, is made of 2-inch plank, covered 
 with heavy canvas and upholstered. The table frame is made 
 of 4x6-inch lumber and put together in a bracing manner and 
 will never rack. 
 
 Figure 211 represents the table in upright position, front 
 and end view. 
 
 Figure 212 represents the table, upright position, rear view. 
 
 At the rear of the frame is situated a large master gear- 
 wheel (f) 30 inches in diameter, with 3-inch face and 140 cogs, 
 which is always in engagement with a small 3-inch gear-wheel 
 on a winding shaft, which extends the full length of table so 
 that cranks (a) (f) can be used at either or both ends of the 
 table, operator always in position to watch the animal while 
 tilting the table. On the rim of this master gear-wheel, at 
 diametrically opposite points, are two cranks. To one of these 
 is pivoted the lower end of a lever, and the upper end of this 
 lever is pivoted into a pair of lugs, located at the rear edge of 
 the tilting table. In the center of this lever are disc-like en- 
 largements forming a hinge (c) provided at its front side with 
 
OPERATING TABLES. 
 
 191 
 
 Fig. 211. 
 
 Kyle Bros. Operating Table, Upright Position, Front and 
 End View. 
 
 a radical slot, which lies in the path of the opposite free crank 
 on master gear-wheel, and as this wheel turns around the free 
 crank enters this slot in hinge and springs the hinge, which is so 
 arranged as to grasp the crank, making it perfectly safe and a 
 direct, quick and easy lift from the edge of the table. The 
 platform is of 2-inch plank, 9 feet long and 21/0 feet Avide, well 
 braced underneath with strong iron bars sw^ung with large 30- 
 inch rods to a hinge shaft, and by long rods to each end of the 
 table ; then by unhooking these chains the platform can be swung 
 to its lower position while operating on the feet. Horse is lifted 
 
192 
 
 EESTEAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Fig. 212. Kyle Bros. Operating Table, Upright Position, Rear View. 
 
 by the feet instead of the girths, making it much easier on 
 the animal. 
 
 Figure 213 represents the table in upright position, with 
 horse attached ready to be lowered to horizontal position. The 
 stocks are not illustrated in cut ; however, they are made of 
 4x6 lumber and are located in front of the table, the padded 
 table raised perpendicularly answering as one side. The sills of 
 stocks are attached to the ends of the sills of the table frame and 
 extend forward to outer edge of platform where the posts are 
 attached, which are 7 feet high, well braced from one to the 
 other by a beam and at corners by strong bolts. 
 
 Animals are forced into the stocks by a swinging (wooden) 
 bar. This bar swings from either end and is operated by a rope 
 attached to one end of the ratchet shaft. The girths and ratchet 
 ropes are then applied, which prevents lying down or shifting 
 about while making examinations of the mouth, drenching, 
 
OPERATING TABLES. 
 
 193 
 
 dressing teeth, or performing minor operations wiiere it is un- 
 necessary to cast an animal ; also convenient in holding animals 
 while applying girths and hobbles. 
 
 When the stocks are added to table it is not necessary for 
 the table to be bolted to the floor, and if mounted on castors it 
 can be shifted to the light or to any part of the barn by the 
 ratchet ropes and shafts. 
 
 Located at each end of the table frame are two ratchet 
 shafts, used in drawing stubborn horses up to table by the halter 
 strap, and in forcing horse around against the table by passing 
 a rope around it and onto one of the ratchet shafts, which is 
 turned by a crank. This table is supplied with neck straps, 
 girths, fastening for halter strap, and ropes; has four hobbles 
 attached to heavy chains which work automatically, and is so 
 arranged that the slack in the chains can be taken up to prevent 
 them from being caught by the feet. 
 
 Kr^'^TT'T'TTrrrr, 
 
 Fig. 213. Kyle Bros. Table, Upright Position, Horse Secured Ready 
 to Be Lowered to the Horizontal Position. 
 
194 
 
 RESTKAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 The stocks are 8 feet high, but can be easily made lower if 
 necessary. A table can be operated in a 10x12 stall, though 
 12x12 is better. 
 
 This table is also arranged for shoeing. A 5-inch plank can 
 be easily removed at the bottom of the table, giving shoer access 
 to the feet, while feet are held steady by ropes and the ratchet 
 shafts. 
 
 Directions for Operating the Table. 
 
 If a kind, gentle horse, lead him up close to the padded 
 side of the table, and if a stubborn horse, pull him up by means 
 of the rope ratchet shaft and force him around to the table by 
 
 dL e a, c b 
 
 'Fig. 214. Kyle Bros. Operating Table, Horizontal Position, with 
 Horse Confined Ready for Operation. 
 
 the swinging bar of the stocks, or by the rope and ratchet shaft, 
 then apply the girths and hobbles. Take up the slack in the 
 hobble chains, then proceed to tilt the table. 
 
 Figure 214 represents the table in horizontal position, with 
 horse secured ready for operation. Observe the arrangement 
 of the lash rope, body girths and hobble strap chains. 
 
 The most attractive feature of the Kyle Bros, operating 
 table is that it is possible for one man to confine and place a full 
 grown horse in position for operation. 
 
OPERATING TABLES. 
 
 195 
 
 The German Equine Operating Table. 
 
 The German table was designed and first used by Herr 
 Trapp. It is of the rocker variety and is yet used to a limited 
 extent throughout Germany for casting and confining oxen as 
 well as horses. 
 
 Fig. 215. German Equine Operating Table, Upright Position, Ready for 
 Reception of Patient. 
 
 Figure 215 represents the German equine operating table, 
 upright position, ready for reception of patient. The table top 
 (k), including head-board (j) and platform for the feet (a), 
 is made of hardwood boards 2x4, arranged in slat fashion. To 
 place an animal on this table the table itself is raised to the 
 upright position. Figure 215. The animal is then led upon the 
 
196 
 
 RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Fig. 216. German Equine Operating Table, with Horse Secured 
 Ready for Operation. 
 
 platform (a) alongside the table. The head is fixed to head- 
 board by means of a rope or strong halter strap. The body is 
 then fixed securely to table with lash ropes. The table is then 
 rocked over to the horizontal position, Figure 216 ; then the feet 
 are secured, after which the horse is ready for operation. 
 
 Figure 217 represents the table in horizontal position. The 
 platform or foot board is hinged to bottom of table. The head 
 
 Fig. 217. German Equine Operating Table, Horizontal Position. 
 
OPERATING TABLES. 197 
 
 piece is removable and interchangeable and can be placed on 
 either side, depending upon whether the horse is to be placed 
 on the table on its near or off side. 
 
 This table is strong, well braced in all directions, light, 
 cheap, and to a certain extent portable. 
 
 Kansas City Veterinary College Rocker Operating Table. 
 
 The ''Rocker Table," Figure 218, used at the Kansas City 
 Veterinary College, is one of the flat-top variety. The top is 
 made by wood pieces 2x6 inches, these being placed crosswise in 
 slat fashion. These pieces are each padded and covered sepa- 
 rately with painted canvas. The head piece is made in the same 
 
 Fig. 218. Kansas City Veterinary College "Rocker Table." 
 
 manner and is interchangeable from side to side to accommo- 
 date each side of the horse. The top is equipped with eight 
 hobble straps of special design ; also hobble strap chains 
 and two canvas body girths. The hobble chains are tightened 
 and fixed by means of a crank at the end of table. Two hobble 
 straps are applied to each leg — one around pastern and the other 
 above ankle. The body girths are tightened by means of ropes 
 which attach behind the table when in upright position. The 
 rockers are of solid wood and strong. The table is also supplied 
 with a foot board which drops off as soon as table is lowered 
 to horizontal position. 
 
 To place a horse on this table the table itself is first raised 
 
198 RESTEAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 to upright position. The animal's head is fixed to head piece 
 by using the halter rein. The horse is now placed alongside the 
 table, standing on the foot board or platform. The body girths 
 are now placed around the body and fastened. The table, with 
 horse attached to it, is now rocked or turned over to the hori- 
 zontal position. The feet are then made fast by the hobble 
 straps and the body girths are reinforced by a lash rope extend- 
 ing alongside the horse and fastened at each end. The horse is 
 now secured, ready for operation. To release the animal, first 
 remove hobble straps, then the lash rope, after which raise table 
 by means of a pulley and rope to the upright position. As soon 
 as the animal's feet come in contact with the floor the trip is 
 thrown, which releases the body girths instantly and allows the 
 animal to regain its feet without difficulty. 
 
 The Bradwood Humane Equine Revolving Operating Table 
 
 and Chair. 
 
 The fundamental principle of this invention belongs to M. 
 Vinsot, of Chartres, in the form of Vinsot's Stocks, Figure 67. 
 This apparatus of Vinsot, in the form of stocks, was later re- 
 designed and shaped into an operating table by John A. W. 
 Dollar, of London, and has long been known, manufactured 
 and sold in England as the "Dollar table." Several years ago 
 the apparatus of Dollar was brought to this country by Frank 
 G. Atwood, who applied for and was granted a United States 
 patent on same. Since that time the apparatus has been changed 
 in several important mechanical respects under the direction of 
 H. L. Bradley, and as nov/ manufactured and sold by the Brad- 
 wood Manufacturing Company — from a surgical restraint view- 
 point — it is probably the most perfect and desirable horse-hand- 
 ling machine manufactured in the civilized world. The table of 
 today weighs only one-half as much, but is twice as strong, as the 
 table of five years ago. Instead of large and heavy castings, 
 strong steel forgings are substituted. It can readily be con- 
 verted into a surgical chair or stocks. The table itself is 9 feet 
 high, 12 feet long, 3I/2 feet wide. It requires 9 feet to turn in. 
 There should, of course, be an allowance of at least 2 feet on all 
 
OPERATING TABLES. 199 
 
 sides to make the operating of it easy and convenient. This 
 calls for a room 14x16 feet and 10 feet high. 
 
 Some of the most attractive features of this table are the 
 ease and convenience with which the surgeon may approach the 
 patient by entering the table from the back side. This allows 
 him a space of 10 feet long by 5 feet high to enter the table, 
 whereas in all other tables it is necessary to enter from the side 
 the feet are attached to. 
 
 Another advantage is that of the table being used for a sur- 
 gical chair after operations, as previously mentioned; and, 
 lastly, the labor which it saves the veterinarian is a large item 
 with the advantage of being able to turn it to the right or left 
 or upside down. Its range of movement is far greater than 
 that of other operating tables. If necessary the surgeon and one 
 assistant can successfully secure a large horse for operation in 
 this machine. 
 
 Directions for Operating the Bradwood Table. 
 
 When it is desired to secure an animal therein, one or more 
 of the bars is freed from engagement with the ears of either 
 of the end frames, and the horse or other animal is then led into 
 the frame, after which the bars are secured into position. The 
 sling is then properly disposed about the animal and the breast 
 and breeching straps tightened. The hobbles are then secured 
 around the ankles and the winding shaft is actuated to tighten 
 the chain and thus securely hold the legs of the animal against 
 movement. The winding shaft is next actuated through the 
 mechanism explained to elevate the sling and lift the animal 
 sufficiently to remove the feet from the ground. The 
 animal being now in proper position to be thrown, the hand 
 wheel is operated, and the table carrying the animal is swung 
 either to the right or to the left and gradually lifts the feet of 
 the animal from the ground, and at the same time the body 
 will be caused to recline upon the cushion previously adjusted 
 and positioned together with its auxiliary attachment, if neces- 
 sary in the operation to be , performed. The stay chain will 
 obstruct the movement of the cushion, and any tendency of the 
 
200 KESTKAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 cushion to turn will be positively obstructed so that all danger 
 of variation in the position of the animal will be obviated. 
 
 Means will also be provided in connection with one or both 
 of the end frames for attaching halter straps or other head har- 
 ness and great care will be exercised in the formation of the 
 several parts as to distances apart to overcome any tendency to 
 injury of the animal during his retention within the table. It 
 will also be understood that the animal may be either led or 
 backed into the table, and after the operation has been per- 
 formed the release of the animal is pursued reversely to the 
 steps just described in securing him. 
 
 One of the most essential features of the present invention 
 is the mechanism for tilting the table to any position and hold- 
 ing it locked after the desired adjustment has been obtained. 
 As before indicated this table, together with the attachments 
 therein, is adjustable either to the right or left and fully through 
 a circular path. It is obvious that under the control of certain 
 actuating mechanisms the table, especially after an animal has 
 been placed and secured therein, would require considerable 
 manual strength to throw or position the animal at the angle 
 desired. Consequently it is imperative from a standpoint of 
 facility of operation that the necessary concomitants of the 
 mechanism for adjusting or operating a table of this class iare 
 that they shall combine great strength, ease of operation, freedom 
 from damage in use, and positiveness in holding the table at any 
 required adjustment. Mechanism having the foregoing re- 
 quirements in the present instance consists of a worm wheel 
 secured to the pintle and held in constant mesh with a worm 
 carried by a shaft having bearings in opposite brackets on tlie 
 adjacent standard. The shaft is journalled in suitable ball 
 bearings to reduce the friction in the operation of such shaft. 
 When a horse is reclining upon either of the cushions, the lateral 
 thrust against the threads of the worm will be excessive, and the 
 provision of these ball-bearings reduces the resistance to move- 
 ment of the shaft to a minimum. 
 
 This invention relates to veterinary operating tables wherein 
 a frame or holding means is movably disposed and fulcrumed 
 between uprights or standard devices anchored to a base rest. 
 
 1 
 
OPERATING TABLES. 20i 
 
 The present form of table is equipped with attachments to facili- 
 tate the arrangement of the animal in any desired position for 
 performing surgical and shoeing operations. In positioning the 
 table carrying the animal, the labor incident to such operation 
 is reduced to a minimum, and after the required adjustment 
 has been obtained the possible movement of the table as well 
 as injury to or bodily movement of the animal is prevented. 
 Furthermore, the table is of such open construction that an 
 operator or surgeon may enter any part thereof from either side 
 or end close to the body of the animal, to easily and conveniently 
 perform the necessary operation. The improved table is mov- 
 able in a complete circle and has readily operated mechanism 
 for throwing a horse over on either side, downwardly at an angle 
 with the hoofs up, or fully over with the back do.wn and the legs 
 and hoofs in a vertical position. The table in the present in- 
 stance is also supplied with readily adjustable auxiliary sup- 
 porting attachments which in part are specially cushioned and 
 padded to serve as rests for different portions of the body of the 
 animal, and easily movable from one position to another with 
 respect to the opposite ends and sides of the table to accommo- 
 date the position of the animal and assist in the performance of 
 surgical operations. One of these attachments is specially useful 
 in holding the head and neck of an animal during the admin- 
 istration of an anaesthetic, or one limb for special treatment or 
 operation. A part or all of the attachments may be used in the 
 table, and in addition to a sling of ordinary form included in the 
 complement of attachments and having a freely movable securing 
 means, other supporting harness or straps may be introduced, 
 particularly when the table is so arranged that the legs and 
 hoofs of the animal are turned up in vertical position. These 
 additional supporting straps will be used in this instance to re- 
 move the weight strain from the legs of the animal, which under 
 ordinary conditions are secured and firmly held against move- 
 ment by hobbles attached to a part of the table. The possibility 
 of introducing different kinds of harness or straps within the 
 table is an important advantage, and is due to the open structure 
 of the several parts of the table and the adjustability and re- 
 movability of other auxiliaries. 
 
202 RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 It will be observed that the operator has free access to any 
 or all parts of the animal without removing the patient from 
 the table. This is of the greatest importance, on account of the 
 danger to the operator, his attendants, and patient. 
 
 The following half-tone illustrations from original photo- 
 graphs will give the reader a comprehensive idea of the range 
 of usefulness of this machine: 
 
OPERATING TABLES. 
 
 203 
 
 Fig. 219. Bradwood Operating Table in Upright Position Ready 
 for Reception of the Patient. 
 
 It will be observed that this apparatus can be u?ed for stocks. 
 For operations in the standing posture the horse can be placed 
 either forward or backward by shifting the iron loops on the 
 overhead lengthwise beam. By this arrangement operations on 
 posterior parts of animal can be performed with ease and safety. 
 
204 
 
 RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Fig. 220. Bradwood Operating Table Open for Reception of Patient, 
 
 Illustrating Manner in Which the Slings Are Applied, also 
 
 Both Side Pads on Table for Double Operation. 
 
 By this arrangement the operator is enabled to operate upon 
 one fore or hind leg, or one side of the body, and immediately 
 turn the other side in position for examination or operation 
 without releasing the patient. 
 
OPERATING TABLES. 
 
 205 
 
 Fig. 221. Bradwood Operating Table, Side View, Illustrating Method 
 of Removing Patient from Apparatus After Operation. 
 
2o6 
 
 B^STKAZ^X o. BOM..ST,o A„„,,,. 
 
 
OPERATING TABLES. 
 
 207 
 
 Fig. 223. Bradwood Operating Table. 
 
 The horse is backed into the table and secured in the 
 usual manner. The table is then tilted slightly to the right, 
 thus placing the animal in proper position for eye, head, mouth 
 and poll operations. It demonstrates how easily the surgeon 
 can pass out from the back side and back again when necessary. 
 The amount of space for passage depends upon the angle of 
 elevation of the table. 
 
208 
 
 RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 I E 
 
 > 
 
 re !t 
 
 o 
 
 
 o — 
 Q. ™ 
 
 re re 
 
OPERATING TABLES. 
 
 209 
 
 Fig. 225. Bradwood Operating Table, Horse in Dorsal Position for 
 
 Roaring Operation, and Others Where the Dorsal Position Is 
 
 Desirable. 
 
 To place a horse in this position it is necessary to set the 
 overhead iron loops back one or two notches. This places the 
 horse entirely inside the machine, so that it can be turned com- 
 pletely over. 
 
KESTKAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Fig. 226. Bradwood Operating Table, Horizontal Position, Legs Fixed 
 in Position for Operation on Near Hind. 
 
OPERATING TABLES. 
 
 Q. 
 O 
 
 iZ 
 
RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANi:\rALS. 
 
 V.T 
 
 ^ <D 
 
 H Z 
 
 TO ti 
 I- <U 
 
 (0 ^ 
 
 o ro 
 Q. _l 
 
 o <o 
 
 I c 
 
 2 Q. 
 
OPERATING TABLES. 
 
 213 
 
 Z -1 
 
 Q. c 
 
 XO 
 
 _ M- 
 
 ■^ Q- 
 
2X4 
 
 RESTEAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Fig. 230. Bradwood Operating Table, Horizontal Position. 
 
 This shows position which the surgeon can take in per- 
 forming foot and leg operations. In entering the table for such 
 an operation the surgeon enters from the back side and not from 
 the side on which the feet are attached to the chain. This allows 
 a space for the surgeon to enter 10 feet long by 4-% feet high. 
 
OPERATING TABLES. 
 
 215 
 
 Fig. 231. Bnadwood Operating Table, Horizontal Position. 
 
 The animal placed for operation on the feet. The hobbles 
 oan readily be removed and the leg to be operated on attached 
 to chain bracket, which holds the same firmly in the position 
 reqnired, as the bracket is adjustable and allow the surgeon to 
 stand outside the table with the leg held backward or forward 
 as the case demands. 
 
PART III. 
 
 Restraint of the Ox. 
 
PART III. 
 
 Restraint of the Ox. 
 
 The object of restraint of the ox is to protect the operator 
 against personal injuries as a result of kicking as well as goring. 
 We alsp apply means of restraint for the purpose of immobil- 
 izing the animal sufficiently for examination and operation. 
 The character and thoroughness of the restraint depends entirely 
 upon the location, magnitude and painfulness of the operation 
 to be . undertaken. It also depends to a certain extent upon the 
 size, strength, and physical condition of the individual animal 
 and the number and ability of the surgeon's assistants. In 
 many instances, partial restraint in the standing posture will 
 suffice, while at other times complete restraint in the recumbent 
 posture becomes imperative. As a rule, little can be accom- 
 plished by gentleness and kindness in controlling animals of the 
 bovine species. Time may be saved and much vexation avoided 
 by proceeding at once with whatever restraint method it has been 
 decided to use. The ox is extremely susceptible to pain, and has 
 a tendency to actively resist as soon as a pain of any character 
 is inflicted, hence the necessity of prompt and efficient restraint. 
 
, CHAPTER I. 
 
 EESTEAINT OF THE OX IN THE STANDING POSTURE. 
 
 On account of the anatomical conformation and tempera- 
 ment of the ox, the modes of restraint in the standing posture 
 vary greatly from those made use of in restraint of the horse in 
 the standing position. 
 
 Restnaint of the Head. 
 
 The simplest method of restraining or controlling the head 
 is to firmly grasp the lower extremity of the septum nasi (a) 
 between the thumb and index finger of one hand, and the horn 
 (b) with the other hand, Figure 232. By a tight grasp in the 
 nose most cattle are subdued sufficiently for examination and 
 minor operation. Grasping the nose of the ox causes pain and 
 
 i 
 
 Fig. 232. 
 
 Restraint by Grasping Septum Nasi with One Hand an/d 
 Horn with the Other Hand. 
 
KESTKAINT OF THE OX IN THE STANDING POSTURE. 221 
 
 detracts to a certain degree the animal's attention from the seat 
 of operation. The nose grip, either by hand or by the nose 
 clamp, has the same effect, from a restraint viewpoint, on the 
 ox as the twitch does on the horse. 
 
 Nose Clamp. 
 
 There are several designs of nose clamps; all of them are 
 made of metal, and when applied, all produce the same effect. 
 They are useful implements of subjection and restraint, and 
 should be applied whenever the ox is to be secured either for the 
 purpose of examination or operation. The nose clamp is useful 
 in the recumbent as well as in the standing posture. The fol- 
 lowing illustrations will afford the reader a comprehensive idea 
 of the different designs of nose clamps now in universal use : 
 
 Fig. 233. American Nose Clamp 
 with Sliding Mtetal Keeper. 
 
 Fig. 234. American Nose Clamp 
 With Rope. 
 
RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Fig. 235. , Nose Clamp with Spring 
 and Keeper. 
 
 Fig. 236. IVIodified English Nose 
 Clamp with Keeper. 
 
 Fig. 237. Modified English Nose 
 Clamp with Sliding Metal Keeper. 
 
 Fig. 238. German Nose Clamp with 
 Sliding Ring Keeper. 
 
KESTKAINT OF THE OX IN THE STANDING POSTURE. 
 
 223 
 
 Fig. 239. Italian Nose Clamp with Set Screw Keeper. 
 
 Yigans Controlling Apparatus. 
 
 The controlling apparatus of Vigan, Figure 240, affords us 
 an efficient and safe method of immobolizing the head. It con- 
 sists of a pole of sufficient length to reach from the withers to a 
 point about twelve inches beyond the muzzle. At one end of 
 this pole is an iron staple (d) through which passes a strong 
 surcingle (e). The pole is then fixed between the horns by 
 means of a rope or strap (c). The distal end of the pole 
 carries an iron prolongation, about twelve inches from the end 
 of which is a hook (b). This hook is to be inserted into the 
 
 Fig. 240. Vigan's Controlling Apparatus. 
 
224 RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 nose ring. On the end of this iron prolongation is a large ring 
 bj which the head is controlled by one hand (a). This appa- 
 ratus is. positive and severe in its action, and the most vicious 
 animals are quickly subdued and controlled by its application. 
 
 Securing ihe Head to a Post or Tree. 
 
 Another simple method of securing the head, Figure 241, is 
 by looping or tying a rope around base of horns (a), after which 
 
 Fig. 241. Head Secured to Post. 
 
 the animal is forced in close proximity to a strong post (C) or 
 tree around which the free end of the rope is fixed (B) by a 
 simple knot. 
 
 Figure 242 illustrates a desirable method of restraining 
 the head by means of a rope looped around base of horns (a), 
 after which it is carried around the ear (e) (c) in a half-hitch 
 fashion. Restraint is secured by tightening the rope by 
 traction on its free end (b) ; this causes severe pain, and the 
 animal quickly responds. 
 
EESTKAINT OF THE OX IN THE STANDING POSTURE. 
 
 225 
 
 Fig. 242. Restraining tlie Head by Rope 
 Around Base of Horns and Ear. 
 
 Leavitt's Head Holder. 
 
 The head holder of H. W. Leavitt, Figure 243, is intended 
 to be used in connection with a chute or stocks which were 
 designed by the same inventor. The head is thrust through the 
 opening; the lever is then" drawn over against the side of the 
 neck and secured there by means of an iron pin thrust through 
 a hole behind it. The rope is then dropped down over top of 
 neck and tightened by means of a self-locking ratchet and 
 windlass. 
 
 Fig. 243. Leavitt's Head Holder. 
 
226 
 
 EESTKAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Head Tied to Post, and Tail Through Opening Between 
 Slats of Gate. 
 
 ri^ire 244 represents a simple, quick and effecfiial method 
 of securing cattle in the standing posture for "spaying" and 
 other surgical operations. A rope is looped around base of 
 horns (a) ; the head is then drawn near the gate post, around 
 
 Fig. 244. Animal Secured by Head Tied to Post and Tail Held 
 Tlirough Opening Between Slats of Gate. 
 
 which the rope is fixed by tying (b). The tail is then passed 
 through opening between the gate slats above the animal (c) 
 and there firmly held by an assistant. This "tail hold" pre- 
 vents the animal from either turning around or lying down. 
 
 Bestraining the Fore Legs. 
 
 The fore legs of the ox are restrained in many instances by 
 means of knee straps of the same designs as those used in re- 
 straining the horse. Figures 245, 246 and 247 illustrate knee 
 straps of satisfactory design : 
 
KESTRAINT OF THE OX IN THE STANDING POSTURE. 227 
 
 ^ 
 
 Fig. 245. Hess' Knee Fig. 246. Author's 
 Strap. Knee Strap. 
 
 Fig. 247. Trasbot's 
 Knee Strap. 
 
 Fig. 248. Restraint of One Hind Leg. 
 
228 
 
 RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Restraining One Hind Leg. 
 
 The simplest method of restraining one hind leg is by means 
 of passing the tail between the legs, then forward and around 
 in front of hind leg above the hock, in which position it is held 
 firmly by a backward pull, Figure 248. If the animal attempts 
 to kick or move, traction on the tail will cause pain and prevent 
 such movement. 
 
 Hock Twitch, 
 
 The hock twitch, Figure 249, is an excellent appliance by 
 Avhich one hind leg may be restrained to prevent kicking. The 
 rope of this twitch is placed around the leg above the hock; a 
 
 Hock Twitch. 
 
 stick is then thrust through the loops in each end of the rope. 
 The rope is then twisted until the tendo- Achilles is pressed down 
 in contact with the posterior face of the leg. This prohibits the 
 animal from kicking or raising the leg. 
 
 Fig. 250. Hess' Method of Restraining One Hind Leg. 
 
RESTRAINT OF THE OX IN THE STANDING POSTURE. 229 
 
 Hess' Method of Restraining One Hind Leg. 
 
 Hess' method of restraining one hind leg, Figure 250, con- 
 sists of securing the head to a tree or post by means of a rope 
 looped around base of horns (a). The hind leg is then drawn 
 back and fixed to the cart standard (d). This same method may 
 
 Fig. 251. Hess' Method of Restraining One Hind Leg by Fixing to Pole. 
 
 be used with the same degree of efficiency by substituting a tree 
 or post for the cart standard. 
 
 Figure 251 represents another one of Hess' methods of re- 
 straining one hind leg by means of fixing the leg (d) to a pole 
 (a) (b) which is placed in front of the hock (d). The leg is 
 fixed to the pole by means of a rope, strap or cord. 
 
230 RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Restraining Both Hind Legs with a Rope Tie. 
 
 Figure 252 represents Moussu's inethod of restraining both 
 hind legs with a rope tie. The rope is simply looped (d) around 
 one hind leg above the hock and passed backward and forward 
 around the legs (b) (c) above the hocks, forming a figure "8," 
 after which fix by a knot (a) between the legs. 
 
 Fig. 252. Restraining Both Hind Legs with a Rope Tie. 
 
 Smith's Anti-KicJce 
 
 •er. 
 
 Fig. 253. Smith's Anti-Kicker. 
 
 The anti-kicker, Figure 
 
 253, is made entirely of met- 
 
 fd al. It consists of two flat 
 
 spring clamps (a) (d) so 
 
 shaped as to fit firmly over 
 
 the Achilles tendon. To one 
 
 of these spring clamps one end of the chain (b) is securely fixed. 
 
 The other spring clamp carries a locking ring (c) to receive 
 
 and lock the chain. 
 
 Figure 254 represents the anti-kicker applied. This makes 
 a convenient and safe hobble for the hind legs, and will effect- 
 ually prevent kicking. 
 
KESTKAINT OF THE OX IN THE STANDING POSTURE. 
 
 231 
 
 Fig. 254. Smith's Anti-Kicker Applied. 
 
 Hess' Method of Restraining Both Hind Legs. 
 
 The method of Hess, Figure 255, for restraining both hind 
 legs consists of doubling a rope, webbing or strap, and placing 
 it around one hind leg above the hock (b) (c). Pass one free 
 end up between the hind legs and through the loop, and the 
 other free end is passed in front and around the other hind leg 
 (a) and through the loop. Traction is made on both free ends 
 (d) ; this draws the legs together and prevents backward, for- 
 ward and sidewise movement. 
 
 Restraint of Both Hind Legs with a Sack or Cloth. 
 
 Figure 256 represents restraint of both hind legs by means 
 of a sack or cloth folded and placed in front of the hocks (a) 
 and held on each side (b) (c) by an assistant. 
 
 Restraint of Both Hind Legs hy Pole in Front of Hocl's. 
 
 Figure 257 represents both hind legs restrained by placing 
 a pole in front of the hocks (A). Each end (C) (B) of this 
 pole is held by an assistant. 
 
232 
 
 KESTEAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 
 
 Fig. 255. Hess' Method of Restraining Both Hind Legs. 
 
 Fig. 256. Restraint of Both Hind Legs with a Sack or Cloth. 
 
KESTBAINT 0¥ THE OX IN THE STANDING POSTURE. 
 
 233 
 
 Fig. 257. Restraint of Both Hind Legs by Pole in Front of Hoctcs. 
 
 Restraint of Both Hind Legs with a Plank Held hy an 
 
 Assistant. 
 
 Figure 258 represents both hind legs restrained by placing 
 a plank in front of the hocks (A) with one end down against 
 the wall (C) and the other end held by an assistant (B). By 
 means of a plank held in this manner the animal is forced and 
 held against the wall and kicking is prevented by the plank 
 being held in contact with the hocks. 
 
 Fig. 258. Restraint of Both Hind Legs with Plank Held by One 
 Assistant. 
 
234 RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Restraint of One Hind Leg and One Fore Leg. 
 
 Fig, 259 represents the liind and fore legs fixed together 
 with a rope. The rope is looped around the hind leg above 
 the hock (a), then passed forward (b) to and around the fore 
 leg (c) (d) above the knee and there fixed by a knot. 
 
 Fig. 259. Hind and Fore Legs Fixed Togetiner with a Rope. 
 
 Hess' Method of Restraining One Fore Leg and One Hind Leg. 
 
 The method of Hess, Figure 260, of securing the animal to 
 a wagon, consists of fixing the head to frame. Then lift one 
 fore foot (a) with rope (b). The rope is then passed over 
 frame (c) and its free end held by an assistant (d). The 
 hind leg is fixed (f) to a pole (g) which has been thrust between 
 the spokes of wheel. 
 
KESTEAINT OF THE OX IN THE STANDING POSTURE. 
 
 235 
 
 Fig. 260. Hess' Method of Restraining One Fore and One Hind Leg. 
 
 Restraint of All Four Legs. 
 
 Figure 261 represents one of the simplest methods of re- 
 straint of all four legs. It consists of two strong rings securely 
 fixed in the wall — one in front (A) and the other behind the 
 animal (C). To one of these rings a strong rope is fixed. The 
 rope is then passed alongside the animal (B) to and through the 
 other ring (C). Traction is made on the free end of the rope 
 (D) ; this forces and holds the animal against the wall. ' 
 
 Fig. 261. Restraint of All Four Legs by Forcing Animal Against 
 Wall with Rope. 
 
236 
 
 KESTHAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Travis or Stocks. 
 
 Figure 262 represents a form of stocks now in general use 
 on the Continent of Europe for controlling oxen. The four 
 upright side posts are beveled and curved to fit the body of the 
 animal. They are attached at their bottom by a hinged bolt to 
 posts firmly fixed into the ground. They are united at the 
 top by keyed pins (c) (a) (b) (d). A post (e) is placed in 
 front of the animal, to v^hich the head is fixed by means of a 
 rope around base of horns. The hind legs may be fixed to the 
 rear post (f) ; the fore legs are fixed to support (g) on front 
 post. 
 
 Fig. 262. Travis or Stocks. 
 
 Cattle "Chute." 
 
 Figure 263 represents a design of cattle "chute" which is 
 used very extensively in the West and Northwest for confining 
 wild and range cattle for spaying and other surgical operations. 
 This "chute" is simply a wedge-shaped stockade. The sides of 
 the "chute" are six feet high and the "chute" itself is only two 
 and one-half feet wide. The gate (A) is eight feet high and 
 two and one-half feet wide. The sliding bars or rails (B) are to 
 be placed behind the animal to prevent backward movement 
 and to wedge it in the "chute." The head is thrust through the 
 
EESTKAINT OF THE OX IN THE STANDING POSTUEE. 
 
 237 
 
 Fig. 263. Cattle "Chute." 
 
 opening in the gate (G). After the operation, the animal is 
 released by simply opening the gate. This "chute" affords us 
 a quick, safe and convenient method of restraining wild and 
 vicious animals. 
 
CHAPTEE II. 
 
 EESTKAINT OF THE OX IN KECUMBENT POSTURE. 
 
 The OX is easily cast and secured for operation. This may 
 be done with most any of the ordinary hobbles, ropes and cast- 
 ing harness which are used in casting and restraining the horse. 
 These have already been illustrated and described in Part II. 
 
 The ox may also be secured on most of the equine operating 
 tables which were also illustrated and described in Part II. 
 However, there are a few special methods that are used exclu- 
 sively in ox surgery. To make this volume complete, it will 
 be necessary at this point to briefly consider the special appli- 
 ances for subjection and restraint of the ox. In casting and 
 securing this animal precautions must be taken against fractur- 
 ing the horns and rupturing the rumen. It is always advisable 
 to have the animal empty by fasting several hours before cast- 
 ing, and to cast upon a thick bed of straw or other soft material. 
 In all cases the head should be supplied with a halter, or the 
 nose clamp may be used. 
 
 Fig. 264. Rueff's Method of Casting the Ox — First Position. 
 
RESTRAINT OF THE OX IN RECUMBENT POSTURE. 
 
 239 
 
 
 Fig. 265. Rueff's Method of Casting the Ox — Second Position. 
 
 Rueffs Method of Casting. 
 
 The method used in Germany by Rueff, Figure 264, con- 
 sists of looping a rope thirty-six feet long around base of horns 
 (a). This rope is then passed along on top of neck and half 
 hitches taken around base of neck (b), chest (c), and flank 
 (d). The free end is then carried backward over the hip (e) 
 and with one assistant controlling the head, traction is made on 
 free end of rope sufficient to compress the body, and in a few 
 seconds the animal will lie down, at which time the ' restraint 
 may be completed by application of hobbles. 
 
 Figure 265 represents the animal about ready to go down. 
 Figure 266 represents the animal cast, ready to be secured. 
 
 Fig. 266. Rueff's IVlethod of Casting the Ox — Third Position. 
 
340 
 
 KESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Figure 267 represents a quick and convenient method of 
 casting calves for "spaying operation." Two ropes are simply 
 looped around the hind and fore legs (a) (b) above the ankles, 
 and the calf is stretched broadsided on the ground by making 
 traction on the free ends of the ropes (c) (d). 
 
 Fig. 267. Casting Calves for "Spaying Operation." 
 
 Soffner's Method of Casting. 
 
 The method of Soffner, Figure 268, consists of a forked 
 rope, both ends of which are passed under the chin strap of the 
 halter, then carried between the fore legs (f), thence to and 
 through the ring (b) in surcingle (g), then the two ends are 
 looped around each fore leg above ankles (a) (c). The animal 
 is cast by making traction on free end of rope (e). 
 
 Fig. 268. Soffner's iVIetliod of Casting. 
 
RESTRAINT OF THE OX IN RECUMBENT POSTURE. 
 
 "Draw Bach" or "Pulley Harness" 
 
 241 
 
 The "draw back" or ''pulley harness," Figure 269, were orig- 
 inally designed for preventing cattle from "running away." 
 However, it later developed that they are also desirable for 
 casting purposes. A rope surcingle carrying two pulleys is 
 fastened firmly around the chest (d). Hobble straps are ap- 
 
 Fig. 269. "Draw Back" or Pulley Harness. 
 
 plied around both fore pasterns. The main rope is fixed to 
 hobble strap ring (a) of off pastern. The rope is then carried 
 upward to and through the pulley (b), thence downward to and 
 through the hobble strap ring on near fore leg (e) ; then upward 
 to and through the remaining pulley (c). Traction is made on 
 free end of rope (f). 
 
 Conkey's Loch Buchle Hobbles. 
 
 The lock buckle hobbles of Conkey, Figure 270, are very 
 convenient for casting and securing the ox. The hobble straps 
 are buckled around the legs above ankles. The master hobble 
 (a) is applied to near fore leg when it is desired to cast animal 
 
242 
 
 EESTKAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Fig. 270. Conkey's Lock Buckle Hobbles Applied. 
 
 on off side. The rope carrying the chain is passed from near 
 fore to and through hobble strap ring of near hind ; then across 
 to off hind; thence forward to off fore, and back through lock 
 buckle. The animal is cast and secured, Figure 271, by mak- 
 ing traction on free end of main rope. 
 
 Fig. 271. Animal Cast and Secured with Conkey's Lock Buckle Hobbles. 
 
RESTRAINT OF THE OX IBT RECUMBENT POSTURE. 
 
 243 
 
 Casting with Rope on Three Legs. 
 
 Figure 272 represents a mode of casting with rope on only 
 three legs. The rope has a running noose or loop at one end 
 which is placed around the near fore pastern (a) then carried 
 around off fore pastern (b), thence around off hind pastern (c) 
 and back around the part of the rope connecting the fore legs. 
 The free end of the rope (e) is passed backward, and the ani- 
 mal is cast by two or more assistants making traction on rope. 
 
 Fig. 272. Casting with Rope on Three Legs. 
 
 Casting Ropes Fixed to Horns. 
 
 Figure 273 represents the manner of casting an animal with 
 main casting ropes fixed around base of horns. Take a % or 
 •%-inch rope fifty feet long; double the rope and loop its middle 
 around base of horns (a). The free ends are brought down on 
 either side between the fore legs behind elbows (b) ; then back- 
 ward (c) (d) to and around each hind pastern (h) (i) ; thence 
 forward (e) (f), and the animal is cast by traction on free ends 
 of the ropes (j) (k). If available, it is advisable to use hobble 
 straps on hind legs above the ankles. 
 
244 
 
 RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Fig. 273. Casting Rope Fixed to Horns. 
 
 Fig. 274. Casting by Double Side Line. 
 
RESTRAINT OF THE OX IN RECUMBENT POSTURE. 
 
 245 
 
 Casting hi/ Double Side Line. 
 
 Figure 274 represents the ox being cast by means of the 
 double side line. The rope used should be %-inch in diameter 
 and fifty feet long. A loop is made in middle of main rope 
 sufiiciently large to fit around base of neck (a), side loops (k) 
 are made in this collar loop for passage of free ends of main 
 rope. From the breast each main rope is passed between the 
 fore legs and backward (f) (g) to and around each hind leg 
 above ankles (d) (e) ; thence forward (h) (i-) to and through 
 side loops (k) in collar. The animal is cast by traction on free 
 ends (b) (c) of the two main ropes. 
 
 Fig. 275. Knowles' Web Casting Harness Applied. 
 
 Kno ivies' Web Casting Harness. 
 
 The web casting harness of Knowles, Figure 275, is an 
 excellent appliance for casting the ox. This harness has already 
 been fully described in Part II, hence it is unnecessary to re- 
 describe it here. It will be observed that the webbing hobbles 
 are applied above ankles in casting the ox, otherwise the harness 
 is applied and used as in casting and securing the horse. 
 
 FigTire 27G represents an ox cast and secured with the 
 Knowles web casting harness. 
 
246 
 
 RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Fig. 276. Animal Cast and Secured with Knowies' Web Casting 
 
 Harness. 
 
 Fixing the Legs to Pole After Castiyig. 
 
 Figure 277 will afford the reader a comprehensive idea of 
 one method of fixing the legs to a pole after casting. With the 
 animal thus secured, it can be placed in the dorsal position 
 with little difficulty. 
 
 Fig. 277. Fixing tine Legs to Pole After Casting. 
 
PART IV. 
 
 Restraint of the Dog. 
 
PAET IV. 
 
 Restraint of the Dog. 
 
 In restraining the dog for either examination or operation, 
 care must be exercised to avoid injury. By rough handling, 
 the animal is liable to receive both external and internal inju- 
 ries ; by improper or imperfect restraint the operator is liable 
 to receive personal injuries as a result oi bites from the animal. 
 
 Some animals are very active in their efforts at resistance, 
 while others are docile and easy to manage. It is always advis- 
 able to apply some form of muzzle before proceeding far with 
 any examination or operatipn. Tt only requires a few mo- 
 ments' time to apply a muzzle, and it will oftentimes relieve the 
 surgeon of the embarrassment of caring for and treating severe 
 punctured and lacerated wounds, or in many instances resorting 
 to Pasteur treatment. Especial care must be exercised in hand- 
 ling nervous, fat and aged animals, also those of the smaller 
 breeds, on account of their susceptibility to injury. 
 
 The quickest, as well as the safest, method of handling a 
 dog is to promptly and firmly grasp the skin of the nape of -the 
 neck. But in very large, savage and dangerous dogs the risk 
 of personal injury to the operator can be greatly minimized 
 by seizing them with a long pair of collar nippers or tongs. In 
 the absence of nippers or tongs an improvised "catcher" may be 
 quickly made by procuring a stick four or five feet in length, 
 through the end of which two holes are bored. Through these 
 holes a piece of wire or cord is carried, forming a running noose 
 at the end of the stick. Standing at a distance from the ani- 
 mal this noose is placed over the head and the wire or cord 
 tightened. An appliance of this kind holds the dog at a safe 
 distance until more secure restraint can be applied. 
 
CHAPTER I- 
 
 OPERATING TABLES. 
 
 In order to intelligently and humanely manipulate the opera- 
 tive technique of canine surgery, the surgeon's operating room 
 must of necessity be equipped with some form of operating table. 
 This particular form of operating room equipment does not 
 present itself as a question of choice, but confronts us as one 
 of absolute necessity. To make most tables complete, there are 
 two important adjuncts with which they must be equipped, viz., 
 hobbles and ojjerating trough. There are many different designs 
 of hobbles ; however, the Dawson-French hobbles and those of 
 Hobday have proven themselves in actual practice to be far 
 superior to all others. 
 
 Dawson-French Hobbles. 
 
 These hobbles, Figure 278, were designed and perfected by 
 
 Doctors Charles F. Dawson 
 and Cecil French. The 
 Dawson-French hobbles are 
 admirably adapted to canine 
 use. The main feature of 
 1^ - the hobbles is their self-lock- 
 ing action. A swinging 
 ratchet arrangement is sus- 
 pended in a frame through 
 which the control rope passes. 
 The frame is supplied with a 
 screw clamp by means of 
 which it is attachable to and 
 removable from any operat- 
 ing table at will. One set oi 
 four large and one set of four small running-noose leg bands 
 are provided. These will fit any sized animal, and are con- 
 nected to the control ropes by steel snaps, Should the operator 
 
 Fig. 278. 
 
 Dawson-French Portable 
 Hobble. 
 
OPERATING TABLES. 
 
 251 
 
 wish to tighten the control rope he does so by merely pulling on 
 it, and the moment he lets go it is firmly clinched by the ratchet. 
 The animal can be quickly released from the control position at 
 any moment by simply holding back the handle bars by which 
 the ratchet is prevented from clinching, this allows free passage 
 for the rope. ■ 
 
 Fig. 279. Hobday's Hobbles. 
 
 Hobday's Ilohhles. 
 
 The hobbles of Hobday, Figure 279, consist of a clamp (a) 
 carrying a set screw (g) by which it is securely fixed to the 
 corners of any operating table. The top of this metal" clamp 
 carries a small rope or cord (b), upon the free end of which 
 ii^ a specially-constructed, self-locking loop (e), carrying a metal 
 ring (f) to which the webbing hobble strap (d) is attached by 
 means of a snap (e). These hobbles are portable, and can be 
 quickly and easily applied to and removed from any operating 
 table. They are aj^plied by looping the webbing hobble (d) 
 
 Fig. 280. Ordinary Table Equipped with Hobday's Hobbies — 
 Dog Secured. 
 
252 
 
 RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 above the elbows and hocks of the patient. The slack is taken 
 up by the sliding self-locking device (c). 
 
 Figure 280 represents an ordinary flat-top table equipped 
 with Hobday's hobbles. The patient is secured in the extended 
 abdominal position. Observe the position of the clamps at 
 
 Fig. 281. Ordinary Table Equipped with Hobday's Hobbles — 
 Dog Secured. 
 
 corners of table, the hobble straps applied and the self-locking 
 device on each hobble rope. FigTire 281 represents the same 
 patient placed in the extended dorsal position. (The author 
 much prefers to place the hobble loops on the fore legs above 
 the elbows and hocks.) 
 
 Fig. 282, Improvised Cord Hobble Loop. 
 
 Improvised Cord Hobble Loop. 
 
 The improvised hobble loop, Figure 282, is made by doubling 
 a piece of cord, tape or webbing so as to make a slip noose or 
 loop in the center. The hobble ropes may be fixed at each 
 corner to the legs of any ordinary table. 
 
OPERATING TABLES. 
 
 253 
 
 Key Hobble. 
 
 Figure 283 represents the key hobble. The keys for this 
 
 hobble are made of brass or other 
 metal having a shoulder or rim 
 just underneath the head (B) of 
 the keys to. prevent them from 
 pressing too far into the wooden 
 top of the table. The hobble con- 
 sists of a piece of tape, leather or 
 webbing passed through the ring 
 (B) on the key, the two ends be- 
 
 _. „ , ing stitched together. In order to 
 
 Fig. 283. Key Hobble Looped ^ , . , 1,11 ■ -, 
 Ready for Application. use this key hobble it becomes nec- 
 
 essary to have key holes cut into 
 the table top at intervals of about three inches. (See Hobday's 
 table, Figure 289.) 
 
 Youncj's Operating Trough. 
 
 The operating trough of Young, Figure 284, is a valuable 
 adjunct to most operating 
 tables. It is useful in drain- 
 ing off the fluids as well as 
 holding the patient in a sta- <i 
 tionary position. This trough 
 sets flat on the table and is 
 made of enamelled iron. It pjg 284. Young's Operating Trough, 
 can be readily rendered 
 
 sterile by boiling or by cleansing with any of the ordinary 
 disinfectants. 
 
 Figure 285 represents the extension grate which is used for 
 the same purpose as the operating trough. This appliance is 
 depressed in its center and provided with a slat floor (a). It 
 readily fits the top of any operating table. 
 
 Bernard's Operating Table. 
 
 The table of Bernard, Figiire 286, is an ordinary flat-top 
 table (a) provided with an operating trough (b) and a head- 
 
254 
 
 RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 b >> 
 
 Fig. 285. Extension Grate. 
 
 Fig. 287. MacQueen's Operating Table. 
 
OPERATING TABLES. 
 
 255 
 
 holding device (c) (g). Bernard's table is used very exten- 
 sively in France and Germany, and is quite satisfactory. 
 
 MacQueen s Operating Table. 
 
 The table of MacQueen, Figure 287, is similar in many 
 respects to that of Bernard, Figure 286. In fact, this is a 
 modification of the Bernard apparatus. It is made of v/ood, 
 consisting of four parallel leaves connected by hinges. The 
 two outer leaves may be inclined at any angle toward one an- 
 other, forming a trough to receive the animal's body. When 
 folded it is readily portable. 
 
 Ordinary Metal Flat-Top Table. 
 
 The table, Figure 288, is an ordinary metal table of the 
 flat-top stationary variety. This table is finished in enamel. 
 
 Fig. 288. Metal Table with Enamel Finish. 
 
 which makes it extremely easy to cleanse and render sterile. 
 \Yhen equipped with hobbles it makes a very desirable table for 
 ordinary purposes. 
 
 Hobday's Operating Table. 
 
 The table of Hobday, Figure 289, is made of wood. It is 
 provided with a strong wooden base (i) of the cross-leg variety. 
 
256 
 
 RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 d 
 
 Fig. 289. Hobday's Operating Table. 
 
 At each end is a receptacle (f) (g) (li) for instruments and 
 solutions. The top (e) is perforated with key holes and is 
 supplied with key hobbles (a) (B) (c) (d), which are adjust- 
 able to any-sized animal. 
 
 Fig. 290. Livon's Operating Table. 
 
OPEKATING TABLES. 
 
 Livon's Operating Table. 
 
 257 
 
 The table of Livon, Figure 290^ is made of wood, and is of 
 the stationary flat-top variety. The top (a) is perforated to 
 allow escape of fluids, and is attached to a substantial base 
 consisting of eight legs (b) (c) (d) (e) placed cross-wise under 
 the table. 
 
 C. A. White's Operating Table. 
 
 • 
 
 The table designed and used by C. A. White, Figure 291, 
 is made entirely of metal, with wdiite enamel finish. The top 
 
 Fig. 291. C. A. White's Operating Table. 
 
 (i) and drain shelf (k) are made of sheet steel. The legs 
 (c) (d) (e) (f) are of tubular iron. The basin holders (g) 
 are of round steel rods and may be attached to either corner of 
 the table. This table is mounted on heavy castors, and is five 
 feet long, two feet wide, and three and one-half fe.et high. 
 
 Oernian Operating Table. 
 
 The German operating table. Figure 292, is made with a 
 wrought-iron frame and heavy plate glass top (a). The frame 
 is white enamel finished, wdiich makes the table as aseptic as it 
 
258 
 
 RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Fig. 292. German Operating Table. 
 
 Fig. 293. Italian Operating Table. 
 
OPERATING TABLES. 
 
 259 
 
 is possible for it to be. The table is supplied with an instru- 
 ment basin (c) and a solution basin (b), and is mounted on 
 castors. 
 
 Italian Operating Table. 
 
 The Italian operating table, Figure 293, is made entirely 
 of metal, the frame being tubular and the top of sheet steel. 
 This table is equipped with castors (b) (c) (d) (e). When 
 in the desired position the lever (g) is thrown, which displaces 
 the castors and allows the table legs to come in direct contact 
 with the floor this renders the table more solid and stationary. 
 
 Fig. 294. Delahanty's Folding Table — Horizontal Position. 
 
26o 
 
 RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Delalianty's Folding Operating Table. 
 
 The folding table of Delahanty, Figure 294, is very conven- 
 ient where the operating room space is limited. This table 
 consists of a single wide board top (a) attached at one end by 
 two hinges (g) (h) to the wall (g) (h). The other end is sup- 
 plied at each corner with two hinged legs (i) (j). Five oblong 
 openings are made through the top (b) (c) (d) (e) (f). These 
 are to receive the four legs and nose of the dog. This table is 
 especially convenient for ''ear trimming," as it holds the dog 
 perfectly motionless. The legs are thrust through the holes 
 (b) (c) (d) (e) ^and tied together underneath the table. The 
 
 
 rrpTT, 
 
 •\u 
 
 ' . T 
 
 /HM(<if 'i 
 
 W'l 
 
 k ' 
 
 
 I 
 $ 
 
 Fig. 295. Delahanty's Folding Table Secured Against the Wall. 
 
OPERATING TABLES. 
 
 261 
 
 nose is thrust through the front hole (f ) and secured underneath 
 the table with the muzzle tape. 
 
 Figure 295 shows the table from the underside and repre- 
 sents it folded back and fastened against the wall. Observe the 
 hinged legs folded down against the table top and the button 
 fastening (g) on wall, which holds the table up. When thus 
 folded, the table is entirely out of the way. 
 
 German Ail-Metal Revolving Table. 
 
 The German table, Figure 296, is made entirely of metal, and 
 is adjustable in most all particulars. The frame consists of four 
 legs (b) (c) (d) (1), braced at the bottom (a). These braces 
 merge together at the top against the center post (h). This post 
 
 Fig. 296. German Ail-Metal Revolving Table. 
 
262 
 
 EESTKAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 carries the mechanical parts of the table. These parts consist of 
 a cog (s) and lever (f) device by which the table is lowered or 
 raised to any desired height, a ball and socket device (f) which 
 allows the table to revolve or be turned in any direction or ele- 
 vated to any angle. The top consists of three short metal 
 leaves (m) (n) (o). These are perforated with numerous 
 holes to allow fluids to escape. The ones on either side are 
 hinged to that of the middle, and are easily raised, lowered, 
 and locked at any angle by the self-locking ratchets on each end 
 of the table. They can even be dropped down to the sides and 
 animal placed on the table in the astride position. 
 
 b i 
 
 Fig. 297. Stuttgart Operating Table. 
 
OPERATING TABLES. 
 
 Stuttgart Operating Table. 
 
 263 
 
 The Stuttgart table, Figure 297, consists of an ordinary 
 wooden table with metal top to which is attached by suitable fast- 
 enings the four metal legs of the Stuttgart apparatus. These legs 
 support the two leaves (a) (a) of the hollow metal top. By a 
 special arrangement the top can be lowered either at sides or in 
 the center, which makes it in many particulars an adjustable 
 table. 
 
 Fig. 298. Improvised Operating Table — Horizontal Position. 
 
 l7nprovised Operating Table. 
 
 The improvised operating table, Figure 298, is made from 
 an ordinary sewing machine stand. The metal parts are 
 painted with aluminum paint. The top (i) is of solid wood 
 painted with white enamel paint. The top is hinged at one 
 end (h) and the other end is supplied with hinged brace rods 
 (g) which fit into ratchet notches (j) on the metal frame (d). 
 By means of this arrangement the top can be elevated, Figure 
 299, to any desired angle. This table is cheap, neat, clean and 
 efficient. 
 
264 
 
 EESTBAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Fig. 299. Improvised Operating Table — Upright Position. 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 
 MUZZLES, TAPE AND OTHER METHODS. 
 
 Muzzles. 
 
 To avoid being bitten the surgeon should take the wise pre- 
 caution of applying some means of restraint to the mouth before 
 
 Fig. 301, Tape Muzzle Properly Applied. 
 
 Fig. 300. Clove Hitch Muzzle. 
 
 an examination is made or an operation j^erformed. The best 
 and safest mouth restraint is some form of muzzle. The ordi- 
 nary clove hitch, Figure 300, made of either cord, tape or 
 
 Fig. 302. Tape Muzzle Held 
 by an Assistant. 
 
 Fig. 303. Leather Strap Muzzle 
 Held by an Assistant. 
 
266 
 
 RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 leather, and applied around the jaws in such manner as to 
 close the mouth and keep- it closed with bow" tie back of the 
 poll, makes an excellent muzzling device. Figure 301 repre- 
 sents the tape muzzle properly applied. 
 
 As a simple, temporary precaution- in making a hurried 
 examination the muzzle may be applied and the ends of the 
 tape held by an assistant as shown in Figiires 302 and 303. 
 All short-nosed animals, in which the capacity of the nasal 
 passages is limited, must be secured by this method with extreme 
 caution to avoid suffocation. To remove the muzzle and release 
 the jaws, simply untie the knot by grasping end of tape. There 
 are several desirable muzzles manufactured and sold, some of 
 them better than others. A comprehensive idea of them may be 
 obtained by referring to the following illustrations : 
 
 
 Fig. 304. Automatic IVluzzle Applied. 
 
MUZZLES^ TAPE AND OTHER METHODS. 
 
 267 
 
 Fig. 305. Safety Muzzle Applied. 
 
 Fig. 307. Protection Muzzle. 
 
268 
 
 RESTBAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Fig. 308. Hungarian Muzzle, 
 
 Fig. 309. Adjustable Leather Muzzle. 
 
 jTx 
 
 Fig. 310. Collar Nippers. 
 
 The collar nippers, Figure 310, are useful for grasping wild 
 and vicious dogs by the neck preparatory to restraining them. 
 
 Figure 311 represents a dog held safe for examination by 
 a firm grasp with one hand by the nape of the neck and the 
 
MUZZLES^ TAPE AI^D OTHER METHODS. 
 
 269 
 
 Fig. 311. Hobday's Method of Holding a Dog Safe for Examination. 
 
 Fig. 312. Safe IVIethod of Holding a Dog for Examination or Operation. 
 
270 
 
 RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 other hand hekl firmly against tlie lower jaw. A hold of this 
 kind prevents opening of the jaws. 
 
 Another safe method of holding a dog, Figure 312, is by 
 grasping the fore and hind legs and bringing them up to the 
 side of the jaws, in which position they are held by tight grasp- 
 ing and firm pressure on each side of the face. In this position 
 the dog is absolutely helpless. 
 
 Fig. 313. Holding Jaws Apart with Tapes. 
 
 Figure 313 represents the jaws being held aj)art with a 
 tape or cord looped around both the lower and upper jaw. 
 
 Miles' Method of Restraining the Bitch. 
 
 The method of Miles, Figure 31-1, of restraining the bitch 
 for "spaying" operation consists of first applying a tape muzzle 
 
MUZZLES^ TAPE AND OTHEK METHODS. 
 
 271 
 
 (i). A piece of small rope or cord (c) (b) is then tied by a 
 running noose knot above each hock (e) (d). The bitch is then 
 hung up to nail or hook (a). Another similar rope is fixed 
 
 Fig. 314. Miles' Method of Restraining the Bitch. 
 
 around both fore legs, above the elbows (f) (h). The operator 
 now places his foot through loop (g) on fore legs, which allows 
 him to make sufficient traction to hold the animal in an ex- 
 tended position without the aid of an assistant. 
 
PART V. 
 
 Restraint of the Hog. 
 
PAKT V. 
 
 Restraint of the Hog. 
 
 Little or no difficulty is experienced in casting and securing 
 young pigs or small hogs, either in the standing or recumbent 
 positions; but aged and large animals are more difficult and 
 dangerous to control, and by their tusks sometimes inflict severe 
 lacerated wounds. 
 
 Some large hogs are tedious and difficult to catch, and when 
 caught most of them are extremely difficult and unhandy to hold. 
 This is largely due to the few and inaccessibility of projecting 
 parts by which a firm hand hold may be taken. In restraining 
 or securing the hog we have only two objects in view, viz., pro- 
 tecting the operator and assistants from bites and wounds from 
 the tusks, and sufficient immobilization of the animal for exam- 
 ination and operation. 
 
 Catching the Hog. 
 
 Many methods have been suggested whereby the hog may be 
 conveniently caught preparatory to securing for operation. The 
 ^animal may be seized above the ankle of one or both hind legs, 
 or by the ears, or both, and thrown on its side. Food may be 
 j^laced in a deep vessel and while engaged in eating, it may be 
 captured. Or a stifle piece of cord with a loop or running 
 noose upon one end of it may be tied to end of a stick and a 
 piece of bread or other solid food placed in the loop ; when the 
 hog opens its mouth to take the food the loop is passed over its 
 snout and tightened. Or a loop may be placed on the ground 
 and tightened as soon as the animal has placed one of its 
 feet into it. 
 
 The mechanical hog catcher, Figiire 315, is an excellent de- 
 vice for catching hogs. It consists of a pair of metal jaws 
 (c) (d) fastened to the end of a long pole (h). These jaws 
 are hinged (j) and are closed (a) (b) around the leg of the 
 
276 
 
 RESTKAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 animal by making firm and continued traction on the rope (e) 
 (g). The hog can now be approached and further restraint 
 applied. 
 
 I 
 
 Fig. 315. Mechanical Hog Catcher. 
 
 Fig. 316. Hog Catcher Open Ready for Reception of Animal. 
 
 Figure 316 represents a hog catcher placed in the gateway 
 of a fence (a) (b). The lever (c) is attached in pivot fashion 
 
EESTKAINT OF THE HOG. 
 
 277 
 
 at bottom by a strong nail or iron pin. The hog thrusts its head 
 through opening (h) at which time the lever is forced over (d) 
 against side of animal's neck and locked by pins through holes 
 (e) in top support. 
 
 Figure 317 represents hog trap made in box or crate fash- 
 ion. The frame is made of 2x4 inch lumber strongly bolted 
 at corners. The front end has a door (A) made of two strong 
 thick oak boards \nth cross cleats on the inside at top and bot- 
 
 Fig. 317. Hog Trap. 
 
 tom. This is held to the frame by two strong hinges, and when 
 in use is held up by the strong iron clamp (F). The lever is 
 so arranged that the trap can be set for small or large hogs. The 
 crate is four feet two inches long, two feet four inches high, 
 and one foot six inches wide, inside measure. Place the trap 
 with rear end close to the hog pen with the lever thrown back. 
 When the hog enters he will thrust his head through the hole 
 and you can then pull the lever and hold him. With two 
 strong handles attached to the sides of the crate it makes an 
 excellent loading device. 
 
 iS 
 
278 
 
 EESTEAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Fig. 318. Catching Hog by Corn and Barrel Method — First Position. 
 
 Figure 318 represents first position of catching a hog by 
 the corn and barrel method. An ordinary barrel (b) is placed 
 on the ground in the horizontal position, with open end facing 
 the hog. Corn or other food (a) is scattered on the ground, and 
 some of it thrown into the barrel. The hog (c) will eat up to 
 
 Fig. 319. Catching Hog by 
 
 Corn and Barrel IVlethod, 
 
 Second Position, 
 
 Fig. 320. Catching Hog by 
 
 Corn and Barrel IVlethod, 
 
 Third Position. 
 
 and into the barrel. Figure 319, at which time the barrel is 
 quickly raised to upright position, Figiire 320, and the animal 
 is caught and in a way secured with head down and hind feet 
 up. It is impossible for it to emerge from the barrel by its 
 own efforts alone. 
 
RESTRAINT OF THE HOG. 
 
 279 
 
 One of the first things to be done after catching a hog is to 
 apply the twitch, Figure 321. This twitch consists of a piece 
 of wood 18 inches in length, flattened at one end. The flattened 
 
 Fig. 321. Hog Twitch. 
 
 Fig. 322. Cliampion Hog Holder Applied. 
 
28o 
 
 RESTEAINT OF DOMESTIC AXIMALS. 
 
 Fig. 324. Practical Method of Securing a Large Hog with 
 only One Assistant. 
 
KESTEAINT OF THE HOG. 
 
 281 
 
 end carries two holes for passage of the cord or chain for the 
 loop. This loop is passed around either the upper or lower 
 jaw, or around both jaAvs. Instead of the twitch, the Champion 
 Hog Holder, Figure 322, may be applied to the upper jaw (b). 
 This holder is made entirely of metal and by slight traction by 
 one man, with one hand (f) the largest hog can be held per- 
 fectly secure without assistance. 
 
 Fig. 325. Pig Held Between the Knees. 
 
 Figure 323 represents a practical method of securing a hog 
 by placing a loop around the upper jaw back of the canine teeth, 
 and fixing the free end of rope or cord around a post or tree. 
 
 Figure 324 represents a practical method of securing a large 
 hog when only one assistant is available. A heavy rope with 
 a loop on one end is placed over the head, neck and one leg (a) 
 
282 
 
 RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 (b). The free end of tlie rope is thrown over a beam above 
 the hog. Traction on this rope will raise fore feet of the hog 
 off the ground and place it in a helpless position. 
 
 Fig. 326. Pig Held Between 
 tile Knees. 
 
 Fig. 327. Pig Held Between 
 the Knees in Proper Po- 
 sition for Administra- 
 tion of Medicine. 
 
 Figures 325, 326, and 327 represent proper methods of hold- 
 ing a pig or light hog between the knees for either examination 
 or ojjeration. 
 
RESTRAINT OF THE HOG. 
 
 283 
 
 To secure a large hog in the recumbent position an assistant 
 grasps one of its hind legs. He rapidly slides his right knee 
 toward the front of the left side of the chest, passes his left hand 
 over the withers, and by the combined use of his knees and arms, 
 throws the animal on its left side. The animal is then further 
 secured by passing a cord, rope or strap in figure "8" fashion 
 around the legs above the ankles. Figure 328. If necessary, all 
 four legs may be secured, after which apply the twitch or Cham- 
 
 Fig. 328. Hog Secured Ready for Operation. 
 
 pion Plog Holder, and the restraint is complete. Or, instead 
 of fixing the legs together, the animal may be secured as in Fig- 
 ure 329, with a pole or rail over the neck and shoulders. This 
 pole (c) is simply thrust through an opening (b) between the 
 rails of a fence, and is held down firmly against the hog by 
 pressure downward (d) on its free end. If two assistants are 
 available to seize, cast and secure a hog of ordinary size, it 
 should be done as follows : One assistant seizes a hind leg above 
 the hock, the other assistant seizes the two ears, then by their 
 
284 RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 combined efforts the animal is cast on its side and kept in that 
 position by placing the knee on its neck. 
 
 Fig. 329. Hog Secured by a Pole or Rail Over Neck and Shoulders. 
 
 Conkey's Method of Restraining the Sow for "Spaying 
 Operations." 
 
 Procure a piece of 3-8 inch rope (soft) about six feet long, 
 tie the free ends together forming a loop, as shown in Figure 
 330. Next you will procure a 2xl4-inch plank about 12 feet 
 long ; place it on the floor or ground as the case may be, either 
 spike the upper end fast or drive a stake in the ground below, 
 or in some manner make the plank secure (D)- Now make 
 your rope fast to the upper end of the plank with a spike (B), 
 or by boring a hole through the plank large enough to allow the 
 rope to be drawn up through, when it will be secured by a large 
 knot in its ends. This should be so arranged that when the 
 hog is fastened to the plank she will be about waist high, as indi- 
 cated in the following illustrations : 
 
EESTEAINT OF THE HOG. 
 
 285 
 
 Fig. 330. Conkey's Method of Restraining the Sow for "Spaying 
 Operation" — First Step. 
 
 Fig. 331. Conkey's Method of Restraining the Sow for "Spaying 
 Operation" — Second Step. 
 
286 
 
 KESTKAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 The operator will stand facing the plank, with his right hand 
 toward the low end of the plank; pass yonr right hand (a) 
 through the looj)ed rope, and instruct your assistant to grasp 
 both right legs of the hog and bring it to you, placing it on the 
 board. As he approaches pass your left hand under your right 
 hand and the rope, grasping the left hind leg, while your right 
 hand grasps the right hind leg; now giiide the left leg to your 
 
 Fig. 332. Conkey's Method of Restraining a Sow for "Spaying 
 Operation" — Animal Secured. 
 
 right hand, which grasps it. The right hand now retains both 
 hind legs, Figure 331, while your left hand grasps the loop 
 from over your wrist and carries it back, dropping it posterior 
 to the hind feet. As you drop the rope back of the feet you 
 are to say "pull" — meaning that your assistant is to pull the hog 
 downward on the plank, making the rope taut, as is shown in 
 Figure 332. 
 
 With a little practice a sow can be secured, by this method, 
 in less than five seconds. 
 
INDEX 
 
INDEX 
 
 A 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Abilgaard's Modification of Danish Casting and Securing Har- 
 ness 125, 126 
 
 Accidents to Horse in Use of Operating Table IGl 
 
 Adjustable Dog Muzzle ,. 268 
 
 American Nose Clamp 221 
 
 American Nose Clamp, with Rope . 221 
 
 American Sling 66 
 
 Anti-Kicker — Smith's 230 
 
 Australian "Crush" 63, 64 
 
 Author's Knee-Strap 28, 112, 227 
 
 Automatic Dog Muzzle 266 
 
 B 
 
 Barcus' Stocks 52, 55 
 
 Barnacles 19, 20 
 
 Metal • 20 
 
 Wooden 19 
 
 Barnick's Loop Hobbles 84 
 
 Becker's Hobbles 81 
 
 Belmont Rider Hippo-Lasso . . . .' 50 
 
 Berlin Hobbles 88, 89 
 
 Bernardot and Buttel Apparatus 75, 76, 95 
 
 Bernard's Operating Table 253 
 
 Blindfold 21 
 
 Bradwood Operating Table and Chair 198-215 
 
 Broken Back, Apparatus for Prevention of 75, 76, 95 
 
 "Broncho," Restraint of 153, 154 
 
 c 
 
 Casting and Securing Harness and Ropes 109-256 
 
 Casting and "Securing Harness, Conkey's 113116 
 
 Cowie's 139, 140 
 
 Cowie's as modified by Lewis 140 
 
290 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Casting and Securing Harness — Continued. 
 
 Danish 122-126 
 
 Dollar's Double Side 130, 131 
 
 Double Side Line 135, 136 
 
 Hayes' 129 
 
 Hulburt's 120, 121 
 
 Knowles' 117, 118, 119, 245, 246 
 
 Lernberg 131, 132 
 
 McDonald's 132, 133 
 
 Miles' (Ridgling) 137-139 
 
 Over's • • 133, 134 
 
 Rohard's 126-128 
 
 Russian . .* 134, 135 
 
 Whitwell's 119, 120 
 
 Ziegler's 121, 122 
 
 Casting and Securing the Horse, One Man Method of 141-152 
 
 Galvayne's 144-146 
 
 Gleason's 146-148 
 
 M'agner's 148-151 
 
 Rarey's 152 
 
 Russian 141-143 
 
 Casting and Securing Horse with Hobbles, Directions for 82 
 
 Casting and Securing the Ox 238-246 
 
 With Conkey's Self-Locking Buckle Hobbles 241 
 
 With Double Side Line 245 
 
 With Knowles' Web Casting Harness 245, 246 
 
 With Rope Fixed to Horns 243 
 
 With Rope on Three Legs 243 
 
 Rueff's Method of 239 
 
 Soffner's Method 240 
 
 Calves, Casting and Securing for "Spaying" 240 
 
 Catching the Dog with Collar Nippers 268 
 
 Catching the Hog ,. . 275-278 
 
 With Corn and Barrel 278 
 
 With Mechanical Catcher 276 
 
 With Trap 277 
 
 Champion Hog Holder 279 
 
 Chicago Veterinary College Operating Table 185-188 
 
 "Chute" for Cattle 237 
 
 Clove Hitch — Dog Muzzle Made by 265 
 
 Collar Nippers 268 
 
 Conkey's Operating Table 188, 189 
 
 Conkey's Method of Securing the Sow 285, 286 
 
 Conkey's Self-Locking Buckle Hobbles 86, 87, 241 
 
INDEX. 
 
 291 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Controlling Apparatus for Ox, Vigan's 223 
 
 Cowie's Casting and Securing Harness 139, 140 
 
 Cozier's Operating Table 164-166 
 
 Cross Hobbles 77 
 
 Crush, The Australian 63, G4 
 
 D 
 
 Danish Casting and Securing Harness ; ;.;...;; 122-126 
 
 Daviau's Operating Table 161 
 
 Improved 162, 163 
 
 Dawson-French Dog Hobbles 250 
 
 Delahanty's Operating Table 259, 260 
 
 Denenbourg's Improvised Rope Hobble 78 
 
 Dental Halters 25-27 
 
 Ellis' 27 
 
 Fehr's 27 
 
 Lucas' 25 
 
 Directions for Casting and Securing Horse with Hobbles 82 
 
 Releasing Horse from Hobbles 83 
 
 Dog Hobbles 250-253 
 
 Dawson-French 250 
 
 Hobday's 251 
 
 Improvised Cord Loop 252 
 
 Key 253 
 
 Dog, Holding Safe for Examination and Operation 269 
 
 Dog Muzzles 265-268 
 
 Adjustable 268 
 
 Automatic 266 
 
 Clove Hitch 265 
 
 Hungarian 268 
 
 Leather Box 267 
 
 Leather Strap 265 
 
 Protection 267 
 
 "Safety 267 
 
 Tape 265 
 
 Dog Operating Tables 250-264 
 
 Bernard's 253 
 
 Delahanty's 259, 260 
 
 German 257, 258 
 
 German, All Metal 261, 262 
 
 Hobday's 255, 256 
 
 Improvised 263, 264 
 
 Italian 258, 259 
 
292 INDEX. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Dog Operating Tables — Continued. 
 
 Livon's 256, 257 
 
 MacQueen's 254, 255 
 
 Metal, with Enamel Finish 255 
 
 Stuttgart 262, 263 
 
 White's 257 
 
 Dog, Restraint of the 249-271 
 
 By Holding 269 
 
 By Holding Jaws Apart with Tape 270 
 
 Miles' Method 270, 271 
 
 Operating Tables 250-264 
 
 Dollar's Method of Casting and Securing with Double Side Line. 130, 131 
 
 Drawing Hind Leg Forward 101 
 
 Securing Fore and Hind Legs Together 112 
 
 Securing Hind Leg to Fore Leg on Same Side 103 
 
 Securing Lower Hind to Upper Fore Leg 104, 105 
 
 Double Side Line, Casting by 135, 136 
 
 Drawback or Pulley Harness 241 
 
 Ellis' Combination Dental and 'Surgical Halter 27 
 
 English Cross Hobbles 93, 96, 107 
 
 Hobbles 77 
 
 Nose Clamp Modified 222 
 
 Nose Clamp Modified with Metal Keeper 222 
 
 Ewell Farm Service Hobbles 41 
 
 Extension Grate 253, 254 
 
 F 
 
 Fehr's Dental Halter 26 
 
 French Sling 70 
 
 G 
 
 Gags 17-19 
 
 Loop and Rope 18 
 
 Rope and Long Stick 19 
 
 Rope and Short Stick IS 
 
 Galvayne's One Man Method of Casting and Securing a Horse. 144-146 
 Galvayne's One Man Method of Casting and Securing Wild and 
 
 Vicious Horses 155-156 
 
INDEX. 
 
 293 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Galvayne's Method of Restraining All Four Legs 46 
 
 Straight Jacket 47 
 
 German Apparatus for Restraining All Four Legs 39 
 
 Metal Operating Table 261, 262 
 
 Method of Restraining One Hind Leg 36 
 
 Nose Clamp 222 
 
 Operating Table for Dog 257, 258 
 
 Operating Table for Horse ' 195-197 
 
 Sling 68 
 
 Gleason's Hippo-Lasso 51 
 
 One Man Method of Casting and Securing a Horse 146-148 
 
 War Bridle 23 
 
 Grate — Extension for Dogs 253, 254 
 
 H 
 
 H. & D. Sling 66 
 
 Halters, Restraint and Dental 25-27 
 
 Hayes' Improvised Casting Ropes 129 
 
 Head, Restraint of Ox 220-225 
 
 To Post 224 
 
 With Leavitt's Holder 225 
 
 With Rope 225 
 
 Hess' Knee Strap 30, 112, 227 
 
 Method of Restraining Both Hind Legs of Ox ' 231 
 
 Method of Restraining One Fore and One Hind Leg of Ox. 234 
 
 Method of Restraining One Hind Leg of Ox 228, 229 
 
 Hippo-Lasso 47-51 
 
 Belmont Rider 50 
 
 Galvayne's 47 
 
 Gleason's 51 
 
 Raabe's and Lunel's 48 
 
 Hobbles for Dog 250-253 
 
 Dawson-French 250 
 
 Hobday's 251 
 
 Improvised Loop 252 
 
 Key 253 
 
 Hobbles for Horse 78-108 
 
 Barnick's Loop 84 
 
 Becker's 81 
 
 Berlin 88 
 
 Conkey's Lock Buckle 86, 87 
 
 Cross 77 
 
 19 
 
294 INDEX. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Hobbles for Horse — Continued. 
 
 English 93-98 
 
 James' 83 
 
 Leather Loop 80 
 
 Matthias 85 
 
 Miles' Rope 80 
 
 Munich 85 
 
 Over's Spring 81 
 
 Plaited Raw-Hide Loop 80 
 
 Rope, Improvised 78 
 
 Service or Anti-Kicking 39-41 
 
 Side Bar 77 
 
 Stuttgart 89-92 
 
 Suykerbuyck's Rope .• 79 
 
 Hobday's Hobbles 251 
 
 Method of Holding Dog 269 
 
 Operating Table 255, 256 
 
 Hock Joint Fixing Apparatus Ill 
 
 Twitch 31, 111, 228 
 
 Hodgson & Magee's Operating Table 166-169 
 
 Hog, Catching the 275-278 
 
 By Corn and Barrel 278 
 
 By Trap 276, 277 
 
 By Mechanical Catcher 276 
 
 Hog, Champion Holder for the 279 
 
 Hog, Restraint of the 275-286 
 
 By Conkey's Method 285, 286 
 
 By Holding Between Knees 281, 282 
 
 By a Practical Method 280 
 
 By Pole or Rail Over Neck 284 
 
 Hog Trap 277 
 
 Hog Twitch 279 
 
 Hood, Operating 74 
 
 Horse, Casting with Hobbles 78-108 
 
 With Ropes and Harness 109-156 
 
 Directions for Casting with Hobbles 82 
 
 Directions for Releasing Horse from Hobbles 83 
 
 Operating Tables for the 157-215 
 
 Special Positions when Cast 99-108 
 
 Restraint of in Recumbent Posture 78-215 
 
 Restraint of in Standing Posture 13-70 
 
 Restraint of Wild and Vicious 153-156 
 
 Hulburt's Casting and Securing Harness .120, 121 
 
 Hungarian Dog Muzzle 268 
 
INDEX. 
 
 I 
 
 295 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Improvised Casting Ropes (Hayes) 129 
 
 Cord Loop Hobbles 252 
 
 Operating Table 263, 264 
 
 Italian Nose Clamp 223 
 
 Operating Table .- 258, 259 
 
 Improved English Hobbles 93-96 
 
 James' Cross Hobbles 77 
 
 Patent Hobbles 83 
 
 K 
 
 Kansas City Veterinary College Operating Table 197, 198 
 
 Key Hobbles 253 
 
 Knee Straps •. 28, 31, 111-113, 227 
 
 Author's 28, 112, 227 
 
 Hess' 30, 112, 227 
 
 Magner's 31, 113 
 
 Trasbot's 29, 112. 227 
 
 Knots Used in Restraint Technique 109, 110 
 
 Knowles' Web Casting and Securing Harness 117-119, 245, 246 
 
 Krolokowski's Lernberg Casting Ropes 131, 132 
 
 Kyle Brother's Operating Table 190-194 
 
 Leather Box Dog Muzzle 267 
 
 Strap Dog Muzzle 267 
 
 Loop Hobbles 80 
 
 Leavitt's Head Holder 225 
 
 Lernberg Casting Ropes 131, 132 
 
 Lewis' Modification of Cowie's Casting Harness 140 
 
 Liautard's Method of Dravi^ing Hind Leg Forward 102 
 
 Method of Securing Hind Leg to Fore Leg on Same. Side. . 104 
 
 Securing Off Fore to Off Hind Leg 105 
 
 Livon's Operating Table 256, 257 
 
 Lucas' Dental Halter 25 
 
296 ■ INDEX. 
 
 M 
 
 PAGE 
 
 MacQueen's Operating Table 254, 255 
 
 Magner's Knee Strap 31, I1 3 
 
 Leather Casting Rig 148 
 
 Rope Casting Rig 149 
 
 One Man Method of Casting and Securing a Horse. ....... 148-151 
 
 War Bridle 24 
 
 War Bridle Modified 25 
 
 Marsch's 'Sling 69 
 
 Matthias' Hobbles with Safety Lock 85 
 
 Modification of Danish Casting Harness 124 
 
 McDonald's Casting Ropes 132, 133 
 
 McKillip Veterinary College Stocks 55-59 
 
 Merillat's Single Side Line 35 
 
 Miles' Method of Securing the Dog 270 
 
 Method of Securing "Ridglings" 137-139 
 
 Rope Hobbles 80, 97-99 
 
 Mohler's Method of Securing All Four Legs 45 
 
 Method of Securing Near Fore Arm to Near Thigh 100 
 
 Method of Securing Off Hind to Plank and Near Fore and 
 
 Near Hind Legs to Bach Other 100 
 
 Munich Hobbles 85 
 
 Muzzles, Dog 265-268 
 
 Adjustable 268 
 
 Automatic 266 
 
 Clove Hitch 265 
 
 Hungarian 268 
 
 Leather Box 267 
 
 Leather Strap 265 
 
 Protection 267 
 
 Safety 267 
 
 Tape 265 
 
 N 
 
 New York State Veterinary College Operating Table 169-185 
 
 Stocks 61i63 
 
 Nippers — Collar 268 
 
 Nose Clamps 221-223 
 
 American 221 
 
 American, with Rope 221 
 
 English, Modified .• 222 
 
 English, Modified, with Metal Keeper 222 
 
INDEX. 
 
 297 
 
 Nose Clamps — Continued. 
 
 German 222 
 
 Italian 223 
 
 With Spring and Keeper 222 
 
 o 
 
 One Man Method of Casting and Securing the Horse 141-152 
 
 Galvayne's 144-146 
 
 Gleason's 14G-148 
 
 Magner's 148-151 
 
 Rarey's 152 
 
 Russian 141-143 
 
 Operating Hood 74 
 
 Operating Table for Dog 250-264 
 
 Bernard's 253 
 
 Delahanty's 259, 260 
 
 German 257, 258 
 
 German, All Metal 261, 262 
 
 Hobday's 255, 256 
 
 Improvised 263, 264 
 
 Italian 258, 259 
 
 Livon's 256, 257 
 
 MacQueen's •. 254, 255 
 
 Metal, Enamel Finish 255 
 
 ~ Stuttgart 262, 263 
 
 White's 257 
 
 Operating Tables for Horse 157-215 
 
 Bradwood 198-215 
 
 Chicago Veterinary College 185-188 
 
 Conkey's 188,, 189 
 
 Cozier's , 164-166 
 
 Daviau's 161 
 
 Daviau's Improved 162, 163 
 
 German 195-197 
 
 Hodgson and Magee's 166-169 
 
 Kansas City Veterinary College 197, 198 
 
 Kyle Bros 190-194 
 
 (New York State Veterinary College 169-185 
 
 Price's 190 
 
 Operating Trough — Young's 253 
 
 Over's Double Side Line Casting Ropes 133, 134 
 
 Spring Hobbles 81 
 
298 INDEX. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Ox— Restraint of the 219-246 
 
 In Recumbent Posture 238-246 
 
 By Conkey's Hobbles 241 
 
 By Double Side Line 245 
 
 By "Pulley Harness" 241 
 
 By Knowles' Harness 245, 246 
 
 By Rope Fixed to Horns 243 
 
 • By Rope on Three Legs 243 
 
 By Rueff' s .Method 239 
 
 By Soffner's Method 240 
 
 Ox— Restraint of, in Standing Posture 220-237 
 
 All Four Legs 235-237 
 
 All Four Legs by "Chute" 237 
 
 All Four Legs by Stocks 236 
 
 Head 220-225 
 
 With Leavitt's Holder 225 
 
 With Hold in Nose 220 
 
 With Nose Clamps 221-223 
 
 With Rope 225 
 
 With Rope to Post 224 
 
 With Vigan's Apparatus 223 
 
 Both Fore Legs . 226, 227 
 
 Both Fore Legs by Knee Straps 227 
 
 Both Hind Legs 230-233 
 
 Both Hind Legs by Hess' Method 231 
 
 Both Hind Legs by Pole 231-233 
 
 Both Hind Legs by Plank 233 
 
 Both Hind Legs by Rope 230 
 
 Both Hind Legs by Sack or Cloth 231, 232 
 
 Both Hind Legs by Smith's Anti-Kicker 230 
 
 One Fore and One Hind Leg 234, 235 
 
 One Fore and One Hind Leg by Hess' Method 235 
 
 ' One Hind Leg 227-229 
 
 One Hind Leg by Hess' Method 228, 229 
 
 Hock Twitch 228 
 
 Patent Hobbles — James' 83 
 
 Peterson's Hock Joint Flexing and Fixing Apparatus Ill 
 
 Peuch & Toussaint's Stocks 63 
 
 Pfeiffer's Modification of Danish Casting Harness 124, 125 
 
 Plaited Rawhide Loop Hobbles 80 
 
INDEX. 299 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Plate Longe 43, 89, 91, 95 
 
 Practical Method of Restraining Hog 280 
 
 Price's Operating Table 190 
 
 Protection Dog Muzzle 267 
 
 R 
 
 Raabe & Lunel's Hippo-Lasso 48 
 
 Rarey's One Man Method of Casting a Horse 152 
 
 Recumbent Posture — Horse in 78 215 
 
 Ox In 238-246 
 
 Releasing a Horse from Hobbles — Directions for 83 
 
 Restraint of "Broncho" ir,3-156 
 
 Restraint and Dental Halters 25-27 
 
 Restraint of Dog 249-271 
 
 By Hobbles 250-253 
 
 By Holding 269 
 
 By Miles' Method 270-271 
 
 By Muzzles 265-268 
 
 By Operating Tables . 250-264 
 
 Restraint of Hog 275-286 
 
 By Conkey's Method 285, 286 
 
 By Holding Between Knees 281, 282 
 
 By Pole or Rail Over Neck and Shoulders 284 
 
 By Practical Method .' . 280 
 
 For Operation 283 
 
 Restraint of Horse 13-215 
 
 In Recumbent Posture 78-215 
 
 Casting and Securing Harness and Ropes 109-256 
 
 Cross Hobbles 77 
 
 Hobbles 78-108 
 
 One Man M'ethod of 141-152 
 
 Operating Tables 157-215 
 
 Restraint of Horse in Standing Posture 13-70 
 
 All Four Legs by Galvayne's Method 48 
 
 1 All Four Legs by Hippo-Lasso 47-51 
 
 By Morgan's Method 45 
 
 By Rope 45 
 
 By Stocks 52-63 
 
 By Web and Rope 42 
 
 Both Hind Legs 38-41 
 
 Both Hind Legs by Ewell Farm Service Hobbles 41 
 
 Both Hind Legs by German Apparatus 39 
 
300 INDEX. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Restraint of Horse in Standing Posture — Continued. 
 
 By Ropes 42 
 
 By Wocher's Service Hobbles 40 
 
 One Fore Leg by Knee Straps 28-31 
 
 One Hind Leg 31-38 
 
 One Hind Leg by German Method . : 36 
 
 One Hind Leg Merillat's Single Side Line 35 
 
 One Hind Leg by Rope to Tail 32 
 
 One Hind Leg by Side Line 33 
 
 One Hind Leg by Surcingle and Rope 34 
 
 Restraint — Knots Used in 109, 110 
 
 Restraint of Ox 229-246 
 
 In Recumbent Posture 238-246 
 
 By Conkey's Hobbles 241 
 
 With Drawback or "Pulley Harness" 241 
 
 With Double 'Side Line 245 
 
 With Knowles' Web Casting Harness 245, 246 
 
 With Rope Fixed to Three Legs 243 
 
 With Rope Fixed to Horns 243 
 
 Reuff's Method 239 
 
 Soffner's Method 240 
 
 Restraint of Ox in Standing Posture 220-237 
 
 "Cattle Chute" 237 
 
 By Hand Held on Nose 220 
 
 By Hess' Method 228-231 
 
 By Hock Twitch 228 
 
 By iNose Clamps 221-223 
 
 By Plank 233 
 
 By Pole 231, 233 
 
 By Rope Tie 230 
 
 By Sack or Cloth 231, 232 
 
 By Smith's Anti-Kicker 230 
 
 By Stocks 236 
 
 Rope Method of Restraining All Four Legs 45 
 
 Both Hind Legs 42 
 
 One Fore Leg 29, 30 
 
 One Hind Leg ; . . . 32-37 
 
 Rope Hobbles, Denenbourg's 78 
 
 Miles' 80, 97, 98, 99 
 
 Suykerbuyck's 79 
 
 Rohard's Method of Casting With Ropes 126-128 
 
 Russian Method of Casting With Ropes 134, 135 
 
 One Man Method of Casting a Horse 141-143 
 
INDEX. 301 
 
 s 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Safety Lock Hobbles, Matthias' 85 
 
 Self-Locking Buckle Hobbles — Conkey's 87 
 
 Service Hobbles — Ewell Farm 41 
 
 Wocher's 39 
 
 Side Bar Hobbles 77 
 
 Slings 65-70 
 
 American 66 
 
 French 70 
 
 German 68 
 
 H. & D 65 
 
 Marsch's 69 
 
 Smith's Anti-Kicker 230 
 
 Soffner's Method of Casting the Ox .-. 240 
 
 Special Positions of Horse when Cast with Hobbles 99-108 
 
 Standing Posture — Restraint of Horse in 13-70 
 
 Restraint of Ox in 220-237 
 
 Stocks 52-63, 236 
 
 Barcus' 52-55 
 
 McKillip Veterinary College 55-59 
 
 New York State Veterinary College 61-63 
 
 Peuch's & Toussaint's 63 
 
 Vinsot's 59, 60 
 
 Wooden 59 
 
 Stuttgart Method of Casting , . . 89-93 
 
 Subjection of Horse by Barnacles 19, 20 
 
 By Blindfold 21 
 
 By Gags 17-19 
 
 By Galvayne's "Straight Jacket" 47 
 
 By Operating Hood 74 
 
 By Twitch 13-17 
 
 By War Bridle 22-25 
 
 Subjection of Ox by Hand Hold 220 
 
 By Nose Clamps 221-223 
 
 By Vigan's Apparatus 223 
 
 Surcingle and Strap 29, 30 
 
 Suykerbuyck's Rope Hobbles 79 
 
 Tables— Operating, for Dog 250-264 
 
 For Horse 157-215 
 
 Tail Knot for Restraining Hind Leg 32 
 
302 INDEX. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Tape — Dog Muzzle 265 
 
 Method of Holding Jaws Apart 270 
 
 Trasbot's Knee Strap 29, 112, 227 
 
 Trap for Hog 277 
 
 Trough — Young's Operating 253 
 
 Twitch— Ball and Chain K^ 
 
 Hock 31 
 
 Hog 279 
 
 Iron and Chain 17 
 
 Miles' 15, 16 
 
 Ring 14 
 
 Rope and Stick 14 
 
 Rope and Stick with Metal-bound Head 16 
 
 Rope Loop and Short Stick 17 
 
 Triangular 14, 15 
 
 Wooden 13 
 
 Twitches, Gags and Barnacles 13-20 
 
 V 
 
 Vienna Method of Restraint in Dorsal Position 106, 107 
 
 Vigan's Apparatus 223 
 
 Vinsot's Stocks 59, 60 
 
 Von Chelchowski's Method of Casting 92 
 
 w 
 
 War Bridles 22-25 
 
 Web and Rope Apparatus 43 
 
 Web— Knowles' Harness 117-119, 245, 246 
 
 White's Operating Table 257 
 
 Whitwell's Casting and Securing Harness 119, 120 
 
 Wocher's Service Hobbles 40 
 
 Wild and Vicious Horses — Restraint of 153-156 
 
 Wooden Stocks 59 
 
 Y 
 
 Young's Operating Trough 253 
 
 z 
 
 Ziegler's Casting and Securing Harness 221, 222 
 

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